diff --git a/debuggerd/crash_dump.cpp b/debuggerd/crash_dump.cpp
index 5bb1d75..967b942 100644
--- a/debuggerd/crash_dump.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/crash_dump.cpp
@@ -502,15 +502,24 @@
         continue;
       }
 
-      struct iovec iov = {
+      struct iovec tagged_addr_iov = {
           &info.tagged_addr_ctrl,
           sizeof(info.tagged_addr_ctrl),
       };
       if (ptrace(PTRACE_GETREGSET, thread, NT_ARM_TAGGED_ADDR_CTRL,
-                 reinterpret_cast<void*>(&iov)) == -1) {
+                 reinterpret_cast<void*>(&tagged_addr_iov)) == -1) {
         info.tagged_addr_ctrl = -1;
       }
 
+      struct iovec pac_enabled_keys_iov = {
+          &info.pac_enabled_keys,
+          sizeof(info.pac_enabled_keys),
+      };
+      if (ptrace(PTRACE_GETREGSET, thread, NT_ARM_PAC_ENABLED_KEYS,
+                 reinterpret_cast<void*>(&pac_enabled_keys_iov)) == -1) {
+        info.pac_enabled_keys = -1;
+      }
+
       if (thread == g_target_thread) {
         // Read the thread's registers along with the rest of the crash info out of the pipe.
         ReadCrashInfo(input_pipe, &siginfo, &info.registers, &process_info);
diff --git a/debuggerd/debuggerd_test.cpp b/debuggerd/debuggerd_test.cpp
index b107767..2cf5b18 100644
--- a/debuggerd/debuggerd_test.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/debuggerd_test.cpp
@@ -173,6 +173,14 @@
   *status = response.status;
 }
 
+static bool pac_supported() {
+#if defined(__aarch64__)
+  return getauxval(AT_HWCAP) & HWCAP_PACA;
+#else
+  return false;
+#endif
+}
+
 class CrasherTest : public ::testing::Test {
  public:
   pid_t crasher_pid = -1;
@@ -357,6 +365,12 @@
     ASSERT_MATCH(result, R"(tagged_addr_ctrl: 000000000007fff3)"
                          R"( \(PR_TAGGED_ADDR_ENABLE, PR_MTE_TCF_SYNC, mask 0xfffe\))");
   }
+
+  if (pac_supported()) {
+    // Test that the default PAC_ENABLED_KEYS value is set.
+    ASSERT_MATCH(result, R"(pac_enabled_keys: 000000000000000f)"
+                         R"( \(PR_PAC_APIAKEY, PR_PAC_APIBKEY, PR_PAC_APDAKEY, PR_PAC_APDBKEY\))");
+  }
 }
 
 TEST_F(CrasherTest, tagged_fault_addr) {
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/gwp_asan.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/gwp_asan.cpp
index 3ee309f..ed2b974 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/gwp_asan.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/gwp_asan.cpp
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@
   for (size_t i = 0; i != num_frames; ++i) {
     unwindstack::FrameData frame_data = unwinder->BuildFrameFromPcOnly(frames[i]);
     BacktraceFrame* f = heap_object->add_allocation_backtrace();
-    fill_in_backtrace_frame(f, frame_data, unwinder->GetMaps());
+    fill_in_backtrace_frame(f, frame_data);
   }
 
   heap_object->set_deallocation_tid(__gwp_asan_get_deallocation_thread_id(responsible_allocation_));
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@
   for (size_t i = 0; i != num_frames; ++i) {
     unwindstack::FrameData frame_data = unwinder->BuildFrameFromPcOnly(frames[i]);
     BacktraceFrame* f = heap_object->add_deallocation_backtrace();
-    fill_in_backtrace_frame(f, frame_data, unwinder->GetMaps());
+    fill_in_backtrace_frame(f, frame_data);
   }
 
   set_human_readable_cause(cause, crash_address_);
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/tombstone.h b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/tombstone.h
index 2331f1e..7bf1688 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/tombstone.h
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/tombstone.h
@@ -37,7 +37,6 @@
 
 namespace unwindstack {
 struct FrameData;
-class Maps;
 class Unwinder;
 }
 
@@ -68,8 +67,7 @@
     const Tombstone& tombstone,
     std::function<void(const std::string& line, bool should_log)> callback);
 
-void fill_in_backtrace_frame(BacktraceFrame* f, const unwindstack::FrameData& frame,
-                             unwindstack::Maps* maps);
+void fill_in_backtrace_frame(BacktraceFrame* f, const unwindstack::FrameData& frame);
 void set_human_readable_cause(Cause* cause, uint64_t fault_addr);
 
 #endif  // _DEBUGGERD_TOMBSTONE_H
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/types.h b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/types.h
index 086dc97..a51e276 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/types.h
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/types.h
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 struct ThreadInfo {
   std::unique_ptr<unwindstack::Regs> registers;
   long tagged_addr_ctrl = -1;
+  long pac_enabled_keys = -1;
 
   pid_t uid;
 
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/utility.h b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/utility.h
index 002321f..63e142f 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/utility.h
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/utility.h
@@ -1,22 +1,20 @@
-/* system/debuggerd/utility.h
-**
-** Copyright 2008, The Android Open Source Project
-**
-** Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-** you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-** You may obtain a copy of the License at
-**
-**     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-**
-** Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-** distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-** WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-** See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-** limitations under the License.
-*/
+/*
+ * Copyright 2008, The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
 
-#ifndef _DEBUGGERD_UTILITY_H
-#define _DEBUGGERD_UTILITY_H
+#pragma once
 
 #include <inttypes.h>
 #include <signal.h>
@@ -93,6 +91,7 @@
 const char* get_signame(const siginfo_t*);
 const char* get_sigcode(const siginfo_t*);
 std::string describe_tagged_addr_ctrl(long ctrl);
+std::string describe_pac_enabled_keys(long keys);
 
 // Number of bytes per MTE granule.
 constexpr size_t kTagGranuleSize = 16;
@@ -100,5 +99,3 @@
 // Number of rows and columns to display in an MTE tag dump.
 constexpr size_t kNumTagColumns = 16;
 constexpr size_t kNumTagRows = 16;
-
-#endif // _DEBUGGERD_UTILITY_H
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/scudo.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/scudo.cpp
index a89f385..a2933f2 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/scudo.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/scudo.cpp
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@
   for (size_t i = 0; i < arraysize(report->allocation_trace) && report->allocation_trace[i]; ++i) {
     unwindstack::FrameData frame_data = unwinder->BuildFrameFromPcOnly(report->allocation_trace[i]);
     BacktraceFrame* f = heap_object->add_allocation_backtrace();
-    fill_in_backtrace_frame(f, frame_data, unwinder->GetMaps());
+    fill_in_backtrace_frame(f, frame_data);
   }
 
   heap_object->set_deallocation_tid(report->deallocation_tid);
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@
     unwindstack::FrameData frame_data =
         unwinder->BuildFrameFromPcOnly(report->deallocation_trace[i]);
     BacktraceFrame* f = heap_object->add_deallocation_backtrace();
-    fill_in_backtrace_frame(f, frame_data, unwinder->GetMaps());
+    fill_in_backtrace_frame(f, frame_data);
   }
 
   set_human_readable_cause(cause, untagged_fault_addr_);
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/test/utility_test.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/test/utility_test.cpp
index 97328b7..dad3380 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/test/utility_test.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/test/utility_test.cpp
@@ -31,3 +31,12 @@
       describe_tagged_addr_ctrl(0xf0000000 | PR_TAGGED_ADDR_ENABLE | PR_MTE_TCF_SYNC |
                                 PR_MTE_TCF_ASYNC | (0xfffe << PR_MTE_TAG_SHIFT)));
 }
+
+TEST(UtilityTest, describe_pac_enabled_keys) {
+  EXPECT_EQ("", describe_pac_enabled_keys(0));
+  EXPECT_EQ(" (PR_PAC_APIAKEY)", describe_pac_enabled_keys(PR_PAC_APIAKEY));
+  EXPECT_EQ(" (PR_PAC_APIAKEY, PR_PAC_APDBKEY)",
+            describe_pac_enabled_keys(PR_PAC_APIAKEY | PR_PAC_APDBKEY));
+  EXPECT_EQ(" (PR_PAC_APIAKEY, PR_PAC_APDBKEY, unknown 0x1000)",
+            describe_pac_enabled_keys(PR_PAC_APIAKEY | PR_PAC_APDBKEY | 0x1000));
+}
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto.cpp
index b1c4ef3..b7d5bc4 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto.cpp
@@ -312,8 +312,7 @@
   }
 }
 
-void fill_in_backtrace_frame(BacktraceFrame* f, const unwindstack::FrameData& frame,
-                             unwindstack::Maps* maps) {
+void fill_in_backtrace_frame(BacktraceFrame* f, const unwindstack::FrameData& frame) {
   f->set_rel_pc(frame.rel_pc);
   f->set_pc(frame.pc);
   f->set_sp(frame.sp);
@@ -331,21 +330,20 @@
 
   f->set_function_offset(frame.function_offset);
 
-  if (frame.map_start == frame.map_end) {
+  if (frame.map_info == nullptr) {
     // No valid map associated with this frame.
     f->set_file_name("<unknown>");
-  } else if (!frame.map_name.empty()) {
-    f->set_file_name(frame.map_name);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if (!frame.map_info->name().empty()) {
+    f->set_file_name(frame.map_info->GetFullName());
   } else {
-    f->set_file_name(StringPrintf("<anonymous:%" PRIx64 ">", frame.map_start));
+    f->set_file_name(StringPrintf("<anonymous:%" PRIx64 ">", frame.map_info->start()));
   }
+  f->set_file_map_offset(frame.map_info->elf_start_offset());
 
-  f->set_file_map_offset(frame.map_elf_start_offset);
-
-  auto map_info = maps->Find(frame.map_start);
-  if (map_info.get() != nullptr) {
-    f->set_build_id(map_info->GetPrintableBuildID());
-  }
+  f->set_build_id(frame.map_info->GetPrintableBuildID());
 }
 
 static void dump_thread(Tombstone* tombstone, unwindstack::Unwinder* unwinder,
@@ -355,6 +353,7 @@
   thread.set_id(thread_info.tid);
   thread.set_name(thread_info.thread_name);
   thread.set_tagged_addr_ctrl(thread_info.tagged_addr_ctrl);
+  thread.set_pac_enabled_keys(thread_info.pac_enabled_keys);
 
   unwindstack::Maps* maps = unwinder->GetMaps();
   unwindstack::Memory* memory = unwinder->GetProcessMemory().get();
@@ -434,7 +433,7 @@
     unwinder->SetDisplayBuildID(true);
     for (const auto& frame : unwinder->frames()) {
       BacktraceFrame* f = thread.add_current_backtrace();
-      fill_in_backtrace_frame(f, frame, maps);
+      fill_in_backtrace_frame(f, frame);
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto_to_text.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto_to_text.cpp
index de86b0a..0265641 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto_to_text.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto_to_text.cpp
@@ -85,6 +85,10 @@
     CB(should_log, "tagged_addr_ctrl: %016" PRIx64 "%s", thread.tagged_addr_ctrl(),
        describe_tagged_addr_ctrl(thread.tagged_addr_ctrl()).c_str());
   }
+  if (thread.pac_enabled_keys() != -1) {
+    CB(should_log, "pac_enabled_keys: %016" PRIx64 "%s", thread.pac_enabled_keys(),
+       describe_pac_enabled_keys(thread.pac_enabled_keys()).c_str());
+  }
 }
 
 static void print_register_row(CallbackType callback, int word_size,
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/utility.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/utility.cpp
index 71f0c09..543a67c 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/utility.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/utility.cpp
@@ -446,31 +446,40 @@
   return "?";
 }
 
-std::string describe_tagged_addr_ctrl(long ctrl) {
+#define DESCRIBE_FLAG(flag) \
+  if (value & flag) {       \
+    desc += ", ";           \
+    desc += #flag;          \
+    value &= ~flag;         \
+  }
+
+static std::string describe_end(long value, std::string& desc) {
+  if (value) {
+    desc += StringPrintf(", unknown 0x%lx", value);
+  }
+  return desc.empty() ? "" : " (" + desc.substr(2) + ")";
+}
+
+std::string describe_tagged_addr_ctrl(long value) {
   std::string desc;
-  if (ctrl & PR_TAGGED_ADDR_ENABLE) {
-    desc += ", PR_TAGGED_ADDR_ENABLE";
-    ctrl &= ~PR_TAGGED_ADDR_ENABLE;
+  DESCRIBE_FLAG(PR_TAGGED_ADDR_ENABLE);
+  DESCRIBE_FLAG(PR_MTE_TCF_SYNC);
+  DESCRIBE_FLAG(PR_MTE_TCF_ASYNC);
+  if (value & PR_MTE_TAG_MASK) {
+    desc += StringPrintf(", mask 0x%04lx", (value & PR_MTE_TAG_MASK) >> PR_MTE_TAG_SHIFT);
+    value &= ~PR_MTE_TAG_MASK;
   }
-  if (ctrl & PR_MTE_TCF_SYNC) {
-    desc += ", PR_MTE_TCF_SYNC";
-    ctrl &= ~PR_MTE_TCF_SYNC;
-  }
-  if (ctrl & PR_MTE_TCF_ASYNC) {
-    desc += ", PR_MTE_TCF_ASYNC";
-    ctrl &= ~PR_MTE_TCF_ASYNC;
-  }
-  if (ctrl & PR_MTE_TAG_MASK) {
-    desc += StringPrintf(", mask 0x%04lx", (ctrl & PR_MTE_TAG_MASK) >> PR_MTE_TAG_SHIFT);
-    ctrl &= ~PR_MTE_TAG_MASK;
-  }
-  if (ctrl) {
-    desc += StringPrintf(", unknown 0x%lx", ctrl);
-  }
-  if (desc.empty()) {
-    return "";
-  }
-  return " (" + desc.substr(2) + ")";
+  return describe_end(value, desc);
+}
+
+std::string describe_pac_enabled_keys(long value) {
+  std::string desc;
+  DESCRIBE_FLAG(PR_PAC_APIAKEY);
+  DESCRIBE_FLAG(PR_PAC_APIBKEY);
+  DESCRIBE_FLAG(PR_PAC_APDAKEY);
+  DESCRIBE_FLAG(PR_PAC_APDBKEY);
+  DESCRIBE_FLAG(PR_PAC_APGAKEY);
+  return describe_end(value, desc);
 }
 
 void log_backtrace(log_t* log, unwindstack::Unwinder* unwinder, const char* prefix) {
diff --git a/debuggerd/proto/tombstone.proto b/debuggerd/proto/tombstone.proto
index a701212..40a942e 100644
--- a/debuggerd/proto/tombstone.proto
+++ b/debuggerd/proto/tombstone.proto
@@ -126,8 +126,9 @@
   repeated BacktraceFrame current_backtrace = 4;
   repeated MemoryDump memory_dump = 5;
   int64 tagged_addr_ctrl = 6;
+  int64 pac_enabled_keys = 8;
 
-  reserved 8 to 999;
+  reserved 9 to 999;
 }
 
 message BacktraceFrame {
diff --git a/fastboot/Android.bp b/fastboot/Android.bp
index 708a677..9ae2c37 100644
--- a/fastboot/Android.bp
+++ b/fastboot/Android.bp
@@ -15,7 +15,10 @@
 // This is required because no Android.bp can include a library defined in an
 // Android.mk. Eventually should kill libfastboot (defined in Android.mk)
 package {
-    default_applicable_licenses: ["system_core_fastboot_license"],
+    default_applicable_licenses: [
+        "system_core_fastboot_license",
+        "Android-Apache-2.0",
+    ],
 }
 
 // Added automatically by a large-scale-change that took the approach of
@@ -36,10 +39,9 @@
     name: "system_core_fastboot_license",
     visibility: [":__subpackages__"],
     license_kinds: [
-        "SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0",
         "SPDX-license-identifier-BSD",
     ],
-    // large-scale-change unable to identify any license_text files
+    license_text: ["LICENSE"],
 }
 
 cc_library_host_static {
diff --git a/fastboot/Android.mk b/fastboot/Android.mk
index 322fe5c..10bed6d 100644
--- a/fastboot/Android.mk
+++ b/fastboot/Android.mk
@@ -23,5 +23,5 @@
 my_dist_files += $(HOST_OUT_EXECUTABLES)/make_f2fs
 my_dist_files += $(HOST_OUT_EXECUTABLES)/make_f2fs_casefold
 my_dist_files += $(HOST_OUT_EXECUTABLES)/sload_f2fs
-$(call dist-for-goals,dist_files sdk win_sdk,$(my_dist_files))
+$(call dist-for-goals,dist_files sdk,$(my_dist_files))
 my_dist_files :=
diff --git a/fastboot/LICENSE b/fastboot/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f0a0e52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fastboot/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+ Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ are met:
+  * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+  * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
+    the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+    distribution.
+
+ THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+ "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+ LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS
+ FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
+ INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING,
+ BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS
+ OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED
+ AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
+ OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT
+ OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ SUCH DAMAGE.
+
diff --git a/fastboot/OWNERS b/fastboot/OWNERS
index 58b2a81..17b3466 100644
--- a/fastboot/OWNERS
+++ b/fastboot/OWNERS
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 dvander@google.com
-hridya@google.com
+elsk@google.com
 enh@google.com
diff --git a/fastboot/device/commands.cpp b/fastboot/device/commands.cpp
index 4042531..b9f6c97 100644
--- a/fastboot/device/commands.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/device/commands.cpp
@@ -268,10 +268,18 @@
     }
 
     // arg[0] is the command name, arg[1] contains size of data to be downloaded
+    // which should always be 8 bytes
+    if (args[1].length() != 8) {
+        return device->WriteStatus(FastbootResult::FAIL,
+                                   "Invalid size (length of size != 8)");
+    }
     unsigned int size;
     if (!android::base::ParseUint("0x" + args[1], &size, kMaxDownloadSizeDefault)) {
         return device->WriteStatus(FastbootResult::FAIL, "Invalid size");
     }
+    if (size == 0) {
+        return device->WriteStatus(FastbootResult::FAIL, "Invalid size (0)");
+    }
     device->download_data().resize(size);
     if (!device->WriteStatus(FastbootResult::DATA, android::base::StringPrintf("%08x", size))) {
         return false;
diff --git a/fastboot/device/fastboot_device.cpp b/fastboot/device/fastboot_device.cpp
index e6a834e..ae225de 100644
--- a/fastboot/device/fastboot_device.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/device/fastboot_device.cpp
@@ -186,6 +186,11 @@
             PLOG(ERROR) << "Couldn't read command";
             return;
         }
+        if (std::count_if(command, command + bytes_read, iscntrl) != 0) {
+            WriteStatus(FastbootResult::FAIL,
+                        "Command contains control character");
+            continue;
+        }
         command[bytes_read] = '\0';
 
         LOG(INFO) << "Fastboot command: " << command;
diff --git a/fastboot/device/flashing.cpp b/fastboot/device/flashing.cpp
index 3f9bcdc..44dc81f 100644
--- a/fastboot/device/flashing.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/device/flashing.cpp
@@ -119,9 +119,11 @@
 }
 
 int FlashSparseData(int fd, std::vector<char>& downloaded_data) {
-    struct sparse_file* file = sparse_file_import_buf(downloaded_data.data(), true, false);
+    struct sparse_file* file = sparse_file_import_buf(downloaded_data.data(),
+                                                      downloaded_data.size(), true, false);
     if (!file) {
-        return -ENOENT;
+        // Invalid sparse format
+        return -EINVAL;
     }
     return sparse_file_callback(file, false, false, WriteCallback, reinterpret_cast<void*>(fd));
 }
@@ -172,7 +174,8 @@
         return -EOVERFLOW;
     } else if (data.size() < block_device_size &&
                (partition_name == "boot" || partition_name == "boot_a" ||
-                partition_name == "boot_b")) {
+                partition_name == "boot_b" || partition_name == "init_boot" ||
+                partition_name == "init_boot_a" || partition_name == "init_boot_b")) {
         CopyAVBFooter(&data, block_device_size);
     }
     if (android::base::GetProperty("ro.system.build.type", "") != "user") {
diff --git a/fastboot/fastboot.bash b/fastboot/fastboot.bash
index f5a3384..e9bf9e9 100644
--- a/fastboot/fastboot.bash
+++ b/fastboot/fastboot.bash
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@
 
     cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}"
     if [[ $i -eq $COMP_CWORD ]]; then
-        partitions="boot bootloader dtbo modem odm odm_dlkm oem product pvmfw radio recovery system vbmeta vendor vendor_dlkm"
+        partitions="boot bootloader dtbo init_boot modem odm odm_dlkm oem product pvmfw radio recovery system system_dlkm vbmeta vendor vendor_dlkm"
         COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "$partitions" -- $cur) )
     else
         _fastboot_util_complete_local_file "${cur}" '!*.img'
diff --git a/fastboot/fastboot.cpp b/fastboot/fastboot.cpp
index 532b524..fde1dab 100644
--- a/fastboot/fastboot.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/fastboot.cpp
@@ -141,6 +141,10 @@
 static Image images[] = {
         // clang-format off
     { "boot",     "boot.img",         "boot.sig",     "boot",     false, ImageType::BootCritical },
+    { "init_boot",
+                  "init_boot.img",    "init_boot.sig",
+                                                      "init_boot",
+                                                                  true,  ImageType::BootCritical },
     { nullptr,    "boot_other.img",   "boot.sig",     "boot",     true,  ImageType::Normal },
     { "cache",    "cache.img",        "cache.sig",    "cache",    true,  ImageType::Extra },
     { "dtbo",     "dtbo.img",         "dtbo.sig",     "dtbo",     true,  ImageType::BootCritical },
@@ -152,6 +156,10 @@
     { "recovery", "recovery.img",     "recovery.sig", "recovery", true,  ImageType::BootCritical },
     { "super",    "super.img",        "super.sig",    "super",    true,  ImageType::Extra },
     { "system",   "system.img",       "system.sig",   "system",   false, ImageType::Normal },
+    { "system_dlkm",
+                  "system_dlkm.img",  "system_dlkm.sig",
+                                                      "system_dlkm",
+                                                                  true,  ImageType::Normal },
     { "system_ext",
                   "system_ext.img",   "system_ext.sig",
                                                       "system_ext",
@@ -1017,7 +1025,7 @@
     return partition_size;
 }
 
-static void copy_boot_avb_footer(const std::string& partition, struct fastboot_buffer* buf) {
+static void copy_avb_footer(const std::string& partition, struct fastboot_buffer* buf) {
     if (buf->sz < AVB_FOOTER_SIZE) {
         return;
     }
@@ -1032,9 +1040,9 @@
     // In this case, partition_size will be zero.
     if (partition_size < buf->sz) {
         fprintf(stderr,
-                "Warning: skip copying boot image avb footer"
-                " (boot partition size: %" PRId64 ", boot image size: %" PRId64 ").\n",
-                partition_size, buf->sz);
+                "Warning: skip copying %s image avb footer"
+                " (%s partition size: %" PRId64 ", %s image size: %" PRId64 ").\n",
+                partition.c_str(), partition.c_str(), partition_size, partition.c_str(), buf->sz);
         return;
     }
 
@@ -1042,7 +1050,7 @@
     // Because buf->fd will still be used afterwards.
     std::string data;
     if (!android::base::ReadFdToString(buf->fd, &data)) {
-        die("Failed reading from boot");
+        die("Failed reading from %s", partition.c_str());
     }
 
     uint64_t footer_offset = buf->sz - AVB_FOOTER_SIZE;
@@ -1051,13 +1059,14 @@
         return;
     }
 
-    unique_fd fd(make_temporary_fd("boot rewriting"));
+    const std::string tmp_fd_template = partition + " rewriting";
+    unique_fd fd(make_temporary_fd(tmp_fd_template.c_str()));
     if (!android::base::WriteStringToFd(data, fd)) {
-        die("Failed writing to modified boot");
+        die("Failed writing to modified %s", partition.c_str());
     }
     lseek(fd.get(), partition_size - AVB_FOOTER_SIZE, SEEK_SET);
     if (!android::base::WriteStringToFd(data.substr(footer_offset), fd)) {
-        die("Failed copying AVB footer in boot");
+        die("Failed copying AVB footer in %s", partition.c_str());
     }
     buf->fd = std::move(fd);
     buf->sz = partition_size;
@@ -1068,8 +1077,9 @@
 {
     sparse_file** s;
 
-    if (partition == "boot" || partition == "boot_a" || partition == "boot_b") {
-        copy_boot_avb_footer(partition, buf);
+    if (partition == "boot" || partition == "boot_a" || partition == "boot_b" ||
+        partition == "init_boot" || partition == "init_boot_a" || partition == "init_boot_b") {
+        copy_avb_footer(partition, buf);
     }
 
     // Rewrite vbmeta if that's what we're flashing and modification has been requested.
diff --git a/fastboot/fuzzy_fastboot/README.md b/fastboot/fuzzy_fastboot/README.md
index 72967c5..a5b64c7 100644
--- a/fastboot/fuzzy_fastboot/README.md
+++ b/fastboot/fuzzy_fastboot/README.md
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@
 Begin with just the generic tests (i.e. no XML file). In particular, make sure all
 the conformance tests are passing before you move on. All other tests require that
 the basic generic conformance tests all pass for them to be valid. The conformance
-tests can be run with `./fuzzy_fastboot --gtests_filter=Conformance.*`.
+tests can be run with `./fuzzy_fastboot --gtest_filter=Conformance.*`.
 
