Merge "Remove two more unused utf32 functions."
diff --git a/adb/Android.bp b/adb/Android.bp
index 6558b1b..06cfcbf 100644
--- a/adb/Android.bp
+++ b/adb/Android.bp
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
         "-DADB_HOST=1",         // overridden by adbd_defaults
         "-DALLOW_ADBD_ROOT=0",  // overridden by adbd_defaults
         "-DANDROID_BASE_UNIQUE_FD_DISABLE_IMPLICIT_CONVERSION=1",
+        "-DENABLE_FASTDEPLOY=1", // enable fast deploy
     ],
     cpp_std: "experimental",
 
@@ -221,6 +222,7 @@
     target: {
         windows: {
             enabled: true,
+            ldflags: ["-municode"],
             shared_libs: ["AdbWinApi"],
         },
     },
@@ -269,22 +271,33 @@
         "client/console.cpp",
         "client/adb_install.cpp",
         "client/line_printer.cpp",
+        "client/fastdeploy.cpp",
+        "client/fastdeploycallbacks.cpp",
         "shell_service_protocol.cpp",
     ],
 
+    generated_headers: [
+        "bin2c_fastdeployagent",
+        "bin2c_fastdeployagentscript"
+    ],
+
     static_libs: [
         "libadb_host",
+        "libandroidfw",
         "libbase",
         "libcutils",
         "libcrypto_utils",
         "libcrypto",
+        "libfastdeploy_host",
         "libdiagnose_usb",
         "liblog",
         "libmdnssd",
+        "libprotobuf-cpp-lite",
         "libusb",
         "libutils",
         "liblog",
-        "libcutils",
+        "libziparchive",
+        "libz",
     ],
 
     stl: "libc++_static",
@@ -294,10 +307,6 @@
     // will violate ODR
     shared_libs: [],
 
-    required: [
-        "deploypatchgenerator",
-    ],
-
     // Archive adb, adb.exe.
     dist: {
         targets: [
@@ -657,3 +666,90 @@
         },
     },
 }
+
+// Note: using pipe for xxd to control the variable name generated
+// the default name used by xxd is the path to the input file.
+java_genrule {
+    name: "bin2c_fastdeployagent",
+    out: ["deployagent.inc"],
+    srcs: [":deployagent"],
+    cmd: "(echo 'unsigned char kDeployAgent[] = {' && xxd -i <$(in) && echo '};') > $(out)",
+}
+
+genrule {
+    name: "bin2c_fastdeployagentscript",
+    out: ["deployagentscript.inc"],
+    srcs: ["fastdeploy/deployagent/deployagent.sh"],
+    cmd: "(echo 'unsigned char kDeployAgentScript[] = {' && xxd -i <$(in) && echo '};') > $(out)",
+}
+
+cc_library_host_static {
+    name: "libfastdeploy_host",
+    defaults: ["adb_defaults"],
+    srcs: [
+        "fastdeploy/deploypatchgenerator/deploy_patch_generator.cpp",
+        "fastdeploy/deploypatchgenerator/patch_utils.cpp",
+        "fastdeploy/proto/ApkEntry.proto",
+    ],
+    static_libs: [
+        "libadb_host",
+        "libandroidfw",
+        "libbase",
+        "libcutils",
+        "libcrypto_utils",
+        "libcrypto",
+        "libdiagnose_usb",
+        "liblog",
+        "libmdnssd",
+        "libusb",
+        "libutils",
+        "libziparchive",
+        "libz",
+    ],
+    stl: "libc++_static",
+    proto: {
+        type: "lite",
+        export_proto_headers: true,
+    },
+    target: {
+        windows: {
+            enabled: true,
+            shared_libs: ["AdbWinApi"],
+        },
+    },
+}
+
+cc_test_host {
+    name: "fastdeploy_test",
+    defaults: ["adb_defaults"],
+    srcs: [
+        "fastdeploy/deploypatchgenerator/deploy_patch_generator_test.cpp",
+        "fastdeploy/deploypatchgenerator/patch_utils_test.cpp",
+    ],
+    static_libs: [
+        "libadb_host",
+        "libandroidfw",
+        "libbase",
+        "libcutils",
+        "libcrypto_utils",
+        "libcrypto",
+        "libdiagnose_usb",
+        "libfastdeploy_host",
+        "liblog",
+        "libmdnssd",
+        "libprotobuf-cpp-lite",
+        "libusb",
+        "libutils",
+        "libziparchive",
+        "libz",
+    ],
+    target: {
+        windows: {
+            enabled: true,
+            shared_libs: ["AdbWinApi"],
+        },
+    },
+    data: [
+        "fastdeploy/testdata/rotating_cube-release.apk",
+    ],
+}
diff --git a/adb/adb_utils.cpp b/adb/adb_utils.cpp
index cf5fbc8..d1910f1 100644
--- a/adb/adb_utils.cpp
+++ b/adb/adb_utils.cpp
@@ -320,6 +320,10 @@
 }
 
 std::string GetLogFilePath() {
+    // https://issuetracker.google.com/112588493
+    const char* path = getenv("ANDROID_ADB_LOG_PATH");
+    if (path) return path;
+
 #if defined(_WIN32)
     const char log_name[] = "adb.log";
     WCHAR temp_path[MAX_PATH];
diff --git a/adb/client/commandline.cpp b/adb/client/commandline.cpp
index 11a3dfd..3c03eb2 100644
--- a/adb/client/commandline.cpp
+++ b/adb/client/commandline.cpp
@@ -96,9 +96,8 @@
         " version                  show version num\n"
         "\n"
         "networking:\n"
-        " connect HOST[:PORT]      connect to a device via TCP/IP [default port=5555]\n"
-        " disconnect [HOST[:PORT]]\n"
-        "     disconnect from given TCP/IP device [default port=5555], or all\n"
+        " connect HOST[:PORT]      connect to a device via TCP/IP\n"
+        " disconnect [[HOST]:PORT] disconnect from given TCP/IP device, or all\n"
         " forward --list           list all forward socket connections\n"
         " forward [--no-rebind] LOCAL REMOTE\n"
         "     forward socket connection using:\n"
@@ -130,7 +129,7 @@
         "     -a: preserve file timestamp and mode\n"
         " sync [all|data|odm|oem|product|system|system_ext|vendor]\n"
         "     sync a local build from $ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT to the device (default all)\n"
-        "     -l: list but don't copy\n"
+        "     -l: list files that would be copied, but don't copy them\n"
         "\n"
         "shell:\n"
         " shell [-e ESCAPE] [-n] [-Tt] [-x] [COMMAND...]\n"
@@ -1615,13 +1614,13 @@
         return adb_query_command(query);
     }
     else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "connect")) {
-        if (argc != 2) error_exit("usage: adb connect <host>[:<port>]");
+        if (argc != 2) error_exit("usage: adb connect HOST[:PORT>]");
 
         std::string query = android::base::StringPrintf("host:connect:%s", argv[1]);
         return adb_query_command(query);
     }
     else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "disconnect")) {
-        if (argc > 2) error_exit("usage: adb disconnect [<host>[:<port>]]");
+        if (argc > 2) error_exit("usage: adb disconnect [HOST[:PORT]]");
 
         std::string query = android::base::StringPrintf("host:disconnect:%s",
                                                         (argc == 2) ? argv[1] : "");
@@ -1891,7 +1890,10 @@
     } else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "track-jdwp")) {
         return adb_connect_command("track-jdwp");
     } else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "track-devices")) {
-        return adb_connect_command("host:track-devices");
+        if (argc > 2 || (argc == 2 && strcmp(argv[1], "-l"))) {
+            error_exit("usage: adb track-devices [-l]");
+        }
+        return adb_connect_command(argc == 2 ? "host:track-devices-l" : "host:track-devices");
     } else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "raw")) {
         if (argc != 2) {
             error_exit("usage: adb raw SERVICE");
diff --git a/adb/client/fastdeploy.cpp b/adb/client/fastdeploy.cpp
index f4e8664..fbae219 100644
--- a/adb/client/fastdeploy.cpp
+++ b/adb/client/fastdeploy.cpp
@@ -27,6 +27,9 @@
 #include "androidfw/ZipFileRO.h"
 #include "client/file_sync_client.h"
 #include "commandline.h"
+#include "deployagent.inc"        // Generated include via build rule.
+#include "deployagentscript.inc"  // Generated include via build rule.
+#include "fastdeploy/deploypatchgenerator/deploy_patch_generator.h"
 #include "fastdeploycallbacks.h"
 #include "sysdeps.h"
 
@@ -35,6 +38,8 @@
 static constexpr long kRequiredAgentVersion = 0x00000002;
 
 static constexpr const char* kDeviceAgentPath = "/data/local/tmp/";
+static constexpr const char* kDeviceAgentFile = "/data/local/tmp/deployagent.jar";
+static constexpr const char* kDeviceAgentScript = "/data/local/tmp/deployagent";
 
 static bool g_use_localagent = false;
 
@@ -71,46 +76,32 @@
     g_use_localagent = use_localagent;
 }
 
-// local_path - must start with a '/' and be relative to $ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT
-static std::string get_agent_component_host_path(const char* local_path, const char* sdk_path) {
-    std::string adb_dir = android::base::GetExecutableDirectory();
-    if (adb_dir.empty()) {
-        error_exit("Could not determine location of adb!");
-    }
-
-    if (g_use_localagent) {
-        const char* product_out = getenv("ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT");
-        if (product_out == nullptr) {
-            error_exit("Could not locate %s because $ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT is not defined",
-                       local_path);
-        }
-        return android::base::StringPrintf("%s%s", product_out, local_path);
-    } else {
-        return adb_dir + sdk_path;
-    }
-}
-
 static bool deploy_agent(bool checkTimeStamps) {
     std::vector<const char*> srcs;
-    std::string jar_path =
-            get_agent_component_host_path("/system/framework/deployagent.jar", "/deployagent.jar");
-    std::string script_path =
-            get_agent_component_host_path("/system/bin/deployagent", "/deployagent");
-    srcs.push_back(jar_path.c_str());
-    srcs.push_back(script_path.c_str());
-
-    if (do_sync_push(srcs, kDeviceAgentPath, checkTimeStamps)) {
-        // on windows the shell script might have lost execute permission
-        // so need to set this explicitly
-        const char* kChmodCommandPattern = "chmod 777 %sdeployagent";
-        std::string chmodCommand =
-                android::base::StringPrintf(kChmodCommandPattern, kDeviceAgentPath);
-        int ret = send_shell_command(chmodCommand);
-        if (ret != 0) {
-            error_exit("Error executing %s returncode: %d", chmodCommand.c_str(), ret);
-        }
-    } else {
-        error_exit("Error pushing agent files to device");
+    // TODO: Deploy agent from bin2c directly instead of writing to disk first.
+    TemporaryFile tempAgent;
+    android::base::WriteFully(tempAgent.fd, kDeployAgent, sizeof(kDeployAgent));
+    srcs.push_back(tempAgent.path);
+    if (!do_sync_push(srcs, kDeviceAgentFile, checkTimeStamps)) {
+        error_exit("Failed to push fastdeploy agent to device.");
+    }
+    srcs.clear();
+    // TODO: Deploy agent from bin2c directly instead of writing to disk first.
+    TemporaryFile tempAgentScript;
+    android::base::WriteFully(tempAgentScript.fd, kDeployAgentScript, sizeof(kDeployAgentScript));
+    srcs.push_back(tempAgentScript.path);
+    if (!do_sync_push(srcs, kDeviceAgentScript, checkTimeStamps)) {
+        error_exit("Failed to push fastdeploy agent script to device.");
+    }
+    srcs.clear();
+    // on windows the shell script might have lost execute permission
+    // so need to set this explicitly
+    const char* kChmodCommandPattern = "chmod 777 %s";
+    std::string chmodCommand =
+            android::base::StringPrintf(kChmodCommandPattern, kDeviceAgentScript);
+    int ret = send_shell_command(chmodCommand);
+    if (ret != 0) {
+        error_exit("Error executing %s returncode: %d", chmodCommand.c_str(), ret);
     }
 
     return true;
@@ -238,34 +229,15 @@
     }
 }
 
-static std::string get_patch_generator_command() {
-    if (g_use_localagent) {
-        // This should never happen on a Windows machine
-        const char* host_out = getenv("ANDROID_HOST_OUT");
-        if (host_out == nullptr) {
-            error_exit(
-                    "Could not locate deploypatchgenerator.jar because $ANDROID_HOST_OUT "
-                    "is not defined");
-        }
-        return android::base::StringPrintf("java -jar %s/framework/deploypatchgenerator.jar",
-                                           host_out);
-    }
-
-    std::string adb_dir = android::base::GetExecutableDirectory();
-    if (adb_dir.empty()) {
-        error_exit("Could not locate deploypatchgenerator.jar");
-    }
-    return android::base::StringPrintf(R"(java -jar "%s/deploypatchgenerator.jar")",
-                                       adb_dir.c_str());
-}
-
 void create_patch(const char* apkPath, const char* metadataPath, const char* patchPath) {
-    std::string generatePatchCommand = android::base::StringPrintf(
-            R"(%s "%s" "%s" > "%s")", get_patch_generator_command().c_str(), apkPath, metadataPath,
-            patchPath);
-    int returnCode = system(generatePatchCommand.c_str());
-    if (returnCode != 0) {
-        error_exit("Executing %s returned %d", generatePatchCommand.c_str(), returnCode);
+    DeployPatchGenerator generator(false);
+    unique_fd patchFd(adb_open(patchPath, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_CLOEXEC));
+    if (patchFd < 0) {
+        perror_exit("adb: failed to create %s", patchPath);
+    }
+    bool success = generator.CreatePatch(apkPath, metadataPath, patchFd);
+    if (!success) {
+        error_exit("Failed to create patch for %s", apkPath);
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/adb/client/usb_linux.cpp b/adb/client/usb_linux.cpp
index 81b8306..17b4db1 100644
--- a/adb/client/usb_linux.cpp
+++ b/adb/client/usb_linux.cpp
@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@
 
     h->urb_out_busy = true;
     while (true) {
-        auto now = std::chrono::system_clock::now();
+        auto now = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
         if (h->cv.wait_until(lock, now + 5s) == std::cv_status::timeout || h->dead) {
             // TODO: call USBDEVFS_DISCARDURB?
             errno = ETIMEDOUT;
diff --git a/adb/daemon/shell_service.cpp b/adb/daemon/shell_service.cpp
index de97068..0fb14c4 100644
--- a/adb/daemon/shell_service.cpp
+++ b/adb/daemon/shell_service.cpp
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@
 bool Subprocess::ForkAndExec(std::string* error) {
     unique_fd child_stdinout_sfd, child_stderr_sfd;
     unique_fd parent_error_sfd, child_error_sfd;
-    char pts_name[PATH_MAX];
+    const char* pts_name = nullptr;
 
     if (command_.empty()) {
         __android_log_security_bswrite(SEC_TAG_ADB_SHELL_INTERACTIVE, "");
@@ -283,10 +283,22 @@
     cenv.push_back(nullptr);
 
     if (type_ == SubprocessType::kPty) {
-        int fd;
-        pid_ = forkpty(&fd, pts_name, nullptr, nullptr);
+        unique_fd pty_master(posix_openpt(O_RDWR | O_NOCTTY | O_CLOEXEC));
+        if (pty_master == -1) {
+            *error =
+                    android::base::StringPrintf("failed to create pty master: %s", strerror(errno));
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (unlockpt(pty_master.get()) != 0) {
+            *error = android::base::StringPrintf("failed to unlockpt pty master: %s",
+                                                 strerror(errno));
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        pid_ = fork();
+        pts_name = ptsname(pty_master.get());
         if (pid_ > 0) {
-          stdinout_sfd_.reset(fd);
+            stdinout_sfd_ = std::move(pty_master);
         }
     } else {
         if (!CreateSocketpair(&stdinout_sfd_, &child_stdinout_sfd)) {
diff --git a/adb/fastdeploy/Android.bp b/adb/fastdeploy/Android.bp
index 1ba0de0..95e1a28 100644
--- a/adb/fastdeploy/Android.bp
+++ b/adb/fastdeploy/Android.bp
@@ -13,27 +13,15 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 //
-
 java_binary {
     name: "deployagent",
     sdk_version: "24",
     srcs: ["deployagent/src/**/*.java", "deploylib/src/**/*.java", "proto/**/*.proto"],
     static_libs: ["apkzlib_zip"],
-    wrapper: "deployagent/deployagent.sh",
     proto: {
         type: "lite",
     },
     dex_preopt: {
         enabled: false,
     }
-}
-
-java_binary_host {
-    name: "deploypatchgenerator",
-    srcs: ["deploypatchgenerator/src/**/*.java", "deploylib/src/**/*.java", "proto/**/*.proto"],
-    static_libs: ["apkzlib"],
-    manifest: "deploypatchgenerator/manifest.txt",
-    proto: {
-        type: "full",
-    }
-}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/adb/fastdeploy/deployagent/src/com/android/fastdeploy/DeployAgent.java b/adb/fastdeploy/deployagent/src/com/android/fastdeploy/DeployAgent.java
index 2d3b135..a8103c4 100644
--- a/adb/fastdeploy/deployagent/src/com/android/fastdeploy/DeployAgent.java
+++ b/adb/fastdeploy/deployagent/src/com/android/fastdeploy/DeployAgent.java
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@
     private static void extractMetaData(String packageName) throws IOException {
         File apkFile = getFileFromPackageName(packageName);
         APKMetaData apkMetaData = PatchUtils.getAPKMetaData(apkFile);
-        apkMetaData.writeDelimitedTo(System.out);
+        apkMetaData.writeTo(System.out);
     }
 
     private static int createInstallSession(String[] args) throws IOException {
@@ -223,7 +223,6 @@
         }
 
         int writeExitCode = writePatchedDataToSession(new RandomAccessFile(deviceFile, "r"), deltaStream, sessionId);
-
         if (writeExitCode == 0) {
             return commitInstallSession(sessionId);
         } else {
@@ -285,7 +284,6 @@
             if (oldDataLen > 0) {
                 PatchUtils.pipe(oldData, outputStream, buffer, (int) oldDataLen);
             }
-
             newDataBytesWritten += copyLen + oldDataLen;
         }
 
diff --git a/adb/fastdeploy/deploylib/src/com/android/fastdeploy/PatchUtils.java b/adb/fastdeploy/deploylib/src/com/android/fastdeploy/PatchUtils.java
index f0f00e1..c60f9a6 100644
--- a/adb/fastdeploy/deploylib/src/com/android/fastdeploy/PatchUtils.java
+++ b/adb/fastdeploy/deploylib/src/com/android/fastdeploy/PatchUtils.java
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
 class PatchUtils {
     private static final long NEGATIVE_MASK = 1L << 63;
     private static final long NEGATIVE_LONG_SIGN_MASK = 1L << 63;
-    public static final String SIGNATURE = "HAMADI/IHD";
+    public static final String SIGNATURE = "FASTDEPLOY";
 
