diff --git a/Android.bp b/Android.bp
index 1c0ed17..fa8f249 100644
--- a/Android.bp
+++ b/Android.bp
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+package {
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
+}
+
 cc_defaults {
     name: "vold_default_flags",
 
@@ -90,7 +94,7 @@
         export_aidl_headers: true,
     },
     whole_static_libs: [
-        "libincremental_aidl-unstable-cpp",
+        "libincremental_aidl-cpp",
     ],
 }
 
@@ -149,12 +153,22 @@
         "model/VolumeEncryption.cpp",
     ],
     product_variables: {
+        arc: {
+            exclude_srcs: [
+                "model/StubVolume.cpp",
+            ],
+            static_libs: [
+                "libarcvolume",
+            ],
+        },
         debuggable: {
             cppflags: ["-D__ANDROID_DEBUGGABLE__"],
         },
     },
     shared_libs: [
         "android.hardware.health.storage@1.0",
+        "android.hardware.health.storage-V1-ndk_platform",
+        "libbinder_ndk",
     ],
     whole_static_libs: [
         "com.android.sysprop.apex",
@@ -184,7 +198,20 @@
 
     shared_libs: [
         "android.hardware.health.storage@1.0",
+        "android.hardware.health.storage-V1-ndk_platform",
+        "libbinder_ndk",
     ],
+
+    product_variables: {
+        arc: {
+            exclude_srcs: [
+                "model/StubVolume.cpp",
+            ],
+            static_libs: [
+                "libarcvolume",
+            ],
+        },
+	},
 }
 
 cc_binary {
diff --git a/FsCrypt.cpp b/FsCrypt.cpp
index 8f6ba9c..82a2012 100644
--- a/FsCrypt.cpp
+++ b/FsCrypt.cpp
@@ -462,7 +462,6 @@
         return false;
     LOG(INFO) << "Wrote per boot key reference to:" << per_boot_ref_filename;
 
-    if (!android::vold::FsyncDirectory(device_key_dir)) return false;
     return true;
 }
 
@@ -652,18 +651,12 @@
         if (!android::vold::readSecdiscardable(secdiscardable_path, &secdiscardable_hash))
             return false;
     } else {
-        if (fs_mkdirs(secdiscardable_path.c_str(), 0700) != 0) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "Creating directories for: " << secdiscardable_path;
-            return false;
-        }
+        if (!android::vold::MkdirsSync(secdiscardable_path, 0700)) return false;
         if (!android::vold::createSecdiscardable(secdiscardable_path, &secdiscardable_hash))
             return false;
     }
     auto key_path = volkey_path(misc_path, volume_uuid);
-    if (fs_mkdirs(key_path.c_str(), 0700) != 0) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Creating directories for: " << key_path;
-        return false;
-    }
+    if (!android::vold::MkdirsSync(key_path, 0700)) return false;
     android::vold::KeyAuthentication auth("", secdiscardable_hash);
 
     EncryptionOptions options;
@@ -704,7 +697,6 @@
     if (!get_ce_key_new_path(directory_path, paths, &ce_key_path)) return false;
     if (!android::vold::storeKeyAtomically(ce_key_path, user_key_temp, store_auth, ce_key))
         return false;
-    if (!android::vold::FsyncDirectory(directory_path)) return false;
     return true;
 }
 
@@ -794,11 +786,6 @@
 
 static bool prepare_subdirs(const std::string& action, const std::string& volume_uuid,
                             userid_t user_id, int flags) {
-    // TODO(b/141677108): Remove this & make it the default behavior
-    if (android::base::GetProperty("ro.vold.level_from_user", "1") == "1") {
-        flags |= android::os::IVold::STORAGE_FLAG_LEVEL_FROM_USER;
-    }
-
     if (0 != android::vold::ForkExecvp(
                  std::vector<std::string>{prepare_subdirs_path, action, volume_uuid,
                                           std::to_string(user_id), std::to_string(flags)})) {
diff --git a/IdleMaint.cpp b/IdleMaint.cpp
index e4a1806..4c3041b 100644
--- a/IdleMaint.cpp
+++ b/IdleMaint.cpp
@@ -22,12 +22,16 @@
 #include "model/PrivateVolume.h"
 
 #include <thread>
+#include <utility>
 
+#include <aidl/android/hardware/health/storage/BnGarbageCollectCallback.h>
+#include <aidl/android/hardware/health/storage/IStorage.h>
 #include <android-base/chrono_utils.h>
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
+#include <android/binder_manager.h>
 #include <android/hardware/health/storage/1.0/IStorage.h>
 #include <fs_mgr.h>
 #include <private/android_filesystem_config.h>
@@ -48,9 +52,14 @@
 using android::base::WriteStringToFile;
 using android::hardware::Return;
 using android::hardware::Void;
-using android::hardware::health::storage::V1_0::IStorage;
-using android::hardware::health::storage::V1_0::IGarbageCollectCallback;
-using android::hardware::health::storage::V1_0::Result;
+using AStorage = aidl::android::hardware::health::storage::IStorage;
+using ABnGarbageCollectCallback =
+        aidl::android::hardware::health::storage::BnGarbageCollectCallback;
+using AResult = aidl::android::hardware::health::storage::Result;
+using HStorage = android::hardware::health::storage::V1_0::IStorage;
+using HGarbageCollectCallback = android::hardware::health::storage::V1_0::IGarbageCollectCallback;
+using HResult = android::hardware::health::storage::V1_0::Result;
+using std::string_literals::operator""s;
 
 namespace android {
 namespace vold {
@@ -300,26 +309,33 @@
     return;
 }
 
-class GcCallback : public IGarbageCollectCallback {
-  public:
-    Return<void> onFinish(Result result) override {
+enum class IDL { HIDL, AIDL };
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, IDL idl) {
+    return os << (idl == IDL::HIDL ? "HIDL" : "AIDL");
+}
+
+template <IDL idl, typename Result>
+class GcCallbackImpl {
+  protected:
+    void onFinishInternal(Result result) {
         std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mMutex);
         mFinished = true;
         mResult = result;
         lock.unlock();
         mCv.notify_all();
-        return Void();
     }
+
+  public:
     void wait(uint64_t seconds) {
         std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mMutex);
         mCv.wait_for(lock, std::chrono::seconds(seconds), [this] { return mFinished; });
 
         if (!mFinished) {
-            LOG(WARNING) << "Dev GC on HAL timeout";
+            LOG(WARNING) << "Dev GC on " << idl << " HAL timeout";
         } else if (mResult != Result::SUCCESS) {
-            LOG(WARNING) << "Dev GC on HAL failed with " << toString(mResult);
+            LOG(WARNING) << "Dev GC on " << idl << " HAL failed with " << toString(mResult);
         } else {
-            LOG(INFO) << "Dev GC on HAL successful";
+            LOG(INFO) << "Dev GC on " << idl << " HAL successful";
         }
     }
 