 #### Understanding and Fixing Failed Tests
 Whenever a test fails, it will print out to the console the reason for failure
diff --git a/fastboot/fuzzy_fastboot/main.cpp b/fastboot/fuzzy_fastboot/main.cpp
index b6beaf9..074306b 100644
--- a/fastboot/fuzzy_fastboot/main.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/fuzzy_fastboot/main.cpp
@@ -874,6 +874,12 @@
             << "Device did not respond with FAIL for malformed download command '" << cmd << "'";
 }
 
+TEST_F(Fuzz, DownloadInvalid9) {
+    std::string cmd("download:2PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP");
+    EXPECT_EQ(fb->RawCommand(cmd), DEVICE_FAIL)
+            << "Device did not respond with FAIL for malformed download command '" << cmd << "'";
+}
+
 TEST_F(Fuzz, GetVarAllSpam) {
     auto start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
     std::chrono::duration<double> elapsed;
@@ -890,28 +896,51 @@
 
 TEST_F(Fuzz, BadCommandTooLarge) {
     std::string s = RandomString(FB_COMMAND_SZ + 1, rand_legal);
-    EXPECT_EQ(fb->RawCommand(s), DEVICE_FAIL)
+    RetCode ret = fb->RawCommand(s);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(ret == DEVICE_FAIL || ret == IO_ERROR)
             << "Device did not respond with failure after sending length " << s.size()
             << " string of random ASCII chars";
+    if (ret == IO_ERROR) EXPECT_EQ(transport->Reset(), 0) << "USB reset failed";
     std::string s1 = RandomString(1000, rand_legal);
-    EXPECT_EQ(fb->RawCommand(s1), DEVICE_FAIL)
+    ret = fb->RawCommand(s1);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(ret == DEVICE_FAIL || ret == IO_ERROR)
             << "Device did not respond with failure after sending length " << s1.size()
             << " string of random ASCII chars";
+    if (ret == IO_ERROR) EXPECT_EQ(transport->Reset(), 0) << "USB reset failed";
     std::string s2 = RandomString(1000, rand_illegal);
-    EXPECT_EQ(fb->RawCommand(s2), DEVICE_FAIL)
-            << "Device did not respond with failure after sending length " << s1.size()
+    ret = fb->RawCommand(s2);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(ret == DEVICE_FAIL || ret == IO_ERROR)
+            << "Device did not respond with failure after sending length " << s2.size()
             << " string of random non-ASCII chars";
+    if (ret == IO_ERROR) EXPECT_EQ(transport->Reset(), 0) << "USB reset failed";
     std::string s3 = RandomString(1000, rand_char);
-    EXPECT_EQ(fb->RawCommand(s3), DEVICE_FAIL)
-            << "Device did not respond with failure after sending length " << s1.size()
+    ret = fb->RawCommand(s3);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(ret == DEVICE_FAIL || ret == IO_ERROR)
+            << "Device did not respond with failure after sending length " << s3.size()
             << " string of random chars";
+    if (ret == IO_ERROR) EXPECT_EQ(transport->Reset(), 0) << "USB reset failed";
+
+    std::string s4 = RandomString(10 * 1024 * 1024, rand_legal);
+    ret = fb->RawCommand(s);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(ret == DEVICE_FAIL || ret == IO_ERROR)
+            << "Device did not respond with failure after sending length " << s4.size()
+            << " string of random ASCII chars ";
+    if (ret == IO_ERROR) EXPECT_EQ(transport->Reset(), 0) << "USB reset failed";
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(UsbStillAvailible()) << USB_PORT_GONE;
+    std::string resp;
+    EXPECT_EQ(fb->GetVar("product", &resp), SUCCESS)
+                << "Device is unresponsive to getvar command";
 }
 
 TEST_F(Fuzz, CommandTooLarge) {
     for (const std::string& s : CMDS) {
         std::string rs = RandomString(1000, rand_char);
-        EXPECT_EQ(fb->RawCommand(s + rs), DEVICE_FAIL)
-                << "Device did not respond with failure after '" << s + rs << "'";
+        RetCode ret;
+        ret = fb->RawCommand(s + rs);
+        EXPECT_TRUE(ret == DEVICE_FAIL || ret == IO_ERROR)
+                << "Device did not respond with failure " << ret << "after '" << s + rs << "'";
+        if (ret == IO_ERROR) EXPECT_EQ(transport->Reset(), 0) << "USB reset failed";
         ASSERT_TRUE(UsbStillAvailible()) << USB_PORT_GONE;
         std::string resp;
         EXPECT_EQ(fb->GetVar("product", &resp), SUCCESS)
@@ -954,6 +983,80 @@
     }
 }
 
+TEST_F(Fuzz, SparseZeroBlkSize) {
+    // handcrafted malform sparse file with zero as block size
+    const std::vector<char> buf = {
+        '\x3a', '\xff', '\x26', '\xed', '\x01', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x1c', '\x00', '\x0c', '\x00',
+        '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x01', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x01', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00',
+        '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\xc2', '\xca', '\x00', '\x00', '\x01', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00',
+        '\x10', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x11', '\x22', '\x33', '\x44'
+    };
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(DownloadCommand(buf.size()), SUCCESS) << "Device rejected download command";
+    ASSERT_EQ(SendBuffer(buf), SUCCESS) << "Downloading payload failed";
+
+    // It can either reject this download or reject it during flash
+    if (HandleResponse() != DEVICE_FAIL) {
+        EXPECT_EQ(fb->Flash("userdata"), DEVICE_FAIL)
+                << "Flashing a zero block size in sparse file should fail";
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_F(Fuzz, SparseVeryLargeBlkSize) {
+    // handcrafted sparse file with block size of ~4GB and divisible 4
+    const std::vector<char> buf = {
+        '\x3a', '\xff', '\x26', '\xed', '\x01', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00',
+        '\x1c', '\x00', '\x0c', '\x00', '\xF0', '\xFF', '\xFF', '\xFF',
+        '\x01', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x01', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00',
+        '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\xc3', '\xca', '\x00', '\x00',
+        '\x01', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x0c', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00',
+        '\x11', '\x22', '\x33', '\x44'
+    };
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(DownloadCommand(buf.size()), SUCCESS) << "Device rejected download command";
+    ASSERT_EQ(SendBuffer(buf), SUCCESS) << "Downloading payload failed";
+    ASSERT_EQ(HandleResponse(), SUCCESS) << "Not receive okay";
+    ASSERT_EQ(fb->Flash("userdata"), SUCCESS) << "Flashing sparse failed";
+}
+
+TEST_F(Fuzz, SparseTrimmed) {
+    // handcrafted malform sparse file which is trimmed
+    const std::vector<char> buf = {
+        '\x3a', '\xff', '\x26', '\xed', '\x01', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x1c', '\x00', '\x0c', '\x00',
+        '\x00', '\x10', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x08', '\x00', '\x01', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00',
+        '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\xc1', '\xca', '\x00', '\x00', '\x01', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00',
+        '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x80', '\x11', '\x22', '\x33', '\x44'
+    };
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(DownloadCommand(buf.size()), SUCCESS) << "Device rejected download command";
+    ASSERT_EQ(SendBuffer(buf), SUCCESS) << "Downloading payload failed";
+
+    // It can either reject this download or reject it during flash
+    if (HandleResponse() != DEVICE_FAIL) {
+        EXPECT_EQ(fb->Flash("userdata"), DEVICE_FAIL)
+                << "Flashing a trimmed sparse file should fail";
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_F(Fuzz, SparseInvalidChurk) {
+    // handcrafted malform sparse file with invalid churk
+    const std::vector<char> buf = {
+        '\x3a', '\xff', '\x26', '\xed', '\x01', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x1c', '\x00', '\x0c', '\x00',
+        '\x00', '\x10', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x08', '\x00', '\x01', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00',
+        '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\xc1', '\xca', '\x00', '\x00', '\x01', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00',
+        '\x10', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x11', '\x22', '\x33', '\x44'
+    };
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(DownloadCommand(buf.size()), SUCCESS) << "Device rejected download command";
+    ASSERT_EQ(SendBuffer(buf), SUCCESS) << "Downloading payload failed";
+
+    // It can either reject this download or reject it during flash
+    if (HandleResponse() != DEVICE_FAIL) {
+        EXPECT_EQ(fb->Flash("userdata"), DEVICE_FAIL)
+                << "Flashing a sparse file with invalid churk should fail";
+    }
+}
+
 TEST_F(Fuzz, SparseTooManyChunks) {
     SparseWrapper sparse(4096, 4096);  // 1 block, but we send two chunks that will use 2 blocks
     ASSERT_TRUE(*sparse) << "Sparse image creation failed";
diff --git a/fs_mgr/Android.bp b/fs_mgr/Android.bp
index 5872dda..49761ac 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/Android.bp
+++ b/fs_mgr/Android.bp
@@ -69,7 +69,6 @@
         "file_wait.cpp",
         "fs_mgr.cpp",
         "fs_mgr_format.cpp",
-        "fs_mgr_verity.cpp",
         "fs_mgr_dm_linear.cpp",
         "fs_mgr_overlayfs.cpp",
         "fs_mgr_roots.cpp",
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr.cpp b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr.cpp
index 137b066..8ce961b 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr.cpp
@@ -170,6 +170,22 @@
             FS_STAT_SET_RESERVED_BLOCKS_FAILED | FS_STAT_ENABLE_ENCRYPTION_FAILED);
 }
 
+static bool umount_retry(const std::string& mount_point) {
+    int retry_count = 5;
+    bool umounted = false;
+
+    while (retry_count-- > 0) {
+        umounted = umount(mount_point.c_str()) == 0;
+        if (umounted) {
+            LINFO << __FUNCTION__ << "(): unmount(" << mount_point << ") succeeded";
+            break;
+        }
+        PERROR << __FUNCTION__ << "(): umount(" << mount_point << ") failed";
+        if (retry_count) sleep(1);
+    }
+    return umounted;
+}
+
 static void check_fs(const std::string& blk_device, const std::string& fs_type,
                      const std::string& target, int* fs_stat) {
     int status;
@@ -209,25 +225,12 @@
                         tmpmnt_opts.c_str());
             PINFO << __FUNCTION__ << "(): mount(" << blk_device << "," << target << "," << fs_type
                   << ")=" << ret;
-            if (!ret) {
-                bool umounted = false;
-                int retry_count = 5;
-                while (retry_count-- > 0) {
-                    umounted = umount(target.c_str()) == 0;
-                    if (umounted) {
-                        LINFO << __FUNCTION__ << "(): unmount(" << target << ") succeeded";
-                        break;
-                    }
-                    PERROR << __FUNCTION__ << "(): umount(" << target << ") failed";
-                    if (retry_count) sleep(1);
-                }
-                if (!umounted) {
-                    // boot may fail but continue and leave it to later stage for now.
-                    PERROR << __FUNCTION__ << "(): umount(" << target << ") timed out";
-                    *fs_stat |= FS_STAT_RO_UNMOUNT_FAILED;
-                }
-            } else {
+            if (ret) {
                 *fs_stat |= FS_STAT_RO_MOUNT_FAILED;
+            } else if (!umount_retry(target)) {
+                // boot may fail but continue and leave it to later stage for now.
+                PERROR << __FUNCTION__ << "(): umount(" << target << ") timed out";
+                *fs_stat |= FS_STAT_RO_UNMOUNT_FAILED;
             }
         }
 
@@ -268,12 +271,12 @@
             LINFO << "Running " << F2FS_FSCK_BIN << " -f -c 10000 --debug-cache "
                   << realpath(blk_device);
             ret = logwrap_fork_execvp(ARRAY_SIZE(f2fs_fsck_forced_argv), f2fs_fsck_forced_argv,
-                                      &status, false, LOG_KLOG | LOG_FILE, false, FSCK_LOG_FILE);
+                                      &status, false, LOG_KLOG | LOG_FILE, false, nullptr);
         } else {
             LINFO << "Running " << F2FS_FSCK_BIN << " -a -c 10000 --debug-cache "
                   << realpath(blk_device);
             ret = logwrap_fork_execvp(ARRAY_SIZE(f2fs_fsck_argv), f2fs_fsck_argv, &status, false,
-                                      LOG_KLOG | LOG_FILE, false, FSCK_LOG_FILE);
+                                      LOG_KLOG | LOG_FILE, false, nullptr);
         }
         if (ret < 0) {
             /* No need to check for error in fork, we can't really handle it now */
@@ -1009,12 +1012,11 @@
 // Check to see if a mountable volume has encryption requirements
 static int handle_encryptable(const FstabEntry& entry) {
     if (should_use_metadata_encryption(entry)) {
-        if (umount(entry.mount_point.c_str()) == 0) {
+        if (umount_retry(entry.mount_point)) {
             return FS_MGR_MNTALL_DEV_NEEDS_METADATA_ENCRYPTION;
-        } else {
-            PERROR << "Could not umount " << entry.mount_point << " - fail since can't encrypt";
-            return FS_MGR_MNTALL_FAIL;
         }
+        PERROR << "Could not umount " << entry.mount_point << " - fail since can't encrypt";
+        return FS_MGR_MNTALL_FAIL;
     } else if (entry.fs_mgr_flags.file_encryption) {
         LINFO << entry.mount_point << " is file encrypted";
         return FS_MGR_MNTALL_DEV_FILE_ENCRYPTED;
@@ -1443,14 +1445,6 @@
                 // Skips mounting the device.
                 continue;
             }
-        } else if ((current_entry.fs_mgr_flags.verify)) {
-            int rc = fs_mgr_setup_verity(&current_entry, true);
-            if (rc == FS_MGR_SETUP_VERITY_DISABLED || rc == FS_MGR_SETUP_VERITY_SKIPPED) {
-                LINFO << "Verity disabled";
-            } else if (rc != FS_MGR_SETUP_VERITY_SUCCESS) {
-                LERROR << "Could not set up verified partition, skipping!";
-                continue;
-            }
         }
 
         int last_idx_inspected;
@@ -1615,13 +1609,6 @@
                 ret |= FsMgrUmountStatus::ERROR_VERITY;
                 continue;
             }
-        } else if ((current_entry.fs_mgr_flags.verify)) {
-            if (!fs_mgr_teardown_verity(&current_entry)) {
-                LERROR << "Failed to tear down verified partition on mount point: "
-                       << current_entry.mount_point;
-                ret |= FsMgrUmountStatus::ERROR_VERITY;
-                continue;
-            }
         }
     }
     return ret;
@@ -1822,9 +1809,13 @@
     auto& mount_point = alt_mount_point.empty() ? entry.mount_point : alt_mount_point;
 
     // Run fsck if needed
-    prepare_fs_for_mount(entry.blk_device, entry, mount_point);
+    int ret = prepare_fs_for_mount(entry.blk_device, entry, mount_point);
+    // Wiped case doesn't require to try __mount below.
+    if (ret & FS_STAT_INVALID_MAGIC) {
+      return FS_MGR_DOMNT_FAILED;
+    }
 
-    int ret = __mount(entry.blk_device, mount_point, entry);
+    ret = __mount(entry.blk_device, mount_point, entry);
     if (ret) {
       ret = (errno == EBUSY) ? FS_MGR_DOMNT_BUSY : FS_MGR_DOMNT_FAILED;
     }
@@ -1914,14 +1905,6 @@
                 // Skips mounting the device.
                 continue;
             }
-        } else if (fstab_entry.fs_mgr_flags.verify) {
-            int rc = fs_mgr_setup_verity(&fstab_entry, true);
-            if (rc == FS_MGR_SETUP_VERITY_DISABLED || rc == FS_MGR_SETUP_VERITY_SKIPPED) {
-                LINFO << "Verity disabled";
-            } else if (rc != FS_MGR_SETUP_VERITY_SUCCESS) {
-                LERROR << "Could not set up verified partition, skipping!";
-                continue;
-            }
         }
 
         int retry_count = 2;
@@ -2140,7 +2123,7 @@
 }
 
 bool fs_mgr_is_verity_enabled(const FstabEntry& entry) {
-    if (!entry.fs_mgr_flags.verify && !entry.fs_mgr_flags.avb) {
+    if (!entry.fs_mgr_flags.avb) {
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -2151,17 +2134,12 @@
         return false;
     }
 
-    const char* status;
     std::vector<DeviceMapper::TargetInfo> table;
     if (!dm.GetTableStatus(mount_point, &table) || table.empty() || table[0].data.empty()) {
-        if (!entry.fs_mgr_flags.verify_at_boot) {
-            return false;
-        }
-        status = "V";
-    } else {
-        status = table[0].data.c_str();
+        return false;
     }
 
+    auto status = table[0].data.c_str();
     if (*status == 'C' || *status == 'V') {
         return true;
     }
@@ -2170,7 +2148,7 @@
 }
 
 std::optional<HashtreeInfo> fs_mgr_get_hashtree_info(const android::fs_mgr::FstabEntry& entry) {
-    if (!entry.fs_mgr_flags.verify && !entry.fs_mgr_flags.avb) {
+    if (!entry.fs_mgr_flags.avb) {
         return {};
     }
     DeviceMapper& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
@@ -2206,7 +2184,7 @@
 }
 
 bool fs_mgr_verity_is_check_at_most_once(const android::fs_mgr::FstabEntry& entry) {
-    if (!entry.fs_mgr_flags.verify && !entry.fs_mgr_flags.avb) {
+    if (!entry.fs_mgr_flags.avb) {
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -2342,3 +2320,22 @@
     LINFO << report << ret;
     return true;
 }
+
+bool fs_mgr_load_verity_state(int* mode) {
+    // unless otherwise specified, use EIO mode.
+    *mode = VERITY_MODE_EIO;
+
+    // The bootloader communicates verity mode via the kernel commandline
+    std::string verity_mode;
+    if (!fs_mgr_get_boot_config("veritymode", &verity_mode)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (verity_mode == "enforcing") {
+        *mode = VERITY_MODE_DEFAULT;
+    } else if (verity_mode == "logging") {
+        *mode = VERITY_MODE_LOGGING;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_fstab.cpp b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_fstab.cpp
index 07b533b..0ca1946 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_fstab.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_fstab.cpp
@@ -167,12 +167,10 @@
         CheckFlag("recoveryonly", recovery_only);
         CheckFlag("noemulatedsd", no_emulated_sd);
         CheckFlag("notrim", no_trim);
-        CheckFlag("verify", verify);
         CheckFlag("formattable", formattable);
         CheckFlag("slotselect", slot_select);
         CheckFlag("latemount", late_mount);
         CheckFlag("nofail", no_fail);
-        CheckFlag("verifyatboot", verify_at_boot);
         CheckFlag("quota", quota);
         CheckFlag("avb", avb);
         CheckFlag("logical", logical);
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_overlayfs.cpp b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_overlayfs.cpp
index 2b31119..2da5b0f 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_overlayfs.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_overlayfs.cpp
@@ -880,9 +880,14 @@
             errno = save_errno;
         }
         entry.flags &= ~MS_RDONLY;
+        entry.flags |= MS_SYNCHRONOUS;
+        entry.fs_options = "nodiscard";
         fs_mgr_set_blk_ro(device_path, false);
     }
-    entry.fs_mgr_flags.check = true;
+    // check_fs requires apex runtime library
+    if (fs_mgr_overlayfs_already_mounted("/data", false)) {
+        entry.fs_mgr_flags.check = true;
+    }
     auto save_errno = errno;
     if (mounted) mounted = fs_mgr_do_mount_one(entry) == 0;
     if (!mounted) {
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_verity.cpp b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_verity.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index efa2180..0000000
--- a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_verity.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,557 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2013 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include <ctype.h>
-#include <errno.h>
-#include <fcntl.h>
-#include <inttypes.h>
-#include <libgen.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <sys/mount.h>
-#include <sys/stat.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#include <sys/wait.h>
-#include <time.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-
-#include <android-base/file.h>
-#include <android-base/properties.h>
-#include <android-base/strings.h>
-#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
-#include <crypto_utils/android_pubkey.h>
-#include <cutils/properties.h>
-#include <fs_mgr/file_wait.h>
-#include <libdm/dm.h>
-#include <logwrap/logwrap.h>
-#include <openssl/obj_mac.h>
-#include <openssl/rsa.h>
-#include <openssl/sha.h>
-
-#include "fec/io.h"
-
-#include "fs_mgr.h"
-#include "fs_mgr_dm_linear.h"
-#include "fs_mgr_priv.h"
-
-// Realistically, this file should be part of the android::fs_mgr namespace;
-using namespace android::fs_mgr;
-
-#define VERITY_TABLE_RSA_KEY "/verity_key"
-#define VERITY_TABLE_HASH_IDX 8
-#define VERITY_TABLE_SALT_IDX 9
-
-#define VERITY_TABLE_OPT_RESTART "restart_on_corruption"
-#define VERITY_TABLE_OPT_LOGGING "ignore_corruption"
-#define VERITY_TABLE_OPT_IGNZERO "ignore_zero_blocks"
-
-#define VERITY_TABLE_OPT_FEC_FORMAT \
-    "use_fec_from_device %s fec_start %" PRIu64 " fec_blocks %" PRIu64 \
-    " fec_roots %u " VERITY_TABLE_OPT_IGNZERO
-#define VERITY_TABLE_OPT_FEC_ARGS 9
-
-#define METADATA_MAGIC 0x01564c54
-#define METADATA_TAG_MAX_LENGTH 63
-#define METADATA_EOD "eod"
-
-#define VERITY_LASTSIG_TAG "verity_lastsig"
-
-#define VERITY_STATE_TAG "verity_state"
-#define VERITY_STATE_HEADER 0x83c0ae9d
-#define VERITY_STATE_VERSION 1
-
-#define VERITY_KMSG_RESTART "dm-verity device corrupted"
-#define VERITY_KMSG_BUFSIZE 1024
-
-#define READ_BUF_SIZE 4096
-
-#define __STRINGIFY(x) #x
-#define STRINGIFY(x) __STRINGIFY(x)
-
-struct verity_state {
-    uint32_t header;
-    uint32_t version;
-    int32_t mode;
-};
-
-extern struct fs_info info;
-
-static RSA *load_key(const char *path)
-{
-    uint8_t key_data[ANDROID_PUBKEY_ENCODED_SIZE];
-
-    auto f = std::unique_ptr<FILE, decltype(&fclose)>{fopen(path, "re"), fclose};
-    if (!f) {
-        LERROR << "Can't open " << path;
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    if (!fread(key_data, sizeof(key_data), 1, f.get())) {
-        LERROR << "Could not read key!";
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    RSA* key = nullptr;
-    if (!android_pubkey_decode(key_data, sizeof(key_data), &key)) {
-        LERROR << "Could not parse key!";
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    return key;
-}
-
-static int verify_table(const uint8_t *signature, size_t signature_size,
-        const char *table, uint32_t table_length)
-{
-    RSA *key;
-    uint8_t hash_buf[SHA256_DIGEST_LENGTH];
-    int retval = -1;
-
-    // Hash the table
-    SHA256((uint8_t*)table, table_length, hash_buf);
-
-    // Now get the public key from the keyfile
-    key = load_key(VERITY_TABLE_RSA_KEY);
-    if (!key) {
-        LERROR << "Couldn't load verity keys";
-        goto out;
-    }
-
-    // verify the result
-    if (!RSA_verify(NID_sha256, hash_buf, sizeof(hash_buf), signature,
-                    signature_size, key)) {
-        LERROR << "Couldn't verify table";
-        goto out;
-    }
-
-    retval = 0;
-
-out:
-    RSA_free(key);
-    return retval;
-}
-
-static int verify_verity_signature(const struct fec_verity_metadata& verity)
-{
-    if (verify_table(verity.signature, sizeof(verity.signature),
-            verity.table, verity.table_length) == 0 ||
-        verify_table(verity.ecc_signature, sizeof(verity.ecc_signature),
-            verity.table, verity.table_length) == 0) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    return -1;
-}
-
-static int invalidate_table(char *table, size_t table_length)
-{
-    size_t n = 0;
-    size_t idx = 0;
-    size_t cleared = 0;
-
-    while (n < table_length) {
-        if (table[n++] == ' ') {
-            ++idx;
-        }
-
-        if (idx != VERITY_TABLE_HASH_IDX && idx != VERITY_TABLE_SALT_IDX) {
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        while (n < table_length && table[n] != ' ') {
-            table[n++] = '0';
-        }
-
-        if (++cleared == 2) {
-            return 0;
-        }
-    }
-
-    return -1;
-}
-
-struct verity_table_params {
-    char *table;
-    int mode;
-    struct fec_ecc_metadata ecc;
-    const char *ecc_dev;
-};
-
-typedef bool (*format_verity_table_func)(char *buf, const size_t bufsize,
-        const struct verity_table_params *params);
-
-static bool format_verity_table(char *buf, const size_t bufsize,
-        const struct verity_table_params *params)
-{
-    const char *mode_flag = NULL;
-    int res = -1;
-
-    if (params->mode == VERITY_MODE_RESTART) {
-        mode_flag = VERITY_TABLE_OPT_RESTART;
-    } else if (params->mode == VERITY_MODE_LOGGING) {
-        mode_flag = VERITY_TABLE_OPT_LOGGING;
-    }
-
-    if (params->ecc.valid) {
-        if (mode_flag) {
-            res = snprintf(buf, bufsize,
-                    "%s %u %s " VERITY_TABLE_OPT_FEC_FORMAT,
-                    params->table, 1 + VERITY_TABLE_OPT_FEC_ARGS, mode_flag, params->ecc_dev,
-                    params->ecc.start / FEC_BLOCKSIZE, params->ecc.blocks, params->ecc.roots);
-        } else {
-            res = snprintf(buf, bufsize,
-                    "%s %u " VERITY_TABLE_OPT_FEC_FORMAT,
-                    params->table, VERITY_TABLE_OPT_FEC_ARGS, params->ecc_dev,
-                    params->ecc.start / FEC_BLOCKSIZE, params->ecc.blocks, params->ecc.roots);
-        }
-    } else if (mode_flag) {
-        res = snprintf(buf, bufsize, "%s 2 " VERITY_TABLE_OPT_IGNZERO " %s", params->table,
-                    mode_flag);
-    } else {
-        res = snprintf(buf, bufsize, "%s 1 " VERITY_TABLE_OPT_IGNZERO, params->table);
-    }
-
-    if (res < 0 || (size_t)res >= bufsize) {
-        LERROR << "Error building verity table; insufficient buffer size?";
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-static bool format_legacy_verity_table(char *buf, const size_t bufsize,
-        const struct verity_table_params *params)
-{
-    int res;
-
-    if (params->mode == VERITY_MODE_EIO) {
-        res = strlcpy(buf, params->table, bufsize);
-    } else {
-        res = snprintf(buf, bufsize, "%s %d", params->table, params->mode);
-    }
-
-    if (res < 0 || (size_t)res >= bufsize) {
-        LERROR << "Error building verity table; insufficient buffer size?";
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-static int load_verity_table(android::dm::DeviceMapper& dm, const std::string& name,
-                             uint64_t device_size, const struct verity_table_params* params,
-                             format_verity_table_func format) {
-    android::dm::DmTable table;
-    table.set_readonly(true);
-
-    char buffer[DM_BUF_SIZE];
-    if (!format(buffer, sizeof(buffer), params)) {
-        LERROR << "Failed to format verity parameters";
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    android::dm::DmTargetVerityString target(0, device_size / 512, buffer);
-    if (!table.AddTarget(std::make_unique<decltype(target)>(target))) {
-        LERROR << "Failed to add verity target";
-        return -1;
-    }
-    if (!dm.CreateDevice(name, table)) {
-        LERROR << "Failed to create verity device \"" << name << "\"";
-        return -1;
-    }
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static int read_partition(const char *path, uint64_t size)
-{
-    char buf[READ_BUF_SIZE];
-    ssize_t size_read;
-    android::base::unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(path, O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC)));
-
-    if (fd == -1) {
-        PERROR << "Failed to open " << path;
-        return -errno;
-    }
-
-    while (size) {
-        size_read = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(fd, buf, READ_BUF_SIZE));
-        if (size_read == -1) {
-            PERROR << "Error in reading partition " << path;
-            return -errno;
-        }
-        size -= size_read;
-    }
-
-    return 0;
-}
-
-bool fs_mgr_load_verity_state(int* mode) {
-    // unless otherwise specified, use EIO mode.
-    *mode = VERITY_MODE_EIO;
-
-    // The bootloader communicates verity mode via the kernel commandline
-    std::string verity_mode;
-    if (!fs_mgr_get_boot_config("veritymode", &verity_mode)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    if (verity_mode == "enforcing") {
-        *mode = VERITY_MODE_DEFAULT;
-    } else if (verity_mode == "logging") {
-        *mode = VERITY_MODE_LOGGING;
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-// Update the verity table using the actual block device path.
-// Two cases:
-// Case-1: verity table is shared for devices with different by-name prefix.
-// Example:
-//   verity table token:       /dev/block/bootdevice/by-name/vendor
-//   blk_device-1 (non-A/B):   /dev/block/platform/soc.0/7824900.sdhci/by-name/vendor
-//   blk_device-2 (A/B):       /dev/block/platform/soc.0/f9824900.sdhci/by-name/vendor_a
-//
-// Case-2: append A/B suffix in the verity table.
-// Example:
-//   verity table token: /dev/block/platform/soc.0/7824900.sdhci/by-name/vendor
-//   blk_device:         /dev/block/platform/soc.0/7824900.sdhci/by-name/vendor_a
-static void update_verity_table_blk_device(const std::string& blk_device, char** table,
-                                           bool slot_select) {
-    bool updated = false;
-    std::string result, ab_suffix;
-    auto tokens = android::base::Split(*table, " ");
-
-    // If slot_select is set, it means blk_device is already updated with ab_suffix.
-    if (slot_select) ab_suffix = fs_mgr_get_slot_suffix();
-
-    for (const auto& token : tokens) {
-        std::string new_token;
-        if (android::base::StartsWith(token, "/dev/block/")) {
-            if (token == blk_device) return;  // no need to update if they're already the same.
-            std::size_t found1 = blk_device.find("by-name");
-            std::size_t found2 = token.find("by-name");
-            if (found1 != std::string::npos && found2 != std::string::npos &&
-                blk_device.substr(found1) == token.substr(found2) + ab_suffix) {
-                new_token = blk_device;
-            }
-        }
-
-        if (!new_token.empty()) {
-            updated = true;
-            LINFO << "Verity table: updated block device from '" << token << "' to '" << new_token
-                  << "'";
-        } else {
-            new_token = token;
-        }
-
-        if (result.empty()) {
-            result = new_token;
-        } else {
-            result += " " + new_token;
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (!updated) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    free(*table);
-    *table = strdup(result.c_str());
-}
-
-// prepares the verity enabled (MF_VERIFY / MF_VERIFYATBOOT) fstab record for
-// mount. The 'wait_for_verity_dev' parameter makes this function wait for the
-// verity device to get created before return
-int fs_mgr_setup_verity(FstabEntry* entry, bool wait_for_verity_dev) {
-    int retval = FS_MGR_SETUP_VERITY_FAIL;
-    int fd = -1;
-    std::string verity_blk_name;
-    struct fec_handle *f = NULL;
-    struct fec_verity_metadata verity;
-    struct verity_table_params params = { .table = NULL };
-
-    const std::string mount_point(basename(entry->mount_point.c_str()));
-    bool verified_at_boot = false;
-
-    android::dm::DeviceMapper& dm = android::dm::DeviceMapper::Instance();
-
-    if (fec_open(&f, entry->blk_device.c_str(), O_RDONLY, FEC_VERITY_DISABLE, FEC_DEFAULT_ROOTS) <
-        0) {
-        PERROR << "Failed to open '" << entry->blk_device << "'";
-        return retval;
-    }
-
-    // read verity metadata
-    if (fec_verity_get_metadata(f, &verity) < 0) {
-        PERROR << "Failed to get verity metadata '" << entry->blk_device << "'";
-        // Allow verity disabled when the device is unlocked without metadata
-        if (fs_mgr_is_device_unlocked()) {
-            retval = FS_MGR_SETUP_VERITY_SKIPPED;
-            LWARNING << "Allow invalid metadata when the device is unlocked";
-        }
-        goto out;
-    }
-
-#ifdef ALLOW_ADBD_DISABLE_VERITY
-    if (verity.disabled) {
-        retval = FS_MGR_SETUP_VERITY_DISABLED;
-        LINFO << "Attempt to cleanly disable verity - only works in USERDEBUG/ENG";
-        goto out;
-    }
-#endif
-
-    // read ecc metadata
-    if (fec_ecc_get_metadata(f, &params.ecc) < 0) {
-        params.ecc.valid = false;
-    }
-
-    params.ecc_dev = entry->blk_device.c_str();
-
-    if (!fs_mgr_load_verity_state(&params.mode)) {
-        /* if accessing or updating the state failed, switch to the default
-         * safe mode. This makes sure the device won't end up in an endless
-         * restart loop, and no corrupted data will be exposed to userspace
-         * without a warning. */
-        params.mode = VERITY_MODE_EIO;
-    }
-
-    if (!verity.table) {
-        goto out;
-    }
-
-    params.table = strdup(verity.table);
-    if (!params.table) {
-        goto out;
-    }
-
-    // verify the signature on the table
-    if (verify_verity_signature(verity) < 0) {
-        // Allow signature verification error when the device is unlocked
-        if (fs_mgr_is_device_unlocked()) {
-            retval = FS_MGR_SETUP_VERITY_SKIPPED;
-            LWARNING << "Allow signature verification error when the device is unlocked";
-            goto out;
-        }
-        if (params.mode == VERITY_MODE_LOGGING) {
-            // the user has been warned, allow mounting without dm-verity
-            retval = FS_MGR_SETUP_VERITY_SKIPPED;
-            goto out;
-        }
-
-        // invalidate root hash and salt to trigger device-specific recovery
-        if (invalidate_table(params.table, verity.table_length) < 0) {
-            goto out;
-        }
-    }
-
-    LINFO << "Enabling dm-verity for " << mount_point.c_str()
-          << " (mode " << params.mode << ")";
-
-    // Update the verity params using the actual block device path
-    update_verity_table_blk_device(entry->blk_device, &params.table,
-                                   entry->fs_mgr_flags.slot_select);
-
-    // load the verity mapping table
-    if (load_verity_table(dm, mount_point, verity.data_size, &params, format_verity_table) == 0) {
-        goto loaded;
-    }
-
-    if (params.ecc.valid) {
-        // kernel may not support error correction, try without
-        LINFO << "Disabling error correction for " << mount_point.c_str();
-        params.ecc.valid = false;
-
-        if (load_verity_table(dm, mount_point, verity.data_size, &params, format_verity_table) == 0) {
-            goto loaded;
-        }
-    }
-
-    // try the legacy format for backwards compatibility
-    if (load_verity_table(dm, mount_point, verity.data_size, &params, format_legacy_verity_table) ==
-        0) {
-        goto loaded;
-    }
-
-    if (params.mode != VERITY_MODE_EIO) {
-        // as a last resort, EIO mode should always be supported
-        LINFO << "Falling back to EIO mode for " << mount_point.c_str();
-        params.mode = VERITY_MODE_EIO;
-
-        if (load_verity_table(dm, mount_point, verity.data_size, &params,
-                              format_legacy_verity_table) == 0) {
-            goto loaded;
-        }
-    }
-
-    LERROR << "Failed to load verity table for " << mount_point.c_str();
-    goto out;
-
-loaded:
-    if (!dm.GetDmDevicePathByName(mount_point, &verity_blk_name)) {
-        LERROR << "Couldn't get verity device number!";
-        goto out;
-    }
-
-    // mark the underlying block device as read-only
-    fs_mgr_set_blk_ro(entry->blk_device);
-
-    // Verify the entire partition in one go
-    // If there is an error, allow it to mount as a normal verity partition.
-    if (entry->fs_mgr_flags.verify_at_boot) {
-        LINFO << "Verifying partition " << entry->blk_device << " at boot";
-        int err = read_partition(verity_blk_name.c_str(), verity.data_size);
-        if (!err) {
-            LINFO << "Verified verity partition " << entry->blk_device << " at boot";
-            verified_at_boot = true;
-        }
-    }
-
-    // assign the new verity block device as the block device
-    if (!verified_at_boot) {
-        entry->blk_device = verity_blk_name;
-    } else if (!dm.DeleteDevice(mount_point)) {
-        LERROR << "Failed to remove verity device " << mount_point.c_str();
-        goto out;
-    }
-
-    // make sure we've set everything up properly
-    if (wait_for_verity_dev && !WaitForFile(entry->blk_device, 1s)) {
-        goto out;
-    }
-
-    retval = FS_MGR_SETUP_VERITY_SUCCESS;
-
-out:
-    if (fd != -1) {
-        close(fd);
-    }
-
-    fec_close(f);
-    free(params.table);
-
-    return retval;
-}
-
-bool fs_mgr_teardown_verity(FstabEntry* entry) {
-    const std::string mount_point(basename(entry->mount_point.c_str()));
-    if (!android::fs_mgr::UnmapDevice(mount_point)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    LINFO << "Unmapped verity device " << mount_point;
-    return true;
-}
diff --git a/fs_mgr/include_fstab/fstab/fstab.h b/fs_mgr/include_fstab/fstab/fstab.h
index 054300e..b831d12 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/include_fstab/fstab/fstab.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/include_fstab/fstab/fstab.h
@@ -63,7 +63,6 @@
         bool nonremovable : 1;
         bool vold_managed : 1;
         bool recovery_only : 1;
-        bool verify : 1;
         bool no_emulated_sd : 1;  // No emulated sdcard daemon; sd card is the only external
                                   // storage.
         bool no_trim : 1;
@@ -72,7 +71,6 @@
         bool slot_select : 1;
         bool late_mount : 1;
         bool no_fail : 1;
-        bool verify_at_boot : 1;
         bool quota : 1;
         bool avb : 1;
         bool logical : 1;
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/avb_util.cpp b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/avb_util.cpp
index e913d50..85dbb36 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/avb_util.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/avb_util.cpp
@@ -35,19 +35,6 @@
 namespace android {
 namespace fs_mgr {
 
