diff --git a/fastboot/fastboot.cpp b/fastboot/fastboot.cpp
index 699d406..15d1874 100644
--- a/fastboot/fastboot.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/fastboot.cpp
@@ -1830,9 +1830,9 @@
     return size;
 }
 
-static void fb_perform_format(const std::string& partition, int skip_if_not_supported,
-                              const std::string& type_override, const std::string& size_override,
-                              const unsigned fs_options) {
+void fb_perform_format(const std::string& partition, int skip_if_not_supported,
+                       const std::string& type_override, const std::string& size_override,
+                       const unsigned fs_options) {
     std::string partition_type, partition_size;
 
     struct fastboot_buffer buf;
@@ -2026,7 +2026,6 @@
     android::base::InitLogging(argv, FastbootLogger, FastbootAborter);
     std::unique_ptr<FlashingPlan> fp = std::make_unique<FlashingPlan>();
 
-    unsigned fs_options = 0;
     int longindex;
     std::string slot_override;
     std::string next_active;
@@ -2080,7 +2079,7 @@
             } else if (name == "force") {
                 fp->force_flash = true;
             } else if (name == "fs-options") {
-                fs_options = ParseFsOption(optarg);
+                fp->fs_options = ParseFsOption(optarg);
             } else if (name == "header-version") {
                 g_boot_img_hdr.header_version = strtoul(optarg, nullptr, 0);
             } else if (name == "dtb") {
@@ -2250,7 +2249,7 @@
             std::string partition = next_arg(&args);
 
             auto format = [&](const std::string& partition) {
-                fb_perform_format(partition, 0, type_override, size_override, fs_options);
+                fb_perform_format(partition, 0, type_override, size_override, fp->fs_options);
             };
             do_for_partitions(partition, slot_override, format, true);
         } else if (command == "signature") {
@@ -2407,19 +2406,15 @@
             syntax_error("unknown command %s", command.c_str());
         }
     }
+
     if (fp->wants_wipe) {
         if (fp->force_flash) {
             CancelSnapshotIfNeeded();
         }
         std::vector<std::string> partitions = {"userdata", "cache", "metadata"};
         for (const auto& partition : partitions) {
-            std::string partition_type;
-            if (fb->GetVar("partition-type:" + partition, &partition_type) != fastboot::SUCCESS) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            if (partition_type.empty()) continue;
-            fb->Erase(partition);
-            fb_perform_format(partition, 1, partition_type, "", fs_options);
+            std::unique_ptr<WipeTask> wipe_task = std::make_unique<WipeTask>(fp.get(), partition);
+            wipe_task->Run();
         }
     }
     if (fp->wants_set_active) {
diff --git a/fastboot/fastboot.h b/fastboot/fastboot.h
index 2264ca3..ed33481 100644
--- a/fastboot/fastboot.h
+++ b/fastboot/fastboot.h
@@ -69,6 +69,7 @@
 using ImageEntry = std::pair<const Image*, std::string>;
 
 struct FlashingPlan {
+    unsigned fs_options = 0;
     // If the image uses the default slot, or the user specified "all", then
     // the paired string will be empty. If the image requests a specific slot
     // (for example, system_other) it is specified instead.
@@ -109,3 +110,6 @@
 
 bool is_retrofit_device();
 bool is_logical(const std::string& partition);
+void fb_perform_format(const std::string& partition, int skip_if_not_supported,
+                       const std::string& type_override, const std::string& size_override,
+                       const unsigned fs_options);
diff --git a/fastboot/task.cpp b/fastboot/task.cpp
index 6233c90..c70139b 100644
--- a/fastboot/task.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/task.cpp
@@ -143,8 +143,7 @@
     return std::make_unique<FlashSuperLayoutTask>(super_name, std::move(helper), std::move(s));
 }
 
-UpdateSuperTask::UpdateSuperTask(FlashingPlan* fp)
-    : fp_(fp) {}
+UpdateSuperTask::UpdateSuperTask(FlashingPlan* fp) : fp_(fp) {}
 
 void UpdateSuperTask::Run() {
     unique_fd fd = fp_->source->OpenFile("super_empty.img");
@@ -185,4 +184,16 @@
 
 void DeleteTask::Run() {
     fp_->fb->DeletePartition(pname_);
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
+
+WipeTask::WipeTask(FlashingPlan* fp, const std::string& pname) : fp_(fp), pname_(pname){};
+
+void WipeTask::Run() {
+    std::string partition_type;
+    if (fp_->fb->GetVar("partition-type:" + pname_, &partition_type) != fastboot::SUCCESS) {
+        return;
+    }
+    if (partition_type.empty()) return;
+    fp_->fb->Erase(pname_);
+    fb_perform_format(pname_, 1, partition_type, "", fp_->fs_options);
+}
diff --git a/fastboot/task.h b/fastboot/task.h
index 0af771e..149c34c 100644
--- a/fastboot/task.h
+++ b/fastboot/task.h
@@ -100,3 +100,13 @@
     const FlashingPlan* fp_;
     const std::string pname_;
 };
+
+class WipeTask : public Task {
+  public:
+    WipeTask(FlashingPlan* fp, const std::string& pname);
+    void Run() override;
+
+  private:
+    const FlashingPlan* fp_;
+    const std::string pname_;
+};
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/Android.bp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/Android.bp
index c2f435f..3bfa4d5 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/Android.bp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/Android.bp
@@ -366,80 +366,6 @@
     gtest: false,
 }
 