@@ -330,25 +346,57 @@
     Result mResult{Result::UNKNOWN_ERROR};
 };
 
-static void runDevGcOnHal(sp<IStorage> service) {
-    LOG(DEBUG) << "Start Dev GC on HAL";
-    sp<GcCallback> cb = new GcCallback();
+class AGcCallbackImpl : public ABnGarbageCollectCallback,
+                        public GcCallbackImpl<IDL::AIDL, AResult> {
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus onFinish(AResult result) override {
+        onFinishInternal(result);
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+    }
+};
+
+class HGcCallbackImpl : public HGarbageCollectCallback, public GcCallbackImpl<IDL::HIDL, HResult> {
+    Return<void> onFinish(HResult result) override {
+        onFinishInternal(result);
+        return Void();
+    }
+};
+
+template <IDL idl, typename Service, typename GcCallbackImpl, typename GetDescription>
+static void runDevGcOnHal(Service service, GcCallbackImpl cb, GetDescription get_description) {
+    LOG(DEBUG) << "Start Dev GC on " << idl << " HAL";
     auto ret = service->garbageCollect(DEVGC_TIMEOUT_SEC, cb);
     if (!ret.isOk()) {
-        LOG(WARNING) << "Cannot start Dev GC on HAL: " << ret.description();
+        LOG(WARNING) << "Cannot start Dev GC on " << idl
+                     << " HAL: " << std::invoke(get_description, ret);
         return;
     }
     cb->wait(DEVGC_TIMEOUT_SEC);
 }
 
 static void runDevGc(void) {
-    auto service = IStorage::getService();
-    if (service != nullptr) {
-        runDevGcOnHal(service);
-    } else {
-        // fallback to legacy code path
-        runDevGcFstab();
+    auto aidl_service_name = AStorage::descriptor + "/default"s;
+    if (AServiceManager_isDeclared(aidl_service_name.c_str())) {
+        ndk::SpAIBinder binder(AServiceManager_waitForService(aidl_service_name.c_str()));
+        if (binder.get() != nullptr) {
+            std::shared_ptr<AStorage> aidl_service = AStorage::fromBinder(binder);
+            if (aidl_service != nullptr) {
+                runDevGcOnHal<IDL::AIDL>(aidl_service, ndk::SharedRefBase::make<AGcCallbackImpl>(),
+                                         &ndk::ScopedAStatus::getDescription);
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+        LOG(WARNING) << "Device declares " << aidl_service_name
+                     << " but it is not running, skip dev GC on AIDL HAL";
+        return;
     }
+    auto hidl_service = HStorage::getService();
+    if (hidl_service != nullptr) {
+        runDevGcOnHal<IDL::HIDL>(hidl_service, sp<HGcCallbackImpl>(new HGcCallbackImpl()),
+                                 &Return<void>::description);
+        return;
+    }
+    // fallback to legacy code path
+    runDevGcFstab();
 }
 
 int RunIdleMaint(const android::sp<android::os::IVoldTaskListener>& listener) {
diff --git a/KeyStorage.cpp b/KeyStorage.cpp
index 8147827..457bb66 100644
--- a/KeyStorage.cpp
+++ b/KeyStorage.cpp
@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@
 #include "Utils.h"
 
 #include <algorithm>
+#include <memory>
+#include <mutex>
 #include <thread>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -82,6 +84,31 @@
 static const char* kFn_stretching = "stretching";
 static const char* kFn_version = "version";
 
+namespace {
+
+// Storage binding info for ensuring key encryption keys include a
+// platform-provided seed in their derivation.
+struct StorageBindingInfo {
+    enum class State {
+        UNINITIALIZED,
+        IN_USE,    // key storage keys are bound to seed
+        NOT_USED,  // key storage keys are NOT bound to seed
+    };
+
+    // Binding seed mixed into all key storage keys.
+    std::vector<uint8_t> seed;
+
+    // State tracker for the key storage key binding.
+    State state = State::UNINITIALIZED;
+
+    std::mutex guard;
+};
+
+// Never freed as the dtor is non-trivial.
+StorageBindingInfo& storage_binding_info = *new StorageBindingInfo;
+
+}  // namespace
+
 static bool checkSize(const std::string& kind, size_t actual, size_t expected) {
     if (actual != expected) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Wrong number of bytes in " << kind << ", expected " << expected << " got "
@@ -456,6 +483,20 @@
     std::string stretched;
     if (!stretchSecret(stretching, auth.secret, salt, &stretched)) return false;
     *appId = secdiscardable_hash + stretched;
+
+    const std::lock_guard<std::mutex> scope_lock(storage_binding_info.guard);
+    switch (storage_binding_info.state) {
+        case StorageBindingInfo::State::UNINITIALIZED:
+            storage_binding_info.state = StorageBindingInfo::State::NOT_USED;
+            break;
+        case StorageBindingInfo::State::IN_USE:
+            appId->append(storage_binding_info.seed.begin(), storage_binding_info.seed.end());
+            break;
+        case StorageBindingInfo::State::NOT_USED:
+            // noop
+            break;
+    }
+
     return true;
 }
 
