| #include <fcntl.h> | 
 | #include <inttypes.h> | 
 | #include <stdbool.h> | 
 | #include <stdio.h> | 
 | #include <stdlib.h> | 
 | #include <string.h> | 
 | #include <sys/mman.h> | 
 | #include <unistd.h> | 
 |  | 
 | #if __LP64__ | 
 | #define strtoptr strtoull | 
 | #else | 
 | #define strtoptr strtoul | 
 | #endif | 
 |  | 
 | static int usage() | 
 | { | 
 |     fprintf(stderr,"r [-b|-s] <address> [<value>]\n"); | 
 |     return -1; | 
 | } | 
 |  | 
 | int main(int argc, char *argv[]) | 
 | { | 
 |     if(argc < 2) return usage(); | 
 |  | 
 |     int width = 4; | 
 |     if(!strcmp(argv[1], "-b")) { | 
 |         width = 1; | 
 |         argc--; | 
 |         argv++; | 
 |     } else if(!strcmp(argv[1], "-s")) { | 
 |         width = 2; | 
 |         argc--; | 
 |         argv++; | 
 |     } | 
 |  | 
 |     if(argc < 2) return usage(); | 
 |     uintptr_t addr = strtoptr(argv[1], 0, 16); | 
 |  | 
 |     uintptr_t endaddr = 0; | 
 |     char* end = strchr(argv[1], '-'); | 
 |     if (end) | 
 |         endaddr = strtoptr(end + 1, 0, 16); | 
 |  | 
 |     if (!endaddr) | 
 |         endaddr = addr + width - 1; | 
 |  | 
 |     if (endaddr <= addr) { | 
 |         fprintf(stderr, "end address <= start address\n"); | 
 |         return -1; | 
 |     } | 
 |  | 
 |     bool set = false; | 
 |     uint32_t value = 0; | 
 |     if(argc > 2) { | 
 |         set = true; | 
 |         value = strtoul(argv[2], 0, 16); | 
 |     } | 
 |  | 
 |     int fd = open("/dev/mem", O_RDWR | O_SYNC); | 
 |     if(fd < 0) { | 
 |         fprintf(stderr,"cannot open /dev/mem\n"); | 
 |         return -1; | 
 |     } | 
 |  | 
 |     off64_t mmap_start = addr & ~(PAGE_SIZE - 1); | 
 |     size_t mmap_size = endaddr - mmap_start + 1; | 
 |     mmap_size = (mmap_size + PAGE_SIZE - 1) & ~(PAGE_SIZE - 1); | 
 |  | 
 |     void* page = mmap64(0, mmap_size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, | 
 |                         MAP_SHARED, fd, mmap_start); | 
 |  | 
 |     if(page == MAP_FAILED){ | 
 |         fprintf(stderr,"cannot mmap region\n"); | 
 |         return -1; | 
 |     } | 
 |  | 
 |     while (addr <= endaddr) { | 
 |         switch(width){ | 
 |         case 4: { | 
 |             uint32_t* x = (uint32_t*) (((uintptr_t) page) + (addr & 4095)); | 
 |             if(set) *x = value; | 
 |             fprintf(stderr,"%08"PRIxPTR": %08x\n", addr, *x); | 
 |             break; | 
 |         } | 
 |         case 2: { | 
 |             uint16_t* x = (uint16_t*) (((uintptr_t) page) + (addr & 4095)); | 
 |             if(set) *x = value; | 
 |             fprintf(stderr,"%08"PRIxPTR": %04x\n", addr, *x); | 
 |             break; | 
 |         } | 
 |         case 1: { | 
 |             uint8_t* x = (uint8_t*) (((uintptr_t) page) + (addr & 4095)); | 
 |             if(set) *x = value; | 
 |             fprintf(stderr,"%08"PRIxPTR": %02x\n", addr, *x); | 
 |             break; | 
 |         } | 
 |         } | 
 |         addr += width; | 
 |     } | 
 |     return 0; | 
 | } |