     private static long getOffsetFromEntry(StoredEntry entry) {
         return entry.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getOffset() + entry.getLocalHeaderSize();
diff --git a/adb/fastdeploy/deploypatchgenerator/deploy_patch_generator.cpp b/adb/fastdeploy/deploypatchgenerator/deploy_patch_generator.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..22c9243
--- /dev/null
+++ b/adb/fastdeploy/deploypatchgenerator/deploy_patch_generator.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "deploy_patch_generator.h"
+
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <functional>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <string>
+
+#include "adb_unique_fd.h"
+#include "android-base/file.h"
+#include "patch_utils.h"
+#include "sysdeps.h"
+
+using namespace com::android::fastdeploy;
+
+void DeployPatchGenerator::Log(const char* fmt, ...) {
+    if (!is_verbose_) {
+        return;
+    }
+    va_list ap;
+    va_start(ap, fmt);
+    vprintf(fmt, ap);
+    printf("\n");
+    va_end(ap);
+}
+
+void DeployPatchGenerator::APKEntryToLog(const APKEntry& entry) {
+    Log("Filename: %s", entry.filename().c_str());
+    Log("CRC32: 0x%08llX", entry.crc32());
+    Log("Data Offset: %lld", entry.dataoffset());
+    Log("Compressed Size: %lld", entry.compressedsize());
+    Log("Uncompressed Size: %lld", entry.uncompressedsize());
+}
+
+void DeployPatchGenerator::APKMetaDataToLog(const char* file, const APKMetaData& metadata) {
+    if (!is_verbose_) {
+        return;
+    }
+    Log("APK Metadata: %s", file);
+    for (int i = 0; i < metadata.entries_size(); i++) {
+        const APKEntry& entry = metadata.entries(i);
+        APKEntryToLog(entry);
+    }
+}
+
+void DeployPatchGenerator::ReportSavings(const std::vector<SimpleEntry>& identicalEntries,
+                                         uint64_t totalSize) {
+    long totalEqualBytes = 0;
+    int totalEqualFiles = 0;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < identicalEntries.size(); i++) {
+        if (identicalEntries[i].deviceEntry != nullptr) {
+            totalEqualBytes += identicalEntries[i].localEntry->compressedsize();
+            totalEqualFiles++;
+        }
+    }
+    float savingPercent = (totalEqualBytes * 100.0f) / totalSize;
+    fprintf(stderr, "Detected %d equal APK entries\n", totalEqualFiles);
+    fprintf(stderr, "%ld bytes are equal out of %" PRIu64 " (%.2f%%)\n", totalEqualBytes, totalSize,
+            savingPercent);
+}
+
+void DeployPatchGenerator::GeneratePatch(const std::vector<SimpleEntry>& entriesToUseOnDevice,
+                                         const char* localApkPath, borrowed_fd output) {
+    unique_fd input(adb_open(localApkPath, O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC));
+    size_t newApkSize = adb_lseek(input, 0L, SEEK_END);
+    adb_lseek(input, 0L, SEEK_SET);
+
+    PatchUtils::WriteSignature(output);
+    PatchUtils::WriteLong(newApkSize, output);
+    size_t currentSizeOut = 0;
+    // Write data from the host upto the first entry we have that matches a device entry. Then write
+    // the metadata about the device entry and repeat for all entries that match on device. Finally
+    // write out any data left. If the device and host APKs are exactly the same this ends up
+    // writing out zip metadata from the local APK followed by offsets to the data to use from the
+    // device APK.
+    for (auto&& entry : entriesToUseOnDevice) {
+        int64_t deviceDataOffset = entry.deviceEntry->dataoffset();
+        int64_t hostDataOffset = entry.localEntry->dataoffset();
+        int64_t deviceDataLength = entry.deviceEntry->compressedsize();
+        int64_t deltaFromDeviceDataStart = hostDataOffset - currentSizeOut;
+        PatchUtils::WriteLong(deltaFromDeviceDataStart, output);
+        if (deltaFromDeviceDataStart > 0) {
+            PatchUtils::Pipe(input, output, deltaFromDeviceDataStart);
+        }
+        PatchUtils::WriteLong(deviceDataOffset, output);
+        PatchUtils::WriteLong(deviceDataLength, output);
+        adb_lseek(input, deviceDataLength, SEEK_CUR);
+        currentSizeOut += deltaFromDeviceDataStart + deviceDataLength;
+    }
+    if (currentSizeOut != newApkSize) {
+        PatchUtils::WriteLong(newApkSize - currentSizeOut, output);
+        PatchUtils::Pipe(input, output, newApkSize - currentSizeOut);
+        PatchUtils::WriteLong(0, output);
+        PatchUtils::WriteLong(0, output);
+    }
+}
+
+bool DeployPatchGenerator::CreatePatch(const char* localApkPath, const char* deviceApkMetadataPath,
+                                       borrowed_fd output) {
+    std::string content;
+    APKMetaData deviceApkMetadata;
+    if (android::base::ReadFileToString(deviceApkMetadataPath, &content)) {
+        deviceApkMetadata.ParsePartialFromString(content);
+    } else {
+        // TODO: What do we want to do if we don't find any metadata.
+        // The current fallback behavior is to build a patch with the contents of |localApkPath|.
+    }
+
+    APKMetaData localApkMetadata = PatchUtils::GetAPKMetaData(localApkPath);
+    // Log gathered metadata info.
+    APKMetaDataToLog(deviceApkMetadataPath, deviceApkMetadata);
+    APKMetaDataToLog(localApkPath, localApkMetadata);
+
+    std::vector<SimpleEntry> identicalEntries;
+    uint64_t totalSize =
+            BuildIdenticalEntries(identicalEntries, localApkMetadata, deviceApkMetadata);
+    ReportSavings(identicalEntries, totalSize);
+    GeneratePatch(identicalEntries, localApkPath, output);
+    return true;
+}
+
+uint64_t DeployPatchGenerator::BuildIdenticalEntries(std::vector<SimpleEntry>& outIdenticalEntries,
+                                                     const APKMetaData& localApkMetadata,
+                                                     const APKMetaData& deviceApkMetadata) {
+    uint64_t totalSize = 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < localApkMetadata.entries_size(); i++) {
+        const APKEntry& localEntry = localApkMetadata.entries(i);
+        totalSize += localEntry.compressedsize();
+        for (int j = 0; j < deviceApkMetadata.entries_size(); j++) {
+            const APKEntry& deviceEntry = deviceApkMetadata.entries(j);
+            if (deviceEntry.crc32() == localEntry.crc32() &&
+                deviceEntry.filename().compare(localEntry.filename()) == 0) {
+                SimpleEntry simpleEntry;
+                simpleEntry.localEntry = const_cast<APKEntry*>(&localEntry);
+                simpleEntry.deviceEntry = const_cast<APKEntry*>(&deviceEntry);
+                APKEntryToLog(localEntry);
+                outIdenticalEntries.push_back(simpleEntry);
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    std::sort(outIdenticalEntries.begin(), outIdenticalEntries.end(),
+              [](const SimpleEntry& lhs, const SimpleEntry& rhs) {
+                  return lhs.localEntry->dataoffset() < rhs.localEntry->dataoffset();
+              });
+    return totalSize;
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/adb/fastdeploy/deploypatchgenerator/deploy_patch_generator.h b/adb/fastdeploy/deploypatchgenerator/deploy_patch_generator.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..30e41a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/adb/fastdeploy/deploypatchgenerator/deploy_patch_generator.h
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "adb_unique_fd.h"
+#include "fastdeploy/proto/ApkEntry.pb.h"
+
+/**
+ * This class is responsible for creating a patch that can be accepted by the deployagent. The
+ * patch format is documented in GeneratePatch.
+ */
+class DeployPatchGenerator {
+  public:
+    /**
+     * Simple struct to hold mapping between local metadata and device metadata.
+     */
+    struct SimpleEntry {
+        com::android::fastdeploy::APKEntry* localEntry;
+        com::android::fastdeploy::APKEntry* deviceEntry;
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * If |is_verbose| is true ApkEntries that are similar between device and host are written to
+     * the console.
+     */
+    explicit DeployPatchGenerator(bool is_verbose) : is_verbose_(is_verbose) {}
+    /**
+     * Given a |localApkPath|, and the |deviceApkMetadataPath| from an installed APK this function
+     * writes a patch to the given |output|.
+     */
+    bool CreatePatch(const char* localApkPath, const char* deviceApkMetadataPath,
+                     android::base::borrowed_fd output);
+
+  private:
+    bool is_verbose_;
+
+    /**
+     * Log function only logs data to stdout when |is_verbose_| is true.
+     */
+    void Log(const char* fmt, ...) __attribute__((__format__(__printf__, 2, 3)));
+
+    /**
+     * Helper function to log the APKMetaData structure. If |is_verbose_| is false this function
+     * early outs. |file| is the path to the file represented by |metadata|. This function is used
+     * for debugging / information.
+     */
+    void APKMetaDataToLog(const char* file, const com::android::fastdeploy::APKMetaData& metadata);
+    /**
+     * Helper function to log APKEntry.
+     */
+    void APKEntryToLog(const com::android::fastdeploy::APKEntry& entry);
+
+    /**
+     * Helper function to report savings by fastdeploy. This function prints out savings even with
+     * |is_verbose_| set to false. |totalSize| is used to show a percentage of savings. Note:
+     * |totalSize| is the size of the ZipEntries. Not the size of the entire file. The metadata of
+     * the zip data needs to be sent across with every iteration.
+     * [Patch format]
+     * |Fixed String| Signature
+     * |long|         New Size of Apk
+     * |Packets[]|    Array of Packets
+     *
+     * [Packet Format]
+     * |long|     Size of data to use from patch
+     * |byte[]|   Patch data
+     * |long|     Offset of data to use already on device
+     * |long|     Length of data to read from device APK
+     * TODO(b/138306784): Move the patch format to a proto.
+     */
+    void ReportSavings(const std::vector<SimpleEntry>& identicalEntries, uint64_t totalSize);
+
+    /**
+     * This enumerates each entry in |entriesToUseOnDevice| and builds a patch file copying data
+     * from |localApkPath| where we are unable to use entries already on the device. The new patch
+     * is written to |output|. The entries are expected to be sorted by data offset from lowest to
+     * highest.
+     */
+    void GeneratePatch(const std::vector<SimpleEntry>& entriesToUseOnDevice,
+                       const char* localApkPath, android::base::borrowed_fd output);
+
+  protected:
+    uint64_t BuildIdenticalEntries(
+            std::vector<SimpleEntry>& outIdenticalEntries,
+            const com::android::fastdeploy::APKMetaData& localApkMetadata,
+            const com::android::fastdeploy::APKMetaData& deviceApkMetadataPath);
+};
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/adb/fastdeploy/deploypatchgenerator/deploy_patch_generator_test.cpp b/adb/fastdeploy/deploypatchgenerator/deploy_patch_generator_test.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9cdc44e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/adb/fastdeploy/deploypatchgenerator/deploy_patch_generator_test.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "deploy_patch_generator.h"
+#include "patch_utils.h"
+
+#include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <string>
+
+#include "sysdeps.h"
+
+using namespace com::android::fastdeploy;
+
+static std::string GetTestFile(const std::string& name) {
+    return "fastdeploy/testdata/" + name;
+}
+
+class TestPatchGenerator : DeployPatchGenerator {
+  public:
+    TestPatchGenerator() : DeployPatchGenerator(false) {}
+    void GatherIdenticalEntries(std::vector<DeployPatchGenerator::SimpleEntry>& outIdenticalEntries,
+                                const APKMetaData& metadataA, const APKMetaData& metadataB) {
+        BuildIdenticalEntries(outIdenticalEntries, metadataA, metadataB);
+    }
+};
+
+TEST(DeployPatchGeneratorTest, IdenticalFileEntries) {
+    std::string apkPath = GetTestFile("rotating_cube-release.apk");
+    APKMetaData metadataA = PatchUtils::GetAPKMetaData(apkPath.c_str());
+    TestPatchGenerator generator;
+    std::vector<DeployPatchGenerator::SimpleEntry> entries;
+    generator.GatherIdenticalEntries(entries, metadataA, metadataA);
+    // Expect the entry count to match the number of entries in the metadata.
+    const uint32_t identicalCount = entries.size();
+    const uint32_t entriesCount = metadataA.entries_size();
+    EXPECT_EQ(identicalCount, entriesCount);
+}
+
+TEST(DeployPatchGeneratorTest, NoDeviceMetadata) {
+    std::string apkPath = GetTestFile("rotating_cube-release.apk");
+    // Get size of our test apk.
+    long apkSize = 0;
+    {
+        unique_fd apkFile(adb_open(apkPath.c_str(), O_RDWR));
+        apkSize = adb_lseek(apkFile, 0L, SEEK_END);
+    }
+
+    // Create a patch that is 100% different.
+    TemporaryFile output;
+    DeployPatchGenerator generator(true);
+    generator.CreatePatch(apkPath.c_str(), "", output.fd);
+
+    // Expect a patch file that has a size at least the size of our initial APK.
+    long patchSize = adb_lseek(output.fd, 0L, SEEK_END);
+    EXPECT_GT(patchSize, apkSize);
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/adb/fastdeploy/deploypatchgenerator/manifest.txt b/adb/fastdeploy/deploypatchgenerator/manifest.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 5c00505..0000000
--- a/adb/fastdeploy/deploypatchgenerator/manifest.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Main-Class: com.android.fastdeploy.DeployPatchGenerator
diff --git a/adb/fastdeploy/deploypatchgenerator/patch_utils.cpp b/adb/fastdeploy/deploypatchgenerator/patch_utils.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f11ddd1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/adb/fastdeploy/deploypatchgenerator/patch_utils.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "patch_utils.h"
+
+#include <androidfw/ZipFileRO.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+#include "adb_io.h"
+#include "android-base/endian.h"
+#include "sysdeps.h"
+
+using namespace com::android;
+using namespace com::android::fastdeploy;
+using namespace android::base;
+
+static constexpr char kSignature[] = "FASTDEPLOY";
+
+APKMetaData PatchUtils::GetAPKMetaData(const char* apkPath) {
+    APKMetaData apkMetaData;
+#undef open
+    std::unique_ptr<android::ZipFileRO> zipFile(android::ZipFileRO::open(apkPath));
+#define open ___xxx_unix_open
+    if (zipFile == nullptr) {
+        printf("Could not open %s", apkPath);
+        exit(1);
+    }
+    void* cookie;
+    if (zipFile->startIteration(&cookie)) {
+        android::ZipEntryRO entry;
+        while ((entry = zipFile->nextEntry(cookie)) != NULL) {
+            char fileName[256];
+            // Make sure we have a file name.
+            // TODO: Handle filenames longer than 256.
+            if (zipFile->getEntryFileName(entry, fileName, sizeof(fileName))) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            uint32_t uncompressedSize, compressedSize, crc32;
+            int64_t dataOffset;
+            zipFile->getEntryInfo(entry, nullptr, &uncompressedSize, &compressedSize, &dataOffset,
+                                  nullptr, &crc32);
+            APKEntry* apkEntry = apkMetaData.add_entries();
+            apkEntry->set_crc32(crc32);
+            apkEntry->set_filename(fileName);
+            apkEntry->set_compressedsize(compressedSize);
+            apkEntry->set_uncompressedsize(uncompressedSize);
+            apkEntry->set_dataoffset(dataOffset);
+        }
+    }
+    return apkMetaData;
+}
+
+void PatchUtils::WriteSignature(borrowed_fd output) {
+    WriteFdExactly(output, kSignature, sizeof(kSignature) - 1);
+}
+
+void PatchUtils::WriteLong(int64_t value, borrowed_fd output) {
+    int64_t toLittleEndian = htole64(value);
+    WriteFdExactly(output, &toLittleEndian, sizeof(int64_t));
+}
+
+void PatchUtils::Pipe(borrowed_fd input, borrowed_fd output, size_t amount) {
+    constexpr static int BUFFER_SIZE = 128 * 1024;
+    char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];
+    size_t transferAmount = 0;
+    while (transferAmount != amount) {
+        long chunkAmount =
+                amount - transferAmount > BUFFER_SIZE ? BUFFER_SIZE : amount - transferAmount;
+        long readAmount = adb_read(input, buffer, chunkAmount);
+        WriteFdExactly(output, buffer, readAmount);
+        transferAmount += readAmount;
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/adb/fastdeploy/deploypatchgenerator/patch_utils.h b/adb/fastdeploy/deploypatchgenerator/patch_utils.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0ebfe8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/adb/fastdeploy/deploypatchgenerator/patch_utils.h
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "adb_unique_fd.h"
+#include "fastdeploy/proto/ApkEntry.pb.h"
+
+/**
+ * Helper class that mirrors the PatchUtils from deploy agent.
+ */
+class PatchUtils {
+  public:
+    /**
+     * This function takes a local APK file and builds the APKMetaData required by the patching
+     * algorithm. The if this function has an error a string is printed to the terminal and exit(1)
+     * is called.
+     */
+    static com::android::fastdeploy::APKMetaData GetAPKMetaData(const char* file);
+    /**
+     * Writes a fixed signature string to the header of the patch.
+     */
+    static void WriteSignature(android::base::borrowed_fd output);
+    /**
+     * Writes an int64 to the |output| reversing the bytes.
+     */
+    static void WriteLong(int64_t value, android::base::borrowed_fd output);
+    /**
+     * Copy |amount| of data from |input| to |output|.
+     */
+    static void Pipe(android::base::borrowed_fd input, android::base::borrowed_fd output,
+                     size_t amount);
+};
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/adb/fastdeploy/deploypatchgenerator/patch_utils_test.cpp b/adb/fastdeploy/deploypatchgenerator/patch_utils_test.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a7eeebf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/adb/fastdeploy/deploypatchgenerator/patch_utils_test.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "patch_utils.h"
+
+#include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <string>
+
+#include "adb_io.h"
+#include "sysdeps.h"
+
+using namespace com::android::fastdeploy;
+
+static std::string GetTestFile(const std::string& name) {
+    return "fastdeploy/testdata/" + name;
+}
+
+bool FileMatchesContent(android::base::borrowed_fd input, const char* contents,
+                        ssize_t contentsSize) {
+    adb_lseek(input, 0, SEEK_SET);
+    // Use a temp buffer larger than any test contents.
+    constexpr int BUFFER_SIZE = 2048;
+    char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];
+    bool result = true;
+    // Validate size of files is equal.
+    ssize_t readAmount = adb_read(input, buffer, BUFFER_SIZE);
+    EXPECT_EQ(readAmount, contentsSize);
+    result = memcmp(buffer, contents, readAmount) == 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < readAmount; i++) {
+        printf("%x", buffer[i]);
+    }
+    printf(" == ");
+    for (int i = 0; i < contentsSize; i++) {
+        printf("%x", contents[i]);
+    }
+    printf("\n");
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+TEST(PatchUtilsTest, SwapLongWrites) {
+    TemporaryFile output;
+    PatchUtils::WriteLong(0x0011223344556677, output.fd);
+    adb_lseek(output.fd, 0, SEEK_SET);
+    const char expected[] = {0x77, 0x66, 0x55, 0x44, 0x33, 0x22, 0x11, 0x00};
+    EXPECT_TRUE(FileMatchesContent(output.fd, expected, 8));
+}
+
+TEST(PatchUtilsTest, PipeWritesAmountToOutput) {
+    std::string expected("Some Data");
+    TemporaryFile input;
+    TemporaryFile output;
+    // Populate input file.
+    WriteFdExactly(input.fd, expected);
+    adb_lseek(input.fd, 0, SEEK_SET);
+    // Open input file for read, and output file for write.
+    PatchUtils::Pipe(input.fd, output.fd, expected.size());
+    // Validate pipe worked
+    EXPECT_TRUE(FileMatchesContent(output.fd, expected.c_str(), expected.size()));
+}
+
+TEST(PatchUtilsTest, SignatureConstMatches) {
+    std::string apkFile = GetTestFile("rotating_cube-release.apk");
+    TemporaryFile output;
+    PatchUtils::WriteSignature(output.fd);
+    std::string contents("FASTDEPLOY");
+    EXPECT_TRUE(FileMatchesContent(output.fd, contents.c_str(), contents.size()));
+}
+
+TEST(PatchUtilsTest, GatherMetadata) {
+    std::string apkFile = GetTestFile("rotating_cube-release.apk");
+    APKMetaData metadata = PatchUtils::GetAPKMetaData(apkFile.c_str());
+    std::string expectedMetadata;
+    android::base::ReadFileToString(GetTestFile("rotating_cube-metadata-release.data"),
+                                    &expectedMetadata);
+    std::string actualMetadata;
+    metadata.SerializeToString(&actualMetadata);
+    EXPECT_EQ(expectedMetadata, actualMetadata);
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/adb/fastdeploy/deploypatchgenerator/src/com/android/fastdeploy/DeployPatchGenerator.java b/adb/fastdeploy/deploypatchgenerator/src/com/android/fastdeploy/DeployPatchGenerator.java
deleted file mode 100644
index 24b2eab..0000000
--- a/adb/fastdeploy/deploypatchgenerator/src/com/android/fastdeploy/DeployPatchGenerator.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,208 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-package com.android.fastdeploy;
-
-import java.io.File;
-import java.io.FileInputStream;
-import java.io.IOException;
-import java.io.InputStream;
-import java.io.OutputStream;
-import java.lang.StringBuilder;
-import java.util.Collections;
-import java.util.Comparator;
-import java.util.List;
-import java.util.ArrayList;
-
-import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
-import static java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets.UTF_8;
-
-import java.util.Comparator;
-import java.util.Iterator;
-import java.util.List;
-import java.util.AbstractMap.SimpleEntry;
-
-import com.android.fastdeploy.APKMetaData;
-import com.android.fastdeploy.APKEntry;
-
-public final class DeployPatchGenerator {
-    private static final int BUFFER_SIZE = 128 * 1024;
-
-    public static void main(String[] args) {
-        try {
-            if (args.length < 2) {
-                showUsage(0);
-            }
-
-            boolean verbose = false;
-            if (args.length > 2) {
-                String verboseFlag = args[2];
-                if (verboseFlag.compareTo("--verbose") == 0) {
-                    verbose = true;
-                }
-            }
-
-            StringBuilder sb = null;
-            String apkPath = args[0];
-            String deviceMetadataPath = args[1];
-            File hostFile = new File(apkPath);
-
-            List<APKEntry> deviceZipEntries = getMetadataFromFile(deviceMetadataPath);
-            System.err.println("Device Entries (" + deviceZipEntries.size() + ")");
-            if (verbose) {
-                sb = new StringBuilder();
-                for (APKEntry entry : deviceZipEntries) {
-                    APKEntryToString(entry, sb);
-                }
-                System.err.println(sb.toString());
-            }
-
-            List<APKEntry> hostFileEntries = PatchUtils.getAPKMetaData(hostFile).getEntriesList();
-            System.err.println("Host Entries (" + hostFileEntries.size() + ")");
-            if (verbose) {
-                sb = new StringBuilder();
-                for (APKEntry entry : hostFileEntries) {
-                    APKEntryToString(entry, sb);
-                }
-                System.err.println(sb.toString());
-            }
-
-            List<SimpleEntry<APKEntry, APKEntry>> identicalContentsEntrySet =
-                getIdenticalContents(deviceZipEntries, hostFileEntries);
-            reportIdenticalContents(identicalContentsEntrySet, hostFile);
-
-            if (verbose) {
-                sb = new StringBuilder();
-                for (SimpleEntry<APKEntry, APKEntry> identicalEntry : identicalContentsEntrySet) {
-                    APKEntry entry = identicalEntry.getValue();
-                    APKEntryToString(entry, sb);
-                }
-                System.err.println("Identical Entries (" + identicalContentsEntrySet.size() + ")");
-                System.err.println(sb.toString());
-            }
-
-            createPatch(identicalContentsEntrySet, hostFile, System.out);
-        } catch (Exception e) {
-            System.err.println("Error: " + e);
-            e.printStackTrace();
-            System.exit(2);
-        }
-        System.exit(0);
-    }
-
-    private static void showUsage(int exitCode) {
-        System.err.println("usage: deploypatchgenerator <apkpath> <deviceapkmetadata> [--verbose]");
-        System.err.println("");
-        System.exit(exitCode);
-    }
-
-    private static void APKEntryToString(APKEntry entry, StringBuilder outputString) {
-        outputString.append(String.format("Filename: %s\n", entry.getFileName()));
-        outputString.append(String.format("CRC32: 0x%08X\n", entry.getCrc32()));
-        outputString.append(String.format("Data Offset: %d\n", entry.getDataOffset()));
-        outputString.append(String.format("Compressed Size: %d\n", entry.getCompressedSize()));
-        outputString.append(String.format("Uncompressed Size: %d\n", entry.getUncompressedSize()));
-    }
-
-    private static List<APKEntry> getMetadataFromFile(String deviceMetadataPath) throws IOException {
-        InputStream is = new FileInputStream(new File(deviceMetadataPath));
-        APKMetaData apkMetaData = APKMetaData.parseDelimitedFrom(is);
-        return apkMetaData.getEntriesList();
-    }
-
-    private static List<SimpleEntry<APKEntry, APKEntry>> getIdenticalContents(
-        List<APKEntry> deviceZipEntries, List<APKEntry> hostZipEntries) throws IOException {
-        List<SimpleEntry<APKEntry, APKEntry>> identicalContents =
-            new ArrayList<SimpleEntry<APKEntry, APKEntry>>();
-
-        for (APKEntry deviceZipEntry : deviceZipEntries) {
-            for (APKEntry hostZipEntry : hostZipEntries) {
-                if (deviceZipEntry.getCrc32() == hostZipEntry.getCrc32() &&
-                    deviceZipEntry.getFileName().equals(hostZipEntry.getFileName())) {
-                    identicalContents.add(new SimpleEntry(deviceZipEntry, hostZipEntry));
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        Collections.sort(identicalContents, new Comparator<SimpleEntry<APKEntry, APKEntry>>() {
-            @Override
-            public int compare(
-                SimpleEntry<APKEntry, APKEntry> p1, SimpleEntry<APKEntry, APKEntry> p2) {
-                return Long.compare(p1.getValue().getDataOffset(), p2.getValue().getDataOffset());
-            }
-        });
-
-        return identicalContents;
-    }
-
-    private static void reportIdenticalContents(
-        List<SimpleEntry<APKEntry, APKEntry>> identicalContentsEntrySet, File hostFile)
-        throws IOException {
-        long totalEqualBytes = 0;
-        int totalEqualFiles = 0;
-        for (SimpleEntry<APKEntry, APKEntry> entries : identicalContentsEntrySet) {
-            APKEntry hostAPKEntry = entries.getValue();
-            totalEqualBytes += hostAPKEntry.getCompressedSize();
-            totalEqualFiles++;
-        }
-
-        float savingPercent = (float) (totalEqualBytes * 100) / hostFile.length();
-
-        System.err.println("Detected " + totalEqualFiles + " equal APK entries");
-        System.err.println(totalEqualBytes + " bytes are equal out of " + hostFile.length() + " ("
-            + savingPercent + "%)");
-    }
-
-    static void createPatch(List<SimpleEntry<APKEntry, APKEntry>> zipEntrySimpleEntrys,
-        File hostFile, OutputStream patchStream) throws IOException, PatchFormatException {
-        FileInputStream hostFileInputStream = new FileInputStream(hostFile);
-
-        patchStream.write(PatchUtils.SIGNATURE.getBytes(StandardCharsets.US_ASCII));
-        PatchUtils.writeFormattedLong(hostFile.length(), patchStream);
-
-        byte[] buffer = new byte[BUFFER_SIZE];
-        long totalBytesWritten = 0;
-        Iterator<SimpleEntry<APKEntry, APKEntry>> entrySimpleEntryIterator =
-            zipEntrySimpleEntrys.iterator();
-        while (entrySimpleEntryIterator.hasNext()) {
-            SimpleEntry<APKEntry, APKEntry> entrySimpleEntry = entrySimpleEntryIterator.next();
-            APKEntry deviceAPKEntry = entrySimpleEntry.getKey();
-            APKEntry hostAPKEntry = entrySimpleEntry.getValue();
-
-            long newDataLen = hostAPKEntry.getDataOffset() - totalBytesWritten;
-            long oldDataOffset = deviceAPKEntry.getDataOffset();
-            long oldDataLen = deviceAPKEntry.getCompressedSize();
-
-            PatchUtils.writeFormattedLong(newDataLen, patchStream);
-            PatchUtils.pipe(hostFileInputStream, patchStream, buffer, newDataLen);
-            PatchUtils.writeFormattedLong(oldDataOffset, patchStream);
-            PatchUtils.writeFormattedLong(oldDataLen, patchStream);
-
-            long skip = hostFileInputStream.skip(oldDataLen);
-            if (skip != oldDataLen) {
-                throw new PatchFormatException("skip error: attempted to skip " + oldDataLen
-                    + " bytes but return code was " + skip);
-            }
-            totalBytesWritten += oldDataLen + newDataLen;
-        }
-        long remainderLen = hostFile.length() - totalBytesWritten;
-        PatchUtils.writeFormattedLong(remainderLen, patchStream);
-        PatchUtils.pipe(hostFileInputStream, patchStream, buffer, remainderLen);
-        PatchUtils.writeFormattedLong(0, patchStream);
-        PatchUtils.writeFormattedLong(0, patchStream);
-        patchStream.flush();
-    }
-}
diff --git a/adb/fastdeploy/testdata/rotating_cube-metadata-release.data b/adb/fastdeploy/testdata/rotating_cube-metadata-release.data
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0671bf3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/adb/fastdeploy/testdata/rotating_cube-metadata-release.data
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+
+#ǂϫMETA-INF/MANIFEST.MFÇ Q(W
+#ƒ•ŽAndroidManifest.xml1 ä(è
+6¦µ€>#lib/armeabi-v7a/libvulkan_sample.so ÀÒQ(Œ²ì
+ —ã—‘resources.arscôàQ ´(´
+‹œÂÉclasses.dexÁ ÿ(ô
diff --git a/adb/fastdeploy/testdata/rotating_cube-release.apk b/adb/fastdeploy/testdata/rotating_cube-release.apk
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d47e0ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/adb/fastdeploy/testdata/rotating_cube-release.apk
Binary files differ
diff --git a/adb/socket_spec.cpp b/adb/socket_spec.cpp
index 1333724..98468b5 100644
--- a/adb/socket_spec.cpp
+++ b/adb/socket_spec.cpp
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@
         }
     } else {
         std::string addr(spec.substr(4));
-        port_value = -1;
+        port_value = DEFAULT_ADB_LOCAL_TRANSPORT_PORT;
 
         // FIXME: ParseNetAddress rejects port 0. This currently doesn't hurt, because listening
         //        on an address that isn't 'localhost' is unsupported.
diff --git a/adb/socket_spec_test.cpp b/adb/socket_spec_test.cpp
index f5ec0f1..3a2f60c 100644
--- a/adb/socket_spec_test.cpp
+++ b/adb/socket_spec_test.cpp
@@ -20,38 +20,71 @@
 
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
-TEST(socket_spec, parse_tcp_socket_spec) {
+TEST(socket_spec, parse_tcp_socket_spec_just_port) {
     std::string hostname, error, serial;
     int port;
     EXPECT_TRUE(parse_tcp_socket_spec("tcp:5037", &hostname, &port, &serial, &error));
     EXPECT_EQ("", hostname);
     EXPECT_EQ(5037, port);
     EXPECT_EQ("", serial);
+}
 
-    // Bad ports:
+TEST(socket_spec, parse_tcp_socket_spec_bad_ports) {
+    std::string hostname, error, serial;
+    int port;
     EXPECT_FALSE(parse_tcp_socket_spec("tcp:", &hostname, &port, &serial, &error));
     EXPECT_FALSE(parse_tcp_socket_spec("tcp:-1", &hostname, &port, &serial, &error));
     EXPECT_FALSE(parse_tcp_socket_spec("tcp:65536", &hostname, &port, &serial, &error));
+}
 
+TEST(socket_spec, parse_tcp_socket_spec_host_and_port) {
+    std::string hostname, error, serial;
+    int port;
     EXPECT_TRUE(parse_tcp_socket_spec("tcp:localhost:1234", &hostname, &port, &serial, &error));
     EXPECT_EQ("localhost", hostname);
     EXPECT_EQ(1234, port);
     EXPECT_EQ("localhost:1234", serial);
+}
 
-    EXPECT_FALSE(parse_tcp_socket_spec("tcp:localhost", &hostname, &port, &serial, &error));
+TEST(socket_spec, parse_tcp_socket_spec_host_no_port) {
+    std::string hostname, error, serial;
+    int port;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(parse_tcp_socket_spec("tcp:localhost", &hostname, &port, &serial, &error));
+    EXPECT_EQ("localhost", hostname);
+    EXPECT_EQ(5555, port);
+    EXPECT_EQ("localhost:5555", serial);
+}
+
+TEST(socket_spec, parse_tcp_socket_spec_host_bad_ports) {
+    std::string hostname, error, serial;
+    int port;
     EXPECT_FALSE(parse_tcp_socket_spec("tcp:localhost:", &hostname, &port, &serial, &error));
     EXPECT_FALSE(parse_tcp_socket_spec("tcp:localhost:-1", &hostname, &port, &serial, &error));
     EXPECT_FALSE(parse_tcp_socket_spec("tcp:localhost:65536", &hostname, &port, &serial, &error));
+}
 
-    // IPv6:
+TEST(socket_spec, parse_tcp_socket_spec_ipv6_and_port) {
+    std::string hostname, error, serial;
+    int port;
     EXPECT_TRUE(parse_tcp_socket_spec("tcp:[::1]:1234", &hostname, &port, &serial, &error));
     EXPECT_EQ("::1", hostname);
     EXPECT_EQ(1234, port);
     EXPECT_EQ("[::1]:1234", serial);
+}
 
+TEST(socket_spec, parse_tcp_socket_spec_ipv6_no_port) {
+    std::string hostname, error, serial;
+    int port;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(parse_tcp_socket_spec("tcp:::1", &hostname, &port, &serial, &error));
+    EXPECT_EQ("::1", hostname);
+    EXPECT_EQ(5555, port);
+    EXPECT_EQ("[::1]:5555", serial);
+}
+
+TEST(socket_spec, parse_tcp_socket_spec_ipv6_bad_ports) {
+    std::string hostname, error, serial;
+    int port;
     EXPECT_FALSE(parse_tcp_socket_spec("tcp:[::1]", &hostname, &port, &serial, &error));
     EXPECT_FALSE(parse_tcp_socket_spec("tcp:[::1]:", &hostname, &port, &serial, &error));
     EXPECT_FALSE(parse_tcp_socket_spec("tcp:[::1]:-1", &hostname, &port, &serial, &error));
-    EXPECT_FALSE(parse_tcp_socket_spec("tcp:::1", &hostname, &port, &serial, &error));
-    EXPECT_FALSE(parse_tcp_socket_spec("tcp:::1:1234", &hostname, &port, &serial, &error));
 }
diff --git a/adb/sysdeps_test.cpp b/adb/sysdeps_test.cpp
index 79cebe6..0f4b39c 100644
--- a/adb/sysdeps_test.cpp
+++ b/adb/sysdeps_test.cpp
@@ -25,6 +25,21 @@
 #include "sysdeps.h"
 #include "sysdeps/chrono.h"
 
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+#include <windows.h>
+static bool IsWine() {
+    HMODULE ntdll = GetModuleHandleW(L"ntdll.dll");
+    if (!ntdll) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    return GetProcAddress(ntdll, "wine_get_version") != nullptr;
+}
+#else
+static bool IsWine() {
+    return false;
+}
+#endif
+
 TEST(sysdeps_socketpair, smoke) {
     int fds[2];
     ASSERT_EQ(0, adb_socketpair(fds)) << strerror(errno);
@@ -182,8 +197,10 @@
 
     EXPECT_EQ(1, adb_poll(&pfd, 1, 100));
 
-    // Linux returns POLLIN | POLLHUP, Windows returns just POLLHUP.
-    EXPECT_EQ(POLLHUP, pfd.revents & POLLHUP);
+    if (!IsWine()) {
+        // Linux returns POLLIN | POLLHUP, Windows returns just POLLHUP.
+        EXPECT_EQ(POLLHUP, pfd.revents & POLLHUP);
+    }
 }
 
 TEST_F(sysdeps_poll, fd_count) {
diff --git a/adb/sysdeps_win32.cpp b/adb/sysdeps_win32.cpp
index f86cd03..6372b3d 100644
--- a/adb/sysdeps_win32.cpp
+++ b/adb/sysdeps_win32.cpp
@@ -610,15 +610,6 @@
 
 static int _fh_socket_close(FH f) {
     if (f->fh_socket != INVALID_SOCKET) {
-        /* gently tell any peer that we're closing the socket */
-        if (shutdown(f->fh_socket, SD_BOTH) == SOCKET_ERROR) {
-            // If the socket is not connected, this returns an error. We want to
-            // minimize logging spam, so don't log these errors for now.
-#if 0
-            D("socket shutdown failed: %s",
-              android::base::SystemErrorCodeToString(WSAGetLastError()).c_str());
-#endif
-        }
         if (closesocket(f->fh_socket) == SOCKET_ERROR) {
             // Don't set errno here, since adb_close will ignore it.
             const DWORD err = WSAGetLastError();
diff --git a/adb/transport.cpp b/adb/transport.cpp
index 8bc925f..3d1d620 100644
--- a/adb/transport.cpp
+++ b/adb/transport.cpp
@@ -542,9 +542,7 @@
     // for the first time, even if no update occurred.
     if (tracker->update_needed) {
         tracker->update_needed = false;
-
-        std::string transports = list_transports(tracker->long_output);
-        device_tracker_send(tracker, transports);
+        device_tracker_send(tracker, list_transports(tracker->long_output));
     }
 }
 
@@ -587,13 +585,11 @@
     update_transport_status();
 
     // Notify `adb track-devices` clients.
-    std::string transports = list_transports(false);
-
     device_tracker* tracker = device_tracker_list;
     while (tracker != nullptr) {
         device_tracker* next = tracker->next;
         // This may destroy the tracker if the connection is closed.
-        device_tracker_send(tracker, transports);
+        device_tracker_send(tracker, list_transports(tracker->long_output));
         tracker = next;
     }
 }
diff --git a/base/include/android-base/unique_fd.h b/base/include/android-base/unique_fd.h
index a39245b..6e11b4e 100644
--- a/base/include/android-base/unique_fd.h
+++ b/base/include/android-base/unique_fd.h
@@ -92,6 +92,8 @@
   explicit unique_fd_impl(int fd) { reset(fd); }
   ~unique_fd_impl() { reset(); }
 
+  unique_fd_impl(const unique_fd_impl&) = delete;
+  void operator=(const unique_fd_impl&) = delete;
   unique_fd_impl(unique_fd_impl&& other) noexcept { reset(other.release()); }
   unique_fd_impl& operator=(unique_fd_impl&& s) noexcept {
     int fd = s.fd_;
@@ -118,6 +120,8 @@
   // Catch bogus error checks (i.e.: "!fd" instead of "fd != -1").
   bool operator!() const = delete;
 
+  bool ok() const { return get() != -1; }
+
   int release() __attribute__((warn_unused_result)) {
     tag(fd_, this, nullptr);
     int ret = fd_;
@@ -167,9 +171,6 @@
   static auto close(int fd, void*) -> decltype(T::Close(fd), void()) {
     T::Close(fd);
   }
-
-  unique_fd_impl(const unique_fd_impl&);
-  void operator=(const unique_fd_impl&);
 };
 
 using unique_fd = unique_fd_impl<DefaultCloser>;
diff --git a/debuggerd/client/debuggerd_client.cpp b/debuggerd/client/debuggerd_client.cpp
index 60eb241..1a5b435 100644
--- a/debuggerd/client/debuggerd_client.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/client/debuggerd_client.cpp
@@ -22,9 +22,11 @@
 #include <sys/poll.h>
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
+#include <time.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
 #include <chrono>
+#include <iomanip>
 
 #include <android-base/cmsg.h>
 #include <android-base/file.h>
@@ -42,8 +44,10 @@
 
 using namespace std::chrono_literals;
 
+using android::base::ReadFileToString;
 using android::base::SendFileDescriptors;
 using android::base::unique_fd;
+using android::base::WriteStringToFd;
 
 static bool send_signal(pid_t pid, const DebuggerdDumpType dump_type) {
   const int signal = (dump_type == kDebuggerdJavaBacktrace) ? SIGQUIT : DEBUGGER_SIGNAL;
@@ -65,6 +69,76 @@
   tv->tv_usec = static_cast<long>(microseconds.count());
 }
 