-std::string GetAvbPropertyDescriptor(const std::string& key,
-                                     const std::vector<VBMetaData>& vbmeta_images) {
-    size_t value_size;
-    for (const auto& vbmeta : vbmeta_images) {
-        const char* value = avb_property_lookup(vbmeta.data(), vbmeta.size(), key.data(),
-                                                key.size(), &value_size);
-        if (value != nullptr) {
-            return {value, value_size};
-        }
-    }
-    return "";
-}
-
 // Constructs dm-verity arguments for sending DM_TABLE_LOAD ioctl to kernel.
 // See the following link for more details:
 // https://gitlab.com/cryptsetup/cryptsetup/wikis/DMVerity
@@ -130,64 +117,6 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-std::unique_ptr<FsAvbHashDescriptor> GetHashDescriptor(
-        const std::string& partition_name, const std::vector<VBMetaData>& vbmeta_images) {
-    bool found = false;
-    const uint8_t* desc_partition_name;
-    auto hash_desc = std::make_unique<FsAvbHashDescriptor>();
-
-    for (const auto& vbmeta : vbmeta_images) {
-        size_t num_descriptors;
-        std::unique_ptr<const AvbDescriptor*[], decltype(&avb_free)> descriptors(
-                avb_descriptor_get_all(vbmeta.data(), vbmeta.size(), &num_descriptors), avb_free);
-
-        if (!descriptors || num_descriptors < 1) {
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        for (size_t n = 0; n < num_descriptors && !found; n++) {
-            AvbDescriptor desc;
-            if (!avb_descriptor_validate_and_byteswap(descriptors[n], &desc)) {
-                LWARNING << "Descriptor[" << n << "] is invalid";
-                continue;
-            }
-            if (desc.tag == AVB_DESCRIPTOR_TAG_HASH) {
-                desc_partition_name = (const uint8_t*)descriptors[n] + sizeof(AvbHashDescriptor);
-                if (!avb_hash_descriptor_validate_and_byteswap((AvbHashDescriptor*)descriptors[n],
-                                                               hash_desc.get())) {
-                    continue;
-                }
-                if (hash_desc->partition_name_len != partition_name.length()) {
-                    continue;
-                }
-                // Notes that desc_partition_name is not NUL-terminated.
-                std::string hash_partition_name((const char*)desc_partition_name,
-                                                hash_desc->partition_name_len);
-                if (hash_partition_name == partition_name) {
-                    found = true;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        if (found) break;
-    }
-
-    if (!found) {
-        LERROR << "Hash descriptor not found: " << partition_name;
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    hash_desc->partition_name = partition_name;
-
-    const uint8_t* desc_salt = desc_partition_name + hash_desc->partition_name_len;
-    hash_desc->salt = BytesToHex(desc_salt, hash_desc->salt_len);
-
-    const uint8_t* desc_digest = desc_salt + hash_desc->salt_len;
-    hash_desc->digest = BytesToHex(desc_digest, hash_desc->digest_len);
-
-    return hash_desc;
-}
-
 std::unique_ptr<FsAvbHashtreeDescriptor> GetHashtreeDescriptor(
         const std::string& partition_name, const std::vector<VBMetaData>& vbmeta_images) {
     bool found = false;
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/avb_util.h b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/avb_util.h
index e8f7c39..7941c70 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/avb_util.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/avb_util.h
@@ -37,12 +37,6 @@
         : partition_name(chain_partition_name), public_key_blob(chain_public_key_blob) {}
 };
 
-std::string GetAvbPropertyDescriptor(const std::string& key,
-                                     const std::vector<VBMetaData>& vbmeta_images);
-
-std::unique_ptr<FsAvbHashDescriptor> GetHashDescriptor(
-        const std::string& partition_name, const std::vector<VBMetaData>& vbmeta_images);
-
 // AvbHashtreeDescriptor to dm-verity table setup.
 std::unique_ptr<FsAvbHashtreeDescriptor> GetHashtreeDescriptor(
         const std::string& partition_name, const std::vector<VBMetaData>& vbmeta_images);
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/fs_avb.cpp b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/fs_avb.cpp
index 1da7117..a288876 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/fs_avb.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/fs_avb.cpp
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@
 
 #include "avb_ops.h"
 #include "avb_util.h"
+#include "fs_avb/fs_avb_util.h"
 #include "sha.h"
 #include "util.h"
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/fs_avb_util.cpp b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/fs_avb_util.cpp
index 1c14cc0..5326226 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/fs_avb_util.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/fs_avb_util.cpp
@@ -74,6 +74,64 @@
     return GetHashtreeDescriptor(avb_partition_name, vbmeta_images);
 }
 
+std::unique_ptr<FsAvbHashDescriptor> GetHashDescriptor(
+        const std::string& partition_name, const std::vector<VBMetaData>& vbmeta_images) {
+    bool found = false;
+    const uint8_t* desc_partition_name;
+    auto hash_desc = std::make_unique<FsAvbHashDescriptor>();
+
+    for (const auto& vbmeta : vbmeta_images) {
+        size_t num_descriptors;
+        std::unique_ptr<const AvbDescriptor*[], decltype(&avb_free)> descriptors(
+                avb_descriptor_get_all(vbmeta.data(), vbmeta.size(), &num_descriptors), avb_free);
+
+        if (!descriptors || num_descriptors < 1) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        for (size_t n = 0; n < num_descriptors && !found; n++) {
+            AvbDescriptor desc;
+            if (!avb_descriptor_validate_and_byteswap(descriptors[n], &desc)) {
+                LWARNING << "Descriptor[" << n << "] is invalid";
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (desc.tag == AVB_DESCRIPTOR_TAG_HASH) {
+                desc_partition_name = (const uint8_t*)descriptors[n] + sizeof(AvbHashDescriptor);
+                if (!avb_hash_descriptor_validate_and_byteswap((AvbHashDescriptor*)descriptors[n],
+                                                               hash_desc.get())) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if (hash_desc->partition_name_len != partition_name.length()) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                // Notes that desc_partition_name is not NUL-terminated.
+                std::string hash_partition_name((const char*)desc_partition_name,
+                                                hash_desc->partition_name_len);
+                if (hash_partition_name == partition_name) {
+                    found = true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (found) break;
+    }
+
+    if (!found) {
+        LERROR << "Hash descriptor not found: " << partition_name;
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    hash_desc->partition_name = partition_name;
+
+    const uint8_t* desc_salt = desc_partition_name + hash_desc->partition_name_len;
+    hash_desc->salt = BytesToHex(desc_salt, hash_desc->salt_len);
+
+    const uint8_t* desc_digest = desc_salt + hash_desc->salt_len;
+    hash_desc->digest = BytesToHex(desc_digest, hash_desc->digest_len);
+
+    return hash_desc;
+}
+
 // Given a path, loads and verifies the vbmeta, to extract the Avb Hash descriptor.
 std::unique_ptr<FsAvbHashDescriptor> GetHashDescriptor(const std::string& avb_partition_name,
                                                        VBMetaData&& vbmeta) {
@@ -84,5 +142,18 @@
     return GetHashDescriptor(avb_partition_name, vbmeta_images);
 }
 
+std::string GetAvbPropertyDescriptor(const std::string& key,
+                                     const std::vector<VBMetaData>& vbmeta_images) {
+    size_t value_size;
+    for (const auto& vbmeta : vbmeta_images) {
+        const char* value = avb_property_lookup(vbmeta.data(), vbmeta.size(), key.data(),
+                                                key.size(), &value_size);
+        if (value != nullptr) {
+            return {value, value_size};
+        }
+    }
+    return "";
+}
+
 }  // namespace fs_mgr
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/include/fs_avb/fs_avb_util.h b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/include/fs_avb/fs_avb_util.h
index 3f37bd7..1b15db7 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/include/fs_avb/fs_avb_util.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/include/fs_avb/fs_avb_util.h
@@ -43,9 +43,15 @@
 std::unique_ptr<FsAvbHashtreeDescriptor> GetHashtreeDescriptor(
         const std::string& avb_partition_name, VBMetaData&& vbmeta);
 
+std::unique_ptr<FsAvbHashDescriptor> GetHashDescriptor(
+        const std::string& partition_name, const std::vector<VBMetaData>& vbmeta_images);
+
 // Gets the hash descriptor for avb_partition_name from the vbmeta.
 std::unique_ptr<FsAvbHashDescriptor> GetHashDescriptor(const std::string& avb_partition_name,
                                                        VBMetaData&& vbmeta);
 
+std::string GetAvbPropertyDescriptor(const std::string& key,
+                                     const std::vector<VBMetaData>& vbmeta_images);
+
 }  // namespace fs_mgr
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/run_tests.sh b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/run_tests.sh
index 5d2ce3d..3e945a4 100755
--- a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/run_tests.sh
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/run_tests.sh
@@ -1,8 +1,13 @@
 #!/bin/sh
 #
 # Run host tests
-atest libfs_avb_test                 # Tests public libfs_avb APIs.
-atest libfs_avb_internal_test        # Tests libfs_avb private APIs.
+atest --host libfs_avb_test          # Tests public libfs_avb APIs.
+
+# Tests libfs_avb private APIs.
+# The tests need more time to finish, so increase the timeout to 5 mins.
+# The default timeout is only 60 seconds.
+atest --host libfs_avb_internal_test -- --test-arg \
+    com.android.tradefed.testtype.HostGTest:native-test-timeout:5m
 
 # Run device tests
 atest libfs_avb_device_test          # Test public libfs_avb APIs on a device.
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/tests/avb_util_test.cpp b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/tests/avb_util_test.cpp
index 6f874a6..2e34920 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/tests/avb_util_test.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/tests/avb_util_test.cpp
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 #include <libavb/libavb.h>
 
 #include "avb_util.h"
+#include "fs_avb/fs_avb_util.h"
 #include "fs_avb_test_util.h"
 
 // Target classes or functions to test:
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/cow_reader.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/cow_reader.cpp
index 20030b9..9b5fd2a 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/cow_reader.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/cow_reader.cpp
@@ -475,10 +475,7 @@
         std::sort(other_ops.begin(), other_ops.end(), std::greater<int>());
     }
 
-    merge_op_blocks->reserve(merge_op_blocks->size() + other_ops.size());
-    for (auto block : other_ops) {
-        merge_op_blocks->emplace_back(block);
-    }
+    merge_op_blocks->insert(merge_op_blocks->end(), other_ops.begin(), other_ops.end());
 
     num_total_data_ops_ = merge_op_blocks->size();
     if (header_.num_merge_ops > 0) {
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot.h
index 41c6ef5..120f95b 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot.h
@@ -396,6 +396,17 @@
         DM_USER,
     };
 
+    // Add new public entries above this line.
+
+    // Helpers for failure injection.
+    using MergeConsistencyChecker =
+            std::function<MergeFailureCode(const std::string& name, const SnapshotStatus& status)>;
+
+    void set_merge_consistency_checker(MergeConsistencyChecker checker) {
+        merge_consistency_checker_ = checker;
+    }
+    MergeConsistencyChecker merge_consistency_checker() const { return merge_consistency_checker_; }
+
   private:
     FRIEND_TEST(SnapshotTest, CleanFirstStageMount);
     FRIEND_TEST(SnapshotTest, CreateSnapshot);
@@ -410,6 +421,7 @@
     FRIEND_TEST(SnapshotTest, NoMergeBeforeReboot);
     FRIEND_TEST(SnapshotTest, UpdateBootControlHal);
     FRIEND_TEST(SnapshotUpdateTest, AddPartition);
+    FRIEND_TEST(SnapshotUpdateTest, ConsistencyCheckResume);
     FRIEND_TEST(SnapshotUpdateTest, DaemonTransition);
     FRIEND_TEST(SnapshotUpdateTest, DataWipeAfterRollback);
     FRIEND_TEST(SnapshotUpdateTest, DataWipeRollbackInRecovery);
@@ -811,6 +823,7 @@
     std::unique_ptr<SnapuserdClient> snapuserd_client_;
     std::unique_ptr<LpMetadata> old_partition_metadata_;
     std::optional<bool> is_snapshot_userspace_;
+    MergeConsistencyChecker merge_consistency_checker_;
 };
 
 }  // namespace snapshot
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot.cpp
index e6e17bd..f3de2b4 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot.cpp
@@ -87,6 +87,8 @@
 static constexpr char kRollbackIndicatorPath[] = "/metadata/ota/rollback-indicator";
 static constexpr auto kUpdateStateCheckInterval = 2s;
 
+MergeFailureCode CheckMergeConsistency(const std::string& name, const SnapshotStatus& status);
+
 // Note: IImageManager is an incomplete type in the header, so the default
 // destructor doesn't work.
 SnapshotManager::~SnapshotManager() {}
@@ -116,7 +118,9 @@
 }
 
 SnapshotManager::SnapshotManager(IDeviceInfo* device)
-    : dm_(device->GetDeviceMapper()), device_(device), metadata_dir_(device_->GetMetadataDir()) {}
+    : dm_(device->GetDeviceMapper()), device_(device), metadata_dir_(device_->GetMetadataDir()) {
+    merge_consistency_checker_ = android::snapshot::CheckMergeConsistency;
+}
 
 static std::string GetCowName(const std::string& snapshot_name) {
     return snapshot_name + "-cow";
@@ -1329,14 +1333,20 @@
                                                         const SnapshotStatus& status) {
     CHECK(lock);
 
+    return merge_consistency_checker_(name, status);
+}
+
+MergeFailureCode CheckMergeConsistency(const std::string& name, const SnapshotStatus& status) {
     if (!status.compression_enabled()) {
         // Do not try to verify old-style COWs yet.
         return MergeFailureCode::Ok;
     }
 
+    auto& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
+
     std::string cow_image_name = GetMappedCowDeviceName(name, status);
     std::string cow_image_path;
-    if (!dm_.GetDmDevicePathByName(cow_image_name, &cow_image_path)) {
+    if (!dm.GetDmDevicePathByName(cow_image_name, &cow_image_path)) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to get path for cow device: " << cow_image_name;
         return MergeFailureCode::GetCowPathConsistencyCheck;
     }
@@ -1400,9 +1410,11 @@
     }
 
     SnapshotUpdateStatus update_status = ReadSnapshotUpdateStatus(lock);
-    CHECK(update_status.state() == UpdateState::Merging);
+    CHECK(update_status.state() == UpdateState::Merging ||
+          update_status.state() == UpdateState::MergeFailed);
     CHECK(update_status.merge_phase() == MergePhase::FIRST_PHASE);
 
+    update_status.set_state(UpdateState::Merging);
     update_status.set_merge_phase(MergePhase::SECOND_PHASE);
     if (!WriteSnapshotUpdateStatus(lock, update_status)) {
         return MergeFailureCode::WriteStatus;
@@ -1455,6 +1467,14 @@
     }
 
     RemoveAllUpdateState(lock);
+
+    if (UpdateUsesUserSnapshots(lock) && !device()->IsTestDevice()) {
+        if (snapuserd_client_) {
+            snapuserd_client_->DetachSnapuserd();
+            snapuserd_client_->CloseConnection();
+            snapuserd_client_ = nullptr;
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 void SnapshotManager::AcknowledgeMergeFailure(MergeFailureCode failure_code) {
@@ -3188,7 +3208,7 @@
 
             // Terminate stale daemon if any
             std::unique_ptr<SnapuserdClient> snapuserd_client =
-                    SnapuserdClient::Connect(kSnapuserdSocket, 10s);
+                    SnapuserdClient::Connect(kSnapuserdSocket, 5s);
             if (snapuserd_client) {
                 snapuserd_client->DetachSnapuserd();
                 snapuserd_client->CloseConnection();
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_test.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_test.cpp
index 14f2d45..d76558b 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_test.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_test.cpp
@@ -54,6 +54,8 @@
 #include <libsnapshot/mock_snapshot.h>
 
 DEFINE_string(force_config, "", "Force testing mode (dmsnap, vab, vabc) ignoring device config.");
+DEFINE_string(force_iouring_disable, "",
+              "Force testing mode (iouring_disabled) - disable io_uring");
 
 namespace android {
 namespace snapshot {
@@ -1394,6 +1396,93 @@
     }
 }
 
+// Test that a transient merge consistency check failure can resume properly.
+TEST_F(SnapshotUpdateTest, ConsistencyCheckResume) {
+    if (!ShouldUseCompression()) {
+        // b/179111359
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "Skipping Virtual A/B Compression test";
+    }
+
+    auto old_sys_size = GetSize(sys_);
+    auto old_prd_size = GetSize(prd_);
+
+    // Grow |sys| but shrink |prd|.
+    SetSize(sys_, old_sys_size * 2);
+    sys_->set_estimate_cow_size(8_MiB);
+    SetSize(prd_, old_prd_size / 2);
+    prd_->set_estimate_cow_size(1_MiB);
+
+    AddOperationForPartitions();
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(sm->BeginUpdate());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(sm->CreateUpdateSnapshots(manifest_));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(WriteSnapshotAndHash("sys_b"));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(WriteSnapshotAndHash("vnd_b"));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ShiftAllSnapshotBlocks("prd_b", old_prd_size));
+
+    sync();
+
+    // Assert that source partitions aren't affected.
+    for (const auto& name : {"sys_a", "vnd_a", "prd_a"}) {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(IsPartitionUnchanged(name));
+    }
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(sm->FinishedSnapshotWrites(false));
+
+    // Simulate shutting down the device.
+    ASSERT_TRUE(UnmapAll());
+
+    // After reboot, init does first stage mount.
+    auto init = NewManagerForFirstStageMount("_b");
+    ASSERT_NE(init, nullptr);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(init->NeedSnapshotsInFirstStageMount());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(init->CreateLogicalAndSnapshotPartitions("super", snapshot_timeout_));
+
+    // Check that the target partitions have the same content.
+    for (const auto& name : {"sys_b", "vnd_b", "prd_b"}) {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(IsPartitionUnchanged(name));
+    }
+
+    auto old_checker = init->merge_consistency_checker();
+
+    init->set_merge_consistency_checker(
+            [](const std::string&, const SnapshotStatus&) -> MergeFailureCode {
+                return MergeFailureCode::WrongMergeCountConsistencyCheck;
+            });
+
+    // Initiate the merge and wait for it to be completed.
+    ASSERT_TRUE(init->InitiateMerge());
+    ASSERT_EQ(init->IsSnapuserdRequired(), ShouldUseUserspaceSnapshots());
+    {
+        // Check that the merge phase is FIRST_PHASE until at least one call
+        // to ProcessUpdateState() occurs.
+        ASSERT_TRUE(AcquireLock());
+        auto local_lock = std::move(lock_);
+        auto status = init->ReadSnapshotUpdateStatus(local_lock.get());
+        ASSERT_EQ(status.merge_phase(), MergePhase::FIRST_PHASE);
+    }
+
+    // Merge should have failed.
+    ASSERT_EQ(UpdateState::MergeFailed, init->ProcessUpdateState());
+
+    // Simulate shutting down the device and creating partitions again.
+    ASSERT_TRUE(UnmapAll());
+
+    // Restore the checker.
+    init->set_merge_consistency_checker(std::move(old_checker));
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(init->CreateLogicalAndSnapshotPartitions("super", snapshot_timeout_));
+
+    // Complete the merge.
+    ASSERT_EQ(UpdateState::MergeCompleted, init->ProcessUpdateState());
+
+    // Check that the target partitions have the same content after the merge.
+    for (const auto& name : {"sys_b", "vnd_b", "prd_b"}) {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(IsPartitionUnchanged(name))
+                << "Content of " << name << " changes after the merge";
+    }
+}
+
 // Test that if new system partitions uses empty space in super, that region is not snapshotted.
 TEST_F(SnapshotUpdateTest, DirectWriteEmptySpace) {
     GTEST_SKIP() << "b/141889746";
@@ -2682,10 +2771,22 @@
         }
     }
 
+    if (FLAGS_force_iouring_disable == "iouring_disabled") {
+        if (!android::base::SetProperty("snapuserd.test.io_uring.force_disable", "1")) {
+            return testing::AssertionFailure()
+                   << "Failed to disable property: snapuserd.test.io_uring.disabled";
+        }
+    }
+
     int ret = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
 
     if (FLAGS_force_config == "dmsnap") {
         android::base::SetProperty("snapuserd.test.dm.snapshots", "0");
     }
+
+    if (FLAGS_force_iouring_disable == "iouring_disabled") {
+        android::base::SetProperty("snapuserd.test.io_uring.force_disable", "0");
+    }
+
     return ret;
 }
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/Android.bp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/Android.bp
index 84bcb94..bc2bceb 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/Android.bp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/Android.bp
@@ -86,7 +86,9 @@
         "libsnapshot_cow",
         "libz",
         "libext4_utils",
+        "liburing",
     ],
+    include_dirs: ["bionic/libc/kernel"],
 }
 
 cc_binary {
@@ -182,7 +184,10 @@
         "libfs_mgr",
         "libdm",
         "libext4_utils",
+        "liburing",
+        "libgflags",
     ],
+    include_dirs: ["bionic/libc/kernel"],
     header_libs: [
         "libstorage_literals_headers",
         "libfiemap_headers",
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/snapuserd_daemon.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/snapuserd_daemon.cpp
index ddb1f79..a082742 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/snapuserd_daemon.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/snapuserd_daemon.cpp
@@ -209,6 +209,8 @@
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
     android::base::InitLogging(argv, &android::base::KernelLogger);
 
+    LOG(INFO) << "snapuserd daemon about to start";
+
     android::snapshot::Daemon& daemon = android::snapshot::Daemon::Instance();
 
     if (!daemon.StartDaemon(argc, argv)) {
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_core.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_core.cpp
index 95d95cd..5109d82 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_core.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_core.cpp
@@ -16,6 +16,10 @@
 
 #include "snapuserd_core.h"
 
+#include <sys/utsname.h>
+
+#include <android-base/properties.h>
+#include <android-base/scopeguard.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 
 namespace android {
@@ -288,6 +292,136 @@
     return ReadMetadata();
 }
 
+void SnapshotHandler::FinalizeIouring() {
+    io_uring_queue_exit(ring_.get());
+}
+
+bool SnapshotHandler::InitializeIouring(int io_depth) {
+    ring_ = std::make_unique<struct io_uring>();
+
+    int ret = io_uring_queue_init(io_depth, ring_.get(), 0);
+    if (ret) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "io_uring_queue_init failed with ret: " << ret;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    LOG(INFO) << "io_uring_queue_init success with io_depth: " << io_depth;
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool SnapshotHandler::ReadBlocksAsync(const std::string& dm_block_device,
+                                      const std::string& partition_name, size_t size) {
+    // 64k block size with io_depth of 64 is optimal
+    // for a single thread. We just need a single thread
+    // to read all the blocks from all dynamic partitions.
+    size_t io_depth = 64;
+    size_t bs = (64 * 1024);
+
+    if (!InitializeIouring(io_depth)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    LOG(INFO) << "ReadBlockAsync start "
+              << " Block-device: " << dm_block_device << " Partition-name: " << partition_name
+              << " Size: " << size;
+
+    auto scope_guard = android::base::make_scope_guard([this]() -> void { FinalizeIouring(); });
+
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<struct iovec>> vecs;
+    using AlignedBuf = std::unique_ptr<void, decltype(free)*>;
+    std::vector<AlignedBuf> alignedBufVector;
+
+    /*
+     * TODO: We need aligned memory for DIRECT-IO. However, if we do
+     * a DIRECT-IO and verify the blocks then we need to inform
+     * update-verifier that block verification has been done and
+     * there is no need to repeat the same. We are not there yet
+     * as we need to see if there are any boot time improvements doing
+     * a DIRECT-IO.
+     *
+     * Also, we could you the same function post merge for block verification;
+     * again, we can do a DIRECT-IO instead of thrashing page-cache and
+     * hurting other applications.
+     *
+     * For now, we will just create aligned buffers but rely on buffered
+     * I/O until we have perf numbers to justify DIRECT-IO.
+     */
+    for (int i = 0; i < io_depth; i++) {
+        auto iovec = std::make_unique<struct iovec>();
+        vecs.push_back(std::move(iovec));
+
+        struct iovec* iovec_ptr = vecs[i].get();
+
+        if (posix_memalign(&iovec_ptr->iov_base, BLOCK_SZ, bs)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "posix_memalign failed";
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        iovec_ptr->iov_len = bs;
+        alignedBufVector.push_back(
+                std::unique_ptr<void, decltype(free)*>(iovec_ptr->iov_base, free));
+    }
+
+    android::base::unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(dm_block_device.c_str(), O_RDONLY)));
+    if (fd.get() == -1) {
+        SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "File open failed - block-device " << dm_block_device
+                         << " partition-name: " << partition_name;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    loff_t offset = 0;
+    size_t remain = size;
+    size_t read_sz = io_depth * bs;
+
+    while (remain > 0) {
+        size_t to_read = std::min(remain, read_sz);
+        size_t queue_size = to_read / bs;
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < queue_size; i++) {
+            struct io_uring_sqe* sqe = io_uring_get_sqe(ring_.get());
+            if (!sqe) {
+                SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "io_uring_get_sqe() failed";
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            struct iovec* iovec_ptr = vecs[i].get();
+
+            io_uring_prep_read(sqe, fd.get(), iovec_ptr->iov_base, iovec_ptr->iov_len, offset);
+            sqe->flags |= IOSQE_ASYNC;
+            offset += bs;
+        }
+
+        int ret = io_uring_submit(ring_.get());
+        if (ret != queue_size) {
+            SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "submit got: " << ret << " wanted: " << queue_size;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < queue_size; i++) {
+            struct io_uring_cqe* cqe;
+
+            int ret = io_uring_wait_cqe(ring_.get(), &cqe);
+            if (ret) {
+                SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "wait_cqe failed" << ret;
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if (cqe->res < 0) {
+                SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "io failed with res: " << cqe->res;
+                return false;
+            }
+            io_uring_cqe_seen(ring_.get(), cqe);
+        }
+
+        remain -= to_read;
+    }
+
+    LOG(INFO) << "ReadBlockAsync complete: "
+              << " Block-device: " << dm_block_device << " Partition-name: " << partition_name
+              << " Size: " << size;
+    return true;
+}
+
 void SnapshotHandler::ReadBlocksToCache(const std::string& dm_block_device,
                                         const std::string& partition_name, off_t offset,
                                         size_t size) {
@@ -344,17 +478,22 @@
         return;
     }
 
