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| <H1 class="no-header">curs_add_wch 3x 2024-04-20 ncurses 6.5 Library calls</H1> |
| <PRE> |
| <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wch.3x.html">curs_add_wch(3x)</A></STRONG> Library calls <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wch.3x.html">curs_add_wch(3x)</A></STRONG> |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| </PRE><H2><a name="h2-NAME">NAME</a></H2><PRE> |
| <STRONG>add_wch</STRONG>, <STRONG>wadd_wch</STRONG>, <STRONG>mvadd_wch</STRONG>, <STRONG>mvwadd_wch</STRONG>, <STRONG>echo_wchar</STRONG>, <STRONG>wecho_wchar</STRONG> - add |
| a <EM>curses</EM> complex character to a window and advance the cursor |
| |
| |
| </PRE><H2><a name="h2-SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></H2><PRE> |
| <STRONG>#include</STRONG> <STRONG><curses.h></STRONG> |
| |
| <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>add_wch(const</STRONG> <STRONG>cchar_t</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG><EM>wch</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG> |
| <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>wadd_wch(WINDOW</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG><EM>win</EM><STRONG>,</STRONG> <STRONG>const</STRONG> <STRONG>cchar_t</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG><EM>wch</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG> |
| <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>mvadd_wch(int</STRONG> <EM>y</EM><STRONG>,</STRONG> <STRONG>int</STRONG> <EM>x</EM><STRONG>,</STRONG> <STRONG>const</STRONG> <STRONG>cchar_t</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG><EM>wch</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG> |
| <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>mvwadd_wch(WINDOW</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG><EM>win</EM><STRONG>,</STRONG> <STRONG>int</STRONG> <EM>y</EM><STRONG>,</STRONG> <STRONG>int</STRONG> <EM>x</EM><STRONG>,</STRONG> <STRONG>const</STRONG> <STRONG>cchar_t</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG><EM>wch</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG> |
| |
| <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>echo_wchar(const</STRONG> <STRONG>cchar_t</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG><EM>wch</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG> |
| <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>wecho_wchar(WINDOW</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG><EM>win</EM><STRONG>,</STRONG> <STRONG>const</STRONG> <STRONG>cchar_t</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG><EM>wch</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG> |
| |
| |
| </PRE><H2><a name="h2-DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a></H2><PRE> |
| |
| </PRE><H3><a name="h3-add_wch">add_wch</a></H3><PRE> |
| The <STRONG>add_wch</STRONG>, <STRONG>wadd_wch</STRONG>, <STRONG>mvadd_wch</STRONG>, and <STRONG>mvwadd_wch</STRONG> functions put the |
| complex character <EM>wch</EM> into the given window at its current position, |
| which is then advanced. These functions perform wrapping and special- |
| character processing as follows: |
| |
| <STRONG>o</STRONG> If <EM>wch</EM> refers to a spacing character, then any previous character |
| at that location is removed. A new character specified by <EM>wch</EM> is |
| placed at that location with rendition specified by <EM>wch</EM>. The |
| cursor then advances after this spacing character, to prepare for |
| writing the next character on the screen. |
| |
| The newly added spacing character is the base of the active complex |
| character. Subsequent non-spacing characters can be combined with |
| this base until another spacing character is written to the screen, |
| or the cursor is moved, e.g., using <STRONG>wmove</STRONG>. |
| |
| <STRONG>o</STRONG> If <EM>wch</EM> refers to a non-spacing character, it is appended to the |
