tools/releasetools/blockimgdiff.py

# Copyright (C) 2014 The Android Open Source Project
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.

from __future__ import print_function

import array
import common
import copy
import functools
import heapq
import itertools
import multiprocessing
import os
import os.path
import re
import subprocess
import sys
import threading

from collections import deque, OrderedDict
from hashlib import sha1
from rangelib import RangeSet


__all__ = ["EmptyImage", "DataImage", "BlockImageDiff"]


def compute_patch(srcfile, tgtfile, imgdiff=False):
  patchfile = common.MakeTempFile(prefix='patch-')

  cmd = ['imgdiff', '-z'] if imgdiff else ['bsdiff']
  cmd.extend([srcfile, tgtfile, patchfile])

  # Don't dump the bsdiff/imgdiff commands, which are not useful for the case
  # here, since they contain temp filenames only.
  p = common.Run(cmd, verbose=False, stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
                 stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
  output, _ = p.communicate()

  if p.returncode != 0:
    raise ValueError(output)

  with open(patchfile, 'rb') as f:
    return f.read()


class Image(object):
  def RangeSha1(self, ranges):
    raise NotImplementedError

  def ReadRangeSet(self, ranges):
    raise NotImplementedError

  def TotalSha1(self, include_clobbered_blocks=False):
    raise NotImplementedError

  def WriteRangeDataToFd(self, ranges, fd):
    raise NotImplementedError


class EmptyImage(Image):
  """A zero-length image."""

  def __init__(self):
    self.blocksize = 4096
    self.care_map = RangeSet()
    self.clobbered_blocks = RangeSet()
    self.extended = RangeSet()
    self.total_blocks = 0
    self.file_map = {}

  def RangeSha1(self, ranges):
    return sha1().hexdigest()

  def ReadRangeSet(self, ranges):
    return ()

  def TotalSha1(self, include_clobbered_blocks=False):
    # EmptyImage always carries empty clobbered_blocks, so
    # include_clobbered_blocks can be ignored.
    assert self.clobbered_blocks.size() == 0
    return sha1().hexdigest()

  def WriteRangeDataToFd(self, ranges, fd):
    raise ValueError("Can't write data from EmptyImage to file")


class DataImage(Image):
  """An image wrapped around a single string of data."""

  def __init__(self, data, trim=False, pad=False):
    self.data = data
    self.blocksize = 4096

    assert not (trim and pad)

    partial = len(self.data) % self.blocksize
    padded = False
    if partial > 0:
      if trim:
        self.data = self.data[:-partial]
      elif pad:
        self.data += '\0' * (self.blocksize - partial)
        padded = True
      else:
        raise ValueError(("data for DataImage must be multiple of %d bytes "
                          "unless trim or pad is specified") %
                         (self.blocksize,))

    assert len(self.data) % self.blocksize == 0

    self.total_blocks = len(self.data) / self.blocksize
    self.care_map = RangeSet(data=(0, self.total_blocks))
    # When the last block is padded, we always write the whole block even for
    # incremental OTAs. Because otherwise the last block may get skipped if
    # unchanged for an incremental, but would fail the post-install
    # verification if it has non-zero contents in the padding bytes.
    # Bug: 23828506
    if padded:
      clobbered_blocks = [self.total_blocks-1, self.total_blocks]
    else:
      clobbered_blocks = []
    self.clobbered_blocks = clobbered_blocks
    self.extended = RangeSet()

    zero_blocks = []
    nonzero_blocks = []
    reference = '\0' * self.blocksize

    for i in range(self.total_blocks-1 if padded else self.total_blocks):
      d = self.data[i*self.blocksize : (i+1)*self.blocksize]
      if d == reference:
        zero_blocks.append(i)
        zero_blocks.append(i+1)
      else:
        nonzero_blocks.append(i)
        nonzero_blocks.append(i+1)

    assert zero_blocks or nonzero_blocks or clobbered_blocks

    self.file_map = dict()
    if zero_blocks:
      self.file_map["__ZERO"] = RangeSet(data=zero_blocks)
    if nonzero_blocks:
      self.file_map["__NONZERO"] = RangeSet(data=nonzero_blocks)
    if clobbered_blocks:
      self.file_map["__COPY"] = RangeSet(data=clobbered_blocks)

  def _GetRangeData(self, ranges):
    for s, e in ranges:
      yield self.data[s*self.blocksize:e*self.blocksize]

  def RangeSha1(self, ranges):
    h = sha1()
    for data in self._GetRangeData(ranges):
      h.update(data)
    return h.hexdigest()

  def ReadRangeSet(self, ranges):
    return [self._GetRangeData(ranges)]

  def TotalSha1(self, include_clobbered_blocks=False):
    if not include_clobbered_blocks:
      return self.RangeSha1(self.care_map.subtract(self.clobbered_blocks))
    else:
      return sha1(self.data).hexdigest()

  def WriteRangeDataToFd(self, ranges, fd):
    for data in self._GetRangeData(ranges):
      fd.write(data)


class Transfer(object):
  def __init__(self, tgt_name, src_name, tgt_ranges, src_ranges, tgt_sha1,
               src_sha1, style, by_id):
    self.tgt_name = tgt_name
    self.src_name = src_name
    self.tgt_ranges = tgt_ranges
    self.src_ranges = src_ranges
    self.tgt_sha1 = tgt_sha1
    self.src_sha1 = src_sha1
    self.style = style
    self.intact = (getattr(tgt_ranges, "monotonic", False) and
                   getattr(src_ranges, "monotonic", False))

    # We use OrderedDict rather than dict so that the output is repeatable;
    # otherwise it would depend on the hash values of the Transfer objects.
    self.goes_before = OrderedDict()
    self.goes_after = OrderedDict()

    self.stash_before = []
    self.use_stash = []

    self.id = len(by_id)
    by_id.append(self)

    self._patch = None

  @property
  def patch(self):
    return self._patch

  @patch.setter
  def patch(self, patch):
    if patch:
      assert self.style == "diff"
    self._patch = patch

  def NetStashChange(self):
    return (sum(sr.size() for (_, sr) in self.stash_before) -
            sum(sr.size() for (_, sr) in self.use_stash))

  def ConvertToNew(self):
    assert self.style != "new"
    self.use_stash = []
    self.style = "new"
    self.src_ranges = RangeSet()
    self.patch = None

  def __str__(self):
    return (str(self.id) + ": <" + str(self.src_ranges) + " " + self.style +
            " to " + str(self.tgt_ranges) + ">")


@functools.total_ordering
class HeapItem(object):
  def __init__(self, item):
    self.item = item
    # Negate the score since python's heap is a min-heap and we want
    # the maximum score.
    self.score = -item.score
  def clear(self):
    self.item = None
  def __bool__(self):
    return self.item is None
  def __eq__(self, other):
    return self.score == other.score
  def __le__(self, other):
    return self.score <= other.score


