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| XXD(1) XXD(1) |
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| NAME |
| xxd - make a hexdump or do the reverse. |
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| SYNOPSIS |
| xxd -h[elp] |
| xxd [options] [infile [outfile]] |
| xxd -r[evert] [options] [infile [outfile]] |
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| DESCRIPTION |
| xxd creates a hex dump of a given file or standard input. |
| It can also convert a hex dump back to its original binary |
| form. Like uuencode(1) and uudecode(1) it allows the |
| transmission of binary data in a `mail-safe' ASCII repre- |
| sentation, but has the advantage of decoding to standard |
| output. Moreover, it can be used to perform binary file |
| patching. |
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| OPTIONS |
| If no infile is given, standard input is read. If infile |
| is specified as a `-' character, then input is taken from |
| standard input. If no outfile is given (or a `-' charac- |
| ter is in its place), results are sent to standard output. |
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| Note that a "lazy" parser is used which does not check for |
| more than the first option letter, unless the option is |
| followed by a parameter. Spaces between a single option |
| letter and its parameter are optional. Parameters to |
| options can be specified in decimal, hexadecimal or octal |
| notation. Thus -c8, -c 8, -c 010 and -cols 8 are all |
| equivalent. |
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| -a | -autoskip |
| toggle autoskip: A single '*' replaces nul-lines. |
| Default off. |
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| -b | -bits |
| Switch to bits (binary digits) dump, rather than |
| hexdump. This option writes octets as eight digits |
| "1"s and "0"s instead of a normal hexacecimal dump. |
| Each line is preceded by a line number in hexadeci- |
| mal and followed by an ascii (or ebcdic) represen- |
| tation. The command line switches -r, -p, -i do not |
| work with this mode. |
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| -c cols | -cols cols |
| -c cols | -cols cols format <cols> octets per line. |
| Default 16 (-i: 12, -ps: 30, -b: 6). Max 256. |
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| -E | -EBCDIC |
| Change the character encoding in the righthand col- |
| umn from ASCII to EBCDIC. This does not change the |
| hexadecimal representation. The option is meaning- |
| less in combinations with -r, -p or -i. |
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| Manual page for xxd August 1996 1 |
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| XXD(1) XXD(1) |
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| -g bytes | -groupsize bytes |
| seperate the output of every <bytes> bytes (two hex |
| characters or eight bit-digits each) by a whites- |
| pace. Specify -g 0 to suppress grouping. <Bytes> |
| defaults to 2 in normal mode and 1 in bits mode. |
| Grouping does not apply to postscript or include |
| style. |
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| -h | -help |
| print a summary of available commands and exit. No |
| hex dumping is performed. |
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| -i | -include |
| output in C include file style. A complete static |
| array definition is written (named after the input |
| file), unless xxd reads from stdin. |
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| -l len | -len len |
| stop after writing <len> octets. |
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| -p | -ps | -postscript | -plain |
| output in postscript continuous hexdump style. Also |
| known as plain hexdump style. |
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| -r | -revert |
| reverse operation: convert (or patch) hexdump into |
| binary. If not writing to stdout, xxd writes into |
| its output file without truncating it. Use the com- |
| bination -r -p to read plain hexadecimal dumps |
| without line number information and without a par- |
| ticular column layout. Additional Whitespace and |
| line-breaks are allowed anywhere. |
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| -seek offset |
| When used after -r : revert with <offset> added to |
| file positions found in hexdump. |
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| -s [+][-]seek |
| start at <seek> bytes abs. (or rel.) infile offset. |
| + indicates that the seek is relative to the cur- |
| rent stdin file position (meaningless when not |
| reading from stdin). - indicates that the seek |
| should be that many characters from the end of the |
| input (or if combined with |
| + : before the current stdin file position). |
| Without -s option, xxd starts at the current file |
| position. |
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| -u use upper case hex letters. Default is lower case. |
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| -v | -version |
| show version string. |
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| Manual page for xxd August 1996 2 |
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| XXD(1) XXD(1) |
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| CAVEATS |
| xxd -r has some builtin magic while evaluating line number |
| information. If the ouput file is seekable, then the |
| linenumbers at the start of each hexdump line may be out |
| of order, lines may be missing, or overlapping. In these |
| cases xxd will lseek(2) to the next position. If the out- |
| put file is not seekable, only gaps are allowed, which |
| will be filled by null-bytes. |
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| xxd -r never generates parse errors. Garbage is silently |
| skipped. |
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| When editing hexdumps, please note that xxd -r skips |
| everything on the input line after reading enough columns |
| of hexadecimal data (see option -c). This also means, that |
| changes to the printable ascii (or ebcdic) columns are |
| always ignored. Reverting a plain (or postscript) style |
| hexdump with xxd -r -p does not depend on the correct num- |
| ber of columns. Here an thing that looks like a pair of |
| hex-digits is interpreted. |
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| Note the difference between |
| % xxd -i file |
| and |
| % xxd -i < file |
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| xxd -s +seek may be different from xxd -s seek , as |
| lseek(2) is used to "rewind" input. A '+' makes a differ- |
| ence if the input source is stdin, and if stdin's file |
| position is not at the start of the file by the time xxd |
| is started and given its input. The following examples |
| may help to clarify (or further confuse!)... |
