adb/client/commandline.cpp

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2007 The Android Open Source Project
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

#define TRACE_TAG ADB

#include "sysdeps.h"

#include <assert.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <inttypes.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/types.h>

#include <memory>
#include <string>
#include <thread>
#include <vector>

#include <android-base/file.h>
#include <android-base/logging.h>
#include <android-base/parseint.h>
#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
#include <android-base/strings.h>

#if !defined(_WIN32)
#include <signal.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <termios.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#endif

#include "adb.h"
#include "adb_auth.h"
#include "adb_client.h"
#include "adb_install.h"
#include "adb_io.h"
#include "adb_unique_fd.h"
#include "adb_utils.h"
#include "bugreport.h"
#include "client/file_sync_client.h"
#include "commandline.h"
#include "fastdeploy.h"
#include "services.h"
#include "shell_protocol.h"
#include "sysdeps/chrono.h"
#include "sysdeps/memory.h"

extern int gListenAll;

DefaultStandardStreamsCallback DEFAULT_STANDARD_STREAMS_CALLBACK(nullptr, nullptr);

static std::string product_file(const std::string& file) {
    const char* ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT = getenv("ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT");
    if (ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT == nullptr) {
        fprintf(stderr, "adb: product directory not specified; set $ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT\n");
        exit(1);
    }
    return std::string{ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT} + OS_PATH_SEPARATOR_STR + file;
}

static void help() {
    fprintf(stdout, "%s\n", adb_version().c_str());
    // clang-format off
    fprintf(stdout,
        "global options:\n"
        " -a         listen on all network interfaces, not just localhost\n"
        " -d         use USB device (error if multiple devices connected)\n"
        " -e         use TCP/IP device (error if multiple TCP/IP devices available)\n"
        " -s SERIAL  use device with given serial (overrides $ANDROID_SERIAL)\n"
        " -t ID      use device with given transport id\n"
        " -H         name of adb server host [default=localhost]\n"
        " -P         port of adb server [default=5037]\n"
        " -L SOCKET  listen on given socket for adb server [default=tcp:localhost:5037]\n"
        "\n"
        "general commands:\n"
        " devices [-l]             list connected devices (-l for long output)\n"
        " help                     show this help message\n"
        " version                  show version num\n"
        "\n"
        "networking:\n"
        " connect HOST[:PORT]      connect to a device via TCP/IP [default port=5555]\n"
        " disconnect [HOST[:PORT]]\n"
        "     disconnect from given TCP/IP device [default port=5555], or all\n"
        " forward --list           list all forward socket connections\n"
        " forward [--no-rebind] LOCAL REMOTE\n"
        "     forward socket connection using:\n"
        "       tcp:<port> (<local> may be \"tcp:0\" to pick any open port)\n"
        "       localabstract:<unix domain socket name>\n"
        "       localreserved:<unix domain socket name>\n"
        "       localfilesystem:<unix domain socket name>\n"
        "       dev:<character device name>\n"
        "       jdwp:<process pid> (remote only)\n"
        " forward --remove LOCAL   remove specific forward socket connection\n"
        " forward --remove-all     remove all forward socket connections\n"
        " ppp TTY [PARAMETER...]   run PPP over USB\n"
        " reverse --list           list all reverse socket connections from device\n"
        " reverse [--no-rebind] REMOTE LOCAL\n"
        "     reverse socket connection using:\n"
        "       tcp:<port> (<remote> may be \"tcp:0\" to pick any open port)\n"
        "       localabstract:<unix domain socket name>\n"
        "       localreserved:<unix domain socket name>\n"
        "       localfilesystem:<unix domain socket name>\n"
        " reverse --remove REMOTE  remove specific reverse socket connection\n"
        " reverse --remove-all     remove all reverse socket connections from device\n"
        "\n"
        "file transfer:\n"
        " push [--sync] LOCAL... REMOTE\n"
        "     copy local files/directories to device\n"
        "     --sync: only push files that are newer on the host than the device\n"
        " pull [-a] REMOTE... LOCAL\n"
        "     copy files/dirs from device\n"
        "     -a: preserve file timestamp and mode\n"
        " sync [all|data|odm|oem|product_services|product|system|vendor]\n"
        "     sync a local build from $ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT to the device (default all)\n"
        "     -l: list but don't copy\n"
        "\n"
        "shell:\n"
        " shell [-e ESCAPE] [-n] [-Tt] [-x] [COMMAND...]\n"
        "     run remote shell command (interactive shell if no command given)\n"
        "     -e: choose escape character, or \"none\"; default '~'\n"
        "     -n: don't read from stdin\n"
        "     -T: disable PTY allocation\n"
        "     -t: force PTY allocation\n"
        "     -x: disable remote exit codes and stdout/stderr separation\n"
        " emu COMMAND              run emulator console command\n"
        "\n"
        "app installation:\n"
        " install [-lrtsdg] [--instant] PACKAGE\n"
        " install-multiple [-lrtsdpg] [--instant] PACKAGE...\n"
        "     push package(s) to the device and install them\n"
        "     -l: forward lock application\n"
        "     -r: replace existing application\n"
        "     -t: allow test packages\n"
        "     -s: install application on sdcard\n"
        "     -d: allow version code downgrade (debuggable packages only)\n"
        "     -p: partial application install (install-multiple only)\n"
        "     -g: grant all runtime permissions\n"
        "     --instant: cause the app to be installed as an ephemeral install app\n"
        "     --no-streaming: always push APK to device and invoke Package Manager as separate steps\n"
        "     --streaming: force streaming APK directly into Package Manager\n"
        "     -f/--fastdeploy: use fast deploy (only valid with -r)\n"
        "     --no-fastdeploy: prevent use of fast deploy (only valid with -r)\n"
        "     --force-agent: force update of deployment agent when using fast deploy\n"
        "     --date-check-agent: update deployment agent when local version is newer and using fast deploy\n"
        "     --version-check-agent: update deployment agent when local version has different version code and using fast deploy\n"
#ifndef _WIN32
        "     --local-agent: locate agent files from local source build (instead of SDK location)\n"
#endif
        //TODO--installlog <filename>
        " uninstall [-k] PACKAGE\n"
        "     remove this app package from the device\n"
        "     '-k': keep the data and cache directories\n"
        "\n"
        "backup/restore:\n"
        "   to show usage run \"adb shell bu help\"\n"
        "\n"
        "debugging:\n"
        " bugreport [PATH]\n"
        "     write bugreport to given PATH [default=bugreport.zip];\n"
        "     if PATH is a directory, the bug report is saved in that directory.\n"
        "     devices that don't support zipped bug reports output to stdout.\n"
        " jdwp                     list pids of processes hosting a JDWP transport\n"
        " logcat                   show device log (logcat --help for more)\n"
        "\n"
        "security:\n"
        " disable-verity           disable dm-verity checking on userdebug builds\n"
        " enable-verity            re-enable dm-verity checking on userdebug builds\n"
        " keygen FILE\n"
        "     generate adb public/private key; private key stored in FILE,\n"
        "     public key stored in FILE.pub (existing files overwritten)\n"
        "\n"
        "scripting:\n"
        " wait-for[-TRANSPORT]-STATE\n"
        "     wait for device to be in the given state\n"
        "     State: device, recovery, sideload, or bootloader\n"
        "     Transport: usb, local, or any [default=any]\n"
        " get-state                print offline | bootloader | device\n"
        " get-serialno             print <serial-number>\n"
        " get-devpath              print <device-path>\n"
        " remount                  remount partitions read-write\n"
        " reboot [bootloader|recovery|sideload|sideload-auto-reboot]\n"
        "     reboot the device; defaults to booting system image but\n"
        "     supports bootloader and recovery too. sideload reboots\n"
        "     into recovery and automatically starts sideload mode,\n"
        "     sideload-auto-reboot is the same but reboots after sideloading.\n"
        " sideload OTAPACKAGE      sideload the given full OTA package\n"
        " root                     restart adbd with root permissions\n"
        " unroot                   restart adbd without root permissions\n"
        " usb                      restart adb server listening on USB\n"
        " tcpip PORT               restart adb server listening on TCP on PORT\n"
        "\n"
        "internal debugging:\n"
        " start-server             ensure that there is a server running\n"
        " kill-server              kill the server if it is running\n"
        " reconnect                kick connection from host side to force reconnect\n"
        " reconnect device         kick connection from device side to force reconnect\n"
        " reconnect offline        reset offline/unauthorized devices to force reconnect\n"
        "\n"
        "environment variables:\n"
        " $ADB_TRACE\n"
        "     comma-separated list of debug info to log:\n"
        "     all,adb,sockets,packets,rwx,usb,sync,sysdeps,transport,jdwp\n"
        " $ADB_VENDOR_KEYS         colon-separated list of keys (files or directories)\n"
        " $ANDROID_SERIAL          serial number to connect to (see -s)\n"
        " $ANDROID_LOG_TAGS        tags to be used by logcat (see logcat --help)\n");
    // clang-format on
}