+static void get_wchan_header(pid_t pid, std::stringstream& buffer) {
+  struct tm now;
+  time_t t = time(nullptr);
+  localtime_r(&t, &now);
+  char timestamp[32];
+  strftime(timestamp, sizeof(timestamp), "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", &now);
+  std::string time_now(timestamp);
+
+  std::string path = "/proc/" + std::to_string(pid) + "/cmdline";
+
+  char proc_name_buf[1024];
+  const char* proc_name = nullptr;
+  std::unique_ptr<FILE, decltype(&fclose)> fp(fopen(path.c_str(), "r"), &fclose);
+
+  if (fp) {
+    proc_name = fgets(proc_name_buf, sizeof(proc_name_buf), fp.get());
+  }
+
+  if (!proc_name) {
+    proc_name = "<unknown>";
+  }
+
+  buffer << "\n----- Waiting Channels: pid " << pid << " at " << time_now << " -----\n"
+         << "Cmd line: " << proc_name << "\n";
+}
+
+static void get_wchan_footer(pid_t pid, std::stringstream& buffer) {
+  buffer << "----- end " << std::to_string(pid) << " -----\n";
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns the wchan data for each thread in the process,
+ * or empty string if unable to obtain any data.
+ */
+static std::string get_wchan_data(pid_t pid) {
+  std::stringstream buffer;
+  std::vector<pid_t> tids;
+
+  if (!android::procinfo::GetProcessTids(pid, &tids)) {
+    LOG(WARNING) << "libdebuggerd_client: Failed to get process tids";
+    return buffer.str();
+  }
+
+  std::stringstream data;
+  for (int tid : tids) {
+    std::string path = "/proc/" + std::to_string(pid) + "/task/" + std::to_string(tid) + "/wchan";
+    std::string wchan_str;
+    if (!ReadFileToString(path, &wchan_str, true)) {
+      PLOG(WARNING) << "libdebuggerd_client: Failed to read \"" << path << "\"";
+      continue;
+    }
+    data << "sysTid=" << std::left << std::setw(10) << tid << wchan_str << "\n";
+  }
+
+  if (std::string str = data.str(); !str.empty()) {
+    get_wchan_header(pid, buffer);
+    buffer << "\n" << str << "\n";
+    get_wchan_footer(pid, buffer);
+    buffer << "\n";
+  }
+
+  return buffer.str();
+}
+
+static void dump_wchan_data(const std::string& data, int fd, pid_t pid) {
+  if (!WriteStringToFd(data, fd)) {
+    LOG(WARNING) << "libdebuggerd_client: Failed to dump wchan data for pid: " << pid;
+  }
+}
+
 bool debuggerd_trigger_dump(pid_t tid, DebuggerdDumpType dump_type, unsigned int timeout_ms,
                             unique_fd output_fd) {
   pid_t pid = tid;
@@ -261,6 +335,17 @@
   if (copy == -1) {
     return -1;
   }
+
+  // debuggerd_trigger_dump results in every thread in the process being interrupted
+  // by a signal, so we need to fetch the wchan data before calling that.
+  std::string wchan_data = get_wchan_data(tid);
+
   int timeout_ms = timeout_secs > 0 ? timeout_secs * 1000 : 0;
-  return debuggerd_trigger_dump(tid, dump_type, timeout_ms, std::move(copy)) ? 0 : -1;
+  int ret = debuggerd_trigger_dump(tid, dump_type, timeout_ms, std::move(copy)) ? 0 : -1;
+
+  // Dump wchan data, since only privileged processes (CAP_SYS_ADMIN) can read
+  // kernel stack traces (/proc/*/stack).
+  dump_wchan_data(wchan_data, fd, tid);
+
+  return ret;
 }
diff --git a/debuggerd/debuggerd_test.cpp b/debuggerd/debuggerd_test.cpp
index 1f0e420..fbc8b97 100644
--- a/debuggerd/debuggerd_test.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/debuggerd_test.cpp
@@ -1099,3 +1099,30 @@
   // This should be good enough, though...
   ASSERT_LT(diff, 10) << "too many new tombstones; is something crashing in the background?";
 }
+
+static __attribute__((__noinline__)) void overflow_stack(void* p) {
+  void* buf[1];
+  buf[0] = p;
+  static volatile void* global = buf;
+  if (global) {
+    global = buf;
+    overflow_stack(&buf);
+  }
+}
+
+TEST_F(CrasherTest, stack_overflow) {
+  int intercept_result;
+  unique_fd output_fd;
+  StartProcess([]() { overflow_stack(nullptr); });
+
+  StartIntercept(&output_fd);
+  FinishCrasher();
+  AssertDeath(SIGSEGV);
+  FinishIntercept(&intercept_result);
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(1, intercept_result) << "tombstoned reported failure";
+
+  std::string result;
+  ConsumeFd(std::move(output_fd), &result);
+  ASSERT_MATCH(result, R"(Cause: stack pointer[^\n]*stack overflow.\n)");
+}
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone.cpp
index d246722..da2ba58 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone.cpp
@@ -86,7 +86,39 @@
   _LOG(log, logtype::HEADER, "Timestamp: %s\n", buf);
 }
 
-static void dump_probable_cause(log_t* log, const siginfo_t* si, unwindstack::Maps* maps) {
+static std::string get_stack_overflow_cause(uint64_t fault_addr, uint64_t sp,
+                                            unwindstack::Maps* maps) {
+  static constexpr uint64_t kMaxDifferenceBytes = 256;
+  uint64_t difference;
+  if (sp >= fault_addr) {
+    difference = sp - fault_addr;
+  } else {
+    difference = fault_addr - sp;
+  }
+  if (difference <= kMaxDifferenceBytes) {
+    // The faulting address is close to the current sp, check if the sp
+    // indicates a stack overflow.
+    // On arm, the sp does not get updated when the instruction faults.
+    // In this case, the sp will still be in a valid map, which is the
+    // last case below.
+    // On aarch64, the sp does get updated when the instruction faults.
+    // In this case, the sp will be in either an invalid map if triggered
+    // on the main thread, or in a guard map if in another thread, which
+    // will be the first case or second case from below.
+    unwindstack::MapInfo* map_info = maps->Find(sp);
+    if (map_info == nullptr) {
+      return "stack pointer is in a non-existent map; likely due to stack overflow.";
+    } else if ((map_info->flags & (PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE)) != (PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE)) {
+      return "stack pointer is not in a rw map; likely due to stack overflow.";
+    } else if ((sp - map_info->start) <= kMaxDifferenceBytes) {
+      return "stack pointer is close to top of stack; likely stack overflow.";
+    }
+  }
+  return "";
+}
+
+static void dump_probable_cause(log_t* log, const siginfo_t* si, unwindstack::Maps* maps,
+                                unwindstack::Regs* regs) {
   std::string cause;
   if (si->si_signo == SIGSEGV && si->si_code == SEGV_MAPERR) {
     if (si->si_addr < reinterpret_cast<void*>(4096)) {
@@ -101,11 +133,16 @@
       cause = "call to kuser_memory_barrier";
     } else if (si->si_addr == reinterpret_cast<void*>(0xffff0f60)) {
       cause = "call to kuser_cmpxchg64";
+    } else {
+      cause = get_stack_overflow_cause(reinterpret_cast<uint64_t>(si->si_addr), regs->sp(), maps);
     }
   } else if (si->si_signo == SIGSEGV && si->si_code == SEGV_ACCERR) {
-    unwindstack::MapInfo* map_info = maps->Find(reinterpret_cast<uint64_t>(si->si_addr));
+    uint64_t fault_addr = reinterpret_cast<uint64_t>(si->si_addr);
+    unwindstack::MapInfo* map_info = maps->Find(fault_addr);
     if (map_info != nullptr && map_info->flags == PROT_EXEC) {
       cause = "execute-only (no-read) memory access error; likely due to data in .text.";
+    } else {
+      cause = get_stack_overflow_cause(fault_addr, regs->sp(), maps);
     }
   } else if (si->si_signo == SIGSYS && si->si_code == SYS_SECCOMP) {
     cause = StringPrintf("seccomp prevented call to disallowed %s system call %d", ABI_STRING,
@@ -447,7 +484,7 @@
 
   if (thread_info.siginfo) {
     dump_signal_info(log, thread_info, unwinder->GetProcessMemory().get());
-    dump_probable_cause(log, thread_info.siginfo, unwinder->GetMaps());
+    dump_probable_cause(log, thread_info.siginfo, unwinder->GetMaps(), thread_info.registers.get());
   }
 