@@ -565,10 +606,6 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-bool pathExists(const std::string& path) {
-    return access(path.c_str(), F_OK) == 0;
-}
-
 bool storeKey(const std::string& dir, const KeyAuthentication& auth, const KeyBuffer& key) {
     if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(mkdir(dir.c_str(), 0700)) == -1) {
         PLOG(ERROR) << "key mkdir " << dir;
@@ -624,6 +661,7 @@
         PLOG(ERROR) << "Unable to move new key to location: " << key_path;
         return false;
     }
+    if (!FsyncParentDirectory(key_path)) return false;
     LOG(DEBUG) << "Created key: " << key_path;
     return true;
 }
@@ -715,5 +753,22 @@
     return success;
 }
 
+bool setKeyStorageBindingSeed(const std::vector<uint8_t>& seed) {
+    const std::lock_guard<std::mutex> scope_lock(storage_binding_info.guard);
+    switch (storage_binding_info.state) {
+        case StorageBindingInfo::State::UNINITIALIZED:
+            storage_binding_info.state = StorageBindingInfo::State::IN_USE;
+            storage_binding_info.seed = seed;
+            return true;
+        case StorageBindingInfo::State::IN_USE:
+            LOG(ERROR) << "key storage binding seed already set";
+            return false;
+        case StorageBindingInfo::State::NOT_USED:
+            LOG(ERROR) << "key storage already in use without binding";
+            return false;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
 }  // namespace vold
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/KeyStorage.h b/KeyStorage.h
index 1eb26ae..5fded41 100644
--- a/KeyStorage.h
+++ b/KeyStorage.h
@@ -19,7 +19,9 @@
 
 #include "KeyBuffer.h"
 
+#include <cstdint>
 #include <string>
+#include <vector>
 
 namespace android {
 namespace vold {
@@ -41,9 +43,6 @@
 
 extern const KeyAuthentication kEmptyAuthentication;
 
-// Checks if path "path" exists.
-bool pathExists(const std::string& path);
-
 bool createSecdiscardable(const std::string& path, std::string* hash);
 bool readSecdiscardable(const std::string& path, std::string* hash);
 
@@ -56,7 +55,8 @@
 // Create a directory at the named path, and store "key" in it as storeKey
 // This version creates the key in "tmp_path" then atomically renames "tmp_path"
 // to "key_path" thereby ensuring that the key is either stored entirely or
-// not at all.
+// not at all.  All the needed files and directories are also fsync'ed to ensure
+// that the key is actually persisted to disk.
 bool storeKeyAtomically(const std::string& key_path, const std::string& tmp_path,
                         const KeyAuthentication& auth, const KeyBuffer& key);
 
@@ -72,6 +72,9 @@
 bool generateWrappedStorageKey(KeyBuffer* key);
 // Export the per-boot boot wrapped storage key using keymaster.
 bool exportWrappedStorageKey(const KeyBuffer& kmKey, KeyBuffer* key);
+
+// Set a seed to be mixed into all key storage encryption keys.
+bool setKeyStorageBindingSeed(const std::vector<uint8_t>& seed);
 }  // namespace vold
 }  // namespace android
 
diff --git a/MetadataCrypt.cpp b/MetadataCrypt.cpp
index cf7c5f7..dc50679 100644
--- a/MetadataCrypt.cpp
+++ b/MetadataCrypt.cpp
@@ -41,6 +41,8 @@
 #include "Keymaster.h"
 #include "Utils.h"
 #include "VoldUtil.h"
+#include "fs/Ext4.h"
+#include "fs/F2fs.h"
 
 namespace android {
 namespace vold {
@@ -109,10 +111,7 @@
     std::string sKey;
     auto dir = metadata_key_dir + "/key";
     LOG(DEBUG) << "metadata_key_dir/key: " << dir;
-    if (fs_mkdirs(dir.c_str(), 0700)) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Creating directories: " << dir;
-        return false;
-    }
+    if (!MkdirsSync(dir, 0700)) return false;
     auto temp = metadata_key_dir + "/tmp";
     return retrieveOrGenerateKey(dir, temp, kEmptyAuthentication, gen, key);
 }
@@ -202,8 +201,11 @@
 }
 
 bool fscrypt_mount_metadata_encrypted(const std::string& blk_device, const std::string& mount_point,
-                                      bool needs_encrypt) {
-    LOG(DEBUG) << "fscrypt_mount_metadata_encrypted: " << mount_point << " " << needs_encrypt;
+                                      bool needs_encrypt, bool should_format,
+                                      const std::string& fs_type) {
+    LOG(DEBUG) << "fscrypt_mount_metadata_encrypted: " << mount_point
+               << " encrypt: " << needs_encrypt << " format: " << should_format << " with "
+               << fs_type;
     auto encrypted_state = android::base::GetProperty("ro.crypto.state", "");
     if (encrypted_state != "" && encrypted_state != "encrypted") {
         LOG(DEBUG) << "fscrypt_enable_crypto got unexpected starting state: " << encrypted_state;
@@ -250,8 +252,24 @@
     if (!create_crypto_blk_dev(kDmNameUserdata, blk_device, key, options, &crypto_blkdev, &nr_sec))
         return false;
 
-    // FIXME handle the corrupt case
-    if (needs_encrypt && !encrypt_inplace(crypto_blkdev, blk_device, nr_sec, false)) return false;
+    if (needs_encrypt) {
+        if (should_format) {
+            status_t error;
+
+            if (fs_type == "ext4") {
+                error = ext4::Format(crypto_blkdev, 0, mount_point);
+            } else if (fs_type == "f2fs") {
+                error = f2fs::Format(crypto_blkdev);
+            } else {
+                LOG(ERROR) << "Unknown filesystem type: " << fs_type;
+                return false;
+            }
+            LOG(DEBUG) << "Format (err=" << error << ") " << crypto_blkdev << " on " << mount_point;
+            if (error != 0) return false;
+        } else {
+            if (!encrypt_inplace(crypto_blkdev, blk_device, nr_sec, false)) return false;
+        }
+    }
 
