ondevice-signing/VerityUtils.cpp - android_system_security - Gitiles

 /*
  * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
  * You may obtain a copy of the License at
  *
  *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
  *
  * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
  * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
  * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
  * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  * limitations under the License.
  */

 #include <filesystem>
 #include <map>
 #include <span>
 #include <string>

 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <linux/fs.h>
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <sys/wait.h>

 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 #include <asm/byteorder.h>
 #include <libfsverity.h>
 #include <linux/fsverity.h>

 #include "CertUtils.h"
 #include "SigningKey.h"
 #include "compos_signature.pb.h"

 #define FS_VERITY_MAX_DIGEST_SIZE 64

 using android::base::ErrnoError;
 using android::base::Error;
 using android::base::Result;
 using android::base::unique_fd;

 using compos::proto::Signature;

 static const char* kFsVerityInitPath = "/system/bin/fsverity_init";
 static const char* kSignatureExtension = ".signature";

 static bool isSignatureFile(const std::filesystem::path& path) {
     return path.extension().native() == kSignatureExtension;
 }

 static std::string toHex(std::span<const uint8_t> data) {
     std::stringstream ss;
     for (auto it = data.begin(); it != data.end(); ++it) {
         ss << std::setfill('0') << std::setw(2) << std::hex << static_cast<unsigned>(*it);
     }
     return ss.str();
 }

 static int read_callback(void* file, void* buf, size_t count) {
     int* fd = (int*)file;
     if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(*fd, buf, count)) < 0) return errno ? -errno : -EIO;
     return 0;
 }

 Result<std::vector<uint8_t>> createDigest(int fd) {
     struct stat filestat;
     int ret = fstat(fd, &filestat);
     if (ret < 0) {
         return ErrnoError() << "Failed to fstat";
     }
     struct libfsverity_merkle_tree_params params = {
         .version = 1,
         .hash_algorithm = FS_VERITY_HASH_ALG_SHA256,
         .file_size = static_cast<uint64_t>(filestat.st_size),
         .block_size = 4096,
     };

     struct libfsverity_digest* digest;
     ret = libfsverity_compute_digest(&fd, &read_callback, &params, &digest);
     if (ret < 0) {
         return ErrnoError() << "Failed to compute fs-verity digest";
     }
     int expected_digest_size = libfsverity_get_digest_size(FS_VERITY_HASH_ALG_SHA256);
     if (digest->digest_size != expected_digest_size) {
         return Error() << "Digest does not have expected size: " << expected_digest_size
                        << " actual: " << digest->digest_size;
     }
     std::vector<uint8_t> digestVector(&digest->digest[0], &digest->digest[expected_digest_size]);
     free(digest);
     return digestVector;
 }

 Result<std::vector<uint8_t>> createDigest(const std::string& path) {
     unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(path.c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC)));
     if (!fd.ok()) {
         return ErrnoError() << "Unable to open";
     }
     return createDigest(fd.get());
 }

 namespace {
 template <typename T> struct DeleteAsPODArray {
     void operator()(T* x) {
         if (x) {
             x->~T();
             delete[](uint8_t*) x;
         }
     }
 };
 }  // namespace

 template <typename T> using trailing_unique_ptr = std::unique_ptr<T, DeleteAsPODArray<T>>;

 template <typename T>
 static trailing_unique_ptr<T> makeUniqueWithTrailingData(size_t trailing_data_size) {
     uint8_t* memory = new uint8_t[sizeof(T) + trailing_data_size];
     T* ptr = new (memory) T;
     return trailing_unique_ptr<T>{ptr};
 }

 static Result<std::vector<uint8_t>> signDigest(const SigningKey& key,
                                                const std::vector<uint8_t>& digest) {
     auto d = makeUniqueWithTrailingData<fsverity_formatted_digest>(digest.size());

     memcpy(d->magic, "FSVerity", 8);
     d->digest_algorithm = __cpu_to_le16(FS_VERITY_HASH_ALG_SHA256);
     d->digest_size = __cpu_to_le16(digest.size());
     memcpy(d->digest, digest.data(), digest.size());

     auto signed_digest = key.sign(std::string((char*)d.get(), sizeof(*d) + digest.size()));
     if (!signed_digest.ok()) {
         return signed_digest.error();
     }