# BlockImageDiff works on two image objects.  An image object is
# anything that provides the following attributes:
#
#    blocksize: the size in bytes of a block, currently must be 4096.
#
#    total_blocks: the total size of the partition/image, in blocks.
#
#    care_map: a RangeSet containing which blocks (in the range [0,
#      total_blocks) we actually care about; i.e. which blocks contain
#      data.
#
#    file_map: a dict that partitions the blocks contained in care_map
#      into smaller domains that are useful for doing diffs on.
#      (Typically a domain is a file, and the key in file_map is the
#      pathname.)
#
#    clobbered_blocks: a RangeSet containing which blocks contain data
#      but may be altered by the FS. They need to be excluded when
#      verifying the partition integrity.
#
#    ReadRangeSet(): a function that takes a RangeSet and returns the
#      data contained in the image blocks of that RangeSet.  The data
#      is returned as a list or tuple of strings; concatenating the
#      elements together should produce the requested data.
#      Implementations are free to break up the data into list/tuple
#      elements in any way that is convenient.
#
#    RangeSha1(): a function that returns (as a hex string) the SHA-1
#      hash of all the data in the specified range.
#
#    TotalSha1(): a function that returns (as a hex string) the SHA-1
#      hash of all the data in the image (ie, all the blocks in the
#      care_map minus clobbered_blocks, or including the clobbered
#      blocks if include_clobbered_blocks is True).
#
# When creating a BlockImageDiff, the src image may be None, in which
# case the list of transfers produced will never read from the
# original image.

class BlockImageDiff(object):
  def __init__(self, tgt, src=None, threads=None, version=4,
               disable_imgdiff=False):
    if threads is None:
      threads = multiprocessing.cpu_count() // 2
      if threads == 0:
        threads = 1
    self.threads = threads
    self.version = version
    self.transfers = []
    self.src_basenames = {}
    self.src_numpatterns = {}
    self._max_stashed_size = 0
    self.touched_src_ranges = RangeSet()
    self.touched_src_sha1 = None
    self.disable_imgdiff = disable_imgdiff

    assert version in (3, 4)

    self.tgt = tgt
    if src is None:
      src = EmptyImage()
    self.src = src

    # The updater code that installs the patch always uses 4k blocks.
    assert tgt.blocksize == 4096
    assert src.blocksize == 4096

    # The range sets in each filemap should comprise a partition of
    # the care map.
    self.AssertPartition(src.care_map, src.file_map.values())
    self.AssertPartition(tgt.care_map, tgt.file_map.values())

  @property
  def max_stashed_size(self):
    return self._max_stashed_size

  def Compute(self, prefix):
    # When looking for a source file to use as the diff input for a
    # target file, we try:
    #   1) an exact path match if available, otherwise
    #   2) a exact basename match if available, otherwise
    #   3) a basename match after all runs of digits are replaced by
    #      "#" if available, otherwise
    #   4) we have no source for this target.
    self.AbbreviateSourceNames()
    self.FindTransfers()

    # Find the ordering dependencies among transfers (this is O(n^2)
    # in the number of transfers).
    self.GenerateDigraph()
    # Find a sequence of transfers that satisfies as many ordering
    # dependencies as possible (heuristically).
    self.FindVertexSequence()
    # Fix up the ordering dependencies that the sequence didn't
    # satisfy.
    self.ReverseBackwardEdges()
    self.ImproveVertexSequence()

    # Ensure the runtime stash size is under the limit.
    if common.OPTIONS.cache_size is not None:
      self.ReviseStashSize()

    # Double-check our work.
    self.AssertSequenceGood()

    self.ComputePatches(prefix)
    self.WriteTransfers(prefix)

  def WriteTransfers(self, prefix):
    def WriteSplitTransfers(out, style, target_blocks):
      """Limit the size of operand in command 'new' and 'zero' to 1024 blocks.

      This prevents the target size of one command from being too large; and
      might help to avoid fsync errors on some devices."""

      assert style == "new" or style == "zero"
      blocks_limit = 1024
      total = 0
      while target_blocks:
        blocks_to_write = target_blocks.first(blocks_limit)
        out.append("%s %s\n" % (style, blocks_to_write.to_string_raw()))
        total += blocks_to_write.size()
        target_blocks = target_blocks.subtract(blocks_to_write)
      return total

    out = []
    total = 0

    # In BBOTA v3+, it uses the hash of the stashed blocks as the stash slot
    # id. 'stashes' records the map from 'hash' to the ref count. The stash
    # will be freed only if the count decrements to zero.
    stashes = {}
    stashed_blocks = 0
    max_stashed_blocks = 0

    for xf in self.transfers:

      for _, sr in xf.stash_before:
        sh = self.src.RangeSha1(sr)
        if sh in stashes:
          stashes[sh] += 1
        else:
          stashes[sh] = 1
          stashed_blocks += sr.size()
          self.touched_src_ranges = self.touched_src_ranges.union(sr)
          out.append("stash %s %s\n" % (sh, sr.to_string_raw()))

      if stashed_blocks > max_stashed_blocks:
        max_stashed_blocks = stashed_blocks

      free_string = []
      free_size = 0

      #   <# blocks> <src ranges>
      #     OR
      #   <# blocks> <src ranges> <src locs> <stash refs...>
      #     OR
      #   <# blocks> - <stash refs...>

      size = xf.src_ranges.size()
      src_str = [str(size)]

      unstashed_src_ranges = xf.src_ranges
      mapped_stashes = []
      for _, sr in xf.use_stash:
        unstashed_src_ranges = unstashed_src_ranges.subtract(sr)
        sh = self.src.RangeSha1(sr)
        sr = xf.src_ranges.map_within(sr)
        mapped_stashes.append(sr)
        assert sh in stashes
        src_str.append("%s:%s" % (sh, sr.to_string_raw()))
        stashes[sh] -= 1
        if stashes[sh] == 0:
          free_string.append("free %s\n" % (sh,))
          free_size += sr.size()
          stashes.pop(sh)

      if unstashed_src_ranges:
        src_str.insert(1, unstashed_src_ranges.to_string_raw())
        if xf.use_stash:
          mapped_unstashed = xf.src_ranges.map_within(unstashed_src_ranges)
          src_str.insert(2, mapped_unstashed.to_string_raw())
          mapped_stashes.append(mapped_unstashed)
          self.AssertPartition(RangeSet(data=(0, size)), mapped_stashes)
      else:
        src_str.insert(1, "-")
        self.AssertPartition(RangeSet(data=(0, size)), mapped_stashes)

      src_str = " ".join(src_str)

