debuggerd/libdebuggerd/utility.cpp - android_system_core - Gitiles

 /*
  * Copyright 2008, The Android Open Source Project
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
  * You may obtain a copy of the License at
  *
  *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
  *
  * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
  * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
  * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
  * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  * limitations under the License.
  */

 #define LOG_TAG "DEBUG"

 #include "libdebuggerd/utility.h"

 #include <errno.h>
 #include <signal.h>
 #include <string.h>
 #include <sys/capability.h>
 #include <sys/prctl.h>
 #include <sys/ptrace.h>
 #include <sys/uio.h>
 #include <sys/wait.h>
 #include <unistd.h>

 #include <string>

 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 #include <debuggerd/handler.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
 #include <unwindstack/Memory.h>
 #include <unwindstack/Unwinder.h>

 using android::base::unique_fd;

 // Whitelist output desired in the logcat output.
 bool is_allowed_in_logcat(enum logtype ltype) {
   if ((ltype == HEADER)
    || (ltype == REGISTERS)
    || (ltype == BACKTRACE)) {
     return true;
   }
   return false;
 }

 static bool should_write_to_kmsg() {
   // Write to kmsg if tombstoned isn't up, and we're able to do so.
   if (!android::base::GetBoolProperty("ro.debuggable", false)) {
     return false;
   }

   if (android::base::GetProperty("init.svc.tombstoned", "") == "running") {
     return false;
   }

   return true;
 }

 __attribute__((__weak__, visibility("default")))
 void _LOG(log_t* log, enum logtype ltype, const char* fmt, ...) {
   bool write_to_tombstone = (log->tfd != -1);
   bool write_to_logcat = is_allowed_in_logcat(ltype)
                       && log->crashed_tid != -1
                       && log->current_tid != -1
                       && (log->crashed_tid == log->current_tid);
   static bool write_to_kmsg = should_write_to_kmsg();

   std::string msg;
   va_list ap;
   va_start(ap, fmt);
   android::base::StringAppendV(&msg, fmt, ap);
   va_end(ap);

   if (msg.empty()) return;

   if (write_to_tombstone) {
     TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(write(log->tfd, msg.c_str(), msg.size()));
   }

   if (write_to_logcat) {
     __android_log_buf_write(LOG_ID_CRASH, ANDROID_LOG_FATAL, LOG_TAG, msg.c_str());
     if (log->amfd_data != nullptr) {
       *log->amfd_data += msg;
     }

     if (write_to_kmsg) {
       unique_fd kmsg_fd(open("/dev/kmsg_debug", O_WRONLY | O_APPEND | O_CLOEXEC));
       if (kmsg_fd.get() >= 0) {
         // Our output might contain newlines which would otherwise be handled by the android logger.
         // Split the lines up ourselves before sending to the kernel logger.
         if (msg.back() == '\n') {
           msg.back() = '\0';
         }

         std::vector<std::string> fragments = android::base::Split(msg, "\n");
         for (const std::string& fragment : fragments) {
           static constexpr char prefix[] = "<3>DEBUG: ";
           struct iovec iov[3];
           iov[0].iov_base = const_cast<char*>(prefix);
           iov[0].iov_len = strlen(prefix);
           iov[1].iov_base = const_cast<char*>(fragment.c_str());
           iov[1].iov_len = fragment.length();
           iov[2].iov_base = const_cast<char*>("\n");
           iov[2].iov_len = 1;
           TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(writev(kmsg_fd.get(), iov, 3));
         }
       }
     }
   }
 }

 #define MEMORY_BYTES_TO_DUMP 256
 #define MEMORY_BYTES_PER_LINE 16

 void dump_memory(log_t* log, unwindstack::Memory* memory, uint64_t addr, const std::string& label) {
   // Align the address to sizeof(long) and start 32 bytes before the address.
   addr &= ~(sizeof(long) - 1);
   if (addr >= 4128) {
     addr -= 32;
   }

   // Don't bother if the address looks too low, or looks too high.
   if (addr < 4096 ||
 #if defined(__LP64__)
       addr > 0x4000000000000000UL - MEMORY_BYTES_TO_DUMP) {
 #else
       addr > 0xffff0000 - MEMORY_BYTES_TO_DUMP) {
 #endif
     return;
   }

   _LOG(log, logtype::MEMORY, "\n%s:\n", label.c_str());

