diff --git a/.clang-format-2 b/.clang-format-2
deleted file mode 100644
index ede5d7e..0000000
--- a/.clang-format-2
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-BasedOnStyle: Google
-AllowShortFunctionsOnASingleLine: Inline
-ColumnLimit: 100
-CommentPragmas: NOLINT:.*
-DerivePointerAlignment: false
-IndentWidth: 2
-PointerAlignment: Left
-TabWidth: 2
-UseTab: Never
diff --git a/.clang-format-2 b/.clang-format-2
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..7ab20d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.clang-format-2
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+../../build/soong/scripts/system-clang-format-2
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/.clang-format-4 b/.clang-format-4
deleted file mode 100644
index 55773a2..0000000
--- a/.clang-format-4
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-BasedOnStyle: Google
-AccessModifierOffset: -2
-AllowShortFunctionsOnASingleLine: Inline
-ColumnLimit: 100
-CommentPragmas: NOLINT:.*
-DerivePointerAlignment: false
-IndentWidth: 4
-ContinuationIndentWidth: 8
-PointerAlignment: Left
-TabWidth: 4
-UseTab: Never
diff --git a/.clang-format-4 b/.clang-format-4
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..ddcf5a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.clang-format-4
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+../../build/soong/scripts/system-clang-format
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/adb/Android.bp b/adb/Android.bp
index 8199fff..3813578 100644
--- a/adb/Android.bp
+++ b/adb/Android.bp
@@ -156,8 +156,6 @@
         "client/usb_libusb.cpp",
         "client/usb_dispatch.cpp",
         "client/transport_mdns.cpp",
-        "client/fastdeploy.cpp",
-        "client/fastdeploycallbacks.cpp",
     ],
 
     generated_headers: ["platform_tools_version"],
@@ -192,9 +190,6 @@
         "libdiagnose_usb",
         "libmdnssd",
         "libusb",
-        "libandroidfw",
-        "libziparchive",
-        "libz",
         "libutils",
         "liblog",
         "libcutils",
@@ -280,9 +275,6 @@
         "liblog",
         "libmdnssd",
         "libusb",
-        "libandroidfw",
-        "libziparchive",
-        "libz",
         "libutils",
         "liblog",
         "libcutils",
diff --git a/adb/client/adb_install.cpp b/adb/client/adb_install.cpp
index d56a25f..3869945 100644
--- a/adb/client/adb_install.cpp
+++ b/adb/client/adb_install.cpp
@@ -36,7 +36,9 @@
 #include "commandline.h"
 #include "fastdeploy.h"
 
+#if defined(ENABLE_FASTDEPLOY)
 static constexpr int kFastDeployMinApi = 24;
+#endif
 
 static bool can_use_feature(const char* feature) {
     FeatureSet features;
@@ -130,10 +132,12 @@
     *buf = '\0';
 }
 
+#if defined(ENABLE_FASTDEPLOY)
 static int delete_device_patch_file(const char* apkPath) {
     std::string patchDevicePath = get_patch_path(apkPath);
     return delete_device_file(patchDevicePath);
 }
+#endif
 
 static int install_app_streamed(int argc, const char** argv, bool use_fastdeploy,
                                 bool use_localagent) {
@@ -159,6 +163,7 @@
     }
 
     if (use_fastdeploy == true) {
+#if defined(ENABLE_FASTDEPLOY)
         TemporaryFile metadataTmpFile;
         std::string patchTmpFilePath;
         {
@@ -179,6 +184,9 @@
         adb_unlink(patchTmpFilePath.c_str());
         delete_device_patch_file(file);
         return 0;
+#else
+        error_exit("fastdeploy is disabled");
+#endif
     } else {
         struct stat sb;
         if (stat(file, &sb) == -1) {
@@ -252,6 +260,7 @@
             "/data/local/tmp/" + android::base::Basename(argv[last_apk]);
 
     if (use_fastdeploy == true) {
+#if defined(ENABLE_FASTDEPLOY)
         TemporaryFile metadataTmpFile;
         TemporaryFile patchTmpFile;
 
@@ -261,6 +270,9 @@
 
         create_patch(apk_file[0], metadataTmpFile.path, patchTmpFile.path);
         apply_patch_on_device(apk_file[0], patchTmpFile.path, apk_dest.c_str());
+#else
+        error_exit("fastdeploy is disabled");
+#endif
     } else {
         if (!do_sync_push(apk_file, apk_dest.c_str(), false)) goto cleanup_apk;
     }
@@ -270,7 +282,9 @@
 
 cleanup_apk:
     if (use_fastdeploy == true) {
+#if defined(ENABLE_FASTDEPLOY)
         delete_device_patch_file(apk_file[0]);
+#endif
     }
     delete_device_file(apk_dest);
     return result;
@@ -334,12 +348,14 @@
         error_exit("Attempting to use streaming install on unsupported device");
     }
 
+#if defined(ENABLE_FASTDEPLOY)
     if (use_fastdeploy == true && get_device_api_level() < kFastDeployMinApi) {
         printf("Fast Deploy is only compatible with devices of API version %d or higher, "
                "ignoring.\n",
                kFastDeployMinApi);
         use_fastdeploy = false;
     }
+#endif
 
     std::vector<const char*> passthrough_argv;
     for (int i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
@@ -353,12 +369,16 @@
     }
 
     if (use_fastdeploy == true) {
+#if defined(ENABLE_FASTDEPLOY)
         fastdeploy_set_local_agent(use_localagent);
         update_agent(agent_update_strategy);
 
         // The last argument must be the APK file
         const char* file = passthrough_argv.back();
         use_fastdeploy = find_package(file);
+#else
+        error_exit("fastdeploy is disabled");
+#endif
     }
 
     switch (installMode) {
diff --git a/adb/daemon/remount_service.cpp b/adb/daemon/remount_service.cpp
index 3c9dd04..b26c691 100644
--- a/adb/daemon/remount_service.cpp
+++ b/adb/daemon/remount_service.cpp
@@ -75,16 +75,20 @@
 
 // Returns the device used to mount a directory in the fstab.
 static std::string find_fstab_mount(const char* dir) {
-    std::unique_ptr<fstab, decltype(&fs_mgr_free_fstab)> fstab(fs_mgr_read_fstab_default(),
-                                                               fs_mgr_free_fstab);
-    struct fstab_rec* rec = fs_mgr_get_entry_for_mount_point(fstab.get(), dir);
-    if (!rec) {
+    Fstab fstab;
+    if (!ReadDefaultFstab(&fstab)) {
         return "";
     }
-    if (fs_mgr_is_logical(rec)) {
-        fs_mgr_update_logical_partition(rec);
+
+    auto entry = std::find_if(fstab.begin(), fstab.end(),
+                              [&dir](const auto& entry) { return entry.mount_point == dir; });
+    if (entry == fstab.end()) {
+        return "";
     }
-    return rec->blk_device;
+    if (entry->fs_mgr_flags.logical) {
+        fs_mgr_update_logical_partition(&(*entry));
+    }
+    return entry->blk_device;
 }
 
 // The proc entry for / is full of lies, so check fstab instead.
diff --git a/adb/daemon/set_verity_enable_state_service.cpp b/adb/daemon/set_verity_enable_state_service.cpp
index 3676de5..f5c28c6 100644
--- a/adb/daemon/set_verity_enable_state_service.cpp
+++ b/adb/daemon/set_verity_enable_state_service.cpp
@@ -41,8 +41,6 @@
 
 #include "fec/io.h"
 
-struct fstab *fstab;
-
 #ifdef ALLOW_ADBD_DISABLE_VERITY
 static const bool kAllowDisableVerity = true;
 #else
@@ -213,18 +211,18 @@
         // Not using AVB - assume VB1.0.
 
         // read all fstab entries at once from all sources
-        if (!fstab) fstab = fs_mgr_read_fstab_default();
-        if (!fstab) {
+        Fstab fstab;
+        if (!ReadDefaultFstab(&fstab)) {
             WriteFdExactly(fd.get(), "Failed to read fstab\n");
             suggest_run_adb_root(fd.get());
             return;
         }
 
         // Loop through entries looking for ones that verity manages.
-        for (int i = 0; i < fstab->num_entries; i++) {
-            if (fs_mgr_is_verified(&fstab->recs[i])) {
-                if (set_verity_enabled_state(fd.get(), fstab->recs[i].blk_device,
-                                             fstab->recs[i].mount_point, enable)) {
+        for (const auto& entry : fstab) {
+            if (entry.fs_mgr_flags.verify) {
+                if (set_verity_enabled_state(fd.get(), entry.blk_device.c_str(),
+                                             entry.mount_point.c_str(), enable)) {
                     any_changed = true;
                 }
             }
diff --git a/adb/sockets.cpp b/adb/sockets.cpp
index 5b4c51e..f7c39f0 100644
--- a/adb/sockets.cpp
+++ b/adb/sockets.cpp
@@ -359,8 +359,9 @@
         return nullptr;
     }
 
+    int fd_value = fd.get();
     asocket* s = create_local_socket(std::move(fd));
-    LOG(VERBOSE) << "LS(" << s->id << "): bound to '" << name << "' via " << fd.get();
+    LOG(VERBOSE) << "LS(" << s->id << "): bound to '" << name << "' via " << fd_value;
 
 #if !ADB_HOST
     if ((name.starts_with("root:") && getuid() != 0 && __android_log_is_debuggable()) ||
diff --git a/fastboot/bootimg_utils.cpp b/fastboot/bootimg_utils.cpp
index e433787..46d4bd3 100644
--- a/fastboot/bootimg_utils.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/bootimg_utils.cpp
@@ -34,25 +34,27 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
 
-void bootimg_set_cmdline(boot_img_hdr_v1* h, const std::string& cmdline) {
+void bootimg_set_cmdline(boot_img_hdr_v2* h, const std::string& cmdline) {
     if (cmdline.size() >= sizeof(h->cmdline)) die("command line too large: %zu", cmdline.size());
     strcpy(reinterpret_cast<char*>(h->cmdline), cmdline.c_str());
 }
 
-boot_img_hdr_v1* mkbootimg(const std::vector<char>& kernel, const std::vector<char>& ramdisk,
-                           const std::vector<char>& second, size_t base, const boot_img_hdr_v1& src,
-                           std::vector<char>* out) {
+boot_img_hdr_v2* mkbootimg(const std::vector<char>& kernel, const std::vector<char>& ramdisk,
+                           const std::vector<char>& second, const std::vector<char>& dtb,
+                           size_t base, const boot_img_hdr_v2& src, std::vector<char>* out) {
     const size_t page_mask = src.page_size - 1;
 
     int64_t header_actual = (sizeof(boot_img_hdr_v1) + page_mask) & (~page_mask);
     int64_t kernel_actual = (kernel.size() + page_mask) & (~page_mask);
     int64_t ramdisk_actual = (ramdisk.size() + page_mask) & (~page_mask);
     int64_t second_actual = (second.size() + page_mask) & (~page_mask);
+    int64_t dtb_actual = (dtb.size() + page_mask) & (~page_mask);
 
-    int64_t bootimg_size = header_actual + kernel_actual + ramdisk_actual + second_actual;
+    int64_t bootimg_size =
+            header_actual + kernel_actual + ramdisk_actual + second_actual + dtb_actual;
     out->resize(bootimg_size);
 
-    boot_img_hdr_v1* hdr = reinterpret_cast<boot_img_hdr_v1*>(out->data());
+    boot_img_hdr_v2* hdr = reinterpret_cast<boot_img_hdr_v2*>(out->data());
 
     *hdr = src;
     memcpy(hdr->magic, BOOT_MAGIC, BOOT_MAGIC_SIZE);
@@ -66,13 +68,19 @@
     hdr->second_addr += base;
     hdr->tags_addr += base;
 
-    if (hdr->header_version != 0) {
+    if (hdr->header_version == 1) {
         hdr->header_size = sizeof(boot_img_hdr_v1);
+    } else if (hdr->header_version == 2) {
+        hdr->header_size = sizeof(boot_img_hdr_v2);
+        hdr->dtb_size = dtb.size();
+        hdr->dtb_addr += base;
     }
 
     memcpy(hdr->magic + hdr->page_size, kernel.data(), kernel.size());
     memcpy(hdr->magic + hdr->page_size + kernel_actual, ramdisk.data(), ramdisk.size());
     memcpy(hdr->magic + hdr->page_size + kernel_actual + ramdisk_actual, second.data(),
            second.size());
+    memcpy(hdr->magic + hdr->page_size + kernel_actual + ramdisk_actual + second_actual, dtb.data(),
+           dtb.size());
     return hdr;
 }
diff --git a/fastboot/bootimg_utils.h b/fastboot/bootimg_utils.h
index a4e8870..b7cf9bd 100644
--- a/fastboot/bootimg_utils.h
+++ b/fastboot/bootimg_utils.h
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
-boot_img_hdr_v1* mkbootimg(const std::vector<char>& kernel, const std::vector<char>& ramdisk,
-                           const std::vector<char>& second, size_t base, const boot_img_hdr_v1& src,
-                           std::vector<char>* out);
-void bootimg_set_cmdline(boot_img_hdr_v1* h, const std::string& cmdline);
+boot_img_hdr_v2* mkbootimg(const std::vector<char>& kernel, const std::vector<char>& ramdisk,
+                           const std::vector<char>& second, const std::vector<char>& dtb,
+                           size_t base, const boot_img_hdr_v2& src, std::vector<char>* out);
+void bootimg_set_cmdline(boot_img_hdr_v2* h, const std::string& cmdline);
diff --git a/fastboot/device/flashing.cpp b/fastboot/device/flashing.cpp
index f737405..99854c9 100644
--- a/fastboot/device/flashing.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/device/flashing.cpp
@@ -52,15 +52,17 @@
     // Following appears to have a first time 2% impact on flashing speeds.
 
     // Convert partition_name to a validated mount point and wipe.
-    std::unique_ptr<fstab, decltype(&fs_mgr_free_fstab)> fstab(fs_mgr_read_fstab_default(),
-                                                               fs_mgr_free_fstab);
-    for (auto i = 0; i < fstab->num_entries; i++) {
-        const auto mount_point = fstab->recs[i].mount_point;
-        if (!mount_point) continue;
-        auto partition = android::base::Basename(mount_point);
-        if ("/"s == mount_point) partition = "system";
+    Fstab fstab;
+    ReadDefaultFstab(&fstab);
+
+    for (const auto& entry : fstab) {
+        auto partition = android::base::Basename(entry.mount_point);
+        if ("/" == entry.mount_point) {
+            partition = "system";
+        }
+
         if ((partition + device->GetCurrentSlot()) == partition_name) {
-            fs_mgr_overlayfs_teardown(mount_point);
+            fs_mgr_overlayfs_teardown(entry.mount_point.c_str());
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/fastboot/fastboot.cpp b/fastboot/fastboot.cpp
index d753f0f..17cab3a 100644
--- a/fastboot/fastboot.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/fastboot.cpp
@@ -92,8 +92,9 @@
 static int64_t target_sparse_limit = -1;
 
 static unsigned g_base_addr = 0x10000000;
-static boot_img_hdr_v1 g_boot_img_hdr = {};
+static boot_img_hdr_v2 g_boot_img_hdr = {};
 static std::string g_cmdline;
+static std::string g_dtb_path;
 
 static bool g_disable_verity = false;
 static bool g_disable_verification = false;
@@ -394,11 +395,13 @@
             "                            Download and boot kernel from RAM.\n"
             " flash:raw PARTITION KERNEL [RAMDISK [SECOND]]\n"
             "                            Create boot image and flash it.\n"
+            " --dtb DTB                  Specify path to DTB for boot image header version 2.\n"
             " --cmdline CMDLINE          Override kernel command line.\n"
             " --base ADDRESS             Set kernel base address (default: 0x10000000).\n"
             " --kernel-offset            Set kernel offset (default: 0x00008000).\n"
             " --ramdisk-offset           Set ramdisk offset (default: 0x01000000).\n"
             " --tags-offset              Set tags offset (default: 0x00000100).\n"
+            " --dtb-offset               Set dtb offset (default: 0x01100000).\n"
             " --page-size BYTES          Set flash page size (default: 2048).\n"
             " --header-version VERSION   Set boot image header version.\n"
             " --os-version MAJOR[.MINOR[.PATCH]]\n"
@@ -448,12 +451,12 @@
     }
 
     // Is this actually a boot image?
-    if (kernel_data.size() < sizeof(boot_img_hdr_v1)) {
+    if (kernel_data.size() < sizeof(boot_img_hdr_v2)) {
         die("cannot load '%s': too short", kernel.c_str());
     }
     if (!memcmp(kernel_data.data(), BOOT_MAGIC, BOOT_MAGIC_SIZE)) {
         if (!g_cmdline.empty()) {
-            bootimg_set_cmdline(reinterpret_cast<boot_img_hdr_v1*>(kernel_data.data()), g_cmdline);
+            bootimg_set_cmdline(reinterpret_cast<boot_img_hdr_v2*>(kernel_data.data()), g_cmdline);
         }
 
         if (!ramdisk.empty()) die("cannot boot a boot.img *and* ramdisk");
@@ -474,15 +477,26 @@
             die("cannot load '%s': %s", second_stage.c_str(), strerror(errno));
         }
     }
+
+    std::vector<char> dtb_data;
+    if (!g_dtb_path.empty()) {
+        if (g_boot_img_hdr.header_version < 2) {
+                    die("Argument dtb not supported for boot image header version %d\n",
+                        g_boot_img_hdr.header_version);
+        }
+        if (!ReadFileToVector(g_dtb_path, &dtb_data)) {
+            die("cannot load '%s': %s", g_dtb_path.c_str(), strerror(errno));
+        }
+    }
+
     fprintf(stderr,"creating boot image...\n");
 
     std::vector<char> out;
-    boot_img_hdr_v1* boot_image_data = mkbootimg(kernel_data, ramdisk_data, second_stage_data,
-                                                 g_base_addr, g_boot_img_hdr, &out);
+    boot_img_hdr_v2* boot_image_data = mkbootimg(kernel_data, ramdisk_data, second_stage_data,
+                                                 dtb_data, g_base_addr, g_boot_img_hdr, &out);
 
     if (!g_cmdline.empty()) bootimg_set_cmdline(boot_image_data, g_cmdline);
     fprintf(stderr, "creating boot image - %zu bytes\n", out.size());
-
     return out;
 }
 
@@ -1586,6 +1600,7 @@
     g_boot_img_hdr.second_addr = 0x00f00000;
     g_boot_img_hdr.tags_addr = 0x00000100;
     g_boot_img_hdr.page_size = 2048;
+    g_boot_img_hdr.dtb_addr = 0x01100000;
 
     const struct option longopts[] = {
         {"base", required_argument, 0, 0},
@@ -1605,6 +1620,8 @@
         {"skip-secondary", no_argument, 0, 0},
         {"slot", required_argument, 0, 0},
         {"tags-offset", required_argument, 0, 0},
+        {"dtb", required_argument, 0, 0},
+        {"dtb-offset", required_argument, 0, 0},
         {"unbuffered", no_argument, 0, 0},
         {"verbose", no_argument, 0, 'v'},
         {"version", no_argument, 0, 0},
@@ -1632,6 +1649,8 @@
                 force_flash = true;
             } else if (name == "header-version") {
                 g_boot_img_hdr.header_version = strtoul(optarg, nullptr, 0);
+            } else if (name == "dtb") {
+                g_dtb_path = optarg;
             } else if (name == "kernel-offset") {
                 g_boot_img_hdr.kernel_addr = strtoul(optarg, 0, 16);
             } else if (name == "os-patch-level") {
@@ -1649,6 +1668,8 @@
                 skip_secondary = true;
             } else if (name == "slot") {
                 slot_override = optarg;
+            } else if (name == "dtb-offset") {
+                g_boot_img_hdr.dtb_addr = strtoul(optarg, 0, 16);
             } else if (name == "tags-offset") {
                 g_boot_img_hdr.tags_addr = strtoul(optarg, 0, 16);
             } else if (name == "unbuffered") {
@@ -1828,7 +1849,6 @@
             if (!args.empty()) ramdisk = next_arg(&args);
             std::string second_stage;
             if (!args.empty()) second_stage = next_arg(&args);
-
             auto data = LoadBootableImage(kernel, ramdisk, second_stage);
             fb->Download("boot.img", data);
             fb->Boot();
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr.cpp b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr.cpp
index ded3678..943a071 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr.cpp
@@ -889,19 +889,6 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-bool fs_mgr_update_logical_partition(struct fstab_rec* rec) {
-    auto entry = FstabRecToFstabEntry(rec);
-
-    if (!fs_mgr_update_logical_partition(&entry)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    free(rec->blk_device);
-    rec->blk_device = strdup(entry.blk_device.c_str());
-
-    return true;
-}
-
 class CheckpointManager {
   public:
     CheckpointManager(int needs_checkpoint = -1) : needs_checkpoint_(needs_checkpoint) {}
@@ -1011,9 +998,7 @@
     if (!ReadFstabFromFile("/proc/mounts", &fstab)) {
         return false;
     }
-    auto it = std::find_if(fstab.begin(), fstab.end(),
-                           [&](const auto& entry) { return entry.mount_point == mount_point; });
-    return it != fstab.end();
+    return GetEntryForMountPoint(&fstab, mount_point) != nullptr;
 }
 
 // When multiple fstab records share the same mount_point, it will try to mount each
@@ -1103,6 +1088,13 @@
                 // Skips mounting the device.
                 continue;
             }
+        } else if (!current_entry.avb_key.empty()) {
+            if (AvbHandle::SetUpStandaloneAvbHashtree(&current_entry) == AvbHashtreeResult::kFail) {
+                LERROR << "Failed to set up AVB on standalone partition: "
+                       << current_entry.mount_point << ", skipping!";
+                // Skips mounting the device.
+                continue;
+            }
         } else if ((current_entry.fs_mgr_flags.verify)) {
             int rc = fs_mgr_setup_verity(&current_entry, true);
             if (__android_log_is_debuggable() &&
@@ -1339,6 +1331,13 @@
                 // Skips mounting the device.
                 continue;
             }
+        } else if (!fstab_entry.avb_key.empty()) {
+            if (AvbHandle::SetUpStandaloneAvbHashtree(&fstab_entry) == AvbHashtreeResult::kFail) {
+                LERROR << "Failed to set up AVB on standalone partition: "
+                       << fstab_entry.mount_point << ", skipping!";
+                // Skips mounting the device.
+                continue;
+            }
         } else if (fstab_entry.fs_mgr_flags.verify) {
             int rc = fs_mgr_setup_verity(&fstab_entry, true);
             if (__android_log_is_debuggable() &&
@@ -1397,6 +1396,15 @@
                                   needs_checkpoint);
 }
 
+int fs_mgr_do_mount(Fstab* fstab, const char* n_name, char* n_blk_device, char* tmp_mount_point) {
+    return fs_mgr_do_mount_helper(fstab, n_name, n_blk_device, tmp_mount_point, -1);
+}
+
+int fs_mgr_do_mount(Fstab* fstab, const char* n_name, char* n_blk_device, char* tmp_mount_point,
+                    bool needs_checkpoint) {
+    return fs_mgr_do_mount_helper(fstab, n_name, n_blk_device, tmp_mount_point, needs_checkpoint);
+}
+
 /*
  * mount a tmpfs filesystem at the given point.
  * return 0 on success, non-zero on failure.
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_fstab.cpp b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_fstab.cpp
index aeab893..146e82f 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_fstab.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_fstab.cpp
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 #include <unistd.h>
 
 #include <algorithm>
+#include <array>
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -35,146 +36,37 @@
 
 #include "fs_mgr_priv.h"
 
+using android::base::ParseByteCount;
+using android::base::ParseInt;
 using android::base::Split;
 using android::base::StartsWith;
 
 const std::string kDefaultAndroidDtDir("/proc/device-tree/firmware/android");
 
-struct fs_mgr_flag_values {
-    std::string key_loc;
-    std::string key_dir;
-    std::string verity_loc;
-    std::string sysfs_path;
-    std::string zram_loopback_path;
-    uint64_t zram_loopback_size = 512 * 1024 * 1024; // 512MB by default
-    std::string zram_backing_dev_path;
-    off64_t part_length = 0;
-    std::string label;
-    int partnum = -1;
-    int swap_prio = -1;
-    int max_comp_streams = 0;
-    off64_t zram_size = 0;
-    off64_t reserved_size = 0;
-    int file_contents_mode = 0;
-    int file_names_mode = 0;
-    off64_t erase_blk_size = 0;
-    off64_t logical_blk_size = 0;
-    std::string vbmeta_partition;
-};
-
 struct flag_list {
     const char *name;
     uint64_t flag;
 };
 
-static struct flag_list mount_flags[] = {
-    { "noatime",    MS_NOATIME },
-    { "noexec",     MS_NOEXEC },
-    { "nosuid",     MS_NOSUID },
-    { "nodev",      MS_NODEV },
-    { "nodiratime", MS_NODIRATIME },
-    { "ro",         MS_RDONLY },
-    { "rw",         0 },
-    { "remount",    MS_REMOUNT },
-    { "bind",       MS_BIND },
-    { "rec",        MS_REC },
-    { "unbindable", MS_UNBINDABLE },
-    { "private",    MS_PRIVATE },
-    { "slave",      MS_SLAVE },
-    { "shared",     MS_SHARED },
-    { "defaults",   0 },
-    { 0,            0 },
-};
-
-static struct flag_list fs_mgr_flags[] = {
-        {"wait", MF_WAIT},
-        {"check", MF_CHECK},
-        {"encryptable=", MF_CRYPT},
-        {"forceencrypt=", MF_FORCECRYPT},
-        {"fileencryption=", MF_FILEENCRYPTION},
-        {"forcefdeorfbe=", MF_FORCEFDEORFBE},
-        {"keydirectory=", MF_KEYDIRECTORY},
-        {"nonremovable", MF_NONREMOVABLE},
-        {"voldmanaged=", MF_VOLDMANAGED},
-        {"length=", MF_LENGTH},
-        {"recoveryonly", MF_RECOVERYONLY},
-        {"swapprio=", MF_SWAPPRIO},
-        {"zramsize=", MF_ZRAMSIZE},
-        {"max_comp_streams=", MF_MAX_COMP_STREAMS},
-        {"verifyatboot", MF_VERIFYATBOOT},
-        {"verify", MF_VERIFY},
-        {"avb", MF_AVB},
-        {"avb=", MF_AVB},
-        {"noemulatedsd", MF_NOEMULATEDSD},
-        {"notrim", MF_NOTRIM},
-        {"formattable", MF_FORMATTABLE},
-        {"slotselect", MF_SLOTSELECT},
-        {"nofail", MF_NOFAIL},
-        {"first_stage_mount", MF_FIRST_STAGE_MOUNT},
-        {"latemount", MF_LATEMOUNT},
-        {"reservedsize=", MF_RESERVEDSIZE},
-        {"quota", MF_QUOTA},
-        {"eraseblk=", MF_ERASEBLKSIZE},
-        {"logicalblk=", MF_LOGICALBLKSIZE},
-        {"sysfs_path=", MF_SYSFS},
+static struct flag_list mount_flags_list[] = {
+        {"noatime", MS_NOATIME},
+        {"noexec", MS_NOEXEC},
+        {"nosuid", MS_NOSUID},
+        {"nodev", MS_NODEV},
+        {"nodiratime", MS_NODIRATIME},
+        {"ro", MS_RDONLY},
+        {"rw", 0},
+        {"remount", MS_REMOUNT},
+        {"bind", MS_BIND},
+        {"rec", MS_REC},
+        {"unbindable", MS_UNBINDABLE},
+        {"private", MS_PRIVATE},
+        {"slave", MS_SLAVE},
+        {"shared", MS_SHARED},
         {"defaults", 0},
-        {"logical", MF_LOGICAL},
-        {"checkpoint=block", MF_CHECKPOINT_BLK},
-        {"checkpoint=fs", MF_CHECKPOINT_FS},
-        {"slotselect_other", MF_SLOTSELECT_OTHER},
-        {"zram_loopback_path=", MF_ZRAM_LOOPBACK_PATH},
-        {"zram_loopback_size=", MF_ZRAM_LOOPBACK_SIZE},
-        {"zram_backing_dev_path=", MF_ZRAM_BACKING_DEV_PATH},
-        {"fsverity", MF_FS_VERITY},
-        {0, 0},
 };
 