#if defined(_WIN32)

// Implemented in sysdeps_win32.cpp.
void stdin_raw_init();
void stdin_raw_restore();

#else
static termios g_saved_terminal_state;

static void stdin_raw_init() {
    if (tcgetattr(STDIN_FILENO, &g_saved_terminal_state)) return;

    termios tio;
    if (tcgetattr(STDIN_FILENO, &tio)) return;

    cfmakeraw(&tio);

    // No timeout but request at least one character per read.
    tio.c_cc[VTIME] = 0;
    tio.c_cc[VMIN] = 1;

    tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSAFLUSH, &tio);
}

static void stdin_raw_restore() {
    tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSAFLUSH, &g_saved_terminal_state);
}
#endif

// Reads from |fd| and prints received data. If |use_shell_protocol| is true
// this expects that incoming data will use the shell protocol, in which case
// stdout/stderr are routed independently and the remote exit code will be
// returned.
// if |callback| is non-null, stdout/stderr output will be handled by it.
int read_and_dump(int fd, bool use_shell_protocol = false,
                  StandardStreamsCallbackInterface* callback = &DEFAULT_STANDARD_STREAMS_CALLBACK) {
    int exit_code = 0;
    if (fd < 0) return exit_code;

    std::unique_ptr<ShellProtocol> protocol;
    int length = 0;

    char raw_buffer[BUFSIZ];
    char* buffer_ptr = raw_buffer;
    if (use_shell_protocol) {
        protocol = std::make_unique<ShellProtocol>(fd);
        if (!protocol) {
            LOG(ERROR) << "failed to allocate memory for ShellProtocol object";
            return 1;
        }
        buffer_ptr = protocol->data();
    }

    while (true) {
        if (use_shell_protocol) {
            if (!protocol->Read()) {
                break;
            }
            length = protocol->data_length();
            switch (protocol->id()) {
                case ShellProtocol::kIdStdout:
                    callback->OnStdout(buffer_ptr, length);
                    break;
                case ShellProtocol::kIdStderr:
                    callback->OnStderr(buffer_ptr, length);
                    break;
                case ShellProtocol::kIdExit:
                    exit_code = protocol->data()[0];
                    continue;
                default:
                    continue;
            }
            length = protocol->data_length();
        } else {
            D("read_and_dump(): pre adb_read(fd=%d)", fd);
            length = adb_read(fd, raw_buffer, sizeof(raw_buffer));
            D("read_and_dump(): post adb_read(fd=%d): length=%d", fd, length);
            if (length <= 0) {
                break;
            }
            callback->OnStdout(buffer_ptr, length);
        }
    }

    return callback->Done(exit_code);
}

static void stdinout_raw_prologue(int inFd, int outFd, int& old_stdin_mode, int& old_stdout_mode) {
    if (inFd == STDIN_FILENO) {
        stdin_raw_init();
#ifdef _WIN32
        old_stdin_mode = _setmode(STDIN_FILENO, _O_BINARY);
        if (old_stdin_mode == -1) {
            fatal_errno("could not set stdin to binary");
        }
#endif
    }

#ifdef _WIN32
    if (outFd == STDOUT_FILENO) {
        old_stdout_mode = _setmode(STDOUT_FILENO, _O_BINARY);
        if (old_stdout_mode == -1) {
            fatal_errno("could not set stdout to binary");
        }
    }
#endif
}

static void stdinout_raw_epilogue(int inFd, int outFd, int old_stdin_mode, int old_stdout_mode) {
    if (inFd == STDIN_FILENO) {
        stdin_raw_restore();
#ifdef _WIN32
        if (_setmode(STDIN_FILENO, old_stdin_mode) == -1) {
            fatal_errno("could not restore stdin mode");
        }
#endif
    }

#ifdef _WIN32
    if (outFd == STDOUT_FILENO) {
        if (_setmode(STDOUT_FILENO, old_stdout_mode) == -1) {
            fatal_errno("could not restore stdout mode");
        }
    }
#endif
}

void copy_to_file(int inFd, int outFd) {
    std::vector<char> buf(32 * 1024);
    int len;
    long total = 0;
    int old_stdin_mode = -1;
    int old_stdout_mode = -1;

    D("copy_to_file(%d -> %d)", inFd, outFd);

    stdinout_raw_prologue(inFd, outFd, old_stdin_mode, old_stdout_mode);

    while (true) {
        if (inFd == STDIN_FILENO) {
            len = unix_read(inFd, buf.data(), buf.size());
        } else {
            len = adb_read(inFd, buf.data(), buf.size());
        }
        if (len == 0) {
            D("copy_to_file() : read 0 bytes; exiting");
            break;
        }
        if (len < 0) {
            D("copy_to_file(): read failed: %s", strerror(errno));
            break;
        }
        if (outFd == STDOUT_FILENO) {
            fwrite(buf.data(), 1, len, stdout);
            fflush(stdout);
        } else {
            adb_write(outFd, buf.data(), len);
        }
        total += len;
    }

    stdinout_raw_epilogue(inFd, outFd, old_stdin_mode, old_stdout_mode);

    D("copy_to_file() finished after %lu bytes", total);
}

static void send_window_size_change(int fd, std::unique_ptr<ShellProtocol>& shell) {
    // Old devices can't handle window size changes.
    if (shell == nullptr) return;

#if defined(_WIN32)
    struct winsize {
        unsigned short ws_row;
        unsigned short ws_col;
        unsigned short ws_xpixel;
        unsigned short ws_ypixel;
    };
#endif

    winsize ws;

#if defined(_WIN32)
    // If stdout is redirected to a non-console, we won't be able to get the
    // console size, but that makes sense.
    const intptr_t intptr_handle = _get_osfhandle(STDOUT_FILENO);
    if (intptr_handle == -1) return;

    const HANDLE handle = reinterpret_cast<const HANDLE>(intptr_handle);

    CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO info;
    memset(&info, 0, sizeof(info));
    if (!GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(handle, &info)) return;

    memset(&ws, 0, sizeof(ws));
    // The number of visible rows, excluding offscreen scroll-back rows which are in info.dwSize.Y.
    ws.ws_row = info.srWindow.Bottom - info.srWindow.Top + 1;
    // If the user has disabled "Wrap text output on resize", they can make the screen buffer wider
    // than the window, in which case we should use the width of the buffer.
    ws.ws_col = info.dwSize.X;
#else
    if (ioctl(fd, TIOCGWINSZ, &ws) == -1) return;
#endif

    // Send the new window size as human-readable ASCII for debugging convenience.
    size_t l = snprintf(shell->data(), shell->data_capacity(), "%dx%d,%dx%d",
                        ws.ws_row, ws.ws_col, ws.ws_xpixel, ws.ws_ypixel);
    shell->Write(ShellProtocol::kIdWindowSizeChange, l + 1);
}