     return std::vector<uint8_t>(signed_digest->begin(), signed_digest->end());
 }

 Result<void> enableFsVerity(int fd, std::span<uint8_t> pkcs7) {
     struct fsverity_enable_arg arg = {.version = 1};

     arg.sig_ptr = reinterpret_cast<uint64_t>(pkcs7.data());
     arg.sig_size = pkcs7.size();
     arg.hash_algorithm = FS_VERITY_HASH_ALG_SHA256;
     arg.block_size = 4096;

     int ret = ioctl(fd, FS_IOC_ENABLE_VERITY, &arg);

     if (ret != 0) {
         return ErrnoError() << "Failed to call FS_IOC_ENABLE_VERITY";
     }

     return {};
 }

 Result<std::string> enableFsVerity(const std::string& path, const SigningKey& key) {
     unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(path.c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC)));
     if (!fd.ok()) {
         return ErrnoError() << "Failed to open " << path;
     }

     auto digest = createDigest(fd.get());
     if (!digest.ok()) {
         return Error() << digest.error() << ": " << path;
     }

     auto signed_digest = signDigest(key, digest.value());
     if (!signed_digest.ok()) {
         return signed_digest.error();
     }

     auto pkcs7_data = createPkcs7(signed_digest.value(), kRootSubject);
     if (!pkcs7_data.ok()) {
         return pkcs7_data.error();
     }

     auto enabled = enableFsVerity(fd.get(), pkcs7_data.value());
     if (!enabled.ok()) {
         return Error() << enabled.error() << ": " << path;
     }

     // Return the root hash as a hex string
     return toHex(digest.value());
 }

 Result<std::map<std::string, std::string>> addFilesToVerityRecursive(const std::string& path,
                                                                      const SigningKey& key) {
     std::map<std::string, std::string> digests;

     std::error_code ec;
     auto it = std::filesystem::recursive_directory_iterator(path, ec);
     for (auto end = std::filesystem::recursive_directory_iterator(); it != end; it.increment(ec)) {
         if (it->is_regular_file()) {
             LOG(INFO) << "Adding " << it->path() << " to fs-verity...";
             auto result = enableFsVerity(it->path(), key);
             if (!result.ok()) {
                 return result.error();
             }
             digests[it->path()] = *result;
         }
     }
     if (ec) {
         return Error() << "Failed to iterate " << path << ": " << ec.message();
     }

     return digests;
 }

 Result<std::string> isFileInVerity(int fd) {
     auto d = makeUniqueWithTrailingData<fsverity_digest>(FS_VERITY_MAX_DIGEST_SIZE);
     d->digest_size = FS_VERITY_MAX_DIGEST_SIZE;
     auto ret = ioctl(fd, FS_IOC_MEASURE_VERITY, d.get());
     if (ret < 0) {
         if (errno == ENODATA) {
             return Error() << "File is not in fs-verity";
         } else {
             return ErrnoError() << "Failed to FS_IOC_MEASURE_VERITY";
         }
     }
     return toHex({&d->digest[0], &d->digest[d->digest_size]});
 }

 Result<std::string> isFileInVerity(const std::string& path) {
     unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(path.c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC)));
     if (!fd.ok()) {
         return ErrnoError() << "Failed to open " << path;
     }

     auto digest = isFileInVerity(fd);
     if (!digest.ok()) {
         return Error() << digest.error() << ": " << path;
     }

     return digest;
 }

 Result<std::map<std::string, std::string>> verifyAllFilesInVerity(const std::string& path) {
     std::map<std::string, std::string> digests;
     std::error_code ec;

     auto it = std::filesystem::recursive_directory_iterator(path, ec);
     auto end = std::filesystem::recursive_directory_iterator();

     while (!ec && it != end) {
         if (it->is_regular_file()) {
             // Verify the file is in fs-verity
             auto result = isFileInVerity(it->path());
             if (!result.ok()) {
                 return result.error();
             }
             digests[it->path()] = *result;
         } else if (it->is_directory()) {
             // These are fine to ignore
         } else if (it->is_symlink()) {
             return Error() << "Rejecting artifacts, symlink at " << it->path();
         } else {
             return Error() << "Rejecting artifacts, unexpected file type for " << it->path();
         }
         ++it;
     }
     if (ec) {
         return Error() << "Failed to iterate " << path << ": " << ec;
     }

     return digests;
 }

 Result<Signature> readSignature(const std::filesystem::path& signature_path) {
     unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(signature_path.c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC)));
     if (fd == -1) {
         return ErrnoError();
     }
     Signature signature;
     if (!signature.ParseFromFileDescriptor(fd.get())) {
         return Error() << "Failed to parse";
     }
     return signature;
 }