-    int num_threads = 2;
-    size_t num_blocks = dev_sz >> BLOCK_SHIFT;
-    size_t num_blocks_per_thread = num_blocks / num_threads;
-    size_t read_sz_per_thread = num_blocks_per_thread << BLOCK_SHIFT;
-    off_t offset = 0;
+    if (IsIouringSupported()) {
+        std::async(std::launch::async, &SnapshotHandler::ReadBlocksAsync, this, dm_block_device,
+                   partition_name, dev_sz);
+    } else {
+        int num_threads = 2;
+        size_t num_blocks = dev_sz >> BLOCK_SHIFT;
+        size_t num_blocks_per_thread = num_blocks / num_threads;
+        size_t read_sz_per_thread = num_blocks_per_thread << BLOCK_SHIFT;
+        off_t offset = 0;
 
-    for (int i = 0; i < num_threads; i++) {
-        std::async(std::launch::async, &SnapshotHandler::ReadBlocksToCache, this, dm_block_device,
-                   partition_name, offset, read_sz_per_thread);
+        for (int i = 0; i < num_threads; i++) {
+            std::async(std::launch::async, &SnapshotHandler::ReadBlocksToCache, this,
+                       dm_block_device, partition_name, offset, read_sz_per_thread);
 
-        offset += read_sz_per_thread;
+            offset += read_sz_per_thread;
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -513,5 +652,33 @@
     return ra_state;
 }
 
+bool SnapshotHandler::IsIouringSupported() {
+    struct utsname uts;
+    unsigned int major, minor;
+
+    if (android::base::GetBoolProperty("snapuserd.test.io_uring.force_disable", false)) {
+        SNAP_LOG(INFO) << "io_uring disabled for testing";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if ((uname(&uts) != 0) || (sscanf(uts.release, "%u.%u", &major, &minor) != 2)) {
+        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Could not parse the kernel version from uname. "
+                        << " io_uring not supported";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // We will only support kernels from 5.6 onwards as IOSQE_ASYNC flag and
+    // IO_URING_OP_READ/WRITE opcodes were introduced only on 5.6 kernel
+    if (major >= 5) {
+        if (major == 5 && minor < 6) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    } else {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    return android::base::GetBoolProperty("ro.virtual_ab.io_uring.enabled", false);
+}
+
 }  // namespace snapshot
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_core.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_core.h
index 1953316..b0f2d65 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_core.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_core.h
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@
 #include <libdm/dm.h>
 #include <libsnapshot/cow_reader.h>
 #include <libsnapshot/cow_writer.h>
+#include <liburing.h>
 #include <snapuserd/snapuserd_buffer.h>
 #include <snapuserd/snapuserd_kernel.h>
 
@@ -113,6 +114,19 @@
     bool ReconstructDataFromCow();
     void CheckOverlap(const CowOperation* cow_op);
 
+    bool ReadAheadAsyncIO();
+    bool ReapIoCompletions(int pending_ios_to_complete);
+    bool ReadXorData(size_t block_index, size_t xor_op_index,
+                     std::vector<const CowOperation*>& xor_op_vec);
+    void ProcessXorData(size_t& block_xor_index, size_t& xor_index,
+                        std::vector<const CowOperation*>& xor_op_vec, void* buffer,
+                        loff_t& buffer_offset);
+    void UpdateScratchMetadata();
+
+    bool ReadAheadSyncIO();
+    bool InitializeIouring();
+    void FinalizeIouring();
+
     void* read_ahead_buffer_;
     void* metadata_buffer_;
 
@@ -131,7 +145,19 @@
     std::unordered_set<uint64_t> dest_blocks_;
     std::unordered_set<uint64_t> source_blocks_;
     bool overlap_;
+    std::vector<uint64_t> blocks_;
+    int total_blocks_merged_ = 0;
+    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> ra_temp_buffer_;
+    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> ra_temp_meta_buffer_;
     BufferSink bufsink_;
+
+    bool read_ahead_async_ = false;
+    // Queue depth of 32 seems optimal. We don't want
+    // to have a huge depth as it may put more memory pressure
+    // on the kernel worker threads given that we use
+    // IOSQE_ASYNC flag.
+    int queue_depth_ = 32;
+    std::unique_ptr<struct io_uring> ring_;
 };
 
 class Worker {
@@ -185,6 +211,7 @@
     // Merge related ops
     bool Merge();
     bool MergeOrderedOps(const std::unique_ptr<ICowOpIter>& cowop_iter);
+    bool MergeOrderedOpsAsync(const std::unique_ptr<ICowOpIter>& cowop_iter);
     bool MergeReplaceZeroOps(const std::unique_ptr<ICowOpIter>& cowop_iter);
     int PrepareMerge(uint64_t* source_offset, int* pending_ops,
                      const std::unique_ptr<ICowOpIter>& cowop_iter,
@@ -193,6 +220,9 @@
     sector_t ChunkToSector(chunk_t chunk) { return chunk << CHUNK_SHIFT; }
     chunk_t SectorToChunk(sector_t sector) { return sector >> CHUNK_SHIFT; }
 
+    bool InitializeIouring();
+    void FinalizeIouring();
+
     std::unique_ptr<CowReader> reader_;
     BufferSink bufsink_;
     XorSink xorsink_;
@@ -208,6 +238,14 @@
     unique_fd base_path_merge_fd_;
     unique_fd ctrl_fd_;
 
+    bool merge_async_ = false;
+    // Queue depth of 32 seems optimal. We don't want
+    // to have a huge depth as it may put more memory pressure
+    // on the kernel worker threads given that we use
+    // IOSQE_ASYNC flag.
+    int queue_depth_ = 32;
+    std::unique_ptr<struct io_uring> ring_;
+
     std::shared_ptr<SnapshotHandler> snapuserd_;
 };
 
@@ -292,6 +330,8 @@
     bool GetRABuffer(std::unique_lock<std::mutex>* lock, uint64_t block, void* buffer);
     MERGE_GROUP_STATE ProcessMergingBlock(uint64_t new_block, void* buffer);
 
+    bool IsIouringSupported();
+
   private:
     bool ReadMetadata();
     sector_t ChunkToSector(chunk_t chunk) { return chunk << CHUNK_SHIFT; }
@@ -304,6 +344,11 @@
     void ReadBlocksToCache(const std::string& dm_block_device, const std::string& partition_name,
                            off_t offset, size_t size);
 
+    bool InitializeIouring(int io_depth);
+    void FinalizeIouring();
+    bool ReadBlocksAsync(const std::string& dm_block_device, const std::string& partition_name,
+                         size_t size);
+
     // COW device
     std::string cow_device_;
     // Source device
@@ -352,6 +397,8 @@
     bool attached_ = false;
     bool is_socket_present_;
     bool scratch_space_ = false;
+
+    std::unique_ptr<struct io_uring> ring_;
 };
 
 }  // namespace snapshot
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_merge.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_merge.cpp
index fa055b7..d4d4efe 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_merge.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_merge.cpp
@@ -72,16 +72,16 @@
 }
 
 bool Worker::MergeReplaceZeroOps(const std::unique_ptr<ICowOpIter>& cowop_iter) {
-    // Flush every 2048 ops. Since all ops are independent and there is no
+    // Flush every 8192 ops. Since all ops are independent and there is no
     // dependency between COW ops, we will flush the data and the number
-    // of ops merged in COW file for every 2048 ops. If there is a crash,
+    // of ops merged in COW file for every 8192 ops. If there is a crash,
     // we will end up replaying some of the COW ops which were already merged.
     // That is ok.
     //
-    // Why 2048 ops ? We can probably increase this to bigger value but just
-    // need to ensure that merge makes forward progress if there are
-    // crashes repeatedly which is highly unlikely.
-    int total_ops_merged_per_commit = (PAYLOAD_BUFFER_SZ / BLOCK_SZ) * 8;
+    // Why 8192 ops ? Increasing this may improve merge time 3-4 seconds but
+    // we need to make sure that we checkpoint; 8k ops seems optimal. In-case
+    // if there is a crash merge should always make forward progress.
+    int total_ops_merged_per_commit = (PAYLOAD_BUFFER_SZ / BLOCK_SZ) * 32;
     int num_ops_merged = 0;
 
     while (!cowop_iter->Done()) {
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@
 
         num_ops_merged += linear_blocks;
 
-        if (num_ops_merged == total_ops_merged_per_commit) {
+        if (num_ops_merged >= total_ops_merged_per_commit) {
             // Flush the data
             if (fsync(base_path_merge_fd_.get()) < 0) {
                 SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Merge: ReplaceZeroOps: Failed to fsync merged data";
@@ -172,6 +172,173 @@
     return true;
 }
 
+bool Worker::MergeOrderedOpsAsync(const std::unique_ptr<ICowOpIter>& cowop_iter) {
+    void* mapped_addr = snapuserd_->GetMappedAddr();
+    void* read_ahead_buffer =
+            static_cast<void*>((char*)mapped_addr + snapuserd_->GetBufferDataOffset());
+    size_t block_index = 0;
+
+    SNAP_LOG(INFO) << "MergeOrderedOpsAsync started....";
+
+    while (!cowop_iter->Done()) {
+        const CowOperation* cow_op = &cowop_iter->Get();
+        if (!IsOrderedOp(*cow_op)) {
+            break;
+        }
+
+        SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "Waiting for merge begin...";
+        // Wait for RA thread to notify that the merge window
+        // is ready for merging.
+        if (!snapuserd_->WaitForMergeBegin()) {
+            snapuserd_->SetMergeFailed(block_index);
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        snapuserd_->SetMergeInProgress(block_index);
+
+        loff_t offset = 0;
+        int num_ops = snapuserd_->GetTotalBlocksToMerge();
+
+        int pending_sqe = queue_depth_;
+        int pending_ios_to_submit = 0;
+        bool flush_required = false;
+
+        SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "Merging copy-ops of size: " << num_ops;
+        while (num_ops) {
+            uint64_t source_offset;
+
+            int linear_blocks = PrepareMerge(&source_offset, &num_ops, cowop_iter);
+
+            if (linear_blocks != 0) {
+                size_t io_size = (linear_blocks * BLOCK_SZ);
+
+                // Get an SQE entry from the ring and populate the I/O variables
+                struct io_uring_sqe* sqe = io_uring_get_sqe(ring_.get());
+                if (!sqe) {
+                    SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "io_uring_get_sqe failed during merge-ordered ops";
+                    snapuserd_->SetMergeFailed(block_index);
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                io_uring_prep_write(sqe, base_path_merge_fd_.get(),
+                                    (char*)read_ahead_buffer + offset, io_size, source_offset);
+
+                offset += io_size;
+                num_ops -= linear_blocks;
+
+                pending_sqe -= 1;
+                pending_ios_to_submit += 1;
+                sqe->flags |= IOSQE_ASYNC;
+            }
+
+            // Ring is full or no more COW ops to be merged in this batch
+            if (pending_sqe == 0 || num_ops == 0 || (linear_blocks == 0 && pending_ios_to_submit)) {
+                // If this is a last set of COW ops to be merged in this batch, we need
+                // to sync the merged data. We will try to grab an SQE entry
+                // and set the FSYNC command; additionally, make sure that
+                // the fsync is done after all the I/O operations queued
+                // in the ring is completed by setting IOSQE_IO_DRAIN.
+                //
+                // If there is no space in the ring, we will flush it later
+                // by explicitly calling fsync() system call.
+                if (num_ops == 0 || (linear_blocks == 0 && pending_ios_to_submit)) {
+                    if (pending_sqe != 0) {
+                        struct io_uring_sqe* sqe = io_uring_get_sqe(ring_.get());
+                        if (!sqe) {
+                            // very unlikely but let's continue and not fail the
+                            // merge - we will flush it later
+                            SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "io_uring_get_sqe failed during merge-ordered ops";
+                            flush_required = true;
+                        } else {
+                            io_uring_prep_fsync(sqe, base_path_merge_fd_.get(), 0);
+                            // Drain the queue before fsync
+                            io_uring_sqe_set_flags(sqe, IOSQE_IO_DRAIN);
+                            pending_sqe -= 1;
+                            flush_required = false;
+                            pending_ios_to_submit += 1;
+                            sqe->flags |= IOSQE_ASYNC;
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        flush_required = true;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // Submit the IO for all the COW ops in a single syscall
+                int ret = io_uring_submit(ring_.get());
+                if (ret != pending_ios_to_submit) {
+                    SNAP_PLOG(ERROR)
+                            << "io_uring_submit failed for read-ahead: "
+                            << " io submit: " << ret << " expected: " << pending_ios_to_submit;
+                    snapuserd_->SetMergeFailed(block_index);
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                int pending_ios_to_complete = pending_ios_to_submit;
+                pending_ios_to_submit = 0;
+
+                // Reap I/O completions
+                while (pending_ios_to_complete) {
+                    struct io_uring_cqe* cqe;
+
+                    ret = io_uring_wait_cqe(ring_.get(), &cqe);
+                    if (ret) {
+                        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Read-ahead - io_uring_wait_cqe failed: " << ret;
+                        snapuserd_->SetMergeFailed(block_index);
+                        return false;
+                    }
+
+                    if (cqe->res < 0) {
+                        SNAP_LOG(ERROR)
+                                << "Read-ahead - io_uring_Wait_cqe failed with res: " << cqe->res;
+                        snapuserd_->SetMergeFailed(block_index);
+                        return false;
+                    }
+
+                    io_uring_cqe_seen(ring_.get(), cqe);
+                    pending_ios_to_complete -= 1;
+                }
+
+                pending_sqe = queue_depth_;
+            }
+
+            if (linear_blocks == 0) {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Verify all ops are merged
+        CHECK(num_ops == 0);
+
+        // Flush the data
+        if (flush_required && (fsync(base_path_merge_fd_.get()) < 0)) {
+            SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << " Failed to fsync merged data";
+            snapuserd_->SetMergeFailed(block_index);
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Merge is done and data is on disk. Update the COW Header about
+        // the merge completion
+        if (!snapuserd_->CommitMerge(snapuserd_->GetTotalBlocksToMerge())) {
+            SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << " Failed to commit the merged block in the header";
+            snapuserd_->SetMergeFailed(block_index);
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "Block commit of size: " << snapuserd_->GetTotalBlocksToMerge();
+        // Mark the block as merge complete
+        snapuserd_->SetMergeCompleted(block_index);
+
+        // Notify RA thread that the merge thread is ready to merge the next
+        // window
+        snapuserd_->NotifyRAForMergeReady();
+
+        // Get the next block
+        block_index += 1;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
 bool Worker::MergeOrderedOps(const std::unique_ptr<ICowOpIter>& cowop_iter) {
     void* mapped_addr = snapuserd_->GetMappedAddr();
     void* read_ahead_buffer =
@@ -260,15 +427,23 @@
 bool Worker::Merge() {
     std::unique_ptr<ICowOpIter> cowop_iter = reader_->GetMergeOpIter();
 
-    // Start with Copy and Xor ops
-    if (!MergeOrderedOps(cowop_iter)) {
-        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Merge failed for ordered ops";
-        snapuserd_->MergeFailed();
-        return false;
+    if (merge_async_) {
+        if (!MergeOrderedOpsAsync(cowop_iter)) {
+            SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Merge failed for ordered ops";
+            snapuserd_->MergeFailed();
+            return false;
+        }
+        SNAP_LOG(INFO) << "MergeOrderedOpsAsync completed.....";
+    } else {
+        // Start with Copy and Xor ops
+        if (!MergeOrderedOps(cowop_iter)) {
+            SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Merge failed for ordered ops";
+            snapuserd_->MergeFailed();
+            return false;
+        }
+        SNAP_LOG(INFO) << "MergeOrderedOps completed.....";
     }
 
-    SNAP_LOG(INFO) << "MergeOrderedOps completed...";
-
     // Replace and Zero ops
     if (!MergeReplaceZeroOps(cowop_iter)) {
         SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Merge failed for replace/zero ops";
@@ -281,6 +456,31 @@
     return true;
 }
 
+bool Worker::InitializeIouring() {
+    if (!snapuserd_->IsIouringSupported()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    ring_ = std::make_unique<struct io_uring>();
+
+    int ret = io_uring_queue_init(queue_depth_, ring_.get(), 0);
+    if (ret) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Merge: io_uring_queue_init failed with ret: " << ret;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    merge_async_ = true;
+
+    LOG(INFO) << "Merge: io_uring initialized with queue depth: " << queue_depth_;
+    return true;
+}
+
+void Worker::FinalizeIouring() {
+    if (merge_async_) {
+        io_uring_queue_exit(ring_.get());
+    }
+}
+
 bool Worker::RunMergeThread() {
     SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "Waiting for merge begin...";
     if (!snapuserd_->WaitForMergeBegin()) {
@@ -296,10 +496,13 @@
         return false;
     }
 
+    InitializeIouring();
+
     if (!Merge()) {
         return false;
     }
 
+    FinalizeIouring();
     CloseFds();
     reader_->CloseCowFd();
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_readahead.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_readahead.cpp
index 9e8ccfb..26c5f19 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_readahead.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_readahead.cpp
@@ -183,25 +183,311 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-bool ReadAhead::ReadAheadIOStart() {
-    // Check if the data has to be constructed from the COW file.
-    // This will be true only once during boot up after a crash
-    // during merge.
-    if (snapuserd_->ShouldReconstructDataFromCow()) {
-        return ReconstructDataFromCow();
-    }
+/*
+ * With io_uring, the data flow is slightly different.
+ *
+ * The data flow is as follows:
+ *
+ * 1: Queue the I/O requests to be read from backing source device.
+ * This is done by retrieving the SQE entry from ring and populating
+ * the SQE entry. Note that the I/O is not submitted yet.
+ *
+ * 2: Once the ring is full (aka queue_depth), we will submit all
+ * the queued I/O request with a single system call. This essentially
+ * cuts down "queue_depth" number of system calls to a single system call.
+ *
+ * 3: Once the I/O is submitted, user-space thread will now work
+ * on processing the XOR Operations. This happens in parallel when
+ * I/O requests are submitted to the kernel. This is ok because, for XOR
+ * operations, we first need to retrieve the compressed data form COW block
+ * device. Thus, we have offloaded the backing source I/O to the kernel
+ * and user-space is parallely working on fetching the data for XOR operations.
+ *
+ * 4: After the XOR operations are read from COW device, poll the completion
+ * queue for all the I/O submitted. If the I/O's were already completed,
+ * then user-space thread will just read the CQE requests from the ring
+ * without doing any system call. If none of the I/O were completed yet,
+ * user-space thread will do a system call and wait for I/O completions.
+ *
+ * Flow diagram:
+ *                                                    SQ-RING
+ *  SQE1 <----------- Fetch SQE1 Entry ---------- |SQE1||SQE2|SQE3|
+ *
+ *  SQE1  ------------ Populate SQE1 Entry ------> |SQE1-X||SQE2|SQE3|
+ *
+ *  SQE2 <----------- Fetch SQE2 Entry ---------- |SQE1-X||SQE2|SQE3|
+ *
+ *  SQE2  ------------ Populate SQE2 Entry ------> |SQE1-X||SQE2-X|SQE3|
+ *
+ *  SQE3 <----------- Fetch SQE3 Entry ---------- |SQE1-X||SQE2-X|SQE3|
+ *
+ *  SQE3  ------------ Populate SQE3 Entry ------> |SQE1-X||SQE2-X|SQE3-X|
+ *
+ *  Submit-IO ---------------------------------> |SQE1-X||SQE2-X|SQE3-X|
+ *     |                                                  |
+ *     |                                        Process I/O entries in kernel
+ *     |                                                  |
+ *  Retrieve XOR                                          |
+ *  data from COW                                         |
+ *     |                                                  |
+ *     |                                                  |
+ *  Fetch CQ completions
+ *     |                                              CQ-RING
+ *                                               |CQE1-X||CQE2-X|CQE3-X|
+ *                                                        |
+ *   CQE1 <------------Fetch CQE1 Entry          |CQE1||CQE2-X|CQE3-X|
+ *   CQE2 <------------Fetch CQE2 Entry          |CQE1||CQE2-|CQE3-X|
+ *   CQE3 <------------Fetch CQE3 Entry          |CQE1||CQE2-|CQE3-|
+ *    |
+ *    |
+ *  Continue Next set of operations in the RING
+ */
 
-    std::vector<uint64_t> blocks;
-
+bool ReadAhead::ReadAheadAsyncIO() {
     int num_ops = (snapuserd_->GetBufferDataSize()) / BLOCK_SZ;
     loff_t buffer_offset = 0;
-    int total_blocks_merged = 0;
+    total_blocks_merged_ = 0;
     overlap_ = false;
     dest_blocks_.clear();
     source_blocks_.clear();
+    blocks_.clear();
     std::vector<const CowOperation*> xor_op_vec;
 
-    auto ra_temp_buffer = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(snapuserd_->GetBufferDataSize());
+    int pending_sqe = queue_depth_;
+    int pending_ios_to_submit = 0;
+
+    size_t xor_op_index = 0;
+    size_t block_index = 0;
+
+    loff_t offset = 0;
+
+    bufsink_.ResetBufferOffset();
+
+    // Number of ops to be merged in this window. This is a fixed size
+    // except for the last window wherein the number of ops can be less
+    // than the size of the RA window.
+    while (num_ops) {
+        uint64_t source_offset;
+        struct io_uring_sqe* sqe;
+
+        int linear_blocks = PrepareNextReadAhead(&source_offset, &num_ops, blocks_, xor_op_vec);
+
+        if (linear_blocks != 0) {
+            size_t io_size = (linear_blocks * BLOCK_SZ);
+
+            // Get an SQE entry from the ring and populate the I/O variables
+            sqe = io_uring_get_sqe(ring_.get());
+            if (!sqe) {
+                SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "io_uring_get_sqe failed during read-ahead";
+                snapuserd_->ReadAheadIOFailed();
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            io_uring_prep_read(sqe, backing_store_fd_.get(),
+                               (char*)ra_temp_buffer_.get() + buffer_offset, io_size,
+                               source_offset);
+
+            buffer_offset += io_size;
+            num_ops -= linear_blocks;
+            total_blocks_merged_ += linear_blocks;
+
+            pending_sqe -= 1;
+            pending_ios_to_submit += 1;
+            sqe->flags |= IOSQE_ASYNC;
+        }
+
+        // pending_sqe == 0 : Ring is full
+        //
+        // num_ops == 0 : All the COW ops in this batch are processed - Submit
+        // pending I/O requests in the ring
+        //
+        // linear_blocks == 0 : All the COW ops processing is done. Submit
+        // pending I/O requests in the ring
+        if (pending_sqe == 0 || num_ops == 0 || (linear_blocks == 0 && pending_ios_to_submit)) {
+            // Submit the IO for all the COW ops in a single syscall
+            int ret = io_uring_submit(ring_.get());
+            if (ret != pending_ios_to_submit) {
+                SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "io_uring_submit failed for read-ahead: "
+                                 << " io submit: " << ret << " expected: " << pending_ios_to_submit;
+                snapuserd_->ReadAheadIOFailed();
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            int pending_ios_to_complete = pending_ios_to_submit;
+            pending_ios_to_submit = 0;
+
+            bool xor_processing_required = (xor_op_vec.size() > 0);
+
+            // Read XOR data from COW file in parallel when I/O's are in-flight
+            if (xor_processing_required && !ReadXorData(block_index, xor_op_index, xor_op_vec)) {
+                SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ReadXorData failed";
+                snapuserd_->ReadAheadIOFailed();
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            // Fetch I/O completions
+            if (!ReapIoCompletions(pending_ios_to_complete)) {
+                SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ReapIoCompletions failed";
+                snapuserd_->ReadAheadIOFailed();
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            // Retrieve XOR'ed data
+            if (xor_processing_required) {
+                ProcessXorData(block_index, xor_op_index, xor_op_vec, ra_temp_buffer_.get(),
+                               offset);
+            }
+
+            // All the I/O in the ring is processed.
+            pending_sqe = queue_depth_;
+        }
+
+        if (linear_blocks == 0) {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Done with merging ordered ops
+    if (RAIterDone() && total_blocks_merged_ == 0) {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    CHECK(blocks_.size() == total_blocks_merged_);
+
+    UpdateScratchMetadata();
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+void ReadAhead::UpdateScratchMetadata() {
+    loff_t metadata_offset = 0;
+
+    struct ScratchMetadata* bm = reinterpret_cast<struct ScratchMetadata*>(
+            (char*)ra_temp_meta_buffer_.get() + metadata_offset);
+
+    bm->new_block = 0;
+    bm->file_offset = 0;
+
+    loff_t file_offset = snapuserd_->GetBufferDataOffset();
+
+    for (size_t block_index = 0; block_index < blocks_.size(); block_index++) {
+        uint64_t new_block = blocks_[block_index];
+        // Track the metadata blocks which are stored in scratch space
+        bm = reinterpret_cast<struct ScratchMetadata*>((char*)ra_temp_meta_buffer_.get() +
+                                                       metadata_offset);
+
+        bm->new_block = new_block;
+        bm->file_offset = file_offset;
+
+        metadata_offset += sizeof(struct ScratchMetadata);
+        file_offset += BLOCK_SZ;
+    }
+
+    // This is important - explicitly set the contents to zero. This is used
+    // when re-constructing the data after crash. This indicates end of
+    // reading metadata contents when re-constructing the data
+    bm = reinterpret_cast<struct ScratchMetadata*>((char*)ra_temp_meta_buffer_.get() +
+                                                   metadata_offset);
+    bm->new_block = 0;
+    bm->file_offset = 0;
+}
+
+bool ReadAhead::ReapIoCompletions(int pending_ios_to_complete) {
+    // Reap I/O completions
+    while (pending_ios_to_complete) {
+        struct io_uring_cqe* cqe;
+
+        int ret = io_uring_wait_cqe(ring_.get(), &cqe);
+        if (ret) {
+            SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Read-ahead - io_uring_wait_cqe failed: " << ret;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (cqe->res < 0) {
+            SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Read-ahead - io_uring_Wait_cqe failed with res: " << cqe->res;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        io_uring_cqe_seen(ring_.get(), cqe);
+        pending_ios_to_complete -= 1;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+void ReadAhead::ProcessXorData(size_t& block_xor_index, size_t& xor_index,
+                               std::vector<const CowOperation*>& xor_op_vec, void* buffer,
+                               loff_t& buffer_offset) {
+    loff_t xor_buf_offset = 0;
+
+    while (block_xor_index < blocks_.size()) {
+        void* bufptr = static_cast<void*>((char*)buffer + buffer_offset);
+        uint64_t new_block = blocks_[block_xor_index];
+
+        if (xor_index < xor_op_vec.size()) {
+            const CowOperation* xor_op = xor_op_vec[xor_index];
+
+            // Check if this block is an XOR op
+            if (xor_op->new_block == new_block) {
+                // Pointer to the data read from base device
+                uint8_t* buffer = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(bufptr);
+                // Get the xor'ed data read from COW device
+                uint8_t* xor_data = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>((char*)bufsink_.GetPayloadBufPtr() +
+                                                               xor_buf_offset);
+
+                for (size_t byte_offset = 0; byte_offset < BLOCK_SZ; byte_offset++) {
+                    buffer[byte_offset] ^= xor_data[byte_offset];
+                }
+
+                // Move to next XOR op
+                xor_index += 1;
+                xor_buf_offset += BLOCK_SZ;
+            }
+        }
+
+        buffer_offset += BLOCK_SZ;
+        block_xor_index += 1;
+    }
+
+    bufsink_.ResetBufferOffset();
+}
+
+bool ReadAhead::ReadXorData(size_t block_index, size_t xor_op_index,
+                            std::vector<const CowOperation*>& xor_op_vec) {
+    // Process the XOR ops in parallel - We will be reading data
+    // from COW file for XOR ops processing.
+    while (block_index < blocks_.size()) {
+        uint64_t new_block = blocks_[block_index];
+
+        if (xor_op_index < xor_op_vec.size()) {
+            const CowOperation* xor_op = xor_op_vec[xor_op_index];
+            if (xor_op->new_block == new_block) {
+                if (!reader_->ReadData(*xor_op, &bufsink_)) {
+                    SNAP_LOG(ERROR)
+                            << " ReadAhead - XorOp Read failed for block: " << xor_op->new_block;
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                xor_op_index += 1;
+                bufsink_.UpdateBufferOffset(BLOCK_SZ);
+            }
+        }
+        block_index += 1;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool ReadAhead::ReadAheadSyncIO() {
+    int num_ops = (snapuserd_->GetBufferDataSize()) / BLOCK_SZ;
+    loff_t buffer_offset = 0;
+    total_blocks_merged_ = 0;
+    overlap_ = false;
+    dest_blocks_.clear();
+    source_blocks_.clear();
+    blocks_.clear();
+    std::vector<const CowOperation*> xor_op_vec;
+
+    bufsink_.ResetBufferOffset();
 