// Used to pass multiple values to the stdin read thread.
struct StdinReadArgs {
    int stdin_fd, write_fd;
    bool raw_stdin;
    std::unique_ptr<ShellProtocol> protocol;
    char escape_char;
};

// Loops to read from stdin and push the data to the given FD.
// The argument should be a pointer to a StdinReadArgs object. This function
// will take ownership of the object and delete it when finished.
static void stdin_read_thread_loop(void* x) {
    std::unique_ptr<StdinReadArgs> args(reinterpret_cast<StdinReadArgs*>(x));

#if !defined(_WIN32)
    // Mask SIGTTIN in case we're in a backgrounded process.
    sigset_t sigset;
    sigemptyset(&sigset);
    sigaddset(&sigset, SIGTTIN);
    pthread_sigmask(SIG_BLOCK, &sigset, nullptr);
#endif

#if defined(_WIN32)
    // _get_interesting_input_record_uncached() causes unix_read_interruptible()
    // to return -1 with errno == EINTR if the window size changes.
#else
    // Unblock SIGWINCH for this thread, so our read(2) below will be
    // interrupted if the window size changes.
    sigset_t mask;
    sigemptyset(&mask);
    sigaddset(&mask, SIGWINCH);
    pthread_sigmask(SIG_UNBLOCK, &mask, nullptr);
#endif

    // Set up the initial window size.
    send_window_size_change(args->stdin_fd, args->protocol);

    char raw_buffer[BUFSIZ];
    char* buffer_ptr = raw_buffer;
    size_t buffer_size = sizeof(raw_buffer);
    if (args->protocol != nullptr) {
        buffer_ptr = args->protocol->data();
        buffer_size = args->protocol->data_capacity();
    }

    // If we need to parse escape sequences, make life easy.
    if (args->raw_stdin && args->escape_char != '\0') {
        buffer_size = 1;
    }

    enum EscapeState { kMidFlow, kStartOfLine, kInEscape };
    EscapeState state = kStartOfLine;

    while (true) {
        // Use unix_read_interruptible() rather than adb_read() for stdin.
        D("stdin_read_thread_loop(): pre unix_read_interruptible(fdi=%d,...)", args->stdin_fd);
        int r = unix_read_interruptible(args->stdin_fd, buffer_ptr,
                                        buffer_size);
        if (r == -1 && errno == EINTR) {
            send_window_size_change(args->stdin_fd, args->protocol);
            continue;
        }
        D("stdin_read_thread_loop(): post unix_read_interruptible(fdi=%d,...)", args->stdin_fd);
        if (r <= 0) {
            // Only devices using the shell protocol know to close subprocess
            // stdin. For older devices we want to just leave the connection
            // open, otherwise an unpredictable amount of return data could
            // be lost due to the FD closing before all data has been received.
            if (args->protocol) {
                args->protocol->Write(ShellProtocol::kIdCloseStdin, 0);
            }
            break;
        }
        // If we made stdin raw, check input for escape sequences. In
        // this situation signals like Ctrl+C are sent remotely rather than
        // interpreted locally so this provides an emergency out if the remote
        // process starts ignoring the signal. SSH also does this, see the
        // "escape characters" section on the ssh man page for more info.
        if (args->raw_stdin && args->escape_char != '\0') {
            char ch = buffer_ptr[0];
            if (ch == args->escape_char) {
                if (state == kStartOfLine) {
                    state = kInEscape;
                    // Swallow the escape character.
                    continue;
                } else {
                    state = kMidFlow;
                }
            } else {
                if (state == kInEscape) {
                    if (ch == '.') {
                        fprintf(stderr,"\r\n[ disconnected ]\r\n");
                        stdin_raw_restore();
                        exit(0);
                    } else {
                        // We swallowed an escape character that wasn't part of
                        // a valid escape sequence; time to cough it up.
                        buffer_ptr[0] = args->escape_char;
                        buffer_ptr[1] = ch;
                        ++r;
                    }
                }
                state = (ch == '\n' || ch == '\r') ? kStartOfLine : kMidFlow;
            }
        }
        if (args->protocol) {
            if (!args->protocol->Write(ShellProtocol::kIdStdin, r)) {
                break;
            }
        } else {
            if (!WriteFdExactly(args->write_fd, buffer_ptr, r)) {
                break;
            }
        }
    }
}

// Returns a shell service string with the indicated arguments and command.
static std::string ShellServiceString(bool use_shell_protocol,
                                      const std::string& type_arg,
                                      const std::string& command) {
    std::vector<std::string> args;
    if (use_shell_protocol) {
        args.push_back(kShellServiceArgShellProtocol);

        const char* terminal_type = getenv("TERM");
        if (terminal_type != nullptr) {
            args.push_back(std::string("TERM=") + terminal_type);
        }
    }
    if (!type_arg.empty()) {
        args.push_back(type_arg);
    }

    // Shell service string can look like: shell[,arg1,arg2,...]:[command].
    return android::base::StringPrintf("shell%s%s:%s",
                                       args.empty() ? "" : ",",
                                       android::base::Join(args, ',').c_str(),
                                       command.c_str());
}

// Connects to a shell on the device and read/writes data.
//
// Note: currently this function doesn't properly clean up resources; the
// FD connected to the adb server is never closed and the stdin read thread
// may never exit.
//
// On success returns the remote exit code if |use_shell_protocol| is true,
// 0 otherwise. On failure returns 1.
static int RemoteShell(bool use_shell_protocol, const std::string& type_arg,
                       char escape_char,
                       const std::string& command) {
    std::string service_string = ShellServiceString(use_shell_protocol,
                                                    type_arg, command);

    // Old devices can't handle a service string that's longer than MAX_PAYLOAD_V1.
    // Use |use_shell_protocol| to determine whether to allow a command longer than that.
    if (service_string.size() > MAX_PAYLOAD_V1 && !use_shell_protocol) {
        fprintf(stderr, "error: shell command too long\n");
        return 1;
    }

    // Make local stdin raw if the device allocates a PTY, which happens if:
    //   1. We are explicitly asking for a PTY shell, or
    //   2. We don't specify shell type and are starting an interactive session.
    bool raw_stdin = (type_arg == kShellServiceArgPty ||
                      (type_arg.empty() && command.empty()));

    std::string error;
    int fd = adb_connect(service_string, &error);
    if (fd < 0) {
        fprintf(stderr,"error: %s\n", error.c_str());
        return 1;
    }

    StdinReadArgs* args = new StdinReadArgs;
    if (!args) {
        LOG(ERROR) << "couldn't allocate StdinReadArgs object";
        return 1;
    }
    args->stdin_fd = STDIN_FILENO;
    args->write_fd = fd;
    args->raw_stdin = raw_stdin;
    args->escape_char = escape_char;
    if (use_shell_protocol) {
        args->protocol = std::make_unique<ShellProtocol>(args->write_fd);
    }

    if (raw_stdin) stdin_raw_init();

#if !defined(_WIN32)
    // Ensure our process is notified if the local window size changes.
    // We use sigaction(2) to ensure that the SA_RESTART flag is not set,
    // because the whole reason we're sending signals is to unblock the read(2)!
    // That also means we don't need to do anything in the signal handler:
    // the side effect of delivering the signal is all we need.
    struct sigaction sa;
    memset(&sa, 0, sizeof(sa));
    sa.sa_handler = [](int) {};
    sa.sa_flags = 0;
    sigaction(SIGWINCH, &sa, nullptr);

    // Now block SIGWINCH in this thread (the main thread) and all threads spawned
    // from it. The stdin read thread will unblock this signal to ensure that it's
    // the thread that receives the signal.
    sigset_t mask;
    sigemptyset(&mask);
    sigaddset(&mask, SIGWINCH);
    pthread_sigmask(SIG_BLOCK, &mask, nullptr);
#endif

    // TODO: combine read_and_dump with stdin_read_thread to make life simpler?
    std::thread(stdin_read_thread_loop, args).detach();
    int exit_code = read_and_dump(fd, use_shell_protocol);

    // TODO: properly exit stdin_read_thread_loop and close |fd|.