-cc_defaults {
-    name: "libsnapshot_fuzzer_defaults",
-    defaults: [
-        "libsnapshot_cow_defaults",
-    ],
-    native_coverage : true,
-    srcs: [
-        // Compile the protobuf definition again with type full.
-        "android/snapshot/snapshot_fuzz.proto",
-        "update_engine/update_metadata.proto",
-        "fuzz_utils.cpp",
-        "snapshot_fuzz.cpp",
-        "snapshot_fuzz_utils.cpp",
-
-        // Compile libsnapshot sources directly to avoid dependency
-        // to update_metadata-protos
-        ":libsnapshot_sources",
-    ],
-    static_libs: [
-        "libbase",
-        "libbrotli",
-        "libc++fs",
-        "libchrome",
-        "libcrypto_static",
-        "libcutils",
-        "libext2_uuid",
-        "libext4_utils",
-        "libfstab",
-        "libfs_mgr",
-        "libgtest", // from libsnapshot_test_helpers
-        "libgmock", // from libsnapshot_test_helpers
-        "liblog",
-        "liblp",
-        "libsnapshot_cow",
-        "libsnapshot_test_helpers",
-        "libprotobuf-mutator",
-        "libz",
-    ],
-    header_libs: [
-        "libfiemap_headers",
-        "libstorage_literals_headers",
-        "libupdate_engine_headers",
-    ],
-    proto: {
-        type: "full",
-        canonical_path_from_root: false,
-        local_include_dirs: ["."],
-    },
-}
-
-cc_fuzz {
-    name: "libsnapshot_fuzzer",
-    defaults: ["libsnapshot_fuzzer_defaults"],
-    corpus: ["corpus/*"],
-    fuzz_config: {
-        cc: ["android-virtual-ab+bugs@google.com"],
-        componentid: 30545,
-        hotlists: ["1646452"],
-        fuzz_on_haiku_host: false,
-        fuzz_on_haiku_device: true,
-    },
-}
-
-cc_test {
-    name: "libsnapshot_fuzzer_test",
-    defaults: ["libsnapshot_fuzzer_defaults"],
-    data: ["corpus/*"],
-    test_suites: [
-        "device-tests",
-    ],
-    auto_gen_config: true,
-    require_root: true,
-}
-
 cc_test {
     name: "cow_api_test",
     defaults: [
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/android/snapshot/snapshot_fuzz.proto b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/android/snapshot/snapshot_fuzz.proto
deleted file mode 100644
index a55b42a..0000000
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/android/snapshot/snapshot_fuzz.proto
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,110 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-syntax = "proto3";
-package android.snapshot;
-
-import "update_engine/update_metadata.proto";
-
-// Controls the behavior of IDeviceInfo.
-// Next: 6
-message FuzzDeviceInfoData {
-    bool slot_suffix_is_a = 1;
-    bool is_overlayfs_setup = 2;
-    bool allow_set_boot_control_merge_status = 3;
-    bool allow_set_slot_as_unbootable = 4;
-    bool is_recovery = 5;
-}
-
-// Controls the behavior of the test SnapshotManager.
-// Next: 2
-message FuzzSnapshotManagerData {
-    bool is_local_image_manager = 1;
-}
-
-// A simplified version of CreateLogicalPartitionParams for fuzzing.
-// Next: 9
-message CreateLogicalPartitionParamsProto {
-    bool use_correct_super = 1;
-    string block_device = 2;
-    bool has_metadata_slot = 3;
-    uint32 metadata_slot = 4;
-    string partition_name = 5;
-    bool force_writable = 6;
-    int64 timeout_millis = 7;
-    string device_name = 8;
-}
-
-// Mimics the API of ISnapshotManager. Defines one action on the snapshot
-// manager.
-// Next: 18
-message SnapshotManagerActionProto {
-    message NoArgs {}
-    message ProcessUpdateStateArgs {
-        bool has_before_cancel = 1;
-        bool fail_before_cancel = 2;
-    }
-    message CreateLogicalAndSnapshotPartitionsArgs {
-        bool use_correct_super = 1;
-        string super = 2;
-        int64 timeout_millis = 3;
-    }
-    message RecoveryCreateSnapshotDevicesArgs {
-        bool has_metadata_device_object = 1;
-        bool metadata_mounted = 2;
-    }
-    reserved 18 to 9999;
-    oneof value {
-        NoArgs begin_update = 1;
-        NoArgs cancel_update = 2;
-        bool finished_snapshot_writes = 3;
-        NoArgs initiate_merge = 4;
-        ProcessUpdateStateArgs process_update_state = 5;
-        bool get_update_state = 6;
-        chromeos_update_engine.DeltaArchiveManifest create_update_snapshots = 7;
-        CreateLogicalPartitionParamsProto map_update_snapshot = 8;
-        string unmap_update_snapshot = 9;
-        NoArgs need_snapshots_in_first_stage_mount = 10;
-        CreateLogicalAndSnapshotPartitionsArgs create_logical_and_snapshot_partitions = 11;
-        bool handle_imminent_data_wipe = 12;
-        NoArgs recovery_create_snapshot_devices = 13;
-        RecoveryCreateSnapshotDevicesArgs recovery_create_snapshot_devices_with_metadata = 14;
-        NoArgs dump = 15;
-        NoArgs ensure_metadata_mounted = 16;
-        NoArgs get_snapshot_merge_stats_instance = 17;
-
-        // Test directives that has nothing to do with ISnapshotManager API surface.
-        NoArgs switch_slot = 10000;
-    }
-}
-
-// Includes all data that needs to be fuzzed.
-message SnapshotFuzzData {
-    FuzzDeviceInfoData device_info_data = 1;
-    FuzzSnapshotManagerData manager_data = 2;
-
-    // If true:
-    // - if super_data is empty, create empty super partition metadata.
-    // - otherwise, create super partition metadata accordingly.
-    // If false, no valid super partition metadata (it is zeroed)
-    bool is_super_metadata_valid = 3;
-    chromeos_update_engine.DeltaArchiveManifest super_data = 4;
-
-    // Whether the directory that mocks /metadata/ota/snapshot is created.
-    bool has_metadata_snapshots_dir = 5;
-
-    // More data used to prep the test before running actions.
-    reserved 6 to 9999;
-    repeated SnapshotManagerActionProto actions = 10000;
-}
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/corpus/avoid-io-in-fuzzer.txt b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/corpus/avoid-io-in-fuzzer.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index c474f4c..0000000
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/corpus/avoid-io-in-fuzzer.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-device_info_data {
-  allow_set_slot_as_unbootable: true
-  is_recovery: true
-}
-is_super_metadata_valid: true
-super_data {
-  partitions {
-    partition_name: "sys_a"
-    new_partition_info {
-      size: 3145728
-    }
-  }
-  partitions {
-    partition_name: "vnnd_"
-    new_partition_info {
-      size: 3145728
-    }
-  }
-  partitions {
-    partition_name: "prd_a"
-    new_partition_info {
-    }
-  }
-  dynamic_partition_metadata {
-    groups {
-      name: "group_google_dp_a"
-      size: 34375467008
-      partition_names: "sys_a"
-      partition_names: "vnd_a"
-      partition_names: "prd_a"
-    }
-  }
-}
-has_metadata_snapshots_dir: true
-actions {
-  handle_imminent_data_wipe: true
-}
-actions {
-  begin_update {
-  }
-}
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/corpus/launch_device.txt b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/corpus/launch_device.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 55a7f2c..0000000
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/corpus/launch_device.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,161 +0,0 @@
-device_info_data {
-  slot_suffix_is_a: true
-  is_overlayfs_setup: false
-  allow_set_boot_control_merge_status: true
-  allow_set_slot_as_unbootable: true
-  is_recovery: false
-}
-manager_data {
-  is_local_image_manager: false
-}
-is_super_metadata_valid: true
-super_data {
-  partitions {
-    partition_name: "sys_a"
-    new_partition_info {
-      size: 3145728
-    }
-  }
-  partitions {
-    partition_name: "vnd_a"
-    new_partition_info {
-      size: 3145728
-    }
-  }
-  partitions {
-    partition_name: "prd_a"
-    new_partition_info {
-      size: 3145728
-    }
-  }
-  dynamic_partition_metadata {
-    groups {
-      name: "group_google_dp_a"
-      size: 15728640
-      partition_names: "sys_a"
-      partition_names: "vnd_a"
-      partition_names: "prd_a"
-    }
-  }
-}
-has_metadata_snapshots_dir: true
-actions {
-  begin_update {
-  }
-}
-actions {
-  create_update_snapshots {
-    partitions {
-      partition_name: "sys"
-      new_partition_info {
-        size: 3878912
-      }
-      operations {
-        type: ZERO,
-        dst_extents {
-          start_block: 0
-          num_blocks: 947
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    partitions {
-      partition_name: "vnd"
-      new_partition_info {
-        size: 3878912
-      }
-      operations {
-        type: ZERO,
-        dst_extents {
-          start_block: 0
-          num_blocks: 947
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    partitions {
-      partition_name: "prd"
-      new_partition_info {
-        size: 3878912
-      }
-      operations {
-        type: ZERO,
-        dst_extents {
-          start_block: 0
-          num_blocks: 947
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    dynamic_partition_metadata {
-      groups {
-        name: "group_google_dp"
-        size: 15728640
-        partition_names: "sys"
-        partition_names: "vnd"
-        partition_names: "prd"
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}
-actions {
-  map_update_snapshot {
-    use_correct_super: true
-    has_metadata_slot: true
-    metadata_slot: 1
-    partition_name: "sys_b"
-    force_writable: true
-    timeout_millis: 3000
-  }
-}
-actions {
-  map_update_snapshot {
-    use_correct_super: true
-    has_metadata_slot: true
-    metadata_slot: 1
-    partition_name: "vnd_b"
-    force_writable: true
-    timeout_millis: 3000
-  }
-}
-actions {
-  map_update_snapshot {
-    use_correct_super: true
-    has_metadata_slot: true
-    metadata_slot: 1
-    partition_name: "prd_b"
-    force_writable: true
-    timeout_millis: 3000
-  }
-}
-actions {
-  finished_snapshot_writes: false
-}
-actions {
-  unmap_update_snapshot: "sys_b"
-}
-actions {
-  unmap_update_snapshot: "vnd_b"
-}
-actions {
-  unmap_update_snapshot: "prd_b"
-}
-actions {
-  switch_slot {
-  }
-}
-actions {
-  need_snapshots_in_first_stage_mount {
-  }
-}
-actions {
-  create_logical_and_snapshot_partitions {
-    use_correct_super: true
-    timeout_millis: 5000
-  }
-}
-actions {
-  initiate_merge {
-  }
-}
-actions {
-  process_update_state {
-  }
-}
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/fuzz.sh b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/fuzz.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index 5995cef..0000000
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/fuzz.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,90 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-PROJECT_PATH=system/core/fs_mgr/libsnapshot
-FUZZ_TARGET=libsnapshot_fuzzer
-TARGET_ARCH=$(get_build_var TARGET_ARCH)
-FUZZ_BINARY=/data/fuzz/${TARGET_ARCH}/${FUZZ_TARGET}/${FUZZ_TARGET}
-DEVICE_INIT_CORPUS_DIR=/data/fuzz/${TARGET_ARCH}/${FUZZ_TARGET}/corpus
-DEVICE_GENERATED_CORPUS_DIR=/data/local/tmp/${FUZZ_TARGET}/corpus
-DEVICE_GCOV_DIR=/data/local/tmp/${FUZZ_TARGET}/gcov
-HOST_SCRATCH_DIR=/tmp/${FUZZ_TARGET}
-GCOV_TOOL=${HOST_SCRATCH_DIR}/llvm-gcov
-
-build_normal() (
-    pushd $(gettop)
-    NATIVE_COVERAGE="" NATIVE_LINE_COVERAGE="" NATIVE_COVERAGE_PATHS="" m ${FUZZ_TARGET}
-    ret=$?
-    popd
-    return ${ret}
-)
-
-build_cov() {
-    pushd $(gettop)
-    NATIVE_COVERAGE="true" NATIVE_LINE_COVERAGE="true" NATIVE_COVERAGE_PATHS="${PROJECT_PATH}" m ${FUZZ_TARGET}
-    ret=$?
-    popd
-    return ${ret}
-}
-
-prepare_device() {
-    adb root && adb remount &&
-    adb shell mkdir -p ${DEVICE_GENERATED_CORPUS_DIR} &&
-    adb shell rm -rf ${DEVICE_GCOV_DIR} &&
-    adb shell mkdir -p ${DEVICE_GCOV_DIR}
-}
-
-push_binary() {
-    adb push ${ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT}/${FUZZ_BINARY} ${FUZZ_BINARY} &&
-    adb push ${ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT}/${DEVICE_INIT_CORPUS_DIR} $(dirname ${FUZZ_BINARY})
-}
-
-prepare_host() {
-    which lcov || {
-        echo "please run:";
-        echo "   sudo apt-get install lcov ";
-        return 1;
-    }
-    rm -rf ${HOST_SCRATCH_DIR} &&
-    mkdir -p ${HOST_SCRATCH_DIR}
-}
-
-# run_snapshot_fuzz -runs=10000
-generate_corpus() {
-    [[ "$@" ]] || { echo "run with -runs=X"; return 1; }
-
-    prepare_device &&
-    build_normal &&
-    push_binary &&
-    adb shell ${FUZZ_BINARY} "$@" ${DEVICE_INIT_CORPUS_DIR} ${DEVICE_GENERATED_CORPUS_DIR}
-}
-
-run_snapshot_fuzz() {
-    prepare_device &&
-    build_cov &&
-    push_binary &&
-    adb shell GCOV_PREFIX=${DEVICE_GCOV_DIR} GCOV_PREFIX_STRIP=3 \
-        ${FUZZ_BINARY} \
-        -runs=0 \
-        ${DEVICE_INIT_CORPUS_DIR} ${DEVICE_GENERATED_CORPUS_DIR}
-}
-
-show_fuzz_result() {
-    prepare_host &&
-    unzip -o -j -d ${HOST_SCRATCH_DIR} ${ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT}/coverage/data/fuzz/${TARGET_ARCH}/${FUZZ_TARGET}/${FUZZ_TARGET}.zip &&
-    adb shell find ${DEVICE_GCOV_DIR} -type f | xargs -I {} adb pull {} ${HOST_SCRATCH_DIR} &&
-    ls ${HOST_SCRATCH_DIR} &&
-    cat > ${GCOV_TOOL} <<< '
-#!/bin/bash
-exec llvm-cov gcov "$@"
-' &&
-    chmod +x ${GCOV_TOOL} &&
-    lcov --directory ${HOST_SCRATCH_DIR} --base-directory $(gettop) --gcov-tool ${GCOV_TOOL} --capture -o ${HOST_SCRATCH_DIR}/report.cov &&
-    genhtml ${HOST_SCRATCH_DIR}/report.cov -o ${HOST_SCRATCH_DIR}/html &&
-    echo file://$(realpath ${HOST_SCRATCH_DIR}/html/index.html)
-}
-
-# run_snapshot_fuzz -runs=10000
-run_snapshot_fuzz_all() {
-    generate_corpus "$@" &&
-    run_snapshot_fuzz &&
-    show_fuzz_result
-}
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/fuzz_utils.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/fuzz_utils.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 0263f7e..0000000
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/fuzz_utils.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-#include "fuzz_utils.h"
-
-#include <android-base/logging.h>
-
-namespace android::fuzz {
-
-void CheckInternal(bool value, std::string_view msg) {
-    CHECK(value) << msg;
-}
-
-const google::protobuf::OneofDescriptor* GetProtoValueDescriptor(
-        const google::protobuf::Descriptor* action_desc) {
-    CHECK(action_desc);
-    CHECK(action_desc->oneof_decl_count() == 1)
-            << action_desc->oneof_decl_count() << " oneof fields found in " << action_desc->name()
-            << "; only one is expected.";
-    auto* oneof_value_desc = action_desc->oneof_decl(0);
-    CHECK(oneof_value_desc);
-    CHECK(oneof_value_desc->name() == "value")
-            << "oneof field has name " << oneof_value_desc->name();
-    return oneof_value_desc;
-}
-
-}  // namespace android::fuzz
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/fuzz_utils.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/fuzz_utils.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 20b13b2..0000000
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/fuzz_utils.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,285 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-#pragma once
-
-#include <map>
-#include <string>
-#include <string_view>
-
-#include <google/protobuf/descriptor.h>
-#include <google/protobuf/message.h>
-#include <google/protobuf/repeated_field.h>
-
-// Utilities for using a protobuf definition to fuzz APIs in a class.
-// Terms:
-// The "fuzzed class" is the C++ class definition whose functions are fuzzed.
-// The "fuzzed object" is an instantiated object of the fuzzed class. It is
-//   typically created and destroyed for each test run.
-// An "action" is an operation on the fuzzed object that may mutate its state.
-//   This typically involves one function call into the fuzzed object.
-
-namespace android::fuzz {
-
-// CHECK(value) << msg
-void CheckInternal(bool value, std::string_view msg);
-
-// Get the oneof descriptor inside Action
-const google::protobuf::OneofDescriptor* GetProtoValueDescriptor(
-        const google::protobuf::Descriptor* action_desc);
-
-template <typename Class>
-using FunctionMapImpl =
-        std::map<int, std::function<void(Class*, const google::protobuf::Message& action_proto,
-                                         const google::protobuf::FieldDescriptor* field_desc)>>;
-
-template <typename Class>
-class FunctionMap : public FunctionMapImpl<Class> {
-  public:
-    void CheckEmplace(typename FunctionMapImpl<Class>::key_type key,
-                      typename FunctionMapImpl<Class>::mapped_type&& value) {
-        auto [it, inserted] = this->emplace(key, std::move(value));
-        CheckInternal(inserted,
-                      "Multiple implementation registered for tag number " + std::to_string(key));
-    }
-};
-
-template <typename Action>
-int CheckConsistency() {
-    const auto* function_map = Action::GetFunctionMap();
-    const auto* action_value_desc = GetProtoValueDescriptor(Action::Proto::GetDescriptor());
-
-    for (int field_index = 0; field_index < action_value_desc->field_count(); ++field_index) {
-        const auto* field_desc = action_value_desc->field(field_index);
-        CheckInternal(function_map->find(field_desc->number()) != function_map->end(),
-                      "Missing impl for function " + field_desc->camelcase_name());
-    }
-    return 0;
-}
-
-// Get the field descriptor for the oneof field in the action message. If no oneof field is set,
-// return nullptr.
-template <typename Action>
-const google::protobuf::FieldDescriptor* GetValueFieldDescriptor(
-        const typename Action::Proto& action_proto) {
-    static auto* action_value_desc = GetProtoValueDescriptor(Action::Proto::GetDescriptor());
-
-    auto* action_refl = Action::Proto::GetReflection();
-    if (!action_refl->HasOneof(action_proto, action_value_desc)) {
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-    return action_refl->GetOneofFieldDescriptor(action_proto, action_value_desc);
-}
-
-template <typename Action>
-void ExecuteActionProto(typename Action::ClassType* module,
-                        const typename Action::Proto& action_proto) {
-    const auto* field_desc = GetValueFieldDescriptor<Action>(action_proto);
-    if (field_desc == nullptr) return;
-    auto number = field_desc->number();
-    const auto& map = *Action::GetFunctionMap();
-    auto it = map.find(number);
-    CheckInternal(it != map.end(), "Missing impl for function " + field_desc->camelcase_name());
-    const auto& func = it->second;
-    func(module, action_proto, field_desc);
-}
-
-template <typename Action>
-void ExecuteAllActionProtos(
-        typename Action::ClassType* module,
-        const google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField<typename Action::Proto>& action_protos) {
-    for (const auto& proto : action_protos) {
-        ExecuteActionProto<Action>(module, proto);
-    }
-}
-
-// Safely cast message to T. Returns a pointer to message if cast successfully, otherwise nullptr.
-template <typename T>
-const T* SafeCast(const google::protobuf::Message& message) {
-    if (message.GetDescriptor() != T::GetDescriptor()) {
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-    return static_cast<const T*>(&message);
-}
-
-// Cast message to const T&. Abort if type mismatch.
-template <typename T>
-const T& CheckedCast(const google::protobuf::Message& message) {
-    const auto* ptr = SafeCast<T>(message);
-    CheckInternal(ptr, "Cannot cast " + message.GetDescriptor()->name() + " to " +
-                               T::GetDescriptor()->name());
-    return *ptr;
-}
-
-// A templated way to a primitive field from a message using reflection.
-template <typename T>
-struct PrimitiveGetter;
-#define FUZZ_DEFINE_PRIMITIVE_GETTER(type, func_name)                              \
-    template <>                                                                    \
-    struct PrimitiveGetter<type> {                                                 \
-        static constexpr const auto fp = &google::protobuf::Reflection::func_name; \
-    }
-
-FUZZ_DEFINE_PRIMITIVE_GETTER(bool, GetBool);
-FUZZ_DEFINE_PRIMITIVE_GETTER(uint32_t, GetUInt32);
-FUZZ_DEFINE_PRIMITIVE_GETTER(int32_t, GetInt32);
-FUZZ_DEFINE_PRIMITIVE_GETTER(uint64_t, GetUInt64);
-FUZZ_DEFINE_PRIMITIVE_GETTER(int64_t, GetInt64);
-FUZZ_DEFINE_PRIMITIVE_GETTER(double, GetDouble);
-FUZZ_DEFINE_PRIMITIVE_GETTER(float, GetFloat);
-
-// ActionPerformer extracts arguments from the protobuf message, and then call FuzzFunction
-// with these arguments.
-template <typename FuzzFunction, typename Signature, typename Enabled = void>
-struct ActionPerformerImpl;  // undefined
-
-template <typename FuzzFunction, typename MessageProto>
-struct ActionPerformerImpl<
-        FuzzFunction, void(const MessageProto&),
-        typename std::enable_if_t<std::is_base_of_v<google::protobuf::Message, MessageProto>>> {
-    static typename FuzzFunction::ReturnType Invoke(
-            typename FuzzFunction::ClassType* module, const google::protobuf::Message& action_proto,
-            const google::protobuf::FieldDescriptor* field_desc) {
-        const MessageProto& arg = CheckedCast<std::remove_reference_t<MessageProto>>(
-                action_proto.GetReflection()->GetMessage(action_proto, field_desc));
-        return FuzzFunction::ImplBody(module, arg);
-    }
-};
-
-template <typename FuzzFunction, typename Primitive>
-struct ActionPerformerImpl<FuzzFunction, void(Primitive),
-                           typename std::enable_if_t<std::is_arithmetic_v<Primitive>>> {
-    static typename FuzzFunction::ReturnType Invoke(
-            typename FuzzFunction::ClassType* module, const google::protobuf::Message& action_proto,
-            const google::protobuf::FieldDescriptor* field_desc) {
-        Primitive arg = std::invoke(PrimitiveGetter<Primitive>::fp, action_proto.GetReflection(),
-                                    action_proto, field_desc);
-        return FuzzFunction::ImplBody(module, arg);
-    }
-};
-
-template <typename FuzzFunction>
-struct ActionPerformerImpl<FuzzFunction, void()> {
-    static typename FuzzFunction::ReturnType Invoke(typename FuzzFunction::ClassType* module,
-                                                    const google::protobuf::Message&,
-                                                    const google::protobuf::FieldDescriptor*) {
-        return FuzzFunction::ImplBody(module);
-    }
-};
-
-template <typename FuzzFunction>
-struct ActionPerformerImpl<FuzzFunction, void(const std::string&)> {
-    static typename FuzzFunction::ReturnType Invoke(
-            typename FuzzFunction::ClassType* module, const google::protobuf::Message& action_proto,
-            const google::protobuf::FieldDescriptor* field_desc) {
-        std::string scratch;
-        const std::string& arg = action_proto.GetReflection()->GetStringReference(
-                action_proto, field_desc, &scratch);
-        return FuzzFunction::ImplBody(module, arg);
-    }
-};
-
-template <typename FuzzFunction>
-struct ActionPerformer : ActionPerformerImpl<FuzzFunction, typename FuzzFunction::Signature> {};
-
-}  // namespace android::fuzz
-
-// Fuzz existing C++ class, ClassType, with a collection of functions under the name Action.
-//
-// Prerequisite: ActionProto must be defined in Protobuf to describe possible actions:
-// message FooActionProto {
-//     message NoArgs {}
-//     oneof value {
-//         bool do_foo = 1;
-//         NoArgs do_bar = 1;
-//     }
-// }
-// Use it to fuzz a C++ class Foo by doing the following:
-//   FUZZ_CLASS(Foo, FooAction)
-// After linking functions of Foo to FooAction, execute all actions by:
-//   FooAction::ExecuteAll(foo_object, action_protos)
-#define FUZZ_CLASS(Class, Action)                                                                \
-    class Action {                                                                               \
-      public:                                                                                    \
-        using Proto = Action##Proto;                                                             \
-        using ClassType = Class;                                                                 \
-        using FunctionMap = android::fuzz::FunctionMap<Class>;                                   \
-        static FunctionMap* GetFunctionMap() {                                                   \
-            static Action::FunctionMap map;                                                      \
-            return &map;                                                                         \
-        }                                                                                        \
-        static void ExecuteAll(Class* module,                                                    \
-                               const google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField<Proto>& action_protos) { \
-            [[maybe_unused]] static int consistent = android::fuzz::CheckConsistency<Action>();  \
-            android::fuzz::ExecuteAllActionProtos<Action>(module, action_protos);                \
-        }                                                                                        \
-    }
-
-#define FUZZ_FUNCTION_CLASS_NAME(Action, FunctionName) Action##_##FunctionName
-#define FUZZ_FUNCTION_TAG_NAME(FunctionName) k##FunctionName
-
-// Implement an action defined in protobuf. Example:
-// message FooActionProto {
-//     oneof value {
-//         bool do_foo = 1;
-//     }
-// }
-// class Foo { public: void DoAwesomeFoo(bool arg); };
-// FUZZ_OBJECT(FooAction, Foo);
-// FUZZ_FUNCTION(FooAction, DoFoo, void, IFoo* module, bool arg) {
-//   module->DoAwesomeFoo(arg);
-// }
-// The name DoFoo is the camel case name of the action in protobuf definition of FooActionProto.
-#define FUZZ_FUNCTION(Action, FunctionName, Return, ModuleArg, ...)             \
-    class FUZZ_FUNCTION_CLASS_NAME(Action, FunctionName) {                      \
-      public:                                                                   \
-        using ActionType = Action;                                              \
-        using ClassType = Action::ClassType;                                    \
-        using ReturnType = Return;                                              \
-        using Signature = void(__VA_ARGS__);                                    \
-        static constexpr const char name[] = #FunctionName;                     \
-        static constexpr const auto tag =                                       \
-                Action::Proto::ValueCase::FUZZ_FUNCTION_TAG_NAME(FunctionName); \
-        static ReturnType ImplBody(ModuleArg, ##__VA_ARGS__);                   \
-                                                                                \
-      private:                                                                  \
-        static bool registered_;                                                \
-    };                                                                          \
-    auto FUZZ_FUNCTION_CLASS_NAME(Action, FunctionName)::registered_ = ([] {    \
-        auto tag = FUZZ_FUNCTION_CLASS_NAME(Action, FunctionName)::tag;         \
-        auto func = &::android::fuzz::ActionPerformer<FUZZ_FUNCTION_CLASS_NAME( \
-                Action, FunctionName)>::Invoke;                                 \
-        Action::GetFunctionMap()->CheckEmplace(tag, func);                      \
-        return true;                                                            \
-    })();                                                                       \
-    Return FUZZ_FUNCTION_CLASS_NAME(Action, FunctionName)::ImplBody(ModuleArg, ##__VA_ARGS__)
-
-// Implement a simple action by linking it to the function with the same name. Example:
-// message FooActionProto {
-//     message NoArgs {}
-//     oneof value {
-//         NoArgs do_bar = 1;
-//     }
-// }
-// class Foo { public void DoBar(); };
-// FUZZ_OBJECT(FooAction, Foo);
-// FUZZ_FUNCTION(FooAction, DoBar);
-// The name DoBar is the camel case name of the action in protobuf definition of FooActionProto, and
-// also the name of the function of Foo.
-#define FUZZ_SIMPLE_FUNCTION(Action, FunctionName)                            \
-    FUZZ_FUNCTION(Action, FunctionName,                                       \
-                  decltype(std::declval<Action::ClassType>().FunctionName()), \
-                  Action::ClassType* module) {                                \
-        return module->FunctionName();                                        \
-    }
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot.cpp
index f655522..64637c2 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot.cpp
@@ -2901,6 +2901,20 @@
     }
 }
 
