libs/binder/ProcessState.cpp

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2005 The Android Open Source Project
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

#define LOG_TAG "ProcessState"

#include <binder/ProcessState.h>

#include <binder/BpBinder.h>
#include <binder/IPCThreadState.h>
#include <binder/IServiceManager.h>
#include <binder/Stability.h>
#include <cutils/atomic.h>
#include <utils/Log.h>
#include <utils/String8.h>
#include <utils/threads.h>

#include <private/binder/binder_module.h>
#include "Static.h"

#include <errno.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <mutex>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/types.h>

#define BINDER_VM_SIZE ((1 * 1024 * 1024) - sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE) * 2)
#define DEFAULT_MAX_BINDER_THREADS 15

#ifdef __ANDROID_VNDK__
const char* kDefaultDriver = "/dev/vndbinder";
#else
const char* kDefaultDriver = "/dev/binder";
#endif

// -------------------------------------------------------------------------

namespace android {

class PoolThread : public Thread
{
public:
    explicit PoolThread(bool isMain)
        : mIsMain(isMain)
    {
    }

protected:
    virtual bool threadLoop()
    {
        IPCThreadState::self()->joinThreadPool(mIsMain);
        return false;
    }

    const bool mIsMain;
};

sp<ProcessState> ProcessState::self()
{
    return init(kDefaultDriver, false /*requireDefault*/);
}

sp<ProcessState> ProcessState::initWithDriver(const char* driver)
{
    return init(driver, true /*requireDefault*/);
}

sp<ProcessState> ProcessState::selfOrNull()
{
    return init(nullptr, false /*requireDefault*/);
}

sp<ProcessState> ProcessState::init(const char *driver, bool requireDefault)
{
    [[clang::no_destroy]] static sp<ProcessState> gProcess;
    [[clang::no_destroy]] static std::mutex gProcessMutex;

    if (driver == nullptr) {
        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> l(gProcessMutex);
        return gProcess;
    }

    [[clang::no_destroy]] static std::once_flag gProcessOnce;
    std::call_once(gProcessOnce, [&](){
        if (access(driver, R_OK) == -1) {
            ALOGE("Binder driver %s is unavailable. Using /dev/binder instead.", driver);
            driver = "/dev/binder";
        }

        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> l(gProcessMutex);
        gProcess = new ProcessState(driver);
    });

    if (requireDefault) {
        // Detect if we are trying to initialize with a different driver, and
        // consider that an error. ProcessState will only be initialized once above.
        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(gProcess->getDriverName() != driver,
                            "ProcessState was already initialized with %s,"
                            " can't initialize with %s.",
                            gProcess->getDriverName().c_str(), driver);
    }

    return gProcess;
}

sp<IBinder> ProcessState::getContextObject(const sp<IBinder>& /*caller*/)
{
    sp<IBinder> context = getStrongProxyForHandle(0);

    if (context) {
        // The root object is special since we get it directly from the driver, it is never
        // written by Parcell::writeStrongBinder.
        internal::Stability::markCompilationUnit(context.get());
    } else {
        ALOGW("Not able to get context object on %s.", mDriverName.c_str());
    }

    return context;
}

void ProcessState::startThreadPool()
{
    AutoMutex _l(mLock);
    if (!mThreadPoolStarted) {
        mThreadPoolStarted = true;
        spawnPooledThread(true);
    }
}

bool ProcessState::becomeContextManager()
{
    AutoMutex _l(mLock);

    flat_binder_object obj {
        .flags = FLAT_BINDER_FLAG_TXN_SECURITY_CTX,
    };

    int result = ioctl(mDriverFD, BINDER_SET_CONTEXT_MGR_EXT, &obj);

    // fallback to original method
    if (result != 0) {
        android_errorWriteLog(0x534e4554, "121035042");

        int unused = 0;
        result = ioctl(mDriverFD, BINDER_SET_CONTEXT_MGR, &unused);
    }

    if (result == -1) {
        ALOGE("Binder ioctl to become context manager failed: %s\n", strerror(errno));
    }

    return result == 0;
}

// Get references to userspace objects held by the kernel binder driver
// Writes up to count elements into buf, and returns the total number
// of references the kernel has, which may be larger than count.
// buf may be NULL if count is 0.  The pointers returned by this method
// should only be used for debugging and not dereferenced, they may
// already be invalid.
ssize_t ProcessState::getKernelReferences(size_t buf_count, uintptr_t* buf)
{
    binder_node_debug_info info = {};