     LOG(DEBUG) << "Mounting metadata-encrypted filesystem:" << mount_point;
     mount_via_fs_mgr(mount_point.c_str(), crypto_blkdev.c_str());
diff --git a/MetadataCrypt.h b/MetadataCrypt.h
index 7341a08..e482765 100644
--- a/MetadataCrypt.h
+++ b/MetadataCrypt.h
@@ -26,7 +26,8 @@
 namespace vold {
 
 bool fscrypt_mount_metadata_encrypted(const std::string& block_device,
-                                      const std::string& mount_point, bool needs_encrypt);
+                                      const std::string& mount_point, bool needs_encrypt,
+                                      bool should_format, const std::string& fs_type);
 
 bool defaultkey_volume_keygen(KeyGeneration* gen);
 
diff --git a/Utils.cpp b/Utils.cpp
index d5648f7..973908a 100644
--- a/Utils.cpp
+++ b/Utils.cpp
@@ -1349,6 +1349,10 @@
     return -1;
 }
 
+bool pathExists(const std::string& path) {
+    return access(path.c_str(), F_OK) == 0;
+}
+
 bool FsyncDirectory(const std::string& dirname) {
     android::base::unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(dirname.c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC)));
     if (fd == -1) {
@@ -1367,6 +1371,40 @@
     return true;
 }
 
+bool FsyncParentDirectory(const std::string& path) {
+    return FsyncDirectory(android::base::Dirname(path));
+}
+
+// Creates all parent directories of |path| that don't already exist.  Assigns
+// the specified |mode| to any new directories, and also fsync()s their parent
+// directories so that the new directories get written to disk right away.
+bool MkdirsSync(const std::string& path, mode_t mode) {
+    if (path[0] != '/') {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "MkdirsSync() needs an absolute path, but got " << path;
+        return false;
+    }
+    std::vector<std::string> components = android::base::Split(android::base::Dirname(path), "/");
+
+    std::string current_dir = "/";
+    for (const std::string& component : components) {
+        if (component.empty()) continue;
+
+        std::string parent_dir = current_dir;
+        if (current_dir != "/") current_dir += "/";
+        current_dir += component;
+
+        if (!pathExists(current_dir)) {
+            if (mkdir(current_dir.c_str(), mode) != 0) {
+                PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to create " << current_dir;
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (!FsyncDirectory(parent_dir)) return false;
+            LOG(DEBUG) << "Created directory " << current_dir;
+        }
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
 bool writeStringToFile(const std::string& payload, const std::string& filename) {
     android::base::unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(
         open(filename.c_str(), O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_NOFOLLOW | O_TRUNC | O_CLOEXEC, 0666)));
diff --git a/Utils.h b/Utils.h
index cf3fd9b..53e09ba 100644
--- a/Utils.h
+++ b/Utils.h
@@ -34,7 +34,6 @@
 namespace android {
 namespace vold {
 
-static const char* kPropFuse = "persist.sys.fuse";
 static const char* kVoldAppDataIsolationEnabled = "persist.sys.vold_app_data_isolation_enabled";
 static const char* kExternalStorageSdcardfs = "external_storage.sdcardfs.enabled";
 
@@ -177,8 +176,14 @@
 
 status_t WaitForFile(const char* filename, std::chrono::nanoseconds timeout);
 
+bool pathExists(const std::string& path);
+
 bool FsyncDirectory(const std::string& dirname);
 
+bool FsyncParentDirectory(const std::string& path);
+
+bool MkdirsSync(const std::string& path, mode_t mode);
+
 bool writeStringToFile(const std::string& payload, const std::string& filename);
 
 void ConfigureMaxDirtyRatioForFuse(const std::string& fuse_mount, unsigned int max_ratio);
diff --git a/VoldNativeService.cpp b/VoldNativeService.cpp
index 864a6f0..b7f1749 100644
--- a/VoldNativeService.cpp
+++ b/VoldNativeService.cpp
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
 #include "Checkpoint.h"
 #include "FsCrypt.h"
 #include "IdleMaint.h"
+#include "KeyStorage.h"
 #include "Keymaster.h"
 #include "MetadataCrypt.h"
 #include "MoveStorage.h"
@@ -282,12 +283,6 @@
         return translate(res);
     }
 
-    if ((mountFlags & MOUNT_FLAG_PRIMARY) != 0) {
-        res = VolumeManager::Instance()->setPrimary(vol);
-        if (res != OK) {
-            return translate(res);
-        }
-    }
     return translate(OK);
 }
 
@@ -383,7 +378,17 @@
     ENFORCE_SYSTEM_OR_ROOT;
     ACQUIRE_LOCK;
 
-    return translate(VolumeManager::Instance()->remountAppStorageDirs(uid, pid, packageNames));
+    return translate(VolumeManager::Instance()->handleAppStorageDirs(uid, pid,
+            false /* doUnmount */, packageNames));
+}
+
+binder::Status VoldNativeService::unmountAppStorageDirs(int uid, int pid,
+        const std::vector<std::string>& packageNames) {
+    ENFORCE_SYSTEM_OR_ROOT;
+    ACQUIRE_LOCK;
+
+    return translate(VolumeManager::Instance()->handleAppStorageDirs(uid, pid,
+            true /* doUnmount */, packageNames));
 }
 
 binder::Status VoldNativeService::setupAppDir(const std::string& path, int32_t appUid) {
@@ -681,15 +686,25 @@
     ENFORCE_SYSTEM_OR_ROOT;
     ACQUIRE_LOCK;
 
-    return translateBool(fscrypt_mount_metadata_encrypted(blkDevice, mountPoint, false));
+    return translateBool(
+            fscrypt_mount_metadata_encrypted(blkDevice, mountPoint, false, false, "null"));
 }
 
 binder::Status VoldNativeService::encryptFstab(const std::string& blkDevice,
-                                               const std::string& mountPoint) {
+                                               const std::string& mountPoint, bool shouldFormat,
+                                               const std::string& fsType) {
     ENFORCE_SYSTEM_OR_ROOT;
     ACQUIRE_LOCK;
 