 Result<std::map<std::string, std::string>>
 verifyAllFilesUsingCompOs(const std::string& directory_path,
                           const std::vector<uint8_t>& compos_key) {
     std::map<std::string, std::string> new_digests;
     std::vector<std::filesystem::path> signature_files;

     std::error_code ec;
     auto it = std::filesystem::recursive_directory_iterator(directory_path, ec);
     for (auto end = std::filesystem::recursive_directory_iterator(); it != end; it.increment(ec)) {
         auto& path = it->path();
         if (it->is_regular_file()) {
             if (isSignatureFile(path)) {
                 continue;
             }

             unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(path.c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC)));
             if (!fd.ok()) {
                 return ErrnoError() << "Can't open " << path;
             }

             auto signature_path = path;
             signature_path += kSignatureExtension;
             auto signature = readSignature(signature_path);
             if (!signature.ok()) {
                 return Error() << "Invalid signature " << signature_path << ": "
                                << signature.error();
             }
             signature_files.push_back(signature_path);

             // Note that these values are not yet trusted.
             auto& raw_digest = signature->digest();
             auto& raw_signature = signature->signature();

             // Re-construct the fsverity_formatted_digest that was signed, so we
             // can verify the signature.
             std::vector<uint8_t> buffer(sizeof(fsverity_formatted_digest) + raw_digest.size());
             auto signed_data = new (buffer.data()) fsverity_formatted_digest;
             memcpy(signed_data->magic, "FSVerity", sizeof signed_data->magic);
             signed_data->digest_algorithm = __cpu_to_le16(FS_VERITY_HASH_ALG_SHA256);
             signed_data->digest_size = __cpu_to_le16(raw_digest.size());
             memcpy(signed_data->digest, raw_digest.data(), raw_digest.size());

             // Make sure the signature matches the CompOs public key, and not some other
             // fs-verity trusted key.
             std::string to_verify(reinterpret_cast<char*>(buffer.data()), buffer.size());

             auto verified = verifyRsaPublicKeySignature(to_verify, raw_signature, compos_key);
             if (!verified.ok()) {
                 return Error() << verified.error() << ": " << path;
             }

             std::span<const uint8_t> digest_bytes(
                 reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(raw_digest.data()), raw_digest.size());
             std::string compos_digest = toHex(digest_bytes);

             auto verity_digest = isFileInVerity(fd);
             if (verity_digest.ok()) {
                 // The file is already in fs-verity. We need to make sure it was signed
                 // by CompOs, so we just check that it has the digest we expect.
                 if (verity_digest.value() != compos_digest) {
                     return Error() << "fs-verity digest does not match signature file: " << path;
                 }
             } else {
                 // Not in fs-verity yet. But we have a valid signature of some
                 // digest. If it's not the correct digest for the file then
                 // enabling fs-verity will fail, so we don't need to check it
                 // explicitly ourselves. Otherwise we should be good.
                 std::vector<uint8_t> signature_bytes(raw_signature.begin(), raw_signature.end());
                 auto pkcs7 = createPkcs7(signature_bytes, kCompOsSubject);
                 if (!pkcs7.ok()) {
                     return Error() << pkcs7.error() << ": " << path;
                 }

                 LOG(INFO) << "Adding " << path << " to fs-verity...";
                 auto enabled = enableFsVerity(fd, pkcs7.value());
                 if (!enabled.ok()) {
                     return Error() << enabled.error() << ": " << path;
                 }
             }

             new_digests[path] = compos_digest;
         } else if (it->is_directory()) {
             // These are fine to ignore
         } else if (it->is_symlink()) {
             return Error() << "Rejecting artifacts, symlink at " << path;
         } else {
             return Error() << "Rejecting artifacts, unexpected file type for " << path;
         }
     }
     if (ec) {
         return Error() << "Failed to iterate " << directory_path << ": " << ec.message();
     }