      # version 3+:
      #   zero <rangeset>
      #   new <rangeset>
      #   erase <rangeset>
      #   bsdiff patchstart patchlen srchash tgthash <tgt rangeset> <src_str>
      #   imgdiff patchstart patchlen srchash tgthash <tgt rangeset> <src_str>
      #   move hash <tgt rangeset> <src_str>

      tgt_size = xf.tgt_ranges.size()

      if xf.style == "new":
        assert xf.tgt_ranges
        assert tgt_size == WriteSplitTransfers(out, xf.style, xf.tgt_ranges)
        total += tgt_size
      elif xf.style == "move":
        assert xf.tgt_ranges
        assert xf.src_ranges.size() == tgt_size
        if xf.src_ranges != xf.tgt_ranges:
          # take into account automatic stashing of overlapping blocks
          if xf.src_ranges.overlaps(xf.tgt_ranges):
            temp_stash_usage = stashed_blocks + xf.src_ranges.size()
            if temp_stash_usage > max_stashed_blocks:
              max_stashed_blocks = temp_stash_usage

          self.touched_src_ranges = self.touched_src_ranges.union(
              xf.src_ranges)

          out.append("%s %s %s %s\n" % (
              xf.style,
              xf.tgt_sha1,
              xf.tgt_ranges.to_string_raw(), src_str))
          total += tgt_size
      elif xf.style in ("bsdiff", "imgdiff"):
        assert xf.tgt_ranges
        assert xf.src_ranges
        # take into account automatic stashing of overlapping blocks
        if xf.src_ranges.overlaps(xf.tgt_ranges):
          temp_stash_usage = stashed_blocks + xf.src_ranges.size()
          if temp_stash_usage > max_stashed_blocks:
            max_stashed_blocks = temp_stash_usage

        self.touched_src_ranges = self.touched_src_ranges.union(xf.src_ranges)

        out.append("%s %d %d %s %s %s %s\n" % (
            xf.style,
            xf.patch_start, xf.patch_len,
            xf.src_sha1,
            xf.tgt_sha1,
            xf.tgt_ranges.to_string_raw(), src_str))
        total += tgt_size
      elif xf.style == "zero":
        assert xf.tgt_ranges
        to_zero = xf.tgt_ranges.subtract(xf.src_ranges)
        assert WriteSplitTransfers(out, xf.style, to_zero) == to_zero.size()
        total += to_zero.size()
      else:
        raise ValueError("unknown transfer style '%s'\n" % xf.style)

      if free_string:
        out.append("".join(free_string))
        stashed_blocks -= free_size

      if common.OPTIONS.cache_size is not None:
        # Sanity check: abort if we're going to need more stash space than
        # the allowed size (cache_size * threshold). There are two purposes
        # of having a threshold here. a) Part of the cache may have been
        # occupied by some recovery logs. b) It will buy us some time to deal
        # with the oversize issue.
        cache_size = common.OPTIONS.cache_size
        stash_threshold = common.OPTIONS.stash_threshold
        max_allowed = cache_size * stash_threshold
        assert max_stashed_blocks * self.tgt.blocksize <= max_allowed, \
               'Stash size %d (%d * %d) exceeds the limit %d (%d * %.2f)' % (
                   max_stashed_blocks * self.tgt.blocksize, max_stashed_blocks,
                   self.tgt.blocksize, max_allowed, cache_size,
                   stash_threshold)

    self.touched_src_sha1 = self.src.RangeSha1(self.touched_src_ranges)

    # Zero out extended blocks as a workaround for bug 20881595.
    if self.tgt.extended:
      assert (WriteSplitTransfers(out, "zero", self.tgt.extended) ==
              self.tgt.extended.size())
      total += self.tgt.extended.size()

    # We erase all the blocks on the partition that a) don't contain useful
    # data in the new image; b) will not be touched by dm-verity. Out of those
    # blocks, we erase the ones that won't be used in this update at the
    # beginning of an update. The rest would be erased at the end. This is to
    # work around the eMMC issue observed on some devices, which may otherwise
    # get starving for clean blocks and thus fail the update. (b/28347095)
    all_tgt = RangeSet(data=(0, self.tgt.total_blocks))
    all_tgt_minus_extended = all_tgt.subtract(self.tgt.extended)
    new_dontcare = all_tgt_minus_extended.subtract(self.tgt.care_map)

    erase_first = new_dontcare.subtract(self.touched_src_ranges)
    if erase_first:
      out.insert(0, "erase %s\n" % (erase_first.to_string_raw(),))

    erase_last = new_dontcare.subtract(erase_first)
    if erase_last:
      out.append("erase %s\n" % (erase_last.to_string_raw(),))

    out.insert(0, "%d\n" % (self.version,))   # format version number
    out.insert(1, "%d\n" % (total,))
    # v3+: the number of stash slots is unused.
    out.insert(2, "0\n")
    out.insert(3, str(max_stashed_blocks) + "\n")

    with open(prefix + ".transfer.list", "wb") as f:
      for i in out:
        f.write(i)

    self._max_stashed_size = max_stashed_blocks * self.tgt.blocksize
    OPTIONS = common.OPTIONS
    if OPTIONS.cache_size is not None:
      max_allowed = OPTIONS.cache_size * OPTIONS.stash_threshold
      print("max stashed blocks: %d  (%d bytes), "
            "limit: %d bytes (%.2f%%)\n" % (
            max_stashed_blocks, self._max_stashed_size, max_allowed,
            self._max_stashed_size * 100.0 / max_allowed))
    else:
      print("max stashed blocks: %d  (%d bytes), limit: <unknown>\n" % (
            max_stashed_blocks, self._max_stashed_size))

  def ReviseStashSize(self):
    print("Revising stash size...")
    stash_map = {}

    # Create the map between a stash and its def/use points. For example, for a
    # given stash of (raw_id, sr), stash_map[raw_id] = (sr, def_cmd, use_cmd).
    for xf in self.transfers:
      # Command xf defines (stores) all the stashes in stash_before.
      for stash_raw_id, sr in xf.stash_before:
        stash_map[stash_raw_id] = (sr, xf)

      # Record all the stashes command xf uses.
      for stash_raw_id, _ in xf.use_stash:
        stash_map[stash_raw_id] += (xf,)

    # Compute the maximum blocks available for stash based on /cache size and
    # the threshold.
    cache_size = common.OPTIONS.cache_size
    stash_threshold = common.OPTIONS.stash_threshold
    max_allowed = cache_size * stash_threshold / self.tgt.blocksize

    # See the comments for 'stashes' in WriteTransfers().
    stashes = {}
    stashed_blocks = 0
    new_blocks = 0

    # Now go through all the commands. Compute the required stash size on the
    # fly. If a command requires excess stash than available, it deletes the
    # stash by replacing the command that uses the stash with a "new" command
    # instead.
    for xf in self.transfers:
      replaced_cmds = []