-    return translateBool(fscrypt_mount_metadata_encrypted(blkDevice, mountPoint, true));
+    return translateBool(
+            fscrypt_mount_metadata_encrypted(blkDevice, mountPoint, true, shouldFormat, fsType));
+}
+
+binder::Status VoldNativeService::setStorageBindingSeed(const std::vector<uint8_t>& seed) {
+    ENFORCE_SYSTEM_OR_ROOT;
+    ACQUIRE_CRYPT_LOCK;
+
+    return translateBool(setKeyStorageBindingSeed(seed));
 }
 
 binder::Status VoldNativeService::createUserKey(int32_t userId, int32_t userSerial,
@@ -888,10 +903,16 @@
     return Ok();
 }
 
+static void initializeIncFs() {
+    // Obtaining IncFS features triggers initialization of IncFS.
+    incfs::features();
+}
+
 binder::Status VoldNativeService::earlyBootEnded() {
     ENFORCE_SYSTEM_OR_ROOT;
     ACQUIRE_LOCK;
 
+    initializeIncFs();
     Keymaster::earlyBootEnded();
     return Ok();
 }
diff --git a/VoldNativeService.h b/VoldNativeService.h
index 0a55af4..123f127 100644
--- a/VoldNativeService.h
+++ b/VoldNativeService.h
@@ -66,6 +66,8 @@
     binder::Status remountUid(int32_t uid, int32_t remountMode);
     binder::Status remountAppStorageDirs(int uid, int pid,
                                const std::vector<std::string>& packageNames);
+    binder::Status unmountAppStorageDirs(int uid, int pid,
+                               const std::vector<std::string>& packageNames);
 
     binder::Status ensureAppDirsCreated(const std::vector<std::string>& paths, int32_t appUid);
     binder::Status setupAppDir(const std::string& path, int32_t appUid);
@@ -111,7 +113,10 @@
     binder::Status initUser0();
     binder::Status isConvertibleToFbe(bool* _aidl_return);
     binder::Status mountFstab(const std::string& blkDevice, const std::string& mountPoint);
-    binder::Status encryptFstab(const std::string& blkDevice, const std::string& mountPoint);
+    binder::Status encryptFstab(const std::string& blkDevice, const std::string& mountPoint,
+                                bool shouldFormat, const std::string& fsType);
+
+    binder::Status setStorageBindingSeed(const std::vector<uint8_t>& seed);
 
     binder::Status createUserKey(int32_t userId, int32_t userSerial, bool ephemeral);
     binder::Status destroyUserKey(int32_t userId);
diff --git a/VolumeManager.cpp b/VolumeManager.cpp
index 714122d..f97397d 100644
--- a/VolumeManager.cpp
+++ b/VolumeManager.cpp
@@ -369,21 +369,6 @@
     return success ? 0 : -1;
 }
 
-int VolumeManager::linkPrimary(userid_t userId) {
-    if (!GetBoolProperty(android::vold::kPropFuse, false)) {
-        std::string source(mPrimary->getPath());
-        if (mPrimary->isEmulated()) {
-            source = StringPrintf("%s/%d", source.c_str(), userId);
-            fs_prepare_dir(source.c_str(), 0755, AID_ROOT, AID_ROOT);
-        }
-
-        std::string target(StringPrintf("/mnt/user/%d/primary", userId));
-        LOG(DEBUG) << "Linking " << source << " to " << target;
-        Symlink(source, target);
-    }
-    return 0;
-}
-
 void VolumeManager::destroyEmulatedVolumesForUser(userid_t userId) {
     // Destroy and remove all unstacked EmulatedVolumes for the user
     auto i = mInternalEmulatedVolumes.begin();
@@ -464,18 +449,6 @@
         createEmulatedVolumesForUser(userId);
     }
 
-    if (!GetBoolProperty(android::vold::kPropFuse, false)) {
-        // Note that sometimes the system will spin up processes from Zygote
-        // before actually starting the user, so we're okay if Zygote
-        // already created this directory.
-        std::string path(StringPrintf("%s/%d", kPathUserMount, userId));
-        fs_prepare_dir(path.c_str(), 0755, AID_ROOT, AID_ROOT);
-
-        if (mPrimary) {
-            linkPrimary(userId);
-        }
-    }
-
     mStartedUsers.insert(userId);
 
     createPendingDisksIfNeeded();
@@ -512,14 +485,6 @@
     return 0;
 }
 
-int VolumeManager::setPrimary(const std::shared_ptr<android::vold::VolumeBase>& vol) {
-    mPrimary = vol;
-    for (userid_t userId : mStartedUsers) {
-        linkPrimary(userId);
-    }
-    return 0;
-}
-
 // This code is executed after a fork so it's very important that the set of
 // methods we call here is strictly limited.
 //
@@ -718,15 +683,42 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-int VolumeManager::remountUid(uid_t uid, int32_t mountMode) {
-    if (GetBoolProperty(android::vold::kPropFuse, false)) {
-        // TODO(135341433): Implement fuse specific logic.
-        return 0;
+// In each app's namespace, unmount obb and data dirs
+static bool umountStorageDirs(int nsFd, const char* android_data_dir, const char* android_obb_dir,
+        int uid, const char* targets[], int size) {
+    // This code is executed after a fork so it's very important that the set of
+    // methods we call here is strictly limited.
+    if (setns(nsFd, CLONE_NEWNS) != 0) {
+        async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, "vold", "Failed to setns %s", strerror(errno));
+        return false;
     }
-    return scanProcProcesses(uid, static_cast<userid_t>(-1),
-            forkAndRemountChild, &mountMode) ? 0 : -1;
-}
 