     // Number of ops to be merged in this window. This is a fixed size
     // except for the last window wherein the number of ops can be less
@@ -209,7 +495,7 @@
     while (num_ops) {
         uint64_t source_offset;
 
-        int linear_blocks = PrepareNextReadAhead(&source_offset, &num_ops, blocks, xor_op_vec);
+        int linear_blocks = PrepareNextReadAhead(&source_offset, &num_ops, blocks_, xor_op_vec);
         if (linear_blocks == 0) {
             // No more blocks to read
             SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << " Read-ahead completed....";
@@ -220,7 +506,7 @@
 
         // Read from the base device consecutive set of blocks in one shot
         if (!android::base::ReadFullyAtOffset(backing_store_fd_,
-                                              (char*)ra_temp_buffer.get() + buffer_offset, io_size,
+                                              (char*)ra_temp_buffer_.get() + buffer_offset, io_size,
                                               source_offset)) {
             SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "Ordered-op failed. Read from backing store: "
                              << backing_store_device_ << "at block :" << source_offset / BLOCK_SZ
@@ -233,21 +519,19 @@
         }
 
         buffer_offset += io_size;
-        total_blocks_merged += linear_blocks;
+        total_blocks_merged_ += linear_blocks;
         num_ops -= linear_blocks;
     }
 
     // Done with merging ordered ops
-    if (RAIterDone() && total_blocks_merged == 0) {
+    if (RAIterDone() && total_blocks_merged_ == 0) {
         return true;
     }
 
     loff_t metadata_offset = 0;
 
-    auto ra_temp_meta_buffer = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(snapuserd_->GetBufferMetadataSize());
-
     struct ScratchMetadata* bm = reinterpret_cast<struct ScratchMetadata*>(
-            (char*)ra_temp_meta_buffer.get() + metadata_offset);
+            (char*)ra_temp_meta_buffer_.get() + metadata_offset);
 
     bm->new_block = 0;
     bm->file_offset = 0;
@@ -255,12 +539,15 @@
     loff_t file_offset = snapuserd_->GetBufferDataOffset();
 
     loff_t offset = 0;
-    CHECK(blocks.size() == total_blocks_merged);
+    CHECK(blocks_.size() == total_blocks_merged_);
 
     size_t xor_index = 0;
-    for (size_t block_index = 0; block_index < blocks.size(); block_index++) {
-        void* bufptr = static_cast<void*>((char*)ra_temp_buffer.get() + offset);
-        uint64_t new_block = blocks[block_index];
+    BufferSink bufsink;
+    bufsink.Initialize(BLOCK_SZ * 2);
+
+    for (size_t block_index = 0; block_index < blocks_.size(); block_index++) {
+        void* bufptr = static_cast<void*>((char*)ra_temp_buffer_.get() + offset);
+        uint64_t new_block = blocks_[block_index];
 
         if (xor_index < xor_op_vec.size()) {
             const CowOperation* xor_op = xor_op_vec[xor_index];
@@ -268,17 +555,16 @@
             // Check if this block is an XOR op
             if (xor_op->new_block == new_block) {
                 // Read the xor'ed data from COW
-                if (!reader_->ReadData(*xor_op, &bufsink_)) {
+                if (!reader_->ReadData(*xor_op, &bufsink)) {
                     SNAP_LOG(ERROR)
                             << " ReadAhead - XorOp Read failed for block: " << xor_op->new_block;
                     snapuserd_->ReadAheadIOFailed();
                     return false;
                 }
-
                 // Pointer to the data read from base device
                 uint8_t* buffer = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(bufptr);
                 // Get the xor'ed data read from COW device
-                uint8_t* xor_data = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(bufsink_.GetPayloadBufPtr());
+                uint8_t* xor_data = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(bufsink.GetPayloadBufPtr());
 
                 // Retrieve the original data
                 for (size_t byte_offset = 0; byte_offset < BLOCK_SZ; byte_offset++) {
@@ -292,7 +578,7 @@
 
         offset += BLOCK_SZ;
         // Track the metadata blocks which are stored in scratch space
-        bm = reinterpret_cast<struct ScratchMetadata*>((char*)ra_temp_meta_buffer.get() +
+        bm = reinterpret_cast<struct ScratchMetadata*>((char*)ra_temp_meta_buffer_.get() +
                                                        metadata_offset);
 
         bm->new_block = new_block;
@@ -308,11 +594,34 @@
     // This is important - explicitly set the contents to zero. This is used
     // when re-constructing the data after crash. This indicates end of
     // reading metadata contents when re-constructing the data
-    bm = reinterpret_cast<struct ScratchMetadata*>((char*)ra_temp_meta_buffer.get() +
+    bm = reinterpret_cast<struct ScratchMetadata*>((char*)ra_temp_meta_buffer_.get() +
                                                    metadata_offset);
     bm->new_block = 0;
     bm->file_offset = 0;
 
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool ReadAhead::ReadAheadIOStart() {
+    // Check if the data has to be constructed from the COW file.
+    // This will be true only once during boot up after a crash
+    // during merge.
+    if (snapuserd_->ShouldReconstructDataFromCow()) {
+        return ReconstructDataFromCow();
+    }
+
+    if (read_ahead_async_) {
+        if (!ReadAheadAsyncIO()) {
+            SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ReadAheadAsyncIO failed - io_uring processing failure.";
+            return false;
+        }
+    } else {
+        if (!ReadAheadSyncIO()) {
+            SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ReadAheadSyncIO failed";
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
     // Wait for the merge to finish for the previous RA window. We shouldn't
     // be touching the scratch space until merge is complete of previous RA
     // window. If there is a crash during this time frame, merge should resume
@@ -322,22 +631,22 @@
     }
 
     // Copy the data to scratch space
-    memcpy(metadata_buffer_, ra_temp_meta_buffer.get(), snapuserd_->GetBufferMetadataSize());
-    memcpy(read_ahead_buffer_, ra_temp_buffer.get(), total_blocks_merged * BLOCK_SZ);
+    memcpy(metadata_buffer_, ra_temp_meta_buffer_.get(), snapuserd_->GetBufferMetadataSize());
+    memcpy(read_ahead_buffer_, ra_temp_buffer_.get(), total_blocks_merged_ * BLOCK_SZ);
 
-    offset = 0;
+    loff_t offset = 0;
     std::unordered_map<uint64_t, void*>& read_ahead_buffer_map = snapuserd_->GetReadAheadMap();
     read_ahead_buffer_map.clear();
 
-    for (size_t block_index = 0; block_index < blocks.size(); block_index++) {
+    for (size_t block_index = 0; block_index < blocks_.size(); block_index++) {
         void* bufptr = static_cast<void*>((char*)read_ahead_buffer_ + offset);
-        uint64_t new_block = blocks[block_index];
+        uint64_t new_block = blocks_[block_index];
 
         read_ahead_buffer_map[new_block] = bufptr;
         offset += BLOCK_SZ;
     }
 
-    snapuserd_->SetMergedBlockCountForNextCommit(total_blocks_merged);
+    snapuserd_->SetMergedBlockCountForNextCommit(total_blocks_merged_);
 
     // Flush the data only if we have a overlapping blocks in the region
     // Notify the Merge thread to resume merging this window
@@ -350,6 +659,33 @@
     return true;
 }
 
+bool ReadAhead::InitializeIouring() {
+    if (!snapuserd_->IsIouringSupported()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    ring_ = std::make_unique<struct io_uring>();
+
+    int ret = io_uring_queue_init(queue_depth_, ring_.get(), 0);
+    if (ret) {
+        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "io_uring_queue_init failed with ret: " << ret;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // For xor ops processing
+    bufsink_.Initialize(PAYLOAD_BUFFER_SZ * 2);
+    read_ahead_async_ = true;
+
+    SNAP_LOG(INFO) << "Read-ahead: io_uring initialized with queue depth: " << queue_depth_;
+    return true;
+}
+
+void ReadAhead::FinalizeIouring() {
+    if (read_ahead_async_) {
+        io_uring_queue_exit(ring_.get());
+    }
+}
+
 bool ReadAhead::RunThread() {
     if (!InitializeFds()) {
         return false;
@@ -363,14 +699,18 @@
 
     InitializeRAIter();
 
+    InitializeIouring();
+
     while (!RAIterDone()) {
         if (!ReadAheadIOStart()) {
             break;
         }
     }
 
+    FinalizeIouring();
     CloseFds();
     reader_->CloseCowFd();
+
     SNAP_LOG(INFO) << " ReadAhead thread terminating....";
     return true;
 }
@@ -434,8 +774,9 @@
     metadata_buffer_ =
             static_cast<void*>((char*)mapped_addr + snapuserd_->GetBufferMetadataOffset());
     read_ahead_buffer_ = static_cast<void*>((char*)mapped_addr + snapuserd_->GetBufferDataOffset());
-    // For xor ops
-    bufsink_.Initialize(PAYLOAD_BUFFER_SZ);
+
+    ra_temp_buffer_ = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(snapuserd_->GetBufferDataSize());
+    ra_temp_meta_buffer_ = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(snapuserd_->GetBufferMetadataSize());
 }
 
 }  // namespace snapshot
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_server.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_server.cpp
index a79e3e1..eb64704 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_server.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_server.cpp
@@ -599,8 +599,13 @@
         return false;
     }
 
-    // We must re-initialize property service access, since we launched before
-    // second-stage init.
+    // This initialization of system property is important. When daemon is
+    // launched post selinux transition (before init second stage),
+    // bionic libc initializes system property as part of __libc_init_common();
+    // however that initialization fails silently given that fact that we don't
+    // have /dev/__properties__ setup which is created at init second stage.
+    //
+    // At this point, we have the handlers setup and is safe to setup property.
     __system_properties_init();
 
     if (!android::base::WaitForProperty("snapuserd.proxy_ready", "true")) {
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_test.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_test.cpp
index 1c3e04b..d670f1e 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_test.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_test.cpp
@@ -12,6 +12,9 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
+#include <android-base/strings.h>
+#include <gflags/gflags.h>
+
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <linux/fs.h>
 #include <linux/memfd.h>
@@ -27,6 +30,7 @@
 #include <string_view>
 
 #include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <android-base/properties.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 #include <fs_mgr/file_wait.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
@@ -38,6 +42,8 @@
 
 #include "snapuserd_core.h"
 
+DEFINE_string(force_config, "", "Force testing mode with iouring disabled");
+
 namespace android {
 namespace snapshot {
 
@@ -857,5 +863,23 @@
 
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
     ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
-    return RUN_ALL_TESTS();
+
+    gflags::ParseCommandLineFlags(&argc, &argv, false);
+
+    android::base::SetProperty("ctl.stop", "snapuserd");
+
+    if (FLAGS_force_config == "iouring_disabled") {
+        if (!android::base::SetProperty("snapuserd.test.io_uring.force_disable", "1")) {
+            return testing::AssertionFailure()
+                   << "Failed to disable property: snapuserd.test.io_uring.disabled";
+        }
+    }
+
+    int ret = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
+
+    if (FLAGS_force_config == "iouring_disabled") {
+        android::base::SetProperty("snapuserd.test.io_uring.force_disable", "0");
+    }
+
+    return ret;
 }
diff --git a/fs_mgr/tests/fs_mgr_test.cpp b/fs_mgr/tests/fs_mgr_test.cpp
index d631d7a..eccb902 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/tests/fs_mgr_test.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/tests/fs_mgr_test.cpp
@@ -192,7 +192,6 @@
            lhs.nonremovable == rhs.nonremovable &&
            lhs.vold_managed == rhs.vold_managed &&
            lhs.recovery_only == rhs.recovery_only &&
-           lhs.verify == rhs.verify &&
            lhs.no_emulated_sd == rhs.no_emulated_sd &&
            lhs.no_trim == rhs.no_trim &&
            lhs.file_encryption == rhs.file_encryption &&
@@ -200,7 +199,6 @@
            lhs.slot_select == rhs.slot_select &&
            lhs.late_mount == rhs.late_mount &&
            lhs.no_fail == rhs.no_fail &&
-           lhs.verify_at_boot == rhs.verify_at_boot &&
            lhs.quota == rhs.quota &&
            lhs.avb == rhs.avb &&
            lhs.logical == rhs.logical &&
@@ -409,7 +407,7 @@
     TemporaryFile tf;
     ASSERT_TRUE(tf.fd != -1);
     std::string fstab_contents = R"fs(
-source none0       swap   defaults      wait,check,nonremovable,recoveryonly,verifyatboot,verify
+source none0       swap   defaults      wait,check,nonremovable,recoveryonly
 source none1       swap   defaults      avb,noemulatedsd,notrim,formattable,nofail
 source none2       swap   defaults      first_stage_mount,latemount,quota,logical
 source none3       swap   defaults      checkpoint=block
@@ -430,8 +428,6 @@
         flags.check = true;
         flags.nonremovable = true;
         flags.recovery_only = true;
-        flags.verify_at_boot = true;
-        flags.verify = true;
         EXPECT_TRUE(CompareFlags(flags, entry->fs_mgr_flags));
     }
 
diff --git a/healthd/BatteryMonitor.cpp b/healthd/BatteryMonitor.cpp
index 377acb7..5890f9a 100644
--- a/healthd/BatteryMonitor.cpp
+++ b/healthd/BatteryMonitor.cpp
@@ -92,6 +92,7 @@
       mBatteryDevicePresent(false),
       mBatteryFixedCapacity(0),
       mBatteryFixedTemperature(0),
+      mChargerDockOnline(false),
       mHealthInfo(std::make_unique<HealthInfo_2_1>()) {
     initHealthInfo(mHealthInfo.get());
 }
@@ -196,6 +197,7 @@
             {"USB_PD", ANDROID_POWER_SUPPLY_TYPE_AC},
             {"USB_PD_DRP", ANDROID_POWER_SUPPLY_TYPE_USB},
             {"Wireless", ANDROID_POWER_SUPPLY_TYPE_WIRELESS},
+            {"Dock", ANDROID_POWER_SUPPLY_TYPE_DOCK},
             {NULL, 0},
     };
     std::string buf;
@@ -319,9 +321,21 @@
             case ANDROID_POWER_SUPPLY_TYPE_WIRELESS:
                 props.chargerWirelessOnline = true;
                 break;
+            case ANDROID_POWER_SUPPLY_TYPE_DOCK:
+                mChargerDockOnline = true;
+                break;
             default:
-                KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "%s: Unknown power supply type\n",
-                             mChargerNames[i].string());
+                path.clear();
+                path.appendFormat("%s/%s/is_dock", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH,
+                                  mChargerNames[i].string());
+                if (access(path.string(), R_OK) == 0) {
+                    mChargerDockOnline = true;
+                    KLOG_INFO(LOG_TAG, "%s: online\n",
+                              mChargerNames[i].string());
+                } else {
+                    KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "%s: Unknown power supply type\n",
+                                 mChargerNames[i].string());
+                }
             }
             path.clear();
             path.appendFormat("%s/%s/current_max", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH,
@@ -391,8 +405,8 @@
 
 bool BatteryMonitor::isChargerOnline() {
     const HealthInfo_1_0& props = mHealthInfo->legacy.legacy;
-    return props.chargerAcOnline | props.chargerUsbOnline |
-            props.chargerWirelessOnline;
+    return props.chargerAcOnline | props.chargerUsbOnline | props.chargerWirelessOnline |
+           mChargerDockOnline;
 }
 
 int BatteryMonitor::getChargeStatus() {
@@ -477,10 +491,10 @@
     char vs[128];
     const HealthInfo_1_0& props = mHealthInfo->legacy.legacy;
 
-    snprintf(vs, sizeof(vs), "ac: %d usb: %d wireless: %d current_max: %d voltage_max: %d\n",
-             props.chargerAcOnline, props.chargerUsbOnline,
-             props.chargerWirelessOnline, props.maxChargingCurrent,
-             props.maxChargingVoltage);
+    snprintf(vs, sizeof(vs),
+             "ac: %d usb: %d wireless: %d dock: %d current_max: %d voltage_max: %d\n",
+             props.chargerAcOnline, props.chargerUsbOnline, props.chargerWirelessOnline,
+             mChargerDockOnline, props.maxChargingCurrent, props.maxChargingVoltage);
     write(fd, vs, strlen(vs));
     snprintf(vs, sizeof(vs), "status: %d health: %d present: %d\n",
              props.batteryStatus, props.batteryHealth, props.batteryPresent);
@@ -554,6 +568,7 @@
             case ANDROID_POWER_SUPPLY_TYPE_AC:
             case ANDROID_POWER_SUPPLY_TYPE_USB:
             case ANDROID_POWER_SUPPLY_TYPE_WIRELESS:
+            case ANDROID_POWER_SUPPLY_TYPE_DOCK:
                 path.clear();
                 path.appendFormat("%s/%s/online", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
                 if (access(path.string(), R_OK) == 0)
@@ -691,6 +706,17 @@
             case ANDROID_POWER_SUPPLY_TYPE_UNKNOWN:
                 break;
             }
+
+            // Look for "is_dock" file
+            path.clear();
+            path.appendFormat("%s/%s/is_dock", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
+            if (access(path.string(), R_OK) == 0) {
+                path.clear();
+                path.appendFormat("%s/%s/online", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
+                if (access(path.string(), R_OK) == 0)
+                    mChargerNames.add(String8(name));
+
+            }
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/healthd/OWNERS b/healthd/OWNERS
index d3f8758..e64c33d 100644
--- a/healthd/OWNERS
+++ b/healthd/OWNERS
@@ -1,2 +1 @@
 elsk@google.com
-hridya@google.com
diff --git a/healthd/healthd_draw.cpp b/healthd/healthd_draw.cpp
index 4484fa6..3e73fcd 100644
--- a/healthd/healthd_draw.cpp
+++ b/healthd/healthd_draw.cpp
@@ -94,9 +94,18 @@
     gr_flip();
 }
 
-void HealthdDraw::blank_screen(bool blank) {
+void HealthdDraw::blank_screen(bool blank, int drm) {
     if (!graphics_available) return;
-    gr_fb_blank(blank);
+    gr_fb_blank(blank, drm);
+}
+
+/* support screen rotation for foldable phone */
+void HealthdDraw::rotate_screen(int drm) {
+    if (!graphics_available) return;
+    if (drm == 0)
+        gr_rotate(GRRotation::RIGHT /* landscape mode */);
+    else
+        gr_rotate(GRRotation::NONE /* Portrait mode */);
 }
 
 void HealthdDraw::clear_screen(void) {
@@ -139,6 +148,8 @@
 void HealthdDraw::determine_xy(const animation::text_field& field,
                                const int length, int* x, int* y) {
   *x = field.pos_x;
+  screen_width_ = gr_fb_width() / (kSplitScreen ? 2 : 1);
+  screen_height_ = gr_fb_height();
 
   int str_len_px = length * field.font->char_width;
   if (field.pos_x == CENTER_VAL) {
diff --git a/healthd/healthd_draw.h b/healthd/healthd_draw.h
index 0b48ce8..3d4abbd 100644
--- a/healthd/healthd_draw.h
+++ b/healthd/healthd_draw.h
@@ -31,8 +31,12 @@
   // Redraws screen.
   void redraw_screen(const animation* batt_anim, GRSurface* surf_unknown);
 
+  // According to the index of Direct Rendering Manager,
   // Blanks screen if true, unblanks if false.
-  virtual void blank_screen(bool blank);
+  virtual void blank_screen(bool blank, int drm);
+
+  // Rotate screen.
+  virtual void rotate_screen(int drm);
 
   static std::unique_ptr<HealthdDraw> Create(animation *anim);
 
diff --git a/healthd/healthd_mode_charger.cpp b/healthd/healthd_mode_charger.cpp
index 0f9779c..9fe85d4 100644
--- a/healthd/healthd_mode_charger.cpp
+++ b/healthd/healthd_mode_charger.cpp
@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@
 
 #if !defined(__ANDROID_VNDK__)
         if (android::sysprop::ChargerProperties::disable_init_blank().value_or(false)) {
-            healthd_draw_->blank_screen(true);
+            healthd_draw_->blank_screen(true, static_cast<int>(drm_));
             screen_blanked_ = true;
         }
 #endif
@@ -337,7 +337,7 @@
     if (batt_anim_.num_cycles > 0 && batt_anim_.cur_cycle == batt_anim_.num_cycles) {
         reset_animation(&batt_anim_);
         next_screen_transition_ = -1;
-        healthd_draw_->blank_screen(true);
+        healthd_draw_->blank_screen(true, static_cast<int>(drm_));
         screen_blanked_ = true;
         LOGV("[%" PRId64 "] animation done\n", now);
         if (configuration_->ChargerIsOnline()) {
@@ -348,8 +348,17 @@
 
     disp_time = batt_anim_.frames[batt_anim_.cur_frame].disp_time;
 
+    /* turn off all screen */
+    if (screen_switch_ == SCREEN_SWITCH_ENABLE) {
+        healthd_draw_->blank_screen(true, 0 /* drm */);
+        healthd_draw_->blank_screen(true, 1 /* drm */);
+        healthd_draw_->rotate_screen(static_cast<int>(drm_));
+        screen_blanked_ = true;
+        screen_switch_ = SCREEN_SWITCH_DISABLE;
+    }
+
     if (screen_blanked_) {
-        healthd_draw_->blank_screen(false);
+        healthd_draw_->blank_screen(false, static_cast<int>(drm_));
         screen_blanked_ = false;
     }
 
@@ -452,7 +461,26 @@
     return 0;
 }
 
+int Charger::SetSwCallback(int code, int value) {
+    if (code > SW_MAX) return -1;
+    if (code == SW_LID) {
+        if ((screen_switch_ == SCREEN_SWITCH_DEFAULT) || ((value != 0) && (drm_ == DRM_INNER)) ||
+            ((value == 0) && (drm_ == DRM_OUTER))) {
+            screen_switch_ = SCREEN_SWITCH_ENABLE;
+            drm_ = (value != 0) ? DRM_OUTER : DRM_INNER;
+            keys_[code].pending = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
 void Charger::UpdateInputState(input_event* ev) {
+    if (ev->type == EV_SW && ev->code == SW_LID) {
+        SetSwCallback(ev->code, ev->value);
+        return;
+    }
+
     if (ev->type != EV_KEY) return;
     SetKeyCallback(ev->code, ev->value);
 }
@@ -511,10 +539,26 @@
     key->pending = false;
 }
 
+void Charger::ProcessHallSensor(int code) {
+    key_state* key = &keys_[code];
+
+    if (code == SW_LID) {
+        if (key->pending) {
+            reset_animation(&batt_anim_);
+            kick_animation(&batt_anim_);
+            RequestDisableSuspend();
+        }
+    }
+
+    key->pending = false;
+}
+
 void Charger::HandleInputState(int64_t now) {
     ProcessKey(KEY_POWER, now);
 
     if (next_key_check_ != -1 && now > next_key_check_) next_key_check_ = -1;
+
+    ProcessHallSensor(SW_LID);
 }
 
 void Charger::HandlePowerSupplyState(int64_t now) {
@@ -743,9 +787,14 @@
             batt_anim_.frames[i].surface = scale_frames[i];
         }
     }
+    drm_ = DRM_INNER;
+    screen_switch_ = SCREEN_SWITCH_DEFAULT;
     ev_sync_key_state(std::bind(&Charger::SetKeyCallback, this, std::placeholders::_1,
                                 std::placeholders::_2));
 
+    (void)ev_sync_sw_state(
+            std::bind(&Charger::SetSwCallback, this, std::placeholders::_1, std::placeholders::_2));
+
     next_screen_transition_ = -1;
     next_key_check_ = -1;
     next_pwr_check_ = -1;
diff --git a/healthd/include/healthd/BatteryMonitor.h b/healthd/include/healthd/BatteryMonitor.h
index 3cda727..89c2e25 100644
--- a/healthd/include/healthd/BatteryMonitor.h
+++ b/healthd/include/healthd/BatteryMonitor.h
@@ -48,7 +48,8 @@
         ANDROID_POWER_SUPPLY_TYPE_AC,
         ANDROID_POWER_SUPPLY_TYPE_USB,
         ANDROID_POWER_SUPPLY_TYPE_WIRELESS,
-        ANDROID_POWER_SUPPLY_TYPE_BATTERY
+        ANDROID_POWER_SUPPLY_TYPE_BATTERY,
+        ANDROID_POWER_SUPPLY_TYPE_DOCK
     };
 
     BatteryMonitor();
@@ -75,6 +76,8 @@
     bool mBatteryDevicePresent;
     int mBatteryFixedCapacity;
     int mBatteryFixedTemperature;
+    // TODO(b/214126090): to migrate to AIDL HealthInfo
+    bool mChargerDockOnline;
     std::unique_ptr<android::hardware::health::V2_1::HealthInfo> mHealthInfo;
 
     int readFromFile(const String8& path, std::string* buf);
diff --git a/healthd/include_charger/charger/healthd_mode_charger.h b/healthd/include_charger/charger/healthd_mode_charger.h
index 216e5ad..28e1fb5 100644
--- a/healthd/include_charger/charger/healthd_mode_charger.h
+++ b/healthd/include_charger/charger/healthd_mode_charger.h
@@ -44,6 +44,17 @@
     aidl::android::hardware::health::BatteryStatus battery_status;
 };
 
+enum DirectRenderManager {
+    DRM_INNER,
+    DRM_OUTER,
+};
+
+enum SrceenSwitch {
+    SCREEN_SWITCH_DEFAULT,
+    SCREEN_SWITCH_DISABLE,
+    SCREEN_SWITCH_ENABLE,
+};
+
 // Configuration interface for charger. This includes:
 // - HalHealthLoop APIs that interests charger.
 // - configuration values that used to be provided by sysprops
@@ -85,9 +96,11 @@
     void InitDefaultAnimationFrames();
     void UpdateScreenState(int64_t now);
     int SetKeyCallback(int code, int value);
+    int SetSwCallback(int code, int value);
     void UpdateInputState(input_event* ev);
     void SetNextKeyCheck(key_state* key, int64_t timeout);
     void ProcessKey(int code, int64_t now);
+    void ProcessHallSensor(int code);
     void HandleInputState(int64_t now);
     void HandlePowerSupplyState(int64_t now);
     int InputCallback(int fd, unsigned int epevents);
@@ -102,6 +115,9 @@
     int64_t next_pwr_check_ = 0;
     int64_t wait_batt_level_timestamp_ = 0;
 
+    DirectRenderManager drm_;
+    SrceenSwitch screen_switch_;
+
     key_state keys_[KEY_MAX + 1] = {};
 
     animation batt_anim_;
diff --git a/init/builtins.cpp b/init/builtins.cpp
index cc445be..0eb894b 100644
--- a/init/builtins.cpp
+++ b/init/builtins.cpp
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@
                         android::base::GetMinimumLogSeverity() > android::base::DEBUG) {}
 
     template <typename T>
-    operator android::base::expected<T, ResultError<int>>() {
+    operator android::base::expected<T, ResultError<android::base::Errno>>() {
         if (ignore_error_) {
             return {};
         }
diff --git a/init/first_stage_mount.cpp b/init/first_stage_mount.cpp
index ada5a47..042988e 100644
--- a/init/first_stage_mount.cpp
+++ b/init/first_stage_mount.cpp
@@ -191,8 +191,6 @@
     auto& dm = android::dm::DeviceMapper::Instance();
     if (dm.GetState("vroot") != android::dm::DmDeviceState::INVALID) {
         root_entry->fs_mgr_flags.avb = true;
-    } else {
-        root_entry->fs_mgr_flags.verify = true;
     }
     return true;
 }
diff --git a/init/init.cpp b/init/init.cpp
index e3596cb..1df4c44 100644
--- a/init/init.cpp
+++ b/init/init.cpp
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
 #define _REALLY_INCLUDE_SYS__SYSTEM_PROPERTIES_H_
 #include <sys/_system_properties.h>
 
+#include <filesystem>
 #include <functional>
 #include <map>
 #include <memory>
@@ -46,6 +47,7 @@
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/parseint.h>
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
+#include <android-base/scopeguard.h>
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <backtrace/Backtrace.h>
@@ -773,6 +775,82 @@
     return {};
 }
 