| active complex character, retaining the previous characters at that |
| location. The rendition specified by <EM>wch</EM> is ignored. |
| |
| The cursor is not advanced after adding a non-spacing character. |
| Subsequent calls to add non-spacing characters will update the same |
| position. |
| |
| <STRONG>o</STRONG> If the character part of <EM>wch</EM> is a tab, newline, backspace or other |
| control character, the window is updated and the cursor moves as if |
| <STRONG>addch</STRONG> were called. |
| |
| |
| </PRE><H3><a name="h3-echo_wchar">echo_wchar</a></H3><PRE> |
| The <STRONG>echo_wchar</STRONG> function is functionally equivalent to a call to <STRONG>add_wch</STRONG> |
| followed by a call to <STRONG><A HREF="curs_refresh.3x.html">refresh(3x)</A></STRONG>. Similarly, the <STRONG>wecho_wchar</STRONG> is |
| functionally equivalent to a call to <STRONG>wadd_wch</STRONG> followed by a call to |
| <STRONG>wrefresh</STRONG>. The knowledge that only a single character is being output |
| is taken into consideration and, for non-control characters, a |
| considerable performance gain might be seen by using the *<STRONG>echo</STRONG>* |
| functions instead of their equivalents. |
| |
| |
| </PRE><H3><a name="h3-Line-Graphics">Line Graphics</a></H3><PRE> |
| Like <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addch.3x.html">addch(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG>addch_wch</STRONG> accepts symbols which make it simple to draw |
| lines and other frequently used special characters. These symbols |
| correspond to the same VT100 line-drawing set as <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addch.3x.html">addch(3x)</A></STRONG>. |
| |
| <STRONG>Unicode</STRONG> <STRONG>ASCII</STRONG> <STRONG>acsc</STRONG> |
| |
| |
| <STRONG>ACS</STRONG> <STRONG>Name</STRONG> <STRONG>Default</STRONG> <STRONG>Default</STRONG> <STRONG>Char</STRONG> <STRONG>Glyph</STRONG> <STRONG>Name</STRONG> |
| ------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| <STRONG>WACS_BLOCK</STRONG> 0x25ae # 0 solid square block |
| <STRONG>WACS_BOARD</STRONG> 0x2592 # h board of squares |
| <STRONG>WACS_BTEE</STRONG> 0x2534 + v bottom tee |
| <STRONG>WACS_BULLET</STRONG> 0x00b7 o ~ bullet |
| <STRONG>WACS_CKBOARD</STRONG> 0x2592 : a checker board (stipple) |
| <STRONG>WACS_DARROW</STRONG> 0x2193 v . arrow pointing down |
| <STRONG>WACS_DEGREE</STRONG> 0x00b0 ' f degree symbol |
| <STRONG>WACS_DIAMOND</STRONG> 0x25c6 + ` diamond |
| <STRONG>WACS_GEQUAL</STRONG> 0x2265 > > greater-than-or-equal-to |
| <STRONG>WACS_HLINE</STRONG> 0x2500 - q horizontal line |
| <STRONG>WACS_LANTERN</STRONG> 0x2603 # i lantern symbol |
| <STRONG>WACS_LARROW</STRONG> 0x2190 < , arrow pointing left |
| <STRONG>WACS_LEQUAL</STRONG> 0x2264 < y less-than-or-equal-to |
| <STRONG>WACS_LLCORNER</STRONG> 0x2514 + m lower left-hand corner |
| <STRONG>WACS_LRCORNER</STRONG> 0x2518 + j lower right-hand corner |
| <STRONG>WACS_LTEE</STRONG> 0x2524 + t left tee |
| <STRONG>WACS_NEQUAL</STRONG> 0x2260 ! | not-equal |
| <STRONG>WACS_PI</STRONG> 0x03c0 * { greek pi |
| <STRONG>WACS_PLMINUS</STRONG> 0x00b1 # g plus/minus |
| <STRONG>WACS_PLUS</STRONG> 0x253c + n plus |
| <STRONG>WACS_RARROW</STRONG> 0x2192 > + arrow pointing right |
| <STRONG>WACS_RTEE</STRONG> 0x251c + u right tee |
| <STRONG>WACS_S1</STRONG> 0x23ba - o scan line 1 |
| <STRONG>WACS_S3</STRONG> 0x23bb - p scan line 3 |
| <STRONG>WACS_S7</STRONG> 0x23bc - r scan line 7 |
| <STRONG>WACS_S9</STRONG> 0x23bd _ s scan line 9 |
| <STRONG>WACS_STERLING</STRONG> 0x00a3 f } pound-sterling symbol |
| <STRONG>WACS_TTEE</STRONG> 0x252c + w top tee |
| <STRONG>WACS_UARROW</STRONG> 0x2191 ^ - arrow pointing up |
| <STRONG>WACS_ULCORNER</STRONG> 0x250c + l upper left-hand corner |
| <STRONG>WACS_URCORNER</STRONG> 0x2510 + k upper right-hand corner |
| <STRONG>WACS_VLINE</STRONG> 0x2502 | x vertical line |
| |