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, MergePhase phase) {
+    switch (phase) {
+        case MergePhase::NO_MERGE:
+            return os << "none";
+        case MergePhase::FIRST_PHASE:
+            return os << "first";
+        case MergePhase::SECOND_PHASE:
+            return os << "second";
+        default:
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Unknown merge phase: " << static_cast<uint32_t>(phase);
+            return os << "unknown(" << static_cast<uint32_t>(phase) << ")";
+    }
+}
+
 UpdateState SnapshotManager::ReadUpdateState(LockedFile* lock) {
     SnapshotUpdateStatus status = ReadSnapshotUpdateStatus(lock);
     return status.state();
@@ -3761,7 +3775,7 @@
 
     auto update_status = ReadSnapshotUpdateStatus(file.get());
 
-    ss << "Update state: " << ReadUpdateState(file.get()) << std::endl;
+    ss << "Update state: " << update_status.state() << std::endl;
     ss << "Using snapuserd: " << update_status.using_snapuserd() << std::endl;
     ss << "Using userspace snapshots: " << update_status.userspace_snapshots() << std::endl;
     ss << "Using io_uring: " << update_status.io_uring_enabled() << std::endl;
@@ -3776,6 +3790,17 @@
        << std::endl;
     ss << "Source build fingerprint: " << update_status.source_build_fingerprint() << std::endl;
 