    // TODO: we should probably install signal handlers for this.
    // TODO: can we use atexit? even on Windows?
    if (raw_stdin) stdin_raw_restore();

    return exit_code;
}

static int adb_shell(int argc, const char** argv) {
    FeatureSet features;
    std::string error;
    if (!adb_get_feature_set(&features, &error)) {
        fprintf(stderr, "error: %s\n", error.c_str());
        return 1;
    }

    enum PtyAllocationMode { kPtyAuto, kPtyNo, kPtyYes, kPtyDefinitely };

    // Defaults.
    char escape_char = '~'; // -e
    bool use_shell_protocol = CanUseFeature(features, kFeatureShell2); // -x
    PtyAllocationMode tty = use_shell_protocol ? kPtyAuto : kPtyDefinitely; // -t/-T

    // Parse shell-specific command-line options.
    argv[0] = "adb shell"; // So getopt(3) error messages start "adb shell".
#ifdef _WIN32
    // fixes "adb shell -l" crash on Windows, b/37284906
    __argv = const_cast<char**>(argv);
#endif
    optind = 1; // argv[0] is always "shell", so set `optind` appropriately.
    int opt;
    while ((opt = getopt(argc, const_cast<char**>(argv), "+e:ntTx")) != -1) {
        switch (opt) {
            case 'e':
                if (!(strlen(optarg) == 1 || strcmp(optarg, "none") == 0)) {
                    return syntax_error("-e requires a single-character argument or 'none'");
                }
                escape_char = (strcmp(optarg, "none") == 0) ? 0 : optarg[0];
                break;
            case 'n':
                close_stdin();
                break;
            case 'x':
                // This option basically asks for historical behavior, so set options that
                // correspond to the historical defaults. This is slightly weird in that -Tx
                // is fine (because we'll undo the -T) but -xT isn't, but that does seem to
                // be our least worst choice...
                use_shell_protocol = false;
                tty = kPtyDefinitely;
                escape_char = '~';
                break;
            case 't':
                // Like ssh, -t arguments are cumulative so that multiple -t's
                // are needed to force a PTY.
                tty = (tty >= kPtyYes) ? kPtyDefinitely : kPtyYes;
                break;
            case 'T':
                tty = kPtyNo;
                break;
            default:
                // getopt(3) already printed an error message for us.
                return 1;
        }
    }

    bool is_interactive = (optind == argc);

    std::string shell_type_arg = kShellServiceArgPty;
    if (tty == kPtyNo) {
        shell_type_arg = kShellServiceArgRaw;
    } else if (tty == kPtyAuto) {
        // If stdin isn't a TTY, default to a raw shell; this lets
        // things like `adb shell < my_script.sh` work as expected.
        // Non-interactive shells should also not have a pty.
        if (!unix_isatty(STDIN_FILENO) || !is_interactive) {
            shell_type_arg = kShellServiceArgRaw;
        }
    } else if (tty == kPtyYes) {
        // A single -t arg isn't enough to override implicit -T.
        if (!unix_isatty(STDIN_FILENO)) {
            fprintf(stderr,
                    "Remote PTY will not be allocated because stdin is not a terminal.\n"
                    "Use multiple -t options to force remote PTY allocation.\n");
            shell_type_arg = kShellServiceArgRaw;
        }
    }

    D("shell -e 0x%x t=%d use_shell_protocol=%s shell_type_arg=%s\n",
      escape_char, tty,
      use_shell_protocol ? "true" : "false",
      (shell_type_arg == kShellServiceArgPty) ? "pty" : "raw");

    // Raw mode is only supported when talking to a new device *and* using the shell protocol.
    if (!use_shell_protocol) {
        if (shell_type_arg != kShellServiceArgPty) {
            fprintf(stderr, "error: %s only supports allocating a pty\n",
                    !CanUseFeature(features, kFeatureShell2) ? "device" : "-x");
            return 1;
        } else {
            // If we're not using the shell protocol, the type argument must be empty.
            shell_type_arg = "";
        }
    }

    std::string command;
    if (optind < argc) {
        // We don't escape here, just like ssh(1). http://b/20564385.
        command = android::base::Join(std::vector<const char*>(argv + optind, argv + argc), ' ');
    }

    return RemoteShell(use_shell_protocol, shell_type_arg, escape_char, command);
}

static int adb_sideload_legacy(const char* filename, int in_fd, int size) {
    std::string error;
    int out_fd = adb_connect(android::base::StringPrintf("sideload:%d", size), &error);
    if (out_fd < 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "adb: pre-KitKat sideload connection failed: %s\n", error.c_str());
        return -1;
    }

    int opt = CHUNK_SIZE;
    opt = adb_setsockopt(out_fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_SNDBUF, &opt, sizeof(opt));

    char buf[CHUNK_SIZE];
    int total = size;
    while (size > 0) {
        unsigned xfer = (size > CHUNK_SIZE) ? CHUNK_SIZE : size;
        if (!ReadFdExactly(in_fd, buf, xfer)) {
            fprintf(stderr, "adb: failed to read data from %s: %s\n", filename, strerror(errno));
            adb_close(out_fd);
            return -1;
        }
        if (!WriteFdExactly(out_fd, buf, xfer)) {
            std::string error;
            adb_status(out_fd, &error);
            fprintf(stderr, "adb: failed to write data: %s\n", error.c_str());
            adb_close(out_fd);
            return -1;
        }
        size -= xfer;
        printf("sending: '%s' %4d%%    \r", filename, (int)(100LL - ((100LL * size) / (total))));
        fflush(stdout);
    }
    printf("\n");

    if (!adb_status(out_fd, &error)) {
        fprintf(stderr, "adb: error response: %s\n", error.c_str());
        adb_close(out_fd);
        return -1;
    }

    adb_close(out_fd);
    return 0;
}

#define SIDELOAD_HOST_BLOCK_SIZE (CHUNK_SIZE)

/*
 * The sideload-host protocol serves the data in a file (given on the
 * command line) to the client, using a simple protocol:
 *
 * - The connect message includes the total number of bytes in the
 *   file and a block size chosen by us.
 *
 * - The other side sends the desired block number as eight decimal
 *   digits (eg "00000023" for block 23).  Blocks are numbered from
 *   zero.
 *
 * - We send back the data of the requested block.  The last block is
 *   likely to be partial; when the last block is requested we only
 *   send the part of the block that exists, it's not padded up to the
 *   block size.
 *
 * - When the other side sends "DONEDONE" instead of a block number,
 *   we hang up.
 */
static int adb_sideload_host(const char* filename) {
    // TODO: use a LinePrinter instead...
    struct stat sb;
    if (stat(filename, &sb) == -1) {
        fprintf(stderr, "adb: failed to stat file %s: %s\n", filename, strerror(errno));
        return -1;
    }
    unique_fd package_fd(adb_open(filename, O_RDONLY));
    if (package_fd == -1) {
        fprintf(stderr, "adb: failed to open file %s: %s\n", filename, strerror(errno));
        return -1;
    }

    std::string service = android::base::StringPrintf(
        "sideload-host:%d:%d", static_cast<int>(sb.st_size), SIDELOAD_HOST_BLOCK_SIZE);
    std::string error;
    unique_fd device_fd(adb_connect(service, &error));
    if (device_fd < 0) {
        // Try falling back to the older (<= K) sideload method. Maybe this
        // is an older device that doesn't support sideload-host.
        fprintf(stderr, "adb: sideload connection failed: %s\n", error.c_str());
        fprintf(stderr, "adb: trying pre-KitKat sideload method...\n");
        return adb_sideload_legacy(filename, package_fd, static_cast<int>(sb.st_size));
    }