| The wide-character configuration of <EM>ncurses</EM> also defines symbols for |
| thick lines (<STRONG>acsc</STRONG> "J" to "V"): |
| |
| <STRONG>Unicode</STRONG> <STRONG>ASCII</STRONG> <STRONG>acsc</STRONG> |
| <STRONG>ACS</STRONG> <STRONG>Name</STRONG> <STRONG>Default</STRONG> <STRONG>Default</STRONG> <STRONG>Char</STRONG> <STRONG>Glyph</STRONG> <STRONG>Name</STRONG> |
| ------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| <STRONG>WACS_T_BTEE</STRONG> 0x253b + V thick tee pointing up |
| <STRONG>WACS_T_HLINE</STRONG> 0x2501 - Q thick horizontal line |
| <STRONG>WACS_T_LLCORNER</STRONG> 0x2517 + M thick lower left corner |
| <STRONG>WACS_T_LRCORNER</STRONG> 0x251b + J thick lower right corner |
| <STRONG>WACS_T_LTEE</STRONG> 0x252b + T thick tee pointing right |
| <STRONG>WACS_T_PLUS</STRONG> 0x254b + N thick large plus |
| <STRONG>WACS_T_RTEE</STRONG> 0x2523 + U thick tee pointing left |
| <STRONG>WACS_T_TTEE</STRONG> 0x2533 + W thick tee pointing down |
| <STRONG>WACS_T_ULCORNER</STRONG> 0x250f + L thick upper left corner |
| <STRONG>WACS_T_URCORNER</STRONG> 0x2513 + K thick upper right corner |
| <STRONG>WACS_T_VLINE</STRONG> 0x2503 | X thick vertical line |
| |
| and for double-lines (<STRONG>acsc</STRONG> "A" to "I"): |
| |
| <STRONG>Unicode</STRONG> <STRONG>ASCII</STRONG> <STRONG>acsc</STRONG> |
| <STRONG>ACS</STRONG> <STRONG>Name</STRONG> <STRONG>Default</STRONG> <STRONG>Default</STRONG> <STRONG>Char</STRONG> <STRONG>Glyph</STRONG> <STRONG>Name</STRONG> |
| ------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| <STRONG>WACS_D_BTEE</STRONG> 0x2569 + H double tee pointing up |
| <STRONG>WACS_D_HLINE</STRONG> 0x2550 - R double horizontal line |
| <STRONG>WACS_D_LLCORNER</STRONG> 0x255a + D double lower left corner |
| <STRONG>WACS_D_LRCORNER</STRONG> 0x255d + A double lower right corner |
| <STRONG>WACS_D_LTEE</STRONG> 0x2560 + F double tee pointing right |
| <STRONG>WACS_D_PLUS</STRONG> 0x256c + E double large plus |
| <STRONG>WACS_D_RTEE</STRONG> 0x2563 + G double tee pointing left |
| |
| <STRONG>WACS_D_TTEE</STRONG> 0x2566 + I double tee pointing down |
| <STRONG>WACS_D_ULCORNER</STRONG> 0x2554 + C double upper left corner |
| <STRONG>WACS_D_URCORNER</STRONG> 0x2557 + B double upper right corner |
| <STRONG>WACS_D_VLINE</STRONG> 0x2551 | Y double vertical line |
| |
| Unicode's descriptions for these characters differs slightly from |
| <EM>ncurses</EM>, by introducing the term "light" (along with less important |
| details). Here are its descriptions for the normal, thick, and double |
| horizontal lines: |
| |
| <STRONG>o</STRONG> U+2500 BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT HORIZONTAL |
| |
| <STRONG>o</STRONG> U+2501 BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY HORIZONTAL |
| |
| <STRONG>o</STRONG> U+2550 BOX DRAWINGS DOUBLE HORIZONTAL |
| |
| |
| </PRE><H2><a name="h2-RETURN-VALUE">RETURN VALUE</a></H2><PRE> |
| All routines return the integer <STRONG>ERR</STRONG> upon failure and <STRONG>OK</STRONG> on success. |
| |
| X/Open Curses does not specify any error conditions. This |
| implementation returns an error |
| |
| <STRONG>o</STRONG> if the window pointer is null or |
| |
| <STRONG>o</STRONG> if it is not possible to add a complete character in the window. |
| |
| The latter may be due to different causes: |
| |
| <STRONG>o</STRONG> If <STRONG><A HREF="scrollok.3x.html">scrollok(3x)</A></STRONG> is not enabled, writing a character at the lower |
| right margin succeeds. However, an error is returned because it is |
| not possible to wrap to a new line. |
| |
| <STRONG>o</STRONG> If an error is detected when converting a multibyte character to a |
| sequence of bytes, or if it is not possible to add all of the |
| resulting bytes in the window, an error is returned. |
| |
| Functions prefixed with "mv" first perform cursor movement and fail if |
| the position (<EM>y</EM>, <EM>x</EM>) is outside the window boundaries. |
| |
| |