-#define EM_AES_256_XTS  1
-#define EM_ICE          2
-#define EM_AES_256_CTS  3
-#define EM_AES_256_HEH  4
-#define EM_ADIANTUM     5
-
-static const struct flag_list file_contents_encryption_modes[] = {
-    {"aes-256-xts", EM_AES_256_XTS},
-    {"adiantum", EM_ADIANTUM},
-    {"software", EM_AES_256_XTS}, /* alias for backwards compatibility */
-    {"ice", EM_ICE}, /* hardware-specific inline cryptographic engine */
-    {0, 0},
-};
-
-static const struct flag_list file_names_encryption_modes[] = {
-    {"aes-256-cts", EM_AES_256_CTS},
-    {"aes-256-heh", EM_AES_256_HEH},
-    {"adiantum", EM_ADIANTUM},
-    {0, 0},
-};
-
-static int encryption_mode_to_flag(const struct flag_list* list, const char* mode,
-                                   const char* type) {
-    const struct flag_list *j;
-
-    for (j = list; j->name; ++j) {
-        if (!strcmp(mode, j->name)) {
-            return j->flag;
-        }
-    }
-    LERROR << "Unknown " << type << " encryption mode: " << mode;
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static const char* flag_to_encryption_mode(const struct flag_list* list, uint64_t flag) {
-    const struct flag_list *j;
-
-    for (j = list; j->name; ++j) {
-        if (flag == j->flag) {
-            return j->name;
-        }
-    }
-    return nullptr;
-}
-
-static off64_t calculate_zram_size(unsigned int percentage) {
+static off64_t calculate_zram_size(int percentage) {
     off64_t total;
 
     total  = sysconf(_SC_PHYS_PAGES);
@@ -186,19 +78,6 @@
     return total;
 }
 
-static off64_t parse_size(const char* arg) {
-    char *endptr;
-    off64_t size = strtoll(arg, &endptr, 10);
-    if (*endptr == 'k' || *endptr == 'K')
-        size *= 1024LL;
-    else if (*endptr == 'm' || *endptr == 'M')
-        size *= 1024LL * 1024LL;
-    else if (*endptr == 'g' || *endptr == 'G')
-        size *= 1024LL * 1024LL * 1024LL;
-
-    return size;
-}
-
 /* fills 'dt_value' with the underlying device tree value string without
  * the trailing '\0'. Returns true if 'dt_value' has a valid string, 'false'
  * otherwise.
@@ -217,174 +96,254 @@
     return false;
 }
 
-static uint64_t parse_flags(char* flags, struct flag_list* fl, struct fs_mgr_flag_values* flag_vals,
-                            std::string* fs_options) {
-    uint64_t f = 0;
-    int i;
-    char *p;
-    char *savep;
+const static std::array<const char*, 3> kFileContentsEncryptionMode = {
+        "aes-256-xts",
+        "adiantum",
+        "ice",
+};
 
-    p = strtok_r(flags, ",", &savep);
-    while (p) {
-        /* Look for the flag "p" in the flag list "fl"
-         * If not found, the loop exits with fl[i].name being null.
-         */
-        for (i = 0; fl[i].name; i++) {
-            auto name = fl[i].name;
-            auto len = strlen(name);
-            auto end = len;
-            if (name[end - 1] == '=') --end;
-            if (!strncmp(p, name, len) && (p[end] == name[end])) {
-                f |= fl[i].flag;
-                if (!flag_vals) break;
-                if (p[end] != '=') break;
-                char* arg = p + end + 1;
-                auto flag = fl[i].flag;
-                if (flag == MF_CRYPT) {
-                    /* The encryptable flag is followed by an = and the
-                     * location of the keys.  Get it and return it.
-                     */
-                    flag_vals->key_loc = arg;
-                } else if (flag == MF_VERIFY) {
-                    /* If the verify flag is followed by an = and the
-                     * location for the verity state,  get it and return it.
-                     */
-                    flag_vals->verity_loc = arg;
-                } else if (flag == MF_FORCECRYPT) {
-                    /* The forceencrypt flag is followed by an = and the
-                     * location of the keys.  Get it and return it.
-                     */
-                    flag_vals->key_loc = arg;
-                } else if (flag == MF_FORCEFDEORFBE) {
-                    /* The forcefdeorfbe flag is followed by an = and the
-                     * location of the keys.  Get it and return it.
-                     */
-                    flag_vals->key_loc = arg;
-                    flag_vals->file_contents_mode = EM_AES_256_XTS;
-                    flag_vals->file_names_mode = EM_AES_256_CTS;
-                } else if (flag == MF_FILEENCRYPTION) {
-                    /* The fileencryption flag is followed by an = and
-                     * the mode of contents encryption, then optionally a
-                     * : and the mode of filenames encryption (defaults
-                     * to aes-256-cts).  Get it and return it.
-                     */
-                    auto mode = arg;
-                    auto colon = strchr(mode, ':');
-                    if (colon) {
-                        *colon = '\0';
-                    }
-                    flag_vals->file_contents_mode =
-                        encryption_mode_to_flag(file_contents_encryption_modes,
-                                                mode, "file contents");
-                    if (colon) {
-                        flag_vals->file_names_mode =
-                            encryption_mode_to_flag(file_names_encryption_modes,
-                                                    colon + 1, "file names");
-                    } else if (flag_vals->file_contents_mode == EM_ADIANTUM) {
-                        flag_vals->file_names_mode = EM_ADIANTUM;
-                    } else {
-                        flag_vals->file_names_mode = EM_AES_256_CTS;
-                    }
-                } else if (flag == MF_KEYDIRECTORY) {
-                    /* The metadata flag is followed by an = and the
-                     * directory for the keys.  Get it and return it.
-                     */
-                    flag_vals->key_dir = arg;
-                } else if (flag == MF_LENGTH) {
-                    /* The length flag is followed by an = and the
-                     * size of the partition.  Get it and return it.
-                     */
-                    flag_vals->part_length = strtoll(arg, NULL, 0);
-                } else if (flag == MF_VOLDMANAGED) {
-                    /* The voldmanaged flag is followed by an = and the
-                     * label, a colon and the partition number or the
-                     * word "auto", e.g.
-                     *   voldmanaged=sdcard:3
-                     * Get and return them.
-                     */
-                    auto label_start = arg;
-                    auto label_end = strchr(label_start, ':');
+const static std::array<const char*, 3> kFileNamesEncryptionMode = {
+        "aes-256-cts",
+        "aes-256-heh",
+        "adiantum",
+};
 
-                    if (label_end) {
-                        flag_vals->label = std::string(label_start, (int)(label_end - label_start));
-                        auto part_start = label_end + 1;
-                        if (!strcmp(part_start, "auto")) {
-                            flag_vals->partnum = -1;
-                        } else {
-                            flag_vals->partnum = strtol(part_start, NULL, 0);
-                        }
-                    } else {
-                        LERROR << "Warning: voldmanaged= flag malformed";
-                    }
-                } else if (flag == MF_SWAPPRIO) {
-                    flag_vals->swap_prio = strtoll(arg, NULL, 0);
-                } else if (flag == MF_MAX_COMP_STREAMS) {
-                    flag_vals->max_comp_streams = strtoll(arg, NULL, 0);
-                } else if (flag == MF_AVB) {
-                    flag_vals->vbmeta_partition = arg;
-                } else if (flag == MF_ZRAMSIZE) {
-                    auto is_percent = !!strrchr(arg, '%');
-                    auto val = strtoll(arg, NULL, 0);
-                    if (is_percent)
-                        flag_vals->zram_size = calculate_zram_size(val);
-                    else
-                        flag_vals->zram_size = val;
-                } else if (flag == MF_RESERVEDSIZE) {
-                    /* The reserved flag is followed by an = and the
-                     * reserved size of the partition.  Get it and return it.
-                     */
-                    flag_vals->reserved_size = parse_size(arg);
-                } else if (flag == MF_ERASEBLKSIZE) {
-                    /* The erase block size flag is followed by an = and the flash
-                     * erase block size. Get it, check that it is a power of 2 and
-                     * at least 4096, and return it.
-                     */
-                    auto val = strtoll(arg, nullptr, 0);
-                    if (val >= 4096 && (val & (val - 1)) == 0)
-                        flag_vals->erase_blk_size = val;
-                } else if (flag == MF_LOGICALBLKSIZE) {
-                    /* The logical block size flag is followed by an = and the flash
-                     * logical block size. Get it, check that it is a power of 2 and
-                     * at least 4096, and return it.
-                     */
-                    auto val = strtoll(arg, nullptr, 0);
-                    if (val >= 4096 && (val & (val - 1)) == 0)
-                        flag_vals->logical_blk_size = val;
-                } else if (flag == MF_SYSFS) {
-                    /* The path to trigger device gc by idle-maint of vold. */
-                    flag_vals->sysfs_path = arg;
-                } else if (flag == MF_ZRAM_LOOPBACK_PATH) {
-                    /* The path to use loopback for zram. */
-                    flag_vals->zram_loopback_path = arg;
-                } else if (flag == MF_ZRAM_LOOPBACK_SIZE) {
-                    if (!android::base::ParseByteCount(arg, &flag_vals->zram_loopback_size)) {
-                        LERROR << "Warning: zram_loopback_size = flag malformed";
-                    }
-                } else if (flag == MF_ZRAM_BACKING_DEV_PATH) {
-                    /* The path to use loopback for zram. */
-                    flag_vals->zram_backing_dev_path = arg;
-                }
-                break;
-            }
-        }
+static void ParseFileEncryption(const std::string& arg, FstabEntry* entry) {
+    // The fileencryption flag is followed by an = and the mode of contents encryption, then
+    // optionally a and the mode of filenames encryption (defaults to aes-256-cts).  Get it and
+    // return it.
+    entry->fs_mgr_flags.file_encryption = true;
 
-        if (!fl[i].name) {
-            if (fs_options) {
-                // It's not a known flag, so it must be a filesystem specific
-                // option.  Add it to fs_options if it was passed in.
-                if (!fs_options->empty()) {
-                    fs_options->append(",");  // appends a comma if not the first
-                }
-                fs_options->append(p);
-            } else {
-                // fs_options was not passed in, so if the flag is unknown it's an error.
-                LERROR << "Warning: unknown flag " << p;
-            }
-        }
-        p = strtok_r(NULL, ",", &savep);
+    auto parts = Split(arg, ":");
+    if (parts.empty() || parts.size() > 2) {
+        LWARNING << "Warning: fileencryption= flag malformed: " << arg;
+        return;
     }
 
-    return f;
+    // Alias for backwards compatibility.
+    if (parts[0] == "software") {
+        parts[0] = "aes-256-xts";
+    }
+
+    if (std::find(kFileContentsEncryptionMode.begin(), kFileContentsEncryptionMode.end(),
+                  parts[0]) == kFileContentsEncryptionMode.end()) {
+        LWARNING << "fileencryption= flag malformed, file contents encryption mode not found: "
+                 << arg;
+        return;
+    }
+
+    entry->file_contents_mode = parts[0];
+
+    if (parts.size() == 2) {
+        if (std::find(kFileNamesEncryptionMode.begin(), kFileNamesEncryptionMode.end(), parts[1]) ==
+            kFileNamesEncryptionMode.end()) {
+            LWARNING << "fileencryption= flag malformed, file names encryption mode not found: "
+                     << arg;
+            return;
+        }
+
+        entry->file_names_mode = parts[1];
+    } else if (entry->file_contents_mode == "adiantum") {
+        entry->file_names_mode = "adiantum";
+    } else {
+        entry->file_names_mode = "aes-256-cts";
+    }
+}
+
+static bool SetMountFlag(const std::string& flag, FstabEntry* entry) {
+    for (const auto& [name, value] : mount_flags_list) {
+        if (flag == name) {
+            entry->flags |= value;
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+static void ParseMountFlags(const std::string& flags, FstabEntry* entry) {
+    std::string fs_options;
+    for (const auto& flag : Split(flags, ",")) {
+        if (!SetMountFlag(flag, entry)) {
+            // Unknown flag, so it must be a filesystem specific option.
+            if (!fs_options.empty()) {
+                fs_options.append(",");  // appends a comma if not the first
+            }
+            fs_options.append(flag);
+        }
+    }
+    entry->fs_options = std::move(fs_options);
+}
+
+static void ParseFsMgrFlags(const std::string& flags, FstabEntry* entry) {
+    entry->fs_mgr_flags.val = 0U;
+    for (const auto& flag : Split(flags, ",")) {
+        std::string arg;
+        if (auto equal_sign = flag.find('='); equal_sign != std::string::npos) {
+            arg = flag.substr(equal_sign + 1);
+        }
+
+        // First handle flags that simply set a boolean.
+#define CheckFlag(flag_name, value)       \
+    if (flag == flag_name) {              \
+        entry->fs_mgr_flags.value = true; \
+        continue;                         \
+    }
+
+        CheckFlag("wait", wait);
+        CheckFlag("check", check);
+        CheckFlag("nonremovable", nonremovable);
+        CheckFlag("recoveryonly", recovery_only);
+        CheckFlag("noemulatedsd", no_emulated_sd);
+        CheckFlag("notrim", no_trim);
+        CheckFlag("verify", verify);
+        CheckFlag("formattable", formattable);
+        CheckFlag("slotselect", slot_select);
+        CheckFlag("latemount", late_mount);
+        CheckFlag("nofail", no_fail);
+        CheckFlag("verifyatboot", verify_at_boot);
+        CheckFlag("quota", quota);
+        CheckFlag("avb", avb);
+        CheckFlag("logical", logical);
+        CheckFlag("checkpoint=block", checkpoint_blk);
+        CheckFlag("checkpoint=fs", checkpoint_fs);
+        CheckFlag("first_stage_mount", first_stage_mount);
+        CheckFlag("slotselect_other", slot_select_other);
+        CheckFlag("fsverity", fs_verity);
+
+#undef CheckFlag
+
+        // Then handle flags that take an argument.
+        if (StartsWith(flag, "encryptable=")) {
+            // The encryptable flag is followed by an = and the  location of the keys.
+            entry->fs_mgr_flags.crypt = true;
+            entry->key_loc = arg;
+        } else if (StartsWith(flag, "voldmanaged=")) {
+            // The voldmanaged flag is followed by an = and the label, a colon and the partition
+            // number or the word "auto", e.g. voldmanaged=sdcard:3
+            entry->fs_mgr_flags.vold_managed = true;
+            auto parts = Split(arg, ":");
+            if (parts.size() != 2) {
+                LWARNING << "Warning: voldmanaged= flag malformed: " << arg;
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            entry->label = std::move(parts[0]);
+            if (parts[1] == "auto") {
+                entry->partnum = -1;
+            } else {
+                if (!ParseInt(parts[1], &entry->partnum)) {
+                    entry->partnum = -1;
+                    LWARNING << "Warning: voldmanaged= flag malformed: " << arg;
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+        } else if (StartsWith(flag, "length=")) {
+            // The length flag is followed by an = and the size of the partition.
+            entry->fs_mgr_flags.length = true;
+            if (!ParseInt(arg, &entry->length)) {
+                LWARNING << "Warning: length= flag malformed: " << arg;
+            }
+        } else if (StartsWith(flag, "swapprio=")) {
+            entry->fs_mgr_flags.swap_prio = true;
+            if (!ParseInt(arg, &entry->swap_prio)) {
+                LWARNING << "Warning: length= flag malformed: " << arg;
+            }
+        } else if (StartsWith(flag, "zramsize=")) {
+            entry->fs_mgr_flags.zram_size = true;
+
+            if (!arg.empty() && arg.back() == '%') {
+                arg.pop_back();
+                int val;
+                if (ParseInt(arg, &val, 0, 100)) {
+                    entry->zram_size = calculate_zram_size(val);
+                } else {
+                    LWARNING << "Warning: zramsize= flag malformed: " << arg;
+                }
+            } else {
+                if (!ParseInt(arg, &entry->zram_size)) {
+                    LWARNING << "Warning: zramsize= flag malformed: " << arg;
+                }
+            }
+        } else if (StartsWith(flag, "verify=")) {
+            // If the verify flag is followed by an = and the location for the verity state.
+            entry->fs_mgr_flags.verify = true;
+            entry->verity_loc = arg;
+        } else if (StartsWith(flag, "forceencrypt=")) {
+            // The forceencrypt flag is followed by an = and the location of the keys.
+            entry->fs_mgr_flags.force_crypt = true;
+            entry->key_loc = arg;
+        } else if (StartsWith(flag, "fileencryption=")) {
+            ParseFileEncryption(arg, entry);
+        } else if (StartsWith(flag, "forcefdeorfbe=")) {
+            // The forcefdeorfbe flag is followed by an = and the location of the keys.  Get it and
+            // return it.
+            entry->fs_mgr_flags.force_fde_or_fbe = true;
+            entry->key_loc = arg;
+            entry->file_contents_mode = "aes-256-xts";
+            entry->file_names_mode = "aes-256-cts";
+        } else if (StartsWith(flag, "max_comp_streams=")) {
+            entry->fs_mgr_flags.max_comp_streams = true;
+            if (!ParseInt(arg, &entry->max_comp_streams)) {
+                LWARNING << "Warning: max_comp_streams= flag malformed: " << arg;
+            }
+        } else if (StartsWith(flag, "reservedsize=")) {
+            // The reserved flag is followed by an = and the reserved size of the partition.
+            entry->fs_mgr_flags.reserved_size = true;
+            uint64_t size;
+            if (!ParseByteCount(arg, &size)) {
+                LWARNING << "Warning: reservedsize= flag malformed: " << arg;
+            } else {
+                entry->reserved_size = static_cast<off64_t>(size);
+            }
+        } else if (StartsWith(flag, "eraseblk=")) {
+            // The erase block size flag is followed by an = and the flash erase block size. Get it,
+            // check that it is a power of 2 and at least 4096, and return it.
+            entry->fs_mgr_flags.erase_blk_size = true;
+            off64_t val;
+            if (!ParseInt(arg, &val) || val < 4096 || (val & (val - 1)) != 0) {
+                LWARNING << "Warning: eraseblk= flag malformed: " << arg;
+            } else {
+                entry->erase_blk_size = val;
+            }
+        } else if (StartsWith(flag, "logicalblk=")) {
+            // The logical block size flag is followed by an = and the flash logical block size. Get
+            // it, check that it is a power of 2 and at least 4096, and return it.
+            entry->fs_mgr_flags.logical_blk_size = true;
+            off64_t val;
+            if (!ParseInt(arg, &val) || val < 4096 || (val & (val - 1)) != 0) {
+                LWARNING << "Warning: logicalblk= flag malformed: " << arg;
+            } else {
+                entry->logical_blk_size = val;
+            }
+        } else if (StartsWith(flag, "avb")) {
+            entry->fs_mgr_flags.avb = true;
+            entry->vbmeta_partition = arg;
+        } else if (StartsWith(flag, "keydirectory=")) {
+            // The metadata flag is followed by an = and the directory for the keys.
+            entry->fs_mgr_flags.key_directory = true;
+            entry->key_dir = arg;
+        } else if (StartsWith(flag, "sysfs_path=")) {
+            // The path to trigger device gc by idle-maint of vold.
+            entry->fs_mgr_flags.sysfs = true;
+            entry->sysfs_path = arg;
+        } else if (StartsWith(flag, "zram_loopback_path=")) {
+            // The path to use loopback for zram.
+            entry->fs_mgr_flags.zram_loopback_path = true;
+            entry->zram_loopback_path = arg;
+        } else if (StartsWith(flag, "zram_loopback_size=")) {
+            entry->fs_mgr_flags.zram_loopback_size = true;
+            if (!ParseByteCount(arg, &entry->zram_loopback_size)) {
+                LWARNING << "Warning: zram_loopback_size= flag malformed: " << arg;
+            }
+        } else if (StartsWith(flag, "zram_backing_dev_path=")) {
+            entry->fs_mgr_flags.zram_backing_dev_path = true;
+            entry->zram_backing_dev_path = arg;
+        } else if (StartsWith(flag, "avb_key=")) {
+            entry->avb_key = arg;
+        } else {
+            LWARNING << "Warning: unknown flag: " << flag;
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 static std::string init_android_dt_dir() {
@@ -520,7 +479,6 @@
     const char *delim = " \t";
     char *save_ptr, *p;
     Fstab fstab;
-    struct fs_mgr_flag_values flag_vals;
 
     while ((len = getline(&line, &alloc_len, fstab_file)) != -1) {
         /* if the last character is a newline, shorten the string by 1 byte */
@@ -561,7 +519,8 @@
             LERROR << "Error parsing mount_flags";
             goto err;
         }
-        entry.flags = parse_flags(p, mount_flags, nullptr, &entry.fs_options);
+
+        ParseMountFlags(p, &entry);
 
         // For /proc/mounts, ignore everything after mnt_freq and mnt_passno
         if (proc_mounts) {
@@ -570,27 +529,9 @@
             LERROR << "Error parsing fs_mgr_options";
             goto err;
         }
-        entry.fs_mgr_flags.val = parse_flags(p, fs_mgr_flags, &flag_vals, nullptr);
 
-        entry.key_loc = std::move(flag_vals.key_loc);
-        entry.key_dir = std::move(flag_vals.key_dir);
-        entry.verity_loc = std::move(flag_vals.verity_loc);
-        entry.length = flag_vals.part_length;
-        entry.label = std::move(flag_vals.label);
-        entry.partnum = flag_vals.partnum;
-        entry.swap_prio = flag_vals.swap_prio;
-        entry.max_comp_streams = flag_vals.max_comp_streams;
-        entry.zram_size = flag_vals.zram_size;
-        entry.reserved_size = flag_vals.reserved_size;
-        entry.file_contents_mode = flag_vals.file_contents_mode;
-        entry.file_names_mode = flag_vals.file_names_mode;
-        entry.erase_blk_size = flag_vals.erase_blk_size;
-        entry.logical_blk_size = flag_vals.logical_blk_size;
-        entry.sysfs_path = std::move(flag_vals.sysfs_path);
-        entry.vbmeta_partition = std::move(flag_vals.vbmeta_partition);
-        entry.zram_loopback_path = std::move(flag_vals.zram_loopback_path);
-        entry.zram_loopback_size = std::move(flag_vals.zram_loopback_size);
-        entry.zram_backing_dev_path = std::move(flag_vals.zram_backing_dev_path);
+        ParseFsMgrFlags(p, &entry);
+
         if (entry.fs_mgr_flags.logical) {
             entry.logical_partition_name = entry.blk_device;
         }
@@ -834,6 +775,8 @@
         free(fstab->recs[i].key_loc);
         free(fstab->recs[i].key_dir);
         free(fstab->recs[i].label);
+        free(fstab->recs[i].file_contents_mode);
+        free(fstab->recs[i].file_names_mode);
         free(fstab->recs[i].sysfs_path);
         free(fstab->recs[i].zram_loopback_path);
         free(fstab->recs[i].zram_backing_dev_path);
@@ -846,39 +789,8 @@
     free(fstab);
 }
 
-/* Add an entry to the fstab, and return 0 on success or -1 on error */
-int fs_mgr_add_entry(struct fstab *fstab,
-                     const char *mount_point, const char *fs_type,
-                     const char *blk_device)
-{
-    struct fstab_rec *new_fstab_recs;
-    int n = fstab->num_entries;
-
-    new_fstab_recs = (struct fstab_rec *)
-                     realloc(fstab->recs, sizeof(struct fstab_rec) * (n + 1));
-
-    if (!new_fstab_recs) {
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    /* A new entry was added, so initialize it */
-     memset(&new_fstab_recs[n], 0, sizeof(struct fstab_rec));
-     new_fstab_recs[n].mount_point = strdup(mount_point);
-     new_fstab_recs[n].fs_type = strdup(fs_type);
-     new_fstab_recs[n].blk_device = strdup(blk_device);
-     new_fstab_recs[n].length = 0;
-
-     /* Update the fstab struct */
-     fstab->recs = new_fstab_recs;
-     fstab->num_entries++;
-
-     return 0;
-}
-
-/*
- * Returns the fstab_rec* whose mount_point is path.
- * Returns nullptr if not found.
- */
+// Returns the fstab_rec* whose mount_point is path.
+// Returns nullptr if not found.
 struct fstab_rec* fs_mgr_get_entry_for_mount_point(struct fstab* fstab, const std::string& path) {
     if (!fstab) {
         return nullptr;
@@ -891,6 +803,20 @@
     return nullptr;
 }
 
+FstabEntry* GetEntryForMountPoint(Fstab* fstab, const std::string& path) {
+    if (fstab == nullptr) {
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    for (auto& entry : *fstab) {
+        if (entry.mount_point == path) {
+            return &entry;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return nullptr;
+}
+
 std::set<std::string> fs_mgr_get_boot_devices() {
     // First check the kernel commandline, then try the device tree otherwise
     std::string dt_file_name = get_android_dt_dir() + "/boot_devices";
@@ -975,8 +901,8 @@
         legacy_fstab->recs[i].max_comp_streams = fstab[i].max_comp_streams;
         legacy_fstab->recs[i].zram_size = fstab[i].zram_size;
         legacy_fstab->recs[i].reserved_size = fstab[i].reserved_size;
-        legacy_fstab->recs[i].file_contents_mode = fstab[i].file_contents_mode;
-        legacy_fstab->recs[i].file_names_mode = fstab[i].file_names_mode;
+        legacy_fstab->recs[i].file_contents_mode = strdup(fstab[i].file_contents_mode.c_str());
+        legacy_fstab->recs[i].file_names_mode = strdup(fstab[i].file_names_mode.c_str());
         legacy_fstab->recs[i].erase_blk_size = fstab[i].erase_blk_size;
         legacy_fstab->recs[i].logical_blk_size = fstab[i].logical_blk_size;
         legacy_fstab->recs[i].sysfs_path = strdup(fstab[i].sysfs_path.c_str());
@@ -1002,34 +928,15 @@
     return fstab->fs_mgr_flags & MF_VERIFY;
 }
 
-int fs_mgr_is_avb(const struct fstab_rec *fstab)
-{
-    return fstab->fs_mgr_flags & MF_AVB;
-}
-
-int fs_mgr_is_verifyatboot(const struct fstab_rec *fstab)
-{
-    return fstab->fs_mgr_flags & MF_VERIFYATBOOT;
-}
-
 int fs_mgr_is_encryptable(const struct fstab_rec *fstab)
 {
     return fstab->fs_mgr_flags & (MF_CRYPT | MF_FORCECRYPT | MF_FORCEFDEORFBE);
 }
 
-int fs_mgr_is_file_encrypted(const struct fstab_rec *fstab)
-{
-    return fstab->fs_mgr_flags & MF_FILEENCRYPTION;
-}
-
-void fs_mgr_get_file_encryption_modes(const struct fstab_rec *fstab,
-                                      const char **contents_mode_ret,
-                                      const char **filenames_mode_ret)
-{
-    *contents_mode_ret = flag_to_encryption_mode(file_contents_encryption_modes,
-                                                 fstab->file_contents_mode);
-    *filenames_mode_ret = flag_to_encryption_mode(file_names_encryption_modes,
-                                                  fstab->file_names_mode);
+void fs_mgr_get_file_encryption_modes(const struct fstab_rec* fstab, const char** contents_mode_ret,
+                                      const char** filenames_mode_ret) {
+    *contents_mode_ret = fstab->file_contents_mode;
+    *filenames_mode_ret = fstab->file_names_mode;
 }
 
 int fs_mgr_is_convertible_to_fbe(const struct fstab_rec *fstab)
@@ -1046,26 +953,6 @@
     return fstab->fs_mgr_flags & MF_NOTRIM;
 }
 
-int fs_mgr_is_formattable(const struct fstab_rec* fstab) {
-    return fstab->fs_mgr_flags & (MF_FORMATTABLE);
-}
-
-int fs_mgr_is_slotselect(const struct fstab_rec* fstab) {
-    return fstab->fs_mgr_flags & MF_SLOTSELECT;
-}
-
-int fs_mgr_is_nofail(const struct fstab_rec* fstab) {
-    return fstab->fs_mgr_flags & MF_NOFAIL;
-}
-
-int fs_mgr_is_first_stage_mount(const struct fstab_rec* fstab) {
-    return fstab->fs_mgr_flags & MF_FIRST_STAGE_MOUNT;
-}
-
-int fs_mgr_is_latemount(const struct fstab_rec* fstab) {
-    return fstab->fs_mgr_flags & MF_LATEMOUNT;
-}
-
 int fs_mgr_is_quota(const struct fstab_rec* fstab) {
     return fstab->fs_mgr_flags & MF_QUOTA;
 }
@@ -1091,10 +978,6 @@
     return fstab->fs_mgr_flags & MF_CHECKPOINT_BLK;
 }
 
-int fs_mgr_is_fs_verity(const struct fstab_rec* fstab) {
-    return fstab->fs_mgr_flags & MF_FS_VERITY;
-}
-
 FstabEntry BuildGsiSystemFstabEntry() {
     FstabEntry system = {
             .blk_device = "system_gsi",
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_overlayfs.cpp b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_overlayfs.cpp
index 2c4299a..c7d2cb9 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_overlayfs.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_overlayfs.cpp
@@ -564,9 +564,8 @@
     if (std::find(verity.begin(), verity.end(), "system") != verity.end()) return mounts;
 
     // confirm that fstab is missing system
-    if (std::find_if(fstab->begin(), fstab->end(), [](const auto& entry) {
-            return entry.mount_point == "/" || entry.mount_point == "/system ";
-        }) != fstab->end()) {
+    if (GetEntryForMountPoint(fstab, "/") != nullptr ||
+        GetEntryForMountPoint(fstab, "/system") != nullptr) {
         return mounts;
     }
 
@@ -847,9 +846,7 @@
 std::vector<std::string> fs_mgr_overlayfs_required_devices(Fstab* fstab) {
     if (fs_mgr_overlayfs_invalid()) return {};
 