      # xf.stash_before generates explicit stash commands.
      for stash_raw_id, sr in xf.stash_before:
        # Check the post-command stashed_blocks.
        stashed_blocks_after = stashed_blocks
        sh = self.src.RangeSha1(sr)
        if sh not in stashes:
          stashed_blocks_after += sr.size()

        if stashed_blocks_after > max_allowed:
          # We cannot stash this one for a later command. Find out the command
          # that will use this stash and replace the command with "new".
          use_cmd = stash_map[stash_raw_id][2]
          replaced_cmds.append(use_cmd)
          print("%10d  %9s  %s" % (sr.size(), "explicit", use_cmd))
        else:
          # Update the stashes map.
          if sh in stashes:
            stashes[sh] += 1
          else:
            stashes[sh] = 1
          stashed_blocks = stashed_blocks_after

      # "move" and "diff" may introduce implicit stashes in BBOTA v3. Prior to
      # ComputePatches(), they both have the style of "diff".
      if xf.style == "diff":
        assert xf.tgt_ranges and xf.src_ranges
        if xf.src_ranges.overlaps(xf.tgt_ranges):
          if stashed_blocks + xf.src_ranges.size() > max_allowed:
            replaced_cmds.append(xf)
            print("%10d  %9s  %s" % (xf.src_ranges.size(), "implicit", xf))

      # Replace the commands in replaced_cmds with "new"s.
      for cmd in replaced_cmds:
        # It no longer uses any commands in "use_stash". Remove the def points
        # for all those stashes.
        for stash_raw_id, sr in cmd.use_stash:
          def_cmd = stash_map[stash_raw_id][1]
          assert (stash_raw_id, sr) in def_cmd.stash_before
          def_cmd.stash_before.remove((stash_raw_id, sr))

        # Add up blocks that violates space limit and print total number to
        # screen later.
        new_blocks += cmd.tgt_ranges.size()
        cmd.ConvertToNew()

      # xf.use_stash may generate free commands.
      for _, sr in xf.use_stash:
        sh = self.src.RangeSha1(sr)
        assert sh in stashes
        stashes[sh] -= 1
        if stashes[sh] == 0:
          stashed_blocks -= sr.size()
          stashes.pop(sh)

    num_of_bytes = new_blocks * self.tgt.blocksize
    print("  Total %d blocks (%d bytes) are packed as new blocks due to "
          "insufficient cache size." % (new_blocks, num_of_bytes))
    return new_blocks

  def ComputePatches(self, prefix):
    print("Reticulating splines...")
    diff_queue = []
    patch_num = 0
    with open(prefix + ".new.dat", "wb") as new_f:
      for index, xf in enumerate(self.transfers):
        if xf.style == "zero":
          tgt_size = xf.tgt_ranges.size() * self.tgt.blocksize
          print("%10d %10d (%6.2f%%) %7s %s %s" % (
              tgt_size, tgt_size, 100.0, xf.style, xf.tgt_name,
              str(xf.tgt_ranges)))

        elif xf.style == "new":
          self.tgt.WriteRangeDataToFd(xf.tgt_ranges, new_f)
          tgt_size = xf.tgt_ranges.size() * self.tgt.blocksize
          print("%10d %10d (%6.2f%%) %7s %s %s" % (
              tgt_size, tgt_size, 100.0, xf.style,
              xf.tgt_name, str(xf.tgt_ranges)))

        elif xf.style == "diff":
          # We can't compare src and tgt directly because they may have
          # the same content but be broken up into blocks differently, eg:
          #
          #    ["he", "llo"]  vs  ["h", "ello"]
          #
          # We want those to compare equal, ideally without having to
          # actually concatenate the strings (these may be tens of
          # megabytes).
          if xf.src_sha1 == xf.tgt_sha1:
            # These are identical; we don't need to generate a patch,
            # just issue copy commands on the device.
            xf.style = "move"
            xf.patch = None
            tgt_size = xf.tgt_ranges.size() * self.tgt.blocksize
            if xf.src_ranges != xf.tgt_ranges:
              print("%10d %10d (%6.2f%%) %7s %s %s (from %s)" % (
                  tgt_size, tgt_size, 100.0, xf.style,
                  xf.tgt_name if xf.tgt_name == xf.src_name else (
                      xf.tgt_name + " (from " + xf.src_name + ")"),
                  str(xf.tgt_ranges), str(xf.src_ranges)))
          else:
            if xf.patch:
              # We have already generated the patch with imgdiff. Check if the
              # transfer is intact.
              assert not self.disable_imgdiff
              imgdiff = True
              if not xf.intact:
                imgdiff = False
                xf.patch = None
            else:
              # For files in zip format (eg, APKs, JARs, etc.) we would
              # like to use imgdiff -z if possible (because it usually
              # produces significantly smaller patches than bsdiff).
              # This is permissible if:
              #
              #  - imgdiff is not disabled, and
              #  - the source and target files are monotonic (ie, the
              #    data is stored with blocks in increasing order), and
              #  - we haven't removed any blocks from the source set.
              #
              # If these conditions are satisfied then appending all the
              # blocks in the set together in order will produce a valid
              # zip file (plus possibly extra zeros in the last block),
              # which is what imgdiff needs to operate.  (imgdiff is
              # fine with extra zeros at the end of the file.)
              imgdiff = (not self.disable_imgdiff and xf.intact and
                         xf.tgt_name.split(".")[-1].lower()
                         in ("apk", "jar", "zip"))
            xf.style = "imgdiff" if imgdiff else "bsdiff"
            diff_queue.append((index, imgdiff, patch_num))
            patch_num += 1

        else:
          assert False, "unknown style " + xf.style

    if diff_queue:
      if self.threads > 1:
        print("Computing patches (using %d threads)..." % (self.threads,))
      else:
        print("Computing patches...")

      diff_total = len(diff_queue)
      patches = [None] * diff_total
      error_messages = []
      warning_messages = []
      if sys.stdout.isatty():
        global diff_done
        diff_done = 0

      # Using multiprocessing doesn't give additional benefits, due to the
      # pattern of the code. The diffing work is done by subprocess.call, which
      # already runs in a separate process (not affected much by the GIL -
      # Global Interpreter Lock). Using multiprocess also requires either a)
      # writing the diff input files in the main process before forking, or b)
      # reopening the image file (SparseImage) in the worker processes. Doing
      # neither of them further improves the performance.
      lock = threading.Lock()
      def diff_worker():
        while True:
          with lock:
            if not diff_queue:
              return
            xf_index, imgdiff, patch_index = diff_queue.pop()

          xf = self.transfers[xf_index]
          patch = xf.patch
          if not patch:
            src_ranges = xf.src_ranges
            tgt_ranges = xf.tgt_ranges