     // Delete the signature files now that they have served their purpose.  (ART
     // has no use for them, and their presence could cause verification to fail
     // on subsequent boots.)
     for (auto& signature_path : signature_files) {
         std::filesystem::remove(signature_path, ec);
         if (ec) {
             return Error() << "Failed to delete " << signature_path << ": " << ec.message();
         }
     }

     return new_digests;
 }

 Result<void> addCertToFsVerityKeyring(const std::string& path, const char* keyName) {
     const char* const argv[] = {kFsVerityInitPath, "--load-extra-key", keyName};

     int fd = open(path.c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC);
     if (fd == -1) {
         return ErrnoError() << "Failed to open " << path;
     }
     pid_t pid = fork();
     if (pid == 0) {
         dup2(fd, STDIN_FILENO);
         close(fd);
         int argc = arraysize(argv);
         char* argv_child[argc + 1];
         memcpy(argv_child, argv, argc * sizeof(char*));
         argv_child[argc] = nullptr;
         execvp(argv_child[0], argv_child);
         PLOG(ERROR) << "exec in ForkExecvp";
         _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
     } else {
         close(fd);
     }
     if (pid == -1) {
         return ErrnoError() << "Failed to fork.";
     }
     int status;
     if (waitpid(pid, &status, 0) == -1) {
         return ErrnoError() << "waitpid() failed.";
     }
     if (!WIFEXITED(status)) {
         return Error() << kFsVerityInitPath << ": abnormal process exit";
     }
     if (WEXITSTATUS(status) != 0) {
         return Error() << kFsVerityInitPath << " exited with " << WEXITSTATUS(status);
     }

     return {};
 }
	/*
	* Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
	*
	* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
	* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
	* You may obtain a copy of the License at
	*
	* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
	*
	* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
	* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
	* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
	* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
	* limitations under the License.
	*/

	#include <filesystem>
	#include <map>
	#include <span>
	#include <string>

	#include <fcntl.h>
	#include <linux/fs.h>
	#include <sys/stat.h>
	#include <sys/types.h>
	#include <sys/wait.h>

	#include <android-base/logging.h>
	#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
	#include <asm/byteorder.h>
	#include <libfsverity.h>
	#include <linux/fsverity.h>

	#include "CertUtils.h"
	#include "SigningKey.h"
	#include "compos_signature.pb.h"

	#define FS_VERITY_MAX_DIGEST_SIZE 64

	using android::base::ErrnoError;
	using android::base::Error;
	using android::base::Result;
	using android::base::unique_fd;

	using compos::proto::Signature;

	static const char* kFsVerityInitPath = "/system/bin/fsverity_init";
	static const char* kSignatureExtension = ".signature";

	static bool isSignatureFile(const std::filesystem::path& path) {
	return path.extension().native() == kSignatureExtension;
	}

	static std::string toHex(std::span<const uint8_t> data) {
	std::stringstream ss;
	for (auto it = data.begin(); it != data.end(); ++it) {
	ss << std::setfill('0') << std::setw(2) << std::hex << static_cast<unsigned>(*it);
	}
	return ss.str();
	}

	static int read_callback(void* file, void* buf, size_t count) {
	int* fd = (int*)file;
	if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(*fd, buf, count)) < 0) return errno ? -errno : -EIO;
	return 0;
	}

	Result<std::vector<uint8_t>> createDigest(int fd) {
	struct stat filestat;
	int ret = fstat(fd, &filestat);
	if (ret < 0) {
	return ErrnoError() << "Failed to fstat";
	}
	struct libfsverity_merkle_tree_params params = {
	.version = 1,
	.hash_algorithm = FS_VERITY_HASH_ALG_SHA256,
	.file_size = static_cast<uint64_t>(filestat.st_size),
	.block_size = 4096,
	};

	struct libfsverity_digest* digest;
	ret = libfsverity_compute_digest(&fd, &read_callback, &params, &digest);
	if (ret < 0) {
	return ErrnoError() << "Failed to compute fs-verity digest";
	}
	int expected_digest_size = libfsverity_get_digest_size(FS_VERITY_HASH_ALG_SHA256);
	if (digest->digest_size != expected_digest_size) {
	return Error() << "Digest does not have expected size: " << expected_digest_size
	<< " actual: " << digest->digest_size;
	}
	std::vector<uint8_t> digestVector(&digest->digest[0], &digest->digest[expected_digest_size]);
	free(digest);
	return digestVector;
	}