   // Dump 256 bytes
   uintptr_t data[MEMORY_BYTES_TO_DUMP/sizeof(uintptr_t)];
   memset(data, 0, MEMORY_BYTES_TO_DUMP);
   size_t bytes = memory->Read(addr, reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(data), sizeof(data));
   if (bytes % sizeof(uintptr_t) != 0) {
     // This should never happen, but just in case.
     ALOGE("Bytes read %zu, is not a multiple of %zu", bytes, sizeof(uintptr_t));
     bytes &= ~(sizeof(uintptr_t) - 1);
   }

   uint64_t start = 0;
   bool skip_2nd_read = false;
   if (bytes == 0) {
     // In this case, we might want to try another read at the beginning of
     // the next page only if it's within the amount of memory we would have
     // read.
     size_t page_size = sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE);
     start = ((addr + (page_size - 1)) & ~(page_size - 1)) - addr;
     if (start == 0 || start >= MEMORY_BYTES_TO_DUMP) {
       skip_2nd_read = true;
     }
   }

   if (bytes < MEMORY_BYTES_TO_DUMP && !skip_2nd_read) {
     // Try to do one more read. This could happen if a read crosses a map,
     // but the maps do not have any break between them. Or it could happen
     // if reading from an unreadable map, but the read would cross back
     // into a readable map. Only requires one extra read because a map has
     // to contain at least one page, and the total number of bytes to dump
     // is smaller than a page.
     size_t bytes2 = memory->Read(addr + start + bytes, reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(data) + bytes,
                                  sizeof(data) - bytes - start);
     bytes += bytes2;
     if (bytes2 > 0 && bytes % sizeof(uintptr_t) != 0) {
       // This should never happen, but we'll try and continue any way.
       ALOGE("Bytes after second read %zu, is not a multiple of %zu", bytes, sizeof(uintptr_t));
       bytes &= ~(sizeof(uintptr_t) - 1);
     }
   }

   // Dump the code around memory as:
   //  addr             contents                           ascii
   //  0000000000008d34 ef000000e8bd0090 e1b00000512fff1e  ............../Q
   //  0000000000008d44 ea00b1f9e92d0090 e3a070fcef000000  ......-..p......
   // On 32-bit machines, there are still 16 bytes per line but addresses and
   // words are of course presented differently.
   uintptr_t* data_ptr = data;
   size_t current = 0;
   size_t total_bytes = start + bytes;
   for (size_t line = 0; line < MEMORY_BYTES_TO_DUMP / MEMORY_BYTES_PER_LINE; line++) {
     std::string logline;
     android::base::StringAppendF(&logline, "    %" PRIPTR, addr);

     addr += MEMORY_BYTES_PER_LINE;
     std::string ascii;
     for (size_t i = 0; i < MEMORY_BYTES_PER_LINE / sizeof(uintptr_t); i++) {
       if (current >= start && current + sizeof(uintptr_t) <= total_bytes) {
         android::base::StringAppendF(&logline, " %" PRIPTR, static_cast<uint64_t>(*data_ptr));

         // Fill out the ascii string from the data.
         uint8_t* ptr = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(data_ptr);
         for (size_t val = 0; val < sizeof(uintptr_t); val++, ptr++) {
           if (*ptr >= 0x20 && *ptr < 0x7f) {
             ascii += *ptr;
           } else {
             ascii += '.';
           }
         }
         data_ptr++;
       } else {
         logline += ' ' + std::string(sizeof(uintptr_t) * 2, '-');
         ascii += std::string(sizeof(uintptr_t), '.');
       }
       current += sizeof(uintptr_t);
     }
     _LOG(log, logtype::MEMORY, "%s  %s\n", logline.c_str(), ascii.c_str());
   }
 }

 void read_with_default(const char* path, char* buf, size_t len, const char* default_value) {
   unique_fd fd(open(path, O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC));
   if (fd != -1) {
     int rc = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(fd.get(), buf, len - 1));
     if (rc != -1) {
       buf[rc] = '\0';

       // Trim trailing newlines.
       if (rc > 0 && buf[rc - 1] == '\n') {
         buf[rc - 1] = '\0';
       }
       return;
     }
   }
   strcpy(buf, default_value);
 }

 void drop_capabilities() {
   __user_cap_header_struct capheader;
   memset(&capheader, 0, sizeof(capheader));
   capheader.version = _LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION_3;
   capheader.pid = 0;