    int opt = SIDELOAD_HOST_BLOCK_SIZE;
    adb_setsockopt(device_fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_SNDBUF, &opt, sizeof(opt));

    char buf[SIDELOAD_HOST_BLOCK_SIZE];

    size_t xfer = 0;
    int last_percent = -1;
    while (true) {
        if (!ReadFdExactly(device_fd, buf, 8)) {
            fprintf(stderr, "adb: failed to read command: %s\n", strerror(errno));
            return -1;
        }
        buf[8] = '\0';

        if (strcmp("DONEDONE", buf) == 0) {
            printf("\rTotal xfer: %.2fx%*s\n",
                   static_cast<double>(xfer) / (sb.st_size ? sb.st_size : 1),
                   static_cast<int>(strlen(filename) + 10), "");
            return 0;
        }

        int block = strtol(buf, nullptr, 10);

        size_t offset = block * SIDELOAD_HOST_BLOCK_SIZE;
        if (offset >= static_cast<size_t>(sb.st_size)) {
            fprintf(stderr, "adb: failed to read block %d past end\n", block);
            return -1;
        }

        size_t to_write = SIDELOAD_HOST_BLOCK_SIZE;
        if ((offset + SIDELOAD_HOST_BLOCK_SIZE) > static_cast<size_t>(sb.st_size)) {
            to_write = sb.st_size - offset;
        }

        if (adb_lseek(package_fd, offset, SEEK_SET) != static_cast<int>(offset)) {
            fprintf(stderr, "adb: failed to seek to package block: %s\n", strerror(errno));
            return -1;
        }
        if (!ReadFdExactly(package_fd, buf, to_write)) {
            fprintf(stderr, "adb: failed to read package block: %s\n", strerror(errno));
            return -1;
        }

        if (!WriteFdExactly(device_fd, buf, to_write)) {
            adb_status(device_fd, &error);
            fprintf(stderr, "adb: failed to write data '%s' *\n", error.c_str());
            return -1;
        }
        xfer += to_write;

        // For normal OTA packages, we expect to transfer every byte
        // twice, plus a bit of overhead (one read during
        // verification, one read of each byte for installation, plus
        // extra access to things like the zip central directory).
        // This estimate of the completion becomes 100% when we've
        // transferred ~2.13 (=100/47) times the package size.
        int percent = static_cast<int>(xfer * 47LL / (sb.st_size ? sb.st_size : 1));
        if (percent != last_percent) {
            printf("\rserving: '%s'  (~%d%%)    ", filename, percent);
            fflush(stdout);
            last_percent = percent;
        }
    }
}

/**
 * Run ppp in "notty" mode against a resource listed as the first parameter
 * eg:
 *
 * ppp dev:/dev/omap_csmi_tty0 <ppp options>
 *
 */
static int ppp(int argc, const char** argv) {
#if defined(_WIN32)
    fprintf(stderr, "error: adb %s not implemented on Win32\n", argv[0]);
    return -1;
#else
    if (argc < 2) return syntax_error("adb %s <adb service name> [ppp opts]", argv[0]);

    const char* adb_service_name = argv[1];
    std::string error;
    int fd = adb_connect(adb_service_name, &error);
    if (fd < 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "adb: could not open adb service %s: %s\n", adb_service_name, error.c_str());
        return 1;
    }

    pid_t pid = fork();

    if (pid < 0) {
        perror("from fork()");
        return 1;
    } else if (pid == 0) {
        int err;
        int i;
        const char **ppp_args;

        // copy args
        ppp_args = (const char **) alloca(sizeof(char *) * argc + 1);
        ppp_args[0] = "pppd";
        for (i = 2 ; i < argc ; i++) {
            //argv[2] and beyond become ppp_args[1] and beyond
            ppp_args[i - 1] = argv[i];
        }
        ppp_args[i-1] = nullptr;

        // child side

        dup2(fd, STDIN_FILENO);
        dup2(fd, STDOUT_FILENO);
        adb_close(STDERR_FILENO);
        adb_close(fd);

        err = execvp("pppd", (char * const *)ppp_args);

        if (err < 0) {
            perror("execing pppd");
        }
        exit(-1);
    } else {
        // parent side

        adb_close(fd);
        return 0;
    }
#endif /* !defined(_WIN32) */
}

static bool wait_for_device(const char* service) {
    std::vector<std::string> components = android::base::Split(service, "-");
    if (components.size() < 3 || components.size() > 4) {
        fprintf(stderr, "adb: couldn't parse 'wait-for' command: %s\n", service);
        return false;
    }

    TransportType t;
    adb_get_transport(&t, nullptr, nullptr);

    // Was the caller vague about what they'd like us to wait for?
    // If so, check they weren't more specific in their choice of transport type.
    if (components.size() == 3) {
        auto it = components.begin() + 2;
        if (t == kTransportUsb) {
            components.insert(it, "usb");
        } else if (t == kTransportLocal) {
            components.insert(it, "local");
        } else {
            components.insert(it, "any");
        }
    } else if (components[2] != "any" && components[2] != "local" && components[2] != "usb") {
        fprintf(stderr, "adb: unknown type %s; expected 'any', 'local', or 'usb'\n",
                components[2].c_str());
        return false;
    }

    if (components[3] != "any" && components[3] != "bootloader" && components[3] != "device" &&
        components[3] != "recovery" && components[3] != "sideload") {
        fprintf(stderr,
                "adb: unknown state %s; "
                "expected 'any', 'bootloader', 'device', 'recovery', or 'sideload'\n",
                components[3].c_str());
        return false;
    }

    std::string cmd = format_host_command(android::base::Join(components, "-").c_str());
    return adb_command(cmd);
}

static bool adb_root(const char* command) {
    std::string error;

    unique_fd fd(adb_connect(android::base::StringPrintf("%s:", command), &error));
    if (fd < 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "adb: unable to connect for %s: %s\n", command, error.c_str());
        return false;
    }

    // Figure out whether we actually did anything.
    char buf[256];
    char* cur = buf;
    ssize_t bytes_left = sizeof(buf);
    while (bytes_left > 0) {
        ssize_t bytes_read = adb_read(fd, cur, bytes_left);
        if (bytes_read == 0) {
            break;
        } else if (bytes_read < 0) {
            fprintf(stderr, "adb: error while reading for %s: %s\n", command, strerror(errno));
            return false;
        }
        cur += bytes_read;
        bytes_left -= bytes_read;
    }

    if (bytes_left == 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "adb: unexpected output length for %s\n", command);
        return false;
    }

    fflush(stdout);
    WriteFdExactly(STDOUT_FILENO, buf, sizeof(buf) - bytes_left);
    if (cur != buf && strstr(buf, "restarting") == nullptr) {
        return true;
    }

    // Give adbd some time to kill itself and come back up.
    // We can't use wait-for-device because devices (e.g. adb over network) might not come back.
    std::this_thread::sleep_for(3s);
    return true;
}

int send_shell_command(const std::string& command, bool disable_shell_protocol,
                       StandardStreamsCallbackInterface* callback) {
    int fd;
    bool use_shell_protocol = false;

    while (true) {
        bool attempt_connection = true;