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| Rewind stdin before reading; needed because the `cat' has |
| already read to the end of stdin. |
| % sh -c 'cat > plain_copy; xxd -s 0 > hex_copy' < file |
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| Hexdump from file position 0x480 (=1024+128) onwards. The |
| `+' sign means "relative to the current position", thus |
| the `128' adds to the 1k where dd left off. |
| % sh -c 'dd of=plain_snippet bs=1k count=1; xxd -s +128 > |
| hex_snippet' < file |
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| Hexdump from file position 0x100 ( = 1024-768) on. |
| % sh -c 'dd of=plain_snippet bs=1k count=1; xxd -s +-768 > |
| hex_snippet' < file |
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| However, this is a rare situation and the use of `+' is |
| rarely needed. the author prefers to monitor the effect |
| of xxd with strace(1) or truss(1), whenever -s is used. |
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| EXAMPLES |
| Print everything but the first three lines (hex 0x30 |
| bytes) of file |
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| Manual page for xxd August 1996 3 |
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| XXD(1) XXD(1) |
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| % xxd -s 0x30 file |
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| Print 3 lines (hex 0x30 bytes) from the end of file |
| % xxd -s -0x30 file |
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| Print 120 bytes as continuous hexdump with 40 octets per |
| line. |
| % xxd -l 120 -ps -c 20 xxd.1 |
| 2e544820585844203120224d616e75616c207061 |
| 676520666f7220787864220a2e5c220a2e5c2220 |
| 32317374204d617920313939360a2e5c22204d61 |
| 6e207061676520617574686f723a0a2e5c222020 |
| 2020546f6e79204e7567656e74203c746f6e7940 |
| 7363746e7567656e2e7070702e67752e6564752e |
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| Hexdump the first 120 bytes of this man page with 12 |
| octets per line. |
| % xxd -l 120 -c 12 xxd.1 |
| 0000000: 2e54 4820 5858 4420 3120 224d .TH XXD 1 "M |
| 000000c: 616e 7561 6c20 7061 6765 2066 anual page f |
| 0000018: 6f72 2078 7864 220a 2e5c 220a or xxd"..\". |
| 0000024: 2e5c 2220 3231 7374 204d 6179 .\" 21st May |
| 0000030: 2031 3939 360a 2e5c 2220 4d61 1996..\" Ma |
| 000003c: 6e20 7061 6765 2061 7574 686f n page autho |
| 0000048: 723a 0a2e 5c22 2020 2020 546f r:..\" To |
| 0000054: 6e79 204e 7567 656e 7420 3c74 ny Nugent <t |
| 0000060: 6f6e 7940 7363 746e 7567 656e ony@sctnugen |
| 000006c: 2e70 7070 2e67 752e 6564 752e .ppp.gu.edu. |
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| Display just the date from the file xxd.1 |
| % xxd -s 0x28 -l 12 -c 12 xxd.1 |
| 0000028: 3231 7374 204d 6179 2031 3939 21st May 199 |
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| Copy input_file to output_file and prepend 100 bytes of |
| value 0x00. |
| % xxd input_file | xxd -r -s 100 > output_file |
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| Patch the date in the file xxd.1 |
| % echo '0000029: 3574 68' | xxd -r - xxd.1 |
| % xxd -s 0x28 -l 12 -c 12 xxd.1 |
| 0000028: 3235 7468 204d 6179 2031 3939 25th May 199 |
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| Create a 65537 byte file with all bytes 0x00, except for |
| the last one which is 'A' (hex 0x41). |
| % echo '010000: 41' | xxd -r > file |
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| Hexdump this file with autoskip. |
| % xxd -a -c 12 file |
| 0000000: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ............ |
| * |
| 000fffc: 0000 0000 40 ....A |
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| Create a 1 byte file containing a single 'A' character. |
| The number after '-r -s' adds to the linenumbers found in |
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| Manual page for xxd August 1996 4 |
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| XXD(1) XXD(1) |
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| the file; in effect, the leading bytes are suppressed. |
| % echo '010000: 41' | xxd -r -s -0x10000 > file |
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| Use xxd as a filter within an editor such as vim(1) to |
| hexdump a region marked between `a' and `z'. |
| :'a,'z!xxd |
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| Use xxd as a filter within an editor such as vim(1) to |
| recover a binary hexdump marked between `a' and `z'. |
| :'a,'z!xxd -r |
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| Use xxd as a filter within an editor such as vim(1) to |
| recover one line of a hexdump. Move the cursor over the |
| line and type: |
| !!xxd -r |
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| Read single characters from a serial line |
| % xxd -c1 < /dev/term/b & |
| % stty < /dev/term/b -echo -opost -isig -icanon min 1 |
| % echo -n foo > /dev/term/b |
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| RETURN VALUES |
| The following error values are returned: |
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| 0 no errors encountered. |
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| -1 operation not supported ( xxd -r -i still impossi- |
| ble). |
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| 1 error while parsing options. |
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| 2 problems with input file. |
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| 3 problems with output file. |
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| 4,5 desired seek position is unreachable. |
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| SEE ALSO |
| uuencode(1), uudecode(1), patch(1) |
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| WARNINGS |
| The tools weirdness matches its creators brain. Use |
| entirely at your own risk. Copy files. Trace it. Become a |
| wizard. |
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| VERSION |
| This manual page documents xxd version 1.7 |
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| AUTHOR |
| (c) 1990-1997 by Juergen Weigert |
| <jnweiger@informatik.uni-erlangen.de> |
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| Distribute freely and credit me, |
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| Manual page for xxd August 1996 5 |
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| XXD(1) XXD(1) |
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| make money and share with me, |
| lose money and don't ask me. |
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| Manual page started by Tony Nugent |
| <tony@sctnugen.ppp.gu.edu.au> <T.Nugent@sct.gu.edu.au> |
| Small changes by Bram Moolenaar. Edited by Juergen |
| Weigert. |
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| Manual page for xxd August 1996 6 |
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