   __user_cap_data_struct capdata[2];
   memset(&capdata, 0, sizeof(capdata));

   if (capset(&capheader, &capdata[0]) == -1) {
     PLOG(FATAL) << "failed to drop capabilities";
   }

   if (prctl(PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS, 1, 0, 0, 0) != 0) {
     PLOG(FATAL) << "failed to set PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS";
   }
 }

 bool signal_has_si_addr(const siginfo_t* si) {
   // Manually sent signals won't have si_addr.
   if (si->si_code == SI_USER || si->si_code == SI_QUEUE || si->si_code == SI_TKILL) {
     return false;
   }

   switch (si->si_signo) {
     case SIGBUS:
     case SIGFPE:
     case SIGILL:
     case SIGSEGV:
     case SIGTRAP:
       return true;
     default:
       return false;
   }
 }

 bool signal_has_sender(const siginfo_t* si, pid_t caller_pid) {
   return SI_FROMUSER(si) && (si->si_pid != 0) && (si->si_pid != caller_pid);
 }

 void get_signal_sender(char* buf, size_t n, const siginfo_t* si) {
   snprintf(buf, n, " from pid %d, uid %d", si->si_pid, si->si_uid);
 }

 const char* get_signame(const siginfo_t* si) {
   switch (si->si_signo) {
     case SIGABRT: return "SIGABRT";
     case SIGBUS: return "SIGBUS";
     case SIGFPE: return "SIGFPE";
     case SIGILL: return "SIGILL";
     case SIGSEGV: return "SIGSEGV";
     case SIGSTKFLT: return "SIGSTKFLT";
     case SIGSTOP: return "SIGSTOP";
     case SIGSYS: return "SIGSYS";
     case SIGTRAP: return "SIGTRAP";
     case DEBUGGER_SIGNAL: return "<debuggerd signal>";
     default: return "?";
   }
 }