-    if (std::find_if(fstab->begin(), fstab->end(), [](const auto& entry) {
-            return entry.mount_point == kScratchMountPoint;
-        }) != fstab->end()) {
+    if (GetEntryForMountPoint(fstab, kScratchMountPoint) != nullptr) {
         return {};
     }
 
@@ -889,9 +886,7 @@
         if (overlay_mount_point == kScratchMountPoint) {
             if (!fs_mgr_overlayfs_setup_scratch(fstab, change)) continue;
         } else {
-            if (std::find_if(fstab.begin(), fstab.end(), [&overlay_mount_point](const auto& entry) {
-                    return entry.mount_point == overlay_mount_point;
-                }) == fstab.end()) {
+            if (GetEntryForMountPoint(&fstab, overlay_mount_point) == nullptr) {
                 continue;
             }
         }
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_roots.cpp b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_roots.cpp
index 32a5d21..58ef9b6 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_roots.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_roots.cpp
@@ -37,9 +37,8 @@
     if (path.empty()) return nullptr;
     std::string str(path);
     while (true) {
-        auto it = std::find_if(fstab->begin(), fstab->end(),
-                               [&str](const auto& entry) { return entry.mount_point == str; });
-        if (it != fstab->end()) return &*it;
+        auto entry = GetEntryForMountPoint(fstab, str);
+        if (entry != nullptr) return entry;
         if (str == "/") break;
         auto slash = str.find_last_of('/');
         if (slash == std::string::npos) break;
@@ -65,10 +64,8 @@
         return MountState::ERROR;
     }
 
-    auto mv = std::find_if(
-            mounted_fstab.begin(), mounted_fstab.end(),
-            [&mount_point](const auto& entry) { return entry.mount_point == mount_point; });
-    if (mv != mounted_fstab.end()) {
+    auto mv = GetEntryForMountPoint(&mounted_fstab, mount_point);
+    if (mv != nullptr) {
         return MountState::MOUNTED;
     }
     return MountState::NOT_MOUNTED;
@@ -178,9 +175,8 @@
         return "";
     }
 
-    auto it = std::find_if(fstab.begin(), fstab.end(),
-                           [](const auto& entry) { return entry.mount_point == kSystemRoot; });
-    if (it == fstab.end()) {
+    auto entry = GetEntryForMountPoint(&fstab, kSystemRoot);
+    if (entry == nullptr) {
         return "/";
     }
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/include/fs_mgr.h b/fs_mgr/include/fs_mgr.h
index e87332f..2934363 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/include/fs_mgr.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/include/fs_mgr.h
@@ -65,9 +65,11 @@
 #define FS_MGR_DOMNT_FAILED (-1)
 #define FS_MGR_DOMNT_BUSY (-2)
 #define FS_MGR_DOMNT_SUCCESS 0
-
 int fs_mgr_do_mount(fstab* fstab, const char* n_name, char* n_blk_device, char* tmp_mount_point);
 int fs_mgr_do_mount(fstab* fstab, const char* n_name, char* n_blk_device, char* tmp_mount_point,
+                    bool needs_checkpoint);
+int fs_mgr_do_mount(Fstab* fstab, const char* n_name, char* n_blk_device, char* tmp_mount_point);
+int fs_mgr_do_mount(Fstab* fstab, const char* n_name, char* n_blk_device, char* tmp_mount_point,
                     bool need_cp);
 int fs_mgr_do_mount_one(const FstabEntry& entry, const std::string& mount_point = "");
 int fs_mgr_do_mount_one(fstab_rec* rec);
@@ -79,7 +81,6 @@
         std::function<void(const std::string& mount_point, int mode)> callback);
 bool fs_mgr_swapon_all(const Fstab& fstab);
 bool fs_mgr_update_logical_partition(FstabEntry* entry);
-bool fs_mgr_update_logical_partition(struct fstab_rec* rec);
 
 int fs_mgr_do_format(const FstabEntry& entry, bool reserve_footer);
 int fs_mgr_do_format(fstab_rec* rec, bool reserve_footer);
diff --git a/fs_mgr/include_fstab/fstab/fstab.h b/fs_mgr/include_fstab/fstab/fstab.h
index 9c4d2da..549ff68 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/include_fstab/fstab/fstab.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/include_fstab/fstab/fstab.h
@@ -54,8 +54,8 @@
     int max_comp_streams;
     off64_t zram_size;
     off64_t reserved_size;
-    int file_contents_mode;
-    int file_names_mode;
+    char* file_contents_mode;
+    char* file_names_mode;
     off64_t erase_blk_size;
     off64_t logical_blk_size;
     char* sysfs_path;
@@ -69,33 +69,22 @@
 struct fstab* fs_mgr_read_fstab(const char* fstab_path);
 void fs_mgr_free_fstab(struct fstab* fstab);
 
-int fs_mgr_add_entry(struct fstab* fstab, const char* mount_point, const char* fs_type,
-                     const char* blk_device);
 struct fstab_rec* fs_mgr_get_entry_for_mount_point(struct fstab* fstab, const std::string& path);
 int fs_mgr_is_voldmanaged(const struct fstab_rec* fstab);
 int fs_mgr_is_nonremovable(const struct fstab_rec* fstab);
 int fs_mgr_is_verified(const struct fstab_rec* fstab);
-int fs_mgr_is_verifyatboot(const struct fstab_rec* fstab);
-int fs_mgr_is_avb(const struct fstab_rec* fstab);
 int fs_mgr_is_encryptable(const struct fstab_rec* fstab);
-int fs_mgr_is_file_encrypted(const struct fstab_rec* fstab);
 void fs_mgr_get_file_encryption_modes(const struct fstab_rec* fstab, const char** contents_mode_ret,
                                       const char** filenames_mode_ret);
 int fs_mgr_is_convertible_to_fbe(const struct fstab_rec* fstab);
 int fs_mgr_is_noemulatedsd(const struct fstab_rec* fstab);
 int fs_mgr_is_notrim(const struct fstab_rec* fstab);
-int fs_mgr_is_formattable(const struct fstab_rec* fstab);
-int fs_mgr_is_slotselect(const struct fstab_rec* fstab);
-int fs_mgr_is_nofail(const struct fstab_rec* fstab);
-int fs_mgr_is_first_stage_mount(const struct fstab_rec* fstab);
-int fs_mgr_is_latemount(const struct fstab_rec* fstab);
 int fs_mgr_is_quota(const struct fstab_rec* fstab);
 int fs_mgr_is_logical(const struct fstab_rec* fstab);
 int fs_mgr_is_checkpoint(const struct fstab_rec* fstab);
 int fs_mgr_is_checkpoint_fs(const struct fstab_rec* fstab);
 int fs_mgr_is_checkpoint_blk(const struct fstab_rec* fstab);
 int fs_mgr_has_sysfs_path(const struct fstab_rec* fstab);
-int fs_mgr_is_fs_verity(const struct fstab_rec* fstab);
 
 std::string fs_mgr_get_slot_suffix();
 std::string fs_mgr_get_other_slot_suffix();
@@ -118,19 +107,20 @@
     int max_comp_streams = 0;
     off64_t zram_size = 0;
     off64_t reserved_size = 0;
-    int file_contents_mode = 0;
-    int file_names_mode = 0;
+    std::string file_contents_mode;
+    std::string file_names_mode;
     off64_t erase_blk_size = 0;
     off64_t logical_blk_size = 0;
     std::string sysfs_path;
     std::string vbmeta_partition;
     std::string zram_loopback_path;
-    uint64_t zram_loopback_size;
+    uint64_t zram_loopback_size = 512 * 1024 * 1024;  // 512MB by default;
     std::string zram_backing_dev_path;
+    std::string avb_key;
 
     // TODO: Remove this union once fstab_rec is deprecated. It only serves as a
     // convenient way to convert between fstab_rec::fs_mgr_flags and these bools.
-    union {
+    union FsMgrFlags {
         uint64_t val;
         struct {
             // bit 0
@@ -195,6 +185,8 @@
 bool ReadFstabFromDt(Fstab* fstab, bool log = true);
 bool ReadDefaultFstab(Fstab* fstab);
 
+FstabEntry* GetEntryForMountPoint(Fstab* fstab, const std::string& path);
+
 // Temporary conversion functions.
 FstabEntry FstabRecToFstabEntry(const fstab_rec* fstab_rec);
 Fstab LegacyFstabToFstab(const struct fstab* legacy_fstab);
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/Android.bp b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/Android.bp
index 191e803..3e93265 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/Android.bp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/Android.bp
@@ -88,6 +88,7 @@
 cc_test_host {
     name: "libfs_avb_test",
     defaults: ["libfs_avb_host_test_defaults"],
+    test_suites: ["general-tests"],
     static_libs: [
         "libfs_avb_test_util",
     ],
@@ -103,6 +104,7 @@
 cc_test_host {
     name: "libfs_avb_internal_test",
     defaults: ["libfs_avb_host_test_defaults"],
+    test_suites: ["general-tests"],
     static_libs: [
         "libfs_avb_test_util",
     ],
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/TEST_MAPPING b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/TEST_MAPPING
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dc23827
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/TEST_MAPPING
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+{
+  "presubmit": [
+    {
+      "name": "libfs_avb_test",
+      "host": true
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "libfs_avb_internal_test",
+      "host": true
+    }
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/avb_util.cpp b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/avb_util.cpp
index f57c9d6..945087f 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/avb_util.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/avb_util.cpp
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 
 #include "util.h"
 
+using android::base::Basename;
 using android::base::StartsWith;
 using android::base::unique_fd;
 
@@ -61,7 +62,7 @@
 // class VBMetaData
 // ----------------
 std::unique_ptr<AvbVBMetaImageHeader> VBMetaData::GetVBMetaHeader(bool update_vbmeta_size) {
-    auto vbmeta_header(std::make_unique<AvbVBMetaImageHeader>());
+    auto vbmeta_header = std::make_unique<AvbVBMetaImageHeader>();
 
     if (!vbmeta_header) return nullptr;
 
@@ -136,7 +137,7 @@
     }
     table.set_readonly(true);
 
-    const std::string mount_point(basename(fstab_entry->mount_point.c_str()));
+    const std::string mount_point(Basename(fstab_entry->mount_point));
     android::dm::DeviceMapper& dm = android::dm::DeviceMapper::Instance();
     if (!dm.CreateDevice(mount_point, table)) {
         LERROR << "Couldn't create verity device!";
@@ -163,12 +164,12 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-bool GetHashtreeDescriptor(const std::string& partition_name,
-                           const std::vector<VBMetaData>& vbmeta_images,
-                           AvbHashtreeDescriptor* out_hashtree_desc, std::string* out_salt,
-                           std::string* out_digest) {
+std::unique_ptr<AvbHashtreeDescriptor> GetHashtreeDescriptor(
+    const std::string& partition_name, const std::vector<VBMetaData>& vbmeta_images,
+    std::string* out_salt, std::string* out_digest) {
     bool found = false;
     const uint8_t* desc_partition_name;
+    auto hashtree_desc = std::make_unique<AvbHashtreeDescriptor>();
 
     for (const auto& vbmeta : vbmeta_images) {
         size_t num_descriptors;
@@ -189,15 +190,15 @@
                 desc_partition_name =
                         (const uint8_t*)descriptors[n] + sizeof(AvbHashtreeDescriptor);
                 if (!avb_hashtree_descriptor_validate_and_byteswap(
-                            (AvbHashtreeDescriptor*)descriptors[n], out_hashtree_desc)) {
+                        (AvbHashtreeDescriptor*)descriptors[n], hashtree_desc.get())) {
                     continue;
                 }
-                if (out_hashtree_desc->partition_name_len != partition_name.length()) {
+                if (hashtree_desc->partition_name_len != partition_name.length()) {
                     continue;
                 }
                 // Notes that desc_partition_name is not NUL-terminated.
                 std::string hashtree_partition_name((const char*)desc_partition_name,
-                                                    out_hashtree_desc->partition_name_len);
+                                                    hashtree_desc->partition_name_len);
                 if (hashtree_partition_name == partition_name) {
                     found = true;
                 }
@@ -209,16 +210,43 @@
 
     if (!found) {
         LERROR << "Partition descriptor not found: " << partition_name.c_str();
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    const uint8_t* desc_salt = desc_partition_name + hashtree_desc->partition_name_len;
+    *out_salt = BytesToHex(desc_salt, hashtree_desc->salt_len);
+
+    const uint8_t* desc_digest = desc_salt + hashtree_desc->salt_len;
+    *out_digest = BytesToHex(desc_digest, hashtree_desc->root_digest_len);
+
+    return hashtree_desc;
+}
+
+bool LoadAvbHashtreeToEnableVerity(FstabEntry* fstab_entry, bool wait_for_verity_dev,
+                                   const std::vector<VBMetaData>& vbmeta_images,
+                                   const std::string& ab_suffix,
+                                   const std::string& ab_other_suffix) {
+    // Derives partition_name from blk_device to query the corresponding AVB HASHTREE descriptor
+    // to setup dm-verity. The partition_names in AVB descriptors are without A/B suffix.
+    std::string partition_name = DeriveAvbPartitionName(*fstab_entry, ab_suffix, ab_other_suffix);
+
+    if (partition_name.empty()) {
+        LERROR << "partition name is empty, cannot lookup AVB descriptors";
         return false;
     }
 
-    const uint8_t* desc_salt = desc_partition_name + out_hashtree_desc->partition_name_len;
-    *out_salt = BytesToHex(desc_salt, out_hashtree_desc->salt_len);
+    std::string salt;
+    std::string root_digest;
+    std::unique_ptr<AvbHashtreeDescriptor> hashtree_descriptor =
+        GetHashtreeDescriptor(partition_name, vbmeta_images, &salt, &root_digest);
+    if (!hashtree_descriptor) {
+        return false;
+    }
 
-    const uint8_t* desc_digest = desc_salt + out_hashtree_desc->salt_len;
-    *out_digest = BytesToHex(desc_digest, out_hashtree_desc->root_digest_len);
-
-    return true;
+    // Converts HASHTREE descriptor to verity table to load into kernel.
+    // When success, the new device path will be returned, e.g., /dev/block/dm-2.
+    return HashtreeDmVeritySetup(fstab_entry, *hashtree_descriptor, salt, root_digest,
+                                 wait_for_verity_dev);
 }
 
 // Converts a AVB partition_name (without A/B suffix) to a device partition name.
@@ -244,6 +272,38 @@
     return sanitized_partition_name + append_suffix;
 }
 
+// Converts fstab_entry.blk_device (with ab_suffix) to a AVB partition name.
+// e.g., "/dev/block/by-name/system_a", slot_select       => "system",
+//       "/dev/block/by-name/system_b", slot_select_other => "system_other".
+//
+// Or for a logical partition (with ab_suffix):
+// e.g., "system_a", slot_select       => "system",
+//       "system_b", slot_select_other => "system_other".
+std::string DeriveAvbPartitionName(const FstabEntry& fstab_entry, const std::string& ab_suffix,
+                                   const std::string& ab_other_suffix) {
+    std::string partition_name;
+    if (fstab_entry.fs_mgr_flags.logical) {
+        partition_name = fstab_entry.logical_partition_name;
+    } else {
+        partition_name = Basename(fstab_entry.blk_device);
+    }
+
+    if (fstab_entry.fs_mgr_flags.slot_select) {
+        auto found = partition_name.rfind(ab_suffix);
+        if (found != std::string::npos) {
+            partition_name.erase(found);  // converts system_a => system
+        }
+    } else if (fstab_entry.fs_mgr_flags.slot_select_other) {
+        auto found = partition_name.rfind(ab_other_suffix);
+        if (found != std::string::npos) {
+            partition_name.erase(found);  // converts system_b => system
+        }
+        partition_name += "_other";  // converts system => system_other
+    }
+
+    return partition_name;
+}
+
 off64_t GetTotalSize(int fd) {
     off64_t saved_current = lseek64(fd, 0, SEEK_CUR);
     if (saved_current == -1) {
@@ -268,19 +328,19 @@
 
 std::unique_ptr<AvbFooter> GetAvbFooter(int fd) {
     std::array<uint8_t, AVB_FOOTER_SIZE> footer_buf;
-    auto footer(std::make_unique<AvbFooter>());
+    auto footer = std::make_unique<AvbFooter>();
 
     off64_t footer_offset = GetTotalSize(fd) - AVB_FOOTER_SIZE;
 
     ssize_t num_read =
             TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(pread64(fd, footer_buf.data(), AVB_FOOTER_SIZE, footer_offset));
     if (num_read < 0 || num_read != AVB_FOOTER_SIZE) {
-        PERROR << "Failed to read AVB footer";
+        PERROR << "Failed to read AVB footer at offset: " << footer_offset;
         return nullptr;
     }
 
     if (!avb_footer_validate_and_byteswap((const AvbFooter*)footer_buf.data(), footer.get())) {
-        PERROR << "AVB footer verification failed.";
+        PERROR << "AVB footer verification failed at offset " << footer_offset;
         return nullptr;
     }
 
@@ -432,24 +492,22 @@
     return chain_partitions;
 }
 
-VBMetaVerifyResult LoadAndVerifyVbmetaImpl(
-        const std::string& partition_name, const std::string& ab_suffix,
-        const std::string& ab_other_suffix, const std::string& expected_public_key_blob,
-        bool allow_verification_error, bool load_chained_vbmeta, bool rollback_protection,
-        std::function<std::string(const std::string&)> device_path_constructor,
-        bool is_chained_vbmeta, std::vector<VBMetaData>* out_vbmeta_images) {
+// Loads the vbmeta from a given path.
+std::unique_ptr<VBMetaData> LoadAndVerifyVbmetaByPath(
+    const std::string& image_path, const std::string& partition_name,
+    const std::string& expected_public_key_blob, bool allow_verification_error,
+    bool rollback_protection, bool is_chained_vbmeta, bool* out_verification_disabled,
+    VBMetaVerifyResult* out_verify_result) {
     // Ensures the device path (might be a symlink created by init) is ready to access.
-    auto device_path = device_path_constructor(
-            AvbPartitionToDevicePatition(partition_name, ab_suffix, ab_other_suffix));
-    if (!WaitForFile(device_path, 1s)) {
-        PERROR << "No such partition: " << device_path;
-        return VBMetaVerifyResult::kError;
+    if (!WaitForFile(image_path, 1s)) {
+        PERROR << "No such path: " << image_path;
+        return nullptr;
     }
 
-    unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(device_path.c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC)));
+    unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(image_path.c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC)));
     if (fd < 0) {
-        PERROR << "Failed to open: " << device_path;
-        return VBMetaVerifyResult::kError;
+        PERROR << "Failed to open: " << image_path;
+        return nullptr;
     }
 
     VBMetaVerifyResult verify_result;
@@ -457,53 +515,84 @@
             VerifyVBMetaData(fd, partition_name, expected_public_key_blob, &verify_result);
     if (!vbmeta) {
         LERROR << partition_name << ": Failed to load vbmeta, result: " << verify_result;
-        return VBMetaVerifyResult::kError;
+        return nullptr;
     }
+    vbmeta->set_vbmeta_path(image_path);
 
     if (!allow_verification_error && verify_result == VBMetaVerifyResult::kErrorVerification) {
         LERROR << partition_name << ": allow verification error is not allowed";
-        return VBMetaVerifyResult::kError;
+        return nullptr;
     }
 
     std::unique_ptr<AvbVBMetaImageHeader> vbmeta_header =
             vbmeta->GetVBMetaHeader(true /* update_vbmeta_size */);
     if (!vbmeta_header) {
         LERROR << partition_name << ": Failed to get vbmeta header";
-        return VBMetaVerifyResult::kError;
+        return nullptr;
     }
 
     if (rollback_protection && RollbackDetected(partition_name, vbmeta_header->rollback_index)) {
-        return VBMetaVerifyResult::kError;
+        return nullptr;
     }
 
     // vbmeta flags can only be set by the top-level vbmeta image.
     if (is_chained_vbmeta && vbmeta_header->flags != 0) {
         LERROR << partition_name << ": chained vbmeta image has non-zero flags";
-        return VBMetaVerifyResult::kError;
+        return nullptr;
     }
 
+    // Checks if verification has been disabled by setting a bit in the image.
+    if (out_verification_disabled) {
+        if (vbmeta_header->flags & AVB_VBMETA_IMAGE_FLAGS_VERIFICATION_DISABLED) {
+            LWARNING << "VERIFICATION_DISABLED bit is set for partition: " << partition_name;
+            *out_verification_disabled = true;
+        } else {
+            *out_verification_disabled = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (out_verify_result) {
+        *out_verify_result = verify_result;
+    }
+
+    return vbmeta;
+}
+
+VBMetaVerifyResult LoadAndVerifyVbmetaByPartition(
+    const std::string& partition_name, const std::string& ab_suffix,
+    const std::string& ab_other_suffix, const std::string& expected_public_key_blob,
+    bool allow_verification_error, bool load_chained_vbmeta, bool rollback_protection,
+    std::function<std::string(const std::string&)> device_path_constructor, bool is_chained_vbmeta,
+    std::vector<VBMetaData>* out_vbmeta_images) {
+    auto image_path = device_path_constructor(
+        AvbPartitionToDevicePatition(partition_name, ab_suffix, ab_other_suffix));
+
+    bool verification_disabled = false;
+    VBMetaVerifyResult verify_result;
+    auto vbmeta = LoadAndVerifyVbmetaByPath(
+        image_path, partition_name, expected_public_key_blob, allow_verification_error,
+        rollback_protection, is_chained_vbmeta, &verification_disabled, &verify_result);
+
+    if (!vbmeta) {
+        return VBMetaVerifyResult::kError;
+    }
     if (out_vbmeta_images) {
         out_vbmeta_images->emplace_back(std::move(*vbmeta));
     }
 
-    // If verification has been disabled by setting a bit in the image, we're done.
-    if (vbmeta_header->flags & AVB_VBMETA_IMAGE_FLAGS_VERIFICATION_DISABLED) {
-        LWARNING << "VERIFICATION_DISABLED bit is set for partition: " << partition_name;
-        return verify_result;
-    }
-
-    if (load_chained_vbmeta) {
+    // Only loads chained vbmeta if AVB verification is NOT disabled.
+    if (!verification_disabled && load_chained_vbmeta) {
         bool fatal_error = false;
         auto chain_partitions = GetChainPartitionInfo(*out_vbmeta_images->rbegin(), &fatal_error);
         if (fatal_error) {
             return VBMetaVerifyResult::kError;
         }
         for (auto& chain : chain_partitions) {
-            auto sub_ret = LoadAndVerifyVbmetaImpl(
-                    chain.partition_name, ab_suffix, ab_other_suffix, chain.public_key_blob,
-                    allow_verification_error, load_chained_vbmeta, rollback_protection,
-                    device_path_constructor, true, /* is_chained_vbmeta */
-                    out_vbmeta_images);
+            auto sub_ret = LoadAndVerifyVbmetaByPartition(
+                chain.partition_name, ab_suffix, ab_other_suffix, chain.public_key_blob,
+                allow_verification_error, load_chained_vbmeta, rollback_protection,
+                device_path_constructor, true, /* is_chained_vbmeta */
+                out_vbmeta_images);
             if (sub_ret != VBMetaVerifyResult::kSuccess) {
                 verify_result = sub_ret;  // might be 'ERROR' or 'ERROR VERIFICATION'.
                 if (verify_result == VBMetaVerifyResult::kError) {
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/avb_util.h b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/avb_util.h
index babbfef..14918f2 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/avb_util.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/avb_util.h
@@ -46,10 +46,9 @@
 };
 
 // AvbHashtreeDescriptor to dm-verity table setup.
-bool GetHashtreeDescriptor(const std::string& partition_name,
-                           const std::vector<VBMetaData>& vbmeta_images,
-                           AvbHashtreeDescriptor* out_hashtree_desc, std::string* out_salt,
-                           std::string* out_digest);
+std::unique_ptr<AvbHashtreeDescriptor> GetHashtreeDescriptor(
+    const std::string& partition_name, const std::vector<VBMetaData>& vbmeta_images,
+    std::string* out_salt, std::string* out_digest);
 
 bool ConstructVerityTable(const AvbHashtreeDescriptor& hashtree_desc, const std::string& salt,
                           const std::string& root_digest, const std::string& blk_device,
@@ -59,11 +58,20 @@
                            const std::string& salt, const std::string& root_digest,
                            bool wait_for_verity_dev);
 
-// Maps AVB partition name to a device partition name.
+// Searches a Avb hashtree descriptor in vbmeta_images for fstab_entry, to enable dm-verity.
+bool LoadAvbHashtreeToEnableVerity(FstabEntry* fstab_entry, bool wait_for_verity_dev,
+                                   const std::vector<VBMetaData>& vbmeta_images,
+                                   const std::string& ab_suffix, const std::string& ab_other_suffix);
+
+// Converts AVB partition name to a device partition name.
 std::string AvbPartitionToDevicePatition(const std::string& avb_partition_name,
                                          const std::string& ab_suffix,
                                          const std::string& ab_other_suffix);
 
+// Converts by-name symlink to AVB partition name.
+std::string DeriveAvbPartitionName(const FstabEntry& fstab_entry, const std::string& ab_suffix,
+                                   const std::string& ab_other_suffix);
+
 // AvbFooter and AvbMetaImage maninpulations.
 off64_t GetTotalSize(int fd);
 
@@ -84,12 +92,22 @@
 // Extracts chain partition info.
 std::vector<ChainInfo> GetChainPartitionInfo(const VBMetaData& vbmeta, bool* fatal_error);
 
-VBMetaVerifyResult LoadAndVerifyVbmetaImpl(
-        const std::string& partition_name, const std::string& ab_suffix,
-        const std::string& ab_other_suffix, const std::string& expected_public_key_blob,
-        bool allow_verification_error, bool load_chained_vbmeta, bool rollback_protection,
-        std::function<std::string(const std::string&)> device_path_constructor,
-        bool is_chained_vbmeta, std::vector<VBMetaData>* out_vbmeta_images);
+// Loads the single vbmeta from a given path.
+std::unique_ptr<VBMetaData> LoadAndVerifyVbmetaByPath(
+    const std::string& image_path, const std::string& partition_name,
+    const std::string& expected_public_key_blob, bool allow_verification_error,
+    bool rollback_protection, bool is_chained_vbmeta, bool* out_verification_disabled,
+    VBMetaVerifyResult* out_verify_result);
+
+// Loads the top-level vbmeta and all its chained vbmeta images.
+// The actual device path is constructed at runtime by:
+// partition_name, ab_suffix, ab_other_suffix, and device_path_constructor.
+VBMetaVerifyResult LoadAndVerifyVbmetaByPartition(
+    const std::string& partition_name, const std::string& ab_suffix,
+    const std::string& ab_other_suffix, const std::string& expected_public_key_blob,
+    bool allow_verification_error, bool load_chained_vbmeta, bool rollback_protection,
+    std::function<std::string(const std::string&)> device_path_constructor, bool is_chained_vbmeta,
+    std::vector<VBMetaData>* out_vbmeta_images);
 
 }  // namespace fs_mgr
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/fs_avb.cpp b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/fs_avb.cpp
index 9f8ad53..773baf4 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/fs_avb.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/fs_avb.cpp
@@ -233,10 +233,10 @@
 
     auto device_path = custom_device_path ? custom_device_path : android_by_name_symlink;
 
-    auto verify_result = LoadAndVerifyVbmetaImpl(
-            partition_name, ab_suffix, ab_other_suffix, expected_key_blob, allow_verification_error,
-            load_chained_vbmeta, rollback_protection, device_path, false,
-            /* is_chained_vbmeta */ &avb_handle->vbmeta_images_);
+    auto verify_result = LoadAndVerifyVbmetaByPartition(
+        partition_name, ab_suffix, ab_other_suffix, expected_key_blob, allow_verification_error,
+        load_chained_vbmeta, rollback_protection, device_path, false,
+        /* is_chained_vbmeta */ &avb_handle->vbmeta_images_);
     switch (verify_result) {
         case VBMetaVerifyResult::kSuccess:
             avb_handle->status_ = AvbHandleStatus::kSuccess;
@@ -245,10 +245,16 @@
             avb_handle->status_ = AvbHandleStatus::kVerificationError;
             break;
         default:
-            LERROR << "LoadAndVerifyVbmetaImpl failed, result: " << verify_result;
+            LERROR << "LoadAndVerifyVbmetaByPartition failed, result: " << verify_result;
             return nullptr;
     }
 
+    // Sanity check here because we have to use vbmeta_images_[0] below.
+    if (avb_handle->vbmeta_images_.size() < 1) {
+        LERROR << "LoadAndVerifyVbmetaByPartition failed, no vbmeta loaded";
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+
     // Sets the MAJOR.MINOR for init to set it into "ro.boot.avb_version".
     avb_handle->avb_version_ = StringPrintf("%d.%d", AVB_VERSION_MAJOR, AVB_VERSION_MINOR);
 