	Result<std::vector<uint8_t>> createDigest(const std::string& path) {
	unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(path.c_str(), O_RDONLY \| O_CLOEXEC)));
	if (!fd.ok()) {
	return ErrnoError() << "Unable to open";
	}
	return createDigest(fd.get());
	}

	namespace {
	template <typename T> struct DeleteAsPODArray {
	void operator()(T* x) {
	if (x) {
	x->~T();
	delete[](uint8_t*) x;
	}
	}
	};
	} // namespace

	template <typename T> using trailing_unique_ptr = std::unique_ptr<T, DeleteAsPODArray<T>>;

	template <typename T>
	static trailing_unique_ptr<T> makeUniqueWithTrailingData(size_t trailing_data_size) {
	uint8_t* memory = new uint8_t[sizeof(T) + trailing_data_size];
	T* ptr = new (memory) T;
	return trailing_unique_ptr<T>{ptr};
	}

	static Result<std::vector<uint8_t>> signDigest(const SigningKey& key,
	const std::vector<uint8_t>& digest) {
	auto d = makeUniqueWithTrailingData<fsverity_formatted_digest>(digest.size());

	memcpy(d->magic, "FSVerity", 8);
	d->digest_algorithm = __cpu_to_le16(FS_VERITY_HASH_ALG_SHA256);
	d->digest_size = __cpu_to_le16(digest.size());
	memcpy(d->digest, digest.data(), digest.size());

	auto signed_digest = key.sign(std::string((char)d.get(), sizeof(d) + digest.size()));
	if (!signed_digest.ok()) {
	return signed_digest.error();
	}

	return std::vector<uint8_t>(signed_digest->begin(), signed_digest->end());
	}

	Result<void> enableFsVerity(int fd, std::span<uint8_t> pkcs7) {
	struct fsverity_enable_arg arg = {.version = 1};

	arg.sig_ptr = reinterpret_cast<uint64_t>(pkcs7.data());
	arg.sig_size = pkcs7.size();
	arg.hash_algorithm = FS_VERITY_HASH_ALG_SHA256;
	arg.block_size = 4096;

	int ret = ioctl(fd, FS_IOC_ENABLE_VERITY, &arg);

	if (ret != 0) {
	return ErrnoError() << "Failed to call FS_IOC_ENABLE_VERITY";
	}

	return {};
	}

	Result<std::string> enableFsVerity(const std::string& path, const SigningKey& key) {
	unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(path.c_str(), O_RDONLY \| O_CLOEXEC)));
	if (!fd.ok()) {
	return ErrnoError() << "Failed to open " << path;
	}

	auto digest = createDigest(fd.get());
	if (!digest.ok()) {
	return Error() << digest.error() << ": " << path;
	}

	auto signed_digest = signDigest(key, digest.value());
	if (!signed_digest.ok()) {
	return signed_digest.error();
	}

	auto pkcs7_data = createPkcs7(signed_digest.value(), kRootSubject);
	if (!pkcs7_data.ok()) {
	return pkcs7_data.error();
	}

	auto enabled = enableFsVerity(fd.get(), pkcs7_data.value());
	if (!enabled.ok()) {
	return Error() << enabled.error() << ": " << path;
	}