 const char* get_sigcode(const siginfo_t* si) {
   // Try the signal-specific codes...
   switch (si->si_signo) {
     case SIGILL:
       switch (si->si_code) {
         case ILL_ILLOPC: return "ILL_ILLOPC";
         case ILL_ILLOPN: return "ILL_ILLOPN";
         case ILL_ILLADR: return "ILL_ILLADR";
         case ILL_ILLTRP: return "ILL_ILLTRP";
         case ILL_PRVOPC: return "ILL_PRVOPC";
         case ILL_PRVREG: return "ILL_PRVREG";
         case ILL_COPROC: return "ILL_COPROC";
         case ILL_BADSTK: return "ILL_BADSTK";
         case ILL_BADIADDR:
           return "ILL_BADIADDR";
         case __ILL_BREAK:
           return "ILL_BREAK";
         case __ILL_BNDMOD:
           return "ILL_BNDMOD";
       }
       static_assert(NSIGILL == __ILL_BNDMOD, "missing ILL_* si_code");
       break;
     case SIGBUS:
       switch (si->si_code) {
         case BUS_ADRALN: return "BUS_ADRALN";
         case BUS_ADRERR: return "BUS_ADRERR";
         case BUS_OBJERR: return "BUS_OBJERR";
         case BUS_MCEERR_AR: return "BUS_MCEERR_AR";
         case BUS_MCEERR_AO: return "BUS_MCEERR_AO";
       }
       static_assert(NSIGBUS == BUS_MCEERR_AO, "missing BUS_* si_code");
       break;
     case SIGFPE:
       switch (si->si_code) {
         case FPE_INTDIV: return "FPE_INTDIV";
         case FPE_INTOVF: return "FPE_INTOVF";
         case FPE_FLTDIV: return "FPE_FLTDIV";
         case FPE_FLTOVF: return "FPE_FLTOVF";
         case FPE_FLTUND: return "FPE_FLTUND";
         case FPE_FLTRES: return "FPE_FLTRES";
         case FPE_FLTINV: return "FPE_FLTINV";
         case FPE_FLTSUB: return "FPE_FLTSUB";
         case __FPE_DECOVF:
           return "FPE_DECOVF";
         case __FPE_DECDIV:
           return "FPE_DECDIV";
         case __FPE_DECERR:
           return "FPE_DECERR";
         case __FPE_INVASC:
           return "FPE_INVASC";
         case __FPE_INVDEC:
           return "FPE_INVDEC";
         case FPE_FLTUNK:
           return "FPE_FLTUNK";
         case FPE_CONDTRAP:
           return "FPE_CONDTRAP";
       }
       static_assert(NSIGFPE == FPE_CONDTRAP, "missing FPE_* si_code");
       break;
     case SIGSEGV:
       switch (si->si_code) {
         case SEGV_MAPERR: return "SEGV_MAPERR";
         case SEGV_ACCERR: return "SEGV_ACCERR";
         case SEGV_BNDERR: return "SEGV_BNDERR";
         case SEGV_PKUERR: return "SEGV_PKUERR";
         case SEGV_ACCADI:
           return "SEGV_ACCADI";
         case SEGV_ADIDERR:
           return "SEGV_ADIDERR";
         case SEGV_ADIPERR:
           return "SEGV_ADIPERR";
       }
       static_assert(NSIGSEGV == SEGV_ADIPERR, "missing SEGV_* si_code");
       break;
     case SIGSYS:
       switch (si->si_code) {
         case SYS_SECCOMP: return "SYS_SECCOMP";
       }
       static_assert(NSIGSYS == SYS_SECCOMP, "missing SYS_* si_code");
       break;
     case SIGTRAP:
       switch (si->si_code) {
         case TRAP_BRKPT: return "TRAP_BRKPT";
         case TRAP_TRACE: return "TRAP_TRACE";
         case TRAP_BRANCH: return "TRAP_BRANCH";
         case TRAP_HWBKPT: return "TRAP_HWBKPT";
         case TRAP_UNK:
           return "TRAP_UNDIAGNOSED";
       }
       if ((si->si_code & 0xff) == SIGTRAP) {
         switch ((si->si_code >> 8) & 0xff) {
           case PTRACE_EVENT_FORK:
             return "PTRACE_EVENT_FORK";
           case PTRACE_EVENT_VFORK:
             return "PTRACE_EVENT_VFORK";
           case PTRACE_EVENT_CLONE:
             return "PTRACE_EVENT_CLONE";
           case PTRACE_EVENT_EXEC:
             return "PTRACE_EVENT_EXEC";
           case PTRACE_EVENT_VFORK_DONE:
             return "PTRACE_EVENT_VFORK_DONE";
           case PTRACE_EVENT_EXIT:
             return "PTRACE_EVENT_EXIT";
           case PTRACE_EVENT_SECCOMP:
             return "PTRACE_EVENT_SECCOMP";
           case PTRACE_EVENT_STOP:
             return "PTRACE_EVENT_STOP";
         }
       }
       static_assert(NSIGTRAP == TRAP_UNK, "missing TRAP_* si_code");
       break;
   }
   // Then the other codes...
   switch (si->si_code) {
     case SI_USER: return "SI_USER";
     case SI_KERNEL: return "SI_KERNEL";
     case SI_QUEUE: return "SI_QUEUE";
     case SI_TIMER: return "SI_TIMER";
     case SI_MESGQ: return "SI_MESGQ";
     case SI_ASYNCIO: return "SI_ASYNCIO";
     case SI_SIGIO: return "SI_SIGIO";
     case SI_TKILL: return "SI_TKILL";
     case SI_DETHREAD: return "SI_DETHREAD";
   }
   // Then give up...
   return "?";
 }

 void log_backtrace(log_t* log, unwindstack::Unwinder* unwinder, const char* prefix) {
   if (unwinder->elf_from_memory_not_file()) {
     _LOG(log, logtype::BACKTRACE,
          "%sNOTE: Function names and BuildId information is missing for some frames due\n", prefix);
     _LOG(log, logtype::BACKTRACE,
          "%sNOTE: to unreadable libraries. For unwinds of apps, only shared libraries\n", prefix);
     _LOG(log, logtype::BACKTRACE, "%sNOTE: found under the lib/ directory are readable.\n", prefix);
 #if defined(ROOT_POSSIBLE)
     _LOG(log, logtype::BACKTRACE,
          "%sNOTE: On this device, run setenforce 0 to make the libraries readable.\n", prefix);
 #endif
   }

   unwinder->SetDisplayBuildID(true);
   for (size_t i = 0; i < unwinder->NumFrames(); i++) {
     _LOG(log, logtype::BACKTRACE, "%s%s\n", prefix, unwinder->FormatFrame(i).c_str());
   }
 }
	/*
	* Copyright 2008, The Android Open Source Project
	*
	* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
	* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
	* You may obtain a copy of the License at
	*
	* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
	*
	* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
	* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
	* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
	* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
	* limitations under the License.
	*/