        // Use shell protocol if it's supported and the caller doesn't explicitly
        // disable it.
        if (!disable_shell_protocol) {
            FeatureSet features;
            std::string error;
            if (adb_get_feature_set(&features, &error)) {
                use_shell_protocol = CanUseFeature(features, kFeatureShell2);
            } else {
                // Device was unreachable.
                attempt_connection = false;
            }
        }

        if (attempt_connection) {
            std::string error;
            std::string service_string = ShellServiceString(use_shell_protocol, "", command);

            fd = adb_connect(service_string, &error);
            if (fd >= 0) {
                break;
            }
        }

        fprintf(stderr, "- waiting for device -\n");
        if (!wait_for_device("wait-for-device")) {
            return 1;
        }
    }

    int exit_code = read_and_dump(fd, use_shell_protocol, callback);

    if (adb_close(fd) < 0) {
        PLOG(ERROR) << "failure closing FD " << fd;
    }

    return exit_code;
}

static int logcat(int argc, const char** argv) {
    char* log_tags = getenv("ANDROID_LOG_TAGS");
    std::string quoted = escape_arg(log_tags == nullptr ? "" : log_tags);

    std::string cmd = "export ANDROID_LOG_TAGS=\"" + quoted + "\"; exec logcat";

    if (!strcmp(argv[0], "longcat")) {
        cmd += " -v long";
    }

    --argc;
    ++argv;
    while (argc-- > 0) {
        cmd += " " + escape_arg(*argv++);
    }

    return send_shell_command(cmd);
}

static void write_zeros(int bytes, int fd) {
    int old_stdin_mode = -1;
    int old_stdout_mode = -1;
    std::vector<char> buf(bytes);

    D("write_zeros(%d) -> %d", bytes, fd);

    stdinout_raw_prologue(-1, fd, old_stdin_mode, old_stdout_mode);

    if (fd == STDOUT_FILENO) {
        fwrite(buf.data(), 1, bytes, stdout);
        fflush(stdout);
    } else {
        adb_write(fd, buf.data(), bytes);
    }

    stdinout_raw_prologue(-1, fd, old_stdin_mode, old_stdout_mode);

    D("write_zeros() finished");
}

static int backup(int argc, const char** argv) {
    const char* filename = "backup.ab";

    /* find, extract, and use any -f argument */
    for (int i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
        if (!strcmp("-f", argv[i])) {
            if (i == argc - 1) return syntax_error("backup -f passed with no filename");
            filename = argv[i+1];
            for (int j = i+2; j <= argc; ) {
                argv[i++] = argv[j++];
            }
            argc -= 2;
            argv[argc] = nullptr;
        }
    }

    // Bare "adb backup" or "adb backup -f filename" are not valid invocations ---
    // a list of packages is required.
    if (argc < 2) return syntax_error("backup either needs a list of packages or -all/-shared");

    adb_unlink(filename);
    int outFd = adb_creat(filename, 0640);
    if (outFd < 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "adb: backup unable to create file '%s': %s\n", filename, strerror(errno));
        return EXIT_FAILURE;
    }

    std::string cmd = "backup:";
    --argc;
    ++argv;
    while (argc-- > 0) {
        cmd += " " + escape_arg(*argv++);
    }

    D("backup. filename=%s cmd=%s", filename, cmd.c_str());
    std::string error;
    int fd = adb_connect(cmd, &error);
    if (fd < 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "adb: unable to connect for backup: %s\n", error.c_str());
        adb_close(outFd);
        return EXIT_FAILURE;
    }

    fprintf(stdout, "Now unlock your device and confirm the backup operation...\n");
    fflush(stdout);

    copy_to_file(fd, outFd);

    adb_close(fd);
    adb_close(outFd);
    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

static int restore(int argc, const char** argv) {
    if (argc != 2) return syntax_error("restore requires an argument");

    const char* filename = argv[1];
    int tarFd = adb_open(filename, O_RDONLY);
    if (tarFd < 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "adb: unable to open file %s: %s\n", filename, strerror(errno));
        return -1;
    }

    std::string error;
    int fd = adb_connect("restore:", &error);
    if (fd < 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "adb: unable to connect for restore: %s\n", error.c_str());
        adb_close(tarFd);
        return -1;
    }

    fprintf(stdout, "Now unlock your device and confirm the restore operation.\n");
    fflush(stdout);

    copy_to_file(tarFd, fd);

    // Provide an in-band EOD marker in case the archive file is malformed
    write_zeros(512*2, fd);

    // Wait until the other side finishes, or it'll get sent SIGHUP.
    copy_to_file(fd, STDOUT_FILENO);

    adb_close(fd);
    adb_close(tarFd);
    return 0;
}

static void parse_push_pull_args(const char** arg, int narg, std::vector<const char*>* srcs,
                                 const char** dst, bool* copy_attrs, bool* sync) {
    *copy_attrs = false;

    srcs->clear();
    bool ignore_flags = false;
    while (narg > 0) {
        if (ignore_flags || *arg[0] != '-') {
            srcs->push_back(*arg);
        } else {
            if (!strcmp(*arg, "-p")) {
                // Silently ignore for backwards compatibility.
            } else if (!strcmp(*arg, "-a")) {
                *copy_attrs = true;
            } else if (!strcmp(*arg, "--sync")) {
                if (sync != nullptr) {
                    *sync = true;
                }
            } else if (!strcmp(*arg, "--")) {
                ignore_flags = true;
            } else {
                syntax_error("unrecognized option '%s'", *arg);
                exit(1);
            }
        }
        ++arg;
        --narg;
    }

    if (srcs->size() > 1) {
        *dst = srcs->back();
        srcs->pop_back();
    }
}

static int adb_connect_command(const std::string& command) {
    std::string error;
    int fd = adb_connect(command, &error);
    if (fd < 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "error: %s\n", error.c_str());
        return 1;
    }
    read_and_dump(fd);
    adb_close(fd);
    return 0;
}

static int adb_query_command(const std::string& command) {
    std::string result;
    std::string error;
    if (!adb_query(command, &result, &error)) {
        fprintf(stderr, "error: %s\n", error.c_str());
        return 1;
    }
    printf("%s\n", result.c_str());
    return 0;
}

// Disallow stdin, stdout, and stderr.
static bool _is_valid_ack_reply_fd(const int ack_reply_fd) {
#ifdef _WIN32
    const HANDLE ack_reply_handle = cast_int_to_handle(ack_reply_fd);
    return (GetStdHandle(STD_INPUT_HANDLE) != ack_reply_handle) &&
           (GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE) != ack_reply_handle) &&
           (GetStdHandle(STD_ERROR_HANDLE) != ack_reply_handle);
#else
    return ack_reply_fd > 2;
#endif
}

int adb_commandline(int argc, const char** argv) {
    bool no_daemon = false;
    bool is_daemon = false;
    bool is_server = false;
    int r;
    TransportType transport_type = kTransportAny;
    int ack_reply_fd = -1;

#if !defined(_WIN32)
    // We'd rather have EPIPE than SIGPIPE.
    signal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
#endif

    const char* server_host_str = nullptr;
    const char* server_port_str = nullptr;
    const char* server_socket_str = nullptr;

    // We need to check for -d and -e before we look at $ANDROID_SERIAL.
    const char* serial = nullptr;
    TransportId transport_id = 0;