    uintptr_t* end = buf ? buf + buf_count : nullptr;
    size_t count = 0;

    do {
        status_t result = ioctl(mDriverFD, BINDER_GET_NODE_DEBUG_INFO, &info);
        if (result < 0) {
            return -1;
        }
        if (info.ptr != 0) {
            if (buf && buf < end)
                *buf++ = info.ptr;
            count++;
            if (buf && buf < end)
                *buf++ = info.cookie;
            count++;
        }
    } while (info.ptr != 0);

    return count;
}

// Queries the driver for the current strong reference count of the node
// that the handle points to. Can only be used by the servicemanager.
//
// Returns -1 in case of failure, otherwise the strong reference count.
ssize_t ProcessState::getStrongRefCountForNode(const sp<BpBinder>& binder) {
    binder_node_info_for_ref info;
    memset(&info, 0, sizeof(binder_node_info_for_ref));

    info.handle = binder->getPrivateAccessorForHandle().handle();

    status_t result = ioctl(mDriverFD, BINDER_GET_NODE_INFO_FOR_REF, &info);

    if (result != OK) {
        static bool logged = false;
        if (!logged) {
          ALOGW("Kernel does not support BINDER_GET_NODE_INFO_FOR_REF.");
          logged = true;
        }
        return -1;
    }

    return info.strong_count;
}

void ProcessState::setCallRestriction(CallRestriction restriction) {
    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(IPCThreadState::selfOrNull() != nullptr,
        "Call restrictions must be set before the threadpool is started.");

    mCallRestriction = restriction;
}

ProcessState::handle_entry* ProcessState::lookupHandleLocked(int32_t handle)
{
    const size_t N=mHandleToObject.size();
    if (N <= (size_t)handle) {
        handle_entry e;
        e.binder = nullptr;
        e.refs = nullptr;
        status_t err = mHandleToObject.insertAt(e, N, handle+1-N);
        if (err < NO_ERROR) return nullptr;
    }
    return &mHandleToObject.editItemAt(handle);
}

sp<IBinder> ProcessState::getStrongProxyForHandle(int32_t handle)
{
    sp<IBinder> result;

    AutoMutex _l(mLock);

    handle_entry* e = lookupHandleLocked(handle);

    if (e != nullptr) {
        // We need to create a new BpBinder if there isn't currently one, OR we
        // are unable to acquire a weak reference on this current one.  The
        // attemptIncWeak() is safe because we know the BpBinder destructor will always
        // call expungeHandle(), which acquires the same lock we are holding now.
        // We need to do this because there is a race condition between someone
        // releasing a reference on this BpBinder, and a new reference on its handle
        // arriving from the driver.
        IBinder* b = e->binder;
        if (b == nullptr || !e->refs->attemptIncWeak(this)) {
            if (handle == 0) {
                // Special case for context manager...
                // The context manager is the only object for which we create
                // a BpBinder proxy without already holding a reference.
                // Perform a dummy transaction to ensure the context manager
                // is registered before we create the first local reference
                // to it (which will occur when creating the BpBinder).
                // If a local reference is created for the BpBinder when the
                // context manager is not present, the driver will fail to
                // provide a reference to the context manager, but the
                // driver API does not return status.
                //
                // Note that this is not race-free if the context manager
                // dies while this code runs.
                //
                // TODO: add a driver API to wait for context manager, or
                // stop special casing handle 0 for context manager and add
                // a driver API to get a handle to the context manager with
                // proper reference counting.

                IPCThreadState* ipc = IPCThreadState::self();

                CallRestriction originalCallRestriction = ipc->getCallRestriction();
                ipc->setCallRestriction(CallRestriction::NONE);

                Parcel data;
                status_t status = ipc->transact(
                        0, IBinder::PING_TRANSACTION, data, nullptr, 0);

                ipc->setCallRestriction(originalCallRestriction);

                if (status == DEAD_OBJECT)
                   return nullptr;
            }

            b = BpBinder::create(handle);
            e->binder = b;
            if (b) e->refs = b->getWeakRefs();
            result = b;
        } else {
            // This little bit of nastyness is to allow us to add a primary
            // reference to the remote proxy when this team doesn't have one
            // but another team is sending the handle to us.
            result.force_set(b);
            e->refs->decWeak(this);
        }
    }

    return result;
}

void ProcessState::expungeHandle(int32_t handle, IBinder* binder)
{
    AutoMutex _l(mLock);

    handle_entry* e = lookupHandleLocked(handle);