	#define LOG_TAG "DEBUG"

	#include "libdebuggerd/utility.h"

	#include <errno.h>
	#include <signal.h>
	#include <string.h>
	#include <sys/capability.h>
	#include <sys/prctl.h>
	#include <sys/ptrace.h>
	#include <sys/uio.h>
	#include <sys/wait.h>
	#include <unistd.h>

	#include <string>

	#include <android-base/logging.h>
	#include <android-base/properties.h>
	#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
	#include <android-base/strings.h>
	#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
	#include <debuggerd/handler.h>
	#include <log/log.h>
	#include <unwindstack/Memory.h>
	#include <unwindstack/Unwinder.h>

	using android::base::unique_fd;

	// Whitelist output desired in the logcat output.
	bool is_allowed_in_logcat(enum logtype ltype) {
	if ((ltype == HEADER)
	\|\| (ltype == REGISTERS)
	\|\| (ltype == BACKTRACE)) {
	return true;
	}
	return false;
	}

	static bool should_write_to_kmsg() {
	// Write to kmsg if tombstoned isn't up, and we're able to do so.
	if (!android::base::GetBoolProperty("ro.debuggable", false)) {
	return false;
	}

	if (android::base::GetProperty("init.svc.tombstoned", "") == "running") {
	return false;
	}

	return true;
	}

	__attribute__((__weak__, visibility("default")))
	void _LOG(log_t* log, enum logtype ltype, const char* fmt, ...) {
	bool write_to_tombstone = (log->tfd != -1);
	bool write_to_logcat = is_allowed_in_logcat(ltype)
	&& log->crashed_tid != -1
	&& log->current_tid != -1
	&& (log->crashed_tid == log->current_tid);
	static bool write_to_kmsg = should_write_to_kmsg();

	std::string msg;
	va_list ap;
	va_start(ap, fmt);
	android::base::StringAppendV(&msg, fmt, ap);
	va_end(ap);

	if (msg.empty()) return;

	if (write_to_tombstone) {
	TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(write(log->tfd, msg.c_str(), msg.size()));
	}

	if (write_to_logcat) {
	__android_log_buf_write(LOG_ID_CRASH, ANDROID_LOG_FATAL, LOG_TAG, msg.c_str());
	if (log->amfd_data != nullptr) {
	*log->amfd_data += msg;
	}

	if (write_to_kmsg) {
	unique_fd kmsg_fd(open("/dev/kmsg_debug", O_WRONLY \| O_APPEND \| O_CLOEXEC));
	if (kmsg_fd.get() >= 0) {
	// Our output might contain newlines which would otherwise be handled by the android logger.
	// Split the lines up ourselves before sending to the kernel logger.
	if (msg.back() == '\n') {
	msg.back() = '\0';
	}

	std::vector<std::string> fragments = android::base::Split(msg, "\n");
	for (const std::string& fragment : fragments) {
	static constexpr char prefix[] = "<3>DEBUG: ";
	struct iovec iov[3];
	iov[0].iov_base = const_cast<char*>(prefix);
	iov[0].iov_len = strlen(prefix);
	iov[1].iov_base = const_cast<char*>(fragment.c_str());
	iov[1].iov_len = fragment.length();
	iov[2].iov_base = const_cast<char*>("\n");
	iov[2].iov_len = 1;
	TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(writev(kmsg_fd.get(), iov, 3));
	}
	}
	}
	}
	}

	#define MEMORY_BYTES_TO_DUMP 256
	#define MEMORY_BYTES_PER_LINE 16

	void dump_memory(log_t* log, unwindstack::Memory* memory, uint64_t addr, const std::string& label) {
	// Align the address to sizeof(long) and start 32 bytes before the address.
	addr &= ~(sizeof(long) - 1);
	if (addr >= 4128) {
	addr -= 32;
	}

	// Don't bother if the address looks too low, or looks too high.
	if (addr < 4096 \|\|
	#if defined(__LP64__)
	addr > 0x4000000000000000UL - MEMORY_BYTES_TO_DUMP) {
	#else
	addr > 0xffff0000 - MEMORY_BYTES_TO_DUMP) {
	#endif
	return;
	}

	_LOG(log, logtype::MEMORY, "\n%s:\n", label.c_str());