+    if (update_status.state() == UpdateState::Merging) {
+        ss << "Merge completion: ";
+        if (!EnsureSnapuserdConnected()) {
+            ss << "N/A";
+        } else {
+            ss << snapuserd_client_->GetMergePercent() << "%";
+        }
+        ss << std::endl;
+        ss << "Merge phase: " << update_status.merge_phase() << std::endl;
+    }
+
     bool ok = true;
     std::vector<std::string> snapshots;
     if (!ListSnapshots(file.get(), &snapshots)) {
@@ -3798,6 +3823,7 @@
         ss << "    allocated sectors: " << status.sectors_allocated() << std::endl;
         ss << "    metadata sectors: " << status.metadata_sectors() << std::endl;
         ss << "    compression: " << status.compression_algorithm() << std::endl;
+        ss << "    merge phase: " << DecideMergePhase(status) << std::endl;
     }
     os << ss.rdbuf();
     return ok;
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_fuzz.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_fuzz.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index aced3ed..0000000
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_fuzz.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,352 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-#include <stddef.h>
-#include <stdint.h>
-#include <sysexits.h>
-
-#include <functional>
-#include <sstream>
-#include <tuple>
-
-#include <android-base/logging.h>
-#include <android-base/properties.h>
-#include <android-base/result.h>
-#include <gtest/gtest.h>
-#include <src/libfuzzer/libfuzzer_macro.h>
-#include <storage_literals/storage_literals.h>
-
-#include "fuzz_utils.h"
-#include "snapshot_fuzz_utils.h"
-
-using android::base::Error;
-using android::base::GetBoolProperty;
-using android::base::LogId;
-using android::base::LogSeverity;
-using android::base::ReadFileToString;
-using android::base::Result;
-using android::base::SetLogger;
-using android::base::StderrLogger;
-using android::base::StdioLogger;
-using android::fs_mgr::CreateLogicalPartitionParams;
-using android::fuzz::CheckedCast;
-using android::snapshot::SnapshotFuzzData;
-using android::snapshot::SnapshotFuzzEnv;
-using chromeos_update_engine::DeltaArchiveManifest;
-using google::protobuf::FieldDescriptor;
-using google::protobuf::Message;
-using google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField;
-
-// Avoid linking to libgsi since it needs disk I/O.
-namespace android::gsi {
-bool IsGsiRunning() {
-    LOG(FATAL) << "Called IsGsiRunning";
-    __builtin_unreachable();
-}
-std::string GetDsuSlot(const std::string& install_dir) {
-    LOG(FATAL) << "Called GetDsuSlot(" << install_dir << ")";
-    __builtin_unreachable();
-}
-}  // namespace android::gsi
-
-namespace android::snapshot {
-
-const SnapshotFuzzData* current_data = nullptr;
-const SnapshotTestModule* current_module = nullptr;
-
-SnapshotFuzzEnv* GetSnapshotFuzzEnv();
-
-FUZZ_CLASS(ISnapshotManager, SnapshotManagerAction);
-
-using ProcessUpdateStateArgs = SnapshotManagerAction::Proto::ProcessUpdateStateArgs;
-using CreateLogicalAndSnapshotPartitionsArgs =
-        SnapshotManagerAction::Proto::CreateLogicalAndSnapshotPartitionsArgs;
-using RecoveryCreateSnapshotDevicesArgs =
-        SnapshotManagerAction::Proto::RecoveryCreateSnapshotDevicesArgs;
-
-FUZZ_SIMPLE_FUNCTION(SnapshotManagerAction, BeginUpdate);
-FUZZ_SIMPLE_FUNCTION(SnapshotManagerAction, CancelUpdate);
-FUZZ_SIMPLE_FUNCTION(SnapshotManagerAction, InitiateMerge);
-FUZZ_SIMPLE_FUNCTION(SnapshotManagerAction, NeedSnapshotsInFirstStageMount);
-FUZZ_SIMPLE_FUNCTION(SnapshotManagerAction, RecoveryCreateSnapshotDevices);
-FUZZ_SIMPLE_FUNCTION(SnapshotManagerAction, EnsureMetadataMounted);
-FUZZ_SIMPLE_FUNCTION(SnapshotManagerAction, GetSnapshotMergeStatsInstance);
-
-#define SNAPSHOT_FUZZ_FUNCTION(FunctionName, ReturnType, ...)                                  \
-    FUZZ_FUNCTION(SnapshotManagerAction, FunctionName, ReturnType, ISnapshotManager* snapshot, \
-                  ##__VA_ARGS__)
-
-SNAPSHOT_FUZZ_FUNCTION(FinishedSnapshotWrites, bool, bool wipe) {
-    return snapshot->FinishedSnapshotWrites(wipe);
-}
-
-SNAPSHOT_FUZZ_FUNCTION(ProcessUpdateState, bool, const ProcessUpdateStateArgs& args) {
-    std::function<bool()> before_cancel;
-    if (args.has_before_cancel()) {
-        before_cancel = [&]() { return args.fail_before_cancel(); };
-    }
-    return snapshot->ProcessUpdateState({}, before_cancel);
-}
-
-SNAPSHOT_FUZZ_FUNCTION(GetUpdateState, UpdateState, bool has_progress_arg) {
-    double progress;
-    return snapshot->GetUpdateState(has_progress_arg ? &progress : nullptr);
-}
-
-SNAPSHOT_FUZZ_FUNCTION(HandleImminentDataWipe, bool, bool has_callback) {
-    std::function<void()> callback;
-    if (has_callback) {
-        callback = []() {};
-    }
-    return snapshot->HandleImminentDataWipe(callback);
-}
-
-SNAPSHOT_FUZZ_FUNCTION(Dump, bool) {
-    std::stringstream ss;
-    return snapshot->Dump(ss);
-}
-
-SNAPSHOT_FUZZ_FUNCTION(CreateUpdateSnapshots, bool, const DeltaArchiveManifest& manifest) {
-    return snapshot->CreateUpdateSnapshots(manifest);
-}
-
-SNAPSHOT_FUZZ_FUNCTION(UnmapUpdateSnapshot, bool, const std::string& name) {
-    return snapshot->UnmapUpdateSnapshot(name);
-}
-
-SNAPSHOT_FUZZ_FUNCTION(CreateLogicalAndSnapshotPartitions, bool,
-                       const CreateLogicalAndSnapshotPartitionsArgs& args) {
-    const std::string* super;
-    if (args.use_correct_super()) {
-        super = &GetSnapshotFuzzEnv()->super();
-    } else {
-        super = &args.super();
-    }
-    return snapshot->CreateLogicalAndSnapshotPartitions(
-            *super, std::chrono::milliseconds(args.timeout_millis()));
-}
-
-SNAPSHOT_FUZZ_FUNCTION(RecoveryCreateSnapshotDevicesWithMetadata, CreateResult,
-                       const RecoveryCreateSnapshotDevicesArgs& args) {
-    std::unique_ptr<AutoDevice> device;
-    if (args.has_metadata_device_object()) {
-        device = std::make_unique<NoOpAutoDevice>(args.metadata_mounted());
-    }
-    return snapshot->RecoveryCreateSnapshotDevices(device);
-}
-
-SNAPSHOT_FUZZ_FUNCTION(MapUpdateSnapshot, bool,
-                       const CreateLogicalPartitionParamsProto& params_proto) {
-    auto partition_opener = std::make_unique<TestPartitionOpener>(GetSnapshotFuzzEnv()->super());
-    CreateLogicalPartitionParams params;
-    if (params_proto.use_correct_super()) {
-        params.block_device = GetSnapshotFuzzEnv()->super();
-    } else {
-        params.block_device = params_proto.block_device();
-    }
-    if (params_proto.has_metadata_slot()) {
-        params.metadata_slot = params_proto.metadata_slot();
-    }
-    params.partition_name = params_proto.partition_name();
-    params.force_writable = params_proto.force_writable();
-    params.timeout_ms = std::chrono::milliseconds(params_proto.timeout_millis());
-    params.device_name = params_proto.device_name();
-    params.partition_opener = partition_opener.get();
-    std::string path;
-    return snapshot->MapUpdateSnapshot(params, &path);
-}
-
-SNAPSHOT_FUZZ_FUNCTION(SwitchSlot, void) {
-    (void)snapshot;
-    CHECK(current_module != nullptr);
-    CHECK(current_module->device_info != nullptr);
-    current_module->device_info->SwitchSlot();
-}
-
-// During global init, log all messages to stdio. This is only done once.
-int AllowLoggingDuringGlobalInit() {
-    SetLogger(&StdioLogger);
-    return 0;
-}
-
-// Only log fatal messages during tests.
-void FatalOnlyLogger(LogId logid, LogSeverity severity, const char* tag, const char* file,
-                     unsigned int line, const char* message) {
-    if (severity == LogSeverity::FATAL) {
-        StderrLogger(logid, severity, tag, file, line, message);
-
-        // If test fails by a LOG(FATAL) or CHECK(), log the corpus. If it abort()'s, there's
-        // nothing else we can do.
-        StderrLogger(logid, severity, tag, __FILE__, __LINE__,
-                     "Attempting to dump current corpus:");
-        if (current_data == nullptr) {
-            StderrLogger(logid, severity, tag, __FILE__, __LINE__, "Current corpus is nullptr.");
-        } else {
-            std::string content;
-            if (!google::protobuf::TextFormat::PrintToString(*current_data, &content)) {
-                StderrLogger(logid, severity, tag, __FILE__, __LINE__,
-                             "Failed to print corpus to string.");
-            } else {
-                StderrLogger(logid, severity, tag, __FILE__, __LINE__, content.c_str());
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-// Stop logging (except fatal messages) after global initialization. This is only done once.
-int StopLoggingAfterGlobalInit() {
-    (void)GetSnapshotFuzzEnv();
-    [[maybe_unused]] static protobuf_mutator::protobuf::LogSilencer log_silencer;
-    SetLogger(&FatalOnlyLogger);
-    return 0;
-}
-
-SnapshotFuzzEnv* GetSnapshotFuzzEnv() {
-    [[maybe_unused]] static auto allow_logging = AllowLoggingDuringGlobalInit();
-    static SnapshotFuzzEnv env;
-    return &env;
-}
-
-SnapshotTestModule SetUpTest(const SnapshotFuzzData& snapshot_fuzz_data) {
-    current_data = &snapshot_fuzz_data;
-
-    auto env = GetSnapshotFuzzEnv();
-    env->CheckSoftReset();
-
-    auto test_module = env->CheckCreateSnapshotManager(snapshot_fuzz_data);
-    current_module = &test_module;
-    CHECK(test_module.snapshot);
-    return test_module;
-}
-
-void TearDownTest() {
-    current_module = nullptr;
-    current_data = nullptr;
-}
-
-}  // namespace android::snapshot
-
-DEFINE_PROTO_FUZZER(const SnapshotFuzzData& snapshot_fuzz_data) {
-    using namespace android::snapshot;
-
-    [[maybe_unused]] static auto stop_logging = StopLoggingAfterGlobalInit();
-    auto test_module = SetUpTest(snapshot_fuzz_data);
-    SnapshotManagerAction::ExecuteAll(test_module.snapshot.get(), snapshot_fuzz_data.actions());
-    TearDownTest();
-}
-
-namespace android::snapshot {
-
-// Work-around to cast a 'void' value to Result<void>.
-template <typename T>
-struct GoodResult {
-    template <typename F>
-    static Result<T> Cast(F&& f) {
-        return f();
-    }
-};
-
-template <>
-struct GoodResult<void> {
-    template <typename F>
-    static Result<void> Cast(F&& f) {
-        f();
-        return {};
-    }
-};
-
-class LibsnapshotFuzzerTest : public ::testing::Test {
-  protected:
-    static void SetUpTestCase() {
-        // Do initialization once.
-        (void)GetSnapshotFuzzEnv();
-    }
-    void SetUp() override {
-        bool is_virtual_ab = GetBoolProperty("ro.virtual_ab.enabled", false);
-        if (!is_virtual_ab) GTEST_SKIP() << "Test only runs on Virtual A/B devices.";
-    }
-    void SetUpFuzzData(const std::string& fn) {
-        auto path = android::base::GetExecutableDirectory() + "/corpus/"s + fn;
-        std::string proto_text;
-        ASSERT_TRUE(ReadFileToString(path, &proto_text));
-        snapshot_fuzz_data_ = std::make_unique<SnapshotFuzzData>();
-        ASSERT_TRUE(google::protobuf::TextFormat::ParseFromString(proto_text,
-                                                                  snapshot_fuzz_data_.get()));
-        test_module_ = android::snapshot::SetUpTest(*snapshot_fuzz_data_);
-    }
-    void TearDown() override { android::snapshot::TearDownTest(); }
-    template <typename FuzzFunction>
-    Result<typename FuzzFunction::ReturnType> Execute(int action_index) {
-        if (action_index >= snapshot_fuzz_data_->actions_size()) {
-            return Error() << "Index " << action_index << " is out of bounds ("
-                           << snapshot_fuzz_data_->actions_size() << " actions in corpus";
-        }
-        const auto& action_proto = snapshot_fuzz_data_->actions(action_index);
-        const auto* field_desc =
-                android::fuzz::GetValueFieldDescriptor<typename FuzzFunction::ActionType>(
-                        action_proto);
-        if (field_desc == nullptr) {
-            return Error() << "Action at index " << action_index << " has no value defined.";
-        }
-        if (FuzzFunction::tag != field_desc->number()) {
-            return Error() << "Action at index " << action_index << " is expected to be "
-                           << FuzzFunction::name << ", but it is " << field_desc->name()
-                           << " in corpus.";
-        }
-        return GoodResult<typename FuzzFunction::ReturnType>::Cast([&]() {
-            return android::fuzz::ActionPerformer<FuzzFunction>::Invoke(test_module_.snapshot.get(),
-                                                                        action_proto, field_desc);
-        });
-    }
-
-    std::unique_ptr<SnapshotFuzzData> snapshot_fuzz_data_;
-    SnapshotTestModule test_module_;
-};
-
-#define SNAPSHOT_FUZZ_FN_NAME(name) FUZZ_FUNCTION_CLASS_NAME(SnapshotManagerAction, name)
-
-MATCHER_P(ResultIs, expected, "") {
-    if (!arg.ok()) {
-        *result_listener << arg.error();
-        return false;
-    }
-    *result_listener << "expected: " << expected;
-    return arg.value() == expected;
-}
-
-#define ASSERT_RESULT_TRUE(actual) ASSERT_THAT(actual, ResultIs(true))
-
-// Check that launch_device.txt is executed correctly.
-TEST_F(LibsnapshotFuzzerTest, LaunchDevice) {
-    SetUpFuzzData("launch_device.txt");
-
-    int i = 0;
-    ASSERT_RESULT_TRUE(Execute<SNAPSHOT_FUZZ_FN_NAME(BeginUpdate)>(i++));
-    ASSERT_RESULT_TRUE(Execute<SNAPSHOT_FUZZ_FN_NAME(CreateUpdateSnapshots)>(i++));
-    ASSERT_RESULT_TRUE(Execute<SNAPSHOT_FUZZ_FN_NAME(MapUpdateSnapshot)>(i++)) << "sys_b";
-    ASSERT_RESULT_TRUE(Execute<SNAPSHOT_FUZZ_FN_NAME(MapUpdateSnapshot)>(i++)) << "vnd_b";
-    ASSERT_RESULT_TRUE(Execute<SNAPSHOT_FUZZ_FN_NAME(MapUpdateSnapshot)>(i++)) << "prd_b";
-    ASSERT_RESULT_TRUE(Execute<SNAPSHOT_FUZZ_FN_NAME(FinishedSnapshotWrites)>(i++));
-    ASSERT_RESULT_TRUE(Execute<SNAPSHOT_FUZZ_FN_NAME(UnmapUpdateSnapshot)>(i++)) << "sys_b";
-    ASSERT_RESULT_TRUE(Execute<SNAPSHOT_FUZZ_FN_NAME(UnmapUpdateSnapshot)>(i++)) << "vnd_b";
-    ASSERT_RESULT_TRUE(Execute<SNAPSHOT_FUZZ_FN_NAME(UnmapUpdateSnapshot)>(i++)) << "prd_b";
-    ASSERT_RESULT_OK(Execute<SNAPSHOT_FUZZ_FN_NAME(SwitchSlot)>(i++));
-    ASSERT_EQ("_b", test_module_.device_info->GetSlotSuffix());
-    ASSERT_RESULT_TRUE(Execute<SNAPSHOT_FUZZ_FN_NAME(NeedSnapshotsInFirstStageMount)>(i++));
-    ASSERT_RESULT_TRUE(Execute<SNAPSHOT_FUZZ_FN_NAME(CreateLogicalAndSnapshotPartitions)>(i++));