    while (argc > 0) {
        if (!strcmp(argv[0],"server")) {
            is_server = true;
        } else if (!strcmp(argv[0],"nodaemon")) {
            no_daemon = true;
        } else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "fork-server")) {
            /* this is a special flag used only when the ADB client launches the ADB Server */
            is_daemon = true;
        } else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "--reply-fd")) {
            if (argc < 2) return syntax_error("--reply-fd requires an argument");
            const char* reply_fd_str = argv[1];
            argc--;
            argv++;
            ack_reply_fd = strtol(reply_fd_str, nullptr, 10);
            if (!_is_valid_ack_reply_fd(ack_reply_fd)) {
                fprintf(stderr, "adb: invalid reply fd \"%s\"\n", reply_fd_str);
                return 1;
            }
        } else if (!strncmp(argv[0], "-s", 2)) {
            if (isdigit(argv[0][2])) {
                serial = argv[0] + 2;
            } else {
                if (argc < 2 || argv[0][2] != '\0') return syntax_error("-s requires an argument");
                serial = argv[1];
                argc--;
                argv++;
            }
        } else if (!strncmp(argv[0], "-t", 2)) {
            const char* id;
            if (isdigit(argv[0][2])) {
                id = argv[0] + 2;
            } else {
                id = argv[1];
                argc--;
                argv++;
            }
            transport_id = strtoll(id, const_cast<char**>(&id), 10);
            if (*id != '\0') {
                return syntax_error("invalid transport id");
            }
        } else if (!strcmp(argv[0],"-d")) {
            transport_type = kTransportUsb;
        } else if (!strcmp(argv[0],"-e")) {
            transport_type = kTransportLocal;
        } else if (!strcmp(argv[0],"-a")) {
            gListenAll = 1;
        } else if (!strncmp(argv[0], "-H", 2)) {
            if (argv[0][2] == '\0') {
                if (argc < 2) return syntax_error("-H requires an argument");
                server_host_str = argv[1];
                argc--;
                argv++;
            } else {
                server_host_str = argv[0] + 2;
            }
        } else if (!strncmp(argv[0], "-P", 2)) {
            if (argv[0][2] == '\0') {
                if (argc < 2) return syntax_error("-P requires an argument");
                server_port_str = argv[1];
                argc--;
                argv++;
            } else {
                server_port_str = argv[0] + 2;
            }
        } else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "-L")) {
            if (argc < 2) return syntax_error("-L requires an argument");
            server_socket_str = argv[1];
            argc--;
            argv++;
        } else {
            /* out of recognized modifiers and flags */
            break;
        }
        argc--;
        argv++;
    }

    if ((server_host_str || server_port_str) && server_socket_str) {
        return syntax_error("-L is incompatible with -H or -P");
    }

    // If -L, -H, or -P are specified, ignore environment variables.
    // Otherwise, prefer ADB_SERVER_SOCKET over ANDROID_ADB_SERVER_ADDRESS/PORT.
    if (!server_host_str && !server_port_str && !server_socket_str) {
        server_socket_str = getenv("ADB_SERVER_SOCKET");
    }

    if (!server_socket_str) {
        // tcp:1234 and tcp:localhost:1234 are different with -a, so don't default to localhost
        server_host_str = server_host_str ? server_host_str : getenv("ANDROID_ADB_SERVER_ADDRESS");

        int server_port = DEFAULT_ADB_PORT;
        server_port_str = server_port_str ? server_port_str : getenv("ANDROID_ADB_SERVER_PORT");
        if (server_port_str && strlen(server_port_str) > 0) {
            if (!android::base::ParseInt(server_port_str, &server_port, 1, 65535)) {
                fprintf(stderr,
                        "adb: Env var ANDROID_ADB_SERVER_PORT must be a positive"
                        " number less than 65535. Got \"%s\"\n",
                        server_port_str);
                exit(1);
            }
        }

        int rc;
        char* temp;
        if (server_host_str) {
            rc = asprintf(&temp, "tcp:%s:%d", server_host_str, server_port);
        } else {
            rc = asprintf(&temp, "tcp:%d", server_port);
        }
        if (rc < 0) {
            fatal("failed to allocate server socket specification");
        }
        server_socket_str = temp;
    }

    adb_set_socket_spec(server_socket_str);

    // If none of -d, -e, or -s were specified, try $ANDROID_SERIAL.
    if (transport_type == kTransportAny && serial == nullptr) {
        serial = getenv("ANDROID_SERIAL");
    }

    adb_set_transport(transport_type, serial, transport_id);

    if (is_server) {
        if (no_daemon || is_daemon) {
            if (is_daemon && (ack_reply_fd == -1)) {
                fprintf(stderr, "reply fd for adb server to client communication not specified.\n");
                return 1;
            }
            r = adb_server_main(is_daemon, server_socket_str, ack_reply_fd);
        } else {
            r = launch_server(server_socket_str);
        }
        if (r) {
            fprintf(stderr,"* could not start server *\n");
        }
        return r;
    }

    if (argc == 0) {
        help();
        return 1;
    }

    /* handle wait-for-* prefix */
    if (!strncmp(argv[0], "wait-for-", strlen("wait-for-"))) {
        const char* service = argv[0];

        if (!wait_for_device(service)) {
            return 1;
        }

        // Allow a command to be run after wait-for-device,
        // e.g. 'adb wait-for-device shell'.
        if (argc == 1) {
            return 0;
        }

        /* Fall through */
        argc--;
        argv++;
    }

    /* adb_connect() commands */
    if (!strcmp(argv[0], "devices")) {
        const char *listopt;
        if (argc < 2) {
            listopt = "";
        } else if (argc == 2 && !strcmp(argv[1], "-l")) {
            listopt = argv[1];
        } else {
            return syntax_error("adb devices [-l]");
        }

        std::string query = android::base::StringPrintf("host:%s%s", argv[0], listopt);
        printf("List of devices attached\n");
        return adb_query_command(query);
    }
    else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "connect")) {
        if (argc != 2) return syntax_error("adb connect <host>[:<port>]");

        std::string query = android::base::StringPrintf("host:connect:%s", argv[1]);
        return adb_query_command(query);
    }
    else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "disconnect")) {
        if (argc > 2) return syntax_error("adb disconnect [<host>[:<port>]]");

        std::string query = android::base::StringPrintf("host:disconnect:%s",
                                                        (argc == 2) ? argv[1] : "");
        return adb_query_command(query);
    }
    else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "emu")) {
        return adb_send_emulator_command(argc, argv, serial);
    }
    else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "shell")) {
        return adb_shell(argc, argv);
    }
    else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "exec-in") || !strcmp(argv[0], "exec-out")) {
        int exec_in = !strcmp(argv[0], "exec-in");

        if (argc < 2) return syntax_error("adb %s command", argv[0]);

        std::string cmd = "exec:";
        cmd += argv[1];
        argc -= 2;
        argv += 2;
        while (argc-- > 0) {
            cmd += " " + escape_arg(*argv++);
        }

        std::string error;
        int fd = adb_connect(cmd, &error);
        if (fd < 0) {
            fprintf(stderr, "error: %s\n", error.c_str());
            return -1;
        }

        if (exec_in) {
            copy_to_file(STDIN_FILENO, fd);
        } else {
            copy_to_file(fd, STDOUT_FILENO);
        }

        adb_close(fd);
        return 0;
    }
    else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "kill-server")) {
        return adb_kill_server() ? 0 : 1;
    }
    else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "sideload")) {
        if (argc != 2) return syntax_error("sideload requires an argument");
        if (adb_sideload_host(argv[1])) {
            return 1;
        } else {
            return 0;
        }
    } else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "tcpip")) {
        if (argc != 2) return syntax_error("tcpip requires an argument");
        int port;
        if (!android::base::ParseInt(argv[1], &port, 1, 65535)) {
            return syntax_error("tcpip: invalid port: %s", argv[1]);
        }
        return adb_connect_command(android::base::StringPrintf("tcpip:%d", port));
    }
    else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "remount") ||
             !strcmp(argv[0], "reboot") ||
             !strcmp(argv[0], "reboot-bootloader") ||
             !strcmp(argv[0], "usb") ||
             !strcmp(argv[0], "disable-verity") ||
             !strcmp(argv[0], "enable-verity")) {
        std::string command;
        if (!strcmp(argv[0], "reboot-bootloader")) {
            command = "reboot:bootloader";
        } else if (argc > 1) {
            command = android::base::StringPrintf("%s:%s", argv[0], argv[1]);
        } else {
            command = android::base::StringPrintf("%s:", argv[0]);
        }
        return adb_connect_command(command);
    } else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "root") || !strcmp(argv[0], "unroot")) {
        return adb_root(argv[0]) ? 0 : 1;
    } else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "bugreport")) {
        Bugreport bugreport;
        return bugreport.DoIt(argc, argv);
    } else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "forward") || !strcmp(argv[0], "reverse")) {
        bool reverse = !strcmp(argv[0], "reverse");
        --argc;
        if (argc < 1) return syntax_error("%s requires an argument", argv[0]);
        ++argv;