| </PRE><H2><a name="h2-NOTES">NOTES</a></H2><PRE> |
| Note that <STRONG>add_wch</STRONG>, <STRONG>mvadd_wch</STRONG>, <STRONG>mvwadd_wch</STRONG>, and <STRONG>echo_wchar</STRONG> may be macros. |
| |
| |
| </PRE><H2><a name="h2-PORTABILITY">PORTABILITY</a></H2><PRE> |
| These functions are described in X/Open Curses, Issue 4. The defaults |
| specified for line-drawing characters apply in the POSIX locale. |
| |
| |
| </PRE><H3><a name="h3-WACS-Symbols">WACS Symbols</a></H3><PRE> |
| X/Open Curses makes it clear that the WACS_ symbols should be defined |
| as a pointer to <STRONG>cchar_t</STRONG> data, e.g., in the discussion of <STRONG>border_set</STRONG>. A |
| few implementations are problematic: |
| |
| <STRONG>o</STRONG> NetBSD curses defines the symbols as a <STRONG>wchar_t</STRONG> within a <STRONG>cchar_t</STRONG>. |
| |
| <STRONG>o</STRONG> HP-UX curses equates some of the <STRONG>ACS_</STRONG> symbols to the analogous |
| <STRONG>WACS_</STRONG> symbols as if the <STRONG>ACS_</STRONG> symbols were wide characters. The |
| misdefined symbols are the arrows and other symbols which are not |
| used for line-drawing. |
| |
| X/Open Curses does not specify symbols for thick- or double-lines. |
| SVr4 curses implementations defined their line-drawing symbols in terms |
| of intermediate symbols. This implementation extends those symbols, |
| providing new definitions which are not in the SVr4 implementations. |
| |
| Not all Unicode-capable terminals provide support for VT100-style |
| alternate character sets (i.e., the <STRONG>acsc</STRONG> capability), with their |
| corresponding line-drawing characters. X/Open Curses did not address |
| the aspect of integrating Unicode with line-drawing characters. |
| Existing implementations of Unix curses (AIX, HP-UX, Solaris) use only |
| the <STRONG>acsc</STRONG> character-mapping to provide this feature. As a result, those |
| implementations can only use single-byte line-drawing characters. |
| <EM>ncurses</EM> 5.3 (2002) provided a table of Unicode values to solve these |
| problems. NetBSD curses incorporated that table in 2010. |
| |
| In this implementation, the Unicode values are used instead of the |
| terminal description's <STRONG>acsc</STRONG> mapping as discussed in <STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">ncurses(3x)</A></STRONG> for the |
| environment variable <EM>NCURSES</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>NO</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>UTF8</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>ACS</EM>. In contrast, for the same |
| cases, the line-drawing characters described in <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addch.3x.html">addch(3x)</A></STRONG> will use only |
| the ASCII default values. |
| |
| Having Unicode available does not solve all of the problems with line- |
| drawing for curses: |
| |
| <STRONG>o</STRONG> The closest Unicode equivalents to the VT100 graphics <EM>S1</EM>, <EM>S3</EM>, <EM>S7</EM> |
| and <EM>S9</EM> frequently are not displayed at the regular intervals which |
| the terminal used. |
| |
| <STRONG>o</STRONG> The <EM>lantern</EM> is a special case. It originated with the AT&T 4410 |
| terminal in the early 1980s. There is no accessible documentation |
| depicting the lantern symbol on the AT&T terminal. |
| |
| Lacking documentation, most readers assume that a <EM>storm</EM> <EM>lantern</EM> was |
| intended. But there are several possibilities, all with problems. |
| |
| Unicode 6.0 (2010) does provide two lantern symbols: U+1F383 and |
| U+1F3EE. Those were not available in 2002, and are irrelevant |
| since they lie outside the BMP and as a result are not generally |
| available in terminals. They are not storm lanterns, in any case. |
| |
| Most <EM>storm</EM> <EM>lanterns</EM> have a tapering glass chimney (to guard against |
| tipping); some have a wire grid protecting the chimney. |
| |