	// Dump 256 bytes
	uintptr_t data[MEMORY_BYTES_TO_DUMP/sizeof(uintptr_t)];
	memset(data, 0, MEMORY_BYTES_TO_DUMP);
	size_t bytes = memory->Read(addr, reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(data), sizeof(data));
	if (bytes % sizeof(uintptr_t) != 0) {
	// This should never happen, but just in case.
	ALOGE("Bytes read %zu, is not a multiple of %zu", bytes, sizeof(uintptr_t));
	bytes &= ~(sizeof(uintptr_t) - 1);
	}

	uint64_t start = 0;
	bool skip_2nd_read = false;
	if (bytes == 0) {
	// In this case, we might want to try another read at the beginning of
	// the next page only if it's within the amount of memory we would have
	// read.
	size_t page_size = sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE);
	start = ((addr + (page_size - 1)) & ~(page_size - 1)) - addr;
	if (start == 0 \|\| start >= MEMORY_BYTES_TO_DUMP) {
	skip_2nd_read = true;
	}
	}

	if (bytes < MEMORY_BYTES_TO_DUMP && !skip_2nd_read) {
	// Try to do one more read. This could happen if a read crosses a map,
	// but the maps do not have any break between them. Or it could happen
	// if reading from an unreadable map, but the read would cross back
	// into a readable map. Only requires one extra read because a map has
	// to contain at least one page, and the total number of bytes to dump
	// is smaller than a page.
	size_t bytes2 = memory->Read(addr + start + bytes, reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(data) + bytes,
	sizeof(data) - bytes - start);
	bytes += bytes2;
	if (bytes2 > 0 && bytes % sizeof(uintptr_t) != 0) {
	// This should never happen, but we'll try and continue any way.
	ALOGE("Bytes after second read %zu, is not a multiple of %zu", bytes, sizeof(uintptr_t));
	bytes &= ~(sizeof(uintptr_t) - 1);
	}
	}

	// Dump the code around memory as:
	// addr contents ascii
	// 0000000000008d34 ef000000e8bd0090 e1b00000512fff1e ............../Q
	// 0000000000008d44 ea00b1f9e92d0090 e3a070fcef000000 ......-..p......
	// On 32-bit machines, there are still 16 bytes per line but addresses and
	// words are of course presented differently.
	uintptr_t* data_ptr = data;
	size_t current = 0;
	size_t total_bytes = start + bytes;
	for (size_t line = 0; line < MEMORY_BYTES_TO_DUMP / MEMORY_BYTES_PER_LINE; line++) {
	std::string logline;
	android::base::StringAppendF(&logline, " %" PRIPTR, addr);

	addr += MEMORY_BYTES_PER_LINE;
	std::string ascii;
	for (size_t i = 0; i < MEMORY_BYTES_PER_LINE / sizeof(uintptr_t); i++) {
	if (current >= start && current + sizeof(uintptr_t) <= total_bytes) {
	android::base::StringAppendF(&logline, " %" PRIPTR, static_cast<uint64_t>(*data_ptr));

	// Fill out the ascii string from the data.
	uint8_t* ptr = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(data_ptr);
	for (size_t val = 0; val < sizeof(uintptr_t); val++, ptr++) {
	if (ptr >= 0x20 && ptr < 0x7f) {
	ascii += *ptr;
	} else {
	ascii += '.';
	}
	}
	data_ptr++;
	} else {
	logline += ' ' + std::string(sizeof(uintptr_t) * 2, '-');
	ascii += std::string(sizeof(uintptr_t), '.');
	}
	current += sizeof(uintptr_t);
	}
	_LOG(log, logtype::MEMORY, "%s %s\n", logline.c_str(), ascii.c_str());
	}
	}

	void read_with_default(const char* path, char* buf, size_t len, const char* default_value) {
	unique_fd fd(open(path, O_RDONLY \| O_CLOEXEC));
	if (fd != -1) {
	int rc = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(fd.get(), buf, len - 1));
	if (rc != -1) {
	buf[rc] = '\0';

	// Trim trailing newlines.
	if (rc > 0 && buf[rc - 1] == '\n') {
	buf[rc - 1] = '\0';
	}
	return;
	}
	}
	strcpy(buf, default_value);
	}

	void drop_capabilities() {
	__user_cap_header_struct capheader;
	memset(&capheader, 0, sizeof(capheader));
	capheader.version = _LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION_3;
	capheader.pid = 0;