            # Needs lock since WriteRangeDataToFd() is stateful (calling seek).
            with lock:
              src_file = common.MakeTempFile(prefix="src-")
              with open(src_file, "wb") as fd:
                self.src.WriteRangeDataToFd(src_ranges, fd)

              tgt_file = common.MakeTempFile(prefix="tgt-")
              with open(tgt_file, "wb") as fd:
                self.tgt.WriteRangeDataToFd(tgt_ranges, fd)

            message = []
            try:
              patch = compute_patch(src_file, tgt_file, imgdiff)
            except ValueError as e:
              message.append(
                  "Failed to generate %s for %s: tgt=%s, src=%s:\n%s" % (
                  "imgdiff" if imgdiff else "bsdiff",
                  xf.tgt_name if xf.tgt_name == xf.src_name else
                      xf.tgt_name + " (from " + xf.src_name + ")",
                  xf.tgt_ranges, xf.src_ranges, e.message))
              # TODO(b/68016761): Better handle the holes in mke2fs created
              # images.
              if imgdiff:
                try:
                  patch = compute_patch(src_file, tgt_file, imgdiff=False)
                  message.append(
                      "Fell back and generated with bsdiff instead for %s" % (
                      xf.tgt_name,))
                  xf.style = "bsdiff"
                  with lock:
                    warning_messages.extend(message)
                  del message[:]
                except ValueError as e:
                  message.append(
                      "Also failed to generate with bsdiff for %s:\n%s" % (
                      xf.tgt_name, e.message))

            if message:
              with lock:
                error_messages.extend(message)

          with lock:
            patches[patch_index] = (xf_index, patch)
            if sys.stdout.isatty():
              global diff_done
              diff_done += 1
              progress = diff_done * 100 / diff_total
              # '\033[K' is to clear to EOL.
              print(' [%d%%] %s\033[K' % (progress, xf.tgt_name), end='\r')
              sys.stdout.flush()

      threads = [threading.Thread(target=diff_worker)
                 for _ in range(self.threads)]
      for th in threads:
        th.start()
      while threads:
        threads.pop().join()

      if sys.stdout.isatty():
        print('\n')

      if warning_messages:
        print('WARNING:')
        print('\n'.join(warning_messages))
        print('\n\n\n')

      if error_messages:
        print('ERROR:')
        print('\n'.join(error_messages))
        print('\n\n\n')
        sys.exit(1)
    else:
      patches = []

    offset = 0
    with open(prefix + ".patch.dat", "wb") as patch_fd:
      for index, patch in patches:
        xf = self.transfers[index]
        xf.patch_len = len(patch)
        xf.patch_start = offset
        offset += xf.patch_len
        patch_fd.write(patch)

        if common.OPTIONS.verbose:
          tgt_size = xf.tgt_ranges.size() * self.tgt.blocksize
          print("%10d %10d (%6.2f%%) %7s %s %s %s" % (
                xf.patch_len, tgt_size, xf.patch_len * 100.0 / tgt_size,
                xf.style,
                xf.tgt_name if xf.tgt_name == xf.src_name else (
                    xf.tgt_name + " (from " + xf.src_name + ")"),
                xf.tgt_ranges, xf.src_ranges))

  def AssertSequenceGood(self):
    # Simulate the sequences of transfers we will output, and check that:
    # - we never read a block after writing it, and
    # - we write every block we care about exactly once.

    # Start with no blocks having been touched yet.
    touched = array.array("B", "\0" * self.tgt.total_blocks)

    # Imagine processing the transfers in order.
    for xf in self.transfers:
      # Check that the input blocks for this transfer haven't yet been touched.

      x = xf.src_ranges
      for _, sr in xf.use_stash:
        x = x.subtract(sr)

      for s, e in x:
        # Source image could be larger. Don't check the blocks that are in the
        # source image only. Since they are not in 'touched', and won't ever
        # be touched.
        for i in range(s, min(e, self.tgt.total_blocks)):
          assert touched[i] == 0

      # Check that the output blocks for this transfer haven't yet
      # been touched, and touch all the blocks written by this
      # transfer.
      for s, e in xf.tgt_ranges:
        for i in range(s, e):
          assert touched[i] == 0
          touched[i] = 1

    # Check that we've written every target block.
    for s, e in self.tgt.care_map:
      for i in range(s, e):
        assert touched[i] == 1

  def ImproveVertexSequence(self):
    print("Improving vertex order...")

    # At this point our digraph is acyclic; we reversed any edges that
    # were backwards in the heuristically-generated sequence.  The
    # previously-generated order is still acceptable, but we hope to
    # find a better order that needs less memory for stashed data.
    # Now we do a topological sort to generate a new vertex order,
    # using a greedy algorithm to choose which vertex goes next
    # whenever we have a choice.

    # Make a copy of the edge set; this copy will get destroyed by the
    # algorithm.
    for xf in self.transfers:
      xf.incoming = xf.goes_after.copy()
      xf.outgoing = xf.goes_before.copy()

    L = []   # the new vertex order

    # S is the set of sources in the remaining graph; we always choose
    # the one that leaves the least amount of stashed data after it's
    # executed.
    S = [(u.NetStashChange(), u.order, u) for u in self.transfers
         if not u.incoming]
    heapq.heapify(S)

    while S:
      _, _, xf = heapq.heappop(S)
      L.append(xf)
      for u in xf.outgoing:
        del u.incoming[xf]
        if not u.incoming:
          heapq.heappush(S, (u.NetStashChange(), u.order, u))

    # if this fails then our graph had a cycle.
    assert len(L) == len(self.transfers)

    self.transfers = L
    for i, xf in enumerate(L):
      xf.order = i

  def RemoveBackwardEdges(self):
    print("Removing backward edges...")
    in_order = 0
    out_of_order = 0
    lost_source = 0

    for xf in self.transfers:
      lost = 0
      size = xf.src_ranges.size()
      for u in xf.goes_before:
        # xf should go before u
        if xf.order < u.order:
          # it does, hurray!
          in_order += 1
        else:
          # it doesn't, boo.  trim the blocks that u writes from xf's
          # source, so that xf can go after u.
          out_of_order += 1
          assert xf.src_ranges.overlaps(u.tgt_ranges)
          xf.src_ranges = xf.src_ranges.subtract(u.tgt_ranges)
          xf.intact = False

      if xf.style == "diff" and not xf.src_ranges:
        # nothing left to diff from; treat as new data
        xf.style = "new"

      lost = size - xf.src_ranges.size()
      lost_source += lost

    print(("  %d/%d dependencies (%.2f%%) were violated; "
           "%d source blocks removed.") %
          (out_of_order, in_order + out_of_order,
           (out_of_order * 100.0 / (in_order + out_of_order))
           if (in_order + out_of_order) else 0.0,
           lost_source))

  def ReverseBackwardEdges(self):
    """Reverse unsatisfying edges and compute pairs of stashed blocks.