@@ -377,6 +383,54 @@
     return avb_handle;
 }
 
+AvbHashtreeResult AvbHandle::SetUpStandaloneAvbHashtree(FstabEntry* fstab_entry) {
+    if (fstab_entry->avb_key.empty()) {
+        LERROR << "avb_key=/path/to/key is missing for " << fstab_entry->mount_point;
+        return AvbHashtreeResult::kFail;
+    }
+
+    // Binds allow_verification_error and rollback_protection to device unlock state.
+    bool allow_verification_error = IsDeviceUnlocked();
+    bool rollback_protection = !allow_verification_error;
+
+    std::string expected_key_blob;
+    if (!ReadFileToString(fstab_entry->avb_key, &expected_key_blob)) {
+        if (!allow_verification_error) {
+            LERROR << "Failed to load avb_key: " << fstab_entry->avb_key
+                   << " for mount point: " << fstab_entry->mount_point;
+            return AvbHashtreeResult::kFail;
+        }
+        // Use empty key blob, which means no expectation, if allow verification error.
+        expected_key_blob.clear();
+    }
+
+    bool verification_disabled = false;
+    std::unique_ptr<VBMetaData> vbmeta = LoadAndVerifyVbmetaByPath(
+        fstab_entry->blk_device, "" /* partition_name, no need for a standalone path */,
+        expected_key_blob, allow_verification_error, rollback_protection,
+        false /* not is_chained_vbmeta */, &verification_disabled, nullptr /* out_verify_result */);
+
+    if (!vbmeta) {
+        LERROR << "Failed to load vbmeta: " << fstab_entry->blk_device;
+        return AvbHashtreeResult::kFail;
+    }
+
+    if (verification_disabled) {
+        LINFO << "AVB verification disabled on: " << fstab_entry->mount_point;
+        return AvbHashtreeResult::kDisabled;
+    }
+
+    // Puts the vbmeta into a vector, for LoadAvbHashtreeToEnableVerity() to use.
+    std::vector<VBMetaData> vbmeta_images;
+    vbmeta_images.emplace_back(std::move(*vbmeta));
+    if (!LoadAvbHashtreeToEnableVerity(fstab_entry, true /* wait_for_verity_dev */, vbmeta_images,
+                                       fs_mgr_get_slot_suffix(), fs_mgr_get_other_slot_suffix())) {
+        return AvbHashtreeResult::kFail;
+    }
+
+    return AvbHashtreeResult::kSuccess;
+}
+
 AvbHashtreeResult AvbHandle::SetUpAvbHashtree(FstabEntry* fstab_entry, bool wait_for_verity_dev) {
     if (!fstab_entry || status_ == AvbHandleStatus::kUninitialized || vbmeta_images_.size() < 1) {
         return AvbHashtreeResult::kFail;
@@ -388,33 +442,8 @@
         return AvbHashtreeResult::kDisabled;
     }
 
-    // Derives partition_name from blk_device to query the corresponding AVB HASHTREE descriptor
-    // to setup dm-verity. The partition_names in AVB descriptors are without A/B suffix.
-    std::string partition_name;
-    if (fstab_entry->fs_mgr_flags.logical) {
-        partition_name = fstab_entry->logical_partition_name;
-    } else {
-        partition_name = Basename(fstab_entry->blk_device);
-    }
-
-    if (fstab_entry->fs_mgr_flags.slot_select) {
-        auto ab_suffix = partition_name.rfind(fs_mgr_get_slot_suffix());
-        if (ab_suffix != std::string::npos) {
-            partition_name.erase(ab_suffix);
-        }
-    }
-
-    AvbHashtreeDescriptor hashtree_descriptor;
-    std::string salt;
-    std::string root_digest;
-    if (!GetHashtreeDescriptor(partition_name, vbmeta_images_, &hashtree_descriptor, &salt,
-                               &root_digest)) {
-        return AvbHashtreeResult::kFail;
-    }
-
-    // Converts HASHTREE descriptor to verity_table_params.
-    if (!HashtreeDmVeritySetup(fstab_entry, hashtree_descriptor, salt, root_digest,
-                               wait_for_verity_dev)) {
+    if (!LoadAvbHashtreeToEnableVerity(fstab_entry, wait_for_verity_dev, vbmeta_images_,
+                                       fs_mgr_get_slot_suffix(), fs_mgr_get_other_slot_suffix())) {
         return AvbHashtreeResult::kFail;
     }
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/include/fs_avb/fs_avb.h b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/include/fs_avb/fs_avb.h
index 7af3c7e..55a320e 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/include/fs_avb/fs_avb.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/include/fs_avb/fs_avb.h
@@ -81,8 +81,15 @@
     // true to update vbmeta_size_ to the actual size with valid content.
     std::unique_ptr<AvbVBMetaImageHeader> GetVBMetaHeader(bool update_vbmeta_size = false);
 
+    // Sets the vbmeta_path where we load the vbmeta data. Could be a partition or a file.
+    // e.g.,
+    // - /dev/block/by-name/system_a
+    // - /path/to/system_other.img.
+    void set_vbmeta_path(std::string vbmeta_path) { vbmeta_path_ = std::move(vbmeta_path); }
+
     // Get methods for each data member.
     const std::string& partition() const { return partition_name_; }
+    const std::string& vbmeta_path() const { return vbmeta_path_; }
     uint8_t* data() const { return vbmeta_ptr_.get(); }
     const size_t& size() const { return vbmeta_size_; }
 
@@ -93,6 +100,7 @@
     std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> vbmeta_ptr_;
     size_t vbmeta_size_;
     std::string partition_name_;
+    std::string vbmeta_path_;
 };
 
 class FsManagerAvbOps;
@@ -160,6 +168,9 @@
     //   - kDisabled: hashtree is disabled.
     AvbHashtreeResult SetUpAvbHashtree(FstabEntry* fstab_entry, bool wait_for_verity_dev);
 
+    // Similar to above, but loads the offline vbmeta from the end of fstab_entry->blk_device.
+    static AvbHashtreeResult SetUpStandaloneAvbHashtree(FstabEntry* fstab_entry);
+
     const std::string& avb_version() const { return avb_version_; }
     const VBMetaInfo& vbmeta_info() const { return vbmeta_info_; }
     AvbHandleStatus status() const { return status_; }
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/tests/avb_util_test.cpp b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/tests/avb_util_test.cpp
index 26b3294..23faffc 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/tests/avb_util_test.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/tests/avb_util_test.cpp
@@ -14,20 +14,25 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#include <endian.h>
+
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 #include <base/files/file_util.h>
 #include <base/rand_util.h>
 #include <base/strings/string_util.h>
+#include <libavb/libavb.h>
 
 #include "avb_util.h"
 #include "fs_avb_test_util.h"
 
 // Target classes or functions to test:
 using android::fs_mgr::AvbPartitionToDevicePatition;
+using android::fs_mgr::DeriveAvbPartitionName;
 using android::fs_mgr::GetAvbFooter;
 using android::fs_mgr::GetChainPartitionInfo;
 using android::fs_mgr::GetTotalSize;
-using android::fs_mgr::LoadAndVerifyVbmetaImpl;
+using android::fs_mgr::LoadAndVerifyVbmetaByPartition;
+using android::fs_mgr::LoadAndVerifyVbmetaByPath;
 using android::fs_mgr::VBMetaData;
 using android::fs_mgr::VBMetaVerifyResult;
 using android::fs_mgr::VerifyPublicKeyBlob;
@@ -52,8 +57,34 @@
 
     // Loads the content of avb_image_path and comparies it with the content of vbmeta.
     bool CompareVBMeta(const base::FilePath& avb_image_path, const VBMetaData& expected_vbmeta);
+
+    // Sets the flas in vbmeta header, the image_path could be a vbmeta.img or a system.img.
+    void SetVBMetaFlags(const base::FilePath& image_path, uint32_t flags);
 };
 
+void AvbUtilTest::SetVBMetaFlags(const base::FilePath& image_path, uint32_t flags) {
+    if (!base::PathExists(image_path)) return;
+
+    std::string image_file_name = image_path.RemoveExtension().BaseName().value();
+    bool is_vbmeta_partition =
+        base::StartsWith(image_file_name, "vbmeta", base::CompareCase::INSENSITIVE_ASCII);
+
+    android::base::unique_fd fd(open(image_path.value().c_str(), O_RDWR | O_CLOEXEC));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(fd > 0);
+
+    uint64_t vbmeta_offset = 0;  // for vbmeta.img
+    if (!is_vbmeta_partition) {
+        std::unique_ptr<AvbFooter> footer = GetAvbFooter(fd);
+        EXPECT_NE(nullptr, footer);
+        vbmeta_offset = footer->vbmeta_offset;
+    }
+
+    auto flags_offset = vbmeta_offset + offsetof(AvbVBMetaImageHeader, flags);
+    uint32_t flags_data = htobe32(flags);
+    EXPECT_EQ(flags_offset, lseek64(fd, flags_offset, SEEK_SET));
+    EXPECT_EQ(sizeof flags_data, write(fd, &flags_data, sizeof flags_data));
+}
+
 TEST_F(AvbUtilTest, AvbPartitionToDevicePatition) {
     EXPECT_EQ("system", AvbPartitionToDevicePatition("system", "", ""));
     EXPECT_EQ("system", AvbPartitionToDevicePatition("system", "", "_b"));
@@ -65,6 +96,63 @@
     EXPECT_EQ("system_b", AvbPartitionToDevicePatition("system_other", "_a", "_b"));
 }
 
+TEST_F(AvbUtilTest, DeriveAvbPartitionName) {
+    // The fstab_entry to test.
+    FstabEntry fstab_entry = {
+        .blk_device = "/dev/block/dm-1",  // a dm-linear device (logical)
+        .mount_point = "/system",
+        .fs_type = "ext4",
+        .logical_partition_name = "system",
+    };
+
+    // Logical partitions.
+    // non-A/B
+    fstab_entry.fs_mgr_flags.logical = true;
+    EXPECT_EQ("system", DeriveAvbPartitionName(fstab_entry, "_dont_care", "_dont_care"));
+    EXPECT_EQ("system", DeriveAvbPartitionName(fstab_entry, "_a", "_b"));
+    EXPECT_EQ("system", DeriveAvbPartitionName(fstab_entry, "", ""));
+    // Active slot.
+    fstab_entry.fs_mgr_flags.slot_select = true;
+    fstab_entry.logical_partition_name = "system_a";
+    EXPECT_EQ("system", DeriveAvbPartitionName(fstab_entry, "_a", "_dont_care"));
+    EXPECT_EQ("system", DeriveAvbPartitionName(fstab_entry, "_a", "_b"));
+    EXPECT_EQ("system", DeriveAvbPartitionName(fstab_entry, "_a", ""));
+    EXPECT_EQ("system_a", DeriveAvbPartitionName(fstab_entry, "_wont_erase_a", "_dont_care"));
+    // The other slot.
+    fstab_entry.fs_mgr_flags.slot_select = false;
+    fstab_entry.fs_mgr_flags.slot_select_other = true;
+    fstab_entry.logical_partition_name = "system_b";
+    EXPECT_EQ("system_other", DeriveAvbPartitionName(fstab_entry, "_dont_care", "_b"));
+    EXPECT_EQ("system_other", DeriveAvbPartitionName(fstab_entry, "_a", "_b"));
+    EXPECT_EQ("system_other", DeriveAvbPartitionName(fstab_entry, "", "_b"));
+    EXPECT_EQ("system_b_other", DeriveAvbPartitionName(fstab_entry, "_dont_care", "_wont_erase_b"));
+
+    // Non-logical partitions.
+    // non-A/B.
+    fstab_entry.fs_mgr_flags.logical = false;
+    fstab_entry.fs_mgr_flags.slot_select = false;
+    fstab_entry.fs_mgr_flags.slot_select_other = false;
+    fstab_entry.blk_device = "/dev/block/by-name/system";
+    EXPECT_EQ("system", DeriveAvbPartitionName(fstab_entry, "_dont_care", "_dont_care"));
+    EXPECT_EQ("system", DeriveAvbPartitionName(fstab_entry, "_a", "_b"));
+    EXPECT_EQ("system", DeriveAvbPartitionName(fstab_entry, "", ""));
+    // Active slot _a.
+    fstab_entry.fs_mgr_flags.slot_select = true;
+    fstab_entry.blk_device = "/dev/block/by-name/system_a";
+    EXPECT_EQ("system", DeriveAvbPartitionName(fstab_entry, "_a", "_dont_care"));
+    EXPECT_EQ("system", DeriveAvbPartitionName(fstab_entry, "_a", "_b"));
+    EXPECT_EQ("system", DeriveAvbPartitionName(fstab_entry, "_a", ""));
+    EXPECT_EQ("system_a", DeriveAvbPartitionName(fstab_entry, "_wont_erase_a", "_dont_care"));
+    // Inactive slot _b.
+    fstab_entry.fs_mgr_flags.slot_select = false;
+    fstab_entry.fs_mgr_flags.slot_select_other = true;
+    fstab_entry.blk_device = "/dev/block/by-name/system_b";
+    EXPECT_EQ("system_other", DeriveAvbPartitionName(fstab_entry, "dont_care", "_b"));
+    EXPECT_EQ("system_other", DeriveAvbPartitionName(fstab_entry, "_a", "_b"));
+    EXPECT_EQ("system_other", DeriveAvbPartitionName(fstab_entry, "", "_b"));
+    EXPECT_EQ("system_b_other", DeriveAvbPartitionName(fstab_entry, "dont_care", "_wont_erase_b"));
+}
+
 TEST_F(AvbUtilTest, GetFdTotalSize) {
     // Generates a raw test.img via BaseFsAvbTest.
     const size_t image_size = 5 * 1024 * 1024;
@@ -751,7 +839,213 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(false, fatal_error);
 }
 
-TEST_F(AvbUtilTest, LoadAndVerifyVbmetaImpl) {
+TEST_F(AvbUtilTest, LoadAndVerifyVbmetaByPath) {
+    // Generates a raw system_other.img, use a smaller size to speed-up unit test.
+    const size_t system_image_size = 10 * 1024 * 1024;
+    const size_t system_partition_size = 15 * 1024 * 1024;
+    base::FilePath system_path = GenerateImage("system_other.img", system_image_size);
+
+    // Adds AVB Hashtree Footer.
+    AddAvbFooter(system_path, "hashtree", "system_other", system_partition_size, "SHA512_RSA4096",
+                 20, data_dir_.Append("testkey_rsa4096.pem"), "d00df00d",
+                 "--internal_release_string \"unit test\"");
+
+    base::FilePath rsa4096_public_key =
+        ExtractPublicKeyAvb(data_dir_.Append("testkey_rsa4096.pem"));
+
+    std::string expected_key_blob_4096;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(base::ReadFileToString(rsa4096_public_key, &expected_key_blob_4096));
+
+    bool verification_disabled;
+    VBMetaVerifyResult verify_result;
+    std::unique_ptr<VBMetaData> vbmeta = LoadAndVerifyVbmetaByPath(
+        system_path.value(), "system_other", expected_key_blob_4096,
+        false /* allow_verification_error */, false /* rollback_protection */,
+        false /* is_chained_vbmeta */, &verification_disabled, &verify_result);
+
+    EXPECT_NE(nullptr, vbmeta);
+    EXPECT_EQ(VBMetaVerifyResult::kSuccess, verify_result);
+    EXPECT_EQ(false, verification_disabled);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(2112UL, vbmeta->size());
+    EXPECT_EQ(system_path.value(), vbmeta->vbmeta_path());
+    EXPECT_EQ("system_other", vbmeta->partition());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(CompareVBMeta(system_path, *vbmeta));
+}
+
+TEST_F(AvbUtilTest, LoadAndVerifyVbmetaByPathErrorVerification) {
+    // Generates a raw system_other.img, use a smaller size to speed-up unit test.
+    const size_t system_image_size = 10 * 1024 * 1024;
+    const size_t system_partition_size = 15 * 1024 * 1024;
+    base::FilePath system_path = GenerateImage("system_other.img", system_image_size);
+
+    // Adds AVB Hashtree Footer.
+    AddAvbFooter(system_path, "hashtree", "system_other", system_partition_size, "SHA512_RSA4096",
+                 20, data_dir_.Append("testkey_rsa4096.pem"), "d00df00d",
+                 "--internal_release_string \"unit test\"");
+
+    base::FilePath rsa4096_public_key =
+        ExtractPublicKeyAvb(data_dir_.Append("testkey_rsa4096.pem"));
+
+    std::string expected_key_blob_4096;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(base::ReadFileToString(rsa4096_public_key, &expected_key_blob_4096));
+
+    // Modifies the auxiliary data of system_other.img
+    auto fd = OpenUniqueReadFd(system_path);
+    auto system_footer = GetAvbFooter(fd);
+    auto system_vbmeta = ExtractAndLoadVBMetaData(system_path, "system_other-vbmeta.img");
+    auto system_header = system_vbmeta.GetVBMetaHeader(true /* update_vbmeta_size */);
+    size_t header_block_offset = 0;
+    size_t authentication_block_offset = header_block_offset + sizeof(AvbVBMetaImageHeader);
+    size_t auxiliary_block_offset =
+        authentication_block_offset + system_header->authentication_data_block_size;
+
+    // Modifies the hash.
+    ModifyFile(
+        system_path,
+        (system_footer->vbmeta_offset + authentication_block_offset + system_header->hash_offset),
+        system_header->hash_size);
+
+    VBMetaVerifyResult verify_result;
+    // Not allow verification error.
+    std::unique_ptr<VBMetaData> vbmeta = LoadAndVerifyVbmetaByPath(
+        system_path.value(), "system_other", expected_key_blob_4096,
+        false /* allow_verification_error */, false /* rollback_protection */,
+        false /* is_chained_vbmeta */, nullptr /* verification_disabled */, &verify_result);
+    EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, vbmeta);
+
+    // Allow verification error.
+    vbmeta = LoadAndVerifyVbmetaByPath(
+        system_path.value(), "system_other", expected_key_blob_4096,
+        true /* allow_verification_error */, false /* rollback_protection */,
+        false /* is_chained_vbmeta */, nullptr /* verification_disabled */, &verify_result);
+    EXPECT_NE(nullptr, vbmeta);
+    EXPECT_EQ(VBMetaVerifyResult::kErrorVerification, verify_result);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(2112UL, vbmeta->size());
+    EXPECT_EQ(system_path.value(), vbmeta->vbmeta_path());
+    EXPECT_EQ("system_other", vbmeta->partition());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(CompareVBMeta(system_path, *vbmeta));
+
+    // Modifies the auxiliary data block.
+    ModifyFile(system_path, system_footer->vbmeta_offset + auxiliary_block_offset,
+               system_header->auxiliary_data_block_size);
+
+    // Not allow verification error.
+    vbmeta = LoadAndVerifyVbmetaByPath(
+        system_path.value(), "system_other", expected_key_blob_4096,
+        false /* allow_verification_error */, false /* rollback_protection */,
+        false /* is_chained_vbmeta */, nullptr /* verification_disabled */, &verify_result);
+    EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, vbmeta);
+
+    // Allow verification error.
+    vbmeta = LoadAndVerifyVbmetaByPath(
+        system_path.value(), "system_other", expected_key_blob_4096,
+        true /* allow_verification_error */, false /* rollback_protection */,
+        false /* is_chained_vbmeta */, nullptr /* verification_disabled */, &verify_result);
+    EXPECT_NE(nullptr, vbmeta);
+    EXPECT_EQ(VBMetaVerifyResult::kErrorVerification, verify_result);
+}
+
+TEST_F(AvbUtilTest, LoadAndVerifyVbmetaByPathUnexpectedPublicKey) {
+    // Generates a raw system_other.img, use a smaller size to speed-up unit test.
+    const size_t system_image_size = 10 * 1024 * 1024;
+    const size_t system_partition_size = 15 * 1024 * 1024;
+    base::FilePath system_path = GenerateImage("system_other.img", system_image_size);
+
+    // Adds AVB Hashtree Footer.
+    AddAvbFooter(system_path, "hashtree", "system_other", system_partition_size, "SHA512_RSA4096",
+                 20, data_dir_.Append("testkey_rsa4096.pem"), "d00df00d",
+                 "--internal_release_string \"unit test\"");
+
+    base::FilePath rsa2048_public_key =
+        ExtractPublicKeyAvb(data_dir_.Append("testkey_rsa2048.pem"));
+    base::FilePath rsa4096_public_key =
+        ExtractPublicKeyAvb(data_dir_.Append("testkey_rsa4096.pem"));
+
+    std::string expected_key_blob_4096;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(base::ReadFileToString(rsa4096_public_key, &expected_key_blob_4096));
+    std::string unexpected_key_blob_2048;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(base::ReadFileToString(rsa2048_public_key, &unexpected_key_blob_2048));
+
+    // Uses the correct expected public key.
+    VBMetaVerifyResult verify_result;
+    std::unique_ptr<VBMetaData> vbmeta = LoadAndVerifyVbmetaByPath(
+        system_path.value(), "system_other", expected_key_blob_4096,
+        false /* allow_verification_error */, false /* rollback_protection */,
+        false /* is_chained_vbmeta */, nullptr /* verification_disabled */, &verify_result);
+    EXPECT_NE(nullptr, vbmeta);
+    EXPECT_EQ(verify_result, VBMetaVerifyResult::kSuccess);
+    EXPECT_EQ(2112UL, vbmeta->size());
+    EXPECT_EQ(system_path.value(), vbmeta->vbmeta_path());
+    EXPECT_EQ("system_other", vbmeta->partition());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(CompareVBMeta(system_path, *vbmeta));
+
+    // Uses the wrong expected public key with allow_verification_error set to false.
+    vbmeta = LoadAndVerifyVbmetaByPath(
+        system_path.value(), "system_other", unexpected_key_blob_2048,
+        false /* allow_verification_error */, false /* rollback_protection */,
+        false /* is_chained_vbmeta */, nullptr /* verification_disabled */, &verify_result);
+    EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, vbmeta);
+
+    // Uses the wrong expected public key with allow_verification_error set to true.
+    vbmeta = LoadAndVerifyVbmetaByPath(
+        system_path.value(), "system_other", unexpected_key_blob_2048,
+        true /* allow_verification_error */, false /* rollback_protection */,
+        false /* is_chained_vbmeta */, nullptr /* verification_disabled */, &verify_result);
+    EXPECT_NE(nullptr, vbmeta);
+    EXPECT_EQ(verify_result, VBMetaVerifyResult::kErrorVerification);
+    EXPECT_EQ(2112UL, vbmeta->size());
+    EXPECT_EQ(system_path.value(), vbmeta->vbmeta_path());
+    EXPECT_EQ("system_other", vbmeta->partition());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(CompareVBMeta(system_path, *vbmeta));
+}
+
+TEST_F(AvbUtilTest, LoadAndVerifyVbmetaByPathVerificationDisabled) {
+    // Generates a raw system_other.img, use a smaller size to speed-up unit test.
+    const size_t system_image_size = 10 * 1024 * 1024;
+    const size_t system_partition_size = 15 * 1024 * 1024;
+    base::FilePath system_path = GenerateImage("system_other.img", system_image_size);
+
+    // Adds AVB Hashtree Footer.
+    AddAvbFooter(system_path, "hashtree", "system_other", system_partition_size, "SHA512_RSA4096",
+                 20, data_dir_.Append("testkey_rsa4096.pem"), "d00df00d",
+                 "--internal_release_string \"unit test\"");
+
+    base::FilePath rsa4096_public_key =
+        ExtractPublicKeyAvb(data_dir_.Append("testkey_rsa4096.pem"));
+
+    std::string expected_key_blob_4096;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(base::ReadFileToString(rsa4096_public_key, &expected_key_blob_4096));
+
+    // Sets disabled flag and expect the returned verification_disabled is true.
+    SetVBMetaFlags(system_path, AVB_VBMETA_IMAGE_FLAGS_VERIFICATION_DISABLED);
+    bool verification_disabled;
+    VBMetaVerifyResult verify_result;
+    std::unique_ptr<VBMetaData> vbmeta = LoadAndVerifyVbmetaByPath(
+        system_path.value(), "system_other", expected_key_blob_4096,
+        true /* allow_verification_error */, false /* rollback_protection */,
+        false /* is_chained_vbmeta */, &verification_disabled, &verify_result);
+
+    EXPECT_NE(nullptr, vbmeta);
+    EXPECT_EQ(VBMetaVerifyResult::kErrorVerification, verify_result);
+    EXPECT_EQ(true, verification_disabled);  // should be true.
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(2112UL, vbmeta->size());
+    EXPECT_EQ(system_path.value(), vbmeta->vbmeta_path());
+    EXPECT_EQ("system_other", vbmeta->partition());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(CompareVBMeta(system_path, *vbmeta));
+
+    // Since the vbmeta flags is modified, vbmeta will be nullptr
+    // if verification error isn't allowed.
+    vbmeta = LoadAndVerifyVbmetaByPath(
+        system_path.value(), "system_other", expected_key_blob_4096,
+        false /* allow_verification_error */, false /* rollback_protection */,
+        false /* is_chained_vbmeta */, &verification_disabled, &verify_result);
+    EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, vbmeta);
+}
+
+TEST_F(AvbUtilTest, LoadAndVerifyVbmetaByPartition) {
     // Generates a raw boot.img
     const size_t boot_image_size = 5 * 1024 * 1024;
     const size_t boot_partition_size = 10 * 1024 * 1024;
@@ -795,18 +1089,18 @@
     EXPECT_EQ("6f4bf815a651aa35ec7102a88b7906b91aef284bc5e20d0bf527c7d460da3266",
               CalcVBMetaDigest("vbmeta.img", "sha256"));
 
-    // Starts to test LoadAndVerifyVbmetaImpl.
+    // Starts to test LoadAndVerifyVbmetaByPartition.
     std::vector<VBMetaData> vbmeta_images;
     auto vbmeta_image_path = [this](const std::string& partition_name) {
         return test_dir_.Append(partition_name + ".img").value();
     };
 
     EXPECT_EQ(VBMetaVerifyResult::kSuccess,
-              LoadAndVerifyVbmetaImpl(
-                      "vbmeta" /* partition_name */, "" /* ab_suffix */, "" /* other_suffix */,
-                      "" /* expected_public_key_blob*/, false /* allow_verification_error */,
-                      true /* load_chained_vbmeta */, true /* rollback_protection */,
-                      vbmeta_image_path, false /* is_chained_vbmeta*/, &vbmeta_images));
+              LoadAndVerifyVbmetaByPartition(
+                  "vbmeta" /* partition_name */, "" /* ab_suffix */, "" /* other_suffix */,
+                  "" /* expected_public_key_blob*/, false /* allow_verification_error */,
+                  true /* load_chained_vbmeta */, true /* rollback_protection */, vbmeta_image_path,
+                  false /* is_chained_vbmeta*/, &vbmeta_images));
 
     EXPECT_EQ(4UL, vbmeta_images.size());  // vbmeta, boot, vbmeta_system and system
     // Binary comparison for each vbmeta image.
@@ -818,17 +1112,17 @@
     // Skip loading chained vbmeta images.
     vbmeta_images.clear();
     EXPECT_EQ(VBMetaVerifyResult::kSuccess,
-              LoadAndVerifyVbmetaImpl(
-                      "vbmeta" /* partition_name */, "" /* ab_suffix */, "" /* other_suffix */,
-                      "" /* expected_public_key_blob*/, false /* allow_verification_error */,
-                      false /* load_chained_vbmeta */, true /* rollback_protection */,
-                      vbmeta_image_path, false /* is_chained_vbmeta*/, &vbmeta_images));
+              LoadAndVerifyVbmetaByPartition(
+                  "vbmeta" /* partition_name */, "" /* ab_suffix */, "" /* other_suffix */,
+                  "" /* expected_public_key_blob*/, false /* allow_verification_error */,
+                  false /* load_chained_vbmeta */, true /* rollback_protection */,
+                  vbmeta_image_path, false /* is_chained_vbmeta*/, &vbmeta_images));
     // Only vbmeta is loaded.
     EXPECT_EQ(1UL, vbmeta_images.size());
     EXPECT_TRUE(CompareVBMeta(vbmeta_path, vbmeta_images[0]));
 }
 
-TEST_F(AvbUtilTest, LoadAndVerifyVbmetaImplWithSuffixes) {
+TEST_F(AvbUtilTest, LoadAndVerifyVbmetaByPartitionWithSuffixes) {
     // Tests the following chained partitions.
     // vbmeta_a.img
     // |--> boot_b.img (boot_other)
@@ -874,18 +1168,18 @@
              {"vbmeta_system_other", 2, rsa4096_public_key}},
             "--internal_release_string \"unit test\"");
 
-    // Starts to test LoadAndVerifyVbmetaImpl with ab_suffix and ab_other_suffix.
+    // Starts to test LoadAndVerifyVbmetaByPartition with ab_suffix and ab_other_suffix.
     auto vbmeta_image_path = [this](const std::string& partition_name) {
         return test_dir_.Append(partition_name + ".img").value();
     };
 
     std::vector<VBMetaData> vbmeta_images;
     EXPECT_EQ(VBMetaVerifyResult::kSuccess,
-              LoadAndVerifyVbmetaImpl(
-                      "vbmeta" /* partition_name */, "_a" /* ab_suffix */, "_b" /* other_suffix */,
-                      "" /* expected_public_key_blob*/, false /* allow_verification_error */,
-                      true /* load_chained_vbmeta */, true /* rollback_protection */,
-                      vbmeta_image_path, false /* is_chained_vbmeta*/, &vbmeta_images));
+              LoadAndVerifyVbmetaByPartition(
+                  "vbmeta" /* partition_name */, "_a" /* ab_suffix */, "_b" /* other_suffix */,
+                  "" /* expected_public_key_blob*/, false /* allow_verification_error */,
+                  true /* load_chained_vbmeta */, true /* rollback_protection */, vbmeta_image_path,
+                  false /* is_chained_vbmeta*/, &vbmeta_images));
 