| For the tapering appearance, U+2603 was adequate. In use on a |
| terminal, no one can tell what the image represents. Unicode calls |
| it a snowman. |
| |
| Others have suggested these alternatives: <section> U+00A7 (section |
| mark), <Theta> U+0398 (theta), <Phi> U+03A6 (phi), <delta> U+03B4 |
| (delta), U+2327 (x in a rectangle), U+256C (forms double vertical |
| and horizontal), and U+2612 (ballot box with x). |
| |
| |
| </PRE><H3><a name="h3-Complex-Characters">Complex Characters</a></H3><PRE> |
| The complex character type <STRONG>cchar_t</STRONG> can store more than one wide |
| character (<STRONG>wchar_t</STRONG>). The X/Open Curses description does not mention |
| this possibility, describing only the cases where <EM>wch</EM> is a spacing |
| character or a non-spacing character. |
| |
| This implementation assumes that <EM>wch</EM> is constructed using <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getcchar.3x.html">setcchar(3x)</A></STRONG>, |
| and in turn that the result |
| |
| <STRONG>o</STRONG> contains at most one spacing character in the beginning of its list |
| of wide characters, and zero or more non-spacing characters or |
| |
| <STRONG>o</STRONG> may hold one non-spacing character. |
| |
| In the latter case, <EM>ncurses</EM> adds the non-spacing character to the |
| active (base) spacing character. |
| |
| |
| </PRE><H3><a name="h3-TABSIZE">TABSIZE</a></H3><PRE> |
| The <STRONG>TABSIZE</STRONG> variable is implemented in SVr4 and other versions of |
| <EM>curses</EM>, but is not specified by X/Open Curses (see <STRONG><A HREF="curs_variables.3x.html">curs_variables(3x)</A></STRONG>). |
| |
| |
| </PRE><H2><a name="h2-SEE-ALSO">SEE ALSO</a></H2><PRE> |
| <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addch.3x.html">curs_addch(3x)</A></STRONG> describes comparable functions of the <EM>ncurses</EM> library in |
| its non-wide-character configuration. |
| |
| <STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">curses(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addwstr.3x.html">curs_addwstr(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wchstr.3x.html">curs_add_wchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>, |
| <STRONG><A HREF="curs_clear.3x.html">curs_clear(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getcchar.3x.html">curs_getcchar(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_outopts.3x.html">curs_outopts(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_refresh.3x.html">curs_refresh(3x)</A></STRONG>, |
| <STRONG><A HREF="curs_variables.3x.html">curs_variables(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG>putwc(3)</STRONG> |
| |
| |
| |
| ncurses 6.5 2024-04-20 <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wch.3x.html">curs_add_wch(3x)</A></STRONG> |
| </PRE> |
| <div class="nav"> |
| <ul> |
| <li><a href="#h2-NAME">NAME</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#h2-SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#h2-DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a> |
| <ul> |
| <li><a href="#h3-add_wch">add_wch</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#h3-echo_wchar">echo_wchar</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#h3-Line-Graphics">Line Graphics</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li><a href="#h2-RETURN-VALUE">RETURN VALUE</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#h2-NOTES">NOTES</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#h2-PORTABILITY">PORTABILITY</a> |
| <ul> |
| <li><a href="#h3-WACS-Symbols">WACS Symbols</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#h3-Complex-Characters">Complex Characters</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#h3-TABSIZE">TABSIZE</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li><a href="#h2-SEE-ALSO">SEE ALSO</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </BODY> |
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