    For each transfer, make sure it properly stashes the blocks it touches and
    will be used by later transfers. It uses pairs of (stash_raw_id, range) to
    record the blocks to be stashed. 'stash_raw_id' is an id that uniquely
    identifies each pair. Note that for the same range (e.g. RangeSet("1-5")),
    it is possible to have multiple pairs with different 'stash_raw_id's. Each
    'stash_raw_id' will be consumed by one transfer. In BBOTA v3+, identical
    blocks will be written to the same stash slot in WriteTransfers().
    """

    print("Reversing backward edges...")
    in_order = 0
    out_of_order = 0
    stash_raw_id = 0
    stash_size = 0

    for xf in self.transfers:
      for u in xf.goes_before.copy():
        # xf should go before u
        if xf.order < u.order:
          # it does, hurray!
          in_order += 1
        else:
          # it doesn't, boo.  modify u to stash the blocks that it
          # writes that xf wants to read, and then require u to go
          # before xf.
          out_of_order += 1

          overlap = xf.src_ranges.intersect(u.tgt_ranges)
          assert overlap

          u.stash_before.append((stash_raw_id, overlap))
          xf.use_stash.append((stash_raw_id, overlap))
          stash_raw_id += 1
          stash_size += overlap.size()

          # reverse the edge direction; now xf must go after u
          del xf.goes_before[u]
          del u.goes_after[xf]
          xf.goes_after[u] = None    # value doesn't matter
          u.goes_before[xf] = None

    print(("  %d/%d dependencies (%.2f%%) were violated; "
           "%d source blocks stashed.") %
          (out_of_order, in_order + out_of_order,
           (out_of_order * 100.0 / (in_order + out_of_order))
           if (in_order + out_of_order) else 0.0,
           stash_size))

  def FindVertexSequence(self):
    print("Finding vertex sequence...")

    # This is based on "A Fast & Effective Heuristic for the Feedback
    # Arc Set Problem" by P. Eades, X. Lin, and W.F. Smyth.  Think of
    # it as starting with the digraph G and moving all the vertices to
    # be on a horizontal line in some order, trying to minimize the
    # number of edges that end up pointing to the left.  Left-pointing
    # edges will get removed to turn the digraph into a DAG.  In this
    # case each edge has a weight which is the number of source blocks
    # we'll lose if that edge is removed; we try to minimize the total
    # weight rather than just the number of edges.

    # Make a copy of the edge set; this copy will get destroyed by the
    # algorithm.
    for xf in self.transfers:
      xf.incoming = xf.goes_after.copy()
      xf.outgoing = xf.goes_before.copy()
      xf.score = sum(xf.outgoing.values()) - sum(xf.incoming.values())

    # We use an OrderedDict instead of just a set so that the output
    # is repeatable; otherwise it would depend on the hash values of
    # the transfer objects.
    G = OrderedDict()
    for xf in self.transfers:
      G[xf] = None
    s1 = deque()  # the left side of the sequence, built from left to right
    s2 = deque()  # the right side of the sequence, built from right to left

    heap = []
    for xf in self.transfers:
      xf.heap_item = HeapItem(xf)
      heap.append(xf.heap_item)
    heapq.heapify(heap)

    # Use OrderedDict() instead of set() to preserve the insertion order. Need
    # to use 'sinks[key] = None' to add key into the set. sinks will look like
    # { key1: None, key2: None, ... }.
    sinks = OrderedDict.fromkeys(u for u in G if not u.outgoing)
    sources = OrderedDict.fromkeys(u for u in G if not u.incoming)

    def adjust_score(iu, delta):
      iu.score += delta
      iu.heap_item.clear()
      iu.heap_item = HeapItem(iu)
      heapq.heappush(heap, iu.heap_item)

    while G:
      # Put all sinks at the end of the sequence.
      while sinks:
        new_sinks = OrderedDict()
        for u in sinks:
          if u not in G: continue
          s2.appendleft(u)
          del G[u]
          for iu in u.incoming:
            adjust_score(iu, -iu.outgoing.pop(u))
            if not iu.outgoing:
              new_sinks[iu] = None
        sinks = new_sinks

      # Put all the sources at the beginning of the sequence.
      while sources:
        new_sources = OrderedDict()
        for u in sources:
          if u not in G: continue
          s1.append(u)
          del G[u]
          for iu in u.outgoing:
            adjust_score(iu, +iu.incoming.pop(u))
            if not iu.incoming:
              new_sources[iu] = None
        sources = new_sources

      if not G: break

      # Find the "best" vertex to put next.  "Best" is the one that
      # maximizes the net difference in source blocks saved we get by
      # pretending it's a source rather than a sink.

      while True:
        u = heapq.heappop(heap)
        if u and u.item in G:
          u = u.item
          break

      s1.append(u)
      del G[u]
      for iu in u.outgoing:
        adjust_score(iu, +iu.incoming.pop(u))
        if not iu.incoming:
          sources[iu] = None

      for iu in u.incoming:
        adjust_score(iu, -iu.outgoing.pop(u))
        if not iu.outgoing:
          sinks[iu] = None

    # Now record the sequence in the 'order' field of each transfer,
    # and by rearranging self.transfers to be in the chosen sequence.

    new_transfers = []
    for x in itertools.chain(s1, s2):
      x.order = len(new_transfers)
      new_transfers.append(x)
      del x.incoming
      del x.outgoing

    self.transfers = new_transfers

  def GenerateDigraph(self):
    print("Generating digraph...")

    # Each item of source_ranges will be:
    #   - None, if that block is not used as a source,
    #   - an ordered set of transfers.
    source_ranges = []
    for b in self.transfers:
      for s, e in b.src_ranges:
        if e > len(source_ranges):
          source_ranges.extend([None] * (e-len(source_ranges)))
        for i in range(s, e):
          if source_ranges[i] is None:
            source_ranges[i] = OrderedDict.fromkeys([b])
          else:
            source_ranges[i][b] = None

    for a in self.transfers:
      intersections = OrderedDict()
      for s, e in a.tgt_ranges:
        for i in range(s, e):
          if i >= len(source_ranges): break
          # Add all the Transfers in source_ranges[i] to the (ordered) set.
          if source_ranges[i] is not None:
            for j in source_ranges[i]:
              intersections[j] = None

      for b in intersections:
        if a is b: continue

        # If the blocks written by A are read by B, then B needs to go before A.
        i = a.tgt_ranges.intersect(b.src_ranges)
        if i:
          if b.src_name == "__ZERO":
            # the cost of removing source blocks for the __ZERO domain
            # is (nearly) zero.
            size = 0
          else:
            size = i.size()
          b.goes_before[a] = size
          a.goes_after[b] = size

  def FindTransfers(self):
    """Parse the file_map to generate all the transfers."""

    def AddSplitTransfers(tgt_name, src_name, tgt_ranges, src_ranges, style,
                          by_id):
      """Add one or multiple Transfer()s by splitting large files."""
      pieces = 0
      while (tgt_ranges.size() > max_blocks_per_transfer and
             src_ranges.size() > max_blocks_per_transfer):
        tgt_split_name = "%s-%d" % (tgt_name, pieces)
        src_split_name = "%s-%d" % (src_name, pieces)
        tgt_first = tgt_ranges.first(max_blocks_per_transfer)
        src_first = src_ranges.first(max_blocks_per_transfer)