	__user_cap_data_struct capdata[2];
	memset(&capdata, 0, sizeof(capdata));

	if (capset(&capheader, &capdata[0]) == -1) {
	PLOG(FATAL) << "failed to drop capabilities";
	}

	if (prctl(PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS, 1, 0, 0, 0) != 0) {
	PLOG(FATAL) << "failed to set PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS";
	}
	}

	bool signal_has_si_addr(const siginfo_t* si) {
	// Manually sent signals won't have si_addr.
	if (si->si_code == SI_USER \|\| si->si_code == SI_QUEUE \|\| si->si_code == SI_TKILL) {
	return false;
	}

	switch (si->si_signo) {
	case SIGBUS:
	case SIGFPE:
	case SIGILL:
	case SIGSEGV:
	case SIGTRAP:
	return true;
	default:
	return false;
	}
	}

	bool signal_has_sender(const siginfo_t* si, pid_t caller_pid) {
	return SI_FROMUSER(si) && (si->si_pid != 0) && (si->si_pid != caller_pid);
	}

	void get_signal_sender(char* buf, size_t n, const siginfo_t* si) {
	snprintf(buf, n, " from pid %d, uid %d", si->si_pid, si->si_uid);
	}

	const char* get_signame(const siginfo_t* si) {
	switch (si->si_signo) {
	case SIGABRT: return "SIGABRT";
	case SIGBUS: return "SIGBUS";
	case SIGFPE: return "SIGFPE";
	case SIGILL: return "SIGILL";
	case SIGSEGV: return "SIGSEGV";
	case SIGSTKFLT: return "SIGSTKFLT";
	case SIGSTOP: return "SIGSTOP";
	case SIGSYS: return "SIGSYS";
	case SIGTRAP: return "SIGTRAP";
	case DEBUGGER_SIGNAL: return "<debuggerd signal>";
	default: return "?";
	}
	}