        // Determine the <host-prefix> for this command.
        std::string host_prefix;
        if (reverse) {
            host_prefix = "reverse";
        } else {
            if (serial) {
                host_prefix = android::base::StringPrintf("host-serial:%s", serial);
            } else if (transport_type == kTransportUsb) {
                host_prefix = "host-usb";
            } else if (transport_type == kTransportLocal) {
                host_prefix = "host-local";
            } else {
                host_prefix = "host";
            }
        }

        std::string cmd, error;
        if (strcmp(argv[0], "--list") == 0) {
            if (argc != 1) return syntax_error("--list doesn't take any arguments");
            return adb_query_command(host_prefix + ":list-forward");
        } else if (strcmp(argv[0], "--remove-all") == 0) {
            if (argc != 1) return syntax_error("--remove-all doesn't take any arguments");
            cmd = host_prefix + ":killforward-all";
        } else if (strcmp(argv[0], "--remove") == 0) {
            // forward --remove <local>
            if (argc != 2) return syntax_error("--remove requires an argument");
            cmd = host_prefix + ":killforward:" + argv[1];
        } else if (strcmp(argv[0], "--no-rebind") == 0) {
            // forward --no-rebind <local> <remote>
            if (argc != 3) return syntax_error("--no-rebind takes two arguments");
            if (forward_targets_are_valid(argv[1], argv[2], &error)) {
                cmd = host_prefix + ":forward:norebind:" + argv[1] + ";" + argv[2];
            }
        } else {
            // forward <local> <remote>
            if (argc != 2) return syntax_error("forward takes two arguments");
            if (forward_targets_are_valid(argv[0], argv[1], &error)) {
                cmd = host_prefix + ":forward:" + argv[0] + ";" + argv[1];
            }
        }

        if (!error.empty()) {
            fprintf(stderr, "error: %s\n", error.c_str());
            return 1;
        }

        int fd = adb_connect(cmd, &error);
        if (fd < 0 || !adb_status(fd, &error)) {
            adb_close(fd);
            fprintf(stderr, "error: %s\n", error.c_str());
            return 1;
        }

        // Server or device may optionally return a resolved TCP port number.
        std::string resolved_port;
        if (ReadProtocolString(fd, &resolved_port, &error) && !resolved_port.empty()) {
            printf("%s\n", resolved_port.c_str());
        }

        ReadOrderlyShutdown(fd);
        return 0;
    }
    /* do_sync_*() commands */
    else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "ls")) {
        if (argc != 2) return syntax_error("ls requires an argument");
        return do_sync_ls(argv[1]) ? 0 : 1;
    }
    else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "push")) {
        bool copy_attrs = false;
        bool sync = false;
        std::vector<const char*> srcs;
        const char* dst = nullptr;

        parse_push_pull_args(&argv[1], argc - 1, &srcs, &dst, &copy_attrs, &sync);
        if (srcs.empty() || !dst) return syntax_error("push requires an argument");
        return do_sync_push(srcs, dst, sync) ? 0 : 1;
    }
    else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "pull")) {
        bool copy_attrs = false;
        std::vector<const char*> srcs;
        const char* dst = ".";

        parse_push_pull_args(&argv[1], argc - 1, &srcs, &dst, &copy_attrs, nullptr);
        if (srcs.empty()) return syntax_error("pull requires an argument");
        return do_sync_pull(srcs, dst, copy_attrs) ? 0 : 1;
    }
    else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "install")) {
        if (argc < 2) return syntax_error("install requires an argument");
        return install_app(argc, argv);
    }
    else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "install-multiple")) {
        if (argc < 2) return syntax_error("install-multiple requires an argument");
        return install_multiple_app(argc, argv);
    }
    else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "uninstall")) {
        if (argc < 2) return syntax_error("uninstall requires an argument");
        return uninstall_app(argc, argv);
    }
    else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "sync")) {
        std::string src;
        bool list_only = false;
        if (argc < 2) {
            // No partition specified: sync all of them.
        } else if (argc >= 2 && strcmp(argv[1], "-l") == 0) {
            list_only = true;
            if (argc == 3) src = argv[2];
        } else if (argc == 2) {
            src = argv[1];
        } else {
            return syntax_error("adb sync [-l] [PARTITION]");
        }

        if (src.empty()) src = "all";
        std::vector<std::string> partitions{"data",   "odm",   "oem", "product", "product_services",
                                            "system", "vendor"};
        bool found = false;
        for (const auto& partition : partitions) {
            if (src == "all" || src == partition) {
                std::string src_dir{product_file(partition)};
                if (!directory_exists(src_dir)) continue;
                found = true;
                if (!do_sync_sync(src_dir, "/" + partition, list_only)) return 1;
            }
        }
        return found ? 0 : syntax_error("don't know how to sync %s partition", src.c_str());
    }
    /* passthrough commands */
    else if (!strcmp(argv[0],"get-state") ||
        !strcmp(argv[0],"get-serialno") ||
        !strcmp(argv[0],"get-devpath"))
    {
        return adb_query_command(format_host_command(argv[0]));
    }
    /* other commands */
    else if (!strcmp(argv[0],"logcat") || !strcmp(argv[0],"lolcat") || !strcmp(argv[0],"longcat")) {
        return logcat(argc, argv);
    }
    else if (!strcmp(argv[0],"ppp")) {
        return ppp(argc, argv);
    }
    else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "start-server")) {
        std::string error;
        const int result = adb_connect("host:start-server", &error);
        if (result < 0) {
            fprintf(stderr, "error: %s\n", error.c_str());
        }
        return result;
    }
    else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "backup")) {
        return backup(argc, argv);
    }
    else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "restore")) {
        return restore(argc, argv);
    }
    else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "keygen")) {
        if (argc != 2) return syntax_error("keygen requires an argument");
        // Always print key generation information for keygen command.
        adb_trace_enable(AUTH);
        return adb_auth_keygen(argv[1]);
    }
    else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "jdwp")) {
        return adb_connect_command("jdwp");
    }
    else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "track-jdwp")) {
        return adb_connect_command("track-jdwp");
    }
    else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "track-devices")) {
        return adb_connect_command("host:track-devices");
    } else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "raw")) {
        if (argc != 2) {
            return syntax_error("adb raw SERVICE");
        }
        return adb_connect_command(argv[1]);
    }


    /* "adb /?" is a common idiom under Windows */
    else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "--help") || !strcmp(argv[0], "help") || !strcmp(argv[0], "/?")) {
        help();
        return 0;
    }
    else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "--version") || !strcmp(argv[0], "version")) {
        fprintf(stdout, "%s", adb_version().c_str());
        return 0;
    } else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "features")) {
        // Only list the features common to both the adb client and the device.
        FeatureSet features;
        std::string error;
        if (!adb_get_feature_set(&features, &error)) {
            fprintf(stderr, "error: %s\n", error.c_str());
            return 1;
        }

        for (const std::string& name : features) {
            if (CanUseFeature(features, name)) {
                printf("%s\n", name.c_str());
            }
        }
        return 0;
    } else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "host-features")) {
        return adb_query_command("host:host-features");
    } else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "reconnect")) {
        if (argc == 1) {
            return adb_query_command(format_host_command(argv[0]));
        } else if (argc == 2) {
            if (!strcmp(argv[1], "device")) {
                std::string err;
                adb_connect("reconnect", &err);
                return 0;
            } else if (!strcmp(argv[1], "offline")) {
                std::string err;
                return adb_query_command("host:reconnect-offline");
            } else {
                return syntax_error("adb reconnect [device|offline]");
            }
        }
    }

    syntax_error("unknown command %s", argv[0]);
    return 1;
}