   if (primary_thread) {
diff --git a/demangle/.clang-format b/demangle/.clang-format
deleted file mode 120000
index fd0645f..0000000
--- a/demangle/.clang-format
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-../.clang-format-2
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/demangle/Android.bp b/demangle/Android.bp
deleted file mode 100644
index fd79cf8..0000000
--- a/demangle/Android.bp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,87 +0,0 @@
-//
-// Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-//
-
-cc_defaults {
-    name: "libdemangle_defaults",
-
-    host_supported: true,
-
-    cflags: [
-        "-Wall",
-        "-Werror",
-        "-Wextra",
-    ],
-
-    target: {
-        linux_bionic: {
-            enabled: true,
-        },
-    },
-}
-
-cc_library {
-    name: "libdemangle",
-    defaults: ["libdemangle_defaults"],
-    vendor_available: true,
-    recovery_available: true,
-
-    srcs: [
-        "Demangler.cpp",
-    ],
-
-    local_include_dirs: [
-        "include",
-    ],
-
-    export_include_dirs: [
-        "include",
-    ],
-}
-
-cc_binary {
-    name: "demangle",
-    defaults: ["libdemangle_defaults"],
-    srcs: ["demangle.cpp"],
-    host_supported: true,
-
-    shared_libs: ["libdemangle"],
-}
-
-//-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// Unit Tests
-//-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-cc_test {
-    name: "libdemangle_test",
-    defaults: ["libdemangle_defaults"],
-
-    srcs: [
-        "DemangleTest.cpp",
-    ],
-
-    cflags: [
-        "-O0",
-        "-g",
-    ],
-
-    shared_libs: [
-        "libdemangle",
-    ],
-
-    test_suites: ["device-tests"],
-    required: [
-        "libdemangle",
-    ],
-}
diff --git a/demangle/Android.mk b/demangle/Android.mk
deleted file mode 100644
index d8082a9..0000000
--- a/demangle/Android.mk
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-#
-# Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-#
-
-LOCAL_PATH := $(call my-dir)
-
-include $(CLEAR_VARS)
-
-LOCAL_MODULE := demangle_fuzzer
-LOCAL_SRC_FILES := \
-    Demangler.cpp \
-    demangle_fuzzer.cpp \
-
-LOCAL_CFLAGS := \
-    -Wall \
-    -Werror \
-    -Wextra \
-
-include $(BUILD_FUZZ_TEST)
diff --git a/demangle/DemangleTest.cpp b/demangle/DemangleTest.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 1787031..0000000
--- a/demangle/DemangleTest.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,555 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include <stdlib.h>
-
-#include <gtest/gtest.h>
-
-#include <demangle.h>
-
-#include "Demangler.h"
-
-TEST(DemangleTest, IllegalArgumentModifiers) {
-  Demangler demangler;
-
-  ASSERT_EQ("_Zpp4FUNKK", demangler.Parse("_Zpp4FUNKK"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_Zpp4FUNVV", demangler.Parse("_Zpp4FUNVV"));
-}
-
-TEST(DemangleTest, VoidArgument) {
-  Demangler demangler;
-
-  ASSERT_EQ("func()", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(void&)", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcERv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(void, void)", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEvv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(void*)", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEPv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(void const)", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEKv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(void volatile)", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEVv"));
-}
-
-TEST(DemangleTest, ArgumentModifiers) {
-  Demangler demangler;
-
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(char)", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEc"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(char*)", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEPc"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(char**)", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEPPc"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(char***)", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEPPPc"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(char&)", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcERc"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(char*&)", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcERPc"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(char&)", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcERRc"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(char*&*)", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEPRPc"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(char**&)", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcERRPPc"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(char const)", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEKc"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(char volatile)", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEVc"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(char volatile const)", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEKVc"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(char const volatile)", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEVKc"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(char const* volatile&)", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcERVPKc"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(void, char, short)", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEvcs"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(void*, char&, short&*)", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEPvRcPRs"));
-}
-
-TEST(DemangleTest, FunctionModifiers) {
-  Demangler demangler;
-
-  ASSERT_EQ("func() const", demangler.Parse("_ZNK4funcEv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func() volatile", demangler.Parse("_ZNV4funcEv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func() volatile const", demangler.Parse("_ZNKV4funcEv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func() const volatile", demangler.Parse("_ZNVK4funcEv"));
-}
-
-TEST(DemangleTest, MultiplePartsInName) {
-  Demangler demangler;
-
-  ASSERT_EQ("one::two()", demangler.Parse("_ZN3one3twoEv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("one::two::three()", demangler.Parse("_ZN3one3two5threeEv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("one::two::three::four()", demangler.Parse("_ZN3one3two5three4fourEv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("one::two::three::four::five()", demangler.Parse("_ZN3one3two5three4four4fiveEv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("one(two::three::four::five)", demangler.Parse("_ZN3oneEN3two5three4four4fiveE"));
-}
-
-TEST(DemangleTest, AnonymousNamespace) {
-  Demangler demangler;
-
-  ASSERT_EQ("(anonymous namespace)::two()", demangler.Parse("_ZN12_GLOBAL__N_13twoEv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("one::two((anonymous namespace))", demangler.Parse("_ZN3one3twoE12_GLOBAL__N_1"));
-}
-
-TEST(DemangleTest, DestructorValues) {
-  Demangler demangler;
-
-  ASSERT_EQ("one::two::~two()", demangler.Parse("_ZN3one3twoD0Ev"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("one::two::~two()", demangler.Parse("_ZN3one3twoD1Ev"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("one::two::~two()", demangler.Parse("_ZN3one3twoD2Ev"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("one::two::~two()", demangler.Parse("_ZN3one3twoD5Ev"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("one::two::three::~three()", demangler.Parse("_ZN3one3two5threeD0Ev"));
-
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZN3one3twoD3Ev", demangler.Parse("_ZN3one3twoD3Ev"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZN3one3twoD4Ev", demangler.Parse("_ZN3one3twoD4Ev"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZN3one3twoD6Ev", demangler.Parse("_ZN3one3twoD6Ev"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZN3one3twoD7Ev", demangler.Parse("_ZN3one3twoD7Ev"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZN3one3twoD8Ev", demangler.Parse("_ZN3one3twoD8Ev"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZN3one3twoD9Ev", demangler.Parse("_ZN3one3twoD9Ev"));
-
-  ASSERT_EQ("one::two<three::four>::~two()", demangler.Parse("_ZN3one3twoIN5three4fourEED2Ev"));
-}
-
-TEST(DemangleTest, ConstructorValues) {
-  Demangler demangler;
-
-  ASSERT_EQ("one::two::two()", demangler.Parse("_ZN3one3twoC1Ev"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("one::two::two()", demangler.Parse("_ZN3one3twoC2Ev"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("one::two::two()", demangler.Parse("_ZN3one3twoC3Ev"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("one::two::two()", demangler.Parse("_ZN3one3twoC5Ev"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("one::two::three::three()", demangler.Parse("_ZN3one3two5threeC1Ev"));
-
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZN3one3twoC0Ev", demangler.Parse("_ZN3one3twoC0Ev"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZN3one3twoC4Ev", demangler.Parse("_ZN3one3twoC4Ev"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZN3one3twoC6Ev", demangler.Parse("_ZN3one3twoC6Ev"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZN3one3twoC7Ev", demangler.Parse("_ZN3one3twoC7Ev"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZN3one3twoC8Ev", demangler.Parse("_ZN3one3twoC8Ev"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZN3one3twoC9Ev", demangler.Parse("_ZN3one3twoC9Ev"));
-
-  ASSERT_EQ("one::two<three::four>::two()", demangler.Parse("_ZN3one3twoIN5three4fourEEC1Ev"));
-}
-
-TEST(DemangleTest, OperatorValues) {
-  Demangler demangler;
-
-  ASSERT_EQ("operator&&()", demangler.Parse("_Zaav"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("operator&()", demangler.Parse("_Zadv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("operator&()", demangler.Parse("_Zanv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("operator&=()", demangler.Parse("_ZaNv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("operator=()", demangler.Parse("_ZaSv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("operator()()", demangler.Parse("_Zclv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("operator,()", demangler.Parse("_Zcmv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("operator~()", demangler.Parse("_Zcov"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("operator delete[]()", demangler.Parse("_Zdav"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("operator*()", demangler.Parse("_Zdev"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("operator delete()", demangler.Parse("_Zdlv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("operator/()", demangler.Parse("_Zdvv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("operator/=()", demangler.Parse("_ZdVv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("operator^()", demangler.Parse("_Zeov"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("operator^=()", demangler.Parse("_ZeOv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("operator==()", demangler.Parse("_Zeqv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("operator>=()", demangler.Parse("_Zgev"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("operator>()", demangler.Parse("_Zgtv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("operator[]()", demangler.Parse("_Zixv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("operator<=()", demangler.Parse("_Zlev"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("operator<<()", demangler.Parse("_Zlsv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("operator<<=()", demangler.Parse("_ZlSv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("operator<()", demangler.Parse("_Zltv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("operator-()", demangler.Parse("_Zmiv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("operator-=()", demangler.Parse("_ZmIv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("operator*()", demangler.Parse("_Zmlv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("operator*=()", demangler.Parse("_ZmLv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("operator--()", demangler.Parse("_Zmmv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("operator new[]()", demangler.Parse("_Znav"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("operator!=()", demangler.Parse("_Znev"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("operator-()", demangler.Parse("_Zngv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("operator!()", demangler.Parse("_Zntv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("operator new()", demangler.Parse("_Znwv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("operator||()", demangler.Parse("_Zoov"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("operator|()", demangler.Parse("_Zorv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("operator|=()", demangler.Parse("_ZoRv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("operator->*()", demangler.Parse("_Zpmv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("operator+()", demangler.Parse("_Zplv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("operator+=()", demangler.Parse("_ZpLv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("operator++()", demangler.Parse("_Zppv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("operator+()", demangler.Parse("_Zpsv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("operator->()", demangler.Parse("_Zptv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("operator?()", demangler.Parse("_Zquv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("operator%()", demangler.Parse("_Zrmv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("operator%=()", demangler.Parse("_ZrMv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("operator>>()", demangler.Parse("_Zrsv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("operator>>=()", demangler.Parse("_ZrSv"));
-
-  // Spot check using an operator as part of function name.
-  ASSERT_EQ("operator&&()", demangler.Parse("_ZNaaEv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("operator++()", demangler.Parse("_ZNppEv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("one::operator++()", demangler.Parse("_ZN3oneppEv"));
-
-  // Spot check using an operator in an argument name.
-  ASSERT_EQ("operator+(operator|=)", demangler.Parse("_ZNpsENoRE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("operator==()", demangler.Parse("_Zeqv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("one(arg1::operator|=, arg2::operator==)",
-            demangler.Parse("_ZN3oneEN4arg1oREN4arg2eqE"));
-}
-
-TEST(DemangleTest, FunctionStartsWithNumber) {
-  Demangler demangler;
-
-  ASSERT_EQ("value(char, int)", demangler.Parse("_Z5valueci"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("abcdefjklmn(signed char)", demangler.Parse("_Z11abcdefjklmna"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("value(one, signed char)", demangler.Parse("_Z5value3onea"));
-}
-
-TEST(DemangleTest, FunctionStartsWithLPlusNumber) {
-  Demangler demangler;
-
-  ASSERT_EQ("value(char, int)", demangler.Parse("_ZL5valueci"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("abcdefjklmn(signed char)", demangler.Parse("_ZL11abcdefjklmna"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("value(one, signed char)", demangler.Parse("_ZL5value3onea"));
-}
-
-TEST(DemangleTest, StdTypes) {
-  Demangler demangler;
-
-  ASSERT_EQ("std::one", demangler.Parse("_ZNSt3oneE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("std::one(std::two)", demangler.Parse("_ZNSt3oneESt3two"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("std::std::one(std::two)", demangler.Parse("_ZNStSt3oneESt3two"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("std()", demangler.Parse("_ZNStEv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("one::std::std::two::~two(one::std::std::two)",
-            demangler.Parse("_ZN3oneStSt3twoD0ES0_"));
-
-  ASSERT_EQ("std::allocator", demangler.Parse("_ZNSaE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("std::basic_string", demangler.Parse("_ZNSbE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZNScE", demangler.Parse("_ZNScE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("std::iostream", demangler.Parse("_ZNSdE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZNSeE", demangler.Parse("_ZNSeE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZNSfE", demangler.Parse("_ZNSfE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZNSgE", demangler.Parse("_ZNSgE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZNShE", demangler.Parse("_ZNShE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("std::istream", demangler.Parse("_ZNSiE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZNSjE", demangler.Parse("_ZNSjE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZNSkE", demangler.Parse("_ZNSkE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZNSlE", demangler.Parse("_ZNSlE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZNSmE", demangler.Parse("_ZNSmE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZNSnE", demangler.Parse("_ZNSnE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("std::ostream", demangler.Parse("_ZNSoE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZNSpE", demangler.Parse("_ZNSpE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZNSqE", demangler.Parse("_ZNSqE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZNSrE", demangler.Parse("_ZNSrE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("std::string", demangler.Parse("_ZNSsE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZNSuE", demangler.Parse("_ZNSuE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZNSvE", demangler.Parse("_ZNSvE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZNSwE", demangler.Parse("_ZNSwE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZNSxE", demangler.Parse("_ZNSxE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZNSyE", demangler.Parse("_ZNSyE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZNSzE", demangler.Parse("_ZNSzE"));
-}
-
-TEST(DemangleTest, SingleLetterArguments) {
-  Demangler demangler;
-
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(signed char)", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEa"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(bool)", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEb"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(char)", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEc"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(double)", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEd"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(long double)", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEe"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(float)", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEf"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(__float128)", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEg"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(unsigned char)", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEh"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(int)", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEi"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(unsigned int)", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEj"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZN4funcEk", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEk"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(long)", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEl"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(unsigned long)", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEm"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(__int128)", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEn"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(unsigned __int128)", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEo"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZN4funcEp", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEp"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZN4funcEq", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEq"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZN4funcEr", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEr"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(short)", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEs"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(unsigned short)", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEt"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZN4funcEu", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEu"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func()", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(wchar_t)", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEw"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(long long)", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEx"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(unsigned long long)", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEy"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(...)", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEz"));
-}
-
-TEST(DemangleTest, DArguments) {
-  Demangler demangler;
-
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(auto)", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEDa"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZN4funcEDb", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEDb"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZN4funcEDc", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEDc"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(decimal64)", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEDd"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(decimal128)", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEDe"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(decimal32)", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEDf"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZN4funcEDg", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEDg"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(half)", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEDh"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(char32_t)", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEDi"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZN4funcEDj", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEDj"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZN4funcEDk", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEDk"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZN4funcEDl", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEDl"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZN4funcEDm", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEDm"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(decltype(nullptr))", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEDn"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZN4funcEDo", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEDo"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZN4funcEDp", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEDp"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZN4funcEDq", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEDq"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZN4funcEDr", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEDr"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(char16_t)", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEDs"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZN4funcEDt", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEDt"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZN4funcEDu", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEDu"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZN4funcEDv", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEDv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZN4funcEDw", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEDw"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZN4funcEDx", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEDx"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZN4funcEDy", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEDy"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZN4funcEDz", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEDz"));
-}
-
-TEST(DemangleTest, FunctionArguments) {
-  Demangler demangler;
-
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(char ())", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEFcvE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(char (*)())", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEPFcvE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(char (&)())", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcERFcvE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(char (&)())", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcERFcvE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(char (*&)())", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcERPFcvE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(char (*)(int) const)", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcEPKFciE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(char (&)() const)", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcERKFcvE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(char (&)() volatile)", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcERVFcvE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(char (&)() volatile const)", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcERKVFcvE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(char (&)() const volatile)", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcERVKFcvE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("func(char (&)(int, signed char) const)", demangler.Parse("_ZN4funcERKFciaE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("fake(char (&* volatile const)(void, void, signed char), signed char)",
-            demangler.Parse("_ZN4fakeEKVPRFcvvaEa"));
-}
-
-TEST(DemangleTest, TemplateFunction) {
-  Demangler demangler;
-
-  ASSERT_EQ("one<char>", demangler.Parse("_ZN3oneIcEE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("one<void>", demangler.Parse("_ZN3oneIvEE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("one<void*>", demangler.Parse("_ZN3oneIPvEE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("one<void const>", demangler.Parse("_ZN3oneIKvEE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("one<char, int, bool>", demangler.Parse("_ZN3oneIcibEE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("one::two<three>", demangler.Parse("_ZN3one3twoIN5threeEEE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("one<char, int, two::three>", demangler.Parse("_ZN3oneIciN3two5threeEEE"));
-  // Template within templates.
-  ASSERT_EQ("one::two<three<char, int>>", demangler.Parse("_ZN3one3twoIN5threeIciEEEE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("one::two<three<char, four<int>>>", demangler.Parse("_ZN3one3twoIN5threeIcN4fourIiEEEEEE"));
-
-  ASSERT_EQ("one<char>", demangler.Parse("_Z3oneIcE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("one<void>", demangler.Parse("_Z3oneIvE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("one<void*>", demangler.Parse("_Z3oneIPvE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("one<void const>", demangler.Parse("_Z3oneIKvE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("one<char, int, bool>", demangler.Parse("_Z3oneIcibE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("one(two<three>)", demangler.Parse("_Z3one3twoIN5threeEE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("one<char, int, two::three>", demangler.Parse("_Z3oneIciN3two5threeEE"));
-  // Template within templates.
-  ASSERT_EQ("one(two<three<char, int>>)", demangler.Parse("_Z3one3twoIN5threeIciEEE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("one(two<three<char, four<int>>>)",
-            demangler.Parse("_Z3one3twoIN5threeIcN4fourIiEEEEE"));
-}
-
-TEST(DemangleTest, TemplateFunctionWithReturnType) {
-  Demangler demangler;
-
-  ASSERT_EQ("char one<int>(char)", demangler.Parse("_Z3oneIiEcc"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("void one<int>()", demangler.Parse("_Z3oneIiEvv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("char one<int>()", demangler.Parse("_Z3oneIiEcv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("char one<int>(void, void)", demangler.Parse("_Z3oneIiEcvv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("char one<int>()", demangler.Parse("_ZN3oneIiEEcv"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("char one<int>(void, void)", demangler.Parse("_ZN3oneIiEEcvv"));
-}
-
-TEST(DemangleTest, TemplateArguments) {
-  Demangler demangler;
-
-  ASSERT_EQ("one(two<char>)", demangler.Parse("_ZN3oneE3twoIcE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("one(two<char, void>)", demangler.Parse("_ZN3oneE3twoIcvE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("one(two<char, void, three<four, int>>)",
-            demangler.Parse("_ZN3oneE3twoIcv5threeI4fouriEE"));
-}
-
-TEST(DemangleTest, SubstitutionUnderscore) {
-  Demangler demangler;
-
-  ASSERT_EQ("a::a", demangler.Parse("_ZN1aS_E"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("one::one", demangler.Parse("_ZN3oneS_E"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("one::two::one", demangler.Parse("_ZN3one3twoS_E"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("one::two::three::one", demangler.Parse("_ZN3one3two5threeS_E"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("one::two(one)", demangler.Parse("_ZN3one3twoES_"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("one::two(three::one)", demangler.Parse("_ZN3one3twoEN5threeS_E"));
-
-  // Special case that St is part of the saved value used in the substitution.
-  ASSERT_EQ("std::one::std::one", demangler.Parse("_ZNSt3oneS_E"));
-
-  // Multiple substitutions in the string.
-  ASSERT_EQ("one::one(one, one)", demangler.Parse("_ZN3oneS_ES_S_"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("std::one::two::std::one(std::one)", demangler.Parse("_ZNSt3one3twoS_ES_"));
-}
-
-TEST(DemangleTest, SubstitutionByNumber) {
-  Demangler demangler;
-
-  // Basic substitution.
-  ASSERT_EQ("a::b::c(a::b)", demangler.Parse("_ZN1a1b1cES0_"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZN1a1b1cES1_", demangler.Parse("_ZN1a1b1cES1_"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("a::b::c::d(a::b::c)", demangler.Parse("_ZN1a1b1c1dES1_"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("a::b::c::d::e::f::g::h::i::j::k::l::m::n::o::p::q(a::b::c::d::e::f::g::h::i::j::k::l)",
-            demangler.Parse("_ZN1a1b1c1d1e1f1g1h1i1j1k1l1m1n1o1p1qESA_"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("a::b::c::d::e::f::g::h::i::j::k::l::m::n::o::p::q(a::b::c::d::e::f::g::h::i::j::k::l::m)",
-            demangler.Parse("_ZN1a1b1c1d1e1f1g1h1i1j1k1l1m1n1o1p1qESB_"));
-
-  // Verify argument modifiers are included in substitution list.
-  ASSERT_EQ("one::two(char&* volatile const, char&)", demangler.Parse("_ZN3one3twoEKVPRcS0_"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("one::two(char&* volatile const, char&*)", demangler.Parse("_ZN3one3twoEKVPRcS1_"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("one::two(char&* volatile const, char&* volatile const)",
-            demangler.Parse("_ZN3one3twoEKVPRcS2_"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("one::two(int&* volatile* const, int&)", demangler.Parse("_ZN3one3twoEKPVPRiS0_"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("one::two(int&* volatile const, int&*)", demangler.Parse("_ZN3one3twoEKVPRiS1_"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("one::two(int&* volatile const, int&* volatile const)",
-            demangler.Parse("_ZN3one3twoEKVPRiS2_"));
-
-  // Verify Constructor/Destructor does properly save from function name.
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZN1a1bES0_", demangler.Parse("_ZN1a1bES0_"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("a::b::b(a::b)", demangler.Parse("_ZN1a1bC1ES0_"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("a::b::~b(a::b)", demangler.Parse("_ZN1a1bD0ES0_"));
-
-  // Make sure substitution values are not saved.
-  ASSERT_EQ("a::b::b(a::b, char*, char*)", demangler.Parse("_ZN1a1bC1ES0_PcS1_"));
-}
-
-TEST(DemangleTest, ComplexSubstitution) {
-  Demangler demangler;
-
-  ASSERT_EQ("one::two<one::three>::two()", demangler.Parse("_ZN3one3twoINS_5threeEEC1Ev"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("one::two::two(one::two const&, bool, one::three*)",
-            demangler.Parse("_ZN3one3twoC2ERKS0_bPNS_5threeE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("one::two::three::four<one::five>::~four(one::two*)",
-            demangler.Parse("_ZN3one3two5three4fourINS_4fiveEED2EPS0_"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("one::two::three::four<one::five>::~four(one::two::three*)",
-            demangler.Parse("_ZN3one3two5three4fourINS_4fiveEED2EPS1_"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("one::two::three::four<one::five>::~four(one::two::three::four*)",
-            demangler.Parse("_ZN3one3two5three4fourINS_4fiveEED2EPS2_"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("one::two::three::four<one::five>::~four(one::five*)",
-            demangler.Parse("_ZN3one3two5three4fourINS_4fiveEED2EPS3_"));
-}
-
-TEST(DemangleTest, TemplateSubstitution) {
-  Demangler demangler;
-
-  ASSERT_EQ("void one<int, double>(int)", demangler.Parse("_ZN3oneIidEEvT_"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("void one<int, double>(double)", demangler.Parse("_ZN3oneIidEEvT0_"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("void one<int, double, char, void>(char)", demangler.Parse("_ZN3oneIidcvEEvT1_"));
-
-  ASSERT_EQ("void one<int, double>(int)", demangler.Parse("_Z3oneIidEvT_"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("void one<int, double>(double)", demangler.Parse("_Z3oneIidEvT0_"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("void one<int, double, char, void>(char)", demangler.Parse("_Z3oneIidcvEvT1_"));
-
-  ASSERT_EQ("void one<a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r>(l)",
-            demangler.Parse("_ZN3oneI1a1b1c1d1e1f1g1h1i1j1k1l1m1n1o1p1q1rEEvT10_"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("void one<a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r>(m)",
-            demangler.Parse("_ZN3oneI1a1b1c1d1e1f1g1h1i1j1k1l1m1n1o1p1q1rEEvT11_"));
-
-  ASSERT_EQ("void one<a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r>(l)",
-            demangler.Parse("_Z3oneI1a1b1c1d1e1f1g1h1i1j1k1l1m1n1o1p1q1rEvT10_"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("void one<a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r>(m)",
-            demangler.Parse("_Z3oneI1a1b1c1d1e1f1g1h1i1j1k1l1m1n1o1p1q1rEvT11_"));
-}
-
-TEST(DemangleTest, StringTooLong) {
-  Demangler demangler;
-
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZN3one3twoC2ERKS0_bPNS_5threeE",
-            demangler.Parse("_ZN3one3twoC2ERKS0_bPNS_5threeE", 10));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZN3one3twoC2ERKS0_bPNS_5threeE",
-            demangler.Parse("_ZN3one3twoC2ERKS0_bPNS_5threeE", 30));
-  ASSERT_EQ("one::two::two(one::two const&, bool, one::three*)",
-            demangler.Parse("_ZN3one3twoC2ERKS0_bPNS_5threeE", 31));
-
-  // Check the length check only occurs after the two letter value
-  // has been processed.
-  ASSERT_EQ("one::two(auto)", demangler.Parse("_ZN3one3twoEDa", 15));
-  ASSERT_EQ("one::two(auto)", demangler.Parse("_ZN3one3twoEDa", 14));
-  ASSERT_EQ("one::two(auto)", demangler.Parse("_ZN3one3twoEDa", 13));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZN3one3twoEDa", demangler.Parse("_ZN3one3twoEDa", 12));
-}
-
-TEST(DemangleTest, BooleanLiterals) {
-  Demangler demangler;
-
-  ASSERT_EQ("one<true>", demangler.Parse("_ZN3oneILb1EEE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("one<false>", demangler.Parse("_ZN3oneILb0EEE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("one<false, true>", demangler.Parse("_ZN3oneILb0ELb1EEE"));
-
-  ASSERT_EQ("one<true>", demangler.Parse("_Z3oneILb1EE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("one<false>", demangler.Parse("_Z3oneILb0EE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("one<false, true>", demangler.Parse("_Z3oneILb0ELb1EE"));
-
-  ASSERT_EQ("one(two<three<four>, false, true>)",
-            demangler.Parse("_ZN3oneE3twoI5threeI4fourELb0ELb1EE"));
-}
-
-TEST(DemangleTest, non_virtual_thunk) {
-  Demangler demangler;
-
-  ASSERT_EQ("non-virtual thunk to one", demangler.Parse("_ZThn0_N3oneE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("non-virtual thunk to two", demangler.Parse("_ZThn0_3two"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("non-virtual thunk to three", demangler.Parse("_ZTh0_5three"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("non-virtual thunk to four", demangler.Parse("_ZTh_4four"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("non-virtual thunk to five", demangler.Parse("_ZTh0123456789_4five"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("non-virtual thunk to six", demangler.Parse("_ZThn0123456789_3six"));
-
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZThn0N3oneE", demangler.Parse("_ZThn0N3oneE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZThn03two", demangler.Parse("_ZThn03two"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZTh05three", demangler.Parse("_ZTh05three"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZTh4four", demangler.Parse("_ZTh4four"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZTh01234567894five", demangler.Parse("_ZTh01234567894five"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZThn01234567893six", demangler.Parse("_ZThn01234567893six"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZT_N3oneE", demangler.Parse("_ZT_N3oneE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZT0_N3oneE", demangler.Parse("_ZT0_N3oneE"));
-  ASSERT_EQ("_ZTH_N3oneE", demangler.Parse("_ZTH_N3oneE"));
-}
-
-TEST(DemangleTest, r_value_reference) {
-  Demangler demangler;
-  ASSERT_EQ(
-      "android::SurfaceComposerClient::Transaction::merge(android::SurfaceComposerClient::"
-      "Transaction&&)",
-      demangler.Parse("_ZN7android21SurfaceComposerClient11Transaction5mergeEOS1_"));
-}
-
-TEST(DemangleTest, initial_St) {
-  Demangler demangler;
-  EXPECT_EQ("std::state", demangler.Parse("_ZSt5state"));
-  EXPECT_EQ("std::_In::ward", demangler.Parse("_ZNSt3_In4wardE"));
-  EXPECT_EQ("std::__terminate(void (*)())", demangler.Parse("_ZSt11__terminatePFvvE"));
-}
-
-TEST(DemangleTest, cfi) {
-  Demangler demangler;
-  EXPECT_EQ("nfa_sys_ptim_timer_update(tPTIM_CB*)",
-            demangler.Parse("_Z25nfa_sys_ptim_timer_updateP8tPTIM_CB"));
-  EXPECT_EQ("nfa_sys_ptim_timer_update(tPTIM_CB*) [clone .cfi]",
-            demangler.Parse("_Z25nfa_sys_ptim_timer_updateP8tPTIM_CB.cfi"));
-}
-
-TEST(DemangleTest, demangle) {
-  std::string str;
-
-  str = demangle("_ZN1a1b1cES0_");
-  ASSERT_EQ("a::b::c(a::b)", str);
-
-  str = demangle("_");
-  ASSERT_EQ("_", str);
-
-  str = demangle("_Z");
-  ASSERT_EQ("_Z", str);
-
-  str = demangle("_Za");
-  ASSERT_EQ("_Za", str);
-
-  str = demangle("_Zaa");
-  ASSERT_EQ("operator&&", str);
-
-  str = demangle("Xa");
-  ASSERT_EQ("Xa", str);
-}
diff --git a/demangle/Demangler.cpp b/demangle/Demangler.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 7bae356..0000000
--- a/demangle/Demangler.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,925 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include <assert.h>
-#include <string.h>
-
-#include <cctype>
-#include <stack>
-#include <string>
-#include <vector>
-
-#include "Demangler.h"
-
-constexpr const char* Demangler::kTypes[];
-constexpr const char* Demangler::kDTypes[];
-constexpr const char* Demangler::kSTypes[];
-
-void Demangler::Save(const std::string& str, bool is_name) {
-  saves_.push_back(str);
-  last_save_name_ = is_name;
-}
-
-std::string Demangler::GetArgumentsString() {
-  size_t num_args = cur_state_.args.size();
-  std::string arg_str;
-  if (num_args > 0) {
-    arg_str = cur_state_.args[0];
-    for (size_t i = 1; i < num_args; i++) {
-      arg_str += ", " + cur_state_.args[i];
-    }
-  }
-  return arg_str;
-}
-
-const char* Demangler::AppendOperatorString(const char* name) {
-  const char* oper = nullptr;
-  switch (*name) {
-  case 'a':
-    name++;
-    switch (*name) {
-    case 'a':
-      oper = "operator&&";
-      break;
-    case 'd':
-    case 'n':
-      oper = "operator&";
-      break;
-    case 'N':
-      oper = "operator&=";
-      break;
-    case 'S':
-      oper = "operator=";
-      break;
-    }
-    break;
-  case 'c':
-    name++;
-    switch (*name) {
-    case 'l':
-      oper = "operator()";
-      break;
-    case 'm':
-      oper = "operator,";
-      break;
-    case 'o':
-      oper = "operator~";
-      break;
-    }
-    break;
-  case 'd':
-    name++;
-    switch (*name) {
-    case 'a':
-      oper = "operator delete[]";
-      break;
-    case 'e':
-      oper = "operator*";
-      break;
-    case 'l':
-      oper = "operator delete";
-      break;
-    case 'v':
-      oper = "operator/";
-      break;
-    case 'V':
-      oper = "operator/=";
-      break;
-    }
-    break;
-  case 'e':
-    name++;
-    switch (*name) {
-    case 'o':
-      oper = "operator^";
-      break;
-    case 'O':
-      oper = "operator^=";
-      break;
-    case 'q':
-      oper = "operator==";
-      break;
-    }
-    break;
-  case 'g':
-    name++;
-    switch (*name) {
-    case 'e':
-      oper = "operator>=";
-      break;
-    case 't':
-      oper = "operator>";
-      break;
-    }
-    break;
-  case 'i':
-    name++;
-    switch (*name) {
-    case 'x':
-      oper = "operator[]";
-      break;
-    }
-    break;
-  case 'l':
-    name++;
-    switch (*name) {
-    case 'e':
-      oper = "operator<=";
-      break;
-    case 's':
-      oper = "operator<<";
-      break;
-    case 'S':
-      oper = "operator<<=";
-      break;
-    case 't':
-      oper = "operator<";
-      break;
-    }
-    break;
-  case 'm':
-    name++;
-    switch (*name) {
-    case 'i':
-      oper = "operator-";
-      break;
-    case 'I':
-      oper = "operator-=";
-      break;
-    case 'l':
-      oper = "operator*";
-      break;
-    case 'L':
-      oper = "operator*=";
-      break;
-    case 'm':
-      oper = "operator--";
-      break;
-    }
-    break;
-  case 'n':
-    name++;
-    switch (*name) {
-    case 'a':
-      oper = "operator new[]";
-      break;
-    case 'e':
-      oper = "operator!=";
-      break;
-    case 'g':
-      oper = "operator-";
-      break;
-    case 't':
-      oper = "operator!";
-      break;
-    case 'w':
-      oper = "operator new";
-      break;
-    }
-    break;
-  case 'o':
-    name++;
-    switch (*name) {
-    case 'o':
-      oper = "operator||";
-      break;
-    case 'r':
-      oper = "operator|";
-      break;
-    case 'R':
-      oper = "operator|=";
-      break;
-    }
-    break;
-  case 'p':
-    name++;
-    switch (*name) {
-    case 'm':
-      oper = "operator->*";
-      break;
-    case 'l':
-      oper = "operator+";
-      break;
-    case 'L':
-      oper = "operator+=";
-      break;
-    case 'p':
-      oper = "operator++";
-      break;
-    case 's':
-      oper = "operator+";
-      break;
-    case 't':
-      oper = "operator->";
-      break;
-    }
-    break;
-  case 'q':
-    name++;
-    switch (*name) {
-    case 'u':
-      oper = "operator?";
-      break;
-    }
-    break;
-  case 'r':
-    name++;
-    switch (*name) {
-    case 'm':
-      oper = "operator%";
-      break;
-    case 'M':
-      oper = "operator%=";
-      break;
-    case 's':
-      oper = "operator>>";
-      break;
-    case 'S':
-      oper = "operator>>=";
-      break;
-    }
-    break;
-  }
-  if (oper == nullptr) {
-    return nullptr;
-  }
-  AppendCurrent(oper);
-  cur_state_.last_save = oper;
-  return name + 1;
-}
-
-const char* Demangler::GetStringFromLength(const char* name, std::string* str) {
-  assert(std::isdigit(*name));
-
-  size_t length = *name - '0';
-  name++;
-  while (*name != '\0' && std::isdigit(*name)) {
-    length = length * 10 + *name - '0';
-    name++;
-  }
-
-  std::string read_str;
-  while (*name != '\0' && length != 0) {
-    read_str += *name;
-    name++;
-    length--;
-  }
-  if (length != 0) {
-    return nullptr;
-  }
-  // Special replacement of _GLOBAL__N_1 to (anonymous namespace).
-  if (read_str == "_GLOBAL__N_1") {
-    *str += "(anonymous namespace)";
-  } else {
-    *str += read_str;
-  }
-  return name;
-}
-
-void Demangler::AppendCurrent(const std::string& str) {
-  if (!cur_state_.str.empty()) {
-    cur_state_.str += "::";
-  }
-  cur_state_.str += str;
-}
-
-void Demangler::AppendCurrent(const char* str) {
-  if (!cur_state_.str.empty()) {
-    cur_state_.str += "::";
-  }
-  cur_state_.str += str;
-}
-
-const char* Demangler::ParseS(const char* name) {
-  if (std::islower(*name)) {
-    const char* type = kSTypes[*name - 'a'];
-    if (type == nullptr) {
-      return nullptr;
-    }
-    AppendCurrent(type);
-    return name + 1;
-  }
-
-  if (saves_.empty()) {
-    return nullptr;
-  }
-
-  if (*name == '_') {
-    last_save_name_ = false;
-    AppendCurrent(saves_[0]);
-    return name + 1;
-  }
-
-  bool isdigit = std::isdigit(*name);
-  if (!isdigit && !std::isupper(*name)) {
-    return nullptr;
-  }
-
-  size_t index;
-  if (isdigit) {
-    index = *name - '0' + 1;
-  } else {
-    index = *name - 'A' + 11;
-  }
-  name++;
-  if (*name != '_') {
-    return nullptr;
-  }
-
-  if (index >= saves_.size()) {
-    return nullptr;
-  }
-
-  last_save_name_ = false;
-  AppendCurrent(saves_[index]);
-  return name + 1;
-}
-
-const char* Demangler::ParseT(const char* name) {
-  if (template_saves_.empty()) {
-    return nullptr;
-  }
-
-  if (*name == '_') {
-    last_save_name_ = false;
-    AppendCurrent(template_saves_[0]);
-    return name + 1;
-  }
-
-  // Need to get the total number.
-  char* end;
-  unsigned long int index = strtoul(name, &end, 10) + 1;
-  if (name == end || *end != '_') {
-    return nullptr;
-  }
-
-  if (index >= template_saves_.size()) {
-    return nullptr;
-  }
-
-  last_save_name_ = false;
-  AppendCurrent(template_saves_[index]);
-  return end + 1;
-}
-
-const char* Demangler::ParseFunctionName(const char* name) {
-  if (*name == 'E') {
-    if (parse_funcs_.empty()) {
-      return nullptr;
-    }
-    parse_func_ = parse_funcs_.back();
-    parse_funcs_.pop_back();
-
-    // Remove the last saved part so that the full function name is not saved.
-    // But only if the last save was not something like a substitution.
-    if (!saves_.empty() && last_save_name_) {
-      saves_.pop_back();
-    }
-
-    function_name_ += cur_state_.str;
-    while (!cur_state_.suffixes.empty()) {
-      function_suffix_ += cur_state_.suffixes.back();
-      cur_state_.suffixes.pop_back();
-    }
-    cur_state_.Clear();
-
-    return name + 1;
-  }
-
-  if (*name == 'I') {
-    state_stack_.push(cur_state_);
-    cur_state_.Clear();
-
-    parse_funcs_.push_back(parse_func_);
-    parse_func_ = &Demangler::ParseFunctionNameTemplate;
-    return name + 1;
-  }
-
-  return ParseComplexString(name);
-}
-
-const char* Demangler::ParseFunctionNameTemplate(const char* name) {
-  if (*name == 'E' && name[1] == 'E') {
-    // Only consider this a template with saves if it is right before
-    // the end of the name.
-    template_found_ = true;
-    template_saves_ = cur_state_.args;
-  }
-  return ParseTemplateArgumentsComplex(name);
-}
-
-const char* Demangler::ParseComplexArgument(const char* name) {
-  if (*name == 'E') {
-    if (parse_funcs_.empty()) {
-      return nullptr;
-    }
-    parse_func_ = parse_funcs_.back();
-    parse_funcs_.pop_back();
-
-    AppendArgument(cur_state_.str);
-    cur_state_.str.clear();
-
-    return name + 1;
-  }
-
-  return ParseComplexString(name);
-}
-
-void Demangler::FinalizeTemplate() {
-  std::string arg_str(GetArgumentsString());
-  cur_state_ = state_stack_.top();
-  state_stack_.pop();
-  cur_state_.str += '<' + arg_str + '>';
-}
-
-const char* Demangler::ParseComplexString(const char* name) {
-  if (*name == 'S') {
-    name++;
-    if (*name == 't') {
-      AppendCurrent("std");
-      return name + 1;
-    }
-    return ParseS(name);
-  }
-  if (*name == 'L') {
-    name++;
-    if (!std::isdigit(*name)) {
-      return nullptr;
-    }
-  }
-  if (std::isdigit(*name)) {
-    std::string str;
-    name = GetStringFromLength(name, &str);
-    if (name == nullptr) {
-      return name;
-    }
-    AppendCurrent(str);
-    Save(cur_state_.str, true);
-    cur_state_.last_save = std::move(str);
-    return name;
-  }
-  if (*name == 'D') {
-    name++;
-    if (saves_.empty() || (*name != '0' && *name != '1' && *name != '2'
-        && *name != '5')) {
-      return nullptr;
-    }
-    last_save_name_ = false;
-    AppendCurrent("~" + cur_state_.last_save);
-    return name + 1;
-  }
-  if (*name == 'C') {
-    name++;
-    if (saves_.empty() || (*name != '1' && *name != '2' && *name != '3'
-        && *name != '5')) {
-      return nullptr;
-    }
-    last_save_name_ = false;
-    AppendCurrent(cur_state_.last_save);
-    return name + 1;
-  }
-  if (*name == 'K') {
-    cur_state_.suffixes.push_back(" const");
-    return name + 1;
-  }
-  if (*name == 'V') {
-    cur_state_.suffixes.push_back(" volatile");
-    return name + 1;
-  }
-  if (*name == 'I') {
-    // Save the current argument state.
-    state_stack_.push(cur_state_);
-    cur_state_.Clear();
-
-    parse_funcs_.push_back(parse_func_);
-    parse_func_ = &Demangler::ParseTemplateArgumentsComplex;
-    return name + 1;
-  }
-  name = AppendOperatorString(name);
-  if (name != nullptr) {
-    Save(cur_state_.str, true);
-  }
-  return name;
-}
-
-void Demangler::AppendArgument(const std::string& str) {
-  std::string arg(str);
-  while (!cur_state_.suffixes.empty()) {
-    arg += cur_state_.suffixes.back();
-    cur_state_.suffixes.pop_back();
-    Save(arg, false);
-  }
-  cur_state_.args.push_back(arg);
-}
-
-const char* Demangler::ParseFunctionArgument(const char* name) {
-  if (*name == 'E') {
-    // The first argument is the function modifier.
-    // The second argument is the function type.
-    // The third argument is the return type of the function.
-    // The rest of the arguments are the function arguments.
-    size_t num_args = cur_state_.args.size();
-    if (num_args < 4) {
-      return nullptr;
-    }
-    std::string function_modifier = cur_state_.args[0];
-    std::string function_type = cur_state_.args[1];
-
-    std::string str = cur_state_.args[2] + ' ';
-    if (!cur_state_.args[1].empty()) {
-      str += '(' + cur_state_.args[1] + ')';
-    }
-
-    if (num_args == 4 && cur_state_.args[3] == "void") {
-      str += "()";
-    } else {
-      str += '(' + cur_state_.args[3];
-      for (size_t i = 4; i < num_args; i++) {
-        str += ", " + cur_state_.args[i];
-      }
-      str += ')';
-    }
-    str += cur_state_.args[0];
-
-    cur_state_ = state_stack_.top();
-    state_stack_.pop();
-    cur_state_.args.emplace_back(std::move(str));
-
-    parse_func_ = parse_funcs_.back();
-    parse_funcs_.pop_back();
-    return name + 1;
-  }
-  return ParseArguments(name);
-}
-
-const char* Demangler::ParseArguments(const char* name) {
-  switch (*name) {
-  case 'P':
-    cur_state_.suffixes.push_back("*");
-    return name + 1;
-
-  case 'R':
-    // This should always be okay because the string is guaranteed to have
-    // at least two characters before this. A mangled string always starts
-    // with _Z.
-    if (name[-1] != 'R') {
-      // Multiple 'R's in a row only add a single &.
-      cur_state_.suffixes.push_back("&");
-    }
-    return name + 1;
-
-  case 'O':
-    cur_state_.suffixes.push_back("&&");
-    return name + 1;
-
-  case 'K':
-  case 'V': {
-    const char* suffix;
-    if (*name == 'K') {
-      suffix = " const";
-    } else {
-      suffix = " volatile";
-    }
-    if (!cur_state_.suffixes.empty() && (name[-1] == 'K' || name[-1] == 'V')) {
-      // Special case, const/volatile apply as a single entity.
-      size_t index = cur_state_.suffixes.size();
-      cur_state_.suffixes[index-1].insert(0, suffix);
-    } else {
-      cur_state_.suffixes.push_back(suffix);
-    }
-    return name + 1;
-  }
-
-  case 'F': {
-    std::string function_modifier;
-    std::string function_type;
-    if (!cur_state_.suffixes.empty()) {
-      // If the first element starts with a ' ', then this modifies the
-      // function itself.
-      if (cur_state_.suffixes.back()[0] == ' ') {
-        function_modifier = cur_state_.suffixes.back();
-        cur_state_.suffixes.pop_back();
-      }
-      while (!cur_state_.suffixes.empty()) {
-        function_type += cur_state_.suffixes.back();
-        cur_state_.suffixes.pop_back();
-      }
-    }
-
-    state_stack_.push(cur_state_);
-
-    cur_state_.Clear();
-
-    // The function parameter has this format:
-    //   First argument is the function modifier.
-    //   Second argument is the function type.
-    //   Third argument will be the return function type but has not
-    //     been parsed yet.
-    //   Any other parameters are the arguments to the function. There
-    //     must be at least one or this isn't valid.
-    cur_state_.args.push_back(function_modifier);
-    cur_state_.args.push_back(function_type);
-
-    parse_funcs_.push_back(parse_func_);
-    parse_func_ = &Demangler::ParseFunctionArgument;
-    return name + 1;
-  }
-
-  case 'N':
-    parse_funcs_.push_back(parse_func_);
-    parse_func_ = &Demangler::ParseComplexArgument;
-    return name + 1;
-
-  case 'S':
-    name++;
-    if (*name == 't') {
-      cur_state_.str = "std::";
-      return name + 1;
-    }
-    name = ParseS(name);
-    if (name == nullptr) {
-      return nullptr;
-    }
-    AppendArgument(cur_state_.str);
-    cur_state_.str.clear();
-    return name;
-
-  case 'D':
-    name++;
-    if (*name >= 'a' && *name <= 'z') {
-      const char* arg = Demangler::kDTypes[*name - 'a'];
-      if (arg == nullptr) {
-        return nullptr;
-      }
-      AppendArgument(arg);
-      return name + 1;
-    }
-    return nullptr;
-
-  case 'I':
-    // Save the current argument state.
-    state_stack_.push(cur_state_);
-    cur_state_.Clear();
-
-    parse_funcs_.push_back(parse_func_);
-    parse_func_ = &Demangler::ParseTemplateArguments;
-    return name + 1;
-
-  case 'v':
-    AppendArgument("void");
-    return name + 1;
-
-  default:
-    if (*name >= 'a' && *name <= 'z') {
-      const char* arg = Demangler::kTypes[*name - 'a'];
-      if (arg == nullptr) {
-        return nullptr;
-      }
-      AppendArgument(arg);
-      return name + 1;
-    } else if (std::isdigit(*name)) {
-      std::string arg = cur_state_.str;
-      name = GetStringFromLength(name, &arg);
-      if (name == nullptr) {
-        return nullptr;
-      }
-      Save(arg, true);
-      if (*name == 'I') {
-        // There is one case where this argument is not complete, and that's
-        // where this is a template argument.
-        cur_state_.str = arg;
-      } else {
-        AppendArgument(arg);
-        cur_state_.str.clear();
-      }
-      return name;
-    } else if (strcmp(name, ".cfi") == 0) {
-      function_suffix_ += " [clone .cfi]";
-      return name + 4;
-    }
-  }
-  return nullptr;
-}
-
-const char* Demangler::ParseTemplateLiteral(const char* name) {
-  if (*name == 'E') {
-    parse_func_ = parse_funcs_.back();
-    parse_funcs_.pop_back();
-    return name + 1;
-  }
-  // Only understand boolean values with 0 or 1.
-  if (*name == 'b') {
-    name++;
-    if (*name == '0') {
-      AppendArgument("false");
-      cur_state_.str.clear();
-    } else if (*name == '1') {
-      AppendArgument("true");
-      cur_state_.str.clear();
-    } else {
-      return nullptr;
-    }
-    return name + 1;
-  }
-  return nullptr;
-}
-
-const char* Demangler::ParseTemplateArgumentsComplex(const char* name) {
-  if (*name == 'E') {
-    if (parse_funcs_.empty()) {
-      return nullptr;
-    }
-    parse_func_ = parse_funcs_.back();
-    parse_funcs_.pop_back();
-
-    FinalizeTemplate();
-    Save(cur_state_.str, false);
-    return name + 1;
-  } else if (*name == 'L') {
-    // Literal value for a template.
-    parse_funcs_.push_back(parse_func_);
-    parse_func_ = &Demangler::ParseTemplateLiteral;
-    return name + 1;
-  }
-
-  return ParseArguments(name);
-}
-
-const char* Demangler::ParseTemplateArguments(const char* name) {
-  if (*name == 'E') {
-    if (parse_funcs_.empty()) {
-      return nullptr;
-    }
-    parse_func_ = parse_funcs_.back();
-    parse_funcs_.pop_back();
-    FinalizeTemplate();
-    AppendArgument(cur_state_.str);
-    cur_state_.str.clear();
-    return name + 1;
-  } else if (*name == 'L') {
-    // Literal value for a template.
-    parse_funcs_.push_back(parse_func_);
-    parse_func_ = &Demangler::ParseTemplateLiteral;
-    return name + 1;
-  }
-
-  return ParseArguments(name);
-}
-
-const char* Demangler::ParseFunctionTemplateArguments(const char* name) {
-  if (*name == 'E') {
-    parse_func_ = parse_funcs_.back();
-    parse_funcs_.pop_back();
-
-    function_name_ += '<' + GetArgumentsString() + '>';
-    template_found_ = true;
-    template_saves_ = cur_state_.args;
-    cur_state_.Clear();
-    return name + 1;
-  }
-  return ParseTemplateArgumentsComplex(name);
-}
-
-const char* Demangler::FindFunctionName(const char* name) {
-  if (*name == 'T') {
-    // non-virtual thunk, verify that it matches one of these patterns:
-    //   Thn[0-9]+_
-    //   Th[0-9]+_
-    //   Thn_
-    //   Th_
-    name++;
-    if (*name != 'h') {
-      return nullptr;
-    }
-    name++;
-    if (*name == 'n') {
-      name++;
-    }
-    while (std::isdigit(*name)) {
-      name++;
-    }
-    if (*name != '_') {
-      return nullptr;
-    }
-    function_name_ = "non-virtual thunk to ";
-    return name + 1;
-  }
-
-  if (*name == 'N') {
-    parse_funcs_.push_back(&Demangler::ParseArgumentsAtTopLevel);
-    parse_func_ = &Demangler::ParseFunctionName;
-    return name + 1;
-  }
-
-  if (*name == 'S') {
-    name++;
-    if (*name == 't') {
-      function_name_ = "std::";
-      name++;
-    } else {
-      return nullptr;
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (std::isdigit(*name)) {
-    name = GetStringFromLength(name, &function_name_);
-  } else if (*name == 'L' && std::isdigit(name[1])) {
-    name = GetStringFromLength(name + 1, &function_name_);
-  } else {
-    name = AppendOperatorString(name);
-    function_name_ = cur_state_.str;
-  }
-  cur_state_.Clear();
-
-  // Check for a template argument, which will still be part of the function
-  // name.
-  if (name != nullptr && *name == 'I') {
-    parse_funcs_.push_back(&Demangler::ParseArgumentsAtTopLevel);
-    parse_func_ = &Demangler::ParseFunctionTemplateArguments;
-    return name + 1;
-  }
-  parse_func_ = &Demangler::ParseArgumentsAtTopLevel;
-  return name;
-}
-
-const char* Demangler::ParseArgumentsAtTopLevel(const char* name) {
-  // At the top level is the only place where T is allowed.
-  if (*name == 'T') {
-    name++;
-    name = ParseT(name);
-    if (name == nullptr) {
-      return nullptr;
-    }
-    AppendArgument(cur_state_.str);
-    cur_state_.str.clear();
-    return name;
-  }
-
-  return Demangler::ParseArguments(name);
-}
-
-std::string Demangler::Parse(const char* name, size_t max_length) {
-  if (name[0] == '\0' || name[0] != '_' || name[1] == '\0' || name[1] != 'Z') {
-    // Name is not mangled.
-    return name;
-  }
-
-  Clear();
-
-  parse_func_ = &Demangler::FindFunctionName;
-  parse_funcs_.push_back(&Demangler::Fail);
-  const char* cur_name = name + 2;
-  while (cur_name != nullptr && *cur_name != '\0'
-      && static_cast<size_t>(cur_name - name) < max_length) {
-    cur_name = (this->*parse_func_)(cur_name);
-  }
-  if (cur_name == nullptr || *cur_name != '\0' || function_name_.empty() ||
-      !cur_state_.suffixes.empty()) {
-    return name;
-  }
-
-  std::string return_type;
-  if (template_found_) {
-    // Only a single argument with a template is not allowed.
-    if (cur_state_.args.size() == 1) {
-      return name;
-    }
-
-    // If there are at least two arguments, this template has a return type.
-    if (cur_state_.args.size() > 1) {
-      // The first argument will be the return value.
-      return_type = cur_state_.args[0] + ' ';
-      cur_state_.args.erase(cur_state_.args.begin());
-    }
-  }
-
-  std::string arg_str;
-  if (cur_state_.args.size() == 1 && cur_state_.args[0] == "void") {
-    // If the only argument is void, then don't print any args.
-    arg_str = "()";
-  } else {
-    arg_str = GetArgumentsString();
-    if (!arg_str.empty()) {
-      arg_str = '(' + arg_str + ')';
-    }
-  }
-  return return_type + function_name_ + arg_str + function_suffix_;
-}
-
-std::string demangle(const char* name) {
-  Demangler demangler;
-  return demangler.Parse(name);
-}
diff --git a/demangle/Demangler.h b/demangle/Demangler.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 3b7d44e..0000000
--- a/demangle/Demangler.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,200 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef __LIB_DEMANGLE_DEMANGLER_H
-#define __LIB_DEMANGLE_DEMANGLER_H
-
-#include <assert.h>
-
-#include <stack>
-#include <string>
-#include <vector>
-
-class Demangler {
- public:
-  Demangler() = default;
-
-  // NOTE: The max_length is not guaranteed to be the absolute max length
-  // of a string that will be rejected. Under certain circumstances the
-  // length check will not occur until after the second letter of a pair
-  // is checked.
-  std::string Parse(const char* name, size_t max_length = kMaxDefaultLength);
-
-  void AppendCurrent(const std::string& str);
-  void AppendCurrent(const char* str);
-  void AppendArgument(const std::string& str);
-  std::string GetArgumentsString();
-  void FinalizeTemplate();
-  const char* ParseS(const char* name);
-  const char* ParseT(const char* name);
-  const char* AppendOperatorString(const char* name);
-  void Save(const std::string& str, bool is_name);
-
- private:
-  void Clear() {
-    parse_funcs_.clear();
-    function_name_.clear();
-    function_suffix_.clear();
-    first_save_.clear();
-    cur_state_.Clear();
-    saves_.clear();
-    template_saves_.clear();
-    while (!state_stack_.empty()) {
-      state_stack_.pop();
-    }
-    last_save_name_ = false;
-    template_found_ = false;
-  }
-
-  using parse_func_type = const char* (Demangler::*)(const char*);
-  parse_func_type parse_func_;
-  std::vector<parse_func_type> parse_funcs_;
-  std::vector<std::string> saves_;
-  std::vector<std::string> template_saves_;
-  bool last_save_name_;
-  bool template_found_;
-
-  std::string function_name_;
-  std::string function_suffix_;
-
-  struct StateData {
-    void Clear() {
-      str.clear();
-      args.clear();
-      prefix.clear();
-      suffixes.clear();
-      last_save.clear();
-    }
-
-    std::string str;
-    std::vector<std::string> args;
-    std::string prefix;
-    std::vector<std::string> suffixes;
-    std::string last_save;
-  };
-  std::stack<StateData> state_stack_;
-  std::string first_save_;
-  StateData cur_state_;
-
-  static const char* GetStringFromLength(const char* name, std::string* str);
-
-  // Parsing functions.
-  const char* ParseComplexString(const char* name);
-  const char* ParseComplexArgument(const char* name);
-  const char* ParseArgumentsAtTopLevel(const char* name);
-  const char* ParseArguments(const char* name);
-  const char* ParseTemplateArguments(const char* name);
-  const char* ParseTemplateArgumentsComplex(const char* name);
-  const char* ParseTemplateLiteral(const char* name);
-  const char* ParseFunctionArgument(const char* name);
-  const char* ParseFunctionName(const char* name);
-  const char* ParseFunctionNameTemplate(const char* name);
-  const char* ParseFunctionTemplateArguments(const char* name);
-  const char* FindFunctionName(const char* name);
-  const char* Fail(const char*) { return nullptr; }
-
-  // The default maximum string length string to process.
-  static constexpr size_t kMaxDefaultLength = 2048;
-
-  static constexpr const char* kTypes[] = {
-    "signed char",        // a
-    "bool",               // b
-    "char",               // c
-    "double",             // d
-    "long double",        // e
-    "float",              // f
-    "__float128",         // g
-    "unsigned char",      // h
-    "int",                // i
-    "unsigned int",       // j
-    nullptr,              // k
-    "long",               // l
-    "unsigned long",      // m
-    "__int128",           // n
-    "unsigned __int128",  // o
-    nullptr,              // p
-    nullptr,              // q
-    nullptr,              // r
-    "short",              // s
-    "unsigned short",     // t
-    nullptr,              // u
-    "void",               // v
-    "wchar_t",            // w
-    "long long",          // x
-    "unsigned long long", // y
-    "...",                // z
-  };
-
-  static constexpr const char* kDTypes[] = {
-    "auto",               // a
-    nullptr,              // b
-    nullptr,              // c
-    "decimal64",          // d
-    "decimal128",         // e
-    "decimal32",          // f
-    nullptr,              // g
-    "half",               // h
-    "char32_t",           // i
-    nullptr,              // j
-    nullptr,              // k
-    nullptr,              // l
-    nullptr,              // m
-    "decltype(nullptr)",  // n
-    nullptr,              // o
-    nullptr,              // p
-    nullptr,              // q
-    nullptr,              // r
-    "char16_t",           // s
-    nullptr,              // t
-    nullptr,              // u
-    nullptr,              // v
-    nullptr,              // w
-    nullptr,              // x
-    nullptr,              // y
-    nullptr,              // z
-  };
-
-  static constexpr const char* kSTypes[] = {
-    "std::allocator",     // a
-    "std::basic_string",  // b
-    nullptr,              // c
-    "std::iostream",      // d
-    nullptr,              // e
-    nullptr,              // f
-    nullptr,              // g
-    nullptr,              // h
-    "std::istream",       // i
-    nullptr,              // j
-    nullptr,              // k
-    nullptr,              // l
-    nullptr,              // m
-    nullptr,              // n
-    "std::ostream",       // o
-    nullptr,              // p
-    nullptr,              // q
-    nullptr,              // r
-    "std::string",        // s
-    nullptr,              // t
-    nullptr,              // u
-    nullptr,              // v
-    nullptr,              // w
-    nullptr,              // x
-    nullptr,              // y
-    nullptr,              // z
-  };
-};
-
-#endif  // __LIB_DEMANGLE_DEMANGLER_H
diff --git a/demangle/OWNERS b/demangle/OWNERS
deleted file mode 100644
index 6f7e4a3..0000000
--- a/demangle/OWNERS
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-cferris@google.com
diff --git a/demangle/demangle.cpp b/demangle/demangle.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 66e5e58..0000000
--- a/demangle/demangle.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,133 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include <getopt.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-
-#include <cctype>
-#include <string>
-
-#include <demangle.h>
-
-extern "C" char* __cxa_demangle(const char*, char*, size_t*, int*);
-
-static void Usage(const char* prog_name) {
-  printf("usage: %s [-c] [NAME_TO_DEMANGLE...]\n", prog_name);
-  printf("\n");
-  printf("Demangles C++ mangled names if supplied on the command-line, or found\n");
-  printf("reading from stdin otherwise.\n");
-  printf("\n");
-  printf("-c\tCompare against __cxa_demangle\n");
-  printf("\n");
-}
-
-static std::string DemangleWithCxa(const char* name) {
-  const char* cxa_demangle = __cxa_demangle(name, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
-  if (cxa_demangle == nullptr) {
-    return name;
-  }
-
-  // The format of our demangler is slightly different from the cxa demangler
-  // so modify the cxa demangler output. Specifically, for templates, remove
-  // the spaces between '>' and '>'.
-  std::string demangled_str;
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < strlen(cxa_demangle); i++) {
-    if (i > 2 && cxa_demangle[i] == '>' && std::isspace(cxa_demangle[i - 1]) &&
-        cxa_demangle[i - 2] == '>') {
-      demangled_str.resize(demangled_str.size() - 1);
-    }
-    demangled_str += cxa_demangle[i];
-  }
-  return demangled_str;
-}
-
-static void Compare(const char* name, const std::string& demangled_name) {
-  std::string cxa_demangled_name(DemangleWithCxa(name));
-  if (cxa_demangled_name != demangled_name) {
-    printf("\nMismatch!\n");
-    printf("\tmangled name: %s\n", name);
-    printf("\tour demangle: %s\n", demangled_name.c_str());
-    printf("\tcxa demangle: %s\n", cxa_demangled_name.c_str());
-    exit(1);
-  }
-}
-
-static int Filter(bool compare) {
-  char* line = nullptr;
-  size_t line_length = 0;
-
-  while ((getline(&line, &line_length, stdin)) != -1) {
-    char* p = line;
-    char* name;
-    while ((name = strstr(p, "_Z")) != nullptr) {
-      // Output anything before the identifier.
-      *name = 0;
-      printf("%s", p);
-      *name = '_';
-
-      // Extract the identifier.
-      p = name;
-      while (*p && (std::isalnum(*p) || *p == '_' || *p == '.' || *p == '$')) ++p;
-
-      // Demangle and output.
-      std::string identifier(name, p);
-      std::string demangled_name = demangle(identifier.c_str());
-      printf("%s", demangled_name.c_str());
-
-      if (compare) Compare(identifier.c_str(), demangled_name);
-    }
-    // Output anything after the last identifier.
-    printf("%s", p);
-  }
-
-  free(line);
-  return 0;
-}
-
-int main(int argc, char** argv) {
-#ifdef __BIONIC__
-  const char* prog_name = getprogname();
-#else
-  const char* prog_name = argv[0];
-#endif
-
-  bool compare = false;
-  int opt_char;
-  while ((opt_char = getopt(argc, argv, "c")) != -1) {
-    if (opt_char == 'c') {
-      compare = true;
-    } else {
-      Usage(prog_name);
-      return 1;
-    }
-  }
-
-  // With no arguments, act as a filter.
-  if (optind == argc) return Filter(compare);
-
-  // Otherwise demangle each argument.
-  while (optind < argc) {
-    const char* name = argv[optind++];
-    std::string demangled_name = demangle(name);
-    printf("%s\n", demangled_name.c_str());
-
-    if (compare) Compare(name, demangled_name);
-  }
-  return 0;
-}
diff --git a/demangle/demangle_fuzzer.cpp b/demangle/demangle_fuzzer.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 83fafc2..0000000
--- a/demangle/demangle_fuzzer.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include <stddef.h>
-#include <stdint.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-
-#include <string>
-
-#include "Demangler.h"
-
-extern "C" void LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const uint8_t* data, size_t size) {
-  std::vector<char> data_str(size + 1);
-  memcpy(data_str.data(), data, size);
-  data_str[size] = '\0';
-
-  Demangler demangler;
-  std::string demangled_name = demangler.Parse(data_str.data());
-  if (size != 0 && data_str[0] != '\0' && demangled_name.empty()) {
-    abort();
-  }
-}
diff --git a/demangle/include/demangle.h b/demangle/include/demangle.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 01f1b80..0000000
--- a/demangle/include/demangle.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef __LIB_DEMANGLE_H_
-#define __LIB_DEMANGLE_H_
-
-#include <string>
-
-// If the name cannot be demangled, the original name will be returned as
-// a std::string. If the name can be demangled, then the demangled name
-// will be returned as a std::string.
-std::string demangle(const char* name);
-
-#endif  // __LIB_DEMANGLE_H_
diff --git a/fs_mgr/README.overlayfs.md b/fs_mgr/README.overlayfs.md
index d204bfd..fe2e052 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/README.overlayfs.md
+++ b/fs_mgr/README.overlayfs.md
@@ -95,8 +95,8 @@
 - Kernel must have CONFIG_OVERLAY_FS=y and will need to be patched
   with "*overlayfs: override_creds=off option bypass creator_cred*"
   if kernel is 4.4 or higher.
-  The patch is available on the upstream mailing list and the latest as of
-  Feb 8 2019 is https://lore.kernel.org/patchwork/patch/1009299/.
+  The patch series is available on the upstream mailing list and the latest as
+  of Jul 24 2019 is https://lore.kernel.org/patchwork/patch/1104577/.
   This patch adds an override_creds _mount_ option to overlayfs that
   permits legacy behavior for systems that do not have overlapping
   sepolicy rules, principals of least privilege, which is how Android behaves.
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libdm/Android.bp b/fs_mgr/libdm/Android.bp
index e429d9f..4cdea71 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libdm/Android.bp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libdm/Android.bp
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
         "dm_target.cpp",
         "dm.cpp",
         "loop_control.cpp",
+        "utility.cpp",
     ],
 