        Transfer(tgt_split_name, src_split_name, tgt_first, src_first,
                 self.tgt.RangeSha1(tgt_first), self.src.RangeSha1(src_first),
                 style, by_id)

        tgt_ranges = tgt_ranges.subtract(tgt_first)
        src_ranges = src_ranges.subtract(src_first)
        pieces += 1

      # Handle remaining blocks.
      if tgt_ranges.size() or src_ranges.size():
        # Must be both non-empty.
        assert tgt_ranges.size() and src_ranges.size()
        tgt_split_name = "%s-%d" % (tgt_name, pieces)
        src_split_name = "%s-%d" % (src_name, pieces)
        Transfer(tgt_split_name, src_split_name, tgt_ranges, src_ranges,
                 self.tgt.RangeSha1(tgt_ranges), self.src.RangeSha1(src_ranges),
                 style, by_id)

    def FindZipsAndAddSplitTransfers(tgt_name, src_name, tgt_ranges,
                                     src_ranges, style, by_id):
      """Find all the zip archives and add split transfers for the other files.

      For BBOTA v3, we need to stash source blocks for resumable feature.
      However, with the growth of file size and the shrink of the cache
      partition source blocks are too large to be stashed. If a file occupies
      too many blocks, we split it into smaller pieces by getting multiple
      Transfer()s.

      The downside is that after splitting, we may increase the package size
      since the split pieces don't align well. According to our experiments,
      1/8 of the cache size as the per-piece limit appears to be optimal.
      Compared to the fixed 1024-block limit, it reduces the overall package
      size by 30% for volantis, and 20% for angler and bullhead."""

      assert style == "diff"

      # Change nothing for small files.
      if (tgt_ranges.size() <= max_blocks_per_transfer and
          src_ranges.size() <= max_blocks_per_transfer):
        Transfer(tgt_name, src_name, tgt_ranges, src_ranges,
                 self.tgt.RangeSha1(tgt_ranges), self.src.RangeSha1(src_ranges),
                 style, by_id)
        return

      if tgt_name.split(".")[-1].lower() in ("apk", "jar", "zip"):
        split_enable = (not self.disable_imgdiff and src_ranges.monotonic and
                        tgt_ranges.monotonic)
        if split_enable and (self.tgt.RangeSha1(tgt_ranges) !=
                             self.src.RangeSha1(src_ranges)):
          large_apks.append((tgt_name, src_name, tgt_ranges, src_ranges))
          return

      AddSplitTransfers(tgt_name, src_name, tgt_ranges, src_ranges,
                        style, by_id)

    def AddTransfer(tgt_name, src_name, tgt_ranges, src_ranges, style, by_id,
                    split=False):
      """Wrapper function for adding a Transfer()."""

      # We specialize diff transfers only (which covers bsdiff/imgdiff/move);
      # otherwise add the Transfer() as is.
      if style != "diff" or not split:
        Transfer(tgt_name, src_name, tgt_ranges, src_ranges,
                 self.tgt.RangeSha1(tgt_ranges), self.src.RangeSha1(src_ranges),
                 style, by_id)
        return

      # Handle .odex files specially to analyze the block-wise difference. If
      # most of the blocks are identical with only few changes (e.g. header),
      # we will patch the changed blocks only. This avoids stashing unchanged
      # blocks while patching. We limit the analysis to files without size
      # changes only. This is to avoid sacrificing the OTA generation cost too
      # much.
      if (tgt_name.split(".")[-1].lower() == 'odex' and
          tgt_ranges.size() == src_ranges.size()):

        # 0.5 threshold can be further tuned. The tradeoff is: if only very
        # few blocks remain identical, we lose the opportunity to use imgdiff
        # that may have better compression ratio than bsdiff.
        crop_threshold = 0.5

        tgt_skipped = RangeSet()
        src_skipped = RangeSet()
        tgt_size = tgt_ranges.size()
        tgt_changed = 0
        for src_block, tgt_block in zip(src_ranges.next_item(),
                                        tgt_ranges.next_item()):
          src_rs = RangeSet(str(src_block))
          tgt_rs = RangeSet(str(tgt_block))
          if self.src.ReadRangeSet(src_rs) == self.tgt.ReadRangeSet(tgt_rs):
            tgt_skipped = tgt_skipped.union(tgt_rs)
            src_skipped = src_skipped.union(src_rs)
          else:
            tgt_changed += tgt_rs.size()

          # Terminate early if no clear sign of benefits.
          if tgt_changed > tgt_size * crop_threshold:
            break

        if tgt_changed < tgt_size * crop_threshold:
          assert tgt_changed + tgt_skipped.size() == tgt_size
          print('%10d %10d (%6.2f%%) %s' % (tgt_skipped.size(), tgt_size,
                tgt_skipped.size() * 100.0 / tgt_size, tgt_name))
          FindZipsAndAddSplitTransfers(
              "%s-skipped" % (tgt_name,),
              "%s-skipped" % (src_name,),
              tgt_skipped, src_skipped, style, by_id)

          # Intentionally change the file extension to avoid being imgdiff'd as
          # the files are no longer in their original format.
          tgt_name = "%s-cropped" % (tgt_name,)
          src_name = "%s-cropped" % (src_name,)
          tgt_ranges = tgt_ranges.subtract(tgt_skipped)
          src_ranges = src_ranges.subtract(src_skipped)

          # Possibly having no changed blocks.
          if not tgt_ranges:
            return

      # Add the transfer(s).
      FindZipsAndAddSplitTransfers(
          tgt_name, src_name, tgt_ranges, src_ranges, style, by_id)

    def ParseAndValidateSplitInfo(patch_size, tgt_ranges, src_ranges,
                                  split_info):
      """Parse the split_info and return a list of info tuples.