-    ASSERT_RESULT_TRUE(Execute<SNAPSHOT_FUZZ_FN_NAME(InitiateMerge)>(i++));
-    ASSERT_RESULT_TRUE(Execute<SNAPSHOT_FUZZ_FN_NAME(ProcessUpdateState)>(i++));
-    ASSERT_EQ(i, snapshot_fuzz_data_->actions_size()) << "Not all actions are executed.";
-}
-
-}  // namespace android::snapshot
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_fuzz_utils.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_fuzz_utils.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 54c6a00..0000000
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_fuzz_utils.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,513 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-#include <ftw.h>
-#include <inttypes.h>
-#include <sys/mman.h>
-#include <sys/mount.h>
-#include <sys/stat.h>
-#include <sysexits.h>
-
-#include <chrono>
-#include <string>
-
-#include <android-base/file.h>
-#include <android-base/logging.h>
-#include <android-base/properties.h>
-#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
-#include <android-base/strings.h>
-#include <fs_mgr.h>
-#include <libsnapshot/auto_device.h>
-#include <libsnapshot/snapshot.h>
-#include <storage_literals/storage_literals.h>
-
-#include "snapshot_fuzz_utils.h"
-#include "utility.h"
-
-// Prepends the errno string, but it is good enough.
-#ifndef PCHECK
-#define PCHECK(x) CHECK(x) << strerror(errno) << ": "
-#endif
-
-using namespace android::storage_literals;
-using namespace std::chrono_literals;
-using namespace std::string_literals;
-
-using android::base::Basename;
-using android::base::ReadFileToString;
-using android::base::SetProperty;
-using android::base::Split;
-using android::base::StartsWith;
-using android::base::StringPrintf;
-using android::base::unique_fd;
-using android::base::WriteStringToFile;
-using android::dm::DeviceMapper;
-using android::dm::DmTarget;
-using android::dm::LoopControl;
-using android::fiemap::IImageManager;
-using android::fiemap::ImageManager;
-using android::fs_mgr::BlockDeviceInfo;
-using android::fs_mgr::FstabEntry;
-using android::fs_mgr::IPartitionOpener;
-using chromeos_update_engine::DynamicPartitionMetadata;
-
-static const char MNT_DIR[] = "/mnt";
-static const char BLOCK_SYSFS[] = "/sys/block";
-
-static const char FAKE_ROOT_NAME[] = "snapshot_fuzz";
-static const auto SUPER_IMAGE_SIZE = 16_MiB;
-static const auto DATA_IMAGE_SIZE = 16_MiB;
-static const auto FAKE_ROOT_SIZE = 64_MiB;
-
-namespace android::snapshot {
-
-bool Mkdir(const std::string& path) {
-    if (mkdir(path.c_str(), 0750) == -1 && errno != EEXIST) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Cannot create " << path;
-        return false;
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool RmdirRecursive(const std::string& path) {
-    auto callback = [](const char* child, const struct stat*, int file_type, struct FTW*) -> int {
-        switch (file_type) {
-            case FTW_D:
-            case FTW_DP:
-            case FTW_DNR:
-                if (rmdir(child) == -1) {
-                    PLOG(ERROR) << "rmdir " << child;
-                    return -1;
-                }
-                return 0;
-            case FTW_NS:
-            default:
-                if (rmdir(child) != -1) break;
-                [[fallthrough]];
-            case FTW_F:
-            case FTW_SL:
-            case FTW_SLN:
-                if (unlink(child) == -1) {
-                    PLOG(ERROR) << "unlink " << child;
-                    return -1;
-                }
-                return 0;
-        }
-        return 0;
-    };
-
-    return nftw(path.c_str(), callback, 128, FTW_DEPTH | FTW_MOUNT | FTW_PHYS) == 0;
-}
-
-std::string GetLinearBaseDeviceString(const DeviceMapper::TargetInfo& target) {
-    if (target.spec.target_type != "linear"s) return {};
-    auto tokens = Split(target.data, " ");
-    CHECK_EQ(2, tokens.size());
-    return tokens[0];
-}
-
-std::vector<std::string> GetSnapshotBaseDeviceStrings(const DeviceMapper::TargetInfo& target) {
-    if (target.spec.target_type != "snapshot"s && target.spec.target_type != "snapshot-merge"s)
-        return {};
-    auto tokens = Split(target.data, " ");
-    CHECK_EQ(4, tokens.size());
-    return {tokens[0], tokens[1]};
-}
-
-bool ShouldDeleteLoopDevice(const std::string& node) {
-    std::string backing_file;
-    if (ReadFileToString(StringPrintf("%s/loop/backing_file", node.data()), &backing_file)) {
-        if (StartsWith(backing_file, std::string(MNT_DIR) + "/" + FAKE_ROOT_NAME)) {
-            return true;
-        }
-    }
-    return false;
-}
-
-std::vector<DeviceMapper::TargetInfo> GetTableInfoIfExists(const std::string& dev_name) {
-    auto& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
-    std::vector<DeviceMapper::TargetInfo> table;
-    if (!dm.GetTableInfo(dev_name, &table)) {
-        PCHECK(errno == ENODEV || errno == ENXIO);
-        return {};
-    }
-    return table;
-}
-
-std::set<std::string> GetAllBaseDeviceStrings(const std::string& child_dev) {
-    std::set<std::string> ret;
-    for (const auto& child_target : GetTableInfoIfExists(child_dev)) {
-        auto snapshot_bases = GetSnapshotBaseDeviceStrings(child_target);
-        ret.insert(snapshot_bases.begin(), snapshot_bases.end());
-
-        auto linear_base = GetLinearBaseDeviceString(child_target);
-        if (!linear_base.empty()) {
-            ret.insert(linear_base);
-        }
-    }
-    return ret;
-}
-
-using PropertyList = std::set<std::string>;
-void InsertProperty(const char* key, const char* /*name*/, void* cookie) {
-    reinterpret_cast<PropertyList*>(cookie)->insert(key);
-}
-
-// Attempt to delete all devices that is based on dev_name, including itself.
-void CheckDeleteDeviceMapperTree(const std::string& dev_name, bool known_allow_delete = false,
-                                 uint64_t depth = 100) {
-    CHECK(depth > 0) << "Reaching max depth when deleting " << dev_name
-                     << ". There may be devices referencing itself. Check `dmctl list devices -v`.";
-
-    auto& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
-    auto table = GetTableInfoIfExists(dev_name);
-    if (table.empty()) {
-        PCHECK(dm.DeleteDeviceIfExists(dev_name)) << dev_name;
-        return;
-    }
-
-    if (!known_allow_delete) {
-        for (const auto& target : table) {
-            auto base_device_string = GetLinearBaseDeviceString(target);
-            if (base_device_string.empty()) continue;
-            if (ShouldDeleteLoopDevice(
-                        StringPrintf("/sys/dev/block/%s", base_device_string.data()))) {
-                known_allow_delete = true;
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    if (!known_allow_delete) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    std::string dev_string;
-    PCHECK(dm.GetDeviceString(dev_name, &dev_string));
-
-    std::vector<DeviceMapper::DmBlockDevice> devices;
-    PCHECK(dm.GetAvailableDevices(&devices));
-    for (const auto& child_dev : devices) {
-        auto child_bases = GetAllBaseDeviceStrings(child_dev.name());
-        if (child_bases.find(dev_string) != child_bases.end()) {
-            CheckDeleteDeviceMapperTree(child_dev.name(), true /* known_allow_delete */, depth - 1);
-        }
-    }
-
-    PCHECK(dm.DeleteDeviceIfExists(dev_name)) << dev_name;
-}
-
-// Attempt to clean up residues from previous runs.
-void CheckCleanupDeviceMapperDevices() {
-    auto& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
-    std::vector<DeviceMapper::DmBlockDevice> devices;
-    PCHECK(dm.GetAvailableDevices(&devices));
-
-    for (const auto& dev : devices) {
-        CheckDeleteDeviceMapperTree(dev.name());
-    }
-}
-
-void CheckUmount(const std::string& path) {
-    PCHECK(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(umount(path.data()) == 0) || errno == ENOENT || errno == EINVAL)
-            << path;
-}
-
-void CheckDetachLoopDevices(const std::set<std::string>& exclude_names = {}) {
-    // ~SnapshotFuzzEnv automatically does the following.
-    std::unique_ptr<DIR, decltype(&closedir)> dir(opendir(BLOCK_SYSFS), closedir);
-    PCHECK(dir != nullptr) << BLOCK_SYSFS;
-    LoopControl loop_control;
-    dirent* dp;
-    while ((dp = readdir(dir.get())) != nullptr) {
-        if (exclude_names.find(dp->d_name) != exclude_names.end()) {
-            continue;
-        }
-        if (!ShouldDeleteLoopDevice(StringPrintf("%s/%s", BLOCK_SYSFS, dp->d_name).data())) {
-            continue;
-        }
-        PCHECK(loop_control.Detach(StringPrintf("/dev/block/%s", dp->d_name).data()));
-    }
-}
-
-void CheckUmountAll() {
-    CheckUmount(std::string(MNT_DIR) + "/snapshot_fuzz_data");
-    CheckUmount(std::string(MNT_DIR) + "/" + FAKE_ROOT_NAME);
-}
-
-class AutoDeleteDir : public AutoDevice {
-  public:
-    static std::unique_ptr<AutoDeleteDir> New(const std::string& path) {
-        if (!Mkdir(path)) {
-            return std::unique_ptr<AutoDeleteDir>(new AutoDeleteDir(""));
-        }
-        return std::unique_ptr<AutoDeleteDir>(new AutoDeleteDir(path));
-    }
-    ~AutoDeleteDir() {
-        if (!HasDevice()) return;
-        PCHECK(rmdir(name_.c_str()) == 0 || errno == ENOENT) << name_;
-    }
-
-  private:
-    AutoDeleteDir(const std::string& path) : AutoDevice(path) {}
-};
-
-class AutoUnmount : public AutoDevice {
-  public:
-    ~AutoUnmount() {
-        if (!HasDevice()) return;
-        CheckUmount(name_);
-    }
-    AutoUnmount(const std::string& path) : AutoDevice(path) {}
-};
-
-class AutoUnmountTmpfs : public AutoUnmount {
-  public:
-    static std::unique_ptr<AutoUnmount> New(const std::string& path, uint64_t size) {
-        if (mount("tmpfs", path.c_str(), "tmpfs", 0,
-                  (void*)StringPrintf("size=%" PRIu64, size).data()) == -1) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "Cannot mount " << path;
-            return std::unique_ptr<AutoUnmount>(new AutoUnmount(""));
-        }
-        return std::unique_ptr<AutoUnmount>(new AutoUnmount(path));
-    }
-  private:
-    using AutoUnmount::AutoUnmount;
-};
-
-// A directory on tmpfs. Upon destruct, it is unmounted and deleted.
-class AutoMemBasedDir : public AutoDevice {
-  public:
-    static std::unique_ptr<AutoMemBasedDir> New(const std::string& name, uint64_t size) {
-        auto ret = std::unique_ptr<AutoMemBasedDir>(new AutoMemBasedDir(name));
-        ret->auto_delete_mount_dir_ = AutoDeleteDir::New(ret->mount_path());
-        if (!ret->auto_delete_mount_dir_->HasDevice()) {
-            return std::unique_ptr<AutoMemBasedDir>(new AutoMemBasedDir(""));
-        }
-        ret->auto_umount_mount_point_ = AutoUnmountTmpfs::New(ret->mount_path(), size);
-        if (!ret->auto_umount_mount_point_->HasDevice()) {
-            return std::unique_ptr<AutoMemBasedDir>(new AutoMemBasedDir(""));
-        }
-        // tmp_path() and persist_path does not need to be deleted upon destruction, hence it is
-        // not wrapped with AutoDeleteDir.
-        if (!Mkdir(ret->tmp_path())) {
-            return std::unique_ptr<AutoMemBasedDir>(new AutoMemBasedDir(""));
-        }
-        if (!Mkdir(ret->persist_path())) {
-            return std::unique_ptr<AutoMemBasedDir>(new AutoMemBasedDir(""));
-        }
-        return ret;
-    }
-    // Return the temporary scratch directory.
-    std::string tmp_path() const {
-        CHECK(HasDevice());
-        return mount_path() + "/tmp";
-    }
-    // Return the temporary scratch directory.
-    std::string persist_path() const {
-        CHECK(HasDevice());
-        return mount_path() + "/persist";
-    }
-    // Delete all contents in tmp_path() and start over. tmp_path() itself is re-created.
-    void CheckSoftReset() {
-        PCHECK(RmdirRecursive(tmp_path()));
-        PCHECK(Mkdir(tmp_path()));
-    }
-
-  private:
-    AutoMemBasedDir(const std::string& name) : AutoDevice(name) {}
-    std::string mount_path() const {
-        CHECK(HasDevice());
-        return MNT_DIR + "/"s + name_;
-    }
-    std::unique_ptr<AutoDeleteDir> auto_delete_mount_dir_;
-    std::unique_ptr<AutoUnmount> auto_umount_mount_point_;
-};
-
-SnapshotFuzzEnv::SnapshotFuzzEnv() {
-    CheckCleanupDeviceMapperDevices();
-    CheckDetachLoopDevices();
-    CheckUmountAll();
-
-    fake_root_ = AutoMemBasedDir::New(FAKE_ROOT_NAME, FAKE_ROOT_SIZE);
-    CHECK(fake_root_ != nullptr);
-    CHECK(fake_root_->HasDevice());
-    loop_control_ = std::make_unique<LoopControl>();
-
-    fake_data_mount_point_ = MNT_DIR + "/snapshot_fuzz_data"s;
-    auto_delete_data_mount_point_ = AutoDeleteDir::New(fake_data_mount_point_);
-    CHECK(auto_delete_data_mount_point_ != nullptr);
-    CHECK(auto_delete_data_mount_point_->HasDevice());
-
-    const auto& fake_persist_path = fake_root_->persist_path();
-    mapped_super_ = CheckMapImage(fake_persist_path + "/super.img", SUPER_IMAGE_SIZE,
-                                  loop_control_.get(), &fake_super_);
-    mapped_data_ = CheckMapImage(fake_persist_path + "/data.img", DATA_IMAGE_SIZE,
-                                 loop_control_.get(), &fake_data_block_device_);
-    mounted_data_ = CheckMountFormatData(fake_data_block_device_, fake_data_mount_point_);
-}
-
-SnapshotFuzzEnv::~SnapshotFuzzEnv() {
-    CheckCleanupDeviceMapperDevices();
-    mounted_data_ = nullptr;
-    auto_delete_data_mount_point_ = nullptr;
-    mapped_data_ = nullptr;
-    mapped_super_ = nullptr;
-    CheckDetachLoopDevices();
-    loop_control_ = nullptr;
-    fake_root_ = nullptr;
-    CheckUmountAll();
-}
-
-void CheckZeroFill(const std::string& file, size_t size) {
-    std::string zeros(size, '\0');
-    PCHECK(WriteStringToFile(zeros, file)) << "Cannot write zeros to " << file;
-}
-
-void SnapshotFuzzEnv::CheckSoftReset() {
-    fake_root_->CheckSoftReset();
-    CheckZeroFill(super(), SUPER_IMAGE_SIZE);
-    CheckCleanupDeviceMapperDevices();
-    CheckDetachLoopDevices({Basename(fake_super_), Basename(fake_data_block_device_)});
-}
-
-std::unique_ptr<IImageManager> SnapshotFuzzEnv::CheckCreateFakeImageManager() {
-    auto metadata_dir = fake_root_->tmp_path() + "/images_manager_metadata";
-    auto data_dir = fake_data_mount_point_ + "/image_manager_data";
-    PCHECK(Mkdir(metadata_dir));
-    PCHECK(Mkdir(data_dir));
-    return SnapshotFuzzImageManager::Open(metadata_dir, data_dir);
-}
-
-// Helper to create a loop device for a file.
-static void CheckCreateLoopDevice(LoopControl* control, const std::string& file,