+static bool SystemReadSmokeTest() {
+    std::string dev = "/dev/block/mapper/system"s + fs_mgr_get_slot_suffix();
+    android::base::unique_fd fd(open(dev.c_str(), O_RDONLY));
+    if (fd < 0) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "open " << dev << " failed, will not diangose snapuserd hangs";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    for (size_t i = 1; i <= 100; i++) {
+        // Skip around the partition a bit.
+        size_t offset = i * 4096 * 512;
+
+        char b;
+        ssize_t n = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(pread(fd.get(), &b, 1, offset));
+        if (n < 0) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "snapuserd smoke test read failed";
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+static void DiagnoseSnapuserdHang(pid_t pid) {
+    bool succeeded = false;
+
+    std::mutex m;
+    std::condition_variable cv;
+
+    // Enforce an ordering between this and the thread startup, by taking the
+    // lock before we lanuch the thread.
+    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> cv_lock(m);
+
+    std::thread t([&]() -> void {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(m);
+        succeeded = SystemReadSmokeTest();
+        cv.notify_all();
+    });
+
+    auto join = android::base::make_scope_guard([&]() -> void {
+        // If the smoke test is hung, then this will too. We expect the device to
+        // automatically reboot once the watchdog kicks in.
+        t.join();
+    });
+
+    auto now = std::chrono::system_clock::now();
+    auto deadline = now + 10s;
+    auto status = cv.wait_until(cv_lock, deadline);
+    if (status == std::cv_status::timeout) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "snapuserd smoke test timed out";
+    } else if (!succeeded) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "snapuserd smoke test failed";
+    }
+
+    if (succeeded) {
+        LOG(INFO) << "snapuserd smoke test succeeded";
+        return;
+    }
+
+    while (true) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "snapuserd problem detected, printing open fds";
+
+        std::error_code ec;
+        std::string proc_dir = "/proc/" + std::to_string(pid) + "/fd";
+        for (const auto& entry : std::filesystem::directory_iterator(proc_dir)) {
+            std::string target;
+            if (android::base::Readlink(entry.path(), &target)) {
+                LOG(ERROR) << "snapuserd opened: " << target;
+            } else {
+                LOG(ERROR) << "snapuserd opened: " << entry.path();
+            }
+        }
+
+        std::this_thread::sleep_for(10s);
+    }
+}
+
 int SecondStageMain(int argc, char** argv) {
     if (REBOOT_BOOTLOADER_ON_PANIC) {
         InstallRebootSignalHandlers();
@@ -786,6 +864,11 @@
     InitKernelLogging(argv);
     LOG(INFO) << "init second stage started!";
 
+    if (auto pid = GetSnapuserdFirstStagePid()) {
+        std::thread t(DiagnoseSnapuserdHang, *pid);
+        t.detach();
+    }
+
     // Update $PATH in the case the second stage init is newer than first stage init, where it is
     // first set.
     if (setenv("PATH", _PATH_DEFPATH, 1) != 0) {
diff --git a/init/perfboot.py b/init/perfboot.py
index 4b23ad2..968df38 100755
--- a/init/perfboot.py
+++ b/init/perfboot.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
 # Copyright (C) 2015 The Android Open Source Project
 #
 # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
 
 import argparse
 import atexit
-import cStringIO
+import io
 import glob
 import inspect
 import logging
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@
             self._wait_cpu_cool_down(self._product, self._temp_paths)
         else:
             if self._waited:
-                print 'Waiting for %d seconds' % self._interval
+                print('Waiting for %d seconds' % self._interval)
                 time.sleep(self._interval)
         self._waited = True
 
@@ -119,9 +119,9 @@
         threshold = IntervalAdjuster._CPU_COOL_DOWN_THRESHOLDS.get(
             self._product)
         if threshold is None:
-            print 'No CPU temperature threshold is set for ' + self._product
-            print ('Just wait %d seconds' %
-                   IntervalAdjuster._CPU_COOL_DOWN_WAIT_TIME_DEFAULT)
+            print('No CPU temperature threshold is set for ' + self._product)
+            print(('Just wait %d seconds' %
+                   IntervalAdjuster._CPU_COOL_DOWN_WAIT_TIME_DEFAULT))
             time.sleep(IntervalAdjuster._CPU_COOL_DOWN_WAIT_TIME_DEFAULT)
             return
         while True:
@@ -129,8 +129,8 @@
             if temp < threshold:
                 logging.info('Current CPU temperature %s' % temp)
                 return
-            print 'Waiting until CPU temperature (%d) falls below %d' % (
-                temp, threshold)
+            print('Waiting until CPU temperature (%d) falls below %d' % (
+                temp, threshold))
             time.sleep(IntervalAdjuster._CPU_COOL_DOWN_WAIT_INTERVAL)
 
 
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@
 
 def get_values(record, tag):
     """Gets values that matches |tag| from |record|."""
-    keys = [key for key in record.keys() if key[0] == tag]
+    keys = [key for key in list(record.keys()) if key[0] == tag]
     return [record[k] for k in sorted(keys)]
 
 
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@
     with open(filename, 'w') as f:
         f.write('\t'.join(labels) + '\n')
         for record in record_list:
-            line = cStringIO.StringIO()
+            line = io.StringIO()
             invalid_line = False
             for i, tag in enumerate(tags):
                 if i != 0:
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@
                 logging.error('Invalid record found: ' + line.getvalue())
             line.write('\n')
             f.write(line.getvalue())
-    print 'Wrote: ' + filename
+    print(('Wrote: ' + filename))
 
 
 def median(data):
@@ -349,9 +349,9 @@
     # Filter out invalid data.
     end_times = [get_last_value(record, end_tag) for record in record_list
                  if get_last_value(record, end_tag) != 0]
-    print 'mean:', int(round(mean(end_times))), 'ms'
-    print 'median:', int(round(median(end_times))), 'ms'
-    print 'standard deviation:', int(round(stddev(end_times))), 'ms'
+    print(('mean:', int(round(mean(end_times))), 'ms'))
+    print(('median:', int(round(median(end_times))), 'ms'))
+    print(('standard deviation:', int(round(stddev(end_times))), 'ms'))
 
 
 def do_iteration(device, interval_adjuster, event_tags_re, end_tag):
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@
     device.wait()
     interval_adjuster.wait()
     device.reboot()
-    print 'Rebooted the device'
+    print('Rebooted the device, waiting for tag', end_tag)
     record = {}
     booted = False
     while not booted:
@@ -372,7 +372,7 @@
                 stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
         for line in readlines_unbuffered(p):
             if t.is_timedout():
-                print '*** Timed out ***'
+                print('*** Timed out ***')
                 return record
             m = event_tags_re.search(line)
             if not m:
@@ -381,8 +381,8 @@
             event_time = int(m.group('time'))
             pid = m.group('pid')
             record[(tag, pid)] = event_time
-            print 'Event log recorded: %s (%s) - %d ms' % (
-                tag, pid, event_time)
+            print(('Event log recorded: %s (%s) - %d ms' % (
+                tag, pid, event_time)))
             if tag == end_tag:
                 booted = True
                 t.cancel()
@@ -420,7 +420,7 @@
 
 def install_apks(device, apk_dir):
     for apk in glob.glob(os.path.join(apk_dir, '*.apk')):
-        print 'Installing: ' + apk
+        print('Installing: ' + apk)
         device.install(apk, replace=True)
 
 
@@ -452,7 +452,7 @@
     event_tags_re = make_event_tags_re(event_tags)
 
     for i in range(args.iterations):
-        print 'Run #%d ' % i
+        print('Run #%d ' % i)
         record = do_iteration(
             device, interval_adjuster, event_tags_re, end_tag)
         record_list.append(record)
diff --git a/init/snapuserd_transition.cpp b/init/snapuserd_transition.cpp
index e11510e..5deaf31 100644
--- a/init/snapuserd_transition.cpp
+++ b/init/snapuserd_transition.cpp
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 #include <cutils/sockets.h>
+#include <fs_avb/fs_avb.h>
 #include <libsnapshot/snapshot.h>
 #include <private/android_filesystem_config.h>
 #include <procinfo/process_map.h>
@@ -247,6 +248,56 @@
     }
 }
 
+/*
+ * Before starting init second stage, we will wait
+ * for snapuserd daemon to be up and running; bionic libc
+ * may read /system/etc/selinux/plat_property_contexts file
+ * before invoking main() function. This will happen if
+ * init initializes property during second stage. Any access
+ * to /system without snapuserd daemon will lead to a deadlock.
+ *
+ * Thus, we do a simple probe by reading system partition. This
+ * read will eventually be serviced by daemon confirming that
+ * daemon is up and running. Furthermore, we are still in the kernel
+ * domain and sepolicy has not been enforced yet. Thus, access
+ * to these device mapper block devices are ok even though
+ * we may see audit logs.
+ */
+bool SnapuserdSelinuxHelper::TestSnapuserdIsReady() {
+    std::string dev = "/dev/block/mapper/system"s + fs_mgr_get_slot_suffix();
+    android::base::unique_fd fd(open(dev.c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_DIRECT));
+    if (fd < 0) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "open " << dev << " failed";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    void* addr;
+    ssize_t page_size = getpagesize();
+    if (posix_memalign(&addr, page_size, page_size) < 0) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "posix_memalign with page size " << page_size;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    std::unique_ptr<void, decltype(&::free)> buffer(addr, ::free);
+
+    int iter = 0;
+    while (iter < 10) {
+        ssize_t n = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(pread(fd.get(), buffer.get(), page_size, 0));
+        if (n < 0) {
+            // Wait for sometime before retry
+            std::this_thread::sleep_for(100ms);
+        } else if (n == page_size) {
+            return true;
+        } else {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "pread returned: " << n << " from: " << dev << " expected: " << page_size;
+        }
+
+        iter += 1;
+    }
+
+    return false;
+}
+
 void SnapuserdSelinuxHelper::RelaunchFirstStageSnapuserd() {
     auto fd = GetRamdiskSnapuserdFd();
     if (!fd) {
@@ -268,6 +319,13 @@
         setenv(kSnapuserdFirstStagePidVar, std::to_string(pid).c_str(), 1);
 
         LOG(INFO) << "Relaunched snapuserd with pid: " << pid;
+
+        if (!TestSnapuserdIsReady()) {
+            PLOG(FATAL) << "snapuserd daemon failed to launch";
+        } else {
+            LOG(INFO) << "snapuserd daemon is up and running";
+        }
+
         return;
     }
 
diff --git a/init/snapuserd_transition.h b/init/snapuserd_transition.h
index be22afd..557d105 100644
--- a/init/snapuserd_transition.h
+++ b/init/snapuserd_transition.h
@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@
   private:
     void RelaunchFirstStageSnapuserd();
     void ExecSnapuserd();
+    bool TestSnapuserdIsReady();
 
     std::unique_ptr<SnapshotManager> sm_;
     BlockDevInitializer block_dev_init_;
diff --git a/libcutils/fs_config.cpp b/libcutils/fs_config.cpp
index e9497a8..a6835fc 100644
--- a/libcutils/fs_config.cpp
+++ b/libcutils/fs_config.cpp
@@ -211,6 +211,7 @@
     { 00755, AID_ROOT,      AID_ROOT,      0, "first_stage_ramdisk/system/bin/resize2fs" },
     { 00755, AID_ROOT,      AID_ROOT,      0, "first_stage_ramdisk/system/bin/snapuserd" },
     { 00755, AID_ROOT,      AID_ROOT,      0, "first_stage_ramdisk/system/bin/tune2fs" },
+    { 00755, AID_ROOT,      AID_ROOT,      0, "first_stage_ramdisk/system/bin/fsck.f2fs" },
     // generic defaults
     { 00755, AID_ROOT,      AID_ROOT,      0, "bin/*" },
     { 00640, AID_ROOT,      AID_SHELL,     0, "fstab.*" },
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/include/processgroup/processgroup.h b/libprocessgroup/include/processgroup/processgroup.h
index be34f95..c5badc9 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/include/processgroup/processgroup.h
+++ b/libprocessgroup/include/processgroup/processgroup.h
@@ -35,6 +35,8 @@
 
 #ifndef __ANDROID_VNDK__
 
+bool SetProcessProfilesCached(uid_t uid, pid_t pid, const std::vector<std::string>& profiles);
+
 static constexpr const char* CGROUPS_RC_PATH = "/dev/cgroup_info/cgroup.rc";
 
 bool UsePerAppMemcg();
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/processgroup.cpp b/libprocessgroup/processgroup.cpp
index 0320b02..cb2fe0a 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/processgroup.cpp
+++ b/libprocessgroup/processgroup.cpp
@@ -126,11 +126,16 @@
 }
 
 void DropTaskProfilesResourceCaching() {
-    TaskProfiles::GetInstance().DropResourceCaching();
+    TaskProfiles::GetInstance().DropResourceCaching(ProfileAction::RCT_TASK);
+    TaskProfiles::GetInstance().DropResourceCaching(ProfileAction::RCT_PROCESS);
 }
 
 bool SetProcessProfiles(uid_t uid, pid_t pid, const std::vector<std::string>& profiles) {
-    return TaskProfiles::GetInstance().SetProcessProfiles(uid, pid, profiles);
+    return TaskProfiles::GetInstance().SetProcessProfiles(uid, pid, profiles, false);
+}
+
+bool SetProcessProfilesCached(uid_t uid, pid_t pid, const std::vector<std::string>& profiles) {
+    return TaskProfiles::GetInstance().SetProcessProfiles(uid, pid, profiles, true);
 }
 
 bool SetTaskProfiles(int tid, const std::vector<std::string>& profiles, bool use_fd_cache) {
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/task_profiles.cpp b/libprocessgroup/task_profiles.cpp
index 3834f91..74ba7f6 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/task_profiles.cpp
+++ b/libprocessgroup/task_profiles.cpp
@@ -51,6 +51,67 @@
 static constexpr const char* TEMPLATE_TASK_PROFILE_API_FILE =
         "/etc/task_profiles/task_profiles_%u.json";
 
+class FdCacheHelper {
+  public:
+    enum FdState {
+        FDS_INACCESSIBLE = -1,
+        FDS_APP_DEPENDENT = -2,
+        FDS_NOT_CACHED = -3,
+    };
+
+    static void Cache(const std::string& path, android::base::unique_fd& fd);
+    static void Drop(android::base::unique_fd& fd);
+    static void Init(const std::string& path, android::base::unique_fd& fd);
+    static bool IsCached(const android::base::unique_fd& fd) { return fd > FDS_INACCESSIBLE; }
+
+  private:
+    static bool IsAppDependentPath(const std::string& path);
+};
+
+void FdCacheHelper::Init(const std::string& path, android::base::unique_fd& fd) {
+    // file descriptors for app-dependent paths can't be cached
+    if (IsAppDependentPath(path)) {
+        // file descriptor is not cached
+        fd.reset(FDS_APP_DEPENDENT);
+        return;
+    }
+    // file descriptor can be cached later on request
+    fd.reset(FDS_NOT_CACHED);
+}
+
+void FdCacheHelper::Cache(const std::string& path, android::base::unique_fd& fd) {
+    if (fd != FDS_NOT_CACHED) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (access(path.c_str(), W_OK) != 0) {
+        // file is not accessible
+        fd.reset(FDS_INACCESSIBLE);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    unique_fd tmp_fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(path.c_str(), O_WRONLY | O_CLOEXEC)));
+    if (tmp_fd < 0) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to cache fd '" << path << "'";
+        fd.reset(FDS_INACCESSIBLE);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    fd = std::move(tmp_fd);
+}
+
+void FdCacheHelper::Drop(android::base::unique_fd& fd) {
+    if (fd == FDS_NOT_CACHED) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    fd.reset(FDS_NOT_CACHED);
+}
+
+bool FdCacheHelper::IsAppDependentPath(const std::string& path) {
+    return path.find("<uid>", 0) != std::string::npos || path.find("<pid>", 0) != std::string::npos;
+}
+
 void ProfileAttribute::Reset(const CgroupController& controller, const std::string& file_name) {
     controller_ = controller;
     file_name_ = file_name;
@@ -144,57 +205,11 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-void CachedFdProfileAction::EnableResourceCaching() {
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(fd_mutex_);
-    if (fd_ != FDS_NOT_CACHED) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    std::string tasks_path = GetPath();
-
-    if (access(tasks_path.c_str(), W_OK) != 0) {
-        // file is not accessible
-        fd_.reset(FDS_INACCESSIBLE);
-        return;
-    }
-
-    unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(tasks_path.c_str(), O_WRONLY | O_CLOEXEC)));
-    if (fd < 0) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to cache fd '" << tasks_path << "'";
-        fd_.reset(FDS_INACCESSIBLE);
-        return;
-    }
-
-    fd_ = std::move(fd);
-}
-
-void CachedFdProfileAction::DropResourceCaching() {
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(fd_mutex_);
-    if (fd_ == FDS_NOT_CACHED) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    fd_.reset(FDS_NOT_CACHED);
-}
-
-bool CachedFdProfileAction::IsAppDependentPath(const std::string& path) {
-    return path.find("<uid>", 0) != std::string::npos || path.find("<pid>", 0) != std::string::npos;
-}
-
-void CachedFdProfileAction::InitFd(const std::string& path) {
-    // file descriptors for app-dependent paths can't be cached
-    if (IsAppDependentPath(path)) {
-        // file descriptor is not cached
-        fd_.reset(FDS_APP_DEPENDENT);
-        return;
-    }
-    // file descriptor can be cached later on request
-    fd_.reset(FDS_NOT_CACHED);
-}
-
 SetCgroupAction::SetCgroupAction(const CgroupController& c, const std::string& p)
     : controller_(c), path_(p) {
-    InitFd(controller_.GetTasksFilePath(path_));
+    FdCacheHelper::Init(controller_.GetTasksFilePath(path_), fd_[ProfileAction::RCT_TASK]);
+    // uid and pid don't matter because IsAppDependentPath ensures the path doesn't use them
+    FdCacheHelper::Init(controller_.GetProcsFilePath(path_, 0, 0), fd_[ProfileAction::RCT_PROCESS]);
 }
 
 bool SetCgroupAction::AddTidToCgroup(int tid, int fd, const char* controller_name) {
@@ -232,7 +247,40 @@
     return false;
 }
 
+ProfileAction::CacheUseResult SetCgroupAction::UseCachedFd(ResourceCacheType cache_type,
+                                                           int id) const {
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(fd_mutex_);
+    if (FdCacheHelper::IsCached(fd_[cache_type])) {
+        // fd is cached, reuse it
+        if (!AddTidToCgroup(id, fd_[cache_type], controller()->name())) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to add task into cgroup";
+            return ProfileAction::FAIL;
+        }
+        return ProfileAction::SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    if (fd_[cache_type] == FdCacheHelper::FDS_INACCESSIBLE) {
+        // no permissions to access the file, ignore
+        return ProfileAction::SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    if (cache_type == ResourceCacheType::RCT_TASK &&
+        fd_[cache_type] == FdCacheHelper::FDS_APP_DEPENDENT) {
+        // application-dependent path can't be used with tid
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Application profile can't be applied to a thread";
+        return ProfileAction::FAIL;
+    }
+
+    return ProfileAction::UNUSED;
+}
+
 bool SetCgroupAction::ExecuteForProcess(uid_t uid, pid_t pid) const {
+    CacheUseResult result = UseCachedFd(ProfileAction::RCT_PROCESS, pid);
+    if (result != ProfileAction::UNUSED) {
+        return result == ProfileAction::SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    // fd was not cached or cached fd can't be used
     std::string procs_path = controller()->GetProcsFilePath(path_, uid, pid);
     unique_fd tmp_fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(procs_path.c_str(), O_WRONLY | O_CLOEXEC)));
     if (tmp_fd < 0) {
@@ -248,28 +296,12 @@
 }
 
 bool SetCgroupAction::ExecuteForTask(int tid) const {
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(fd_mutex_);
-    if (IsFdValid()) {
-        // fd is cached, reuse it
-        if (!AddTidToCgroup(tid, fd_, controller()->name())) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to add task into cgroup";
-            return false;
-        }
-        return true;
+    CacheUseResult result = UseCachedFd(ProfileAction::RCT_TASK, tid);
+    if (result != ProfileAction::UNUSED) {
+        return result == ProfileAction::SUCCESS;
     }
 
-    if (fd_ == FDS_INACCESSIBLE) {
-        // no permissions to access the file, ignore
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    if (fd_ == FDS_APP_DEPENDENT) {
-        // application-dependent path can't be used with tid
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Application profile can't be applied to a thread";
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    // fd was not cached because cached fd can't be used
+    // fd was not cached or cached fd can't be used
     std::string tasks_path = controller()->GetTasksFilePath(path_);
     unique_fd tmp_fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(tasks_path.c_str(), O_WRONLY | O_CLOEXEC)));
     if (tmp_fd < 0) {
@@ -284,10 +316,36 @@
     return true;
 }
 
+void SetCgroupAction::EnableResourceCaching(ResourceCacheType cache_type) {
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(fd_mutex_);
+    // Return early to prevent unnecessary calls to controller_.Get{Tasks|Procs}FilePath() which
+    // include regex evaluations
+    if (fd_[cache_type] != FdCacheHelper::FDS_NOT_CACHED) {
+        return;
+    }
+    switch (cache_type) {
+        case (ProfileAction::RCT_TASK):
+            FdCacheHelper::Cache(controller_.GetTasksFilePath(path_), fd_[cache_type]);
+            break;
+        case (ProfileAction::RCT_PROCESS):
+            // uid and pid don't matter because IsAppDependentPath ensures the path doesn't use them
+            FdCacheHelper::Cache(controller_.GetProcsFilePath(path_, 0, 0), fd_[cache_type]);
+            break;
+        default:
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Invalid cache type is specified!";
+            break;
+    }
+}
+
+void SetCgroupAction::DropResourceCaching(ResourceCacheType cache_type) {
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(fd_mutex_);
+    FdCacheHelper::Drop(fd_[cache_type]);
+}
+
 WriteFileAction::WriteFileAction(const std::string& path, const std::string& value,
                                  bool logfailures)
     : path_(path), value_(value), logfailures_(logfailures) {
-    InitFd(path_);
+    FdCacheHelper::Init(path_, fd_);
 }
 
 bool WriteFileAction::WriteValueToFile(const std::string& value, const std::string& path,
@@ -309,13 +367,43 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-bool WriteFileAction::ExecuteForProcess(uid_t uid, pid_t pid) const {
+ProfileAction::CacheUseResult WriteFileAction::UseCachedFd(ResourceCacheType cache_type,
+                                                           const std::string& value) const {
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(fd_mutex_);
+    if (FdCacheHelper::IsCached(fd_)) {
+        // fd is cached, reuse it
+        if (!WriteStringToFd(value, fd_)) {
+            if (logfailures_) PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to write '" << value << "' to " << path_;
+            return ProfileAction::FAIL;
+        }
+        return ProfileAction::SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    if (fd_ == FdCacheHelper::FDS_INACCESSIBLE) {
+        // no permissions to access the file, ignore
+        return ProfileAction::SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    if (cache_type == ResourceCacheType::RCT_TASK && fd_ == FdCacheHelper::FDS_APP_DEPENDENT) {
+        // application-dependent path can't be used with tid
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Application profile can't be applied to a thread";
+        return ProfileAction::FAIL;
+    }
+    return ProfileAction::UNUSED;
+}
+
+bool WriteFileAction::ExecuteForProcess(uid_t uid, pid_t pid) const {
     std::string value(value_);
-    std::string path(path_);
 
     value = StringReplace(value, "<uid>", std::to_string(uid), true);
     value = StringReplace(value, "<pid>", std::to_string(pid), true);
+
+    CacheUseResult result = UseCachedFd(ProfileAction::RCT_PROCESS, value);
+    if (result != ProfileAction::UNUSED) {
+        return result == ProfileAction::SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    std::string path(path_);
     path = StringReplace(path, "<uid>", std::to_string(uid), true);
     path = StringReplace(path, "<pid>", std::to_string(pid), true);
 
@@ -323,41 +411,33 @@
 }
 
 bool WriteFileAction::ExecuteForTask(int tid) const {
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(fd_mutex_);
     std::string value(value_);
     int uid = getuid();
 
     value = StringReplace(value, "<uid>", std::to_string(uid), true);
     value = StringReplace(value, "<pid>", std::to_string(tid), true);
 
-    if (IsFdValid()) {
-        // fd is cached, reuse it
-        if (!WriteStringToFd(value, fd_)) {
-            if (logfailures_) PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to write '" << value << "' to " << path_;
-            return false;
-        }
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    if (fd_ == FDS_INACCESSIBLE) {
-        // no permissions to access the file, ignore
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    if (fd_ == FDS_APP_DEPENDENT) {
-        // application-dependent path can't be used with tid
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Application profile can't be applied to a thread";
-        return false;
+    CacheUseResult result = UseCachedFd(ProfileAction::RCT_TASK, value);
+    if (result != ProfileAction::UNUSED) {
+        return result == ProfileAction::SUCCESS;
     }
 
     return WriteValueToFile(value, path_, logfailures_);
 }
 
+void WriteFileAction::EnableResourceCaching(ResourceCacheType) {
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(fd_mutex_);
+    FdCacheHelper::Cache(path_, fd_);
+}
+
+void WriteFileAction::DropResourceCaching(ResourceCacheType) {
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(fd_mutex_);
+    FdCacheHelper::Drop(fd_);
+}
+
 bool ApplyProfileAction::ExecuteForProcess(uid_t uid, pid_t pid) const {
     for (const auto& profile : profiles_) {
-        if (!profile->ExecuteForProcess(uid, pid)) {
-            PLOG(WARNING) << "ExecuteForProcess failed for aggregate profile";
-        }
+        profile->ExecuteForProcess(uid, pid);
     }
     return true;
 }
@@ -369,15 +449,15 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-void ApplyProfileAction::EnableResourceCaching() {
+void ApplyProfileAction::EnableResourceCaching(ResourceCacheType cache_type) {
     for (const auto& profile : profiles_) {
-        profile->EnableResourceCaching();
+        profile->EnableResourceCaching(cache_type);
     }
 }
 
-void ApplyProfileAction::DropResourceCaching() {
+void ApplyProfileAction::DropResourceCaching(ResourceCacheType cache_type) {
     for (const auto& profile : profiles_) {
-        profile->DropResourceCaching();
+        profile->DropResourceCaching(cache_type);
     }
 }
 
@@ -407,33 +487,33 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-void TaskProfile::EnableResourceCaching() {
+void TaskProfile::EnableResourceCaching(ProfileAction::ResourceCacheType cache_type) {
     if (res_cached_) {
         return;
     }
 
     for (auto& element : elements_) {
-        element->EnableResourceCaching();
+        element->EnableResourceCaching(cache_type);
     }
 
     res_cached_ = true;
 }
 
-void TaskProfile::DropResourceCaching() {
+void TaskProfile::DropResourceCaching(ProfileAction::ResourceCacheType cache_type) {
     if (!res_cached_) {
         return;
     }
 
     for (auto& element : elements_) {
-        element->DropResourceCaching();
+        element->DropResourceCaching(cache_type);
     }
 
     res_cached_ = false;
 }
 
-void TaskProfiles::DropResourceCaching() const {
+void TaskProfiles::DropResourceCaching(ProfileAction::ResourceCacheType cache_type) const {
     for (auto& iter : profiles_) {
-        iter.second->DropResourceCaching();
+        iter.second->DropResourceCaching(cache_type);
     }
 }
 
@@ -457,8 +537,7 @@
                 android::base::StringPrintf(TEMPLATE_TASK_PROFILE_API_FILE, api_level);
         if (!access(api_profiles_path.c_str(), F_OK) || errno != ENOENT) {
             if (!Load(CgroupMap::GetInstance(), api_profiles_path)) {
-                LOG(ERROR) << "Loading " << api_profiles_path << " for [" << getpid()
-                           << "] failed";
+                LOG(ERROR) << "Loading " << api_profiles_path << " for [" << getpid() << "] failed";
             }
         }
     }
@@ -651,10 +730,13 @@
 }
 
 bool TaskProfiles::SetProcessProfiles(uid_t uid, pid_t pid,
-                                      const std::vector<std::string>& profiles) {
+                                      const std::vector<std::string>& profiles, bool use_fd_cache) {
     for (const auto& name : profiles) {
         TaskProfile* profile = GetProfile(name);
         if (profile != nullptr) {
+            if (use_fd_cache) {
+                profile->EnableResourceCaching(ProfileAction::RCT_PROCESS);
+            }
             if (!profile->ExecuteForProcess(uid, pid)) {
                 PLOG(WARNING) << "Failed to apply " << name << " process profile";
             }
@@ -671,7 +753,7 @@
         TaskProfile* profile = GetProfile(name);
         if (profile != nullptr) {
             if (use_fd_cache) {
-                profile->EnableResourceCaching();
+                profile->EnableResourceCaching(ProfileAction::RCT_TASK);
             }
             if (!profile->ExecuteForTask(tid)) {
                 PLOG(WARNING) << "Failed to apply " << name << " task profile";
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/task_profiles.h b/libprocessgroup/task_profiles.h
index 278892d..1aaa196 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/task_profiles.h
+++ b/libprocessgroup/task_profiles.h
@@ -45,14 +45,19 @@
 // Abstract profile element
 class ProfileAction {
   public:
+    enum ResourceCacheType { RCT_TASK = 0, RCT_PROCESS, RCT_COUNT };
+
     virtual ~ProfileAction() {}
 
     // Default implementations will fail
     virtual bool ExecuteForProcess(uid_t, pid_t) const { return false; };
     virtual bool ExecuteForTask(int) const { return false; };
 
-    virtual void EnableResourceCaching() {}
-    virtual void DropResourceCaching() {}
+    virtual void EnableResourceCaching(ResourceCacheType) {}
+    virtual void DropResourceCaching(ResourceCacheType) {}
+
+  protected:
+    enum CacheUseResult { SUCCESS, FAIL, UNUSED };
 };
 
 // Profile actions
@@ -108,67 +113,47 @@
     std::string value_;
 };
 