	// Return the root hash as a hex string
	return toHex(digest.value());
	}

	Result<std::map<std::string, std::string>> addFilesToVerityRecursive(const std::string& path,
	const SigningKey& key) {
	std::map<std::string, std::string> digests;

	std::error_code ec;
	auto it = std::filesystem::recursive_directory_iterator(path, ec);
	for (auto end = std::filesystem::recursive_directory_iterator(); it != end; it.increment(ec)) {
	if (it->is_regular_file()) {
	LOG(INFO) << "Adding " << it->path() << " to fs-verity...";
	auto result = enableFsVerity(it->path(), key);
	if (!result.ok()) {
	return result.error();
	}
	digests[it->path()] = *result;
	}
	}
	if (ec) {
	return Error() << "Failed to iterate " << path << ": " << ec.message();
	}

	return digests;
	}

	Result<std::string> isFileInVerity(int fd) {
	auto d = makeUniqueWithTrailingData<fsverity_digest>(FS_VERITY_MAX_DIGEST_SIZE);
	d->digest_size = FS_VERITY_MAX_DIGEST_SIZE;
	auto ret = ioctl(fd, FS_IOC_MEASURE_VERITY, d.get());
	if (ret < 0) {
	if (errno == ENODATA) {
	return Error() << "File is not in fs-verity";
	} else {
	return ErrnoError() << "Failed to FS_IOC_MEASURE_VERITY";
	}
	}
	return toHex({&d->digest[0], &d->digest[d->digest_size]});
	}

	Result<std::string> isFileInVerity(const std::string& path) {
	unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(path.c_str(), O_RDONLY \| O_CLOEXEC)));
	if (!fd.ok()) {
	return ErrnoError() << "Failed to open " << path;
	}

	auto digest = isFileInVerity(fd);
	if (!digest.ok()) {
	return Error() << digest.error() << ": " << path;
	}

	return digest;
	}

	Result<std::map<std::string, std::string>> verifyAllFilesInVerity(const std::string& path) {
	std::map<std::string, std::string> digests;
	std::error_code ec;

	auto it = std::filesystem::recursive_directory_iterator(path, ec);
	auto end = std::filesystem::recursive_directory_iterator();

	while (!ec && it != end) {
	if (it->is_regular_file()) {
	// Verify the file is in fs-verity
	auto result = isFileInVerity(it->path());
	if (!result.ok()) {
	return result.error();
	}
	digests[it->path()] = *result;
	} else if (it->is_directory()) {
	// These are fine to ignore
	} else if (it->is_symlink()) {
	return Error() << "Rejecting artifacts, symlink at " << it->path();
	} else {
	return Error() << "Rejecting artifacts, unexpected file type for " << it->path();
	}
	++it;
	}
	if (ec) {
	return Error() << "Failed to iterate " << path << ": " << ec;
	}

	return digests;
	}

	Result<Signature> readSignature(const std::filesystem::path& signature_path) {
	unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(signature_path.c_str(), O_RDONLY \| O_CLOEXEC)));
	if (fd == -1) {
	return ErrnoError();
	}
	Signature signature;
	if (!signature.ParseFromFileDescriptor(fd.get())) {
	return Error() << "Failed to parse";
	}
	return signature;
	}

	Result<std::map<std::string, std::string>>
	verifyAllFilesUsingCompOs(const std::string& directory_path,
	const std::vector<uint8_t>& compos_key) {
	std::map<std::string, std::string> new_digests;
	std::vector<std::filesystem::path> signature_files;

	std::error_code ec;
	auto it = std::filesystem::recursive_directory_iterator(directory_path, ec);
	for (auto end = std::filesystem::recursive_directory_iterator(); it != end; it.increment(ec)) {
	auto& path = it->path();
	if (it->is_regular_file()) {
	if (isSignatureFile(path)) {
	continue;
	}

	unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(path.c_str(), O_RDONLY \| O_CLOEXEC)));
	if (!fd.ok()) {
	return ErrnoError() << "Can't open " << path;
	}

	auto signature_path = path;
	signature_path += kSignatureExtension;
	auto signature = readSignature(signature_path);
	if (!signature.ok()) {
	return Error() << "Invalid signature " << signature_path << ": "
	<< signature.error();
	}
	signature_files.push_back(signature_path);

	// Note that these values are not yet trusted.
	auto& raw_digest = signature->digest();
	auto& raw_signature = signature->signature();