+    // Unmount of Android/data/foo needs to be done before Android/data below.
+    bool result = true;
+    for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+        if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(umount2(targets[i], MNT_DETACH)) < 0 && errno != EINVAL &&
+                errno != ENOENT) {
+            async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, "vold", "Failed to umount %s: %s",
+                                  targets[i], strerror(errno));
+            result = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Mount tmpfs on Android/data and Android/obb
+    if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(umount2(android_data_dir, MNT_DETACH)) < 0 && errno != EINVAL &&
+                errno != ENOENT) {
+        async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, "vold", "Failed to umount %s :%s",
+                        android_data_dir, strerror(errno));
+        result = false;
+    }
+    if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(umount2(android_obb_dir, MNT_DETACH)) < 0 && errno != EINVAL &&
+                errno != ENOENT) {
+        async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, "vold", "Failed to umount %s :%s",
+                android_obb_dir, strerror(errno));
+        result = false;
+    }
+    return result;
+}
 
 // In each app's namespace, mount tmpfs on obb and data dir, and bind mount obb and data
 // package dirs.
@@ -786,8 +778,8 @@
             userId, dirName.c_str(), packageName.c_str());
 }
 
-// Fork the process and remount storage
-bool VolumeManager::forkAndRemountStorage(int uid, int pid,
+// Fork the process and remount / unmount app data and obb dirs
+bool VolumeManager::forkAndRemountStorage(int uid, int pid, bool doUnmount,
                                           const std::vector<std::string>& packageNames) {
     userid_t userId = multiuser_get_user_id(uid);
     std::string mnt_path = StringPrintf("/proc/%d/ns/mnt", pid);
@@ -821,17 +813,18 @@
     }
 
     for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
-        auto status = EnsureDirExists(sources_cstr[i], 0771, AID_MEDIA_RW, AID_MEDIA_RW);
-        if (status != OK) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to create dir: " << sources_cstr[i];
-            return false;
-        }
         // Make sure /storage/emulated/... paths are setup correctly
-        status = setupAppDir(targets_cstr[i], uid, false /* fixupExistingOnly */);
+        // This needs to be done before EnsureDirExists to ensure Android/ is created.
+        auto status = setupAppDir(targets_cstr[i], uid, false /* fixupExistingOnly */);
         if (status != OK) {
             PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to create dir: " << targets_cstr[i];
             return false;
         }
+        status = EnsureDirExists(sources_cstr[i], 0771, AID_MEDIA_RW, AID_MEDIA_RW);
+        if (status != OK) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to create dir: " << sources_cstr[i];
+            return false;
+        }
     }
 
     char android_data_dir[PATH_MAX];
@@ -843,11 +836,20 @@
     // Fork a child to mount Android/obb android Android/data dirs, as we don't want it to affect
     // original vold process mount namespace.
     if (!(child = fork())) {
-        if (remountStorageDirs(nsFd, android_data_dir, android_obb_dir, uid,
-                sources_cstr, targets_cstr, size)) {
-            _exit(0);
+        if (doUnmount) {
+            if (umountStorageDirs(nsFd, android_data_dir, android_obb_dir, uid,
+                    targets_cstr, size)) {
+                _exit(0);
+            } else {
+                _exit(1);
+            }
         } else {
-            _exit(1);
+            if (remountStorageDirs(nsFd, android_data_dir, android_obb_dir, uid,
+                    sources_cstr, targets_cstr, size)) {
+                _exit(0);
+            } else {
+                _exit(1);
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -872,11 +874,8 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-int VolumeManager::remountAppStorageDirs(int uid, int pid,
-        const std::vector<std::string>& packageNames) {
-    if (!GetBoolProperty(android::vold::kPropFuse, false)) {
-        return 0;
-    }
+int VolumeManager::handleAppStorageDirs(int uid, int pid,
+        bool doUnmount, const std::vector<std::string>& packageNames) {
     // Only run the remount if fuse is mounted for that user.
     userid_t userId = multiuser_get_user_id(uid);
     bool fuseMounted = false;
@@ -890,7 +889,7 @@
         }
     }
     if (fuseMounted) {
-        forkAndRemountStorage(uid, pid, packageNames);
+        forkAndRemountStorage(uid, pid, doUnmount, packageNames);
     }
     return 0;
 }
@@ -985,11 +984,6 @@
 }
 
 int VolumeManager::ensureAppDirsCreated(const std::vector<std::string>& paths, int32_t appUid) {
-    if (IsSdcardfsUsed()) {
-        // sdcardfs magically does this for us
-        return OK;
-    }
-
     int size = paths.size();
     for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
         int result = setupAppDir(paths[i], appUid, false /* fixupExistingOnly */,
@@ -1145,9 +1139,14 @@
     auto vol = std::shared_ptr<android::vold::StubVolume>(
             new android::vold::StubVolume(stubId, sourcePath, mountPath, fsType, fsUuid, fsLabel));
 
-    int32_t passedFlags = android::vold::Disk::Flags::kStub;
+    int32_t passedFlags = 0;
     passedFlags |= (flags & android::vold::Disk::Flags::kUsb);
     passedFlags |= (flags & android::vold::Disk::Flags::kSd);
+    if (flags & android::vold::Disk::Flags::kStubVisible) {
+        passedFlags |= (flags & android::vold::Disk::Flags::kStubVisible);
+    } else {
+        passedFlags |= (flags & android::vold::Disk::Flags::kStubInvisible);
+    }
     // StubDisk doesn't have device node corresponds to it. So, a fake device
     // number is used.
     auto disk = std::shared_ptr<android::vold::Disk>(
diff --git a/VolumeManager.h b/VolumeManager.h
index 932b81c..3573b1a 100644
--- a/VolumeManager.h
+++ b/VolumeManager.h
@@ -114,10 +114,9 @@
     void createPendingDisksIfNeeded();
     int onSecureKeyguardStateChanged(bool isShowing);
 
-    int setPrimary(const std::shared_ptr<android::vold::VolumeBase>& vol);
-
-    int remountUid(uid_t uid, int32_t remountMode);
-    int remountAppStorageDirs(int uid, int pid, const std::vector<std::string>& packageNames);
+    int remountUid(uid_t uid, int32_t remountMode) { return 0; }
+    int handleAppStorageDirs(int uid, int pid,
+            bool doUnmount, const std::vector<std::string>& packageNames);
 
     /* Aborts all FUSE filesystems, in case the FUSE daemon is no longer up. */
     int abortFuse();
@@ -131,7 +130,8 @@
     int updateVirtualDisk();
     int setDebug(bool enable);
 