    // This handle may have already been replaced with a new BpBinder
    // (if someone failed the AttemptIncWeak() above); we don't want
    // to overwrite it.
    if (e && e->binder == binder) e->binder = nullptr;
}

String8 ProcessState::makeBinderThreadName() {
    int32_t s = android_atomic_add(1, &mThreadPoolSeq);
    pid_t pid = getpid();
    String8 name;
    name.appendFormat("Binder:%d_%X", pid, s);
    return name;
}

void ProcessState::spawnPooledThread(bool isMain)
{
    if (mThreadPoolStarted) {
        String8 name = makeBinderThreadName();
        ALOGV("Spawning new pooled thread, name=%s\n", name.string());
        sp<Thread> t = new PoolThread(isMain);
        t->run(name.string());
    }
}

status_t ProcessState::setThreadPoolMaxThreadCount(size_t maxThreads) {
    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(mThreadPoolStarted && maxThreads < mMaxThreads,
           "Binder threadpool cannot be shrunk after starting");
    status_t result = NO_ERROR;
    if (ioctl(mDriverFD, BINDER_SET_MAX_THREADS, &maxThreads) != -1) {
        mMaxThreads = maxThreads;
    } else {
        result = -errno;
        ALOGE("Binder ioctl to set max threads failed: %s", strerror(-result));
    }
    return result;
}

void ProcessState::giveThreadPoolName() {
    androidSetThreadName( makeBinderThreadName().string() );
}

String8 ProcessState::getDriverName() {
    return mDriverName;
}

static int open_driver(const char *driver)
{
    int fd = open(driver, O_RDWR | O_CLOEXEC);
    if (fd >= 0) {
        int vers = 0;
        status_t result = ioctl(fd, BINDER_VERSION, &vers);
        if (result == -1) {
            ALOGE("Binder ioctl to obtain version failed: %s", strerror(errno));
            close(fd);
            fd = -1;
        }
        if (result != 0 || vers != BINDER_CURRENT_PROTOCOL_VERSION) {
          ALOGE("Binder driver protocol(%d) does not match user space protocol(%d)! ioctl() return value: %d",
                vers, BINDER_CURRENT_PROTOCOL_VERSION, result);
            close(fd);
            fd = -1;
        }
        size_t maxThreads = DEFAULT_MAX_BINDER_THREADS;
        result = ioctl(fd, BINDER_SET_MAX_THREADS, &maxThreads);
        if (result == -1) {
            ALOGE("Binder ioctl to set max threads failed: %s", strerror(errno));
        }
    } else {
        ALOGW("Opening '%s' failed: %s\n", driver, strerror(errno));
    }
    return fd;
}

ProcessState::ProcessState(const char *driver)
    : mDriverName(String8(driver))
    , mDriverFD(open_driver(driver))
    , mVMStart(MAP_FAILED)
    , mThreadCountLock(PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER)
    , mThreadCountDecrement(PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER)
    , mExecutingThreadsCount(0)
    , mWaitingForThreads(0)
    , mMaxThreads(DEFAULT_MAX_BINDER_THREADS)
    , mStarvationStartTimeMs(0)
    , mThreadPoolStarted(false)
    , mThreadPoolSeq(1)
    , mCallRestriction(CallRestriction::NONE)
{

// TODO(b/166468760): enforce in build system
#if defined(__ANDROID_APEX__)
    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("Cannot use libbinder in APEX (only system.img libbinder) since it is not stable.");
#endif

    if (mDriverFD >= 0) {
        // mmap the binder, providing a chunk of virtual address space to receive transactions.
        mVMStart = mmap(nullptr, BINDER_VM_SIZE, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_NORESERVE, mDriverFD, 0);
        if (mVMStart == MAP_FAILED) {
            // *sigh*
            ALOGE("Using %s failed: unable to mmap transaction memory.\n", mDriverName.c_str());
            close(mDriverFD);
            mDriverFD = -1;
            mDriverName.clear();
        }
    }

#ifdef __ANDROID__
    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(mDriverFD < 0, "Binder driver '%s' could not be opened.  Terminating.", driver);
#endif
}

ProcessState::~ProcessState()
{
    if (mDriverFD >= 0) {
        if (mVMStart != MAP_FAILED) {
            munmap(mVMStart, BINDER_VM_SIZE);
        }
        close(mDriverFD);
    }
    mDriverFD = -1;
}

} // namespace android