     EXPECT_EQ(4UL, vbmeta_images.size());  // vbmeta, boot_other, vbmeta_system_other and system
     // Binary comparison for each vbmeta image.
@@ -897,26 +1191,26 @@
     // Skips loading chained vbmeta images.
     vbmeta_images.clear();
     EXPECT_EQ(VBMetaVerifyResult::kSuccess,
-              LoadAndVerifyVbmetaImpl(
-                      "vbmeta" /* partition_name */, "_a" /* ab_suffix */, "_b" /* other_suffix */,
-                      "" /* expected_public_key_blob*/, false /* allow_verification_error */,
-                      false /* load_chained_vbmeta */, true /* rollback_protection */,
-                      vbmeta_image_path, false /* is_chained_vbmeta*/, &vbmeta_images));
+              LoadAndVerifyVbmetaByPartition(
+                  "vbmeta" /* partition_name */, "_a" /* ab_suffix */, "_b" /* other_suffix */,
+                  "" /* expected_public_key_blob*/, false /* allow_verification_error */,
+                  false /* load_chained_vbmeta */, true /* rollback_protection */,
+                  vbmeta_image_path, false /* is_chained_vbmeta*/, &vbmeta_images));
     // Only vbmeta is loaded.
     EXPECT_EQ(1UL, vbmeta_images.size());
     EXPECT_TRUE(CompareVBMeta(vbmeta_path, vbmeta_images[0]));
 
     // Using an invalid suffix for 'other' slot, checks it returns error.
     EXPECT_EQ(VBMetaVerifyResult::kError,
-              LoadAndVerifyVbmetaImpl(
-                      "vbmeta" /* partition_name */, "_a" /* ab_suffix */,
-                      "_invalid_suffix" /* other_suffix */, "" /* expected_public_key_blob*/,
-                      false /* allow_verification_error */, true /* load_chained_vbmeta */,
-                      true /* rollback_protection */, vbmeta_image_path,
-                      false /* is_chained_vbmeta*/, &vbmeta_images));
+              LoadAndVerifyVbmetaByPartition(
+                  "vbmeta" /* partition_name */, "_a" /* ab_suffix */,
+                  "_invalid_suffix" /* other_suffix */, "" /* expected_public_key_blob*/,
+                  false /* allow_verification_error */, true /* load_chained_vbmeta */,
+                  true /* rollback_protection */, vbmeta_image_path, false /* is_chained_vbmeta*/,
+                  &vbmeta_images));
 }
 
-TEST_F(AvbUtilTest, LoadAndVerifyVbmetaImplErrorVerification) {
+TEST_F(AvbUtilTest, LoadAndVerifyVbmetaByPartitionErrorVerification) {
     // Generates a raw boot.img
     const size_t boot_image_size = 5 * 1024 * 1024;
     const size_t boot_partition_size = 10 * 1024 * 1024;
@@ -964,27 +1258,27 @@
     // Modifies the hash.
     ModifyFile(vbmeta_path, authentication_block_offset + header->hash_offset, header->hash_size);
 
-    // Starts to test LoadAndVerifyVbmetaImpl.
+    // Starts to test LoadAndVerifyVbmetaByPartition.
     std::vector<VBMetaData> vbmeta_images;
     auto vbmeta_image_path = [this](const std::string& partition_name) {
         return test_dir_.Append(partition_name + ".img").value();
     };
     EXPECT_EQ(VBMetaVerifyResult::kError,
-              LoadAndVerifyVbmetaImpl(
-                      "vbmeta" /* partition_name */, "" /* ab_suffix */, "" /* other_suffix */,
-                      "" /* expected_public_key_blob*/, false /* allow_verification_error */,
-                      true /* load_chained_vbmeta */, true /* rollback_protection */,
-                      vbmeta_image_path, false /* is_chained_vbmeta*/, &vbmeta_images));
+              LoadAndVerifyVbmetaByPartition(
+                  "vbmeta" /* partition_name */, "" /* ab_suffix */, "" /* other_suffix */,
+                  "" /* expected_public_key_blob*/, false /* allow_verification_error */,
+                  true /* load_chained_vbmeta */, true /* rollback_protection */, vbmeta_image_path,
+                  false /* is_chained_vbmeta*/, &vbmeta_images));
     // Stops to load vbmeta because the top-level vbmeta has verification error.
     EXPECT_EQ(0UL, vbmeta_images.size());
 
     // Tries again with verification error allowed.
     EXPECT_EQ(VBMetaVerifyResult::kErrorVerification,
-              LoadAndVerifyVbmetaImpl(
-                      "vbmeta" /* partition_name */, "" /* ab_suffix */, "", /* other_suffix */
-                      "" /* expected_public_key_blob*/, true /* allow_verification_error */,
-                      true /* load_chained_vbmeta */, true /* rollback_protection */,
-                      vbmeta_image_path, false /* is_chained_vbmeta*/, &vbmeta_images));
+              LoadAndVerifyVbmetaByPartition(
+                  "vbmeta" /* partition_name */, "" /* ab_suffix */, "", /* other_suffix */
+                  "" /* expected_public_key_blob*/, true /* allow_verification_error */,
+                  true /* load_chained_vbmeta */, true /* rollback_protection */, vbmeta_image_path,
+                  false /* is_chained_vbmeta*/, &vbmeta_images));
 
     EXPECT_EQ(3UL, vbmeta_images.size());  // vbmeta, boot, and system
     // Binary comparison for each vbmeta image.
@@ -1008,11 +1302,11 @@
                system_header->auxiliary_data_block_size);
     vbmeta_images.clear();
     EXPECT_EQ(VBMetaVerifyResult::kError,
-              LoadAndVerifyVbmetaImpl(
-                      "vbmeta" /* partition_name */, "" /* ab_suffix */, "" /* other_suffix */,
-                      "" /* expected_public_key_blob*/, false /* allow_verification_error */,
-                      true /* load_chained_vbmeta */, true /* rollback_protection */,
-                      vbmeta_image_path, false /* is_chained_vbmeta*/, &vbmeta_images));
+              LoadAndVerifyVbmetaByPartition(
+                  "vbmeta" /* partition_name */, "" /* ab_suffix */, "" /* other_suffix */,
+                  "" /* expected_public_key_blob*/, false /* allow_verification_error */,
+                  true /* load_chained_vbmeta */, true /* rollback_protection */, vbmeta_image_path,
+                  false /* is_chained_vbmeta*/, &vbmeta_images));
     // 'vbmeta', 'boot' but no 'system', because of verification error.
     EXPECT_EQ(2UL, vbmeta_images.size());
     // Binary comparison for the loaded 'vbmeta' and 'boot'.
@@ -1020,20 +1314,113 @@
     EXPECT_TRUE(CompareVBMeta(boot_path, vbmeta_images[1]));
 
     // Resets the modification of the auxiliary data.
-    ModifyFile(vbmeta_path, 0 /* offset */, -1 /* length */);
+    ModifyFile(system_path, 0 /* offset */, -1 /* length */);
 
     // Sets the vbmeta header flags on a chained partition, which introduces an error.
     ModifyFile(system_path, system_footer->vbmeta_offset + offsetof(AvbVBMetaImageHeader, flags),
                sizeof(uint32_t));
     EXPECT_EQ(VBMetaVerifyResult::kError,
-              LoadAndVerifyVbmetaImpl(
-                      "vbmeta" /* partition_name */, "" /* ab_suffix */, "" /* other_suffix */,
-                      "" /* expected_public_key_blob*/, true /* allow_verification_error */,
-                      true /* load_chained_vbmeta */, true /* rollback_protection */,
-                      vbmeta_image_path, false /* is_chained_vbmeta*/, &vbmeta_images));
+              LoadAndVerifyVbmetaByPartition(
+                  "vbmeta" /* partition_name */, "" /* ab_suffix */, "" /* other_suffix */,
+                  "" /* expected_public_key_blob*/, true /* allow_verification_error */,
+                  true /* load_chained_vbmeta */, true /* rollback_protection */, vbmeta_image_path,
+                  false /* is_chained_vbmeta*/, &vbmeta_images));
 }
 
-TEST_F(AvbUtilTest, LoadAndVerifyVbmetaImplUnexpectedPublicKey) {
+TEST_F(AvbUtilTest, LoadAndVerifyVbmetaByPartitionVerificationDisabled) {
+    // Generates a raw boot.img
+    const size_t boot_image_size = 5 * 1024 * 1024;
+    const size_t boot_partition_size = 10 * 1024 * 1024;
+    base::FilePath boot_path = GenerateImage("boot.img", boot_image_size);
+
+    // Adds AVB Hash Footer.
+    AddAvbFooter(boot_path, "hash", "boot", boot_partition_size, "SHA256_RSA2048", 10,
+                 data_dir_.Append("testkey_rsa2048.pem"), "d00df00d",
+                 "--internal_release_string \"unit test\"");
+
+    // Generates a raw system.img, use a smaller size to speed-up unit test.
+    const size_t system_image_size = 10 * 1024 * 1024;
+    const size_t system_partition_size = 15 * 1024 * 1024;
+    base::FilePath system_path = GenerateImage("system.img", system_image_size);
+    // Adds AVB Hashtree Footer.
+    AddAvbFooter(system_path, "hashtree", "system", system_partition_size, "SHA512_RSA4096", 20,
+                 data_dir_.Append("testkey_rsa4096.pem"), "d00df00d",
+                 "--internal_release_string \"unit test\"");
+
+    // Generates chain partition descriptors.
+    base::FilePath rsa2048_public_key =
+        ExtractPublicKeyAvb(data_dir_.Append("testkey_rsa2048.pem"));
+    base::FilePath rsa4096_public_key =
+        ExtractPublicKeyAvb(data_dir_.Append("testkey_rsa4096.pem"));
+    // Makes a vbmeta_system.img including the 'system' chained descriptor.
+    auto vbmeta_system_path = GenerateVBMetaImage(
+        "vbmeta_system.img", "SHA256_RSA4096", 0, data_dir_.Append("testkey_rsa4096.pem"),
+        {},                                  /* include_descriptor_image_paths */
+        {{"system", 3, rsa4096_public_key}}, /* chain_partitions */
+        "--internal_release_string \"unit test\"");
+
+    // Makes a vbmeta image includeing 'boot' and 'vbmeta_system' chained descriptors.
+    auto vbmeta_path = GenerateVBMetaImage("vbmeta.img", "SHA256_RSA8192", 0,
+                                           data_dir_.Append("testkey_rsa8192.pem"),
+                                           {}, /* include_descriptor_image_paths */
+                                           {{"boot", 1, rsa2048_public_key}, /* chain_partitions */
+                                            {"vbmeta_system", 2, rsa4096_public_key}},
+                                           "--internal_release_string \"unit test\"");
+
+    // Calculates the digest of all chained partitions, to ensure the chained is formed properly.
+    EXPECT_EQ("6f4bf815a651aa35ec7102a88b7906b91aef284bc5e20d0bf527c7d460da3266",
+              CalcVBMetaDigest("vbmeta.img", "sha256"));
+
+    // Starts to test LoadAndVerifyVbmetaByPartition.
+    std::vector<VBMetaData> vbmeta_images;
+    auto vbmeta_image_path = [this](const std::string& partition_name) {
+        return test_dir_.Append(partition_name + ".img").value();
+    };
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(VBMetaVerifyResult::kSuccess,
+              LoadAndVerifyVbmetaByPartition(
+                  "vbmeta" /* partition_name */, "" /* ab_suffix */, "" /* other_suffix */,
+                  "" /* expected_public_key_blob*/, false /* allow_verification_error */,
+                  true /* load_chained_vbmeta */, true /* rollback_protection */, vbmeta_image_path,
+                  false /* is_chained_vbmeta*/, &vbmeta_images));
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(4UL, vbmeta_images.size());  // vbmeta, boot, vbmeta_system and system
+    // Binary comparison for each vbmeta image.
+    EXPECT_TRUE(CompareVBMeta(vbmeta_path, vbmeta_images[0]));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(CompareVBMeta(boot_path, vbmeta_images[1]));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(CompareVBMeta(vbmeta_system_path, vbmeta_images[2]));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(CompareVBMeta(system_path, vbmeta_images[3]));
+
+    // Sets VERIFICATION_DISABLED to the top-level vbmeta.img
+    SetVBMetaFlags(vbmeta_path, AVB_VBMETA_IMAGE_FLAGS_VERIFICATION_DISABLED);
+    vbmeta_images.clear();
+    EXPECT_EQ(VBMetaVerifyResult::kErrorVerification,
+              LoadAndVerifyVbmetaByPartition(
+                  "vbmeta" /* partition_name */, "" /* ab_suffix */, "" /* other_suffix */,
+                  "" /* expected_public_key_blob*/, true /* allow_verification_error */,
+                  true /* load_chained_vbmeta */, true /* rollback_protection */, vbmeta_image_path,
+                  false /* is_chained_vbmeta*/, &vbmeta_images));
+    EXPECT_EQ(1UL, vbmeta_images.size());  // Only vbmeta is loaded
+    EXPECT_TRUE(CompareVBMeta(vbmeta_path, vbmeta_images[0]));
+
+    // HASHTREE_DISABLED still loads the chained vbmeta.
+    SetVBMetaFlags(vbmeta_path, AVB_VBMETA_IMAGE_FLAGS_HASHTREE_DISABLED);
+    vbmeta_images.clear();
+    EXPECT_EQ(VBMetaVerifyResult::kErrorVerification,
+              LoadAndVerifyVbmetaByPartition(
+                  "vbmeta" /* partition_name */, "" /* ab_suffix */, "" /* other_suffix */,
+                  "" /* expected_public_key_blob*/, true /* allow_verification_error */,
+                  true /* load_chained_vbmeta */, true /* rollback_protection */, vbmeta_image_path,
+                  false /* is_chained_vbmeta*/, &vbmeta_images));
+    EXPECT_EQ(4UL, vbmeta_images.size());  // vbmeta, boot, vbmeta_system and system
+    // Binary comparison for each vbmeta image.
+    EXPECT_TRUE(CompareVBMeta(vbmeta_path, vbmeta_images[0]));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(CompareVBMeta(boot_path, vbmeta_images[1]));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(CompareVBMeta(vbmeta_system_path, vbmeta_images[2]));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(CompareVBMeta(system_path, vbmeta_images[3]));
+}
+
+TEST_F(AvbUtilTest, LoadAndVerifyVbmetaByPartitionUnexpectedPublicKey) {
     // Generates chain partition descriptors.
     base::FilePath rsa2048_public_key =
             ExtractPublicKeyAvb(data_dir_.Append("testkey_rsa2048.pem"));
@@ -1060,29 +1447,29 @@
     std::vector<VBMetaData> vbmeta_images;
     // Uses the correct expected public key.
     EXPECT_EQ(VBMetaVerifyResult::kSuccess,
-              LoadAndVerifyVbmetaImpl(
-                      "vbmeta" /* partition_name */, "" /* ab_suffix */, "" /* other_suffix */,
-                      expected_key_blob_8192, true /* allow_verification_error */,
-                      false /* load_chained_vbmeta */, true /* rollback_protection */,
-                      vbmeta_image_path, false /* is_chained_vbmeta*/, &vbmeta_images));
+              LoadAndVerifyVbmetaByPartition(
+                  "vbmeta" /* partition_name */, "" /* ab_suffix */, "" /* other_suffix */,
+                  expected_key_blob_8192, true /* allow_verification_error */,
+                  false /* load_chained_vbmeta */, true /* rollback_protection */,
+                  vbmeta_image_path, false /* is_chained_vbmeta*/, &vbmeta_images));
 
     // Uses the wrong expected public key with allow_verification_error set to true.
     vbmeta_images.clear();
     EXPECT_EQ(VBMetaVerifyResult::kErrorVerification,
-              LoadAndVerifyVbmetaImpl(
-                      "vbmeta" /* partition_name */, "" /* ab_suffix */, "" /* other_suffix */,
-                      expected_key_blob_4096, true /* allow_verification_error */,
-                      false /* load_chained_vbmeta */, true /* rollback_protection */,
-                      vbmeta_image_path, false /* is_chained_vbmeta*/, &vbmeta_images));
+              LoadAndVerifyVbmetaByPartition(
+                  "vbmeta" /* partition_name */, "" /* ab_suffix */, "" /* other_suffix */,
+                  expected_key_blob_4096, true /* allow_verification_error */,
+                  false /* load_chained_vbmeta */, true /* rollback_protection */,
+                  vbmeta_image_path, false /* is_chained_vbmeta*/, &vbmeta_images));
 
     // Uses the wrong expected public key with allow_verification_error set to false.
     vbmeta_images.clear();
     EXPECT_EQ(VBMetaVerifyResult::kError,
-              LoadAndVerifyVbmetaImpl(
-                      "vbmeta" /* partition_name */, "" /* ab_suffix */, "" /* other_suffix */,
-                      expected_key_blob_4096, false /* allow_verification_error */,
-                      false /* load_chained_vbmeta */, true /* rollback_protection */,
-                      vbmeta_image_path, false /* is_chained_vbmeta*/, &vbmeta_images));
+              LoadAndVerifyVbmetaByPartition(
+                  "vbmeta" /* partition_name */, "" /* ab_suffix */, "" /* other_suffix */,
+                  expected_key_blob_4096, false /* allow_verification_error */,
+                  false /* load_chained_vbmeta */, true /* rollback_protection */,
+                  vbmeta_image_path, false /* is_chained_vbmeta*/, &vbmeta_images));
 }
 
 }  // namespace fs_avb_host_test
diff --git a/fs_mgr/liblp/builder_test.cpp b/fs_mgr/liblp/builder_test.cpp
index 8f08169..69724f8 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/liblp/builder_test.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/liblp/builder_test.cpp
@@ -442,10 +442,6 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(BuilderTest, block_device_info) {
-    std::unique_ptr<fstab, decltype(&fs_mgr_free_fstab)> fstab(fs_mgr_read_fstab_default(),
-                                                               fs_mgr_free_fstab);
-    ASSERT_NE(fstab, nullptr);
-
     PartitionOpener opener;
 
     BlockDeviceInfo device_info;
diff --git a/fs_mgr/tests/data/fstab.example b/fs_mgr/tests/data/fstab.example
index 1a3dfa1..aebce32 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/tests/data/fstab.example
+++ b/fs_mgr/tests/data/fstab.example
@@ -9,3 +9,7 @@
 /dev/block/bootdevice/by-name/modem                 /vendor/firmware_mnt          vfat        ro,shortname=lower,uid=1000,gid=1000,dmask=227,fmask=337,context=u:object_r:firmware_file:s0   wait,slotselect
 /devices/platform/soc/a600000.ssusb/a600000.dwc3*   auto               vfat        defaults                                              voldmanaged=usb:auto
 /dev/block/zram0                                    none               swap        defaults                                              zramsize=1073741824,max_comp_streams=8
+/dev/block/zram0                                    none2              swap        nodiratime,remount,bind                               zramsize=1073741824,max_comp_streams=8
+/dev/block/zram0                                    none3              swap        unbindable,private,slave                              zramsize=1073741824,max_comp_streams=8
+/dev/block/zram0                                    none4              swap        noexec,shared,rec                                     zramsize=1073741824,max_comp_streams=8
+/dev/block/zram0                                    none5              swap        rw                                                    zramsize=1073741824,max_comp_streams=8
diff --git a/fs_mgr/tests/fs_mgr_test.cpp b/fs_mgr/tests/fs_mgr_test.cpp
index 4582401..e2b283a 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/tests/fs_mgr_test.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/tests/fs_mgr_test.cpp
@@ -201,32 +201,823 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(i, fstab.size());
 }
 
-TEST(fs_mgr, ReadFstabFromFile_FsOptions) {
+TEST(fs_mgr, ReadFstabFromFile_MountOptions) {
     Fstab fstab;
     std::string fstab_file = android::base::GetExecutableDirectory() + "/data/fstab.example";
     EXPECT_TRUE(ReadFstabFromFile(fstab_file, &fstab));
 
     EXPECT_EQ("/", fstab[0].mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<unsigned long>(MS_RDONLY), fstab[0].flags);
     EXPECT_EQ("barrier=1", fstab[0].fs_options);
 
     EXPECT_EQ("/metadata", fstab[1].mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<unsigned long>(MS_NOATIME | MS_NOSUID | MS_NODEV), fstab[1].flags);
     EXPECT_EQ("discard", fstab[1].fs_options);
 
     EXPECT_EQ("/data", fstab[2].mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<unsigned long>(MS_NOATIME | MS_NOSUID | MS_NODEV), fstab[2].flags);
     EXPECT_EQ("discard,reserve_root=32768,resgid=1065,fsync_mode=nobarrier", fstab[2].fs_options);
 
     EXPECT_EQ("/misc", fstab[3].mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0U, fstab[3].flags);
     EXPECT_EQ("", fstab[3].fs_options);
 
     EXPECT_EQ("/vendor/firmware_mnt", fstab[4].mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<unsigned long>(MS_RDONLY), fstab[4].flags);
     EXPECT_EQ(
             "shortname=lower,uid=1000,gid=1000,dmask=227,fmask=337,"
             "context=u:object_r:firmware_file:s0",
             fstab[4].fs_options);
 
     EXPECT_EQ("auto", fstab[5].mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0U, fstab[5].flags);
     EXPECT_EQ("", fstab[5].fs_options);
 