-    bool forkAndRemountStorage(int uid, int pid, const std::vector<std::string>& packageNames);
+    bool forkAndRemountStorage(int uid, int pid, bool doUnmount,
+        const std::vector<std::string>& packageNames);
 
     static VolumeManager* Instance();
 
diff --git a/bench/inodeop_bench/Android.bp b/bench/inodeop_bench/Android.bp
index a01ddd1..3d1769e 100644
--- a/bench/inodeop_bench/Android.bp
+++ b/bench/inodeop_bench/Android.bp
@@ -13,6 +13,10 @@
  * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  * limitations under the License.
  */
+package {
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
+}
+
 cc_binary {
     name: "inodeop_bench",
     srcs: ["inodeop_bench.cpp"],
diff --git a/binder/android/os/IVold.aidl b/binder/android/os/IVold.aidl
index ef4f89a..24a3b38 100644
--- a/binder/android/os/IVold.aidl
+++ b/binder/android/os/IVold.aidl
@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@
 
     void remountUid(int uid, int remountMode);
     void remountAppStorageDirs(int uid, int pid, in @utf8InCpp String[] packageNames);
+    void unmountAppStorageDirs(int uid, int pid, in @utf8InCpp String[] packageNames);
 
     void setupAppDir(@utf8InCpp String path, int appUid);
     void fixupAppDir(@utf8InCpp String path, int appUid);
@@ -88,7 +89,9 @@
     void initUser0();
     boolean isConvertibleToFbe();
     void mountFstab(@utf8InCpp String blkDevice, @utf8InCpp String mountPoint);
-    void encryptFstab(@utf8InCpp String blkDevice, @utf8InCpp String mountPoint);
+    void encryptFstab(@utf8InCpp String blkDevice, @utf8InCpp String mountPoint, boolean shouldFormat, @utf8InCpp String fsType);
+
+    void setStorageBindingSeed(in byte[] seed);
 
     void createUserKey(int userId, int userSerial, boolean ephemeral);
     void destroyUserKey(int userId);
@@ -168,7 +171,6 @@
 
     const int STORAGE_FLAG_DE = 1;
     const int STORAGE_FLAG_CE = 2;
-    const int STORAGE_FLAG_LEVEL_FROM_USER = 4;
 
     const int REMOUNT_MODE_NONE = 0;
     const int REMOUNT_MODE_DEFAULT = 1;
diff --git a/model/Disk.h b/model/Disk.h
index 99c98fc..16476dc 100644
--- a/model/Disk.h
+++ b/model/Disk.h
@@ -53,9 +53,12 @@
         kUsb = 1 << 3,
         /* Flag that disk is EMMC internal */
         kEmmc = 1 << 4,
-        /* Flag that disk is Stub disk, i.e., disk that is managed from outside
-         * Android (e.g., ARC++). */
-        kStub = 1 << 5,
+        /* Flag that disk is an invisible Stub disk, i.e., disk that is managed from outside
+         * Android (e.g., ARC++) and invisible to apps. */
+        kStubInvisible = 1 << 5,
+        /* Flag that disk is a visible Stub disk, i.e., disk that is managed from outside
+         * Android (e.g., ARC++) and visible to apps. */
+        kStubVisible = 1 << 6,
     };
 
     const std::string& getId() const { return mId; }
@@ -120,7 +123,7 @@
 
     int getMaxMinors();
 
-    bool isStub() { return mFlags & kStub; }
+    bool isStub() { return (mFlags & kStubInvisible) || (mFlags & kStubVisible); }
 
     DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(Disk);
 };
diff --git a/model/EmulatedVolume.cpp b/model/EmulatedVolume.cpp
index db93bc2..4a77846 100644
--- a/model/EmulatedVolume.cpp
+++ b/model/EmulatedVolume.cpp
@@ -301,8 +301,6 @@
 
     dev_t before = GetDevice(mSdcardFsFull);
 
-    bool isFuse = base::GetBoolProperty(kPropFuse, false);
-
     // Mount sdcardfs regardless of FUSE, since we need it to bind-mount on top of the
     // FUSE volume for various reasons.
     if (mUseSdcardFs && getMountUserId() == 0) {
@@ -350,7 +348,7 @@
         sdcardFsPid = 0;
     }
 
-    if (isFuse && isVisible) {
+    if (isVisible) {
         // Make sure we unmount sdcardfs if we bail out with an error below
         auto sdcardfs_unmounter = [&]() {
             LOG(INFO) << "sdcardfs_unmounter scope_guard running";
diff --git a/model/PublicVolume.cpp b/model/PublicVolume.cpp
index d40e3e3..12e31ff 100644
--- a/model/PublicVolume.cpp
+++ b/model/PublicVolume.cpp
@@ -227,39 +227,36 @@
         TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(waitpid(sdcardFsPid, nullptr, 0));
     }
 
-    bool isFuse = base::GetBoolProperty(kPropFuse, false);
-    if (isFuse) {
-        // We need to mount FUSE *after* sdcardfs, since the FUSE daemon may depend
-        // on sdcardfs being up.
-        LOG(INFO) << "Mounting public fuse volume";
-        android::base::unique_fd fd;
-        int user_id = getMountUserId();
-        int result = MountUserFuse(user_id, getInternalPath(), stableName, &fd);
+    // We need to mount FUSE *after* sdcardfs, since the FUSE daemon may depend
+    // on sdcardfs being up.
+    LOG(INFO) << "Mounting public fuse volume";
+    android::base::unique_fd fd;
+    int user_id = getMountUserId();
+    int result = MountUserFuse(user_id, getInternalPath(), stableName, &fd);
 