-// Abstract profile element for cached fd
-class CachedFdProfileAction : public ProfileAction {
-  public:
-    virtual void EnableResourceCaching();
-    virtual void DropResourceCaching();
-
-  protected:
-    enum FdState {
-        FDS_INACCESSIBLE = -1,
-        FDS_APP_DEPENDENT = -2,
-        FDS_NOT_CACHED = -3,
-    };
-
-    android::base::unique_fd fd_;
-    mutable std::mutex fd_mutex_;
-
-    static bool IsAppDependentPath(const std::string& path);
-
-    void InitFd(const std::string& path);
-    bool IsFdValid() const { return fd_ > FDS_INACCESSIBLE; }
-
-    virtual const std::string GetPath() const = 0;
-};
-
 // Set cgroup profile element
-class SetCgroupAction : public CachedFdProfileAction {
+class SetCgroupAction : public ProfileAction {
   public:
     SetCgroupAction(const CgroupController& c, const std::string& p);
 
     virtual bool ExecuteForProcess(uid_t uid, pid_t pid) const;
     virtual bool ExecuteForTask(int tid) const;
+    virtual void EnableResourceCaching(ResourceCacheType cache_type);
+    virtual void DropResourceCaching(ResourceCacheType cache_type);
 
     const CgroupController* controller() const { return &controller_; }
 
-  protected:
-    const std::string GetPath() const override { return controller_.GetTasksFilePath(path_); }
-
   private:
     CgroupController controller_;
     std::string path_;
+    android::base::unique_fd fd_[ProfileAction::RCT_COUNT];
+    mutable std::mutex fd_mutex_;
 
     static bool AddTidToCgroup(int tid, int fd, const char* controller_name);
+    CacheUseResult UseCachedFd(ResourceCacheType cache_type, int id) const;
 };
 
 // Write to file action
-class WriteFileAction : public CachedFdProfileAction {
+class WriteFileAction : public ProfileAction {
   public:
     WriteFileAction(const std::string& path, const std::string& value, bool logfailures);
 
     virtual bool ExecuteForProcess(uid_t uid, pid_t pid) const;
     virtual bool ExecuteForTask(int tid) const;
-
-  protected:
-    const std::string GetPath() const override { return path_; }
+    virtual void EnableResourceCaching(ResourceCacheType cache_type);
+    virtual void DropResourceCaching(ResourceCacheType cache_type);
 
   private:
     std::string path_, value_;
     bool logfailures_;
+    android::base::unique_fd fd_;
+    mutable std::mutex fd_mutex_;
 
     static bool WriteValueToFile(const std::string& value, const std::string& path,
                                  bool logfailures);
+    CacheUseResult UseCachedFd(ResourceCacheType cache_type, const std::string& value) const;
 };
 
 class TaskProfile {
@@ -180,8 +165,8 @@
 
     bool ExecuteForProcess(uid_t uid, pid_t pid) const;
     bool ExecuteForTask(int tid) const;
-    void EnableResourceCaching();
-    void DropResourceCaching();
+    void EnableResourceCaching(ProfileAction::ResourceCacheType cache_type);
+    void DropResourceCaching(ProfileAction::ResourceCacheType cache_type);
 
   private:
     bool res_cached_;
@@ -196,8 +181,8 @@
 
     virtual bool ExecuteForProcess(uid_t uid, pid_t pid) const;
     virtual bool ExecuteForTask(int tid) const;
-    virtual void EnableResourceCaching();
-    virtual void DropResourceCaching();
+    virtual void EnableResourceCaching(ProfileAction::ResourceCacheType cache_type);
+    virtual void DropResourceCaching(ProfileAction::ResourceCacheType cache_type);
 
   private:
     std::vector<std::shared_ptr<TaskProfile>> profiles_;
@@ -210,8 +195,9 @@
 
     TaskProfile* GetProfile(const std::string& name) const;
     const ProfileAttribute* GetAttribute(const std::string& name) const;
-    void DropResourceCaching() const;
-    bool SetProcessProfiles(uid_t uid, pid_t pid, const std::vector<std::string>& profiles);
+    void DropResourceCaching(ProfileAction::ResourceCacheType cache_type) const;
+    bool SetProcessProfiles(uid_t uid, pid_t pid, const std::vector<std::string>& profiles,
+                            bool use_fd_cache);
     bool SetTaskProfiles(int tid, const std::vector<std::string>& profiles, bool use_fd_cache);
 
   private:
diff --git a/libqtaguid/Android.bp b/libqtaguid/Android.bp
deleted file mode 100644
index 64db095..0000000
--- a/libqtaguid/Android.bp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-//
-// Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-//
-
-package {
-    default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
-}
-
-cc_library_headers {
-    name: "libqtaguid_headers",
-    vendor_available: false,
-    host_supported: false,
-    export_include_dirs: ["include"],
-    target: {
-        linux_bionic: {
-            enabled: true,
-        },
-    },
-}
-
-cc_library {
-    name: "libqtaguid",
-    vendor_available: false,
-    host_supported: false,
-    target: {
-        android: {
-            srcs: [
-                "qtaguid.c",
-            ],
-            sanitize: {
-                misc_undefined: ["integer"],
-            },
-        },
-    },
-
-    shared_libs: ["liblog"],
-    header_libs: [
-        "libqtaguid_headers",
-    ],
-    export_header_lib_headers: ["libqtaguid_headers"],
-    local_include_dirs: ["include"],
-
-    cflags: [
-        "-Werror",
-        "-Wall",
-        "-Wextra",
-    ],
-}
diff --git a/libqtaguid/include/qtaguid/qtaguid.h b/libqtaguid/include/qtaguid/qtaguid.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 72285e5..0000000
--- a/libqtaguid/include/qtaguid/qtaguid.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2011 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef __LEGACY_QTAGUID_H
-#define __LEGACY_QTAGUID_H
-
-#include <stdint.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-extern "C" {
-#endif
-
-/*
- * Set tags (and owning UIDs) for network sockets. The socket must be untagged
- * by calling qtaguid_untagSocket() before closing it, otherwise the qtaguid
- * module will keep a reference to it even after close.
- */
-extern int legacy_tagSocket(int sockfd, int tag, uid_t uid);
-
-/*
- * Untag a network socket before closing.
- */
-extern int legacy_untagSocket(int sockfd);
-
-/*
- * For the given uid, switch counter sets.
- * The kernel only keeps a limited number of sets.
- * 2 for now.
- */
-extern int legacy_setCounterSet(int counterSetNum, uid_t uid);
-
-/*
- * Delete all tag info that relates to the given tag an uid.
- * If the tag is 0, then ALL info about the uid is freeded.
- * The delete data also affects active tagged socketd, which are
- * then untagged.
- * The calling process can only operate on its own tags.
- * Unless it is part of the happy AID_NET_BW_ACCT group.
- * In which case it can clobber everything.
- */
-extern int legacy_deleteTagData(int tag, uid_t uid);
-
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-}
-#endif
-
-#endif /* __LEGACY_QTAGUID_H */
diff --git a/libqtaguid/qtaguid.c b/libqtaguid/qtaguid.c
deleted file mode 100644
index cd38bad..0000000
--- a/libqtaguid/qtaguid.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,143 +0,0 @@
-/*
-** Copyright 2011, The Android Open Source Project
-**
-** Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-** you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-** You may obtain a copy of the License at
-**
-**     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-**
-** Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-** distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-** WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-** See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-** limitations under the License.
-*/
-
-// #define LOG_NDEBUG 0
-
-#define LOG_TAG "qtaguid"
-
-#include <errno.h>
-#include <fcntl.h>
-#include <inttypes.h>
-#include <pthread.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-
-#include <log/log.h>
-#include <qtaguid/qtaguid.h>
-
-static const char* CTRL_PROCPATH = "/proc/net/xt_qtaguid/ctrl";
-static const int CTRL_MAX_INPUT_LEN = 128;
-
-/*
- * One per proccess.
- * Once the device is open, this process will have its socket tags tracked.
- * And on exit or untimely death, all socket tags will be removed.
- * A process can only open /dev/xt_qtaguid once.
- * It should not close it unless it is really done with all the socket tags.
- * Failure to open it will be visible when socket tagging will be attempted.
- */
-static int resTrackFd = -1;
-pthread_once_t resTrackInitDone = PTHREAD_ONCE_INIT;
-
-/* Only call once per process. */
-void legacy_resTrack(void) {
-    resTrackFd = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open("/dev/xt_qtaguid", O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC));
-}
-
-/*
- * Returns:
- *   0 on success.
- *   -errno on failure.
- */
-static int write_ctrl(const char* cmd) {
-    int fd, res, savedErrno;
-
-    ALOGV("write_ctrl(%s)", cmd);
-
-    fd = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(CTRL_PROCPATH, O_WRONLY | O_CLOEXEC));
-    if (fd < 0) {
-        return -errno;
-    }
-
-    res = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(write(fd, cmd, strlen(cmd)));
-    if (res < 0) {
-        savedErrno = errno;
-    } else {
-        savedErrno = 0;
-    }
-    if (res < 0) {
-        // ALOGV is enough because all the callers also log failures
-        ALOGV("Failed write_ctrl(%s) res=%d errno=%d", cmd, res, savedErrno);
-    }
-    close(fd);
-    return -savedErrno;
-}
-
-int legacy_tagSocket(int sockfd, int tag, uid_t uid) {
-    char lineBuf[CTRL_MAX_INPUT_LEN];
-    int res;
-    uint64_t kTag = ((uint64_t)tag << 32);
-
-    pthread_once(&resTrackInitDone, legacy_resTrack);
-
-    snprintf(lineBuf, sizeof(lineBuf), "t %d %" PRIu64 " %d", sockfd, kTag, uid);
-
-    ALOGV("Tagging socket %d with tag %" PRIx64 "{%u,0} for uid %d", sockfd, kTag, tag, uid);
-
-    res = write_ctrl(lineBuf);
-    if (res < 0) {
-        ALOGI("Tagging socket %d with tag %" PRIx64 "(%d) for uid %d failed errno=%d", sockfd, kTag,
-              tag, uid, res);
-    }
-
-    return res;
-}
-
-int legacy_untagSocket(int sockfd) {
-    char lineBuf[CTRL_MAX_INPUT_LEN];
-    int res;
-
-    ALOGV("Untagging socket %d", sockfd);
-
-    snprintf(lineBuf, sizeof(lineBuf), "u %d", sockfd);
-    res = write_ctrl(lineBuf);
-    if (res < 0) {
-        ALOGI("Untagging socket %d failed errno=%d", sockfd, res);
-    }
-
-    return res;
-}
-
-int legacy_setCounterSet(int counterSetNum, uid_t uid) {
-    char lineBuf[CTRL_MAX_INPUT_LEN];
-    int res;
-
-    ALOGV("Setting counters to set %d for uid %d", counterSetNum, uid);
-
-    snprintf(lineBuf, sizeof(lineBuf), "s %d %d", counterSetNum, uid);
-    res = write_ctrl(lineBuf);
-    return res;
-}
-
-int legacy_deleteTagData(int tag, uid_t uid) {
-    char lineBuf[CTRL_MAX_INPUT_LEN];
-    int cnt = 0, res = 0;
-    uint64_t kTag = (uint64_t)tag << 32;
-
-    ALOGV("Deleting tag data with tag %" PRIx64 "{%d,0} for uid %d", kTag, tag, uid);
-
-    pthread_once(&resTrackInitDone, legacy_resTrack);
-
-    snprintf(lineBuf, sizeof(lineBuf), "d %" PRIu64 " %d", kTag, uid);
-    res = write_ctrl(lineBuf);
-    if (res < 0) {
-        ALOGI("Deleting tag data with tag %" PRIx64 "/%d for uid %d failed with cnt=%d errno=%d",
-              kTag, tag, uid, cnt, errno);
-    }
-
-    return res;
-}
diff --git a/libsparse/Android.bp b/libsparse/Android.bp
index 3f9aeb2..02bfee6 100644
--- a/libsparse/Android.bp
+++ b/libsparse/Android.bp
@@ -96,12 +96,14 @@
 
 cc_fuzz {
     name: "sparse_fuzzer",
-    host_supported: false,
+    host_supported: true,
     srcs: [
         "sparse_fuzzer.cpp",
     ],
     static_libs: [
         "libsparse",
+        "libbase",
+        "libz",
         "liblog",
     ],
 }
diff --git a/libsparse/include/sparse/sparse.h b/libsparse/include/sparse/sparse.h
index f3ec655..7c52c3f 100644
--- a/libsparse/include/sparse/sparse.h
+++ b/libsparse/include/sparse/sparse.h
@@ -263,21 +263,6 @@
 int sparse_file_read(struct sparse_file *s, int fd, enum sparse_read_mode mode, bool crc);
 
 /**
- * sparse_file_read_buf - read a buffer into a sparse file cookie
- *
- * @s - sparse file cookie
- * @buf - buffer to read from
- * @crc - verify the crc of a file in the Android sparse file format
- *
- * Reads a buffer into a sparse file cookie. The buffer must remain
- * valid until the sparse file cookie is freed. If crc is true, the
- * crc of the sparse file will be verified.
- *
- * Returns 0 on success, negative errno on error.
- */
-int sparse_file_read_buf(struct sparse_file *s, char *buf, bool crc);
-
-/**
  * sparse_file_import - import an existing sparse file
  *
  * @fd - file descriptor to read from
@@ -296,6 +281,7 @@
  * sparse_file_import_buf - import an existing sparse file from a buffer
  *
  * @buf - buffer to read from
+ * @len - length of buffer
  * @verbose - print verbose errors while reading the sparse file
  * @crc - verify the crc of a file in the Android sparse file format
  *
@@ -305,7 +291,7 @@
  *
  * Returns a new sparse file cookie on success, NULL on error.
  */
-struct sparse_file *sparse_file_import_buf(char* buf, bool verbose, bool crc);
+struct sparse_file* sparse_file_import_buf(char* buf, size_t len, bool verbose, bool crc);
 
 /**
  * sparse_file_import_auto - import an existing sparse or normal file
diff --git a/libsparse/output_file.cpp b/libsparse/output_file.cpp
index b2c5407..cb5d730 100644
--- a/libsparse/output_file.cpp
+++ b/libsparse/output_file.cpp
@@ -54,6 +54,8 @@
 #define SPARSE_HEADER_LEN (sizeof(sparse_header_t))
 #define CHUNK_HEADER_LEN (sizeof(chunk_header_t))
 
+#define FILL_ZERO_BUFSIZE (2 * 1024 * 1024)
+
 #define container_of(inner, outer_t, elem) ((outer_t*)((char*)(inner)-offsetof(outer_t, elem)))
 
 struct output_file_ops {
@@ -391,13 +393,29 @@
   ret = out->ops->write(out, data, len);
   if (ret < 0) return -1;
   if (zero_len) {
-    ret = out->ops->write(out, out->zero_buf, zero_len);
-    if (ret < 0) return -1;
+    uint64_t len = zero_len;
+    uint64_t write_len;
+    while (len) {
+      write_len = std::min(len, (uint64_t)FILL_ZERO_BUFSIZE);
+      ret = out->ops->write(out, out->zero_buf, write_len);
+      if (ret < 0) {
+        return ret;
+      }
+      len -= write_len;
+    }
   }
 
   if (out->use_crc) {
     out->crc32 = sparse_crc32(out->crc32, data, len);
-    if (zero_len) out->crc32 = sparse_crc32(out->crc32, out->zero_buf, zero_len);
+    if (zero_len) {
+      uint64_t len = zero_len;
+      uint64_t write_len;
+      while (len) {
+        write_len = std::min(len, (uint64_t)FILL_ZERO_BUFSIZE);
+        out->crc32 = sparse_crc32(out->crc32, out->zero_buf, write_len);
+        len -= write_len;
+      }
+    }
   }
 
   out->cur_out_ptr += rnd_up_len;
@@ -460,12 +478,12 @@
   uint64_t write_len;
 
   /* Initialize fill_buf with the fill_val */
-  for (i = 0; i < out->block_size / sizeof(uint32_t); i++) {
+  for (i = 0; i < FILL_ZERO_BUFSIZE / sizeof(uint32_t); i++) {
     out->fill_buf[i] = fill_val;
   }
 
   while (len) {
-    write_len = std::min(len, (uint64_t)out->block_size);
+    write_len = std::min(len, (uint64_t)FILL_ZERO_BUFSIZE);
     ret = out->ops->write(out, out->fill_buf, write_len);
     if (ret < 0) {
       return ret;
@@ -512,13 +530,15 @@
   out->crc32 = 0;
   out->use_crc = crc;
 
-  out->zero_buf = reinterpret_cast<char*>(calloc(block_size, 1));
+  // don't use sparse format block size as it can takes up to 32GB
+  out->zero_buf = reinterpret_cast<char*>(calloc(FILL_ZERO_BUFSIZE, 1));
   if (!out->zero_buf) {
     error_errno("malloc zero_buf");
     return -ENOMEM;
   }
 
-  out->fill_buf = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(calloc(block_size, 1));
+  // don't use sparse format block size as it can takes up to 32GB
+  out->fill_buf = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(calloc(FILL_ZERO_BUFSIZE, 1));
   if (!out->fill_buf) {
     error_errno("malloc fill_buf");
     ret = -ENOMEM;
diff --git a/libsparse/simg_dump.py b/libsparse/simg_dump.py
index b0b3b22..8811a52 100755
--- a/libsparse/simg_dump.py
+++ b/libsparse/simg_dump.py
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@
                           "output offset", "output blocks", "type", "hash"])
 
     offset = 0
-    for i in xrange(1, total_chunks + 1):
+    for i in range(1, total_chunks + 1):
       header_bin = FH.read(12)
       header = struct.unpack("<2H2I", header_bin)
       chunk_type = header[0]
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@
           if showhash:
             h = hashlib.sha1()
             data = fill_bin * (blk_sz / 4);
-            for block in xrange(chunk_sz):
+            for block in range(chunk_sz):
               h.update(data)
             curhash = h.hexdigest()
       elif chunk_type == 0xCAC3:
diff --git a/libsparse/sparse_fuzzer.cpp b/libsparse/sparse_fuzzer.cpp
index 42f331f..235d15d 100644
--- a/libsparse/sparse_fuzzer.cpp
+++ b/libsparse/sparse_fuzzer.cpp
@@ -1,16 +1,27 @@
 #include "include/sparse/sparse.h"
 
-extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const uint8_t* data, size_t size) {
-  if (size < 2 * sizeof(wchar_t)) return 0;
+static volatile int count;
 
-  int64_t blocksize = 4096;
-  struct sparse_file* file = sparse_file_new(size, blocksize);
-  if (!file) {
+int WriteCallback(void* priv  __attribute__((__unused__)), const void* data, size_t len) {
+  if (!data) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+  if (len == 0) {
     return 0;
   }
 
-  unsigned int block = 1;
-  sparse_file_add_data(file, &data, size, block);
-  sparse_file_destroy(file);
+  const char* p = (const char*)data;
+  // Just to make sure the data is accessible
+  // We only check the head and tail to save time
+  count += *p;
+  count += *(p+len-1);
   return 0;
 }
+
+extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const uint8_t* data, size_t size) {
+  struct sparse_file* file = sparse_file_import_buf((char*)data, size, true, false);
+  if (!file) {
+      return 0;
+  }
+  return sparse_file_callback(file, false, false, WriteCallback, nullptr);
+}
diff --git a/libsparse/sparse_read.cpp b/libsparse/sparse_read.cpp
index 9e564dc..028b6be 100644
--- a/libsparse/sparse_read.cpp
+++ b/libsparse/sparse_read.cpp
@@ -58,14 +58,15 @@
 
 class SparseFileSource {
  public:
-  /* Seeks the source ahead by the given offset. */
-  virtual void Seek(int64_t offset) = 0;
+  /* Seeks the source ahead by the given offset.
+   * Return 0 if successful. */
+  virtual int Seek(int64_t offset) = 0;
 
   /* Return the current offset. */
   virtual int64_t GetOffset() = 0;
 
-  /* Set the current offset. Return 0 if successful. */
-  virtual int SetOffset(int64_t offset) = 0;
+  /* Rewind to beginning. Return 0 if successful. */
+  virtual int Rewind() = 0;
 
   /* Adds the given length from the current offset of the source to the file at the given block.
    * Return 0 if successful. */
@@ -88,12 +89,14 @@
   SparseFileFdSource(int fd) : fd(fd) {}
   ~SparseFileFdSource() override {}
 
-  void Seek(int64_t off) override { lseek64(fd, off, SEEK_CUR); }
+  int Seek(int64_t off) override {
+    return lseek64(fd, off, SEEK_CUR) != -1 ? 0 : -errno;
+  }
 
   int64_t GetOffset() override { return lseek64(fd, 0, SEEK_CUR); }
 
-  int SetOffset(int64_t offset) override {
-    return lseek64(fd, offset, SEEK_SET) == offset ? 0 : -errno;
+  int Rewind() override {
+    return lseek64(fd, 0, SEEK_SET) == 0 ? 0 : -errno;
   }
 
   int AddToSparseFile(struct sparse_file* s, int64_t len, unsigned int block) override {
@@ -120,39 +123,74 @@
 
 class SparseFileBufSource : public SparseFileSource {
  private:
+  char* buf_start;
+  char* buf_end;
   char* buf;
   int64_t offset;
 
+  int AccessOkay(int64_t len) {
+    if (len <= 0) return -EINVAL;
+    if (buf < buf_start) return -EOVERFLOW;
+    if (buf >= buf_end) return -EOVERFLOW;
+    if (len > buf_end - buf) return -EOVERFLOW;
+
+    return 0;
+  }
+
  public:
-  SparseFileBufSource(char* buf) : buf(buf), offset(0) {}
+  SparseFileBufSource(char* buf, uint64_t len) {
+    this->buf = buf;
+    this->offset = 0;
+    this->buf_start = buf;
+    this->buf_end = buf + len;
+  }
   ~SparseFileBufSource() override {}
 
-  void Seek(int64_t off) override {
+  int Seek(int64_t off) override {
+    int ret = AccessOkay(off);
+    if (ret < 0) {
+      return ret;
+    }
     buf += off;
     offset += off;
+    return 0;
   }
 
   int64_t GetOffset() override { return offset; }
 
-  int SetOffset(int64_t off) override {
-    buf += off - offset;
-    offset = off;
+  int Rewind() override {
+    buf = buf_start;
+    offset = 0;
     return 0;
   }
 
   int AddToSparseFile(struct sparse_file* s, int64_t len, unsigned int block) override {
+    int ret = AccessOkay(len);
+    if (ret < 0) {
+      return ret;
+    }
     return sparse_file_add_data(s, buf, len, block);
   }
 
   int ReadValue(void* ptr, int len) override {
+    int ret = AccessOkay(len);
+    if (ret < 0) {
+      return ret;
+    }
     memcpy(ptr, buf, len);
-    Seek(len);
+    buf += len;
+    offset += len;
     return 0;
   }
 
   int GetCrc32(uint32_t* crc32, int64_t len) override {
+    int ret = AccessOkay(len);
+    if (ret < 0) {
+      return ret;
+    }
     *crc32 = sparse_crc32(*crc32, buf, len);
-    Seek(len);
+    buf += len;
+    offset += len;
     return 0;
   }
 };
@@ -175,7 +213,7 @@
                              SparseFileSource* source, unsigned int blocks, unsigned int block,
                              uint32_t* crc32) {
   int ret;
-  int64_t len = blocks * s->block_size;
+  int64_t len = (int64_t)blocks * s->block_size;
 
   if (chunk_size % s->block_size != 0) {
     return -EINVAL;
@@ -196,7 +234,10 @@
       return ret;
     }
   } else {
-    source->Seek(len);
+    ret = source->Seek(len);
+    if (ret < 0) {
+      return ret;
+    }
   }
 
   return 0;
@@ -379,7 +420,10 @@
     /* Skip the remaining bytes in a header that is longer than
      * we expected.
      */
-    source->Seek(sparse_header.file_hdr_sz - SPARSE_HEADER_LEN);
+    ret = source->Seek(sparse_header.file_hdr_sz - SPARSE_HEADER_LEN);
+    if (ret < 0) {
+      return ret;
+    }
   }
 
   for (i = 0; i < sparse_header.total_chunks; i++) {
@@ -392,7 +436,10 @@
       /* Skip the remaining bytes in a header that is longer than
        * we expected.
        */
-      source->Seek(sparse_header.chunk_hdr_sz - CHUNK_HEADER_LEN);
+      ret = source->Seek(sparse_header.chunk_hdr_sz - CHUNK_HEADER_LEN);
+      if (ret < 0) {
+        return ret;
+      }
     }
 
     ret = process_chunk(s, source, sparse_header.chunk_hdr_sz, &chunk_header, cur_block, crc_ptr);
@@ -544,11 +591,6 @@
   }
 }
 
-int sparse_file_read_buf(struct sparse_file* s, char* buf, bool crc) {
-  SparseFileBufSource source(buf);
-  return sparse_file_read_sparse(s, &source, crc);
-}
-
 static struct sparse_file* sparse_file_import_source(SparseFileSource* source, bool verbose,
                                                      bool crc) {
   int ret;
@@ -580,6 +622,14 @@
     return nullptr;
   }
 
+  if (!sparse_header.blk_sz || (sparse_header.blk_sz % 4)) {
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  if (!sparse_header.total_blks) {
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
   len = (int64_t)sparse_header.total_blks * sparse_header.blk_sz;
   s = sparse_file_new(sparse_header.blk_sz, len);
   if (!s) {
@@ -587,7 +637,7 @@
     return nullptr;
   }
 
-  ret = source->SetOffset(0);
+  ret = source->Rewind();
   if (ret < 0) {
     verbose_error(verbose, ret, "seeking");
     sparse_file_destroy(s);
@@ -610,8 +660,8 @@
   return sparse_file_import_source(&source, verbose, crc);
 }
 
-struct sparse_file* sparse_file_import_buf(char* buf, bool verbose, bool crc) {
-  SparseFileBufSource source(buf);
+struct sparse_file* sparse_file_import_buf(char* buf, size_t len, bool verbose, bool crc) {
+  SparseFileBufSource source(buf, len);
   return sparse_file_import_source(&source, verbose, crc);
 }
 
diff --git a/libstats/pull_rust/Android.bp b/libstats/pull_rust/Android.bp
index f07e32b..4ffa98d 100644
--- a/libstats/pull_rust/Android.bp
+++ b/libstats/pull_rust/Android.bp
@@ -44,6 +44,11 @@
             ],
         },
     },
+    min_sdk_version: "apex_inherit",
+    apex_available: [
+        "//apex_available:platform",
+        "com.android.virt",
+    ]
 }
 
 rust_library {
diff --git a/libsync/OWNERS b/libsync/OWNERS
index e75b15b..8f69e50 100644
--- a/libsync/OWNERS
+++ b/libsync/OWNERS
@@ -1,3 +1,2 @@
 chrisforbes@google.com
-hridya@google.com
 jessehall@google.com
diff --git a/libusbhost/Android.bp b/libusbhost/Android.bp
index 3883317..9ae73d0 100644
--- a/libusbhost/Android.bp
+++ b/libusbhost/Android.bp
@@ -30,11 +30,9 @@
     export_include_dirs: ["include"],
     target: {
         android: {
-            cflags: [
-                "-g",
-                "-DUSE_LIBLOG",
-            ],
+            header_libs: ["jni_headers"],
             shared_libs: ["liblog"],
+            srcs: ["usbhost_jni.cpp"],
         },
         darwin: {
             enabled: false,
diff --git a/libusbhost/include/usbhost/usbhost.h b/libusbhost/include/usbhost/usbhost.h
index 7e62542..01cd68b 100644
--- a/libusbhost/include/usbhost/usbhost.h
+++ b/libusbhost/include/usbhost/usbhost.h
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 extern "C" {
 #endif
 
+#include <stddef.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 
 #include <linux/version.h>
diff --git a/libusbhost/include/usbhost/usbhost_jni.h b/libusbhost/include/usbhost/usbhost_jni.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4885d45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libusbhost/include/usbhost/usbhost_jni.h
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <jni.h>
+
+/**
+ * Reads USB descriptors from `fd`.
+ *
+ * Returns a byte[] on success,
+ * or returns NULL and logs an appropriate error on failure.
+ */
+jbyteArray usb_jni_read_descriptors(JNIEnv* env, int fd);
diff --git a/libusbhost/usbhost.c b/libusbhost/usbhost.c
index 3bed0e3..d8f15cd 100644
--- a/libusbhost/usbhost.c
+++ b/libusbhost/usbhost.c
@@ -18,20 +18,9 @@
 #define _GNU_SOURCE
 #endif
 
-// #define DEBUG 1
-#if DEBUG
+#include <usbhost/usbhost.h>
 
-#ifdef USE_LIBLOG
-#define LOG_TAG "usbhost"
-#include "log/log.h"
-#define D ALOGD
-#else
-#define D printf
-#endif
-
-#else
-#define D(...)
-#endif
+#include "usbhost_private.h"
 
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
@@ -48,12 +37,19 @@
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <ctype.h>
 #include <poll.h>
-#include <pthread.h>
 
 #include <linux/usbdevice_fs.h>
-#include <asm/byteorder.h>
 
-#include "usbhost/usbhost.h"
+// #define DEBUG 1
+#if defined(DEBUG)
+#if defined(__BIONIC__)
+#define D ALOGD
+#else
+#define D printf
+#endif
+#else
+#define D(...)
+#endif
 
 #define DEV_DIR             "/dev"
 #define DEV_BUS_DIR         DEV_DIR "/bus"
@@ -76,8 +72,6 @@
     int                         wddbus;
 };
 