	const char* get_sigcode(const siginfo_t* si) {
	// Try the signal-specific codes...
	switch (si->si_signo) {
	case SIGILL:
	switch (si->si_code) {
	case ILL_ILLOPC: return "ILL_ILLOPC";
	case ILL_ILLOPN: return "ILL_ILLOPN";
	case ILL_ILLADR: return "ILL_ILLADR";
	case ILL_ILLTRP: return "ILL_ILLTRP";
	case ILL_PRVOPC: return "ILL_PRVOPC";
	case ILL_PRVREG: return "ILL_PRVREG";
	case ILL_COPROC: return "ILL_COPROC";
	case ILL_BADSTK: return "ILL_BADSTK";
	case ILL_BADIADDR:
	return "ILL_BADIADDR";
	case __ILL_BREAK:
	return "ILL_BREAK";
	case __ILL_BNDMOD:
	return "ILL_BNDMOD";
	}
	static_assert(NSIGILL == __ILL_BNDMOD, "missing ILL_* si_code");
	break;
	case SIGBUS:
	switch (si->si_code) {
	case BUS_ADRALN: return "BUS_ADRALN";
	case BUS_ADRERR: return "BUS_ADRERR";
	case BUS_OBJERR: return "BUS_OBJERR";
	case BUS_MCEERR_AR: return "BUS_MCEERR_AR";
	case BUS_MCEERR_AO: return "BUS_MCEERR_AO";
	}
	static_assert(NSIGBUS == BUS_MCEERR_AO, "missing BUS_* si_code");
	break;
	case SIGFPE:
	switch (si->si_code) {
	case FPE_INTDIV: return "FPE_INTDIV";
	case FPE_INTOVF: return "FPE_INTOVF";
	case FPE_FLTDIV: return "FPE_FLTDIV";
	case FPE_FLTOVF: return "FPE_FLTOVF";
	case FPE_FLTUND: return "FPE_FLTUND";
	case FPE_FLTRES: return "FPE_FLTRES";
	case FPE_FLTINV: return "FPE_FLTINV";
	case FPE_FLTSUB: return "FPE_FLTSUB";
	case __FPE_DECOVF:
	return "FPE_DECOVF";
	case __FPE_DECDIV:
	return "FPE_DECDIV";
	case __FPE_DECERR:
	return "FPE_DECERR";
	case __FPE_INVASC:
	return "FPE_INVASC";
	case __FPE_INVDEC:
	return "FPE_INVDEC";
	case FPE_FLTUNK:
	return "FPE_FLTUNK";
	case FPE_CONDTRAP:
	return "FPE_CONDTRAP";
	}
	static_assert(NSIGFPE == FPE_CONDTRAP, "missing FPE_* si_code");
	break;
	case SIGSEGV:
	switch (si->si_code) {
	case SEGV_MAPERR: return "SEGV_MAPERR";
	case SEGV_ACCERR: return "SEGV_ACCERR";
	case SEGV_BNDERR: return "SEGV_BNDERR";
	case SEGV_PKUERR: return "SEGV_PKUERR";
	case SEGV_ACCADI:
	return "SEGV_ACCADI";
	case SEGV_ADIDERR:
	return "SEGV_ADIDERR";
	case SEGV_ADIPERR:
	return "SEGV_ADIPERR";
	}
	static_assert(NSIGSEGV == SEGV_ADIPERR, "missing SEGV_* si_code");
	break;
	case SIGSYS:
	switch (si->si_code) {
	case SYS_SECCOMP: return "SYS_SECCOMP";
	}
	static_assert(NSIGSYS == SYS_SECCOMP, "missing SYS_* si_code");
	break;
	case SIGTRAP:
	switch (si->si_code) {
	case TRAP_BRKPT: return "TRAP_BRKPT";
	case TRAP_TRACE: return "TRAP_TRACE";
	case TRAP_BRANCH: return "TRAP_BRANCH";
	case TRAP_HWBKPT: return "TRAP_HWBKPT";
	case TRAP_UNK:
	return "TRAP_UNDIAGNOSED";
	}
	if ((si->si_code & 0xff) == SIGTRAP) {
	switch ((si->si_code >> 8) & 0xff) {
	case PTRACE_EVENT_FORK:
	return "PTRACE_EVENT_FORK";
	case PTRACE_EVENT_VFORK:
	return "PTRACE_EVENT_VFORK";
	case PTRACE_EVENT_CLONE:
	return "PTRACE_EVENT_CLONE";
	case PTRACE_EVENT_EXEC:
	return "PTRACE_EVENT_EXEC";
	case PTRACE_EVENT_VFORK_DONE:
	return "PTRACE_EVENT_VFORK_DONE";
	case PTRACE_EVENT_EXIT:
	return "PTRACE_EVENT_EXIT";
	case PTRACE_EVENT_SECCOMP:
	return "PTRACE_EVENT_SECCOMP";
	case PTRACE_EVENT_STOP:
	return "PTRACE_EVENT_STOP";
	}
	}
	static_assert(NSIGTRAP == TRAP_UNK, "missing TRAP_* si_code");
	break;
	}
	// Then the other codes...
	switch (si->si_code) {
	case SI_USER: return "SI_USER";
	case SI_KERNEL: return "SI_KERNEL";
	case SI_QUEUE: return "SI_QUEUE";
	case SI_TIMER: return "SI_TIMER";
	case SI_MESGQ: return "SI_MESGQ";
	case SI_ASYNCIO: return "SI_ASYNCIO";
	case SI_SIGIO: return "SI_SIGIO";
	case SI_TKILL: return "SI_TKILL";
	case SI_DETHREAD: return "SI_DETHREAD";
	}
	// Then give up...
	return "?";
	}

	void log_backtrace(log_t* log, unwindstack::Unwinder* unwinder, const char* prefix) {
	if (unwinder->elf_from_memory_not_file()) {
	_LOG(log, logtype::BACKTRACE,
	"%sNOTE: Function names and BuildId information is missing for some frames due\n", prefix);
	_LOG(log, logtype::BACKTRACE,
	"%sNOTE: to unreadable libraries. For unwinds of apps, only shared libraries\n", prefix);
	_LOG(log, logtype::BACKTRACE, "%sNOTE: found under the lib/ directory are readable.\n", prefix);
	#if defined(ROOT_POSSIBLE)
	_LOG(log, logtype::BACKTRACE,
	"%sNOTE: On this device, run setenforce 0 to make the libraries readable.\n", prefix);
	#endif
	}

	unwinder->SetDisplayBuildID(true);
	for (size_t i = 0; i < unwinder->NumFrames(); i++) {
	_LOG(log, logtype::BACKTRACE, "%s%s\n", prefix, unwinder->FormatFrame(i).c_str());
	}
	}