-                                  const std::chrono::milliseconds& timeout_ms, std::string* path) {
-    static constexpr int kOpenFlags = O_RDWR | O_NOFOLLOW | O_CLOEXEC;
-    android::base::unique_fd file_fd(open(file.c_str(), kOpenFlags));
-    PCHECK(file_fd >= 0) << "Could not open file: " << file;
-    CHECK(control->Attach(file_fd, timeout_ms, path))
-            << "Could not create loop device for: " << file;
-}
-
-class AutoDetachLoopDevice : public AutoDevice {
-  public:
-    AutoDetachLoopDevice(LoopControl* control, const std::string& device)
-        : AutoDevice(device), control_(control) {}
-    ~AutoDetachLoopDevice() { PCHECK(control_->Detach(name_)) << name_; }
-
-  private:
-    LoopControl* control_;
-};
-
-std::unique_ptr<AutoDevice> SnapshotFuzzEnv::CheckMapImage(const std::string& img_path,
-                                                           uint64_t size, LoopControl* control,
-                                                           std::string* mapped_path) {
-    CheckZeroFill(img_path, size);
-    CheckCreateLoopDevice(control, img_path, 1s, mapped_path);
-
-    return std::make_unique<AutoDetachLoopDevice>(control, *mapped_path);
-}
-
-SnapshotTestModule SnapshotFuzzEnv::CheckCreateSnapshotManager(const SnapshotFuzzData& data) {
-    SnapshotTestModule ret;
-    auto partition_opener = std::make_unique<TestPartitionOpener>(super());
-    ret.opener = partition_opener.get();
-    CheckWriteSuperMetadata(data, *partition_opener);
-    auto metadata_dir = fake_root_->tmp_path() + "/snapshot_metadata";
-    PCHECK(Mkdir(metadata_dir));
-    if (data.has_metadata_snapshots_dir()) {
-        PCHECK(Mkdir(metadata_dir + "/snapshots"));
-    }
-
-    ret.device_info = new SnapshotFuzzDeviceInfo(this, data.device_info_data(),
-                                                 std::move(partition_opener), metadata_dir);
-    auto snapshot = SnapshotManager::New(ret.device_info /* takes ownership */);
-    ret.snapshot = std::move(snapshot);
-
-    return ret;
-}
-
-const std::string& SnapshotFuzzEnv::super() const {
-    return fake_super_;
-}
-
-void SnapshotFuzzEnv::CheckWriteSuperMetadata(const SnapshotFuzzData& data,
-                                              const IPartitionOpener& opener) {
-    if (!data.is_super_metadata_valid()) {
-        // Leave it zero.
-        return;
-    }
-
-    BlockDeviceInfo super_device("super", SUPER_IMAGE_SIZE, 0, 0, 4096);
-    std::vector<BlockDeviceInfo> devices = {super_device};
-    auto builder = MetadataBuilder::New(devices, "super", 65536, 2);
-    CHECK(builder != nullptr);
-
-    // Attempt to create a super partition metadata using proto. All errors are ignored.
-    for (const auto& group_proto : data.super_data().dynamic_partition_metadata().groups()) {
-        (void)builder->AddGroup(group_proto.name(), group_proto.size());
-        for (const auto& partition_name : group_proto.partition_names()) {
-            (void)builder->AddPartition(partition_name, group_proto.name(),
-                                        LP_PARTITION_ATTR_READONLY);
-        }
-    }
-
-    for (const auto& partition_proto : data.super_data().partitions()) {
-        auto p = builder->FindPartition(partition_proto.partition_name());
-        if (p == nullptr) continue;
-        (void)builder->ResizePartition(p, partition_proto.new_partition_info().size());
-    }
-
-    auto metadata = builder->Export();
-    // metadata may be nullptr if it is not valid (e.g. partition name too long).
-    // In this case, just use empty super partition data.
-    if (metadata == nullptr) {
-        builder = MetadataBuilder::New(devices, "super", 65536, 2);
-        CHECK(builder != nullptr);
-        metadata = builder->Export();
-        CHECK(metadata != nullptr);
-    }
-    CHECK(FlashPartitionTable(opener, super(), *metadata.get()));
-}
-
-std::unique_ptr<AutoDevice> SnapshotFuzzEnv::CheckMountFormatData(const std::string& blk_device,
-                                                                  const std::string& mount_point) {
-    FstabEntry entry{
-            .blk_device = blk_device,
-            .length = static_cast<off64_t>(DATA_IMAGE_SIZE),
-            .fs_type = "ext4",
-            .mount_point = mount_point,
-    };
-    CHECK(0 == fs_mgr_do_format(entry));
-    CHECK(0 == fs_mgr_do_mount_one(entry));
-    return std::make_unique<AutoUnmount>(mount_point);
-}
-
-SnapshotFuzzImageManager::~SnapshotFuzzImageManager() {
-    // Remove relevant gsid.mapped_images.* props.
-    for (const auto& name : mapped_) {
-        CHECK(UnmapImageIfExists(name)) << "Cannot unmap " << name;
-    }
-}
-
-bool SnapshotFuzzImageManager::MapImageDevice(const std::string& name,
-                                              const std::chrono::milliseconds& timeout_ms,
-                                              std::string* path) {
-    if (impl_->MapImageDevice(name, timeout_ms, path)) {
-        mapped_.insert(name);
-        return true;
-    }
-    return false;
-}
-
-}  // namespace android::snapshot
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_fuzz_utils.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_fuzz_utils.h
deleted file mode 100644
index eb8246a..0000000
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_fuzz_utils.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,214 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-#include <memory>
-#include <set>
-#include <string>
-
-#include <android-base/file.h>
-#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
-#include <android/snapshot/snapshot_fuzz.pb.h>
-#include <libdm/loop_control.h>
-#include <libfiemap/image_manager.h>
-#include <liblp/liblp.h>
-#include <libsnapshot/auto_device.h>
-#include <libsnapshot/test_helpers.h>
-
-// libsnapshot-specific code for fuzzing. Defines fake classes that are depended
-// by SnapshotManager.
-
-#include "android/snapshot/snapshot_fuzz.pb.h"
-#include "libsnapshot/snapshot.h"
-
-namespace android::snapshot {
-
-class AutoMemBasedDir;
-class SnapshotFuzzDeviceInfo;
-
-class NoOpAutoDevice : public AutoDevice {
-  public:
-    NoOpAutoDevice(bool mounted) : AutoDevice(mounted ? "no_op" : "") {}
-};
-
-struct SnapshotTestModule {
-    std::unique_ptr<ISnapshotManager> snapshot;
-    SnapshotFuzzDeviceInfo* device_info = nullptr;
-    TestPartitionOpener* opener = nullptr;
-};
-
-// Prepare test environment. This has a heavy overhead and should be done once.
-class SnapshotFuzzEnv {
-  public:
-    // Check if test should run at all.
-    static bool ShouldSkipTest();
-
-    // Initialize the environment.
-    SnapshotFuzzEnv();
-    ~SnapshotFuzzEnv();
-
-    // Soft reset part of the environment before running the next test.
-    // Abort if fails.
-    void CheckSoftReset();
-
-    // Create a snapshot manager for this test run.
-    // Client is responsible for maintaining the lifetime of |data| over the life time of
-    // ISnapshotManager.
-    SnapshotTestModule CheckCreateSnapshotManager(const SnapshotFuzzData& data);
-
-    std::unique_ptr<android::fiemap::IImageManager> CheckCreateFakeImageManager();
-
-    // Return path to super partition.
-    const std::string& super() const;
-
-  private:
-    std::unique_ptr<AutoMemBasedDir> fake_root_;
-    std::unique_ptr<android::dm::LoopControl> loop_control_;
-    std::string fake_data_mount_point_;
-    std::unique_ptr<AutoDevice> auto_delete_data_mount_point_;
-    std::unique_ptr<AutoDevice> mapped_super_;
-    std::string fake_super_;
-    std::unique_ptr<AutoDevice> mapped_data_;
-    std::string fake_data_block_device_;
-    std::unique_ptr<AutoDevice> mounted_data_;
-
-    static std::unique_ptr<AutoDevice> CheckMapImage(const std::string& fake_persist_path,
-                                                     uint64_t size,
-                                                     android::dm::LoopControl* control,
-                                                     std::string* mapped_path);
-    static std::unique_ptr<AutoDevice> CheckMountFormatData(const std::string& blk_device,
-                                                            const std::string& mount_point);
-
-    void CheckWriteSuperMetadata(const SnapshotFuzzData& proto,
-                                 const android::fs_mgr::IPartitionOpener& opener);
-};
-
-class SnapshotFuzzDeviceInfo : public ISnapshotManager::IDeviceInfo {
-  public:
-    using MergeStatus = ISnapshotManager::IDeviceInfo::MergeStatus;
-    // Client is responsible for maintaining the lifetime of |data|.
-    SnapshotFuzzDeviceInfo(SnapshotFuzzEnv* env, const FuzzDeviceInfoData& data,
-                           std::unique_ptr<TestPartitionOpener>&& partition_opener,
-                           const std::string& metadata_dir)
-        : env_(env),
-          data_(&data),
-          partition_opener_(std::move(partition_opener)),
-          metadata_dir_(metadata_dir),
-          dm_(android::dm::DeviceMapper::Instance()) {}
-
-    // Following APIs are mocked.
-    std::string GetMetadataDir() const override { return metadata_dir_; }
-    std::string GetSuperDevice(uint32_t) const override {
-        // TestPartitionOpener can recognize this.
-        return "super";
-    }
-    const android::fs_mgr::IPartitionOpener& GetPartitionOpener() const override {
-        return *partition_opener_;
-    }
-
-    // Following APIs are fuzzed.
-    std::string GetSlotSuffix() const override { return CurrentSlotIsA() ? "_a" : "_b"; }
-    std::string GetOtherSlotSuffix() const override { return CurrentSlotIsA() ? "_b" : "_a"; }
-    bool IsOverlayfsSetup() const override { return data_->is_overlayfs_setup(); }
-    bool SetBootControlMergeStatus(MergeStatus) override {
-        return data_->allow_set_boot_control_merge_status();
-    }
-    bool SetSlotAsUnbootable(unsigned int) override {
-        return data_->allow_set_slot_as_unbootable();
-    }
-    bool IsRecovery() const override { return data_->is_recovery(); }
-    bool IsFirstStageInit() const override { return false; }
-    android::dm::IDeviceMapper& GetDeviceMapper() override { return dm_; }
-    std::unique_ptr<IImageManager> OpenImageManager() const {
-        return env_->CheckCreateFakeImageManager();
-    }
-
-    void SwitchSlot() { switched_slot_ = !switched_slot_; }
-
-  private:
-    SnapshotFuzzEnv* env_;
-    const FuzzDeviceInfoData* data_;
-    std::unique_ptr<TestPartitionOpener> partition_opener_;
-    std::string metadata_dir_;
-    bool switched_slot_ = false;
-    android::dm::DeviceMapper& dm_;
-
-    bool CurrentSlotIsA() const { return data_->slot_suffix_is_a() != switched_slot_; }
-};
-
-// A spy class on ImageManager implementation. Upon destruction, unmaps all images
-// map through this object.
-class SnapshotFuzzImageManager : public android::fiemap::IImageManager {
-  public:
-    static std::unique_ptr<SnapshotFuzzImageManager> Open(const std::string& metadata_dir,
-                                                          const std::string& data_dir) {
-        auto impl = android::fiemap::ImageManager::Open(metadata_dir, data_dir);
-        if (impl == nullptr) return nullptr;
-        return std::unique_ptr<SnapshotFuzzImageManager>(
-                new SnapshotFuzzImageManager(std::move(impl)));
-    }
-
-    ~SnapshotFuzzImageManager();
-
-    // Spied APIs.
-    bool MapImageDevice(const std::string& name, const std::chrono::milliseconds& timeout_ms,
-                        std::string* path) override;
-
-    // Other functions call through.
-    android::fiemap::FiemapStatus CreateBackingImage(
-            const std::string& name, uint64_t size, int flags,
-            std::function<bool(uint64_t, uint64_t)>&& on_progress) override {
-        return impl_->CreateBackingImage(name, size, flags, std::move(on_progress));
-    }
-    bool DeleteBackingImage(const std::string& name) override {
-        return impl_->DeleteBackingImage(name);
-    }
-    bool UnmapImageDevice(const std::string& name) override {
-        return impl_->UnmapImageDevice(name);
-    }
-    bool BackingImageExists(const std::string& name) override {
-        return impl_->BackingImageExists(name);
-    }
-    bool IsImageMapped(const std::string& name) override { return impl_->IsImageMapped(name); }
-    bool MapImageWithDeviceMapper(const IPartitionOpener& opener, const std::string& name,
-                                  std::string* dev) override {
-        return impl_->MapImageWithDeviceMapper(opener, name, dev);
-    }
-    bool GetMappedImageDevice(const std::string& name, std::string* device) override {
-        return impl_->GetMappedImageDevice(name, device);
-    }
-    bool MapAllImages(const std::function<bool(std::set<std::string>)>& init) override {
-        return impl_->MapAllImages(init);
-    }
-    bool DisableImage(const std::string& name) override { return impl_->DisableImage(name); }
-    bool RemoveDisabledImages() override { return impl_->RemoveDisabledImages(); }
-    std::vector<std::string> GetAllBackingImages() override { return impl_->GetAllBackingImages(); }
-    android::fiemap::FiemapStatus ZeroFillNewImage(const std::string& name,
-                                                   uint64_t bytes) override {
-        return impl_->ZeroFillNewImage(name, bytes);
-    }
-    bool RemoveAllImages() override { return impl_->RemoveAllImages(); }
-    bool UnmapImageIfExists(const std::string& name) override {
-        return impl_->UnmapImageIfExists(name);
-    }
-    bool IsImageDisabled(const std::string& name) override { return impl_->IsImageDisabled(name); }
-
-  private:
-    std::unique_ptr<android::fiemap::IImageManager> impl_;
-    std::set<std::string> mapped_;
-
-    SnapshotFuzzImageManager(std::unique_ptr<android::fiemap::IImageManager>&& impl)
-        : impl_(std::move(impl)) {}
-};
-
-}  // namespace android::snapshot
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/Android.bp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/Android.bp
index a67e37c..9261482 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/Android.bp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/Android.bp
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@
     ],
     cflags: [
         "-D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64",
-        "-Wall",
-        "-Werror",
     ],
     export_include_dirs: ["include"],
     srcs: [
@@ -54,6 +52,39 @@
     vendor_ramdisk_available: true,
 }
 