      Args:
        patch_size: total size of the patch file.
        tgt_ranges: Ranges of the target file within the original image.
        src_ranges: Ranges of the source file within the original image.
        split_info format:
          imgdiff version#
          count of pieces
          <patch_size_1> <tgt_size_1> <src_ranges_1>
          ...
          <patch_size_n> <tgt_size_n> <src_ranges_n>

      Returns:
        [patch_start, patch_len, split_tgt_ranges, split_src_ranges]
      """

      version = int(split_info[0])
      assert version == 2
      count = int(split_info[1])
      assert len(split_info) - 2 == count

      split_info_list = []
      patch_start = 0
      tgt_remain = copy.deepcopy(tgt_ranges)
      # each line has the format <patch_size>, <tgt_size>, <src_ranges>
      for line in split_info[2:]:
        info = line.split()
        assert len(info) == 3
        patch_length = int(info[0])

        split_tgt_size = int(info[1])
        assert split_tgt_size % 4096 == 0
        assert split_tgt_size / 4096 <= tgt_remain.size()
        split_tgt_ranges = tgt_remain.first(split_tgt_size / 4096)
        tgt_remain = tgt_remain.subtract(split_tgt_ranges)

        # Find the split_src_ranges within the image file from its relative
        # position in file.
        split_src_indices = RangeSet.parse_raw(info[2])
        split_src_ranges = RangeSet()
        for r in split_src_indices:
          curr_range = src_ranges.first(r[1]).subtract(src_ranges.first(r[0]))
          assert not split_src_ranges.overlaps(curr_range)
          split_src_ranges = split_src_ranges.union(curr_range)

        split_info_list.append((patch_start, patch_length,
                                split_tgt_ranges, split_src_ranges))
        patch_start += patch_length

      # Check that the sizes of all the split pieces add up to the final file
      # size for patch and target.
      assert tgt_remain.size() == 0
      assert patch_start == patch_size
      return split_info_list

    def AddSplitTransferForLargeApks():
      """Create split transfers for large apk files.

      Example: Chrome.apk will be split into
        src-0: Chrome.apk-0, tgt-0: Chrome.apk-0
        src-1: Chrome.apk-1, tgt-1: Chrome.apk-1
        ...

      After the split, the target pieces are continuous and block aligned; and
      the source pieces are mutually exclusive. During the split, we also
      generate and save the image patch between src-X & tgt-X. This patch will
      be valid because the block ranges of src-X & tgt-X will always stay the
      same afterwards; but there's a chance we don't use the patch if we
      convert the "diff" command into "new" or "move" later.
      """

      while True:
        with transfer_lock:
          if not large_apks:
            return
          tgt_name, src_name, tgt_ranges, src_ranges = large_apks.pop(0)

        src_file = common.MakeTempFile(prefix="src-")
        tgt_file = common.MakeTempFile(prefix="tgt-")
        with transfer_lock:
          with open(src_file, "wb") as src_fd:
            self.src.WriteRangeDataToFd(src_ranges, src_fd)
          with open(tgt_file, "wb") as tgt_fd:
            self.tgt.WriteRangeDataToFd(tgt_ranges, tgt_fd)

        patch_file = common.MakeTempFile(prefix="patch-")
        patch_info_file = common.MakeTempFile(prefix="split_info-")
        cmd = ["imgdiff", "-z",
               "--block-limit={}".format(max_blocks_per_transfer),
               "--split-info=" + patch_info_file,
               src_file, tgt_file, patch_file]
        p = common.Run(cmd, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
        p.communicate()
        if p.returncode != 0:
          print("Failed to create patch between {} and {},"
                " falling back to bsdiff".format(src_name, tgt_name))
          with transfer_lock:
            AddSplitTransfers(tgt_name, src_name, tgt_ranges, src_ranges,
                              "diff", self.transfers)
          continue

        with open(patch_info_file) as patch_info:
          lines = patch_info.readlines()

        patch_size_total = os.path.getsize(patch_file)
        split_info_list = ParseAndValidateSplitInfo(patch_size_total,
                                                    tgt_ranges, src_ranges,
                                                    lines)
        for index, (patch_start, patch_length, split_tgt_ranges,
            split_src_ranges) in enumerate(split_info_list):
          with open(patch_file) as f:
            f.seek(patch_start)
            patch_content = f.read(patch_length)

          split_src_name = "{}-{}".format(src_name, index)
          split_tgt_name = "{}-{}".format(tgt_name, index)
          transfer_split = Transfer(split_tgt_name, split_src_name,
                                    split_tgt_ranges, split_src_ranges,
                                    self.tgt.RangeSha1(split_tgt_ranges),
                                    self.src.RangeSha1(split_src_ranges),
                                    "diff", self.transfers)
          transfer_split.patch = patch_content

    print("Finding transfers...")

    large_apks = []
    cache_size = common.OPTIONS.cache_size
    split_threshold = 0.125
    max_blocks_per_transfer = int(cache_size * split_threshold /
                                  self.tgt.blocksize)
    empty = RangeSet()
    for tgt_fn, tgt_ranges in self.tgt.file_map.items():
      if tgt_fn == "__ZERO":
        # the special "__ZERO" domain is all the blocks not contained
        # in any file and that are filled with zeros.  We have a
        # special transfer style for zero blocks.
        src_ranges = self.src.file_map.get("__ZERO", empty)
        AddTransfer(tgt_fn, "__ZERO", tgt_ranges, src_ranges,
                    "zero", self.transfers)
        continue

      elif tgt_fn == "__COPY":
        # "__COPY" domain includes all the blocks not contained in any
        # file and that need to be copied unconditionally to the target.
        AddTransfer(tgt_fn, None, tgt_ranges, empty, "new", self.transfers)
        continue

      elif tgt_fn in self.src.file_map:
        # Look for an exact pathname match in the source.
        AddTransfer(tgt_fn, tgt_fn, tgt_ranges, self.src.file_map[tgt_fn],
                    "diff", self.transfers, True)
        continue

      b = os.path.basename(tgt_fn)
      if b in self.src_basenames:
        # Look for an exact basename match in the source.
        src_fn = self.src_basenames[b]
        AddTransfer(tgt_fn, src_fn, tgt_ranges, self.src.file_map[src_fn],
                    "diff", self.transfers, True)
        continue

      b = re.sub("[0-9]+", "#", b)
      if b in self.src_numpatterns:
        # Look for a 'number pattern' match (a basename match after
        # all runs of digits are replaced by "#").  (This is useful
        # for .so files that contain version numbers in the filename
        # that get bumped.)
        src_fn = self.src_numpatterns[b]
        AddTransfer(tgt_fn, src_fn, tgt_ranges, self.src.file_map[src_fn],
                    "diff", self.transfers, True)
        continue

      AddTransfer(tgt_fn, None, tgt_ranges, empty, "new", self.transfers)

    transfer_lock = threading.Lock()
    threads = [threading.Thread(target=AddSplitTransferForLargeApks)
               for _ in range(self.threads)]
    for th in threads:
      th.start()
    while threads:
      threads.pop().join()

  def AbbreviateSourceNames(self):
    for k in self.src.file_map.keys():
      b = os.path.basename(k)
      self.src_basenames[b] = k
      b = re.sub("[0-9]+", "#", b)
      self.src_numpatterns[b] = k

  @staticmethod
  def AssertPartition(total, seq):
    """Assert that all the RangeSets in 'seq' form a partition of the
    'total' RangeSet (ie, they are nonintersecting and their union
    equals 'total')."""

    so_far = RangeSet()
    for i in seq:
      assert not so_far.overlaps(i)
      so_far = so_far.union(i)
    assert so_far == total