     static_libs: [
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libdm/dm.cpp b/fs_mgr/libdm/dm.cpp
index d56a4b1..a4e0d76 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libdm/dm.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libdm/dm.cpp
@@ -29,6 +29,8 @@
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <uuid/uuid.h>
 
+#include "utility.h"
+
 namespace android {
 namespace dm {
 
@@ -94,20 +96,6 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-bool WaitForCondition(const std::function<bool()>& condition,
-                      const std::chrono::milliseconds& timeout_ms) {
-    auto start_time = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
-    while (true) {
-        if (condition()) return true;
-
-        std::this_thread::sleep_for(20ms);
-
-        auto now = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
-        auto time_elapsed = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(now - start_time);
-        if (time_elapsed > timeout_ms) return false;
-    }
-}
-
 static std::string GenerateUuid() {
     uuid_t uuid_bytes;
     uuid_generate(uuid_bytes);
@@ -138,16 +126,7 @@
     if (timeout_ms <= std::chrono::milliseconds::zero()) {
         return true;
     }
-
-    auto condition = [&]() -> bool {
-        // If the file exists but returns EPERM or something, we consider the
-        // condition met.
-        if (access(unique_path.c_str(), F_OK) != 0) {
-            if (errno == ENOENT) return false;
-        }
-        return true;
-    };
-    if (!WaitForCondition(condition, timeout_ms)) {
+    if (!WaitForFile(unique_path, timeout_ms)) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Timed out waiting for device path: " << unique_path;
         DeleteDevice(name);
         return false;
@@ -171,6 +150,15 @@
     return true;
 }
 
+std::optional<DeviceMapper::Info> DeviceMapper::GetDetailedInfo(const std::string& name) const {
+    struct dm_ioctl io;
+    InitIo(&io, name);
+    if (ioctl(fd_, DM_DEV_STATUS, &io) < 0) {
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+    return Info(io.flags);
+}
+
 DmDeviceState DeviceMapper::GetState(const std::string& name) const {
     struct dm_ioctl io;
     InitIo(&io, name);
@@ -183,6 +171,24 @@
     return DmDeviceState::SUSPENDED;
 }
 
+bool DeviceMapper::ChangeState(const std::string& name, DmDeviceState state) {
+    if (state != DmDeviceState::SUSPENDED && state != DmDeviceState::ACTIVE) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    struct dm_ioctl io;
+    InitIo(&io, name);
+
+    if (state == DmDeviceState::SUSPENDED) io.flags = DM_SUSPEND_FLAG;
+
+    if (ioctl(fd_, DM_DEV_SUSPEND, &io) < 0) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "DM_DEV_SUSPEND "
+                    << (state == DmDeviceState::SUSPENDED ? "suspend" : "resume") << " failed";
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
 bool DeviceMapper::CreateDevice(const std::string& name, const DmTable& table) {
     std::string ignore_path;
     if (!CreateDevice(name, table, &ignore_path, 0ms)) {
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libdm/dm_target.cpp b/fs_mgr/libdm/dm_target.cpp
index da1013e..9152677 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libdm/dm_target.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libdm/dm_target.cpp
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #include "libdm/dm_target.h"
 
+#include <inttypes.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 
@@ -149,6 +150,25 @@
     return base_device_ + " " + cow_device_ + " " + mode + " " + std::to_string(chunk_size_);
 }
 
+// Computes the percentage of complition for snapshot status.
+// @sectors_initial is the number of sectors_allocated stored right before
+// starting the merge.
+double DmTargetSnapshot::MergePercent(const DmTargetSnapshot::Status& status,
+                                      uint64_t sectors_initial) {
+    uint64_t s = status.sectors_allocated;
+    uint64_t t = status.total_sectors;
+    uint64_t m = status.metadata_sectors;
+    uint64_t i = sectors_initial == 0 ? t : sectors_initial;
+
+    if (t <= s || i <= s) {
+        return 0.0;
+    }
+    if (s == 0 || t == 0 || s <= m) {
+        return 100.0;
+    }
+    return 100.0 / (i - m) * (i - s);
+}
+
 bool DmTargetSnapshot::ReportsOverflow(const std::string& target_type) {
     DeviceMapper& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
     DmTargetTypeInfo info;
@@ -165,35 +185,29 @@
 }
 
 bool DmTargetSnapshot::ParseStatusText(const std::string& text, Status* status) {
+    // Try to parse the line as it should be
+    int args = sscanf(text.c_str(), "%" PRIu64 "/%" PRIu64 " %" PRIu64, &status->sectors_allocated,
+                      &status->total_sectors, &status->metadata_sectors);
+    if (args == 3) {
+        return true;
+    }
     auto sections = android::base::Split(text, " ");
+    if (sections.size() == 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "could not parse empty status";
+        return false;
+    }
+    // Error codes are: "Invalid", "Overflow" and "Merge failed"
     if (sections.size() == 1) {
-        // This is probably an error code, "Invalid" is possible as is "Overflow"
-        // on 4.4+.
+        if (text == "Invalid" || text == "Overflow") {
+            status->error = text;
+            return true;
+        }
+    } else if (sections.size() == 2 && text == "Merge failed") {
         status->error = text;
         return true;
     }
-    if (sections.size() != 2) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "snapshot status should have two components";
-        return false;
-    }
-    auto sector_info = android::base::Split(sections[0], "/");
-    if (sector_info.size() != 2) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "snapshot sector info should have two components";
-        return false;
-    }
-    if (!android::base::ParseUint(sections[1], &status->metadata_sectors)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "could not parse metadata sectors";
-        return false;
-    }
-    if (!android::base::ParseUint(sector_info[0], &status->sectors_allocated)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "could not parse sectors allocated";
-        return false;
-    }
-    if (!android::base::ParseUint(sector_info[1], &status->total_sectors)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "could not parse total sectors";
-        return false;
-    }
-    return true;
+    LOG(ERROR) << "could not parse snapshot status: wrong format";
+    return false;
 }
 
 std::string DmTargetCrypt::GetParameterString() const {
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libdm/dm_test.cpp b/fs_mgr/libdm/dm_test.cpp
index 7a834e2..eed21dc 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libdm/dm_test.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libdm/dm_test.cpp
@@ -103,9 +103,9 @@
     ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteFully(tmp1, message1, sizeof(message1)));
     ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteFully(tmp2, message2, sizeof(message2)));
 
-    LoopDevice loop_a(tmp1);
+    LoopDevice loop_a(tmp1, 10s);
     ASSERT_TRUE(loop_a.valid());
-    LoopDevice loop_b(tmp2);
+    LoopDevice loop_b(tmp2, 10s);
     ASSERT_TRUE(loop_b.valid());
 
     // Define a 2-sector device, with each sector mapping to the first sector
@@ -166,6 +166,34 @@
     ASSERT_TRUE(dev.Destroy());
 }
 
+TEST(libdm, DmSuspendResume) {
+    unique_fd tmp1(CreateTempFile("file_suspend_resume", 512));
+    ASSERT_GE(tmp1, 0);
+
+    LoopDevice loop_a(tmp1, 10s);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(loop_a.valid());
+
+    DmTable table;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(table.Emplace<DmTargetLinear>(0, 1, loop_a.device(), 0));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(table.valid());
+
+    TempDevice dev("libdm-test-dm-suspend-resume", table);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(dev.valid());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(dev.path().empty());
+
+    auto& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
+
+    // Test Set and Get status of device.
+    vector<DeviceMapper::TargetInfo> targets;
+    ASSERT_EQ(dm.GetState(dev.name()), DmDeviceState::ACTIVE);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(dm.ChangeState(dev.name(), DmDeviceState::SUSPENDED));
+    ASSERT_EQ(dm.GetState(dev.name()), DmDeviceState::SUSPENDED);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(dm.ChangeState(dev.name(), DmDeviceState::ACTIVE));
+    ASSERT_EQ(dm.GetState(dev.name()), DmDeviceState::ACTIVE);
+}
+
 TEST(libdm, DmVerityArgsAvb2) {
     std::string device = "/dev/block/platform/soc/1da4000.ufshc/by-name/vendor_a";
     std::string algorithm = "sha1";
@@ -255,9 +283,9 @@
     cow_fd_ = CreateTempFile("cow_device", kCowDeviceSize);
     ASSERT_GE(cow_fd_, 0);
 
-    base_loop_ = std::make_unique<LoopDevice>(base_fd_);
+    base_loop_ = std::make_unique<LoopDevice>(base_fd_, 10s);
     ASSERT_TRUE(base_loop_->valid());
-    cow_loop_ = std::make_unique<LoopDevice>(cow_fd_);
+    cow_loop_ = std::make_unique<LoopDevice>(cow_fd_, 10s);
     ASSERT_TRUE(cow_loop_->valid());
 
     DmTable origin_table;
@@ -428,6 +456,87 @@
     }
 }
 
+TEST(libdm, ParseStatusText) {
+    DmTargetSnapshot::Status status;
+
+    // Bad inputs
+    EXPECT_FALSE(DmTargetSnapshot::ParseStatusText("", &status));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(DmTargetSnapshot::ParseStatusText("X", &status));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(DmTargetSnapshot::ParseStatusText("123", &status));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(DmTargetSnapshot::ParseStatusText("123/456", &status));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(DmTargetSnapshot::ParseStatusText("123 456", &status));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(DmTargetSnapshot::ParseStatusText("123 456", &status));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(DmTargetSnapshot::ParseStatusText("123 456 789", &status));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(DmTargetSnapshot::ParseStatusText("123 456/789", &status));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(DmTargetSnapshot::ParseStatusText("123/456/789", &status));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(DmTargetSnapshot::ParseStatusText("123 / 456 789", &status));
+
+    // Good input
+    EXPECT_TRUE(DmTargetSnapshot::ParseStatusText("123/456 789", &status));
+    EXPECT_EQ(status.sectors_allocated, 123);
+    EXPECT_EQ(status.total_sectors, 456);
+    EXPECT_EQ(status.metadata_sectors, 789);
+
+    // Known error codes
+    EXPECT_TRUE(DmTargetSnapshot::ParseStatusText("Invalid", &status));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(DmTargetSnapshot::ParseStatusText("Merge failed", &status));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(DmTargetSnapshot::ParseStatusText("Overflow", &status));
+}
+
+TEST(libdm, DmSnapshotMergePercent) {
+    DmTargetSnapshot::Status status;
+
+    // Correct input
+    status.sectors_allocated = 1000;
+    status.total_sectors = 1000;
+    status.metadata_sectors = 0;
+    EXPECT_LE(DmTargetSnapshot::MergePercent(status), 1.0);
+
+    status.sectors_allocated = 500;
+    status.total_sectors = 1000;
+    status.metadata_sectors = 0;
+    EXPECT_GE(DmTargetSnapshot::MergePercent(status), 49.0);
+    EXPECT_LE(DmTargetSnapshot::MergePercent(status), 51.0);
+
+    status.sectors_allocated = 0;
+    status.total_sectors = 1000;
+    status.metadata_sectors = 0;
+    EXPECT_GE(DmTargetSnapshot::MergePercent(status), 99.0);
+
+    status.sectors_allocated = 500;
+    status.total_sectors = 1000;
+    status.metadata_sectors = 500;
+    EXPECT_GE(DmTargetSnapshot::MergePercent(status), 99.0);
+
+    status.sectors_allocated = 500;
+    status.total_sectors = 1000;
+    status.metadata_sectors = 0;
+    EXPECT_LE(DmTargetSnapshot::MergePercent(status, 500), 1.0);
+    EXPECT_LE(DmTargetSnapshot::MergePercent(status, 1000), 51.0);
+    EXPECT_GE(DmTargetSnapshot::MergePercent(status, 1000), 49.0);
+
+    // Robustness
+    status.sectors_allocated = 2000;
+    status.total_sectors = 1000;
+    status.metadata_sectors = 0;
+    EXPECT_LE(DmTargetSnapshot::MergePercent(status), 0.0);
+
+    status.sectors_allocated = 2000;
+    status.total_sectors = 1000;
+    status.metadata_sectors = 2000;
+    EXPECT_LE(DmTargetSnapshot::MergePercent(status), 0.0);
+
+    status.sectors_allocated = 2000;
+    status.total_sectors = 0;
+    status.metadata_sectors = 2000;
+    EXPECT_LE(DmTargetSnapshot::MergePercent(status), 0.0);
+
+    status.sectors_allocated = 1000;
+    status.total_sectors = 0;
+    status.metadata_sectors = 1000;
+    EXPECT_LE(DmTargetSnapshot::MergePercent(status, 0), 0.0);
+}
+
 TEST(libdm, CryptArgs) {
     DmTargetCrypt target1(0, 512, "sha1", "abcdefgh", 50, "/dev/loop0", 100);
     ASSERT_EQ(target1.name(), "crypt");
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libdm/include/libdm/dm.h b/fs_mgr/libdm/include/libdm/dm.h
index 9c0c2f3..c6b37cf 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libdm/include/libdm/dm.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libdm/include/libdm/dm.h
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 
 #include <chrono>
 #include <memory>
+#include <optional>
 #include <string>
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
@@ -70,15 +71,37 @@
         uint64_t dev_;
     };
 
+    class Info {
+        uint32_t flags_;
+
+      public:
+        explicit Info(uint32_t flags) : flags_(flags) {}
+
+        bool IsActiveTablePresent() const { return flags_ & DM_ACTIVE_PRESENT_FLAG; }
+        bool IsBufferFull() const { return flags_ & DM_BUFFER_FULL_FLAG; }
+        bool IsInactiveTablePresent() const { return flags_ & DM_INACTIVE_PRESENT_FLAG; }
+        bool IsReadOnly() const { return flags_ & DM_READONLY_FLAG; }
+        bool IsSuspended() const { return flags_ & DM_SUSPEND_FLAG; }
+    };
+
     // Removes a device mapper device with the given name.
     // Returns 'true' on success, false otherwise.
     bool DeleteDevice(const std::string& name);
 
+    // Fetches and returns the complete state of the underlying device mapper
+    // device with given name.
+    std::optional<Info> GetDetailedInfo(const std::string& name) const;
+
     // Returns the current state of the underlying device mapper device
     // with given name.
     // One of INVALID, SUSPENDED or ACTIVE.
     DmDeviceState GetState(const std::string& name) const;
 
+    // Puts the given device to the specified status, which must be either:
+    // - SUSPENDED: suspend the device, or
+    // - ACTIVE: resumes the device.
+    bool ChangeState(const std::string& name, DmDeviceState state);
+
     // Creates a device, loads the given table, and activates it. If the device
     // is not able to be activated, it is destroyed, and false is returned.
     // After creation, |path| contains the result of calling
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libdm/include/libdm/dm_target.h b/fs_mgr/libdm/include/libdm/dm_target.h
index 722922d..ab7c2db 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libdm/include/libdm/dm_target.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libdm/include/libdm/dm_target.h
@@ -216,6 +216,7 @@
         std::string error;
     };
 
+    static double MergePercent(const Status& status, uint64_t sectors_initial = 0);
     static bool ParseStatusText(const std::string& text, Status* status);
     static bool ReportsOverflow(const std::string& target_type);
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libdm/include/libdm/loop_control.h b/fs_mgr/libdm/include/libdm/loop_control.h
index 6b4c2d8..eeed6b5 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libdm/include/libdm/loop_control.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libdm/include/libdm/loop_control.h
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #ifndef _LIBDM_LOOP_CONTROL_H_
 #define _LIBDM_LOOP_CONTROL_H_
 
+#include <chrono>
 #include <string>
 
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
@@ -29,8 +30,15 @@
     LoopControl();
 
     // Attaches the file specified by 'file_fd' to the loop device specified
-    // by 'loopdev'
-    bool Attach(int file_fd, std::string* loopdev) const;
+    // by 'loopdev'. It is possible that in between allocating and attaching
+    // a loop device, another process attaches to the chosen loop device. If
+    // this happens, Attach() will retry for up to |timeout_ms|. The timeout
+    // should not be zero.
+    //
+    // The caller does not have to call WaitForFile(); it is implicitly called.
+    // The given |timeout_ms| covers both potential sources of timeout.
+    bool Attach(int file_fd, const std::chrono::milliseconds& timeout_ms,
+                std::string* loopdev) const;
 
     // Detach the loop device given by 'loopdev' from the attached backing file.
     bool Detach(const std::string& loopdev) const;
@@ -56,13 +64,13 @@
   public:
     // Create a loop device for the given file descriptor. It is closed when
     // LoopDevice is destroyed only if auto_close is true.
-    LoopDevice(int fd, bool auto_close = false);
+    LoopDevice(int fd, const std::chrono::milliseconds& timeout_ms, bool auto_close = false);
     // Create a loop device for the given file path. It will be opened for
     // reading and writing and closed when the loop device is detached.
-    explicit LoopDevice(const std::string& path);
+    LoopDevice(const std::string& path, const std::chrono::milliseconds& timeout_ms);
     ~LoopDevice();
 
-    bool valid() const { return fd_ != -1 && !device_.empty(); }
+    bool valid() const { return valid_; }
     const std::string& device() const { return device_; }
 
     LoopDevice(const LoopDevice&) = delete;
@@ -71,12 +79,13 @@
     LoopDevice(LoopDevice&&) = default;
 
   private:
-    void Init();
+    void Init(const std::chrono::milliseconds& timeout_ms);
 
     android::base::unique_fd fd_;
     bool owns_fd_;
     std::string device_;
     LoopControl control_;
+    bool valid_ = false;
 };
 
 }  // namespace dm
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libdm/loop_control.cpp b/fs_mgr/libdm/loop_control.cpp
index 16bf4b0..edc9a45 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libdm/loop_control.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libdm/loop_control.cpp
@@ -27,6 +27,8 @@
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 
+#include "utility.h"
+
 namespace android {
 namespace dm {
 