+cc_library_static {
+    name: "libsnapuserd",
+    defaults: [
+        "fs_mgr_defaults",
+    ],
+    srcs: [
+        "dm-snapshot-merge/snapuserd.cpp",
+        "dm-snapshot-merge/snapuserd_worker.cpp",
+        "dm-snapshot-merge/snapuserd_readahead.cpp",
+        "snapuserd_buffer.cpp",
+        "user-space-merge/snapuserd_core.cpp",
+        "user-space-merge/snapuserd_dm_user.cpp",
+        "user-space-merge/snapuserd_merge.cpp",
+        "user-space-merge/snapuserd_readahead.cpp",
+        "user-space-merge/snapuserd_transitions.cpp",
+        "user-space-merge/snapuserd_verify.cpp",
+    ],
+    static_libs: [
+        "libbase",
+        "libdm",
+        "libext4_utils",
+        "libsnapshot_cow",
+        "liburing",
+    ],
+    include_dirs: ["bionic/libc/kernel"],
+    header_libs: [
+        "libstorage_literals_headers",
+    ],
+    ramdisk_available: true,
+    vendor_ramdisk_available: true,
+    recovery_available: true,
+}
+
 cc_defaults {
     name: "snapuserd_defaults",
     defaults: [
@@ -61,23 +92,8 @@
     ],
     srcs: [
         "dm-snapshot-merge/snapuserd_server.cpp",
-        "dm-snapshot-merge/snapuserd.cpp",
-        "dm-snapshot-merge/snapuserd_worker.cpp",
-        "dm-snapshot-merge/snapuserd_readahead.cpp",
         "snapuserd_daemon.cpp",
-        "snapuserd_buffer.cpp",
-        "user-space-merge/snapuserd_core.cpp",
-        "user-space-merge/snapuserd_dm_user.cpp",
-        "user-space-merge/snapuserd_merge.cpp",
-        "user-space-merge/snapuserd_readahead.cpp",
-        "user-space-merge/snapuserd_transitions.cpp",
         "user-space-merge/snapuserd_server.cpp",
-        "user-space-merge/snapuserd_verify.cpp",
-    ],
-
-    cflags: [
-        "-Wall",
-        "-Werror",
     ],
 