     EXPECT_EQ("none", fstab[6].mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0U, fstab[6].flags);
     EXPECT_EQ("", fstab[6].fs_options);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ("none2", fstab[7].mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<unsigned long>(MS_NODIRATIME | MS_REMOUNT | MS_BIND), fstab[7].flags);
+    EXPECT_EQ("", fstab[7].fs_options);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ("none3", fstab[8].mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<unsigned long>(MS_UNBINDABLE | MS_PRIVATE | MS_SLAVE), fstab[8].flags);
+    EXPECT_EQ("", fstab[8].fs_options);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ("none4", fstab[9].mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<unsigned long>(MS_NOEXEC | MS_SHARED | MS_REC), fstab[9].flags);
+    EXPECT_EQ("", fstab[9].fs_options);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ("none5", fstab[10].mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0U, fstab[10].flags);  // rw is the same as defaults
+    EXPECT_EQ("", fstab[10].fs_options);
+}
+
+TEST(fs_mgr, ReadFstabFromFile_FsMgrFlags) {
+    TemporaryFile tf;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(tf.fd != -1);
+    std::string fstab_contents = R"fs(
+source none0       swap   defaults      wait,check,nonremovable,recoveryonly,verifyatboot,verify
+source none1       swap   defaults      avb,noemulatedsd,notrim,formattable,slotselect,nofail
+source none2       swap   defaults      first_stage_mount,latemount,quota,logical,slotselect_other
+source none3       swap   defaults      checkpoint=block
+source none4       swap   defaults      checkpoint=fs
+source none5       swap   defaults      defaults
+)fs";
+    ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteStringToFd(fstab_contents, tf.fd));
+
+    Fstab fstab;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(ReadFstabFromFile(tf.path, &fstab));
+    ASSERT_EQ(6U, fstab.size());
+
+    auto entry = fstab.begin();
+    EXPECT_EQ("none0", entry->mount_point);
+    {
+        FstabEntry::FsMgrFlags flags = {0};
+        flags.wait = true;
+        flags.check = true;
+        flags.nonremovable = true;
+        flags.recovery_only = true;
+        flags.verify_at_boot = true;
+        flags.verify = true;
+        EXPECT_EQ(flags.val, entry->fs_mgr_flags.val);
+    }
+    entry++;
+
+    EXPECT_EQ("none1", entry->mount_point);
+    {
+        FstabEntry::FsMgrFlags flags = {0};
+        flags.avb = true;
+        flags.no_emulated_sd = true;
+        flags.no_trim = true;
+        flags.formattable = true;
+        flags.slot_select = true;
+        flags.no_fail = true;
+        EXPECT_EQ(flags.val, entry->fs_mgr_flags.val);
+    }
+    entry++;
+
+    EXPECT_EQ("none2", entry->mount_point);
+    {
+        FstabEntry::FsMgrFlags flags = {0};
+        flags.first_stage_mount = true;
+        flags.late_mount = true;
+        flags.quota = true;
+        flags.logical = true;
+        flags.slot_select_other = true;
+        EXPECT_EQ(flags.val, entry->fs_mgr_flags.val);
+    }
+    entry++;
+
+    EXPECT_EQ("none3", entry->mount_point);
+    {
+        FstabEntry::FsMgrFlags flags = {0};
+        flags.checkpoint_blk = true;
+        EXPECT_EQ(flags.val, entry->fs_mgr_flags.val);
+    }
+    entry++;
+
+    EXPECT_EQ("none4", entry->mount_point);
+    {
+        FstabEntry::FsMgrFlags flags = {0};
+        flags.checkpoint_fs = true;
+        EXPECT_EQ(flags.val, entry->fs_mgr_flags.val);
+    }
+    entry++;
+
+    EXPECT_EQ("none5", entry->mount_point);
+    {
+        FstabEntry::FsMgrFlags flags = {0};
+        EXPECT_EQ(flags.val, entry->fs_mgr_flags.val);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST(fs_mgr, ReadFstabFromFile_FsMgrOptions_AllBad) {
+    TemporaryFile tf;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(tf.fd != -1);
+    std::string fstab_contents = R"fs(
+source none0       swap   defaults      encryptable,forceencrypt,fileencryption,forcefdeorfbe,keydirectory,length,swapprio,zramsize,max_comp_streams,reservedsize,eraseblk,logicalblk,sysfs_path,zram_loopback_path,zram_loopback_size,zram_backing_dev_path
+
+source none1       swap   defaults      encryptable=,forceencrypt=,fileencryption=,keydirectory=,length=,swapprio=,zramsize=,max_comp_streams=,verify=,avb=,reservedsize=,eraseblk=,logicalblk=,sysfs_path=,zram_loopback_path=,zram_loopback_size=,zram_backing_dev_path=
+
+source none2       swap   defaults      forcefdeorfbe=
+
+)fs";
+    ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteStringToFd(fstab_contents, tf.fd));
+
+    Fstab fstab;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(ReadFstabFromFile(tf.path, &fstab));
+    ASSERT_EQ(3U, fstab.size());
+
+    auto entry = fstab.begin();
+    EXPECT_EQ("none0", entry->mount_point);
+    {
+        FstabEntry::FsMgrFlags flags = {0};
+        EXPECT_EQ(flags.val, entry->fs_mgr_flags.val);
+    }
+    EXPECT_EQ("", entry->key_loc);
+    EXPECT_EQ("", entry->key_dir);
+    EXPECT_EQ("", entry->verity_loc);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, entry->length);
+    EXPECT_EQ("", entry->label);
+    EXPECT_EQ(-1, entry->partnum);
+    EXPECT_EQ(-1, entry->swap_prio);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, entry->max_comp_streams);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, entry->zram_size);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, entry->reserved_size);
+    EXPECT_EQ("", entry->file_contents_mode);
+    EXPECT_EQ("", entry->file_names_mode);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, entry->erase_blk_size);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, entry->logical_blk_size);
+    EXPECT_EQ("", entry->sysfs_path);
+    EXPECT_EQ("", entry->zram_loopback_path);
+    EXPECT_EQ(512U * 1024U * 1024U, entry->zram_loopback_size);
+    EXPECT_EQ("", entry->zram_backing_dev_path);
+    entry++;
+
+    EXPECT_EQ("none1", entry->mount_point);
+    {
+        FstabEntry::FsMgrFlags flags = {0};
+        flags.crypt = true;
+        flags.force_crypt = true;
+        flags.file_encryption = true;
+        flags.key_directory = true;
+        flags.length = true;
+        flags.swap_prio = true;
+        flags.zram_size = true;
+        flags.max_comp_streams = true;
+        flags.verify = true;
+        flags.avb = true;
+        flags.reserved_size = true;
+        flags.erase_blk_size = true;
+        flags.logical_blk_size = true;
+        flags.sysfs = true;
+        flags.zram_loopback_path = true;
+        flags.zram_loopback_size = true;
+        flags.zram_backing_dev_path = true;
+        EXPECT_EQ(flags.val, entry->fs_mgr_flags.val);
+    }
+    EXPECT_EQ("", entry->key_loc);
+    EXPECT_EQ("", entry->key_dir);
+    EXPECT_EQ("", entry->verity_loc);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, entry->length);
+    EXPECT_EQ("", entry->label);
+    EXPECT_EQ(-1, entry->partnum);
+    EXPECT_EQ(-1, entry->swap_prio);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, entry->max_comp_streams);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, entry->zram_size);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, entry->reserved_size);
+    EXPECT_EQ("", entry->file_contents_mode);
+    EXPECT_EQ("", entry->file_names_mode);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, entry->erase_blk_size);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, entry->logical_blk_size);
+    EXPECT_EQ("", entry->sysfs_path);
+    EXPECT_EQ("", entry->zram_loopback_path);
+    EXPECT_EQ(512U * 1024U * 1024U, entry->zram_loopback_size);
+    EXPECT_EQ("", entry->zram_backing_dev_path);
+    entry++;
+
+    // forcefdeorfbe sets file_contents_mode and file_names_mode by default, so test it separately.
+    EXPECT_EQ("none2", entry->mount_point);
+    {
+        FstabEntry::FsMgrFlags flags = {0};
+        flags.force_fde_or_fbe = true;
+        EXPECT_EQ(flags.val, entry->fs_mgr_flags.val);
+    }
+    EXPECT_EQ("aes-256-xts", entry->file_contents_mode);
+    EXPECT_EQ("aes-256-cts", entry->file_names_mode);
+    EXPECT_EQ("", entry->key_loc);
+}
+
+TEST(fs_mgr, ReadFstabFromFile_FsMgrOptions_Encryptable) {
+    TemporaryFile tf;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(tf.fd != -1);
+    std::string fstab_contents = R"fs(
+source none0       swap   defaults      encryptable=/dir/key
+)fs";
+    ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteStringToFd(fstab_contents, tf.fd));
+
+    Fstab fstab;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(ReadFstabFromFile(tf.path, &fstab));
+    ASSERT_EQ(1U, fstab.size());
+
+    FstabEntry::FsMgrFlags flags = {0};
+    flags.crypt = true;
+
+    auto entry = fstab.begin();
+    EXPECT_EQ("none0", entry->mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ(flags.val, entry->fs_mgr_flags.val);
+    EXPECT_EQ("/dir/key", entry->key_loc);
+}
+
+TEST(fs_mgr, ReadFstabFromFile_FsMgrOptions_VoldManaged) {
+    TemporaryFile tf;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(tf.fd != -1);
+    std::string fstab_contents = R"fs(
+source none0       swap   defaults      voldmanaged=:
+source none1       swap   defaults      voldmanaged=sdcard
+source none2       swap   defaults      voldmanaged=sdcard:3
+source none3       swap   defaults      voldmanaged=sdcard:auto
+)fs";
+    ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteStringToFd(fstab_contents, tf.fd));
+
+    Fstab fstab;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(ReadFstabFromFile(tf.path, &fstab));
+    ASSERT_EQ(4U, fstab.size());
+
+    FstabEntry::FsMgrFlags flags = {0};
+    flags.vold_managed = true;
+
+    auto entry = fstab.begin();
+    EXPECT_EQ("none0", entry->mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ(flags.val, entry->fs_mgr_flags.val);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(entry->label.empty());
+    EXPECT_EQ(-1, entry->partnum);
+    entry++;
+
+    EXPECT_EQ("none1", entry->mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ(flags.val, entry->fs_mgr_flags.val);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(entry->label.empty());
+    EXPECT_EQ(-1, entry->partnum);
+    entry++;
+
+    EXPECT_EQ("none2", entry->mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ(flags.val, entry->fs_mgr_flags.val);
+    EXPECT_EQ("sdcard", entry->label);
+    EXPECT_EQ(3, entry->partnum);
+    entry++;
+
+    EXPECT_EQ("none3", entry->mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ(flags.val, entry->fs_mgr_flags.val);
+    EXPECT_EQ("sdcard", entry->label);
+    EXPECT_EQ(-1, entry->partnum);
+}
+
+TEST(fs_mgr, ReadFstabFromFile_FsMgrOptions_Length) {
+    TemporaryFile tf;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(tf.fd != -1);
+    std::string fstab_contents = R"fs(
+source none0       swap   defaults      length=blah
+source none1       swap   defaults      length=123456
+)fs";
+    ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteStringToFd(fstab_contents, tf.fd));
+
+    Fstab fstab;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(ReadFstabFromFile(tf.path, &fstab));
+    ASSERT_EQ(2U, fstab.size());
+
+    FstabEntry::FsMgrFlags flags = {0};
+    flags.length = true;
+
+    auto entry = fstab.begin();
+    EXPECT_EQ("none0", entry->mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ(flags.val, entry->fs_mgr_flags.val);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, entry->length);
+    entry++;
+
+    EXPECT_EQ("none1", entry->mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ(flags.val, entry->fs_mgr_flags.val);
+    EXPECT_EQ(123456, entry->length);
+}
+
+TEST(fs_mgr, ReadFstabFromFile_FsMgrOptions_Swapprio) {
+    TemporaryFile tf;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(tf.fd != -1);
+    std::string fstab_contents = R"fs(
+source none0       swap   defaults      swapprio=blah
+source none1       swap   defaults      swapprio=123456
+)fs";
+    ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteStringToFd(fstab_contents, tf.fd));
+
+    Fstab fstab;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(ReadFstabFromFile(tf.path, &fstab));
+    ASSERT_EQ(2U, fstab.size());
+
+    FstabEntry::FsMgrFlags flags = {0};
+    flags.swap_prio = true;
+
+    auto entry = fstab.begin();
+    EXPECT_EQ("none0", entry->mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ(flags.val, entry->fs_mgr_flags.val);
+    EXPECT_EQ(-1, entry->swap_prio);
+    entry++;
+
+    EXPECT_EQ("none1", entry->mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ(flags.val, entry->fs_mgr_flags.val);
+    EXPECT_EQ(123456, entry->swap_prio);
+}
+
+TEST(fs_mgr, ReadFstabFromFile_FsMgrOptions_ZramSize) {
+    TemporaryFile tf;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(tf.fd != -1);
+    std::string fstab_contents = R"fs(
+source none0       swap   defaults      zramsize=blah
+source none1       swap   defaults      zramsize=123456
+source none2       swap   defaults      zramsize=blah%
+source none3       swap   defaults      zramsize=5%
+source none4       swap   defaults      zramsize=105%
+source none5       swap   defaults      zramsize=%
+)fs";
+    ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteStringToFd(fstab_contents, tf.fd));
+
+    Fstab fstab;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(ReadFstabFromFile(tf.path, &fstab));
+    ASSERT_EQ(6U, fstab.size());
+
+    FstabEntry::FsMgrFlags flags = {0};
+    flags.zram_size = true;
+
+    auto entry = fstab.begin();
+    EXPECT_EQ("none0", entry->mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ(flags.val, entry->fs_mgr_flags.val);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, entry->zram_size);
+    entry++;
+
+    EXPECT_EQ("none1", entry->mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ(flags.val, entry->fs_mgr_flags.val);
+    EXPECT_EQ(123456, entry->zram_size);
+    entry++;
+
+    EXPECT_EQ("none2", entry->mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ(flags.val, entry->fs_mgr_flags.val);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, entry->zram_size);
+    entry++;
+
+    EXPECT_EQ("none3", entry->mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ(flags.val, entry->fs_mgr_flags.val);
+    EXPECT_NE(0, entry->zram_size);
+    entry++;
+
+    EXPECT_EQ("none4", entry->mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ(flags.val, entry->fs_mgr_flags.val);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, entry->zram_size);
+    entry++;
+
+    EXPECT_EQ("none5", entry->mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ(flags.val, entry->fs_mgr_flags.val);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, entry->zram_size);
+}
+
+TEST(fs_mgr, ReadFstabFromFile_FsMgrOptions_Verify) {
+    TemporaryFile tf;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(tf.fd != -1);
+    std::string fstab_contents = R"fs(
+source none0       swap   defaults      verify=/dir/key
+)fs";
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteStringToFd(fstab_contents, tf.fd));
+
+    Fstab fstab;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(ReadFstabFromFile(tf.path, &fstab));
+    ASSERT_EQ(1U, fstab.size());
+
+    auto entry = fstab.begin();
+    EXPECT_EQ("none0", entry->mount_point);
+
+    FstabEntry::FsMgrFlags flags = {0};
+    flags.verify = true;
+    EXPECT_EQ(flags.val, entry->fs_mgr_flags.val);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ("/dir/key", entry->verity_loc);
+}
+
+TEST(fs_mgr, ReadFstabFromFile_FsMgrOptions_ForceEncrypt) {
+    TemporaryFile tf;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(tf.fd != -1);
+    std::string fstab_contents = R"fs(
+source none0       swap   defaults      forceencrypt=/dir/key
+)fs";
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteStringToFd(fstab_contents, tf.fd));
+
+    Fstab fstab;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(ReadFstabFromFile(tf.path, &fstab));
+    ASSERT_EQ(1U, fstab.size());
+
+    auto entry = fstab.begin();
+    EXPECT_EQ("none0", entry->mount_point);
+
+    FstabEntry::FsMgrFlags flags = {0};
+    flags.force_crypt = true;
+    EXPECT_EQ(flags.val, entry->fs_mgr_flags.val);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ("/dir/key", entry->key_loc);
+}
+
+TEST(fs_mgr, ReadFstabFromFile_FsMgrOptions_ForceFdeOrFbe) {
+    TemporaryFile tf;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(tf.fd != -1);
+    std::string fstab_contents = R"fs(
+source none0       swap   defaults      forcefdeorfbe=/dir/key
+)fs";
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteStringToFd(fstab_contents, tf.fd));
+
+    Fstab fstab;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(ReadFstabFromFile(tf.path, &fstab));
+    ASSERT_EQ(1U, fstab.size());
+
+    auto entry = fstab.begin();
+    EXPECT_EQ("none0", entry->mount_point);
+
+    FstabEntry::FsMgrFlags flags = {0};
+    flags.force_fde_or_fbe = true;
+    EXPECT_EQ(flags.val, entry->fs_mgr_flags.val);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ("/dir/key", entry->key_loc);
+    EXPECT_EQ("aes-256-xts", entry->file_contents_mode);
+    EXPECT_EQ("aes-256-cts", entry->file_names_mode);
+}
+
+TEST(fs_mgr, ReadFstabFromFile_FsMgrOptions_FileEncryption) {
+    TemporaryFile tf;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(tf.fd != -1);
+    std::string fstab_contents = R"fs(
+source none0       swap   defaults      fileencryption=blah
+source none1       swap   defaults      fileencryption=software
+source none2       swap   defaults      fileencryption=aes-256-xts
+source none3       swap   defaults      fileencryption=adiantum
+source none4       swap   defaults      fileencryption=adiantum:aes-256-heh
+source none5       swap   defaults      fileencryption=ice
+source none6       swap   defaults      fileencryption=ice:blah
+source none7       swap   defaults      fileencryption=ice:aes-256-cts
+source none8       swap   defaults      fileencryption=ice:aes-256-heh
+source none9       swap   defaults      fileencryption=ice:adiantum
+source none10      swap   defaults      fileencryption=ice:adiantum:
+)fs";
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteStringToFd(fstab_contents, tf.fd));
+
+    Fstab fstab;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(ReadFstabFromFile(tf.path, &fstab));
+    ASSERT_EQ(11U, fstab.size());
+
+    FstabEntry::FsMgrFlags flags = {0};
+    flags.file_encryption = true;
+
+    auto entry = fstab.begin();
+    EXPECT_EQ("none0", entry->mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ(flags.val, entry->fs_mgr_flags.val);
+    EXPECT_EQ("", entry->file_contents_mode);
+    EXPECT_EQ("", entry->file_names_mode);
+
+    entry++;
+    EXPECT_EQ("none1", entry->mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ(flags.val, entry->fs_mgr_flags.val);
+    EXPECT_EQ("aes-256-xts", entry->file_contents_mode);
+    EXPECT_EQ("aes-256-cts", entry->file_names_mode);
+
+    entry++;
+    EXPECT_EQ("none2", entry->mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ(flags.val, entry->fs_mgr_flags.val);
+    EXPECT_EQ("aes-256-xts", entry->file_contents_mode);
+    EXPECT_EQ("aes-256-cts", entry->file_names_mode);
+
+    entry++;
+    EXPECT_EQ("none3", entry->mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ(flags.val, entry->fs_mgr_flags.val);
+    EXPECT_EQ("adiantum", entry->file_contents_mode);
+    EXPECT_EQ("adiantum", entry->file_names_mode);
+
+    entry++;
+    EXPECT_EQ("none4", entry->mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ(flags.val, entry->fs_mgr_flags.val);
+    EXPECT_EQ("adiantum", entry->file_contents_mode);
+    EXPECT_EQ("aes-256-heh", entry->file_names_mode);
+
+    entry++;
+    EXPECT_EQ("none5", entry->mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ(flags.val, entry->fs_mgr_flags.val);
+    EXPECT_EQ("ice", entry->file_contents_mode);
+    EXPECT_EQ("aes-256-cts", entry->file_names_mode);
+
+    entry++;
+    EXPECT_EQ("none6", entry->mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ(flags.val, entry->fs_mgr_flags.val);
+    EXPECT_EQ("ice", entry->file_contents_mode);
+    EXPECT_EQ("", entry->file_names_mode);
+
+    entry++;
+    EXPECT_EQ("none7", entry->mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ(flags.val, entry->fs_mgr_flags.val);
+    EXPECT_EQ("ice", entry->file_contents_mode);
+    EXPECT_EQ("aes-256-cts", entry->file_names_mode);
+
+    entry++;
+    EXPECT_EQ("none8", entry->mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ(flags.val, entry->fs_mgr_flags.val);
+    EXPECT_EQ("ice", entry->file_contents_mode);
+    EXPECT_EQ("aes-256-heh", entry->file_names_mode);
+
+    entry++;
+    EXPECT_EQ("none9", entry->mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ(flags.val, entry->fs_mgr_flags.val);
+    EXPECT_EQ("ice", entry->file_contents_mode);
+    EXPECT_EQ("adiantum", entry->file_names_mode);
+
+    entry++;
+    EXPECT_EQ("none10", entry->mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ(flags.val, entry->fs_mgr_flags.val);
+    EXPECT_EQ("", entry->file_contents_mode);
+    EXPECT_EQ("", entry->file_names_mode);
+}
+
+TEST(fs_mgr, ReadFstabFromFile_FsMgrOptions_MaxCompStreams) {
+    TemporaryFile tf;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(tf.fd != -1);
+    std::string fstab_contents = R"fs(
+source none0       swap   defaults      max_comp_streams=blah
+source none1       swap   defaults      max_comp_streams=123456
+)fs";
+    ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteStringToFd(fstab_contents, tf.fd));
+
+    Fstab fstab;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(ReadFstabFromFile(tf.path, &fstab));
+    ASSERT_EQ(2U, fstab.size());
+
+    FstabEntry::FsMgrFlags flags = {0};
+    flags.max_comp_streams = true;
+
+    auto entry = fstab.begin();
+    EXPECT_EQ("none0", entry->mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ(flags.val, entry->fs_mgr_flags.val);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, entry->max_comp_streams);
+    entry++;
+
+    EXPECT_EQ("none1", entry->mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ(flags.val, entry->fs_mgr_flags.val);
+    EXPECT_EQ(123456, entry->max_comp_streams);
+}
+
+TEST(fs_mgr, ReadFstabFromFile_FsMgrOptions_ReservedSize) {
+    TemporaryFile tf;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(tf.fd != -1);
+    std::string fstab_contents = R"fs(
+source none0       swap   defaults      reservedsize=blah
+source none1       swap   defaults      reservedsize=2
+source none2       swap   defaults      reservedsize=1K
+source none3       swap   defaults      reservedsize=2m
+)fs";
+    ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteStringToFd(fstab_contents, tf.fd));
+
+    Fstab fstab;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(ReadFstabFromFile(tf.path, &fstab));
+    ASSERT_EQ(4U, fstab.size());
+
+    FstabEntry::FsMgrFlags flags = {0};
+    flags.reserved_size = true;
+
+    auto entry = fstab.begin();
+    EXPECT_EQ("none0", entry->mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ(flags.val, entry->fs_mgr_flags.val);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, entry->reserved_size);
+    entry++;
+
+    EXPECT_EQ("none1", entry->mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ(flags.val, entry->fs_mgr_flags.val);
+    EXPECT_EQ(2, entry->reserved_size);
+    entry++;
+
+    EXPECT_EQ("none2", entry->mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ(flags.val, entry->fs_mgr_flags.val);
+    EXPECT_EQ(1024, entry->reserved_size);
+    entry++;
+
+    EXPECT_EQ("none3", entry->mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ(flags.val, entry->fs_mgr_flags.val);
+    EXPECT_EQ(2 * 1024 * 1024, entry->reserved_size);
+}
+
+TEST(fs_mgr, ReadFstabFromFile_FsMgrOptions_EraseBlk) {
+    TemporaryFile tf;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(tf.fd != -1);
+    std::string fstab_contents = R"fs(
+source none0       swap   defaults      eraseblk=blah
+source none1       swap   defaults      eraseblk=4000
+source none2       swap   defaults      eraseblk=5000
+source none3       swap   defaults      eraseblk=8192
+)fs";
+    ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteStringToFd(fstab_contents, tf.fd));
+
+    Fstab fstab;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(ReadFstabFromFile(tf.path, &fstab));
+    ASSERT_EQ(4U, fstab.size());
+
+    FstabEntry::FsMgrFlags flags = {0};
+    flags.erase_blk_size = true;
+
+    auto entry = fstab.begin();
+    EXPECT_EQ("none0", entry->mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ(flags.val, entry->fs_mgr_flags.val);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, entry->erase_blk_size);
+    entry++;
+
+    EXPECT_EQ("none1", entry->mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ(flags.val, entry->fs_mgr_flags.val);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, entry->erase_blk_size);
+    entry++;
+
+    EXPECT_EQ("none2", entry->mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ(flags.val, entry->fs_mgr_flags.val);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, entry->erase_blk_size);
+    entry++;
+
+    EXPECT_EQ("none3", entry->mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ(flags.val, entry->fs_mgr_flags.val);
+    EXPECT_EQ(8192, entry->erase_blk_size);
+}
+
+TEST(fs_mgr, ReadFstabFromFile_FsMgrOptions_Logicalblk) {
+    TemporaryFile tf;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(tf.fd != -1);
+    std::string fstab_contents = R"fs(
+source none0       swap   defaults      logicalblk=blah
+source none1       swap   defaults      logicalblk=4000
+source none2       swap   defaults      logicalblk=5000
+source none3       swap   defaults      logicalblk=8192
+)fs";
+    ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteStringToFd(fstab_contents, tf.fd));
+
+    Fstab fstab;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(ReadFstabFromFile(tf.path, &fstab));
+    ASSERT_EQ(4U, fstab.size());
+
+    FstabEntry::FsMgrFlags flags = {0};
+    flags.logical_blk_size = true;
+
+    auto entry = fstab.begin();
+    EXPECT_EQ("none0", entry->mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ(flags.val, entry->fs_mgr_flags.val);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, entry->logical_blk_size);
+    entry++;
+
+    EXPECT_EQ("none1", entry->mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ(flags.val, entry->fs_mgr_flags.val);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, entry->logical_blk_size);
+    entry++;
+
+    EXPECT_EQ("none2", entry->mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ(flags.val, entry->fs_mgr_flags.val);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, entry->logical_blk_size);
+    entry++;
+
+    EXPECT_EQ("none3", entry->mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ(flags.val, entry->fs_mgr_flags.val);
+    EXPECT_EQ(8192, entry->logical_blk_size);
+}
+
+TEST(fs_mgr, ReadFstabFromFile_FsMgrOptions_Avb) {
+    TemporaryFile tf;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(tf.fd != -1);
+    std::string fstab_contents = R"fs(
+source none0       swap   defaults      avb=vbmeta_partition
+)fs";
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteStringToFd(fstab_contents, tf.fd));
+
+    Fstab fstab;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(ReadFstabFromFile(tf.path, &fstab));
+    ASSERT_EQ(1U, fstab.size());
+
+    auto entry = fstab.begin();
+    EXPECT_EQ("none0", entry->mount_point);
+
+    FstabEntry::FsMgrFlags flags = {0};
+    flags.avb = true;
+    EXPECT_EQ(flags.val, entry->fs_mgr_flags.val);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ("vbmeta_partition", entry->vbmeta_partition);
+}
+
+TEST(fs_mgr, ReadFstabFromFile_FsMgrOptions_KeyDirectory) {
+    TemporaryFile tf;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(tf.fd != -1);
+    std::string fstab_contents = R"fs(
+source none0       swap   defaults      keydirectory=/dir/key
+)fs";
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteStringToFd(fstab_contents, tf.fd));
+
+    Fstab fstab;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(ReadFstabFromFile(tf.path, &fstab));
+    ASSERT_EQ(1U, fstab.size());
+
+    auto entry = fstab.begin();
+    EXPECT_EQ("none0", entry->mount_point);
+
+    FstabEntry::FsMgrFlags flags = {0};
+    flags.key_directory = true;
+    EXPECT_EQ(flags.val, entry->fs_mgr_flags.val);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ("/dir/key", entry->key_dir);
+}
+
+TEST(fs_mgr, ReadFstabFromFile_FsMgrOptions_SysfsPath) {
+    TemporaryFile tf;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(tf.fd != -1);
+    std::string fstab_contents = R"fs(
+source none0       swap   defaults      sysfs_path=/sys/device
+)fs";
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteStringToFd(fstab_contents, tf.fd));
+
+    Fstab fstab;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(ReadFstabFromFile(tf.path, &fstab));
+    ASSERT_EQ(1U, fstab.size());
+
+    auto entry = fstab.begin();
+    EXPECT_EQ("none0", entry->mount_point);
+
+    FstabEntry::FsMgrFlags flags = {0};
+    flags.sysfs = true;
+    EXPECT_EQ(flags.val, entry->fs_mgr_flags.val);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ("/sys/device", entry->sysfs_path);
+}
+
+TEST(fs_mgr, ReadFstabFromFile_FsMgrOptions_Zram) {
+    TemporaryFile tf;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(tf.fd != -1);
+    std::string fstab_contents = R"fs(
+source none0       swap   defaults      zram_loopback_path=/dev/path
+
+source none1       swap   defaults      zram_loopback_size=blah
+source none2       swap   defaults      zram_loopback_size=2
+source none3       swap   defaults      zram_loopback_size=1K
+source none4       swap   defaults      zram_loopback_size=2m
+
+source none5       swap   defaults      zram_backing_dev_path=/dev/path2
+
+)fs";
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteStringToFd(fstab_contents, tf.fd));
+
+    Fstab fstab;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(ReadFstabFromFile(tf.path, &fstab));
+    ASSERT_EQ(6U, fstab.size());
+
+    auto entry = fstab.begin();
+    EXPECT_EQ("none0", entry->mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ("/dev/path", entry->zram_loopback_path);
+    entry++;
+
+    EXPECT_EQ("none1", entry->mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ(512U * 1024U * 1024U, entry->zram_loopback_size);
+    entry++;
+
+    EXPECT_EQ("none2", entry->mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ(2U, entry->zram_loopback_size);
+    entry++;
+
+    EXPECT_EQ("none3", entry->mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ(1024U, entry->zram_loopback_size);
+    entry++;
+
+    EXPECT_EQ("none4", entry->mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ(2U * 1024U * 1024U, entry->zram_loopback_size);
+    entry++;
+
+    EXPECT_EQ("none5", entry->mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ("/dev/path2", entry->zram_backing_dev_path);
 }
diff --git a/healthd/OWNERS b/healthd/OWNERS
index 00df08a..d3f8758 100644
--- a/healthd/OWNERS
+++ b/healthd/OWNERS
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 elsk@google.com
-toddpoynor@google.com
+hridya@google.com
diff --git a/healthd/animation.h b/healthd/animation.h
index f59fb38..9476c91 100644
--- a/healthd/animation.h
+++ b/healthd/animation.h
@@ -48,6 +48,25 @@
         GRFont* font;
     };
 
+    // When libminui loads PNG images:
+    // - When treating paths as relative paths, it adds ".png" suffix.
+    // - When treating paths as absolute paths, it doesn't add the suffix. Hence, the suffix
+    //   is added here.
+    void set_resource_root(const std::string& root) {
+        if (!animation_file.empty()) {
+            animation_file = root + animation_file + ".png";
+        }
+        if (!fail_file.empty()) {
+            fail_file = root + fail_file + ".png";
+        }
+        if (!text_clock.font_file.empty()) {
+            text_clock.font_file = root + text_clock.font_file + ".png";
+        }
+        if (!text_percent.font_file.empty()) {
+            text_percent.font_file = root + text_percent.font_file + ".png";
+        }
+    }
+
     std::string animation_file;
     std::string fail_file;
 
diff --git a/healthd/healthd_mode_charger.cpp b/healthd/healthd_mode_charger.cpp
index 2eb5497..8f2f727 100644
--- a/healthd/healthd_mode_charger.cpp
+++ b/healthd/healthd_mode_charger.cpp
@@ -80,8 +80,13 @@
 #define LOGW(x...) KLOG_WARNING("charger", x);
 #define LOGV(x...) KLOG_DEBUG("charger", x);
 
-static constexpr const char* animation_desc_path =
-    "/res/values/charger/animation.txt";
+// Resources in /product/etc/res overrides resources in /res.
+// If the device is using the Generic System Image (GSI), resources may exist in
+// both paths.
+static constexpr const char* product_animation_desc_path =
+        "/product/etc/res/values/charger/animation.txt";
+static constexpr const char* product_animation_root = "/product/etc/res/images/";
+static constexpr const char* animation_desc_path = "/res/values/charger/animation.txt";
 
 struct key_state {
     bool pending;
@@ -600,7 +605,10 @@
     bool parse_success;
 
     std::string content;
-    if (base::ReadFileToString(animation_desc_path, &content)) {
+    if (base::ReadFileToString(product_animation_desc_path, &content)) {
+        parse_success = parse_animation_desc(content, &battery_animation);
+        battery_animation.set_resource_root(product_animation_root);
+    } else if (base::ReadFileToString(animation_desc_path, &content)) {
         parse_success = parse_animation_desc(content, &battery_animation);
     } else {
         LOGW("Could not open animation description at %s\n", animation_desc_path);
diff --git a/init/property_service.cpp b/init/property_service.cpp
index 3199d45..91b7ddd 100644
--- a/init/property_service.cpp
+++ b/init/property_service.cpp
@@ -49,8 +49,6 @@
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
-#include <bootimg.h>
-#include <fs_mgr.h>
 #include <property_info_parser/property_info_parser.h>
 #include <property_info_serializer/property_info_serializer.h>
 #include <selinux/android.h>
@@ -79,8 +77,6 @@
 using android::properties::PropertyInfoAreaFile;
 using android::properties::PropertyInfoEntry;
 
-#define RECOVERY_MOUNT_POINT "/recovery"
-
 namespace android {
 namespace init {
 
@@ -732,37 +728,6 @@
     property_set("ro.persistent_properties.ready", "true");
 }
 
-void load_recovery_id_prop() {
-    std::unique_ptr<fstab, decltype(&fs_mgr_free_fstab)> fstab(fs_mgr_read_fstab_default(),
-                                                               fs_mgr_free_fstab);
-    if (!fstab) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "unable to read default fstab";
-        return;
-    }
-
-    fstab_rec* rec = fs_mgr_get_entry_for_mount_point(fstab.get(), RECOVERY_MOUNT_POINT);
-    if (rec == NULL) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "/recovery not specified in fstab";
-        return;
-    }
-
-    int fd = open(rec->blk_device, O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC);
-    if (fd == -1) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "error opening block device " << rec->blk_device;
-        return;
-    }
-
-    boot_img_hdr hdr;
-    if (android::base::ReadFully(fd, &hdr, sizeof(hdr))) {
-        std::string hex = bytes_to_hex(reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(hdr.id), sizeof(hdr.id));
-        property_set("ro.recovery_id", hex);
-    } else {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "error reading /recovery";
-    }
-
-    close(fd);
-}
-
 void property_load_boot_defaults() {
     // TODO(b/117892318): merge prop.default and build.prop files into one
     // TODO(b/122864654): read the prop files from all partitions and then
@@ -783,7 +748,6 @@
     load_properties_from_file("/odm/build.prop", NULL);
     load_properties_from_file("/vendor/build.prop", NULL);
     load_properties_from_file("/factory/factory.prop", "ro.*");
-    load_recovery_id_prop();
 
     update_sys_usb_config();
 }
diff --git a/init/util.cpp b/init/util.cpp
index 3781141..80fb03d 100644
--- a/init/util.cpp
+++ b/init/util.cpp
@@ -34,7 +34,6 @@
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
-#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 #include <cutils/sockets.h>
@@ -269,16 +268,6 @@
 }
 