-        if (result != 0) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to mount public fuse volume";
-            doUnmount();
-            return -result;
-        }
-
-        mFuseMounted = true;
-        auto callback = getMountCallback();
-        if (callback) {
-            bool is_ready = false;
-            callback->onVolumeChecking(std::move(fd), getPath(), getInternalPath(), &is_ready);
-            if (!is_ready) {
-                LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to complete public volume mount";
-                doUnmount();
-                return -EIO;
-            }
-        }
-
-        ConfigureReadAheadForFuse(GetFuseMountPathForUser(user_id, stableName), 256u);
-
-        // See comment in model/EmulatedVolume.cpp
-        ConfigureMaxDirtyRatioForFuse(GetFuseMountPathForUser(user_id, stableName), 40u);
+    if (result != 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to mount public fuse volume";
+        doUnmount();
+        return -result;
     }
 
+    mFuseMounted = true;
+    auto callback = getMountCallback();
+    if (callback) {
+        bool is_ready = false;
+        callback->onVolumeChecking(std::move(fd), getPath(), getInternalPath(), &is_ready);
+        if (!is_ready) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to complete public volume mount";
+            doUnmount();
+            return -EIO;
+        }
+    }
+
+    ConfigureReadAheadForFuse(GetFuseMountPathForUser(user_id, stableName), 256u);
+
+    // See comment in model/EmulatedVolume.cpp
+    ConfigureMaxDirtyRatioForFuse(GetFuseMountPathForUser(user_id, stableName), 40u);
+
     return OK;
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/Android.bp b/tests/Android.bp
index b90de3a..cad96fd 100644
--- a/tests/Android.bp
+++ b/tests/Android.bp
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+package {
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
+}
+
 cc_test {
     name: "vold_tests",
     defaults: [
diff --git a/tests/Utils_test.cpp b/tests/Utils_test.cpp
index d18dc67..35b40cd 100644
--- a/tests/Utils_test.cpp
+++ b/tests/Utils_test.cpp
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
 #include "../Utils.h"
@@ -43,5 +44,23 @@
     ASSERT_EQ("QUUX", tmp);
 }
 
+TEST_F(UtilsTest, MkdirsSyncTest) {
+    TemporaryDir temp_dir;
+    std::string temp_dir_path;
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::Realpath(temp_dir.path, &temp_dir_path));
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(pathExists(temp_dir_path + "/a"));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(MkdirsSync(temp_dir_path + "/a/b/c", 0700));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(pathExists(temp_dir_path + "/a"));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(pathExists(temp_dir_path + "/a/b"));
+    // The final component of the path should not be created; only the previous
+    // components should be.
+    ASSERT_FALSE(pathExists(temp_dir_path + "/a/b/c"));
+
+    // Currently, MkdirsSync() only supports absolute paths.
+    ASSERT_FALSE(MkdirsSync("foo", 0700));
+}
+
 }  // namespace vold
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/vdc.cpp b/vdc.cpp
index 1aaeb5a..47d98de 100644
--- a/vdc.cpp
+++ b/vdc.cpp
@@ -31,9 +31,10 @@
 #include "android/os/IVold.h"
 
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android-base/parsebool.h>
 #include <android-base/parseint.h>
-#include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
+#include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <binder/IServiceManager.h>
 #include <binder/Status.h>
 
@@ -107,8 +108,12 @@
         checkStatus(args, vold->reset());
     } else if (args[0] == "cryptfs" && args[1] == "mountFstab" && args.size() == 4) {
         checkStatus(args, vold->mountFstab(args[2], args[3]));
-    } else if (args[0] == "cryptfs" && args[1] == "encryptFstab" && args.size() == 4) {
-        checkStatus(args, vold->encryptFstab(args[2], args[3]));
+    } else if (args[0] == "cryptfs" && args[1] == "encryptFstab" && args.size() == 6) {
+        auto shouldFormat = android::base::ParseBool(args[4]);
+        if (shouldFormat == android::base::ParseBoolResult::kError) exit(EINVAL);
+        checkStatus(args, vold->encryptFstab(args[2], args[3],
+                                             shouldFormat == android::base::ParseBoolResult::kTrue,
+                                             args[5]));
     } else if (args[0] == "checkpoint" && args[1] == "supportsCheckpoint" && args.size() == 2) {
         bool supported = false;
         checkStatus(args, vold->supportsCheckpoint(&supported));
diff --git a/vold_prepare_subdirs.cpp b/vold_prepare_subdirs.cpp
index 0283614..e2afb81 100644
--- a/vold_prepare_subdirs.cpp
+++ b/vold_prepare_subdirs.cpp
@@ -166,13 +166,9 @@
 static bool prepare_subdirs(const std::string& volume_uuid, int user_id, int flags) {
     struct selabel_handle* sehandle = selinux_android_file_context_handle();
 
-    const uid_t user_for_level =
-            (flags & android::os::IVold::STORAGE_FLAG_LEVEL_FROM_USER) ? user_id : -1;
-
     if (flags & android::os::IVold::STORAGE_FLAG_DE) {
         auto user_de_path = android::vold::BuildDataUserDePath(volume_uuid, user_id);
-        if (!prepare_dir_for_user(sehandle, 0771, AID_SYSTEM, AID_SYSTEM, user_de_path,
-                                  user_for_level)) {
+        if (!prepare_dir_for_user(sehandle, 0771, AID_SYSTEM, AID_SYSTEM, user_de_path, user_id)) {
             return false;
         }
 
@@ -187,7 +183,7 @@
 
             auto profiles_de_path = android::vold::BuildDataProfilesDePath(user_id);
             if (!prepare_dir_for_user(sehandle, 0771, AID_SYSTEM, AID_SYSTEM, profiles_de_path,
-                                      user_for_level)) {
+                                      user_id)) {
                 return false;
             }
 
@@ -203,8 +199,7 @@
     }
     if (flags & android::os::IVold::STORAGE_FLAG_CE) {
         auto user_ce_path = android::vold::BuildDataUserCePath(volume_uuid, user_id);
-        if (!prepare_dir_for_user(sehandle, 0771, AID_SYSTEM, AID_SYSTEM, user_ce_path,
-                                  user_for_level)) {
+        if (!prepare_dir_for_user(sehandle, 0771, AID_SYSTEM, AID_SYSTEM, user_ce_path, user_id)) {
             return false;
         }