     static_libs: [
@@ -90,6 +106,7 @@
         "liblog",
         "libsnapshot_cow",
         "libsnapshot_snapuserd",
+        "libsnapuserd",
         "libz",
         "liblz4",
         "libext4_utils",
@@ -125,7 +142,6 @@
     ],
     ramdisk_available: false,
     vendor_ramdisk_available: true,
-    recovery_available: true,
 }
 
 // This target will install to /system/bin/snapuserd_ramdisk 
@@ -158,10 +174,6 @@
         "dm-snapshot-merge/snapuserd_worker.cpp",
         "snapuserd_buffer.cpp",
     ],
-    cflags: [
-        "-Wall",
-        "-Werror",
-    ],
     shared_libs: [
         "libbase",
         "liblog",
@@ -197,10 +209,6 @@
     srcs: [
         "user-space-merge/snapuserd_test.cpp",
     ],
-    cflags: [
-        "-Wall",
-        "-Werror",
-    ],
     shared_libs: [
         "libbase",
         "liblog",
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_core.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_core.cpp
index 492c43f..2c201ff 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_core.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_core.cpp
@@ -31,30 +31,21 @@
 using android::base::unique_fd;
 
 SnapshotHandler::SnapshotHandler(std::string misc_name, std::string cow_device,
-                                 std::string backing_device, std::string base_path_merge) {
+                                 std::string backing_device, std::string base_path_merge,
+                                 int num_worker_threads, bool use_iouring,
+                                 bool perform_verification) {
     misc_name_ = std::move(misc_name);
     cow_device_ = std::move(cow_device);
     backing_store_device_ = std::move(backing_device);
     control_device_ = "/dev/dm-user/" + misc_name_;
     base_path_merge_ = std::move(base_path_merge);
+    num_worker_threads_ = num_worker_threads;
+    is_io_uring_enabled_ = use_iouring;
+    perform_verification_ = perform_verification;
 }
 
 bool SnapshotHandler::InitializeWorkers() {
-    int num_worker_threads = kNumWorkerThreads;
-
-    // We will need multiple worker threads only during
-    // device boot after OTA. For all other purposes,
-    // one thread is sufficient. We don't want to consume
-    // unnecessary memory especially during OTA install phase
-    // when daemon will be up during entire post install phase.
-    //
-    // During boot up, we need multiple threads primarily for
-    // update-verification.
-    if (is_socket_present_) {
-        num_worker_threads = 1;
-    }
-
-    for (int i = 0; i < num_worker_threads; i++) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < num_worker_threads_; i++) {
         std::unique_ptr<Worker> wt =
                 std::make_unique<Worker>(cow_device_, backing_store_device_, control_device_,
                                          misc_name_, base_path_merge_, GetSharedPtr());
@@ -331,19 +322,11 @@
                 std::async(std::launch::async, &Worker::RunThread, worker_threads_[i].get()));
     }
 
-    bool partition_verification = true;
-
-    // We don't want to read the blocks during first stage init or
-    // during post-install phase.
-    if (android::base::EndsWith(misc_name_, "-init") || is_socket_present_) {
-        partition_verification = false;
-    }
-
     std::future<bool> merge_thread =
             std::async(std::launch::async, &Worker::RunMergeThread, merge_thread_.get());
 
     // Now that the worker threads are up, scan the partitions.
-    if (partition_verification) {
+    if (perform_verification_) {
         update_verify_->VerifyUpdatePartition();
     }
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_core.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_core.h
index 42237ef..777aa07 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_core.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_core.h
@@ -301,7 +301,8 @@
 class SnapshotHandler : public std::enable_shared_from_this<SnapshotHandler> {
   public:
     SnapshotHandler(std::string misc_name, std::string cow_device, std::string backing_device,
-                    std::string base_path_merge);
+                    std::string base_path_merge, int num_workers, bool use_iouring,
+                    bool perform_verification);
     bool InitCowDevice();
     bool Start();
 
@@ -369,8 +370,6 @@
     // Total number of blocks to be merged in a given read-ahead buffer region
     void SetMergedBlockCountForNextCommit(int x) { total_ra_blocks_merged_ = x; }
     int GetTotalBlocksToMerge() { return total_ra_blocks_merged_; }
-    void SetSocketPresent(bool socket) { is_socket_present_ = socket; }
-    void SetIouringEnabled(bool io_uring_enabled) { is_io_uring_enabled_ = io_uring_enabled; }
     bool MergeInitiated() { return merge_initiated_; }
     bool MergeMonitored() { return merge_monitored_; }
     double GetMergePercentage() { return merge_completion_percentage_; }
@@ -441,9 +440,10 @@
     bool merge_initiated_ = false;
     bool merge_monitored_ = false;
     bool attached_ = false;
-    bool is_socket_present_;
     bool is_io_uring_enabled_ = false;
     bool scratch_space_ = false;
+    int num_worker_threads_ = kNumWorkerThreads;
+    bool perform_verification_ = true;
 
     std::unique_ptr<struct io_uring> ring_;
     std::unique_ptr<UpdateVerify> update_verify_;
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_server.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_server.cpp
index d437d32..b7ce210 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_server.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_server.cpp
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
 #include <android-base/scopeguard.h>
+#include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <fs_mgr/file_wait.h>
 #include <snapuserd/snapuserd_client.h>
 #include "snapuserd_server.h"
@@ -101,7 +102,7 @@
     JoinAllThreads();
 }
 
-UserSnapshotDmUserHandler::UserSnapshotDmUserHandler(std::shared_ptr<SnapshotHandler> snapuserd)
+HandlerThread::HandlerThread(std::shared_ptr<SnapshotHandler> snapuserd)
     : snapuserd_(snapuserd), misc_name_(snapuserd_->GetMiscName()) {}
 
 bool UserSnapshotServer::Sendmsg(android::base::borrowed_fd fd, const std::string& msg) {
@@ -307,7 +308,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-void UserSnapshotServer::RunThread(std::shared_ptr<UserSnapshotDmUserHandler> handler) {
+void UserSnapshotServer::RunThread(std::shared_ptr<HandlerThread> handler) {
     LOG(INFO) << "Entering thread for handler: " << handler->misc_name();
 
     if (!handler->snapuserd()->Start()) {
@@ -428,7 +429,7 @@
 
 void UserSnapshotServer::JoinAllThreads() {
     // Acquire the thread list within the lock.
-    std::vector<std::shared_ptr<UserSnapshotDmUserHandler>> dm_users;
+    std::vector<std::shared_ptr<HandlerThread>> dm_users;
     {
         std::lock_guard<std::mutex> guard(lock_);
         dm_users = std::move(dm_users_);
@@ -483,25 +484,42 @@
     SetTerminating();
 }
 
-std::shared_ptr<UserSnapshotDmUserHandler> UserSnapshotServer::AddHandler(
-        const std::string& misc_name, const std::string& cow_device_path,
-        const std::string& backing_device, const std::string& base_path_merge) {
+std::shared_ptr<HandlerThread> UserSnapshotServer::AddHandler(const std::string& misc_name,
+                                                              const std::string& cow_device_path,
+                                                              const std::string& backing_device,
+                                                              const std::string& base_path_merge) {
+    // We will need multiple worker threads only during
+    // device boot after OTA. For all other purposes,
+    // one thread is sufficient. We don't want to consume
+    // unnecessary memory especially during OTA install phase
+    // when daemon will be up during entire post install phase.
+    //
+    // During boot up, we need multiple threads primarily for
+    // update-verification.
+    int num_worker_threads = kNumWorkerThreads;
+    if (is_socket_present_) {
+        num_worker_threads = 1;
+    }
+
+    bool perform_verification = true;
+    if (android::base::EndsWith(misc_name, "-init") || is_socket_present_) {
+        perform_verification = false;
+    }
+
     auto snapuserd = std::make_shared<SnapshotHandler>(misc_name, cow_device_path, backing_device,
-                                                       base_path_merge);
+                                                       base_path_merge, num_worker_threads,
+                                                       io_uring_enabled_, perform_verification);
     if (!snapuserd->InitCowDevice()) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to initialize Snapuserd";
         return nullptr;
     }
 
-    snapuserd->SetSocketPresent(is_socket_present_);
-    snapuserd->SetIouringEnabled(io_uring_enabled_);
-
     if (!snapuserd->InitializeWorkers()) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to initialize workers";
         return nullptr;
     }
 
-    auto handler = std::make_shared<UserSnapshotDmUserHandler>(snapuserd);
+    auto handler = std::make_shared<HandlerThread>(snapuserd);
     {
         std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(lock_);
         if (FindHandler(&lock, misc_name) != dm_users_.end()) {
@@ -513,7 +531,7 @@
     return handler;
 }
 
-bool UserSnapshotServer::StartHandler(const std::shared_ptr<UserSnapshotDmUserHandler>& handler) {
+bool UserSnapshotServer::StartHandler(const std::shared_ptr<HandlerThread>& handler) {
     if (handler->snapuserd()->IsAttached()) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Handler already attached";
         return false;
@@ -526,7 +544,7 @@
 }
 
 bool UserSnapshotServer::StartMerge(std::lock_guard<std::mutex>* proof_of_lock,
-                                    const std::shared_ptr<UserSnapshotDmUserHandler>& handler) {
+                                    const std::shared_ptr<HandlerThread>& handler) {
     CHECK(proof_of_lock);
 
     if (!handler->snapuserd()->IsAttached()) {
@@ -568,8 +586,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-std::string UserSnapshotServer::GetMergeStatus(
-        const std::shared_ptr<UserSnapshotDmUserHandler>& handler) {
+std::string UserSnapshotServer::GetMergeStatus(const std::shared_ptr<HandlerThread>& handler) {
     return handler->snapuserd()->GetMergeStatus();
 }
 
@@ -604,7 +621,7 @@
 }
 
 bool UserSnapshotServer::RemoveAndJoinHandler(const std::string& misc_name) {
-    std::shared_ptr<UserSnapshotDmUserHandler> handler;
+    std::shared_ptr<HandlerThread> handler;
     {
         std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(lock_);
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_server.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_server.h
index c2af61f..12c3903 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_server.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_server.h
@@ -54,9 +54,9 @@
     INVALID,
 };
 
-class UserSnapshotDmUserHandler {
+class HandlerThread {
   public:
-    explicit UserSnapshotDmUserHandler(std::shared_ptr<SnapshotHandler> snapuserd);
+    explicit HandlerThread(std::shared_ptr<SnapshotHandler> snapuserd);
 
     void FreeResources() {
         // Each worker thread holds a reference to snapuserd.
@@ -99,9 +99,9 @@
 
     std::mutex lock_;
 
-    using HandlerList = std::vector<std::shared_ptr<UserSnapshotDmUserHandler>>;
+    using HandlerList = std::vector<std::shared_ptr<HandlerThread>>;
     HandlerList dm_users_;
-    std::queue<std::shared_ptr<UserSnapshotDmUserHandler>> merge_handlers_;
+    std::queue<std::shared_ptr<HandlerThread>> merge_handlers_;
 
     void AddWatchedFd(android::base::borrowed_fd fd, int events);
     void AcceptClient();
@@ -118,13 +118,13 @@
 
     bool IsTerminating() { return terminating_; }
 
-    void RunThread(std::shared_ptr<UserSnapshotDmUserHandler> handler);
+    void RunThread(std::shared_ptr<HandlerThread> handler);
     void MonitorMerge();
 
     void JoinAllThreads();
     bool StartWithSocket(bool start_listening);
 
-    // Find a UserSnapshotDmUserHandler within a lock.
+    // Find a HandlerThread within a lock.
     HandlerList::iterator FindHandler(std::lock_guard<std::mutex>* proof_of_lock,
                                       const std::string& misc_name);
 
@@ -143,14 +143,14 @@
     bool RunForSocketHandoff();
     bool WaitForSocket();
 
-    std::shared_ptr<UserSnapshotDmUserHandler> AddHandler(const std::string& misc_name,
-                                                          const std::string& cow_device_path,
-                                                          const std::string& backing_device,
-                                                          const std::string& base_path_merge);
-    bool StartHandler(const std::shared_ptr<UserSnapshotDmUserHandler>& handler);
+    std::shared_ptr<HandlerThread> AddHandler(const std::string& misc_name,
+                                              const std::string& cow_device_path,
+                                              const std::string& backing_device,
+                                              const std::string& base_path_merge);
+    bool StartHandler(const std::shared_ptr<HandlerThread>& handler);
     bool StartMerge(std::lock_guard<std::mutex>* proof_of_lock,
-                    const std::shared_ptr<UserSnapshotDmUserHandler>& handler);
-    std::string GetMergeStatus(const std::shared_ptr<UserSnapshotDmUserHandler>& handler);
+                    const std::shared_ptr<HandlerThread>& handler);
+    std::string GetMergeStatus(const std::shared_ptr<HandlerThread>& handler);
 
     void WakeupMonitorMergeThread();
     void SetTerminating() { terminating_ = true; }
diff --git a/init/service.cpp b/init/service.cpp
index 8456d1e..35beaad 100644
--- a/init/service.cpp
+++ b/init/service.cpp
@@ -453,6 +453,7 @@
     // disable services requiring the console. For older kernels and boot
     // images, not setting this at all will fall back to the old behavior
     if (GetProperty("ro.boot.serialconsole", "") == "0") {
+        flags_ |= SVC_DISABLED;
         return {};
     }
 
diff --git a/trusty/keymaster/TEST_MAPPING b/trusty/keymaster/TEST_MAPPING
index 0dd39fb..0475e04 100644
--- a/trusty/keymaster/TEST_MAPPING
+++ b/trusty/keymaster/TEST_MAPPING
@@ -5,6 +5,18 @@
       },
       {
         "name": "VtsHalRemotelyProvisionedComponentTargetTest"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "RkpdAppUnitTests"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "RkpdAppGoogleUnitTests"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "RkpdAppIntegrationTests"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "RkpdAppGoogleIntegrationTests"
       }
   ]
 }