 /*
- * Writes hex_len hex characters (1/2 byte) to hex from bytes.
- */
-std::string bytes_to_hex(const uint8_t* bytes, size_t bytes_len) {
-    std::string hex("0x");
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < bytes_len; i++)
-        android::base::StringAppendF(&hex, "%02x", bytes[i]);
-    return hex;
-}
-
-/*
  * Returns true is pathname is a directory
  */
 bool is_dir(const char* pathname) {
diff --git a/init/util.h b/init/util.h
index 53f4547..2b57910 100644
--- a/init/util.h
+++ b/init/util.h
@@ -51,7 +51,6 @@
 void import_kernel_cmdline(bool in_qemu,
                            const std::function<void(const std::string&, const std::string&, bool)>&);
 bool make_dir(const std::string& path, mode_t mode);
-std::string bytes_to_hex(const uint8_t *bytes, size_t bytes_len);
 bool is_dir(const char* pathname);
 bool expand_props(const std::string& src, std::string* dst);
 
diff --git a/liblog/tests/AndroidTest.xml b/liblog/tests/AndroidTest.xml
index 7b64433..c167478 100644
--- a/liblog/tests/AndroidTest.xml
+++ b/liblog/tests/AndroidTest.xml
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 <configuration description="Config for CTS Logging Library test cases">
     <option name="test-suite-tag" value="cts" />
     <option name="config-descriptor:metadata" key="component" value="systems" />
+    <option name="config-descriptor:metadata" key="parameter" value="not_instant_app" />
+    <option name="config-descriptor:metadata" key="parameter" value="multi_abi" />
     <target_preparer class="com.android.compatibility.common.tradefed.targetprep.FilePusher">
         <option name="cleanup" value="true" />
         <option name="push" value="CtsLiblogTestCases->/data/local/tmp/CtsLiblogTestCases" />
diff --git a/libmeminfo/Android.bp b/libmeminfo/Android.bp
index 3e191ad..fc022bd 100644
--- a/libmeminfo/Android.bp
+++ b/libmeminfo/Android.bp
@@ -46,7 +46,6 @@
 
     static_libs: [
         "libmeminfo",
-        "libpagemap",
         "libbase",
         "liblog",
     ],
diff --git a/libmeminfo/libdmabufinfo/Android.bp b/libmeminfo/libdmabufinfo/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3d5f2e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libmeminfo/libdmabufinfo/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+//
+// Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+cc_defaults {
+    name: "dmabufinfo_defaults",
+    static_libs: [
+        "libbase",
+        "liblog",
+        "libprocinfo",
+    ],
+
+    cflags: [
+        "-Wall",
+        "-Werror",
+        "-Wextra",
+    ],
+}
+
+cc_library_static {
+    name: "libdmabufinfo",
+    defaults: ["dmabufinfo_defaults"],
+    export_include_dirs: ["include"],
+    static_libs: ["libc++fs"],
+
+    srcs: [
+         "dmabufinfo.cpp",
+    ],
+}
+
+cc_test {
+    name: "dmabufinfo_test",
+    defaults: ["dmabufinfo_defaults"],
+    srcs: [
+         "dmabufinfo_test.cpp"
+    ],
+
+    static_libs: [
+        "libc++fs",
+        "libdmabufinfo",
+        "libion",
+        "libmeminfo",
+    ],
+}
diff --git a/libmeminfo/libdmabufinfo/dmabufinfo.cpp b/libmeminfo/libdmabufinfo/dmabufinfo.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..41ecc51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libmeminfo/libdmabufinfo/dmabufinfo.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <dmabufinfo/dmabufinfo.h>
+
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <filesystem>
+#include <memory>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android-base/parseint.h>
+#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
+#include <android-base/strings.h>
+#include <procinfo/process_map.h>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace dmabufinfo {
+
+static bool FileIsDmaBuf(const std::string& path) {
+    return ::android::base::StartsWith(path, "/dmabuf");
+}
+
+static bool ReadDmaBufFdInfo(pid_t pid, int fd, std::string* name, std::string* exporter,
+                             uint64_t* count) {
+    std::string fdinfo = ::android::base::StringPrintf("/proc/%d/fdinfo/%d", pid, fd);
+    auto fp = std::unique_ptr<FILE, decltype(&fclose)>{fopen(fdinfo.c_str(), "re"), fclose};
+    if (fp == nullptr) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open dmabuf info from debugfs";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    char* line = nullptr;
+    size_t len = 0;
+    while (getline(&line, &len, fp.get()) > 0) {
+        switch (line[0]) {
+            case 'c':
+                if (strncmp(line, "count:", 6) == 0) {
+                    char* c = line + 6;
+                    *count = strtoull(c, nullptr, 10);
+                }
+                break;
+            case 'e':
+                if (strncmp(line, "exp_name:", 9) == 0) {
+                    char* c = line + 9;
+                    *exporter = ::android::base::Trim(c);
+                }
+                break;
+            case 'n':
+                if (strncmp(line, "name:", 5) == 0) {
+                    char* c = line + 5;
+                    *name = ::android::base::Trim(std::string(c));
+                }
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    free(line);
+    return true;
+}
+
+static bool ReadDmaBufFdRefs(pid_t pid, std::vector<DmaBuffer>* dmabufs) {
+    std::string fdpath = ::android::base::StringPrintf("/proc/%d/fd", pid);
+    for (auto& de : std::filesystem::directory_iterator(fdpath)) {
+        if (!std::filesystem::is_symlink(de.path())) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        std::string target;
+        if (!::android::base::Readlink(de.path().string(), &target)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to find target for symlink: " << de.path().string();
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (!FileIsDmaBuf(target)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        int fd;
+        if (!::android::base::ParseInt(de.path().filename().string(), &fd)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Dmabuf fd: " << de.path().string() << " is invalid";
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Set defaults in case the kernel doesn't give us the information
+        // we need in fdinfo
+        std::string name = "<unknown>";
+        std::string exporter = "<unknown>";
+        uint64_t count = 0;
+        if (!ReadDmaBufFdInfo(pid, fd, &name, &exporter, &count)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to read fdinfo for: " << de.path().string();
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        struct stat sb;
+        if (stat(de.path().c_str(), &sb) < 0) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to stat: " << de.path().string();
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        DmaBuffer& buf =
+                dmabufs->emplace_back(sb.st_ino, sb.st_blocks * 512, count, exporter, name);
+        buf.AddFdRef(pid);
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+static bool ReadDmaBufMapRefs(pid_t pid, std::vector<DmaBuffer>* dmabufs) {
+    std::string mapspath = ::android::base::StringPrintf("/proc/%d/maps", pid);
+    auto fp = std::unique_ptr<FILE, decltype(&fclose)>{fopen(mapspath.c_str(), "re"), fclose};
+    if (fp == nullptr) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open maps for pid: " << pid;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    char* line = nullptr;
+    size_t len = 0;
+
+    // Process the map if it is dmabuf. Add map reference to existing object in 'dmabufs'
+    // if it was already found. If it wasn't create a new one and append it to 'dmabufs'
+    auto account_dmabuf = [&](uint64_t start, uint64_t end, uint16_t /* flags */,
+                              uint64_t /* pgoff */, const char* name) {
+        // no need to look into this mapping if it is not dmabuf
+        if (!FileIsDmaBuf(std::string(name))) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // TODO (b/123532375) : Add inode number to the callback of ReadMapFileContent.
+        //
+        // Workaround: we know 'name' points to the name at the end of 'line'.
+        // We use that to backtrack and pick up the inode number from the line as well.
+        // start    end      flag pgoff    mj:mn inode   name
+        // 00400000-00409000 r-xp 00000000 00:00 426998  /dmabuf (deleted)
+        const char* p = name;
+        p--;
+        // skip spaces
+        while (p != line && *p == ' ') {
+            p--;
+        }
+        // walk backwards to the beginning of inode number
+        while (p != line && isdigit(*p)) {
+            p--;
+        }
+        uint64_t inode = strtoull(p, nullptr, 10);
+        auto buf = std::find_if(dmabufs->begin(), dmabufs->end(),
+                                [&inode](const DmaBuffer& dbuf) { return dbuf.inode() == inode; });
+        if (buf != dmabufs->end()) {
+            buf->AddMapRef(pid);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // We have a new buffer, but unknown count and name
+        DmaBuffer& dbuf = dmabufs->emplace_back(inode, end - start, 0, "<unknown>", "<unknown>");
+        dbuf.AddMapRef(pid);
+    };
+
+    while (getline(&line, &len, fp.get()) > 0) {
+        if (!::android::procinfo::ReadMapFileContent(line, account_dmabuf)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Failed t parse maps for pid: " << pid;
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    free(line);
+    return true;
+}
+
+// Public methods
+bool ReadDmaBufInfo(std::vector<DmaBuffer>* dmabufs, const std::string& path) {
+    auto fp = std::unique_ptr<FILE, decltype(&fclose)>{fopen(path.c_str(), "re"), fclose};
+    if (fp == nullptr) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open dmabuf info from debugfs";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    char* line = nullptr;
+    size_t len = 0;
+    dmabufs->clear();
+    while (getline(&line, &len, fp.get()) > 0) {
+        // The new dmabuf bufinfo format adds inode number and a name at the end
+        // We are looking for lines as follows:
+        // size     flags       mode        count  exp_name ino         name
+        // 01048576 00000002    00000007    00000001    ion 00018758    CAMERA
+        // 01048576 00000002    00000007    00000001    ion 00018758
+        uint64_t size, count;
+        char* exporter_name = nullptr;
+        ino_t inode;
+        char* name = nullptr;
+        int matched = sscanf(line, "%" SCNu64 "%*x %*x %" SCNu64 " %ms %lu %ms", &size, &count,
+                             &exporter_name, &inode, &name);
+        if (matched < 4) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        dmabufs->emplace_back(inode, size, count, exporter_name, matched > 4 ? name : "");
+        free(exporter_name);
+        free(name);
+    }
+
+    free(line);
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool ReadDmaBufInfo(pid_t pid, std::vector<DmaBuffer>* dmabufs) {
+    dmabufs->clear();
+    if (!ReadDmaBufFdRefs(pid, dmabufs)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to read dmabuf fd references";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (!ReadDmaBufMapRefs(pid, dmabufs)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to read dmabuf map references";
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+}  // namespace dmabufinfo
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/libmeminfo/libdmabufinfo/dmabufinfo_test.cpp b/libmeminfo/libdmabufinfo/dmabufinfo_test.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aa5f16c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libmeminfo/libdmabufinfo/dmabufinfo_test.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,252 @@
+/* Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <linux/dma-buf.h>
+#include <sys/mman.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
+#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
+#include <ion/ion.h>
+
+#include <dmabufinfo/dmabufinfo.h>
+
+using namespace ::android::dmabufinfo;
+using namespace ::android::base;
+
+#define MAX_HEAP_NAME 32
+#define ION_HEAP_ANY_MASK (0x7fffffff)
+
+struct ion_heap_data {
+    char name[MAX_HEAP_NAME];
+    __u32 type;
+    __u32 heap_id;
+    __u32 reserved0;
+    __u32 reserved1;
+    __u32 reserved2;
+};
+
+#ifndef DMA_BUF_SET_NAME
+#define DMA_BUF_SET_NAME _IOW(DMA_BUF_BASE, 5, const char*)
+#endif
+
+#define EXPECT_ONE_BUF_EQ(_bufptr, _name, _fdrefs, _maprefs, _expname, _count, _size) \
+    do {                                                                              \
+        EXPECT_EQ(_bufptr->name(), _name);                                            \
+        EXPECT_EQ(_bufptr->fdrefs().size(), _fdrefs);                                 \
+        EXPECT_EQ(_bufptr->maprefs().size(), _maprefs);                               \
+        EXPECT_EQ(_bufptr->exporter(), _expname);                                     \
+        EXPECT_EQ(_bufptr->count(), _count);                                          \
+        EXPECT_EQ(_bufptr->size(), _size);                                            \
+    } while (0)
+
+#define EXPECT_PID_IN_FDREFS(_bufptr, _pid, _expect)                         \
+    do {                                                                     \
+        const std::vector<pid_t>& _fdrefs = _bufptr->fdrefs();               \
+        auto _ref = std::find_if(_fdrefs.begin(), _fdrefs.end(),             \
+                                 [&](const pid_t& p) { return p == _pid; }); \
+        EXPECT_EQ((_ref == _fdrefs.end()), _expect);                         \
+    } while (0)
+
+#define EXPECT_PID_IN_MAPREFS(_bufptr, _pid, _expect)                        \
+    do {                                                                     \
+        const std::vector<pid_t>& _maprefs = _bufptr->maprefs();             \
+        auto _ref = std::find_if(_maprefs.begin(), _maprefs.end(),           \
+                                 [&](const pid_t& p) { return p == _pid; }); \
+        EXPECT_EQ((_ref == _maprefs.end()), _expect);                        \
+    } while (0)
+
+TEST(DmaBufInfoParser, TestReadDmaBufInfo) {
+    std::string bufinfo = R"bufinfo(00045056    00000002    00000007    00000002    ion 00022069    
+	Attached Devices:
+Total 0 devices attached
+01048576    00000002    00000007    00000001    ion 00019834    CAMERA
+	Attached Devices:
+	soc:qcom,cam_smmu:msm_cam_smmu_icp
+Total 1 devices attached)bufinfo";
+
+    TemporaryFile tf;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(tf.fd != -1);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(::android::base::WriteStringToFd(bufinfo, tf.fd));
+    std::string path = std::string(tf.path);
+
+    std::vector<DmaBuffer> dmabufs;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(ReadDmaBufInfo(&dmabufs, path));
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(dmabufs.size(), 2UL);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(dmabufs[0].size(), 45056UL);
+    EXPECT_EQ(dmabufs[0].inode(), 22069UL);
+    EXPECT_EQ(dmabufs[0].count(), 2UL);
+    EXPECT_EQ(dmabufs[0].exporter(), "ion");
+    EXPECT_TRUE(dmabufs[0].name().empty());
+    EXPECT_EQ(dmabufs[0].total_refs(), 0ULL);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(dmabufs[0].fdrefs().empty());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(dmabufs[0].maprefs().empty());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(dmabufs[1].size(), 1048576UL);
+    EXPECT_EQ(dmabufs[1].inode(), 19834UL);
+    EXPECT_EQ(dmabufs[1].count(), 1UL);
+    EXPECT_EQ(dmabufs[1].exporter(), "ion");
+    EXPECT_FALSE(dmabufs[1].name().empty());
+    EXPECT_EQ(dmabufs[1].name(), "CAMERA");
+    EXPECT_EQ(dmabufs[1].total_refs(), 0ULL);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(dmabufs[1].fdrefs().empty());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(dmabufs[1].maprefs().empty());
+}
+
+class DmaBufTester : public ::testing::Test {
+  public:
+    DmaBufTester() : ion_fd(ion_open()), ion_heap_mask(get_ion_heap_mask()) {}
+
+    ~DmaBufTester() {
+        if (is_valid()) {
+            ion_close(ion_fd);
+        }
+    }
+
+    bool is_valid() { return (ion_fd >= 0 && ion_heap_mask > 0); }
+
+    unique_fd allocate(uint64_t size, const std::string& name) {
+        int fd;
+        int err = ion_alloc_fd(ion_fd, size, 0, ion_heap_mask, 0, &fd);
+        if (err < 0) {
+            return unique_fd{err};
+        }
+
+        if (!name.empty()) {
+            err = ioctl(fd, DMA_BUF_SET_NAME, name.c_str());
+            if (err < 0) return unique_fd{-errno};
+        }
+
+        return unique_fd{fd};
+    }
+
+  private:
+    int get_ion_heap_mask() {
+        if (ion_fd < 0) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (ion_is_legacy(ion_fd)) {
+            // Since ION is still in staging, we've seen that the heap mask ids are also
+            // changed across kernels for some reason. So, here we basically ask for a buffer
+            // from _any_ heap.
+            return ION_HEAP_ANY_MASK;
+        }
+
+        int cnt;
+        int err = ion_query_heap_cnt(ion_fd, &cnt);
+        if (err < 0) {
+            return err;
+        }
+
+        std::vector<ion_heap_data> heaps;
+        heaps.resize(cnt);
+        err = ion_query_get_heaps(ion_fd, cnt, &heaps[0]);
+        if (err < 0) {
+            return err;
+        }
+
+        unsigned int ret = 0;
+        for (auto& it : heaps) {
+            if (!strcmp(it.name, "ion_system_heap")) {
+                ret |= (1 << it.heap_id);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    unique_fd ion_fd;
+    const int ion_heap_mask;
+};
+
+TEST_F(DmaBufTester, TestFdRef) {
+    // Test if a dma buffer is found while the corresponding file descriptor
+    // is open
+    ASSERT_TRUE(is_valid());
+    pid_t pid = getpid();
+    std::vector<DmaBuffer> dmabufs;
+    {
+        // Allocate one buffer and make sure the library can see it
+        unique_fd buf = allocate(4096, "dmabuftester-4k");
+        ASSERT_GT(buf, 0) << "Allocated buffer is invalid";
+        ASSERT_TRUE(ReadDmaBufInfo(pid, &dmabufs));
+
+        EXPECT_EQ(dmabufs.size(), 1UL);
+        EXPECT_ONE_BUF_EQ(dmabufs.begin(), "dmabuftester-4k", 1UL, 0UL, "ion", 1UL, 4096ULL);
+
+        // Make sure the buffer has the right pid too.
+        EXPECT_PID_IN_FDREFS(dmabufs.begin(), pid, false);
+    }
+
+    // Now make sure the buffer has disappeared
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ReadDmaBufInfo(pid, &dmabufs));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(dmabufs.empty());
+}
+
+TEST_F(DmaBufTester, TestMapRef) {
+    // Test to make sure we can find a buffer if the fd is closed but the buffer
+    // is mapped
+    ASSERT_TRUE(is_valid());
+    pid_t pid = getpid();
+    std::vector<DmaBuffer> dmabufs;
+    {
+        // Allocate one buffer and make sure the library can see it
+        unique_fd buf = allocate(4096, "dmabuftester-4k");
+        ASSERT_GT(buf, 0) << "Allocated buffer is invalid";
+        auto ptr = mmap(0, 4096, PROT_READ, MAP_SHARED, buf, 0);
+        ASSERT_NE(ptr, MAP_FAILED);
+        ASSERT_TRUE(ReadDmaBufInfo(pid, &dmabufs));
+
+        EXPECT_EQ(dmabufs.size(), 1UL);
+        EXPECT_ONE_BUF_EQ(dmabufs.begin(), "dmabuftester-4k", 1UL, 1UL, "ion", 2UL, 4096ULL);
+
+        // Make sure the buffer has the right pid too.
+        EXPECT_PID_IN_FDREFS(dmabufs.begin(), pid, false);
+        EXPECT_PID_IN_MAPREFS(dmabufs.begin(), pid, false);
+
+        // close the file descriptor and re-read the stats
+        buf.reset(-1);
+        ASSERT_TRUE(ReadDmaBufInfo(pid, &dmabufs));
+
+        EXPECT_EQ(dmabufs.size(), 1UL);
+        EXPECT_ONE_BUF_EQ(dmabufs.begin(), "<unknown>", 0UL, 1UL, "<unknown>", 0UL, 4096ULL);
+
+        EXPECT_PID_IN_FDREFS(dmabufs.begin(), pid, true);
+        EXPECT_PID_IN_MAPREFS(dmabufs.begin(), pid, false);
+
+        // unmap the bufer and lose all references
+        munmap(ptr, 4096);
+    }
+
+    // Now make sure the buffer has disappeared
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ReadDmaBufInfo(pid, &dmabufs));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(dmabufs.empty());
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+    ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
+    ::android::base::InitLogging(argv, android::base::StderrLogger);
+    return RUN_ALL_TESTS();
+}
diff --git a/libmeminfo/libdmabufinfo/include/dmabufinfo/dmabufinfo.h b/libmeminfo/libdmabufinfo/include/dmabufinfo/dmabufinfo.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..29ce4d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libmeminfo/libdmabufinfo/include/dmabufinfo/dmabufinfo.h
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace dmabufinfo {
+
+struct DmaBuffer {
+  public:
+    DmaBuffer(ino_t inode, uint64_t size, uint64_t count, const std::string& exporter,
+              const std::string& name)
+        : inode_(inode), size_(size), count_(count), exporter_(exporter), name_(name) {}
+    ~DmaBuffer() = default;
+
+    // Adds one file descriptor reference for the given pid
+    void AddFdRef(pid_t pid) { fdrefs_.emplace_back(pid); }
+
+    // Adds one map reference for the given pid
+    void AddMapRef(pid_t pid) { maprefs_.emplace_back(pid); }
+
+    // Getters for each property
+    uint64_t size() { return size_; }
+    const std::vector<pid_t>& fdrefs() const { return fdrefs_; }
+    const std::vector<pid_t>& maprefs() const { return maprefs_; }
+    ino_t inode() const { return inode_; }
+    uint64_t total_refs() const { return fdrefs_.size() + maprefs_.size(); }
+    uint64_t count() const { return count_; };
+    const std::string& name() const { return name_; }
+    const std::string& exporter() const { return exporter_; }
+
+  private:
+    ino_t inode_;
+    uint64_t size_;
+    uint64_t count_;
+    std::string exporter_;
+    std::string name_;
+    std::vector<pid_t> fdrefs_;
+    std::vector<pid_t> maprefs_;
+};
+
+// Read and return current dma buf objects from
+// DEBUGFS/dma_buf/bufinfo. The references to each dma buffer are not
+// populated here and will return an empty vector.
+// Returns false if something went wrong with the function, true otherwise.
+bool ReadDmaBufInfo(std::vector<DmaBuffer>* dmabufs,
+                    const std::string& path = "/sys/kernel/debug/dma_buf/bufinfo");
+
+// Read and return dmabuf objects for a given process without the help
+// of DEBUGFS
+bool ReadDmaBufInfo(pid_t pid, std::vector<DmaBuffer>* dmabufs);
+
+}  // namespace dmabufinfo
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/libmeminfo/libmeminfo_test.cpp b/libmeminfo/libmeminfo_test.cpp
index ccc40d1..5451ca3 100644
--- a/libmeminfo/libmeminfo_test.cpp
+++ b/libmeminfo/libmeminfo_test.cpp
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@
 #include <meminfo/pageacct.h>
 #include <meminfo/procmeminfo.h>
 #include <meminfo/sysmeminfo.h>
-#include <pagemap/pagemap.h>
 
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
@@ -37,239 +36,12 @@
 
 pid_t pid = -1;
 
-class ValidateProcMemInfo : public ::testing::Test {
-  protected:
-    void SetUp() override {
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, pm_kernel_create(&ker));
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, pm_process_create(ker, pid, &proc));
-        proc_mem = new ProcMemInfo(pid);
-        ASSERT_NE(proc_mem, nullptr);
-    }
-
-    void TearDown() override {
-        delete proc_mem;
-        pm_process_destroy(proc);
-        pm_kernel_destroy(ker);
-    }
-
-    pm_kernel_t* ker;
-    pm_process_t* proc;
-    ProcMemInfo* proc_mem;
-};
-
-TEST_F(ValidateProcMemInfo, TestMapsSize) {
-    const std::vector<Vma>& maps = proc_mem->Maps();
-    ASSERT_FALSE(maps.empty()) << "Process " << getpid() << " maps are empty";
-}
-
-TEST_F(ValidateProcMemInfo, TestMapsEquality) {
-    const std::vector<Vma>& maps = proc_mem->Maps();
-    ASSERT_EQ(proc->num_maps, maps.size());
-
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < maps.size(); ++i) {
-        EXPECT_EQ(proc->maps[i]->start, maps[i].start);
-        EXPECT_EQ(proc->maps[i]->end, maps[i].end);
-        EXPECT_EQ(proc->maps[i]->offset, maps[i].offset);
-        EXPECT_EQ(std::string(proc->maps[i]->name), maps[i].name);
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(ValidateProcMemInfo, TestMaps) {
-    const std::vector<Vma>& maps = proc_mem->Maps();
-    ASSERT_FALSE(maps.empty());
-    ASSERT_EQ(proc->num_maps, maps.size());
-
-    pm_memusage_t map_usage, proc_usage;
-    pm_memusage_zero(&map_usage);
-    pm_memusage_zero(&proc_usage);
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < maps.size(); i++) {
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, pm_map_usage(proc->maps[i], &map_usage));
-        EXPECT_EQ(map_usage.vss, maps[i].usage.vss) << "VSS mismatch for map: " << maps[i].name;
-        EXPECT_EQ(map_usage.rss, maps[i].usage.rss) << "RSS mismatch for map: " << maps[i].name;
-        EXPECT_EQ(map_usage.pss, maps[i].usage.pss) << "PSS mismatch for map: " << maps[i].name;
-        EXPECT_EQ(map_usage.uss, maps[i].usage.uss) << "USS mismatch for map: " << maps[i].name;
-        pm_memusage_add(&proc_usage, &map_usage);
-    }
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(proc_usage.vss, proc_mem->Usage().vss);
-    EXPECT_EQ(proc_usage.rss, proc_mem->Usage().rss);
-    EXPECT_EQ(proc_usage.pss, proc_mem->Usage().pss);
-    EXPECT_EQ(proc_usage.uss, proc_mem->Usage().uss);
-}
-
-TEST_F(ValidateProcMemInfo, TestSwapUsage) {
-    const std::vector<Vma>& maps = proc_mem->Maps();
-    ASSERT_FALSE(maps.empty());
-    ASSERT_EQ(proc->num_maps, maps.size());
-
-    pm_memusage_t map_usage, proc_usage;
-    pm_memusage_zero(&map_usage);
-    pm_memusage_zero(&proc_usage);
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < maps.size(); i++) {
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, pm_map_usage(proc->maps[i], &map_usage));
-        EXPECT_EQ(map_usage.swap, maps[i].usage.swap) << "SWAP mismatch for map: " << maps[i].name;
-        pm_memusage_add(&proc_usage, &map_usage);
-    }
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(proc_usage.swap, proc_mem->Usage().swap);
-}
-
-TEST_F(ValidateProcMemInfo, TestSwapOffsets) {
-    const MemUsage& proc_usage = proc_mem->Usage();
-    const std::vector<uint16_t>& swap_offsets = proc_mem->SwapOffsets();
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(proc_usage.swap / getpagesize(), swap_offsets.size());
-}
-
-TEST_F(ValidateProcMemInfo, TestPageMap) {
-    std::vector<uint64_t> pagemap;
-
-    auto vma_callback = [&](const Vma& vma) {
-        uint64_t* pmap_out;
-        size_t len;
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, pm_process_pagemap_range(proc, vma.start, vma.end, &pmap_out, &len));
-        ASSERT_TRUE(proc_mem->PageMap(vma, &pagemap));
-
-        EXPECT_EQ(len, ((vma.end - vma.start) / getpagesize()));
-        for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
-            EXPECT_EQ(pmap_out[i], pagemap[i]);
-        }
-    };
-    ASSERT_TRUE(proc_mem->ForEachVma(vma_callback));
-}
-
-class ValidateProcMemInfoWss : public ::testing::Test {
-  protected:
-    void SetUp() override {
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, pm_kernel_create(&ker));
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, pm_process_create(ker, pid, &proc));
-        proc_mem = new ProcMemInfo(pid, true);
-        ASSERT_NE(proc_mem, nullptr);
-    }
-
-    void TearDown() override {
-        delete proc_mem;
-        pm_process_destroy(proc);
-        pm_kernel_destroy(ker);
-    }
-
-    pm_kernel_t* ker;
-    pm_process_t* proc;
-    ProcMemInfo* proc_mem;
-};
-
-TEST_F(ValidateProcMemInfoWss, TestWorkingTestReset) {
+TEST(ProcMemInfo, TestWorkingTestReset) {
     // Expect reset to succeed
     EXPECT_TRUE(ProcMemInfo::ResetWorkingSet(pid));
 }
 