@@ -37,21 +39,40 @@
     }
 }
 
-bool LoopControl::Attach(int file_fd, std::string* loopdev) const {
-    if (!FindFreeLoopDevice(loopdev)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to attach, no free loop devices";
-        return false;
-    }
+bool LoopControl::Attach(int file_fd, const std::chrono::milliseconds& timeout_ms,
+                         std::string* loopdev) const {
+    auto start_time = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+    auto condition = [&]() -> WaitResult {
+        if (!FindFreeLoopDevice(loopdev)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to attach, no free loop devices";
+            return WaitResult::Fail;
+        }
 
-    android::base::unique_fd loop_fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(loopdev->c_str(), O_RDWR | O_CLOEXEC)));
-    if (loop_fd < 0) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open: " << *loopdev;
-        return false;
-    }
+        auto now = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+        auto time_elapsed = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(now - start_time);
+        if (!WaitForFile(*loopdev, timeout_ms - time_elapsed)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Timed out waiting for path: " << *loopdev;
+            return WaitResult::Fail;
+        }
 
-    int rc = ioctl(loop_fd, LOOP_SET_FD, file_fd);
-    if (rc < 0) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed LOOP_SET_FD";
+        android::base::unique_fd loop_fd(
+                TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(loopdev->c_str(), O_RDWR | O_CLOEXEC)));
+        if (loop_fd < 0) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open: " << *loopdev;
+            return WaitResult::Fail;
+        }
+
+        if (int rc = ioctl(loop_fd, LOOP_SET_FD, file_fd); rc == 0) {
+            return WaitResult::Done;
+        }
+        if (errno != EBUSY) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed LOOP_SET_FD";
+            return WaitResult::Fail;
+        }
+        return WaitResult::Wait;
+    };
+    if (!WaitForCondition(condition, timeout_ms)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Timed out trying to acquire a loop device";
         return false;
     }
     return true;
@@ -112,17 +133,19 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-LoopDevice::LoopDevice(int fd, bool auto_close) : fd_(fd), owns_fd_(auto_close) {
-    Init();
+LoopDevice::LoopDevice(int fd, const std::chrono::milliseconds& timeout_ms, bool auto_close)
+    : fd_(fd), owns_fd_(auto_close) {
+    Init(timeout_ms);
 }
 
-LoopDevice::LoopDevice(const std::string& path) : fd_(-1), owns_fd_(true) {
+LoopDevice::LoopDevice(const std::string& path, const std::chrono::milliseconds& timeout_ms)
+    : fd_(-1), owns_fd_(true) {
     fd_.reset(open(path.c_str(), O_RDWR | O_CLOEXEC));
     if (fd_ < -1) {
         PLOG(ERROR) << "open failed for " << path;
         return;
     }
-    Init();
+    Init(timeout_ms);
 }
 
 LoopDevice::~LoopDevice() {
@@ -134,8 +157,8 @@
     }
 }
 
-void LoopDevice::Init() {
-    control_.Attach(fd_, &device_);
+void LoopDevice::Init(const std::chrono::milliseconds& timeout_ms) {
+    valid_ = control_.Attach(fd_, timeout_ms, &device_);
 }
 
 }  // namespace dm
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libdm/loop_control_test.cpp b/fs_mgr/libdm/loop_control_test.cpp
index 08bdc00..0749f26 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libdm/loop_control_test.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libdm/loop_control_test.cpp
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@
     unique_fd fd = TempFile();
     ASSERT_GE(fd, 0);
 
-    LoopDevice loop(fd);
+    LoopDevice loop(fd, 10s);
     ASSERT_TRUE(loop.valid());
 