	// Re-construct the fsverity_formatted_digest that was signed, so we
	// can verify the signature.
	std::vector<uint8_t> buffer(sizeof(fsverity_formatted_digest) + raw_digest.size());
	auto signed_data = new (buffer.data()) fsverity_formatted_digest;
	memcpy(signed_data->magic, "FSVerity", sizeof signed_data->magic);
	signed_data->digest_algorithm = __cpu_to_le16(FS_VERITY_HASH_ALG_SHA256);
	signed_data->digest_size = __cpu_to_le16(raw_digest.size());
	memcpy(signed_data->digest, raw_digest.data(), raw_digest.size());

	// Make sure the signature matches the CompOs public key, and not some other
	// fs-verity trusted key.
	std::string to_verify(reinterpret_cast<char*>(buffer.data()), buffer.size());

	auto verified = verifyRsaPublicKeySignature(to_verify, raw_signature, compos_key);
	if (!verified.ok()) {
	return Error() << verified.error() << ": " << path;
	}

	std::span<const uint8_t> digest_bytes(
	reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(raw_digest.data()), raw_digest.size());
	std::string compos_digest = toHex(digest_bytes);

	auto verity_digest = isFileInVerity(fd);
	if (verity_digest.ok()) {
	// The file is already in fs-verity. We need to make sure it was signed
	// by CompOs, so we just check that it has the digest we expect.
	if (verity_digest.value() != compos_digest) {
	return Error() << "fs-verity digest does not match signature file: " << path;
	}
	} else {
	// Not in fs-verity yet. But we have a valid signature of some
	// digest. If it's not the correct digest for the file then
	// enabling fs-verity will fail, so we don't need to check it
	// explicitly ourselves. Otherwise we should be good.
	std::vector<uint8_t> signature_bytes(raw_signature.begin(), raw_signature.end());
	auto pkcs7 = createPkcs7(signature_bytes, kCompOsSubject);
	if (!pkcs7.ok()) {
	return Error() << pkcs7.error() << ": " << path;
	}

	LOG(INFO) << "Adding " << path << " to fs-verity...";
	auto enabled = enableFsVerity(fd, pkcs7.value());
	if (!enabled.ok()) {
	return Error() << enabled.error() << ": " << path;
	}
	}

	new_digests[path] = compos_digest;
	} else if (it->is_directory()) {
	// These are fine to ignore
	} else if (it->is_symlink()) {
	return Error() << "Rejecting artifacts, symlink at " << path;
	} else {
	return Error() << "Rejecting artifacts, unexpected file type for " << path;
	}
	}
	if (ec) {
	return Error() << "Failed to iterate " << directory_path << ": " << ec.message();
	}

	// Delete the signature files now that they have served their purpose. (ART
	// has no use for them, and their presence could cause verification to fail
	// on subsequent boots.)
	for (auto& signature_path : signature_files) {
	std::filesystem::remove(signature_path, ec);
	if (ec) {
	return Error() << "Failed to delete " << signature_path << ": " << ec.message();
	}
	}

	return new_digests;
	}

	Result<void> addCertToFsVerityKeyring(const std::string& path, const char* keyName) {
	const char* const argv[] = {kFsVerityInitPath, "--load-extra-key", keyName};

	int fd = open(path.c_str(), O_RDONLY \| O_CLOEXEC);
	if (fd == -1) {
	return ErrnoError() << "Failed to open " << path;
	}
	pid_t pid = fork();
	if (pid == 0) {
	dup2(fd, STDIN_FILENO);
	close(fd);
	int argc = arraysize(argv);
	char* argv_child[argc + 1];
	memcpy(argv_child, argv, argc * sizeof(char*));
	argv_child[argc] = nullptr;
	execvp(argv_child[0], argv_child);
	PLOG(ERROR) << "exec in ForkExecvp";
	_exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	} else {
	close(fd);
	}
	if (pid == -1) {
	return ErrnoError() << "Failed to fork.";
	}
	int status;
	if (waitpid(pid, &status, 0) == -1) {
	return ErrnoError() << "waitpid() failed.";
	}
	if (!WIFEXITED(status)) {
	return Error() << kFsVerityInitPath << ": abnormal process exit";
	}
	if (WEXITSTATUS(status) != 0) {
	return Error() << kFsVerityInitPath << " exited with " << WEXITSTATUS(status);
	}

	return {};
	}