-TEST_F(ValidateProcMemInfoWss, TestWssEquality) {
-    // Read wss using libpagemap
-    pm_memusage_t wss_pagemap;
-    EXPECT_EQ(0, pm_process_workingset(proc, &wss_pagemap, 0));
-
-    // Read wss using libmeminfo
-    MemUsage wss = proc_mem->Wss();
-
-    // compare
-    EXPECT_EQ(wss_pagemap.rss, wss.rss);
-    EXPECT_EQ(wss_pagemap.pss, wss.pss);
-    EXPECT_EQ(wss_pagemap.uss, wss.uss);
-}
-
-class ValidatePageAcct : public ::testing::Test {
-  protected:
-    void SetUp() override {
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, pm_kernel_create(&ker));
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, pm_process_create(ker, pid, &proc));
-    }
-
-    void TearDown() override {
-        pm_process_destroy(proc);
-        pm_kernel_destroy(ker);
-    }
-
-    pm_kernel_t* ker;
-    pm_process_t* proc;
-};
-
-TEST_F(ValidatePageAcct, TestPageFlags) {
-    PageAcct& pi = PageAcct::Instance();
-    pi.InitPageAcct(false);
-
-    uint64_t* pagemap;
-    size_t num_pages;
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < proc->num_maps; i++) {
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, pm_map_pagemap(proc->maps[i], &pagemap, &num_pages));
-        for (size_t j = 0; j < num_pages; j++) {
-            if (!PM_PAGEMAP_PRESENT(pagemap[j])) continue;
-
-            uint64_t pfn = PM_PAGEMAP_PFN(pagemap[j]);
-            uint64_t page_flags_pagemap, page_flags_meminfo;
-
-            ASSERT_EQ(0, pm_kernel_flags(ker, pfn, &page_flags_pagemap));
-            ASSERT_TRUE(pi.PageFlags(pfn, &page_flags_meminfo));
-            // check if page flags equal
-            EXPECT_EQ(page_flags_pagemap, page_flags_meminfo);
-        }
-        free(pagemap);
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(ValidatePageAcct, TestPageCounts) {
-    PageAcct& pi = PageAcct::Instance();
-    pi.InitPageAcct(false);
-
-    uint64_t* pagemap;
-    size_t num_pages;
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < proc->num_maps; i++) {
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, pm_map_pagemap(proc->maps[i], &pagemap, &num_pages));
-        for (size_t j = 0; j < num_pages; j++) {
-            uint64_t pfn = PM_PAGEMAP_PFN(pagemap[j]);
-            uint64_t map_count_pagemap, map_count_meminfo;
-
-            ASSERT_EQ(0, pm_kernel_count(ker, pfn, &map_count_pagemap));
-            ASSERT_TRUE(pi.PageMapCount(pfn, &map_count_meminfo));
-            // check if map counts are equal
-            EXPECT_EQ(map_count_pagemap, map_count_meminfo);
-        }
-        free(pagemap);
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(ValidatePageAcct, TestPageIdle) {
-    // skip the test if idle page tracking isn't enabled
-    if (pm_kernel_init_page_idle(ker) != 0) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    PageAcct& pi = PageAcct::Instance();
-    ASSERT_TRUE(pi.InitPageAcct(true));
-
-    uint64_t* pagemap;
-    size_t num_pages;
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < proc->num_maps; i++) {
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, pm_map_pagemap(proc->maps[i], &pagemap, &num_pages));
-        for (size_t j = 0; j < num_pages; j++) {
-            if (!PM_PAGEMAP_PRESENT(pagemap[j])) continue;
-            uint64_t pfn = PM_PAGEMAP_PFN(pagemap[j]);
-
-            ASSERT_EQ(0, pm_kernel_mark_page_idle(ker, &pfn, 1));
-            int idle_status_pagemap = pm_kernel_get_page_idle(ker, pfn);
-            int idle_status_meminfo = pi.IsPageIdle(pfn);
-            EXPECT_EQ(idle_status_pagemap, idle_status_meminfo);
-        }
-        free(pagemap);
-    }
-}
-
-TEST(TestProcMemInfo, MapsEmpty) {
-    ProcMemInfo proc_mem(pid);
-    const std::vector<Vma>& maps = proc_mem.Maps();
-    EXPECT_GT(maps.size(), 0);
-}
-
-TEST(TestProcMemInfo, UsageEmpty) {
+TEST(ProcMemInfo, UsageEmpty) {
     // If we created the object for getting working set,
     // the usage must be empty
     ProcMemInfo proc_mem(pid, true);
@@ -281,7 +53,14 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(usage.swap, 0);
 }
 
-TEST(TestProcMemInfo, WssEmpty) {
+TEST(ProcMemInfo, MapsNotEmpty) {
+    // Make sure the process maps are never empty
+    ProcMemInfo proc_mem(pid);
+    const std::vector<Vma>& maps = proc_mem.Maps();
+    EXPECT_FALSE(maps.empty());
+}
+
+TEST(ProcMemInfo, WssEmpty) {
     // If we created the object for getting usage,
     // the working set must be empty
     ProcMemInfo proc_mem(pid, false);
@@ -293,7 +72,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(wss.swap, 0);
 }
 
-TEST(TestProcMemInfo, SwapOffsetsEmpty) {
+TEST(ProcMemInfo, SwapOffsetsEmpty) {
     // If we created the object for getting working set,
     // the swap offsets must be empty
     ProcMemInfo proc_mem(pid, true);
@@ -301,7 +80,10 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(swap_offsets.size(), 0);
 }
 
-TEST(TestProcMemInfo, IsSmapsSupportedTest) {
+TEST(ProcMemInfo, IsSmapsSupportedTest) {
+    // Get any pid and check if /proc/<pid>/smaps_rollup exists using the API.
+    // The API must return the appropriate value regardless of the after it succeeds
+    // once.
     std::string path = ::android::base::StringPrintf("/proc/%d/smaps_rollup", pid);
     bool supported = IsSmapsRollupSupported(pid);
     EXPECT_EQ(!access(path.c_str(), F_OK | R_OK), supported);
@@ -310,7 +92,8 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(supported, IsSmapsRollupSupported(-1));
 }
 
-TEST(TestProcMemInfo, SmapsOrRollupTest) {
+TEST(ProcMemInfo, SmapsOrRollupTest) {
+    // Make sure we can parse 'smaps_rollup' correctly
     std::string rollup =
             R"rollup(12c00000-7fe859e000 ---p 00000000 00:00 0                                [rollup]
 Rss:              331908 kB
@@ -342,8 +125,8 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(stats.swap_pss, 442);
 }
 
-TEST(TestProcMemInfo, SmapsOrRollupSmapsTest) {
-    // This is a made up smaps for the test
+TEST(ProcMemInfo, SmapsOrRollupSmapsTest) {
+    // Make sure /proc/<pid>/smaps is parsed correctly
     std::string smaps =
             R"smaps(12c00000-13440000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0                                  [anon:dalvik-main space (region space)]
 Name:           [anon:dalvik-main space (region space)]
@@ -382,8 +165,9 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(stats.swap_pss, 70);
 }
 
-TEST(TestProcMemInfo, SmapsOrRollupPssRollupTest) {
-    // This is a made up smaps for the test
+TEST(ProcMemInfo, SmapsOrRollupPssRollupTest) {
+    // Make sure /proc/<pid>/smaps is parsed correctly
+    // to get the PSS
     std::string smaps =
             R"smaps(12c00000-13440000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0                                  [anon:dalvik-main space (region space)]
 Name:           [anon:dalvik-main space (region space)]
@@ -417,7 +201,8 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(pss, 2652);
 }
 
-TEST(TestProcMemInfo, SmapsOrRollupPssSmapsTest) {
+TEST(ProcMemInfo, SmapsOrRollupPssSmapsTest) {
+    // Correctly parse smaps file to gather pss
     std::string exec_dir = ::android::base::GetExecutableDirectory();
     std::string path = ::android::base::StringPrintf("%s/testdata1/smaps_short", exec_dir.c_str());
 
@@ -426,7 +211,8 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(pss, 19119);
 }
 
-TEST(TestProcMemInfo, ForEachVmaFromFileTest) {
+TEST(ProcMemInfo, ForEachVmaFromFileTest) {
+    // Parse smaps file correctly to make callbacks for each virtual memory area (vma)
     std::string exec_dir = ::android::base::GetExecutableDirectory();
     std::string path = ::android::base::StringPrintf("%s/testdata1/smaps_short", exec_dir.c_str());
     ProcMemInfo proc_mem(pid);
@@ -519,13 +305,14 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(vmas[5].usage.swap_pss, 0);
 }
 
-TEST(TestProcMemInfo, SmapsReturnTest) {
+TEST(ProcMemInfo, SmapsReturnTest) {
+    // Make sure Smaps() is never empty for any process
     ProcMemInfo proc_mem(pid);
     auto vmas = proc_mem.Smaps();
     EXPECT_FALSE(vmas.empty());
 }
 
-TEST(TestProcMemInfo, SmapsTest) {
+TEST(ProcMemInfo, SmapsTest) {
     std::string exec_dir = ::android::base::GetExecutableDirectory();
     std::string path = ::android::base::StringPrintf("%s/testdata1/smaps_short", exec_dir.c_str());
     ProcMemInfo proc_mem(pid);
@@ -616,56 +403,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(vmas[5].usage.swap_pss, 0);
 }
 
-TEST(ValidateProcMemInfoFlags, TestPageFlags1) {
-    // Create proc object using libpagemap
-    pm_kernel_t* ker;
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, pm_kernel_create(&ker));
-    pm_process_t* proc;
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, pm_process_create(ker, pid, &proc));
-
-    // count swapbacked pages using libpagemap
-    pm_memusage_t proc_usage;
-    pm_memusage_zero(&proc_usage);
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, pm_process_usage_flags(proc, &proc_usage, (1 << KPF_SWAPBACKED),
-                                        (1 << KPF_SWAPBACKED)));
-
-    // Create ProcMemInfo that counts swapbacked pages
-    ProcMemInfo proc_mem(pid, false, (1 << KPF_SWAPBACKED), (1 << KPF_SWAPBACKED));
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(proc_usage.vss, proc_mem.Usage().vss);
-    EXPECT_EQ(proc_usage.rss, proc_mem.Usage().rss);
-    EXPECT_EQ(proc_usage.pss, proc_mem.Usage().pss);
-    EXPECT_EQ(proc_usage.uss, proc_mem.Usage().uss);
-
-    pm_process_destroy(proc);
-    pm_kernel_destroy(ker);
-}
-
-TEST(ValidateProcMemInfoFlags, TestPageFlags2) {
-    // Create proc object using libpagemap
-    pm_kernel_t* ker;
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, pm_kernel_create(&ker));
-    pm_process_t* proc;
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, pm_process_create(ker, pid, &proc));
-
-    // count non-swapbacked pages using libpagemap
-    pm_memusage_t proc_usage;
-    pm_memusage_zero(&proc_usage);
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, pm_process_usage_flags(proc, &proc_usage, (1 << KPF_SWAPBACKED), 0));
-
-    // Create ProcMemInfo that counts non-swapbacked pages
-    ProcMemInfo proc_mem(pid, false, 0, (1 << KPF_SWAPBACKED));
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(proc_usage.vss, proc_mem.Usage().vss);
-    EXPECT_EQ(proc_usage.rss, proc_mem.Usage().rss);
-    EXPECT_EQ(proc_usage.pss, proc_mem.Usage().pss);
-    EXPECT_EQ(proc_usage.uss, proc_mem.Usage().uss);
-
-    pm_process_destroy(proc);
-    pm_kernel_destroy(ker);
-}
-
-TEST(SysMemInfoParser, TestSysMemInfoFile) {
+TEST(SysMemInfo, TestSysMemInfoFile) {
     std::string meminfo = R"meminfo(MemTotal:        3019740 kB
 MemFree:         1809728 kB
 MemAvailable:    2546560 kB
@@ -733,7 +471,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(mi.mem_kernel_stack_kb(), 4880);
 }
 
-TEST(SysMemInfoParser, TestEmptyFile) {
+TEST(SysMemInfo, TestEmptyFile) {
     TemporaryFile tf;
     std::string empty_string = "";
     ASSERT_TRUE(tf.fd != -1);
@@ -744,7 +482,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(mi.mem_total_kb(), 0);
 }
 
-TEST(SysMemInfoParser, TestZramTotal) {
+TEST(SysMemInfo, TestZramTotal) {
     std::string exec_dir = ::android::base::GetExecutableDirectory();
 
     SysMemInfo mi;
@@ -774,7 +512,7 @@
     MEMINFO_COUNT
 };
 
-TEST(SysMemInfoParser, TestZramWithTags) {
+TEST(SysMemInfo, TestZramWithTags) {
     std::string meminfo = R"meminfo(MemTotal:        3019740 kB
 MemFree:         1809728 kB
 MemAvailable:    2546560 kB
@@ -849,7 +587,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(mem[MEMINFO_KERNEL_STACK], 4880);
 }
 
-TEST(SysMemInfoParser, TestVmallocInfoNoMemory) {
+TEST(SysMemInfo, TestVmallocInfoNoMemory) {
     std::string vmallocinfo =
             R"vmallocinfo(0x0000000000000000-0x0000000000000000   69632 of_iomap+0x78/0xb0 phys=17a00000 ioremap
 0x0000000000000000-0x0000000000000000    8192 of_iomap+0x78/0xb0 phys=b220000 ioremap
@@ -864,7 +602,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(ReadVmallocInfo(file), 0);
 }
 
-TEST(SysMemInfoParser, TestVmallocInfoKernel) {
+TEST(SysMemInfo, TestVmallocInfoKernel) {
     std::string vmallocinfo =
             R"vmallocinfo(0x0000000000000000-0x0000000000000000    8192 drm_property_create_blob+0x44/0xec pages=1 vmalloc)vmallocinfo";
 
@@ -876,7 +614,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(ReadVmallocInfo(file), getpagesize());
 }
 
-TEST(SysMemInfoParser, TestVmallocInfoModule) {
+TEST(SysMemInfo, TestVmallocInfoModule) {
     std::string vmallocinfo =
             R"vmallocinfo(0x0000000000000000-0x0000000000000000   28672 pktlog_alloc_buf+0xc4/0x15c [wlan] pages=6 vmalloc)vmallocinfo";
 
@@ -888,7 +626,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(ReadVmallocInfo(file), 6 * getpagesize());
 }
 
-TEST(SysMemInfoParser, TestVmallocInfoAll) {
+TEST(SysMemInfo, TestVmallocInfoAll) {
     std::string vmallocinfo =
             R"vmallocinfo(0x0000000000000000-0x0000000000000000   69632 of_iomap+0x78/0xb0 phys=17a00000 ioremap
 0x0000000000000000-0x0000000000000000    8192 of_iomap+0x78/0xb0 phys=b220000 ioremap
@@ -907,11 +645,7 @@
 
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
     ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
-    if (argc <= 1) {
-        cerr << "Pid of a permanently sleeping process must be provided." << endl;
-        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
-    }
     ::android::base::InitLogging(argv, android::base::StderrLogger);
-    pid = std::stoi(std::string(argv[1]));
+    pid = getpid();
     return RUN_ALL_TESTS();
 }
diff --git a/libnetutils/Android.bp b/libnetutils/Android.bp
index 1d43775..268496f 100644
--- a/libnetutils/Android.bp
+++ b/libnetutils/Android.bp
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
     },
 
     srcs: [
+        "checksum.c",
         "dhcpclient.c",
         "dhcpmsg.c",
         "ifc_utils.c",
diff --git a/libnetutils/checksum.c b/libnetutils/checksum.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..74b5fdd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libnetutils/checksum.c
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2011 Daniel Drown
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ *
+ * checksum.c - ipv4/ipv6 checksum calculation
+ */
+#include <netinet/icmp6.h>
+#include <netinet/in.h>
+#include <netinet/ip.h>
+#include <netinet/ip6.h>
+#include <netinet/ip_icmp.h>
+#include <netinet/tcp.h>
+#include <netinet/udp.h>
+
+#include "netutils/checksum.h"
+
+/* function: ip_checksum_add
+ * adds data to a checksum. only known to work on little-endian hosts
+ * current - the current checksum (or 0 to start a new checksum)
+ *   data        - the data to add to the checksum
+ *   len         - length of data
+ */
+uint32_t ip_checksum_add(uint32_t current, const void* data, int len) {
+    uint32_t checksum = current;
+    int left = len;
+    const uint16_t* data_16 = data;
+
+    while (left > 1) {
+        checksum += *data_16;
+        data_16++;
+        left -= 2;
+    }
+    if (left) {
+        checksum += *(uint8_t*)data_16;
+    }
+
+    return checksum;
+}
+
+/* function: ip_checksum_fold
+ * folds a 32-bit partial checksum into 16 bits
+ *   temp_sum - sum from ip_checksum_add
+ *   returns: the folded checksum in network byte order
+ */
+uint16_t ip_checksum_fold(uint32_t temp_sum) {
+    while (temp_sum > 0xffff) {
+        temp_sum = (temp_sum >> 16) + (temp_sum & 0xFFFF);
+    }
+    return temp_sum;
+}
+
+/* function: ip_checksum_finish
+ * folds and closes the checksum
+ *   temp_sum - sum from ip_checksum_add
+ *   returns: a header checksum value in network byte order
+ */
+uint16_t ip_checksum_finish(uint32_t temp_sum) {
+    return ~ip_checksum_fold(temp_sum);
+}
+
+/* function: ip_checksum
+ * combined ip_checksum_add and ip_checksum_finish
+ *   data - data to checksum
+ *   len  - length of data
+ */
+uint16_t ip_checksum(const void* data, int len) {
+    // TODO: consider starting from 0xffff so the checksum of a buffer entirely consisting of zeros
+    // is correctly calculated as 0.
+    uint32_t temp_sum;
+
+    temp_sum = ip_checksum_add(0, data, len);
+    return ip_checksum_finish(temp_sum);
+}
+
+/* function: ipv6_pseudo_header_checksum
+ * calculate the pseudo header checksum for use in tcp/udp/icmp headers
+ *   ip6      - the ipv6 header
+ *   len      - the transport length (transport header + payload)
+ *   protocol - the transport layer protocol, can be different from ip6->ip6_nxt for fragments
+ */
+uint32_t ipv6_pseudo_header_checksum(const struct ip6_hdr* ip6, uint32_t len, uint8_t protocol) {
+    uint32_t checksum_len = htonl(len);
+    uint32_t checksum_next = htonl(protocol);
+
+    uint32_t current = 0;
+
+    current = ip_checksum_add(current, &(ip6->ip6_src), sizeof(struct in6_addr));
+    current = ip_checksum_add(current, &(ip6->ip6_dst), sizeof(struct in6_addr));
+    current = ip_checksum_add(current, &checksum_len, sizeof(checksum_len));
+    current = ip_checksum_add(current, &checksum_next, sizeof(checksum_next));
+
+    return current;
+}
+
+/* function: ipv4_pseudo_header_checksum
+ * calculate the pseudo header checksum for use in tcp/udp headers
+ *   ip      - the ipv4 header
+ *   len     - the transport length (transport header + payload)
+ */
+uint32_t ipv4_pseudo_header_checksum(const struct iphdr* ip, uint16_t len) {
+    uint16_t temp_protocol, temp_length;
+
+    temp_protocol = htons(ip->protocol);
+    temp_length = htons(len);
+
+    uint32_t current = 0;
+
+    current = ip_checksum_add(current, &(ip->saddr), sizeof(uint32_t));
+    current = ip_checksum_add(current, &(ip->daddr), sizeof(uint32_t));
+    current = ip_checksum_add(current, &temp_protocol, sizeof(uint16_t));
+    current = ip_checksum_add(current, &temp_length, sizeof(uint16_t));
+
+    return current;
+}
+
+/* function: ip_checksum_adjust
+ * calculates a new checksum given a previous checksum and the old and new pseudo-header checksums
+ *   checksum    - the header checksum in the original packet in network byte order
+ *   old_hdr_sum - the pseudo-header checksum of the original packet
+ *   new_hdr_sum - the pseudo-header checksum of the translated packet
+ *   returns: the new header checksum in network byte order
+ */
+uint16_t ip_checksum_adjust(uint16_t checksum, uint32_t old_hdr_sum, uint32_t new_hdr_sum) {
+    // Algorithm suggested in RFC 1624.
+    // http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1624#section-3
+    checksum = ~checksum;
+    uint16_t folded_sum = ip_checksum_fold(checksum + new_hdr_sum);
+    uint16_t folded_old = ip_checksum_fold(old_hdr_sum);
+    if (folded_sum > folded_old) {
+        return ~(folded_sum - folded_old);
+    } else {
+        return ~(folded_sum - folded_old - 1);  // end-around borrow
+    }
+}
diff --git a/libnetutils/include/netutils/checksum.h b/libnetutils/include/netutils/checksum.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..868217c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libnetutils/include/netutils/checksum.h
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2011 Daniel Drown
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ *
+ * checksum.h - checksum functions
+ */
+#ifndef __CHECKSUM_H__
+#define __CHECKSUM_H__
+
+#include <netinet/ip.h>
+#include <netinet/ip6.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+uint32_t ip_checksum_add(uint32_t current, const void* data, int len);
+uint16_t ip_checksum_finish(uint32_t temp_sum);
+uint16_t ip_checksum(const void* data, int len);
+
+uint32_t ipv6_pseudo_header_checksum(const struct ip6_hdr* ip6, uint32_t len, uint8_t protocol);
+uint32_t ipv4_pseudo_header_checksum(const struct iphdr* ip, uint16_t len);
+
+uint16_t ip_checksum_adjust(uint16_t checksum, uint32_t old_hdr_sum, uint32_t new_hdr_sum);
+
+#endif /* __CHECKSUM_H__ */
diff --git a/libunwindstack/include/unwindstack/Unwinder.h b/libunwindstack/include/unwindstack/Unwinder.h
index f4788d7..ddda7fd 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/include/unwindstack/Unwinder.h
+++ b/libunwindstack/include/unwindstack/Unwinder.h
@@ -81,6 +81,12 @@
 
   const std::vector<FrameData>& frames() { return frames_; }
 
+  std::vector<FrameData> ConsumeFrames() {
+    std::vector<FrameData> frames = std::move(frames_);
+    frames_.clear();
+    return frames;
+  }
+
   std::string FormatFrame(size_t frame_num);
   static std::string FormatFrame(const FrameData& frame, bool is32bit);
 
diff --git a/libunwindstack/tools/unwind_info.cpp b/libunwindstack/tools/unwind_info.cpp
index 3f5b88b..19982d8 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/tools/unwind_info.cpp
+++ b/libunwindstack/tools/unwind_info.cpp
@@ -44,10 +44,10 @@
   }
 
   printf("ARM Unwind Information:\n");
+  uint64_t load_bias = elf->GetLoadBias();
   for (const auto& entry : interface->pt_loads()) {
-    uint64_t load_bias = entry.second.table_offset;
     printf(" PC Range 0x%" PRIx64 " - 0x%" PRIx64 "\n", entry.second.offset + load_bias,
-           entry.second.table_size + load_bias);
+           entry.second.offset + entry.second.table_size + load_bias);
     for (auto pc : *interface) {
       std::string name;
       printf("  PC 0x%" PRIx64, pc + load_bias);
diff --git a/lmkd/libpsi/Android.bp b/lmkd/libpsi/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8a97094
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lmkd/libpsi/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+cc_library_headers {
+    name: "libpsi_headers",
+    export_include_dirs: ["include"],
+}
+
+cc_library {
+    name: "libpsi",
+    srcs: ["psi.c"],
+    shared_libs: [
+        "liblog"
+    ],
+    header_libs: [
+        "libpsi_headers",
+    ],
+    export_header_lib_headers: [
+        "libpsi_headers",
+    ],
+    cflags: [
+        "-Wall",
+        "-Werror",
+    ],
+}
diff --git a/lmkd/libpsi/OWNERS b/lmkd/libpsi/OWNERS
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b15bb48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lmkd/libpsi/OWNERS
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+surenb@google.com
diff --git a/lmkd/libpsi/include/psi/psi.h b/lmkd/libpsi/include/psi/psi.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cd49e8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lmkd/libpsi/include/psi/psi.h
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef __ANDROID_PSI_H__
+#define __ANDROID_PSI_H__
+
+#include <sys/cdefs.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+__BEGIN_DECLS
+
+enum psi_stall_type {
+    PSI_SOME,
+    PSI_FULL,
+    PSI_TYPE_COUNT
+};
+
+/*
+ * Initializes psi monitor.
+ * stall_type, threshold_us and window_us are monitor parameters
+ * When successful, the function returns file descriptor that can
+ * be used with poll/epoll syscalls to wait for EPOLLPRI events.
+ * When unsuccessful, the function returns -1 and errno is set
+ * appropriately.
+ */
+int init_psi_monitor(enum psi_stall_type stall_type,
+        int threshold_us, int window_us);
+
+/*
+ * Registers psi monitor file descriptor fd on the epoll instance
+ * referred to by the file descriptor epollfd.
+ * data parameter will be associated with event's epoll_data.ptr
+ * member.
+ */
+int register_psi_monitor(int epollfd, int fd, void* data);
+
+/*
+ * Unregisters psi monitor file descriptor fd from the epoll instance
+ * referred to by the file descriptor epollfd.
+ */
+int unregister_psi_monitor(int epollfd, int fd);
+
+/*
+ * Destroys psi monitor.
+ * fd is the file descriptor returned by psi monitor initialization
+ * routine.
+ * Note that if user process exits without calling this routine
+ * kernel will destroy the monitor as its lifetime is linked to
+ * the file descriptor.
+ */
+void destroy_psi_monitor(int fd);
+
+__END_DECLS
+
+#endif  // __ANDROID_PSI_H__
diff --git a/lmkd/libpsi/psi.c b/lmkd/libpsi/psi.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f4d5d18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lmkd/libpsi/psi.c
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#define LOG_TAG "libpsi"
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/epoll.h>
+
+#include <log/log.h>
+#include "psi/psi.h"
+
+#define PSI_MON_FILE_MEMORY "/proc/pressure/memory"
+
+static const char* stall_type_name[] = {
+        "some",
+        "full",
+};
+
+int init_psi_monitor(enum psi_stall_type stall_type,
+             int threshold_us, int window_us) {
+    int fd;
+    int res;
+    char buf[256];
+
+    fd = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(PSI_MON_FILE_MEMORY, O_WRONLY | O_CLOEXEC));
+    if (fd < 0) {
+        ALOGE("No kernel psi monitor support (errno=%d)", errno);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    switch (stall_type) {
+    case (PSI_SOME):
+    case (PSI_FULL):
+        res = snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%s %d %d",
+            stall_type_name[stall_type], threshold_us, window_us);
+        break;
+    default:
+        ALOGE("Invalid psi stall type: %d", stall_type);
+        errno = EINVAL;
+        goto err;
+    }
+
+    if (res >= (ssize_t)sizeof(buf)) {
+        ALOGE("%s line overflow for psi stall type '%s'",
+            PSI_MON_FILE_MEMORY, stall_type_name[stall_type]);
+        errno = EINVAL;
+        goto err;
+    }
+
+    res = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(write(fd, buf, strlen(buf) + 1));
+    if (res < 0) {
+        ALOGE("%s write failed for psi stall type '%s'; errno=%d",
+            PSI_MON_FILE_MEMORY, stall_type_name[stall_type], errno);
+        goto err;
+    }
+
+    return fd;
+
+err:
+    close(fd);
+    return -1;
+}
+
+int register_psi_monitor(int epollfd, int fd, void* data) {
+    int res;
+    struct epoll_event epev;
+
+    epev.events = EPOLLPRI;
+    epev.data.ptr = data;
+    res = epoll_ctl(epollfd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, fd, &epev);
+    if (res < 0) {
+        ALOGE("epoll_ctl for psi monitor failed; errno=%d", errno);
+    }
+    return res;
+}
+
+int unregister_psi_monitor(int epollfd, int fd) {
+    return epoll_ctl(epollfd, EPOLL_CTL_DEL, fd, NULL);
+}
+
+void destroy_psi_monitor(int fd) {
+    if (fd >= 0) {
+        close(fd);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/logd/tests/AndroidTest.xml b/logd/tests/AndroidTest.xml
index 84f0764..9a18edb 100644
--- a/logd/tests/AndroidTest.xml
+++ b/logd/tests/AndroidTest.xml
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 <configuration description="Config for CTS Logging Daemon test cases">
     <option name="test-suite-tag" value="cts" />
     <option name="config-descriptor:metadata" key="component" value="systems" />
+    <option name="config-descriptor:metadata" key="parameter" value="not_instant_app" />
+    <option name="config-descriptor:metadata" key="parameter" value="multi_abi" />
     <target_preparer class="com.android.compatibility.common.tradefed.targetprep.FilePusher">
         <option name="cleanup" value="true" />
         <option name="push" value="CtsLogdTestCases->/data/local/tmp/CtsLogdTestCases" />
diff --git a/rootdir/etc/ld.config.legacy.txt b/rootdir/etc/ld.config.legacy.txt
index f998ae2..a854e93 100644
--- a/rootdir/etc/ld.config.legacy.txt
+++ b/rootdir/etc/ld.config.legacy.txt
@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@
 # This namespace exposes externally accessible libraries from the Runtime APEX.
 ###############################################################################
 namespace.runtime.isolated = true
+namespace.runtime.visible = true
 
 # Keep in sync with ld.config.txt in the com.android.runtime APEX.
 namespace.runtime.search.paths = /apex/com.android.runtime/${LIB}
diff --git a/rootdir/etc/ld.config.txt b/rootdir/etc/ld.config.txt
index 2699286..bc8568e 100644
--- a/rootdir/etc/ld.config.txt
+++ b/rootdir/etc/ld.config.txt
@@ -133,6 +133,7 @@
 # This namespace exposes externally accessible libraries from the Runtime APEX.
 ###############################################################################
 namespace.runtime.isolated = true
+namespace.runtime.visible = true
 
 # Keep in sync with ld.config.txt in the com.android.runtime APEX.
 namespace.runtime.search.paths = /apex/com.android.runtime/${LIB}
diff --git a/rootdir/etc/ld.config.vndk_lite.txt b/rootdir/etc/ld.config.vndk_lite.txt
index bd889d1..ae486ea 100644
--- a/rootdir/etc/ld.config.vndk_lite.txt
+++ b/rootdir/etc/ld.config.vndk_lite.txt
@@ -69,6 +69,7 @@
 namespace.default.visible = true
 namespace.default.link.runtime.shared_libs  = libart.so:libartd.so
 namespace.default.link.runtime.shared_libs += libdexfile_external.so
+namespace.default.link.runtime.shared_libs += libnativebridge.so
 namespace.default.link.runtime.shared_libs += libnativehelper.so
 namespace.default.link.runtime.shared_libs += libnativeloader.so
 
@@ -83,6 +84,7 @@
 # This namespace pulls in externally accessible libs from the Runtime APEX.
 ###############################################################################
 namespace.runtime.isolated = true
+namespace.runtime.visible = true
 
 # Keep in sync with the default namespace in the com.android.runtime APEX
 # ld.config.txt.