     char buffer[6];
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libdm/utility.cpp b/fs_mgr/libdm/utility.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eccf2fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libdm/utility.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "utility.h"
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <thread>
+
+using namespace std::literals;
+
+namespace android {
+namespace dm {
+
+bool WaitForCondition(const std::function<WaitResult()>& condition,
+                      const std::chrono::milliseconds& timeout_ms) {
+    auto start_time = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+    while (true) {
+        auto result = condition();
+        if (result == WaitResult::Done) return true;
+        if (result == WaitResult::Fail) return false;
+
+        std::this_thread::sleep_for(20ms);
+
+        auto now = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+        auto time_elapsed = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(now - start_time);
+        if (time_elapsed > timeout_ms) return false;
+    }
+}
+
+bool WaitForFile(const std::string& path, const std::chrono::milliseconds& timeout_ms) {
+    auto condition = [&]() -> WaitResult {
+        // If the file exists but returns EPERM or something, we consider the
+        // condition met.
+        if (access(path.c_str(), F_OK) != 0) {
+            if (errno == ENOENT) return WaitResult::Wait;
+        }
+        return WaitResult::Done;
+    };
+    return WaitForCondition(condition, timeout_ms);
+}
+
+}  // namespace dm
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libdm/utility.h b/fs_mgr/libdm/utility.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f1dce9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libdm/utility.h
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <chrono>
+#include <functional>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace dm {
+
+enum class WaitResult { Wait, Done, Fail };
+
+bool WaitForFile(const std::string& path, const std::chrono::milliseconds& timeout_ms);
+bool WaitForCondition(const std::function<WaitResult()>& condition,
+                      const std::chrono::milliseconds& timeout_ms);
+
+}  // namespace dm
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfiemap_writer/.clang-format b/fs_mgr/libfiemap_writer/.clang-format
deleted file mode 120000
index 8b770a1..0000000
--- a/fs_mgr/libfiemap_writer/.clang-format
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-../../.clang-format-4
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfiemap_writer/Android.bp b/fs_mgr/libfiemap_writer/Android.bp
deleted file mode 100644
index ed209aa..0000000
--- a/fs_mgr/libfiemap_writer/Android.bp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,64 +0,0 @@
-//
-// Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-//
-
-cc_library_static {
-    name: "libfiemap_writer",
-    defaults: ["fs_mgr_defaults"],
-    recovery_available: true,
-    export_include_dirs: ["include"],
-    cflags: [
-        "-D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64",
-    ],
-
-    srcs: [
-        "fiemap_writer.cpp",
-        "split_fiemap_writer.cpp",
-        "utility.cpp",
-    ],
-
-    static_libs: [
-        "libdm",
-        "libext4_utils",
-    ],
-
-    header_libs: [
-        "libbase_headers",
-        "liblog_headers",
-    ],
-}
-
-cc_test {
-    name: "fiemap_writer_test",
-    cflags: [
-        "-D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64",
-    ],
-    static_libs: [
-        "libbase",
-        "libdm",
-        "libfiemap_writer",
-        "liblog",
-    ],
-
-    data: [
-        "testdata/unaligned_file",
-        "testdata/file_4k",
-        "testdata/file_32k",
-    ],
-
-    srcs: [
-        "fiemap_writer_test.cpp",
-    ],
-}
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfiemap_writer/Android.mk b/fs_mgr/libfiemap_writer/Android.mk
deleted file mode 100644
index 3c07b8e..0000000
--- a/fs_mgr/libfiemap_writer/Android.mk
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-#
-# Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-#
-
-LOCAL_PATH := $(call my-dir)
-
-include $(CLEAR_VARS)
-
-LOCAL_MODULE := VtsFiemapWriterTest
--include test/vts/tools/build/Android.host_config.mk
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfiemap_writer/AndroidTest.xml b/fs_mgr/libfiemap_writer/AndroidTest.xml
deleted file mode 100644
index 08cff0e..0000000
--- a/fs_mgr/libfiemap_writer/AndroidTest.xml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
-<!-- Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
-
-     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-     You may obtain a copy of the License at
-
-          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-
-     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-     limitations under the License.
--->
-<configuration description="Config for VTS VtsFiemapWriterTest">
-    <option name="config-descriptor:metadata" key="plan" value="vts-kernel" />
-    <target_preparer class="com.android.compatibility.common.tradefed.targetprep.VtsFilePusher">
-        <option name="abort-on-push-failure" value="false"/>
-        <option name="push-group" value="HostDrivenTest.push"/>
-    </target_preparer>
-    <test class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.VtsMultiDeviceTest">
-      <option name="test-module-name" value="VtsFiemapWriterTest"/>
-        <option name="binary-test-source" value="_32bit::DATA/nativetest/fiemap_writer_test/fiemap_writer_test" />
-        <option name="binary-test-source" value="_64bit::DATA/nativetest64/fiemap_writer_test/fiemap_writer_test" />
-        <option name="binary-test-type" value="gtest"/>
-        <option name="test-timeout" value="1m"/>
-    </test>
-</configuration>
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfiemap_writer/fiemap_writer.cpp b/fs_mgr/libfiemap_writer/fiemap_writer.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 0a3ba6c..0000000
--- a/fs_mgr/libfiemap_writer/fiemap_writer.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,745 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include <libfiemap_writer/fiemap_writer.h>
-
-#include <dirent.h>
-#include <fcntl.h>
-#include <linux/fs.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <sys/ioctl.h>
-#include <sys/stat.h>
-#include <sys/sysmacros.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#include <sys/vfs.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-
-#include <limits>
-#include <string>
-#include <utility>
-#include <vector>
-
-#include <android-base/file.h>
-#include <android-base/logging.h>
-#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
-#include <android-base/strings.h>
-#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
-#include <libdm/dm.h>
-
-namespace android {
-namespace fiemap_writer {
-
-using namespace android::dm;
-
-// We are expecting no more than 512 extents in a fiemap of the file we create.
-// If we find more, then it is treated as error for now.
-static constexpr const uint32_t kMaxExtents = 512;
-
-// TODO: Fallback to using fibmap if FIEMAP_EXTENT_MERGED is set.
-static constexpr const uint32_t kUnsupportedExtentFlags =
-        FIEMAP_EXTENT_UNKNOWN | FIEMAP_EXTENT_UNWRITTEN | FIEMAP_EXTENT_DELALLOC |
-        FIEMAP_EXTENT_NOT_ALIGNED | FIEMAP_EXTENT_DATA_INLINE | FIEMAP_EXTENT_DATA_TAIL |
-        FIEMAP_EXTENT_UNWRITTEN | FIEMAP_EXTENT_SHARED | FIEMAP_EXTENT_MERGED;
-
-// Large file support must be enabled.
-static_assert(sizeof(off_t) == sizeof(uint64_t));
-
-static inline void cleanup(const std::string& file_path, bool created) {
-    if (created) {
-        unlink(file_path.c_str());
-    }
-}
-
-static bool BlockDeviceToName(uint32_t major, uint32_t minor, std::string* bdev_name) {
-    // The symlinks in /sys/dev/block point to the block device node under /sys/device/..
-    // The directory name in the target corresponds to the name of the block device. We use
-    // that to extract the block device name.
-    // e.g for block device name 'ram0', there exists a symlink named '1:0' in /sys/dev/block as
-    // follows.
-    //    1:0 -> ../../devices/virtual/block/ram0
-    std::string sysfs_path = ::android::base::StringPrintf("/sys/dev/block/%u:%u", major, minor);
-    std::string sysfs_bdev;
-
-    if (!::android::base::Readlink(sysfs_path, &sysfs_bdev)) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to read link at: " << sysfs_path;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    *bdev_name = ::android::base::Basename(sysfs_bdev);
-    // Paranoid sanity check to make sure we just didn't get the
-    // input in return as-is.
-    if (sysfs_bdev == *bdev_name) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Malformed symlink for block device: " << sysfs_bdev;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-static bool ValidateDmTarget(const DeviceMapper::TargetInfo& target) {
-    const auto& entry = target.spec;
-    if (entry.sector_start != 0) {
-        LOG(INFO) << "Stopping at target with non-zero starting sector";
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    auto target_type = DeviceMapper::GetTargetType(entry);
-    if (target_type == "bow" || target_type == "default-key" || target_type == "crypt") {
-        return true;
-    }
-    if (target_type == "linear") {
-        auto pieces = android::base::Split(target.data, " ");
-        if (pieces[1] != "0") {
-            LOG(INFO) << "Stopping at complex linear target with non-zero starting sector: "
-                      << pieces[1];
-            return false;
-        }
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    LOG(INFO) << "Stopping at complex target type " << target_type;
-    return false;
-}
-
-static bool DeviceMapperStackPop(const std::string& bdev, std::string* bdev_raw) {
-    *bdev_raw = bdev;
-
-    if (!::android::base::StartsWith(bdev, "dm-")) {
-        // We are at the bottom of the device mapper stack.
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    // Get the device name.
-    auto dm_name_file = "/sys/block/" + bdev + "/dm/name";
-    std::string dm_name;
-    if (!android::base::ReadFileToString(dm_name_file, &dm_name)) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Could not read file: " << dm_name_file;
-        return false;
-    }
-    dm_name = android::base::Trim(dm_name);
-
-    auto& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
-    std::vector<DeviceMapper::TargetInfo> table;
-    if (!dm.GetTableInfo(dm_name, &table)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Could not read device-mapper table for " << dm_name << " at " << bdev;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    // The purpose of libfiemap_writer is to provide an extent-based view into
-    // a file. This is difficult if devices are not layered in a 1:1 manner;
-    // we would have to translate and break up extents based on the actual
-    // block mapping. Since this is too complex, we simply stop processing
-    // the device-mapper stack if we encounter a complex case.
-    //
-    // It is up to the caller to decide whether stopping at a virtual block
-    // device is allowable. In most cases it is not, because we want either
-    // "userdata" or an external volume. It is useful for tests however.
-    // Callers can check by comparing the device number to that of userdata,
-    // or by checking whether is a device-mapper node.
-    if (table.size() > 1) {
-        LOG(INFO) << "Stopping at complex table for " << dm_name << " at " << bdev;
-        return true;
-    }
-    if (!ValidateDmTarget(table[0])) {
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    auto dm_leaf_dir = "/sys/block/" + bdev + "/slaves";
-    auto d = std::unique_ptr<DIR, decltype(&closedir)>(opendir(dm_leaf_dir.c_str()), closedir);
-    if (d == nullptr) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open: " << dm_leaf_dir;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    struct dirent* de;
-    uint32_t num_leaves = 0;
-    std::string bdev_next = "";
-    while ((de = readdir(d.get())) != nullptr) {
-        if (!strcmp(de->d_name, ".") || !strcmp(de->d_name, "..")) {
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        // We set the first name we find here
-        if (bdev_next.empty()) {
-            bdev_next = de->d_name;
-        }
-        num_leaves++;
-    }
-
-    // if we have more than one leaves, we return immediately. We can't continue to create the
-    // file since we don't know how to write it out using fiemap, so it will be readable via the
-    // underlying block devices later. The reader will also have to construct the same device mapper
-    // target in order read the file out.
-    if (num_leaves > 1) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Found " << num_leaves << " leaf block devices under device mapper device "
-                   << bdev;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    // recursively call with the block device we found in order to pop the device mapper stack.
-    return DeviceMapperStackPop(bdev_next, bdev_raw);
-}
-
-bool FiemapWriter::GetBlockDeviceForFile(const std::string& file_path, std::string* bdev_path,
-                                         bool* uses_dm) {
-    struct stat sb;
-    if (stat(file_path.c_str(), &sb)) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to get stat for: " << file_path;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    std::string bdev;
-    if (!BlockDeviceToName(major(sb.st_dev), minor(sb.st_dev), &bdev)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to get block device name for " << major(sb.st_dev) << ":"
-                   << minor(sb.st_dev);
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    std::string bdev_raw;
-    if (!DeviceMapperStackPop(bdev, &bdev_raw)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to get the bottom of the device mapper stack for device: " << bdev;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    if (uses_dm) {
-        *uses_dm = (bdev_raw != bdev);
-    }
-
-    LOG(DEBUG) << "Popped device (" << bdev_raw << ") from device mapper stack starting with ("
-               << bdev << ")";
-
-    *bdev_path = ::android::base::StringPrintf("/dev/block/%s", bdev_raw.c_str());
-
-    // Make sure we are talking to a block device before calling it a success.
-    if (stat(bdev_path->c_str(), &sb)) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to get stat for block device: " << *bdev_path;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    if ((sb.st_mode & S_IFMT) != S_IFBLK) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "File: " << *bdev_path << " is not a block device";
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-static bool GetBlockDeviceSize(int bdev_fd, const std::string& bdev_path, uint64_t* bdev_size) {
-    uint64_t size_in_bytes = 0;
-    if (ioctl(bdev_fd, BLKGETSIZE64, &size_in_bytes)) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to get total size for: " << bdev_path;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    *bdev_size = size_in_bytes;
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-static uint64_t GetFileSize(const std::string& file_path) {
-    struct stat sb;
-    if (stat(file_path.c_str(), &sb)) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to get size for file: " << file_path;
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    return sb.st_size;
-}
-
-static bool PerformFileChecks(const std::string& file_path, uint64_t file_size, uint64_t* blocksz,
-                              uint32_t* fs_type) {
-    struct statfs64 sfs;
-    if (statfs64(file_path.c_str(), &sfs)) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to read file system status at: " << file_path;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    if (!sfs.f_bsize) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Unsupported block size: " << sfs.f_bsize;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    // Check if the filesystem is of supported types.
-    // Only ext4, f2fs, and vfat are tested and supported.
-    switch (sfs.f_type) {
-        case EXT4_SUPER_MAGIC:
-        case F2FS_SUPER_MAGIC:
-        case MSDOS_SUPER_MAGIC:
-            break;
-        default:
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Unsupported file system type: 0x" << std::hex << sfs.f_type;
-            return false;
-    }
-
-    uint64_t available_bytes = sfs.f_bsize * sfs.f_bavail;
-    if (available_bytes <= file_size) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Not enough free space in file system to create file of size : " << file_size;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    *blocksz = sfs.f_bsize;
-    *fs_type = sfs.f_type;
-    return true;
-}
-
-static bool FallocateFallback(int file_fd, uint64_t block_size, uint64_t file_size,
-                              const std::string& file_path,
-                              const std::function<bool(uint64_t, uint64_t)>& on_progress) {
-    // Even though this is much faster than writing zeroes, it is still slow
-    // enough that we need to fire the progress callback periodically. To
-    // easily achieve this, we seek in chunks. We use 1000 chunks since
-    // normally we only fire the callback on 1/1000th increments.
-    uint64_t bytes_per_chunk = std::max(file_size / 1000, block_size);
-
-    // Seek just to the end of each chunk and write a single byte, causing
-    // the filesystem to allocate blocks.
-    off_t cursor = 0;
-    off_t end = static_cast<off_t>(file_size);
-    while (cursor < end) {
-        cursor = std::min(static_cast<off_t>(cursor + bytes_per_chunk), end);
-        auto rv = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(lseek(file_fd, cursor - 1, SEEK_SET));
-        if (rv < 0) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to lseek " << file_path;
-            return false;
-        }
-        if (rv != cursor - 1) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Seek returned wrong offset " << rv << " for file " << file_path;
-            return false;
-        }
-        char buffer[] = {0};
-        if (!android::base::WriteFully(file_fd, buffer, 1)) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "Write failed: " << file_path;
-            return false;
-        }
-        if (on_progress && !on_progress(cursor, file_size)) {
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-static bool AllocateFile(int file_fd, const std::string& file_path, uint64_t blocksz,
-                         uint64_t file_size, unsigned int fs_type,
-                         std::function<bool(uint64_t, uint64_t)> on_progress) {
-    // Reserve space for the file on the file system and write it out to make sure the extents
-    // don't come back unwritten. Return from this function with the kernel file offset set to 0.
-    // If the filesystem is f2fs, then we also PIN the file on disk to make sure the blocks
-    // aren't moved around.
-    switch (fs_type) {
-        case EXT4_SUPER_MAGIC:
-        case F2FS_SUPER_MAGIC:
-            if (fallocate(file_fd, FALLOC_FL_ZERO_RANGE, 0, file_size)) {
-                PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to allocate space for file: " << file_path
-                            << " size: " << file_size;
-                return false;
-            }
-            break;
-        case MSDOS_SUPER_MAGIC:
-            // fallocate() is not supported, and not needed, since VFAT does not support holes.
-            // Instead we can perform a much faster allocation.
-            return FallocateFallback(file_fd, blocksz, file_size, file_path, on_progress);
-        default:
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Missing fallocate() support for file system " << fs_type;
-            return false;
-    }
-
-    // write zeroes in 'blocksz' byte increments until we reach file_size to make sure the data
-    // blocks are actually written to by the file system and thus getting rid of the holes in the
-    // file.
-    auto buffer = std::unique_ptr<void, decltype(&free)>(calloc(1, blocksz), free);
-    if (buffer == nullptr) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "failed to allocate memory for writing file";
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    off64_t offset = lseek64(file_fd, 0, SEEK_SET);
-    if (offset < 0) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to seek at the beginning of : " << file_path;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    int permille = -1;
-    while (offset < file_size) {
-        if (!::android::base::WriteFully(file_fd, buffer.get(), blocksz)) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to write" << blocksz << " bytes at offset" << offset
-                        << " in file " << file_path;
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        offset += blocksz;
-
-        // Don't invoke the callback every iteration - wait until a significant
-        // chunk (here, 1/1000th) of the data has been processed.
-        int new_permille = (static_cast<uint64_t>(offset) * 1000) / file_size;
-        if (new_permille != permille && static_cast<uint64_t>(offset) != file_size) {
-            if (on_progress && !on_progress(offset, file_size)) {
-                return false;
-            }
-            permille = new_permille;
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (lseek64(file_fd, 0, SEEK_SET) < 0) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to reset offset at the beginning of : " << file_path;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    // flush all writes here ..
-    if (fsync(file_fd)) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to synchronize written file:" << file_path;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    // Send one last progress notification.
-    if (on_progress && !on_progress(file_size, file_size)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-static bool PinFile(int file_fd, const std::string& file_path, uint32_t fs_type) {
-    if (fs_type != F2FS_SUPER_MAGIC) {
-        // No pinning necessary for ext4/msdos. The blocks, once allocated, are
-        // expected to be fixed.
-        return true;
-    }
-
-// F2FS-specific ioctl
-// It requires the below kernel commit merged in v4.16-rc1.
-//   1ad71a27124c ("f2fs: add an ioctl to disable GC for specific file")
-// In android-4.4,
-//   56ee1e817908 ("f2fs: updates on v4.16-rc1")
-// In android-4.9,
-//   2f17e34672a8 ("f2fs: updates on v4.16-rc1")
-// In android-4.14,
-//   ce767d9a55bc ("f2fs: updates on v4.16-rc1")
-#ifndef F2FS_IOC_SET_PIN_FILE
-#ifndef F2FS_IOCTL_MAGIC
-#define F2FS_IOCTL_MAGIC 0xf5
-#endif
-#define F2FS_IOC_SET_PIN_FILE _IOW(F2FS_IOCTL_MAGIC, 13, __u32)
-#endif
-
-    uint32_t pin_status = 1;
-    int error = ioctl(file_fd, F2FS_IOC_SET_PIN_FILE, &pin_status);
-    if (error < 0) {
-        if ((errno == ENOTTY) || (errno == ENOTSUP)) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to pin file, not supported by kernel: " << file_path;
-        } else {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to pin file: " << file_path;
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-static bool IsFilePinned(int file_fd, const std::string& file_path, uint32_t fs_type) {
-    if (fs_type != F2FS_SUPER_MAGIC) {
-        // No pinning necessary for ext4 or vfat. The blocks, once allocated,
-        // are expected to be fixed.
-        return true;
-    }
-
-// F2FS-specific ioctl
-// It requires the below kernel commit merged in v4.16-rc1.
-//   1ad71a27124c ("f2fs: add an ioctl to disable GC for specific file")
-// In android-4.4,
-//   56ee1e817908 ("f2fs: updates on v4.16-rc1")
-// In android-4.9,
-//   2f17e34672a8 ("f2fs: updates on v4.16-rc1")
-// In android-4.14,
-//   ce767d9a55bc ("f2fs: updates on v4.16-rc1")
-#ifndef F2FS_IOC_GET_PIN_FILE
-#ifndef F2FS_IOCTL_MAGIC
-#define F2FS_IOCTL_MAGIC 0xf5
-#endif
-#define F2FS_IOC_GET_PIN_FILE _IOR(F2FS_IOCTL_MAGIC, 14, __u32)
-#endif
-
-    // f2fs: export FS_NOCOW_FL flag to user
-    uint32_t flags;
-    int error = ioctl(file_fd, FS_IOC_GETFLAGS, &flags);
-    if (error < 0) {
-        if ((errno == ENOTTY) || (errno == ENOTSUP)) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to get flags, not supported by kernel: " << file_path;
-        } else {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to get flags: " << file_path;
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-    if (!(flags & FS_NOCOW_FL)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "It is not pinned: " << file_path;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    // F2FS_IOC_GET_PIN_FILE returns the number of blocks moved.
-    uint32_t moved_blocks_nr;
-    error = ioctl(file_fd, F2FS_IOC_GET_PIN_FILE, &moved_blocks_nr);
-    if (error < 0) {
-        if ((errno == ENOTTY) || (errno == ENOTSUP)) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to get file pin status, not supported by kernel: " << file_path;
-        } else {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to get file pin status: " << file_path;
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    if (moved_blocks_nr) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << moved_blocks_nr << " blocks moved in file " << file_path;
-    }
-    return moved_blocks_nr == 0;
-}
-
-bool FiemapWriter::HasPinnedExtents(const std::string& file_path) {
-    android::base::unique_fd fd(open(file_path.c_str(), O_NOFOLLOW | O_CLOEXEC | O_RDONLY));
-    if (fd < 0) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "open: " << file_path;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    struct statfs64 sfs;
-    if (fstatfs64(fd, &sfs)) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "fstatfs64: " << file_path;
-        return false;
-    }
-    return IsFilePinned(fd, file_path, sfs.f_type);
-}
-
-static bool ReadFiemap(int file_fd, const std::string& file_path,
-                       std::vector<struct fiemap_extent>* extents) {
-    uint64_t fiemap_size =
-            sizeof(struct fiemap_extent) + kMaxExtents * sizeof(struct fiemap_extent);
-    auto buffer = std::unique_ptr<void, decltype(&free)>(calloc(1, fiemap_size), free);
-    if (buffer == nullptr) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to allocate memory for fiemap";
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    struct fiemap* fiemap = reinterpret_cast<struct fiemap*>(buffer.get());
-    fiemap->fm_start = 0;
-    fiemap->fm_length = UINT64_MAX;
-    // make sure file is synced to disk before we read the fiemap
-    fiemap->fm_flags = FIEMAP_FLAG_SYNC;
-    fiemap->fm_extent_count = kMaxExtents;
-
-    if (ioctl(file_fd, FS_IOC_FIEMAP, fiemap)) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to get FIEMAP from the kernel for file: " << file_path;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    if (fiemap->fm_mapped_extents == 0) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "File " << file_path << " has zero extents";
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    // Iterate through each extent read and make sure its valid before adding it to the vector
-    bool last_extent_seen = false;
-    struct fiemap_extent* extent = &fiemap->fm_extents[0];
-    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < fiemap->fm_mapped_extents; i++, extent++) {
-        // LogExtent(i + 1, *extent);
-        if (extent->fe_flags & kUnsupportedExtentFlags) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Extent " << i + 1 << " of file " << file_path
-                       << " has unsupported flags";
-            extents->clear();
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        if (extent->fe_flags & FIEMAP_EXTENT_LAST) {
-            last_extent_seen = true;
-            if (i != (fiemap->fm_mapped_extents - 1)) {
-                LOG(WARNING) << "Extents are being received out-of-order";
-            }
-        }
-        extents->emplace_back(std::move(*extent));
-    }
-
-    if (!last_extent_seen) {
-        // The file is possibly too fragmented.
-        if (fiemap->fm_mapped_extents == kMaxExtents) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "File is too fragmented, needs more than " << kMaxExtents << " extents.";
-        }
-        extents->clear();
-    }
-
-    return last_extent_seen;
-}
-
-static bool ReadFibmap(int file_fd, const std::string& file_path,
-                       std::vector<struct fiemap_extent>* extents) {
-    struct stat s;
-    if (fstat(file_fd, &s)) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to stat " << file_path;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    unsigned int blksize;
-    if (ioctl(file_fd, FIGETBSZ, &blksize) < 0) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to get FIGETBSZ for " << file_path;
-        return false;
-    }
-    if (!blksize) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Invalid filesystem block size: " << blksize;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    uint64_t num_blocks = (s.st_size + blksize - 1) / blksize;
-    if (num_blocks > std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max()) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Too many blocks for FIBMAP (" << num_blocks << ")";
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    for (uint32_t last_block, block_number = 0; block_number < num_blocks; block_number++) {
-        uint32_t block = block_number;
-        if (ioctl(file_fd, FIBMAP, &block)) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to get FIBMAP for file " << file_path;
-            return false;
-        }
-        if (!block) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Logical block " << block_number << " is a hole, which is not supported";
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        if (!extents->empty() && block == last_block + 1) {
-            extents->back().fe_length += blksize;
-        } else {
-            extents->push_back(fiemap_extent{.fe_logical = block_number,
-                                             .fe_physical = static_cast<uint64_t>(block) * blksize,
-                                             .fe_length = static_cast<uint64_t>(blksize),
-                                             .fe_flags = 0});
-        }
-        last_block = block;
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-FiemapUniquePtr FiemapWriter::Open(const std::string& file_path, uint64_t file_size, bool create,
-                                   std::function<bool(uint64_t, uint64_t)> progress) {
-    // if 'create' is false, open an existing file and do not truncate.
-    int open_flags = O_RDWR | O_CLOEXEC;
-    if (create) {
-        if (access(file_path.c_str(), F_OK) == 0) {
-            LOG(WARNING) << "File " << file_path << " already exists, truncating";
-        }
-        open_flags |= O_CREAT | O_TRUNC;
-    }
-    ::android::base::unique_fd file_fd(
-            TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(file_path.c_str(), open_flags, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR)));
-    if (file_fd < 0) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to create file at: " << file_path;
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    std::string abs_path;
-    if (!::android::base::Realpath(file_path, &abs_path)) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Invalid file path: " << file_path;
-        cleanup(file_path, create);
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    std::string bdev_path;
-    if (!GetBlockDeviceForFile(abs_path, &bdev_path)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to get block dev path for file: " << file_path;
-        cleanup(abs_path, create);
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    ::android::base::unique_fd bdev_fd(
-            TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(bdev_path.c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC)));
-    if (bdev_fd < 0) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open block device: " << bdev_path;
-        cleanup(file_path, create);
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    uint64_t bdevsz;
-    if (!GetBlockDeviceSize(bdev_fd, bdev_path, &bdevsz)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to get block device size for : " << bdev_path;
-        cleanup(file_path, create);
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    if (!create) {
-        file_size = GetFileSize(abs_path);
-        if (file_size == 0) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Invalid file size of zero bytes for file: " << abs_path;
-            return nullptr;
-        }
-    }
-
-    uint64_t blocksz;
-    uint32_t fs_type;
-    if (!PerformFileChecks(abs_path, file_size, &blocksz, &fs_type)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to validate file or file system for file:" << abs_path;
-        cleanup(abs_path, create);
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    // Align up to the nearest block size.
-    if (file_size % blocksz) {
-        file_size += blocksz - (file_size % blocksz);
-    }
-
-    if (create) {
-        if (!AllocateFile(file_fd, abs_path, blocksz, file_size, fs_type, std::move(progress))) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to allocate file: " << abs_path << " of size: " << file_size
-                       << " bytes";
-            cleanup(abs_path, create);
-            return nullptr;
-        }
-    }
-
-    // f2fs may move the file blocks around.
-    if (!PinFile(file_fd, abs_path, fs_type)) {
-        cleanup(abs_path, create);
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to pin the file in storage";
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    // now allocate the FiemapWriter and start setting it up
-    FiemapUniquePtr fmap(new FiemapWriter());
-    switch (fs_type) {
-        case EXT4_SUPER_MAGIC:
-        case F2FS_SUPER_MAGIC:
-            if (!ReadFiemap(file_fd, abs_path, &fmap->extents_)) {
-                LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to read fiemap of file: " << abs_path;
-                cleanup(abs_path, create);
-                return nullptr;
-            }
-            break;
-        case MSDOS_SUPER_MAGIC:
-            if (!ReadFibmap(file_fd, abs_path, &fmap->extents_)) {
-                LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to read fibmap of file: " << abs_path;
-                cleanup(abs_path, create);
-                return nullptr;
-            }
-            break;
-    }
-
-    fmap->file_path_ = abs_path;
-    fmap->bdev_path_ = bdev_path;
-    fmap->file_size_ = file_size;
-    fmap->bdev_size_ = bdevsz;
-    fmap->fs_type_ = fs_type;
-    fmap->block_size_ = blocksz;
-
-    LOG(VERBOSE) << "Successfully created FiemapWriter for file " << abs_path << " on block device "
-                 << bdev_path;
-    return fmap;
-}
-
-}  // namespace fiemap_writer
-}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfiemap_writer/fiemap_writer_test.cpp b/fs_mgr/libfiemap_writer/fiemap_writer_test.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index dda7dfd..0000000
--- a/fs_mgr/libfiemap_writer/fiemap_writer_test.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,541 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include <fcntl.h>
-#include <inttypes.h>
-#include <stdint.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <sys/mount.h>
-#include <sys/stat.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#include <sys/vfs.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-
-#include <string>
-
-#include <android-base/file.h>
-#include <android-base/logging.h>
-#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
-#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
-#include <gtest/gtest.h>
-#include <libdm/loop_control.h>
-#include <libfiemap_writer/fiemap_writer.h>
-#include <libfiemap_writer/split_fiemap_writer.h>
-
-#include "utility.h"
-
-namespace android {
-namespace fiemap_writer {
-
-using namespace std;
-using namespace std::string_literals;
-using namespace android::fiemap_writer;
-using unique_fd = android::base::unique_fd;
-using LoopDevice = android::dm::LoopDevice;
-
-std::string gTestDir;
-uint64_t testfile_size = 536870912;  // default of 512MiB
-size_t gBlockSize = 0;
-
-class FiemapWriterTest : public ::testing::Test {
-  protected:
-    void SetUp() override {
-        const ::testing::TestInfo* tinfo = ::testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->current_test_info();
-        testfile = gTestDir + "/"s + tinfo->name();
-    }
-
-    void TearDown() override { unlink(testfile.c_str()); }
-
-    // name of the file we use for testing
-    std::string testfile;
-};
-
-class SplitFiemapTest : public ::testing::Test {
-  protected:
-    void SetUp() override {
-        const ::testing::TestInfo* tinfo = ::testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->current_test_info();
-        testfile = gTestDir + "/"s + tinfo->name();
-    }
-
-    void TearDown() override {
-        std::string message;
-        if (!SplitFiemap::RemoveSplitFiles(testfile, &message)) {
-            cerr << "Could not remove all split files: " << message;
-        }
-    }
-
-    // name of the file we use for testing
-    std::string testfile;
-};
-
-TEST_F(FiemapWriterTest, CreateImpossiblyLargeFile) {
-    // Try creating a file of size ~100TB but aligned to
-    // 512 byte to make sure block alignment tests don't
-    // fail.
-    FiemapUniquePtr fptr = FiemapWriter::Open(testfile, 1099511627997184);
-    EXPECT_EQ(fptr, nullptr);
-    EXPECT_EQ(access(testfile.c_str(), F_OK), -1);
-    EXPECT_EQ(errno, ENOENT);
-}
-
-TEST_F(FiemapWriterTest, CreateUnalignedFile) {
-    // Try creating a file of size 4097 bytes which is guaranteed
-    // to be unaligned to all known block sizes.
-    FiemapUniquePtr fptr = FiemapWriter::Open(testfile, gBlockSize + 1);
-    ASSERT_NE(fptr, nullptr);
-    ASSERT_EQ(fptr->size(), gBlockSize * 2);
-}
-
-TEST_F(FiemapWriterTest, CheckFilePath) {
-    FiemapUniquePtr fptr = FiemapWriter::Open(testfile, gBlockSize);
-    ASSERT_NE(fptr, nullptr);
-    EXPECT_EQ(fptr->size(), gBlockSize);
-    EXPECT_EQ(fptr->file_path(), testfile);
-    EXPECT_EQ(access(testfile.c_str(), F_OK), 0);
-}
-
-TEST_F(FiemapWriterTest, CheckFileSize) {
-    // Create a large-ish file and test that the expected size matches.
-    FiemapUniquePtr fptr = FiemapWriter::Open(testfile, 1024 * 1024 * 16);
-    ASSERT_NE(fptr, nullptr);
-
-    struct stat s;
-    ASSERT_EQ(stat(testfile.c_str(), &s), 0);
-    EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<uint64_t>(s.st_size), fptr->size());
-}
-
-TEST_F(FiemapWriterTest, CheckProgress) {
-    std::vector<uint64_t> expected;
-    size_t invocations = 0;
-    auto callback = [&](uint64_t done, uint64_t total) -> bool {
-        if (invocations >= expected.size()) {
-            return false;
-        }
-        EXPECT_EQ(done, expected[invocations]);
-        EXPECT_EQ(total, gBlockSize);
-        invocations++;
-        return true;
-    };
-
-    expected.push_back(gBlockSize);
-
-    auto ptr = FiemapWriter::Open(testfile, gBlockSize, true, std::move(callback));
-    EXPECT_NE(ptr, nullptr);
-    EXPECT_EQ(invocations, expected.size());
-}
-
-TEST_F(FiemapWriterTest, CheckPinning) {
-    auto ptr = FiemapWriter::Open(testfile, 4096);
-    ASSERT_NE(ptr, nullptr);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(FiemapWriter::HasPinnedExtents(testfile));
-}
-
-TEST_F(FiemapWriterTest, CheckBlockDevicePath) {
-    FiemapUniquePtr fptr = FiemapWriter::Open(testfile, gBlockSize);
-    EXPECT_EQ(fptr->size(), gBlockSize);
-    EXPECT_EQ(fptr->bdev_path().find("/dev/block/"), size_t(0));
-    EXPECT_EQ(fptr->bdev_path().find("/dev/block/dm-"), string::npos);
-}
-
-TEST_F(FiemapWriterTest, CheckFileCreated) {
-    FiemapUniquePtr fptr = FiemapWriter::Open(testfile, 32768);
-    ASSERT_NE(fptr, nullptr);
-    unique_fd fd(open(testfile.c_str(), O_RDONLY));
-    EXPECT_GT(fd, -1);
-}
-
-TEST_F(FiemapWriterTest, CheckFileSizeActual) {
-    FiemapUniquePtr fptr = FiemapWriter::Open(testfile, testfile_size);
-    ASSERT_NE(fptr, nullptr);
-
-    struct stat sb;
-    ASSERT_EQ(stat(testfile.c_str(), &sb), 0);
-    EXPECT_GE(sb.st_size, testfile_size);
-}
-
-TEST_F(FiemapWriterTest, CheckFileExtents) {
-    FiemapUniquePtr fptr = FiemapWriter::Open(testfile, testfile_size);
-    ASSERT_NE(fptr, nullptr);
-    EXPECT_GT(fptr->extents().size(), 0);
-}
-
-TEST_F(FiemapWriterTest, ExistingFile) {
-    // Create the file.
-    { ASSERT_NE(FiemapWriter::Open(testfile, gBlockSize), nullptr); }
-    // Test that we can still open it.
-    {
-        auto ptr = FiemapWriter::Open(testfile, 0, false);
-        ASSERT_NE(ptr, nullptr);
-        EXPECT_GT(ptr->extents().size(), 0);
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(FiemapWriterTest, FileDeletedOnError) {
-    auto callback = [](uint64_t, uint64_t) -> bool { return false; };
-    auto ptr = FiemapWriter::Open(testfile, gBlockSize, true, std::move(callback));
-    EXPECT_EQ(ptr, nullptr);
-    EXPECT_EQ(access(testfile.c_str(), F_OK), -1);
-    EXPECT_EQ(errno, ENOENT);
-}
-
-TEST_F(FiemapWriterTest, MaxBlockSize) {
-    ASSERT_GT(DetermineMaximumFileSize(testfile), 0);
-}
-
-TEST_F(FiemapWriterTest, FibmapBlockAddressing) {
-    FiemapUniquePtr fptr = FiemapWriter::Open(testfile, gBlockSize);
-    ASSERT_NE(fptr, nullptr);
-
-    switch (fptr->fs_type()) {
-        case F2FS_SUPER_MAGIC:
-        case EXT4_SUPER_MAGIC:
-            // Skip the test for FIEMAP supported filesystems. This is really
-            // because f2fs/ext4 have caches that seem to defeat reading back
-            // directly from the block device, and writing directly is too
-            // dangerous.
-            std::cout << "Skipping test, filesystem does not use FIBMAP\n";
-            return;
-    }
-
-    bool uses_dm;
-    std::string bdev_path;
-    ASSERT_TRUE(FiemapWriter::GetBlockDeviceForFile(testfile, &bdev_path, &uses_dm));
-
-    if (uses_dm) {
-        // We could use a device-mapper wrapper here to bypass encryption, but
-        // really this test is for FIBMAP correctness on VFAT (where encryption
-        // is never used), so we don't bother.
-        std::cout << "Skipping test, block device is metadata encrypted\n";
-        return;
-    }
-
-    std::string data(fptr->size(), '\0');
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < data.size(); i++) {
-        data[i] = 'A' + static_cast<char>(data.size() % 26);
-    }
-
-    {
-        unique_fd fd(open(testfile.c_str(), O_WRONLY | O_CLOEXEC));
-        ASSERT_GE(fd, 0);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteFully(fd, data.data(), data.size()));
-        ASSERT_EQ(fsync(fd), 0);
-    }
-
-    ASSERT_FALSE(fptr->extents().empty());
-    const auto& first_extent = fptr->extents()[0];
-
-    unique_fd bdev(open(fptr->bdev_path().c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC));
-    ASSERT_GE(bdev, 0);
-
-    off_t where = first_extent.fe_physical;
-    ASSERT_EQ(lseek(bdev, where, SEEK_SET), where);
-
-    // Note: this will fail on encrypted folders.
-    std::string actual(data.size(), '\0');
-    ASSERT_GE(first_extent.fe_length, data.size());
-    ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::ReadFully(bdev, actual.data(), actual.size()));
-    EXPECT_EQ(memcmp(actual.data(), data.data(), data.size()), 0);
-}
-
-TEST_F(SplitFiemapTest, Create) {
-    auto ptr = SplitFiemap::Create(testfile, 1024 * 768, 1024 * 32);
-    ASSERT_NE(ptr, nullptr);
-
-    auto extents = ptr->extents();
-
-    // Destroy the fiemap, closing file handles. This should not delete them.
-    ptr = nullptr;
-
-    std::vector<std::string> files;
-    ASSERT_TRUE(SplitFiemap::GetSplitFileList(testfile, &files));
-    for (const auto& path : files) {
-        EXPECT_EQ(access(path.c_str(), F_OK), 0);
-    }
-
-    ASSERT_GE(extents.size(), files.size());
-}
-
-TEST_F(SplitFiemapTest, Open) {
-    {
-        auto ptr = SplitFiemap::Create(testfile, 1024 * 768, 1024 * 32);
-        ASSERT_NE(ptr, nullptr);
-    }
-
-    auto ptr = SplitFiemap::Open(testfile);
-    ASSERT_NE(ptr, nullptr);
-
-    auto extents = ptr->extents();
-    ASSERT_GE(extents.size(), 24);
-}
-
-TEST_F(SplitFiemapTest, DeleteOnFail) {
-    auto ptr = SplitFiemap::Create(testfile, 1024 * 1024 * 100, 1);
-    ASSERT_EQ(ptr, nullptr);
-
-    std::string first_file = testfile + ".0001";
-    ASSERT_NE(access(first_file.c_str(), F_OK), 0);
-    ASSERT_EQ(errno, ENOENT);
-    ASSERT_NE(access(testfile.c_str(), F_OK), 0);
-    ASSERT_EQ(errno, ENOENT);
-}
-
-static string ReadSplitFiles(const std::string& base_path, size_t num_files) {
-    std::string result;
-    for (int i = 0; i < num_files; i++) {
-        std::string path = base_path + android::base::StringPrintf(".%04d", i);
-        std::string data;
-        if (!android::base::ReadFileToString(path, &data)) {
-            return {};
-        }
-        result += data;
-    }
-    return result;
-}
-
-TEST_F(SplitFiemapTest, WriteWholeFile) {
-    static constexpr size_t kChunkSize = 32768;
-    static constexpr size_t kSize = kChunkSize * 3;
-    auto ptr = SplitFiemap::Create(testfile, kSize, kChunkSize);
-    ASSERT_NE(ptr, nullptr);
-
-    auto buffer = std::make_unique<int[]>(kSize / sizeof(int));
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < kSize / sizeof(int); i++) {
-        buffer[i] = i;
-    }
-    ASSERT_TRUE(ptr->Write(buffer.get(), kSize));
-
-    std::string expected(reinterpret_cast<char*>(buffer.get()), kSize);
-    auto actual = ReadSplitFiles(testfile, 3);
-    ASSERT_EQ(expected.size(), actual.size());
-    EXPECT_EQ(memcmp(expected.data(), actual.data(), actual.size()), 0);
-}
-
-TEST_F(SplitFiemapTest, WriteFileInChunks1) {
-    static constexpr size_t kChunkSize = 32768;
-    static constexpr size_t kSize = kChunkSize * 3;
-    auto ptr = SplitFiemap::Create(testfile, kSize, kChunkSize);
-    ASSERT_NE(ptr, nullptr);
-
-    auto buffer = std::make_unique<int[]>(kSize / sizeof(int));
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < kSize / sizeof(int); i++) {
-        buffer[i] = i;
-    }
-
-    // Write in chunks of 1000 (so some writes straddle the boundary of two
-    // files).
-    size_t bytes_written = 0;
-    while (bytes_written < kSize) {
-        size_t to_write = std::min(kSize - bytes_written, (size_t)1000);
-        char* data = reinterpret_cast<char*>(buffer.get()) + bytes_written;
-        ASSERT_TRUE(ptr->Write(data, to_write));
-        bytes_written += to_write;
-    }
-
-    std::string expected(reinterpret_cast<char*>(buffer.get()), kSize);
-    auto actual = ReadSplitFiles(testfile, 3);
-    ASSERT_EQ(expected.size(), actual.size());
-    EXPECT_EQ(memcmp(expected.data(), actual.data(), actual.size()), 0);
-}
-
-TEST_F(SplitFiemapTest, WriteFileInChunks2) {
-    static constexpr size_t kChunkSize = 32768;
-    static constexpr size_t kSize = kChunkSize * 3;
-    auto ptr = SplitFiemap::Create(testfile, kSize, kChunkSize);
-    ASSERT_NE(ptr, nullptr);
-
-    auto buffer = std::make_unique<int[]>(kSize / sizeof(int));
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < kSize / sizeof(int); i++) {
-        buffer[i] = i;
-    }
-
-    // Write in chunks of 32KiB so every write is exactly at the end of the
-    // current file.
-    size_t bytes_written = 0;
-    while (bytes_written < kSize) {
-        size_t to_write = std::min(kSize - bytes_written, kChunkSize);
-        char* data = reinterpret_cast<char*>(buffer.get()) + bytes_written;
-        ASSERT_TRUE(ptr->Write(data, to_write));
-        bytes_written += to_write;
-    }
-
-    std::string expected(reinterpret_cast<char*>(buffer.get()), kSize);
-    auto actual = ReadSplitFiles(testfile, 3);
-    ASSERT_EQ(expected.size(), actual.size());
-    EXPECT_EQ(memcmp(expected.data(), actual.data(), actual.size()), 0);
-}
-
-TEST_F(SplitFiemapTest, WritePastEnd) {
-    static constexpr size_t kChunkSize = 32768;
-    static constexpr size_t kSize = kChunkSize * 3;
-    auto ptr = SplitFiemap::Create(testfile, kSize, kChunkSize);
-    ASSERT_NE(ptr, nullptr);
-
-    auto buffer = std::make_unique<int[]>(kSize / sizeof(int));
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < kSize / sizeof(int); i++) {
-        buffer[i] = i;
-    }
-    ASSERT_TRUE(ptr->Write(buffer.get(), kSize));
-    ASSERT_FALSE(ptr->Write(buffer.get(), kSize));
-}
-
-class VerifyBlockWritesExt4 : public ::testing::Test {
-    // 2GB Filesystem and 4k block size by default
-    static constexpr uint64_t block_size = 4096;
-    static constexpr uint64_t fs_size = 2147483648;
-
-  protected:
-    void SetUp() override {
-        fs_path = std::string(getenv("TMPDIR")) + "/ext4_2G.img";
-        uint64_t count = fs_size / block_size;
-        std::string dd_cmd =
-                ::android::base::StringPrintf("/system/bin/dd if=/dev/zero of=%s bs=%" PRIu64
-                                              " count=%" PRIu64 " > /dev/null 2>&1",
-                                              fs_path.c_str(), block_size, count);
-        std::string mkfs_cmd =
-                ::android::base::StringPrintf("/system/bin/mkfs.ext4 -q %s", fs_path.c_str());
-        // create mount point
-        mntpoint = std::string(getenv("TMPDIR")) + "/fiemap_mnt";
-        ASSERT_EQ(mkdir(mntpoint.c_str(), S_IRWXU), 0);
-        // create file for the file system
-        int ret = system(dd_cmd.c_str());
-        ASSERT_EQ(ret, 0);
-        // Get and attach a loop device to the filesystem we created
-        LoopDevice loop_dev(fs_path);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(loop_dev.valid());
-        // create file system
-        ret = system(mkfs_cmd.c_str());
-        ASSERT_EQ(ret, 0);
-
-        // mount the file system
-        ASSERT_EQ(mount(loop_dev.device().c_str(), mntpoint.c_str(), "ext4", 0, nullptr), 0);
-    }
-
-    void TearDown() override {
-        umount(mntpoint.c_str());
-        rmdir(mntpoint.c_str());
-        unlink(fs_path.c_str());
-    }
-
-    std::string mntpoint;
-    std::string fs_path;
-};
-
-class VerifyBlockWritesF2fs : public ::testing::Test {
-    // 2GB Filesystem and 4k block size by default
-    static constexpr uint64_t block_size = 4096;
-    static constexpr uint64_t fs_size = 2147483648;
-
-  protected:
-    void SetUp() override {
-        fs_path = std::string(getenv("TMPDIR")) + "/f2fs_2G.img";
-        uint64_t count = fs_size / block_size;
-        std::string dd_cmd =
-                ::android::base::StringPrintf("/system/bin/dd if=/dev/zero of=%s bs=%" PRIu64
-                                              " count=%" PRIu64 " > /dev/null 2>&1",
-                                              fs_path.c_str(), block_size, count);
-        std::string mkfs_cmd =
-                ::android::base::StringPrintf("/system/bin/make_f2fs -q %s", fs_path.c_str());
-        // create mount point
-        mntpoint = std::string(getenv("TMPDIR")) + "/fiemap_mnt";
-        ASSERT_EQ(mkdir(mntpoint.c_str(), S_IRWXU), 0);
-        // create file for the file system
-        int ret = system(dd_cmd.c_str());
-        ASSERT_EQ(ret, 0);
-        // Get and attach a loop device to the filesystem we created
-        LoopDevice loop_dev(fs_path);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(loop_dev.valid());
-        // create file system
-        ret = system(mkfs_cmd.c_str());
-        ASSERT_EQ(ret, 0);
-
-        // mount the file system
-        ASSERT_EQ(mount(loop_dev.device().c_str(), mntpoint.c_str(), "f2fs", 0, nullptr), 0);
-    }
-
-    void TearDown() override {
-        umount(mntpoint.c_str());
-        rmdir(mntpoint.c_str());
-        unlink(fs_path.c_str());
-    }
-
-    std::string mntpoint;
-    std::string fs_path;
-};
-
-bool DetermineBlockSize() {
-    struct statfs s;
-    if (statfs(gTestDir.c_str(), &s)) {
-        std::cerr << "Could not call statfs: " << strerror(errno) << "\n";
-        return false;
-    }
-    if (!s.f_bsize) {
-        std::cerr << "Invalid block size: " << s.f_bsize << "\n";
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    gBlockSize = s.f_bsize;
-    return true;
-}
-
-}  // namespace fiemap_writer
-}  // namespace android
-
-using namespace android::fiemap_writer;
-
-int main(int argc, char** argv) {
-    ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
-    if (argc > 1 && argv[1] == "-h"s) {
-        cerr << "Usage: [test_dir] [file_size]\n";
-        cerr << "\n";
-        cerr << "Note: test_dir must be a writable, unencrypted directory.\n";
-        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
-    }
-    ::android::base::InitLogging(argv, ::android::base::StderrLogger);
-
-    std::string root_dir = "/data/local/unencrypted";
-    if (access(root_dir.c_str(), F_OK)) {
-        root_dir = "/data";
-    }
-
-    std::string tempdir = root_dir + "/XXXXXX"s;
-    if (!mkdtemp(tempdir.data())) {
-        cerr << "unable to create tempdir on " << root_dir << "\n";
-        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
-    }
-    if (!android::base::Realpath(tempdir, &gTestDir)) {
-        cerr << "unable to find realpath for " << tempdir;
-        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
-    }
-
-    if (argc > 2) {
-        testfile_size = strtoull(argv[2], NULL, 0);
-        if (testfile_size == ULLONG_MAX) {
-            testfile_size = 512 * 1024 * 1024;
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (!DetermineBlockSize()) {
-        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
-    }
-
-    auto result = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
-
-    std::string cmd = "rm -rf " + gTestDir;
-    system(cmd.c_str());
-
-    return result;
-}
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfiemap_writer/include/libfiemap_writer/fiemap_writer.h b/fs_mgr/libfiemap_writer/include/libfiemap_writer/fiemap_writer.h
deleted file mode 100644
index ee79262..0000000
--- a/fs_mgr/libfiemap_writer/include/libfiemap_writer/fiemap_writer.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,118 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#pragma once
-
-#include <linux/fiemap.h>
-#include <stdint.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-
-#include <functional>
-#include <string>
-#include <vector>
-
-#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
-
-namespace android {
-namespace fiemap_writer {
-
-class FiemapWriter;
-using FiemapUniquePtr = std::unique_ptr<FiemapWriter>;
-
-class FiemapWriter final {
-  public:
-    // Factory method for FiemapWriter.
-    // The method returns FiemapUniquePtr that contains all the data necessary to be able to write
-    // to the given file directly using raw block i/o. The optional progress callback will be
-    // invoked, if create is true, while the file is being initialized. It receives the bytes
-    // written and the number of total bytes. If the callback returns false, the operation will
-    // fail.
-    //
-    // Note: when create is true, the file size will be aligned up to the nearest file system
-    // block.
-    static FiemapUniquePtr Open(const std::string& file_path, uint64_t file_size,
-                                bool create = true,
-                                std::function<bool(uint64_t, uint64_t)> progress = {});
-
-    // Check that a file still has the same extents since it was last opened with FiemapWriter,
-    // assuming the file was not resized outside of FiemapWriter. Returns false either on error
-    // or if the file was not pinned.
-    //
-    // This will always return true on Ext4. On F2FS, it will return true if either of the
-    // following cases are true:
-    //   - The file was never pinned.
-    //   - The file is pinned and has not been moved by the GC.
-    // Thus, this method should only be called for pinned files (such as those returned by
-    // FiemapWriter::Open).
-    static bool HasPinnedExtents(const std::string& file_path);
-
-    // Returns the underlying block device of a file. This will look past device-mapper layers
-    // as long as each layer would not change block mappings (i.e., dm-crypt, dm-bow, and dm-
-    // default-key tables are okay; dm-linear is not). If a mapping such as dm-linear is found,
-    // it will be returned in place of any physical block device.
-    //
-    // It is the caller's responsibility to check whether the returned block device is acceptable.
-    // Gsid, for example, will only accept /dev/block/by-name/userdata as the bottom device.
-    // Callers can check the device name (dm- or loop prefix), inspect sysfs, or compare the major
-    // number against a boot device.
-    //
-    // If device-mapper nodes were encountered, then |uses_dm| will be set to true.
-    static bool GetBlockDeviceForFile(const std::string& file_path, std::string* bdev_path,
-                                      bool* uses_dm = nullptr);
-
-    ~FiemapWriter() = default;
-
-    const std::string& file_path() const { return file_path_; };
-    uint64_t size() const { return file_size_; };
-    const std::string& bdev_path() const { return bdev_path_; };
-    uint64_t block_size() const { return block_size_; };
-    const std::vector<struct fiemap_extent>& extents() { return extents_; };
-    uint32_t fs_type() const { return fs_type_; }
-
-    // Non-copyable & Non-movable
-    FiemapWriter(const FiemapWriter&) = delete;
-    FiemapWriter& operator=(const FiemapWriter&) = delete;
-    FiemapWriter& operator=(FiemapWriter&&) = delete;
-    FiemapWriter(FiemapWriter&&) = delete;
-
-  private:
-    // Name of the file managed by this class.
-    std::string file_path_;
-    // Block device on which we have created the file.
-    std::string bdev_path_;
-
-    // Size in bytes of the file this class is writing
-    uint64_t file_size_;
-
-    // total size in bytes of the block device
-    uint64_t bdev_size_;
-
-    // Filesystem type where the file is being created.
-    // See: <uapi/linux/magic.h> for filesystem magic numbers
-    uint32_t fs_type_;
-
-    // block size as reported by the kernel of the underlying block device;
-    uint64_t block_size_;
-
-    // This file's fiemap
-    std::vector<struct fiemap_extent> extents_;
-
-    FiemapWriter() = default;
-};
-
-}  // namespace fiemap_writer
-}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfiemap_writer/include/libfiemap_writer/split_fiemap_writer.h b/fs_mgr/libfiemap_writer/include/libfiemap_writer/split_fiemap_writer.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 7b977e1..0000000
--- a/fs_mgr/libfiemap_writer/include/libfiemap_writer/split_fiemap_writer.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,97 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#pragma once
-
-#include <stdint.h>
-
-#include <functional>
-#include <memory>
-#include <string>
-#include <vector>
-
-#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
-
-#include "fiemap_writer.h"
-
-namespace android {
-namespace fiemap_writer {
-
-// Wrapper around FiemapWriter that is able to split images across files if
-// necessary.
-class SplitFiemap final {
-  public:
-    using ProgressCallback = std::function<bool(uint64_t, uint64_t)>;
-
-    // Create a new split fiemap file. If |max_piece_size| is 0, the number of
-    // pieces will be determined automatically by detecting the filesystem.
-    // Otherwise, the file will be split evenly (with the remainder in the
-    // final file).
-    static std::unique_ptr<SplitFiemap> Create(const std::string& file_path, uint64_t file_size,
-                                               uint64_t max_piece_size,
-                                               ProgressCallback progress = {});
-
-    // Open an existing split fiemap file.
-    static std::unique_ptr<SplitFiemap> Open(const std::string& file_path);
-
-    ~SplitFiemap();
-
-    // Return a list of all files created for a split file.
-    static bool GetSplitFileList(const std::string& file_path, std::vector<std::string>* list);
-
-    // Destroy all components of a split file. If the root file does not exist,
-    // this returns true and does not report an error.
-    static bool RemoveSplitFiles(const std::string& file_path, std::string* message = nullptr);
-
-    // Return whether all components of a split file still have pinned extents.
-    bool HasPinnedExtents() const;
-
-    // Helper method for writing data that spans files. Note there is no seek
-    // method (yet); this starts at 0 and increments the position by |bytes|.
-    bool Write(const void* data, uint64_t bytes);
-
-    // Flush all writes to all split files.
-    bool Flush();
-
-    const std::vector<struct fiemap_extent>& extents();
-    uint32_t block_size() const;
-    uint64_t size() const { return total_size_; }
-    const std::string& bdev_path() const;
-
-    // Non-copyable & Non-movable
-    SplitFiemap(const SplitFiemap&) = delete;
-    SplitFiemap& operator=(const SplitFiemap&) = delete;
-    SplitFiemap& operator=(SplitFiemap&&) = delete;
-    SplitFiemap(SplitFiemap&&) = delete;
-
-  private:
-    SplitFiemap() = default;
-    void AddFile(FiemapUniquePtr&& file);
-
-    bool creating_ = false;
-    std::string list_file_;
-    std::vector<FiemapUniquePtr> files_;
-    std::vector<struct fiemap_extent> extents_;
-    uint64_t total_size_ = 0;
-
-    // Most recently open file and position for Write().
-    size_t cursor_index_ = 0;
-    uint64_t cursor_file_pos_ = 0;
-    android::base::unique_fd cursor_fd_;
-};
-
-}  // namespace fiemap_writer
-}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfiemap_writer/split_fiemap_writer.cpp b/fs_mgr/libfiemap_writer/split_fiemap_writer.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 16a82d2..0000000
--- a/fs_mgr/libfiemap_writer/split_fiemap_writer.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,298 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include <libfiemap_writer/split_fiemap_writer.h>
-
-#include <fcntl.h>
-#include <stdint.h>
-#include <sys/stat.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-
-#include <memory>
-#include <string>
-#include <vector>
-
-#include <android-base/file.h>
-#include <android-base/logging.h>
-#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
-#include <android-base/strings.h>
-#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
-
-#include "utility.h"
-
-namespace android {
-namespace fiemap_writer {
-
-using android::base::unique_fd;
-
-// We use a four-digit suffix at the end of filenames.
-static const size_t kMaxFilePieces = 500;
-
-std::unique_ptr<SplitFiemap> SplitFiemap::Create(const std::string& file_path, uint64_t file_size,
-                                                 uint64_t max_piece_size,
-                                                 ProgressCallback progress) {
-    if (!file_size) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Cannot create a fiemap for a 0-length file: " << file_path;
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    if (!max_piece_size) {
-        max_piece_size = DetermineMaximumFileSize(file_path);
-        if (!max_piece_size) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Could not determine maximum file size for " << file_path;
-            return nullptr;
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Call |progress| only when the total percentage would significantly change.
-    int permille = -1;
-    uint64_t total_bytes_written = 0;
-    auto on_progress = [&](uint64_t written, uint64_t) -> bool {
-        uint64_t actual_written = total_bytes_written + written;
-        int new_permille = (actual_written * 1000) / file_size;
-        if (new_permille != permille && actual_written < file_size) {
-            if (progress && !progress(actual_written, file_size)) {
-                return false;
-            }
-            permille = new_permille;
-        }
-        return true;
-    };
-
-    std::unique_ptr<SplitFiemap> out(new SplitFiemap());
-    out->creating_ = true;
-    out->list_file_ = file_path;
-
-    // Create the split files.
-    uint64_t remaining_bytes = file_size;
-    while (remaining_bytes) {
-        if (out->files_.size() >= kMaxFilePieces) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Requested size " << file_size << " created too many split files";
-            return nullptr;
-        }
-        std::string chunk_path =
-                android::base::StringPrintf("%s.%04d", file_path.c_str(), (int)out->files_.size());
-        uint64_t chunk_size = std::min(max_piece_size, remaining_bytes);
-        auto writer = FiemapWriter::Open(chunk_path, chunk_size, true, on_progress);
-        if (!writer) {
-            return nullptr;
-        }
-
-        // To make sure the alignment doesn't create too much inconsistency, we
-        // account the *actual* size, not the requested size.
-        total_bytes_written += writer->size();
-        // writer->size() is block size aligned and could be bigger than remaining_bytes
-        // If remaining_bytes is bigger, set remaining_bytes to 0 to avoid underflow error.
-        remaining_bytes = remaining_bytes > writer->size() ? (remaining_bytes - writer->size()) : 0;
-        out->AddFile(std::move(writer));
-    }
-
-    // Create the split file list.
-    unique_fd fd(open(out->list_file_.c_str(), O_CREAT | O_WRONLY | O_CLOEXEC, 0660));
-    if (fd < 0) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open " << file_path;
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    for (const auto& writer : out->files_) {
-        std::string line = android::base::Basename(writer->file_path()) + "\n";
-        if (!android::base::WriteFully(fd, line.data(), line.size())) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "Write failed " << file_path;
-            return nullptr;
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Unset this bit, so we don't unlink on destruction.
-    out->creating_ = false;
-    return out;
-}
-
-std::unique_ptr<SplitFiemap> SplitFiemap::Open(const std::string& file_path) {
-    std::vector<std::string> files;
-    if (!GetSplitFileList(file_path, &files)) {
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    std::unique_ptr<SplitFiemap> out(new SplitFiemap());
-    out->list_file_ = file_path;
-
-    for (const auto& file : files) {
-        auto writer = FiemapWriter::Open(file, 0, false);
-        if (!writer) {
-            // Error was logged in Open().
-            return nullptr;
-        }
-        out->AddFile(std::move(writer));
-    }
-    return out;
-}
-
-bool SplitFiemap::GetSplitFileList(const std::string& file_path, std::vector<std::string>* list) {
-    // This is not the most efficient thing, but it is simple and recovering
-    // the fiemap/fibmap is much more expensive.
-    std::string contents;
-    if (!android::base::ReadFileToString(file_path, &contents, true)) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Error reading file: " << file_path;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    std::vector<std::string> names = android::base::Split(contents, "\n");
-    std::string dir = android::base::Dirname(file_path);
-    for (const auto& name : names) {
-        if (!name.empty()) {
-            list->emplace_back(dir + "/" + name);
-        }
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool SplitFiemap::RemoveSplitFiles(const std::string& file_path, std::string* message) {
-    // Early exit if this does not exist, and do not report an error.
-    if (access(file_path.c_str(), F_OK) && errno == ENOENT) {
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    bool ok = true;
-    std::vector<std::string> files;
-    if (GetSplitFileList(file_path, &files)) {
-        for (const auto& file : files) {
-            ok &= android::base::RemoveFileIfExists(file, message);
-        }
-    }
-    ok &= android::base::RemoveFileIfExists(file_path, message);
-    return ok;
-}
-
-bool SplitFiemap::HasPinnedExtents() const {
-    for (const auto& file : files_) {
-        if (!FiemapWriter::HasPinnedExtents(file->file_path())) {
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-const std::vector<struct fiemap_extent>& SplitFiemap::extents() {
-    if (extents_.empty()) {
-        for (const auto& file : files_) {
-            const auto& extents = file->extents();
-            extents_.insert(extents_.end(), extents.begin(), extents.end());
-        }
-    }
-    return extents_;
-}
-
-bool SplitFiemap::Write(const void* data, uint64_t bytes) {
-    // Open the current file.
-    FiemapWriter* file = files_[cursor_index_].get();
-
-    const uint8_t* data_ptr = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(data);
-    uint64_t bytes_remaining = bytes;
-    while (bytes_remaining) {
-        // How many bytes can we write into the current file?
-        uint64_t file_bytes_left = file->size() - cursor_file_pos_;
-        if (!file_bytes_left) {
-            if (cursor_index_ == files_.size() - 1) {
-                LOG(ERROR) << "write past end of file requested";
-                return false;
-            }
-
-            // No space left in the current file, but we have more files to
-            // use, so prep the next one.
-            cursor_fd_ = {};
-            cursor_file_pos_ = 0;
-            file = files_[++cursor_index_].get();
-            file_bytes_left = file->size();
-        }
-
-        // Open the current file if it's not open.
-        if (cursor_fd_ < 0) {
-            cursor_fd_.reset(open(file->file_path().c_str(), O_CLOEXEC | O_WRONLY));
-            if (cursor_fd_ < 0) {
-                PLOG(ERROR) << "open failed: " << file->file_path();
-                return false;
-            }
-            CHECK(cursor_file_pos_ == 0);
-        }
-
-        if (!FiemapWriter::HasPinnedExtents(file->file_path())) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "file is no longer pinned: " << file->file_path();
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        uint64_t bytes_to_write = std::min(file_bytes_left, bytes_remaining);
-        if (!android::base::WriteFully(cursor_fd_, data_ptr, bytes_to_write)) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "write failed: " << file->file_path();
-            return false;
-        }
-        data_ptr += bytes_to_write;
-        bytes_remaining -= bytes_to_write;
-        cursor_file_pos_ += bytes_to_write;
-    }
-
-    // If we've reached the end of the current file, close it for sanity.
-    if (cursor_file_pos_ == file->size()) {
-        cursor_fd_ = {};
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool SplitFiemap::Flush() {
-    for (const auto& file : files_) {
-        unique_fd fd(open(file->file_path().c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC));
-        if (fd < 0) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "open failed: " << file->file_path();
-            return false;
-        }
-        if (fsync(fd)) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "fsync failed: " << file->file_path();
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-SplitFiemap::~SplitFiemap() {
-    if (!creating_) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    // We failed to finish creating, so unlink everything.
-    unlink(list_file_.c_str());
-    for (auto&& file : files_) {
-        std::string path = file->file_path();
-        file = nullptr;
-
-        unlink(path.c_str());
-    }
-}
-
-void SplitFiemap::AddFile(FiemapUniquePtr&& file) {
-    total_size_ += file->size();
-    files_.emplace_back(std::move(file));
-}
-
-uint32_t SplitFiemap::block_size() const {
-    return files_[0]->block_size();
-}
-
-const std::string& SplitFiemap::bdev_path() const {
-    return files_[0]->bdev_path();
-}
-
-}  // namespace fiemap_writer
-}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfiemap_writer/testdata/file_32k b/fs_mgr/libfiemap_writer/testdata/file_32k
deleted file mode 100644
index 12f3be4..0000000
--- a/fs_mgr/libfiemap_writer/testdata/file_32k
+++ /dev/null
Binary files differ
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfiemap_writer/testdata/file_4k b/fs_mgr/libfiemap_writer/testdata/file_4k
deleted file mode 100644
index 08e7df1..0000000
--- a/fs_mgr/libfiemap_writer/testdata/file_4k
+++ /dev/null
Binary files differ
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfiemap_writer/testdata/unaligned_file b/fs_mgr/libfiemap_writer/testdata/unaligned_file
deleted file mode 100644
index c107c26..0000000
--- a/fs_mgr/libfiemap_writer/testdata/unaligned_file
+++ /dev/null
Binary files differ
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfiemap_writer/utility.cpp b/fs_mgr/libfiemap_writer/utility.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 192ec16..0000000
--- a/fs_mgr/libfiemap_writer/utility.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,66 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include "utility.h"
-
-#include <stdint.h>
-#include <sys/vfs.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-
-#include <android-base/logging.h>
-#include <libfiemap_writer/fiemap_writer.h>
-
-namespace android {
-namespace fiemap_writer {
-
-uint64_t DetermineMaximumFileSize(const std::string& file_path) {
-    // Create the smallest file possible (one block).
-    auto writer = FiemapWriter::Open(file_path, 1);
-    if (!writer) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    uint64_t result = 0;
-    switch (writer->fs_type()) {
-        case EXT4_SUPER_MAGIC:
-            // The minimum is 16GiB, so just report that. If we wanted we could parse the
-            // superblock and figure out if 64-bit support is enabled.
-            result = 17179869184ULL;
-            break;
-        case F2FS_SUPER_MAGIC:
-            // Formula is from https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/filesystems/f2fs.txt
-            // 4KB * (923 + 2 * 1018 + 2 * 1018 * 1018 + 1018 * 1018 * 1018) := 3.94TB.
-            result = 4329690886144ULL;
-            break;
-        case MSDOS_SUPER_MAGIC:
-            // 4GB-1, which we want aligned to the block size.
-            result = 4294967295;
-            result -= (result % writer->block_size());
-            break;
-        default:
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Unknown file system type: " << writer->fs_type();
-            break;
-    }
-
-    // Close and delete the temporary file.
-    writer = nullptr;
-    unlink(file_path.c_str());
-
-    return result;
-}
-
-}  // namespace fiemap_writer
-}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/liblp/builder.cpp b/fs_mgr/liblp/builder.cpp
index 25a042f..8797ea9 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/liblp/builder.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/liblp/builder.cpp
@@ -30,8 +30,8 @@
 namespace android {
 namespace fs_mgr {
 