-#define MAX_DESCRIPTORS_LENGTH 4096
-
 struct usb_device {
     char dev_name[64];
     unsigned char desc[MAX_DESCRIPTORS_LENGTH];
diff --git a/libusbhost/usbhost_jni.cpp b/libusbhost/usbhost_jni.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0da83dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libusbhost/usbhost_jni.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <usbhost/usbhost_jni.h>
+
+#include "usbhost_private.h"
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+jbyteArray usb_jni_read_descriptors(JNIEnv* env, int fd) {
+    if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(lseek(fd, 0, SEEK_SET)) == -1) {
+        ALOGE("usb_jni_read_descriptors(%d): lseek() failed: %s", fd, strerror(errno));
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    jbyte buf[MAX_DESCRIPTORS_LENGTH];
+    ssize_t n = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(fd, buf, sizeof(buf)));
+    if (n == -1) {
+        ALOGE("usb_jni_read_descriptors: read failed: %s", strerror(errno));
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    jbyteArray result = env->NewByteArray(n);
+    if (result) env->SetByteArrayRegion(result, 0, n, buf);
+    return result;
+}
diff --git a/libusbhost/usbhost_private.h b/libusbhost/usbhost_private.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..72d7938
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libusbhost/usbhost_private.h
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#define LOG_TAG "usbhost"
+#include <log/log.h>
+
+// Somewhat arbitrary: Sony has reported needing more than 4KiB (but less
+// than 8KiB), and some frameworks code had 16KiB without any explanation,
+// so we went with the largest of those.
+#define MAX_DESCRIPTORS_LENGTH (16 * 1024)
diff --git a/libutils/Android.bp b/libutils/Android.bp
index e6d9a4c..234638b 100644
--- a/libutils/Android.bp
+++ b/libutils/Android.bp
@@ -28,16 +28,18 @@
     min_sdk_version: "apex_inherit",
 
     header_libs: [
-        "liblog_headers",
-        "libsystem_headers",
+        "libbase_headers",
         "libcutils_headers",
+        "liblog_headers",
         "libprocessgroup_headers",
+        "libsystem_headers",
     ],
     export_header_lib_headers: [
-        "liblog_headers",
-        "libsystem_headers",
+        "libbase_headers",
         "libcutils_headers",
+        "liblog_headers",
         "libprocessgroup_headers",
+        "libsystem_headers",
     ],
     export_include_dirs: ["include"],
 
@@ -177,6 +179,8 @@
         "//apex_available:platform",
     ],
     min_sdk_version: "apex_inherit",
+
+    afdo: true,
 }
 
 cc_library {
@@ -297,13 +301,14 @@
 
     srcs: [
         "BitSet_test.cpp",
+        "Errors_test.cpp",
         "FileMap_test.cpp",
         "LruCache_test.cpp",
         "Mutex_test.cpp",
         "SharedBuffer_test.cpp",
         "Singleton_test.cpp",
-        "String8_test.cpp",
         "String16_test.cpp",
+        "String8_test.cpp",
         "StrongPointer_test.cpp",
         "Timers_test.cpp",
         "Unicode_test.cpp",
@@ -362,6 +367,7 @@
         "-Wall",
         "-Werror",
     ],
+    header_libs: ["libutils_headers"],
 }
 
 cc_test_library {
@@ -374,6 +380,7 @@
         "-Werror",
     ],
     shared_libs: ["libutils_test_singleton1"],
+    header_libs: ["libutils_headers"],
 }
 
 cc_benchmark {
diff --git a/libutils/Errors_test.cpp b/libutils/Errors_test.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..873c994
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libutils/Errors_test.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "utils/ErrorsMacros.h"
+
+#include <android-base/result.h>
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+using namespace android;
+
+using android::base::Error;
+using android::base::Result;
+
+status_t success_or_fail(bool success) {
+    if (success)
+        return OK;
+    else
+        return PERMISSION_DENIED;
+}
+
+TEST(errors, unwrap_or_return) {
+    auto f = [](bool success, int* val) -> status_t {
+        OR_RETURN(success_or_fail(success));
+        *val = 10;
+        return OK;
+    };
+
+    int val;
+    status_t s = f(true, &val);
+    EXPECT_EQ(OK, s);
+    EXPECT_EQ(10, val);
+
+    val = 0;  // reset
+    status_t q = f(false, &val);
+    EXPECT_EQ(PERMISSION_DENIED, q);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, val);
+}
+
+TEST(errors, unwrap_or_return_result) {
+    auto f = [](bool success) -> Result<std::string, StatusT> {
+        OR_RETURN(success_or_fail(success));
+        return "hello";
+    };
+
+    auto r = f(true);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(r.ok());
+    EXPECT_EQ("hello", *r);
+
+    auto s = f(false);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(s.ok());
+    EXPECT_EQ(PERMISSION_DENIED, s.error().code());
+    EXPECT_EQ("PERMISSION_DENIED", s.error().message());
+}
+
+TEST(errors, unwrap_or_return_result_int) {
+    auto f = [](bool success) -> Result<int, StatusT> {
+        OR_RETURN(success_or_fail(success));
+        return 10;
+    };
+
+    auto r = f(true);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(r.ok());
+    EXPECT_EQ(10, *r);
+
+    auto s = f(false);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(s.ok());
+    EXPECT_EQ(PERMISSION_DENIED, s.error().code());
+    EXPECT_EQ("PERMISSION_DENIED", s.error().message());
+}
+
+TEST(errors, unwrap_or_fatal) {
+    OR_FATAL(success_or_fail(true));
+
+    EXPECT_DEATH(OR_FATAL(success_or_fail(false)), "PERMISSION_DENIED");
+}
+
+TEST(errors, result_in_status) {
+    auto f = [](bool success) -> Result<std::string, StatusT> {
+        if (success)
+            return "OK";
+        else
+            return Error<StatusT>(PERMISSION_DENIED) << "custom error message";
+    };
+
+    auto g = [&](bool success) -> status_t {
+        std::string val = OR_RETURN(f(success));
+        EXPECT_EQ("OK", val);
+        return OK;
+    };
+
+    status_t a = g(true);
+    EXPECT_EQ(OK, a);
+
+    status_t b = g(false);
+    EXPECT_EQ(PERMISSION_DENIED, b);
+}
diff --git a/libutils/Unicode_test.cpp b/libutils/Unicode_test.cpp
index b92eef8..8b994d9 100644
--- a/libutils/Unicode_test.cpp
+++ b/libutils/Unicode_test.cpp
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@
         0xF0, 0x90, 0x80, 0x80, // U+10000, 2 UTF-16 character
     };
 
-    char16_t output[1 + 1 + 1 + 2 + 1]; // Room for NULL
+    char16_t output[1 + 1 + 1 + 2 + 1];  // Room for null
 
     utf8_to_utf16(str, sizeof(str), output, sizeof(output) / sizeof(output[0]));
 
@@ -114,8 +114,7 @@
             << "should be first half of surrogate U+10000";
     EXPECT_EQ(0xDC00, output[4])
             << "should be second half of surrogate U+10000";
-    EXPECT_EQ(NULL, output[5])
-            << "should be NULL terminated";
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, output[5]) << "should be null terminated";
 }
 
 TEST_F(UnicodeTest, strstr16EmptyTarget) {
diff --git a/libutils/include/utils/ErrorsMacros.h b/libutils/include/utils/ErrorsMacros.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..048c538
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libutils/include/utils/ErrorsMacros.h
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "Errors.h"
+
+// It would have been better if this file (ErrorsMacros.h) is entirely in utils/Errors.h. However
+// that is infeasible as some (actually many) are using utils/Errors.h via the implicit include path
+// `system/core/include` [1].  Since such users are not guaranteed to specify the dependency to
+// libbase_headers, the following headers from libbase_headers can't be found.
+// [1] build/soong/cc/config/global.go#commonGlobalIncludes
+#include <android-base/errors.h>
+#include <android-base/result.h>
+
+#include <assert.h>
+
+namespace android {
+
+// StatusT is a wrapper class for status_t. Use this type instead of status_t when instantiating
+// Result<T, E> and Error<E> template classes. This is required to distinguish status_t from
+// other integer-based error code types like errno, and also to provide utility functions like
+// print().
+struct StatusT {
+    StatusT() : val_(OK) {}
+    StatusT(status_t s) : val_(s) {}
+    const status_t& value() const { return val_; }
+    operator status_t() const { return val_; }
+    std::string print() const { return statusToString(val_); }
+
+    status_t val_;
+};
+
+namespace base {
+
+// Specialization of android::base::OkOrFail<V> for V = status_t. This is used to use the OR_RETURN
+// and OR_FATAL macros with statements that yields a value of status_t. See android-base/errors.h
+// for the detailed contract.
+template <>
+struct OkOrFail<status_t> {
+    // Tests if status_t is a success value of not.
+    static bool IsOk(const status_t& s) { return s == OK; }
+
+    // Unwrapping status_t in the success case is just asserting that it is actually a success.
+    // We don't return OK because it would be redundant.
+    static void Unwrap([[maybe_unused]] status_t&& s) { assert(IsOk(s)); }
+
+    // Consumes status_t when it's a fail value
+    static OkOrFail<status_t> Fail(status_t&& s) {
+        assert(!IsOk(s));
+        return OkOrFail<status_t>{s};
+    }
+    status_t val_;
+
+    // And converts back into status_t. This is used when OR_RETURN is used in a function whose
+    // return type is status_t.
+    operator status_t() && { return val_; }
+
+    // Or converts into Result<T, StatusT>. This is used when OR_RETURN is used in a function whose
+    // return type is Result<T, StatusT>.
+    template <typename T, typename = std::enable_if_t<!std::is_same_v<T, status_t>>>
+    operator Result<T, StatusT>() && {
+        return Error<StatusT>(std::move(val_));
+    }
+
+    operator Result<int, StatusT>() && { return Error<StatusT>(std::move(val_)); }
+
+    // String representation of the error value.
+    static std::string ErrorMessage(const status_t& s) { return statusToString(s); }
+};
+
+}  // namespace base
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/rootdir/avb/Android.bp b/rootdir/avb/Android.bp
deleted file mode 100644
index cfc59a7..0000000
--- a/rootdir/avb/Android.bp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-package {
-    default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
-}
-
-filegroup {
-    name: "q-gsi_avbpubkey",
-    srcs: [
-        "q-gsi.avbpubkey",
-    ],
-}
-
-filegroup {
-    name: "r-gsi_avbpubkey",
-    srcs: [
-        "r-gsi.avbpubkey",
-    ],
-}
-
-filegroup {
-    name: "s-gsi_avbpubkey",
-    srcs: [
-        "s-gsi.avbpubkey",
-    ],
-}
-
-filegroup {
-    name: "qcar-gsi_avbpubkey",
-    srcs: [
-        "qcar-gsi.avbpubkey",
-    ],
-}
diff --git a/rootdir/avb/Android.mk b/rootdir/avb/Android.mk
index 647cfa2..8cf3172 100644
--- a/rootdir/avb/Android.mk
+++ b/rootdir/avb/Android.mk
@@ -15,19 +15,6 @@
 endif
 
 #######################################
-# q-gsi.avbpubkey
-include $(CLEAR_VARS)
-
-LOCAL_MODULE := q-gsi.avbpubkey
-LOCAL_LICENSE_KINDS := SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
-LOCAL_LICENSE_CONDITIONS := notice
-LOCAL_MODULE_CLASS := ETC
-LOCAL_SRC_FILES := $(LOCAL_MODULE)
-LOCAL_MODULE_PATH := $(my_gsi_avb_keys_path)
-
-include $(BUILD_PREBUILT)
-
-#######################################
 # q-developer-gsi.avbpubkey
 include $(CLEAR_VARS)
 
@@ -41,19 +28,6 @@
 include $(BUILD_PREBUILT)
 
 #######################################
-# r-gsi.avbpubkey
-include $(CLEAR_VARS)
-
-LOCAL_MODULE := r-gsi.avbpubkey
-LOCAL_LICENSE_KINDS := SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
-LOCAL_LICENSE_CONDITIONS := notice
-LOCAL_MODULE_CLASS := ETC
-LOCAL_SRC_FILES := $(LOCAL_MODULE)
-LOCAL_MODULE_PATH := $(my_gsi_avb_keys_path)
-
-include $(BUILD_PREBUILT)
-
-#######################################
 # r-developer-gsi.avbpubkey
 include $(CLEAR_VARS)
 
@@ -67,19 +41,6 @@
 include $(BUILD_PREBUILT)
 
 #######################################
-# s-gsi.avbpubkey
-include $(CLEAR_VARS)
-
-LOCAL_MODULE := s-gsi.avbpubkey
-LOCAL_LICENSE_KINDS := SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
-LOCAL_LICENSE_CONDITIONS := notice
-LOCAL_MODULE_CLASS := ETC
-LOCAL_SRC_FILES := $(LOCAL_MODULE)
-LOCAL_MODULE_PATH := $(my_gsi_avb_keys_path)
-
-include $(BUILD_PREBUILT)
-
-#######################################
 # s-developer-gsi.avbpubkey
 include $(CLEAR_VARS)
 
@@ -92,17 +53,4 @@
 
 include $(BUILD_PREBUILT)
 
-#######################################
-# qcar-gsi.avbpubkey
-include $(CLEAR_VARS)
-
-LOCAL_MODULE := qcar-gsi.avbpubkey
-LOCAL_LICENSE_KINDS := SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
-LOCAL_LICENSE_CONDITIONS := notice
-LOCAL_MODULE_CLASS := ETC
-LOCAL_SRC_FILES := $(LOCAL_MODULE)
-LOCAL_MODULE_PATH := $(my_gsi_avb_keys_path)
-
-include $(BUILD_PREBUILT)
-
 my_gsi_avb_keys_path :=
diff --git a/rootdir/avb/q-gsi.avbpubkey b/rootdir/avb/q-gsi.avbpubkey
deleted file mode 100644
index 5ed7543..0000000
--- a/rootdir/avb/q-gsi.avbpubkey
+++ /dev/null
Binary files differ
diff --git a/rootdir/avb/qcar-gsi.avbpubkey b/rootdir/avb/qcar-gsi.avbpubkey
deleted file mode 100644
index ce56646..0000000
--- a/rootdir/avb/qcar-gsi.avbpubkey
+++ /dev/null
Binary files differ
diff --git a/rootdir/avb/r-gsi.avbpubkey b/rootdir/avb/r-gsi.avbpubkey
deleted file mode 100644
index 2609b30..0000000
--- a/rootdir/avb/r-gsi.avbpubkey
+++ /dev/null
Binary files differ
diff --git a/rootdir/avb/s-gsi.avbpubkey b/rootdir/avb/s-gsi.avbpubkey
deleted file mode 100644
index 9065fb8..0000000
--- a/rootdir/avb/s-gsi.avbpubkey
+++ /dev/null
Binary files differ
diff --git a/rootdir/init.rc b/rootdir/init.rc
index 42545d9..c4c9eca 100644
--- a/rootdir/init.rc
+++ b/rootdir/init.rc
@@ -142,11 +142,21 @@
     chown system system /dev/stune/background/tasks
     chown system system /dev/stune/top-app/tasks
     chown system system /dev/stune/rt/tasks
+    chown system system /dev/stune/cgroup.procs
+    chown system system /dev/stune/foreground/cgroup.procs
+    chown system system /dev/stune/background/cgroup.procs
+    chown system system /dev/stune/top-app/cgroup.procs
+    chown system system /dev/stune/rt/cgroup.procs
     chmod 0664 /dev/stune/tasks
     chmod 0664 /dev/stune/foreground/tasks
     chmod 0664 /dev/stune/background/tasks
     chmod 0664 /dev/stune/top-app/tasks
     chmod 0664 /dev/stune/rt/tasks
+    chmod 0664 /dev/stune/cgroup.procs
+    chmod 0664 /dev/stune/foreground/cgroup.procs
+    chmod 0664 /dev/stune/background/cgroup.procs
+    chmod 0664 /dev/stune/top-app/cgroup.procs
+    chmod 0664 /dev/stune/rt/cgroup.procs
 
     # cpuctl hierarchy for devices using utilclamp
     mkdir /dev/cpuctl/foreground
@@ -172,6 +182,14 @@
     chown system system /dev/cpuctl/system/tasks
     chown system system /dev/cpuctl/system-background/tasks
     chown system system /dev/cpuctl/dex2oat/tasks
+    chown system system /dev/cpuctl/cgroup.procs
+    chown system system /dev/cpuctl/foreground/cgroup.procs
+    chown system system /dev/cpuctl/background/cgroup.procs
+    chown system system /dev/cpuctl/top-app/cgroup.procs
+    chown system system /dev/cpuctl/rt/cgroup.procs
+    chown system system /dev/cpuctl/system/cgroup.procs
+    chown system system /dev/cpuctl/system-background/cgroup.procs
+    chown system system /dev/cpuctl/dex2oat/cgroup.procs
     chmod 0664 /dev/cpuctl/tasks
     chmod 0664 /dev/cpuctl/foreground/tasks
     chmod 0664 /dev/cpuctl/background/tasks
@@ -180,12 +198,22 @@
     chmod 0664 /dev/cpuctl/system/tasks
     chmod 0664 /dev/cpuctl/system-background/tasks
     chmod 0664 /dev/cpuctl/dex2oat/tasks
+    chmod 0664 /dev/cpuctl/cgroup.procs
+    chmod 0664 /dev/cpuctl/foreground/cgroup.procs
+    chmod 0664 /dev/cpuctl/background/cgroup.procs
+    chmod 0664 /dev/cpuctl/top-app/cgroup.procs
+    chmod 0664 /dev/cpuctl/rt/cgroup.procs
+    chmod 0664 /dev/cpuctl/system/cgroup.procs
+    chmod 0664 /dev/cpuctl/system-background/cgroup.procs
+    chmod 0664 /dev/cpuctl/dex2oat/cgroup.procs
 
     # Create a cpu group for NNAPI HAL processes
     mkdir /dev/cpuctl/nnapi-hal
     chown system system /dev/cpuctl/nnapi-hal
     chown system system /dev/cpuctl/nnapi-hal/tasks
+    chown system system /dev/cpuctl/nnapi-hal/cgroup.procs
     chmod 0664 /dev/cpuctl/nnapi-hal/tasks
+    chmod 0664 /dev/cpuctl/nnapi-hal/cgroup.procs
     write /dev/cpuctl/nnapi-hal/cpu.uclamp.min 1
     write /dev/cpuctl/nnapi-hal/cpu.uclamp.latency_sensitive 1
 
@@ -193,19 +221,25 @@
     mkdir /dev/cpuctl/camera-daemon
     chown system system /dev/cpuctl/camera-daemon
     chown system system /dev/cpuctl/camera-daemon/tasks
+    chown system system /dev/cpuctl/camera-daemon/cgroup.procs
     chmod 0664 /dev/cpuctl/camera-daemon/tasks
+    chmod 0664 /dev/cpuctl/camera-daemon/cgroup.procs
 
     # Create an stune group for camera-specific processes
     mkdir /dev/stune/camera-daemon
     chown system system /dev/stune/camera-daemon
     chown system system /dev/stune/camera-daemon/tasks
+    chown system system /dev/stune/camera-daemon/cgroup.procs
     chmod 0664 /dev/stune/camera-daemon/tasks
+    chmod 0664 /dev/stune/camera-daemon/cgroup.procs
 
     # Create an stune group for NNAPI HAL processes
     mkdir /dev/stune/nnapi-hal
     chown system system /dev/stune/nnapi-hal
     chown system system /dev/stune/nnapi-hal/tasks
+    chown system system /dev/stune/nnapi-hal/cgroup.procs
     chmod 0664 /dev/stune/nnapi-hal/tasks
+    chmod 0664 /dev/stune/nnapi-hal/cgroup.procs
     write /dev/stune/nnapi-hal/schedtune.boost 1
     write /dev/stune/nnapi-hal/schedtune.prefer_idle 1
 
@@ -217,8 +251,12 @@
     chown system system /dev/blkio/background
     chown system system /dev/blkio/tasks
     chown system system /dev/blkio/background/tasks
+    chown system system /dev/blkio/cgroup.procs
+    chown system system /dev/blkio/background/cgroup.procs
     chmod 0664 /dev/blkio/tasks
     chmod 0664 /dev/blkio/background/tasks
+    chmod 0664 /dev/blkio/cgroup.procs
+    chmod 0664 /dev/blkio/background/cgroup.procs
     write /dev/blkio/blkio.weight 1000
     write /dev/blkio/background/blkio.weight 200
     write /dev/blkio/background/blkio.bfq.weight 10
@@ -367,6 +405,13 @@
     chown system system /dev/cpuset/top-app/tasks
     chown system system /dev/cpuset/restricted/tasks
     chown system system /dev/cpuset/camera-daemon/tasks
+    chown system system /dev/cpuset/cgroup.procs
+    chown system system /dev/cpuset/foreground/cgroup.procs
+    chown system system /dev/cpuset/background/cgroup.procs
+    chown system system /dev/cpuset/system-background/cgroup.procs
+    chown system system /dev/cpuset/top-app/cgroup.procs
+    chown system system /dev/cpuset/restricted/cgroup.procs
+    chown system system /dev/cpuset/camera-daemon/cgroup.procs
 
     # set system-background to 0775 so SurfaceFlinger can touch it
     chmod 0775 /dev/cpuset/system-background
@@ -378,6 +423,13 @@
     chmod 0664 /dev/cpuset/restricted/tasks
     chmod 0664 /dev/cpuset/tasks
     chmod 0664 /dev/cpuset/camera-daemon/tasks
+    chmod 0664 /dev/cpuset/foreground/cgroup.procs
+    chmod 0664 /dev/cpuset/background/cgroup.procs
+    chmod 0664 /dev/cpuset/system-background/cgroup.procs
+    chmod 0664 /dev/cpuset/top-app/cgroup.procs
+    chmod 0664 /dev/cpuset/restricted/cgroup.procs
+    chmod 0664 /dev/cpuset/cgroup.procs
+    chmod 0664 /dev/cpuset/camera-daemon/cgroup.procs
 
     # make the PSI monitor accessible to others
     chown system system /proc/pressure/memory
@@ -914,6 +966,9 @@
     exec - media_rw media_rw -- /system/bin/chattr +F /data/media
     mkdir /data/media/obb 0770 media_rw media_rw encryption=Attempt
 
+    # Create directories for boot animation.
+    mkdir /data/bootanim 0755 system system encryption=None
+
     exec_start derive_sdk
 
     init_user0
diff --git a/set-verity-state/set-verity-state.cpp b/set-verity-state/set-verity-state.cpp
index 0a26aba..52a7f74 100644
--- a/set-verity-state/set-verity-state.cpp
+++ b/set-verity-state/set-verity-state.cpp
@@ -244,25 +244,6 @@
       any_changed = true;
     }
     avb_ops_user_free(ops);
-  } else {
-    // Not using AVB - assume VB1.0.
-
-    // read all fstab entries at once from all sources
-    android::fs_mgr::Fstab fstab;
-    if (!android::fs_mgr::ReadDefaultFstab(&fstab)) {
-      printf("Failed to read fstab\n");
-      suggest_run_adb_root();
-      return 0;
-    }
-
-    // Loop through entries looking for ones that verity manages.
-    for (const auto& entry : fstab) {
-      if (entry.fs_mgr_flags.verify) {
-        if (set_verity_enabled_state(entry.blk_device.c_str(), entry.mount_point.c_str(), enable)) {
-          any_changed = true;
-        }
-      }
-    }
   }
   if (!any_changed) any_changed = overlayfs_setup(enable);
 
diff --git a/trusty/storage/proxy/Android.bp b/trusty/storage/proxy/Android.bp
index 38d8685..94f26d8 100644
--- a/trusty/storage/proxy/Android.bp
+++ b/trusty/storage/proxy/Android.bp
@@ -35,7 +35,10 @@
         "liblog",
         "libhardware_legacy",
     ],
-    header_libs: ["libcutils_headers"],
+    header_libs: [
+        "libcutils_headers",
+        "libgsi_headers",
+    ],
 
     static_libs: [
         "libfstab",
diff --git a/trusty/storage/proxy/checkpoint_handling.cpp b/trusty/storage/proxy/checkpoint_handling.cpp
index 6c2fd36..3305d8d 100644
--- a/trusty/storage/proxy/checkpoint_handling.cpp
+++ b/trusty/storage/proxy/checkpoint_handling.cpp
@@ -18,9 +18,12 @@
 #include "log.h"
 
 #include <fstab/fstab.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
 #include <cstring>
 #include <string>
 
+#include <libgsi/libgsi.h>
+
 namespace {
 
 bool checkpointingDoneForever = false;
@@ -75,3 +78,15 @@
 
     return 0;
 }
+
+/**
+ * is_gsi_running() - Check if a GSI image is running via DSU.
+ *
+ * This function is equivalent to android::gsi::IsGsiRunning(), but this API is
+ * not yet vendor-accessible although the underlying metadata file is.
+ *
+ */
+bool is_gsi_running() {
+    /* TODO(b/210501710): Expose GSI image running state to vendor storageproxyd */
+    return !access(android::gsi::kGsiBootedIndicatorFile, F_OK);
+}
diff --git a/trusty/storage/proxy/checkpoint_handling.h b/trusty/storage/proxy/checkpoint_handling.h
index f1bf27c..dfe2947 100644
--- a/trusty/storage/proxy/checkpoint_handling.h
+++ b/trusty/storage/proxy/checkpoint_handling.h
@@ -32,6 +32,8 @@
  */
 int is_data_checkpoint_active(bool* active);
 
+bool is_gsi_running();
+
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 }
 #endif
diff --git a/trusty/storage/proxy/proxy.c b/trusty/storage/proxy/proxy.c
index c690a28..2620034 100644
--- a/trusty/storage/proxy/proxy.c
+++ b/trusty/storage/proxy/proxy.c
@@ -104,8 +104,11 @@
         return -1;
     }
 
-    /* no-execute for user, no access for group and other */
-    umask(S_IXUSR | S_IRWXG | S_IRWXO);
+    /*
+     * No access for group and other. We need execute access for user to create
+     * an accessible directory.
+     */
+    umask(S_IRWXG | S_IRWXO);
 
     return 0;
 }
diff --git a/trusty/storage/proxy/storage.c b/trusty/storage/proxy/storage.c
index 2fde30f..d74a708 100644
--- a/trusty/storage/proxy/storage.c
+++ b/trusty/storage/proxy/storage.c
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <inttypes.h>
+#include <libgen.h>
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
@@ -24,13 +25,16 @@
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
-#include "log.h"
+#include "checkpoint_handling.h"
 #include "ipc.h"
+#include "log.h"
 #include "storage.h"
 
 #define FD_TBL_SIZE 64
 #define MAX_READ_SIZE 4096
 
+#define ALTERNATE_DATA_DIR "alternate/"
+
 enum sync_state {
     SS_UNUSED = -1,
     SS_CLEAN =  0,
@@ -44,6 +48,8 @@
 static enum sync_state dir_state;
 static enum sync_state fd_state[FD_TBL_SIZE];
 
+static bool alternate_mode;
+
 static struct {
    struct storage_file_read_resp hdr;
    uint8_t data[MAX_READ_SIZE];
@@ -216,6 +222,7 @@
                       const void *r, size_t req_len)
 {
     char *path = NULL;
+    char* parent_path;
     const struct storage_file_open_req *req = r;
     struct storage_file_open_resp resp = {0};
 
@@ -234,6 +241,24 @@
         goto err_response;
     }
 
+    /*
+     * TODO(b/210501710): Expose GSI image running state to vendor
+     * storageproxyd. We want to control data file paths in vendor_init, but we
+     * don't have access to the necessary property there yet. When we have
+     * access to that property we can set the root data path read-only and only
+     * allow creation of files in alternate/. Checking paths here temporarily
+     * until that is fixed.
+     *
+     * We are just checking for "/" instead of "alternate/" because we still
+     * want to still allow access to "persist/" in alternate mode (for now, this
+     * may change in the future).
+     */
+    if (alternate_mode && !strchr(req->name, '/')) {
+        ALOGE("%s: Cannot open root data file \"%s\" in alternate mode\n", __func__, req->name);
+        msg->result = STORAGE_ERR_ACCESS;
+        goto err_response;
+    }
+
     int rc = asprintf(&path, "%s/%s", ssdir_name, req->name);
     if (rc < 0) {
         ALOGE("%s: asprintf failed\n", __func__);
@@ -246,7 +271,23 @@
     if (req->flags & STORAGE_FILE_OPEN_TRUNCATE)
         open_flags |= O_TRUNC;
 
+    parent_path = dirname(path);
     if (req->flags & STORAGE_FILE_OPEN_CREATE) {
+        /*
+         * Create the alternate parent dir if needed & allowed.
+         *
+         * TODO(b/210501710): Expose GSI image running state to vendor
+         * storageproxyd. This directory should be created by vendor_init, once
+         * it has access to the necessary bit of information.
+         */
+        if (strstr(req->name, ALTERNATE_DATA_DIR) == req->name) {
+            rc = mkdir(parent_path, S_IRWXU);
+            if (rc && errno != EEXIST) {
+                ALOGE("%s: Could not create parent directory \"%s\": %s\n", __func__, parent_path,
+                      strerror(errno));
+            }
+        }
+
         /* open or create */
         if (req->flags & STORAGE_FILE_OPEN_CREATE_EXCLUSIVE) {
             /* create exclusive */
@@ -467,6 +508,9 @@
 
 int storage_init(const char *dirname)
 {
+    /* If there is an active DSU image, use the alternate fs mode. */
+    alternate_mode = is_gsi_running();
+
     fs_state = SS_CLEAN;
     dir_state = SS_CLEAN;
     for (uint i = 0; i < FD_TBL_SIZE; i++) {