-bool MetadataBuilder::sABOverrideSet;
-bool MetadataBuilder::sABOverrideValue;
+std::optional<bool> MetadataBuilder::sABOverride;
+std::optional<bool> MetadataBuilder::sRetrofitDap;
 
 static const std::string kDefaultGroup = "default";
 
@@ -169,7 +169,8 @@
     // needed. On the other hand, for retrofit devices, we'll need to
     // translate block device and group names to update their slot suffixes.
     auto super_device = GetMetadataSuperBlockDevice(*metadata.get());
-    if (GetBlockDevicePartitionName(*super_device) == "super") {
+    if (GetBlockDevicePartitionName(*super_device) == "super" ||
+        !IsRetrofitDynamicPartitionsDevice()) {
         return New(*metadata.get(), &opener);
     }
 
@@ -210,8 +211,11 @@
 }
 
 void MetadataBuilder::OverrideABForTesting(bool ab_device) {
-    sABOverrideSet = true;
-    sABOverrideValue = ab_device;
+    sABOverride = ab_device;
+}
+
+void MetadataBuilder::OverrideRetrofitDynamicParititonsForTesting(bool retrofit) {
+    sRetrofitDap = retrofit;
 }
 
 MetadataBuilder::MetadataBuilder() : auto_slot_suffixing_(false) {
@@ -580,7 +584,8 @@
     CHECK_NE(sectors_per_block, 0);
     CHECK(sectors_needed % sectors_per_block == 0);
 
-    if (IsABDevice() && !IsRetrofitDevice() && GetPartitionSlotSuffix(partition->name()) == "_b") {
+    if (IsABDevice() && !IsRetrofitMetadata() &&
+        GetPartitionSlotSuffix(partition->name()) == "_b") {
         // Allocate "a" partitions top-down and "b" partitions bottom-up, to
         // minimize fragmentation during OTA.
         free_regions = PrioritizeSecondHalfOfSuper(free_regions);
@@ -1044,14 +1049,21 @@
     auto_slot_suffixing_ = true;
 }
 
-bool MetadataBuilder::IsABDevice() const {
-    if (sABOverrideSet) {
-        return sABOverrideValue;
+bool MetadataBuilder::IsABDevice() {
+    if (sABOverride.has_value()) {
+        return *sABOverride;
     }
     return !android::base::GetProperty("ro.boot.slot_suffix", "").empty();
 }
 
-bool MetadataBuilder::IsRetrofitDevice() const {
+bool MetadataBuilder::IsRetrofitDynamicPartitionsDevice() {
+    if (sRetrofitDap.has_value()) {
+        return *sRetrofitDap;
+    }
+    return android::base::GetBoolProperty("ro.boot.dynamic_partitions_retrofit", false);
+}
+
+bool MetadataBuilder::IsRetrofitMetadata() const {
     return GetBlockDevicePartitionName(block_devices_[0]) != LP_METADATA_DEFAULT_PARTITION_NAME;
 }
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/liblp/builder_test.cpp b/fs_mgr/liblp/builder_test.cpp
index 34c68d4..377ec68 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/liblp/builder_test.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/liblp/builder_test.cpp
@@ -27,20 +27,28 @@
 
 class Environment : public ::testing::Environment {
   public:
-    void SetUp() override { MetadataBuilder::OverrideABForTesting(false); }
+    void SetUp() override {
+        MetadataBuilder::OverrideABForTesting(false);
+        MetadataBuilder::OverrideRetrofitDynamicParititonsForTesting(false);
+    }
 };
 
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
-    std::unique_ptr<Environment> env(new Environment);
-    ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(env.get());
+    ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(new Environment);
     ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
     return RUN_ALL_TESTS();
 }
 
 class BuilderTest : public ::testing::Test {
   public:
-    void SetUp() override { MetadataBuilder::OverrideABForTesting(false); }
-    void TearDown() override { MetadataBuilder::OverrideABForTesting(false); }
+    void SetUp() override {
+        MetadataBuilder::OverrideABForTesting(false);
+        MetadataBuilder::OverrideRetrofitDynamicParititonsForTesting(false);
+    }
+    void TearDown() override {
+        MetadataBuilder::OverrideABForTesting(false);
+        MetadataBuilder::OverrideRetrofitDynamicParititonsForTesting(false);
+    }
 };
 
 TEST_F(BuilderTest, BuildBasic) {
diff --git a/fs_mgr/liblp/include/liblp/builder.h b/fs_mgr/liblp/include/liblp/builder.h
index e70c552..a2221ef 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/liblp/include/liblp/builder.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/liblp/include/liblp/builder.h
@@ -199,6 +199,9 @@
     // Used by the test harness to override whether the device is "A/B".
     static void OverrideABForTesting(bool ab_device);
 
+    // Used by the test harness to override whether the device is "retrofitting dynamic partitions".
+    static void OverrideRetrofitDynamicParititonsForTesting(bool retrofit);
+
     // Define a new partition group. By default there is one group called
     // "default", with an unrestricted size. A non-zero size will restrict the
     // total space used by all partitions in the group.
@@ -306,8 +309,16 @@
     void ImportExtents(Partition* dest, const LpMetadata& metadata,
                        const LpMetadataPartition& source);
     bool ImportPartition(const LpMetadata& metadata, const LpMetadataPartition& source);
-    bool IsABDevice() const;
-    bool IsRetrofitDevice() const;
+
+    // Return true if the device is an AB device.
+    static bool IsABDevice();
+
+    // Return true if the device is retrofitting dynamic partitions.
+    static bool IsRetrofitDynamicPartitionsDevice();
+
+    // Return true if "this" metadata represents a metadata on a retrofit device.
+    bool IsRetrofitMetadata() const;
+
     bool ValidatePartitionGroups() const;
 
     struct Interval {
@@ -336,8 +347,8 @@
                                                     const std::vector<Interval>& free_list,
                                                     uint64_t sectors_needed) const;
 
-    static bool sABOverrideValue;
-    static bool sABOverrideSet;
+    static std::optional<bool> sABOverride;
+    static std::optional<bool> sRetrofitDap;
 
     LpMetadataGeometry geometry_;
     LpMetadataHeader header_;
diff --git a/fs_mgr/liblp/io_test.cpp b/fs_mgr/liblp/io_test.cpp
index fcef1f0..70dd85f 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/liblp/io_test.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/liblp/io_test.cpp
@@ -664,6 +664,8 @@
 }
 
 TEST(liblp, UpdateRetrofit) {
+    MetadataBuilder::OverrideRetrofitDynamicParititonsForTesting(true);
+
     unique_ptr<MetadataBuilder> builder = CreateDefaultBuilder();
     ASSERT_NE(builder, nullptr);
     ASSERT_TRUE(AddDefaultPartitions(builder.get()));
@@ -693,6 +695,8 @@
 }
 
 TEST(liblp, UpdateNonRetrofit) {
+    MetadataBuilder::OverrideRetrofitDynamicParititonsForTesting(false);
+
     unique_fd fd = CreateFlashedDisk();
     ASSERT_GE(fd, 0);
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/Android.bp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3a08049
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+//
+// Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+
+cc_library {
+    name: "libsnapshot",
+    recovery_available: true,
+    defaults: ["fs_mgr_defaults"],
+    cppflags: [
+        "-D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64",
+    ],
+    srcs: [
+        "snapshot.cpp",
+    ],
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libbase",
+        "liblog",
+    ],
+    static_libs: [
+        "libdm",
+        "libext2_uuid",
+    ],
+    export_include_dirs: ["include"],
+}
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/OWNERS b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/OWNERS
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0cfa7e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/OWNERS
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+dvander@google.com
+elsk@google.com
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5cfd7fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot.h
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#include <chrono>
+#include <memory>
+#include <string>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace snapshot {
+
+enum class UpdateStatus {
+    // No update or merge is in progress.
+    None,
+
+    // An update is pending, but has not been successfully booted yet.
+    Unverified,
+
+    // The kernel is merging in the background.
+    Merging,
+
+    // Merging is complete, and needs to be acknowledged.
+    MergeCompleted
+};
+
+class SnapshotManager final {
+  public:
+    // Return a new SnapshotManager instance, or null on error.
+    static std::unique_ptr<SnapshotManager> New();
+
+    // Create a new snapshot device with the given name, base device, and COW device
+    // size. The new device path will be returned in |dev_path|. If timeout_ms is
+    // greater than zero, this function will wait the given amount of time for
+    // |dev_path| to become available, and fail otherwise. If timeout_ms is 0, then
+    // no wait will occur and |dev_path| may not yet exist on return.
+    bool CreateSnapshot(const std::string& name, const std::string& base_device, uint64_t cow_size,
+                        std::string* dev_path, const std::chrono::milliseconds& timeout_ms);
+
+    // Map a snapshot device that was previously created with CreateSnapshot.
+    // If a merge was previously initiated, the device-mapper table will have a
+    // snapshot-merge target instead of a snapshot target. The timeout parameter
+    // is the same as in CreateSnapshotDevice.
+    bool MapSnapshotDevice(const std::string& name, const std::string& base_device,
+                           const std::chrono::milliseconds& timeout_ms, std::string* dev_path);
+
+    // Unmap a snapshot device previously mapped with MapSnapshotDevice().
+    bool UnmapSnapshotDevice(const std::string& name);
+
+    // Remove the backing copy-on-write image for the named snapshot. If the
+    // device is still mapped, this will attempt an Unmap, and fail if the
+    // unmap fails.
+    bool DeleteSnapshot(const std::string& name);
+
+    // Initiate a merge on all snapshot devices. This should only be used after an
+    // update has been marked successful after booting.
+    bool InitiateMerge();
+
+    // Wait for the current merge to finish, then perform cleanup when it
+    // completes. It is necessary to call this after InitiateMerge(), or when
+    // a merge is detected for the first time after boot.
+    bool WaitForMerge();
+
+    // Find the status of the current update, if any.
+    //
+    // |progress| depends on the returned status:
+    //   None: 0
+    //   Unverified: 0
+    //   Merging: Value in the range [0, 100)
+    //   MergeCompleted: 100
+    UpdateStatus GetUpdateStatus(double* progress);
+};
+
+}  // namespace snapshot
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3e80239
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include <libsnapshot/snapshot.h>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace snapshot {
+
+std::unique_ptr<SnapshotManager> SnapshotManager::New() {
+    return std::make_unique<SnapshotManager>();
+}
+
+bool SnapshotManager::CreateSnapshot(const std::string& name, const std::string& base_device,
+                                     uint64_t cow_size, std::string* dev_path,
+                                     const std::chrono::milliseconds& timeout_ms) {
+    // (1) Create COW device using libgsi_image.
+    // (2) Create snapshot device using libdm + DmTargetSnapshot.
+    // (3) Record partition in /metadata/ota.
+    (void)name;
+    (void)base_device;
+    (void)cow_size;
+    (void)dev_path;
+    (void)timeout_ms;
+    return false;
+}
+
+bool SnapshotManager::MapSnapshotDevice(const std::string& name, const std::string& base_device,
+                                        const std::chrono::milliseconds& timeout_ms,
+                                        std::string* dev_path) {
+    (void)name;
+    (void)base_device;
+    (void)dev_path;
+    (void)timeout_ms;
+    return false;
+}
+
+bool SnapshotManager::UnmapSnapshotDevice(const std::string& name) {
+    (void)name;
+    return false;
+}
+
+bool SnapshotManager::DeleteSnapshot(const std::string& name) {
+    (void)name;
+    return false;
+}
+
+bool SnapshotManager::InitiateMerge() {
+    return false;
+}
+
+bool SnapshotManager::WaitForMerge() {
+    return false;
+}
+
+UpdateStatus SnapshotManager::GetUpdateStatus(double* progress) {
+    *progress = 0.0f;
+    return UpdateStatus::None;
+}
+
+}  // namespace snapshot
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/tests/adb-remount-test.sh b/fs_mgr/tests/adb-remount-test.sh
index c2a0f33..642f2c1 100755
--- a/fs_mgr/tests/adb-remount-test.sh
+++ b/fs_mgr/tests/adb-remount-test.sh
@@ -15,10 +15,13 @@
 
 adb remount tests
 
---help        This help
---serial      Specify device (must if multiple are present)
---color       Dress output with highlighting colors
---print-time  Report the test duration
+--color                     Dress output with highlighting colors
+--help                      This help
+--no-wait-screen            Do not wait for display screen to settle
+--print-time                Report the test duration
+--serial                    Specify device (must if multiple are present)
+--wait-adb <duration>       adb wait timeout
+--wait-fastboot <duration>  fastboot wait timeout
 
 Conditions:
  - Must be a userdebug build.
@@ -53,6 +56,7 @@
 
 ADB_WAIT=4m
 FASTBOOT_WAIT=2m
+screen_wait=true
 
 ##
 ##  Helper Functions
@@ -185,7 +189,7 @@
 [ "USAGE: adb_cat <file> >stdout
 
 Returns: content of file to stdout with carriage returns skipped,
-         true of the file exists" ]
+         true if the file exists" ]
 adb_cat() {
     local OUTPUT="`adb_sh cat ${1} </dev/null 2>&1`"
     local ret=${?}
@@ -193,6 +197,17 @@
     return ${ret}
 }
 
+[ "USAGE: adb_ls <dirfile> >stdout
+
+Returns: filename or directoru content to stdout with carriage returns skipped,
+         true if the ls had no errors" ]
+adb_ls() {
+    local OUTPUT="`adb_sh ls ${1} </dev/null 2>/dev/null`"
+    local ret=${?}
+    echo "${OUTPUT}" | tr -d '\r'
+    return ${ret}
+}
+
 [ "USAGE: adb_reboot
 
 Returns: true if the reboot command succeeded" ]
@@ -436,6 +451,10 @@
 -n - echo newline at exit
 TIMEOUT - default `format_duration ${wait_for_screen_timeout}`" ]
 wait_for_screen() {
+  if ! ${screen_wait}; then
+    adb_wait
+    return
+  fi
   exit_function=true
   if [ X"-n" = X"${1}" ]; then
     exit_function=echo
@@ -743,6 +762,9 @@
 
 OPTIONS=`getopt --alternative --unquoted \
                 --longoptions help,serial:,colour,color,no-colour,no-color \
+                --longoptions wait-adb:,wait-fastboot: \
+                --longoptions wait-screen,wait-display \
+                --longoptions no-wait-screen,no-wait-display \
                 --longoptions gtest_print_time,print-time \
                 -- "?hs:" ${*}` ||
   ( echo "${USAGE}" >&2 ; false ) ||
@@ -766,9 +788,23 @@
     --no-color | --no-colour)
       color=false
       ;;
+    --no-wait-display | --no-wait-screen)
+      screen_wait=false
+      ;;
+    --wait-display | --wait-screen)
+      screen_wait=true
+      ;;
     --print-time | --gtest_print_time)
       print_time=true
       ;;
+    --wait-adb)
+      ADB_WAIT=${2}
+      shift
+      ;;
+    --wait-fastboot)
+      FASTBOOT_WAIT=${2}
+      shift
+      ;;
     --)
       shift
       break
@@ -1145,10 +1181,14 @@
 
 A="Hello World! $(date)"
 echo "${A}" | adb_sh cat - ">/system/hello"
+echo "${A}" | adb_sh cat - ">/system/priv-app/hello"
 echo "${A}" | adb_sh cat - ">/vendor/hello"
 B="`adb_cat /system/hello`" ||
-  die "sytem hello"
+  die "system hello"
 check_eq "${A}" "${B}" /system before reboot
+B="`adb_cat /system/priv-app/hello`" ||
+  die "system priv-app hello"
+check_eq "${A}" "${B}" /system/priv-app before reboot
 B="`adb_cat /vendor/hello`" ||
   die "vendor hello"
 check_eq "${A}" "${B}" /vendor before reboot
@@ -1230,6 +1270,13 @@
 fi
 B="`adb_cat /system/hello`"
 check_eq "${A}" "${B}" /system after reboot
+# If overlayfs has a nested security problem, this will fail.
+B="`adb_ls /system/`" ||
+  dir "adb ls /system"
+[ X"${B}" != X"${B#*priv-app}" ] ||
+  dir "adb ls /system/priv-app"
+B="`adb_cat /system/priv-app/hello`"
+check_eq "${A}" "${B}" /system/priv-app after reboot
 echo "${GREEN}[       OK ]${NORMAL} /system content remains after reboot" >&2
 # Only root can read vendor if sepolicy permissions are as expected.
 adb_root ||
@@ -1351,6 +1398,12 @@
   fi
   B="`adb_cat /system/hello`"
   check_eq "${A}" "${B}" system after flash vendor
+  B="`adb_ls /system/`" ||
+    dir "adb ls /system"
+  [ X"${B}" != X"${B#*priv-app}" ] ||
+    dir "adb ls /system/priv-app"
+  B="`adb_cat /system/priv-app/hello`"
+  check_eq "${A}" "${B}" system/priv-app after flash vendor
   adb_root ||
     die "adb root"
   B="`adb_cat /vendor/hello`"
@@ -1392,15 +1445,17 @@
 echo "${H}"
 [ ${err} = 0 ] &&
   ( adb_sh rm /vendor/hello </dev/null 2>/dev/null || true ) &&
-  adb_sh rm /system/hello </dev/null ||
+  adb_sh rm /system/hello /system/priv-app/hello </dev/null ||
   ( [ -n "${L}" ] && echo "${L}" && false ) ||
   die -t ${T} "cleanup hello"
 B="`adb_cat /system/hello`"
 check_eq "cat: /system/hello: No such file or directory" "${B}" after rm
+B="`adb_cat /system/priv-app/hello`"
+check_eq "cat: /system/priv-app/hello: No such file or directory" "${B}" after rm
 B="`adb_cat /vendor/hello`"
 check_eq "cat: /vendor/hello: No such file or directory" "${B}" after rm
 
-if [ -n "${scratch_partition}" ]; then
+if ${is_bootloader_fastboot} && [ -n "${scratch_partition}" ]; then
 
   echo "${GREEN}[ RUN      ]${NORMAL} test fastboot flash to ${scratch_partition} recovery" >&2
 
@@ -1542,7 +1597,9 @@
     adb_wait ${ADB_WAIT} ||
     die "adb remount -R"
   if [ "orange" != "`get_property ro.boot.verifiedbootstate`" -o \
-       "2" = "`get_property partition.system.verified`" ]; then
+       "2" = "`get_property partition.system.verified`" ] &&
+     [ -n "`get_property ro.boot.verifiedbootstate`" -o \
+       -n "`get_property partition.system.verified`" ]; then
     die "remount -R command failed to disable verity"
   fi
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/tools/dmctl.cpp b/fs_mgr/tools/dmctl.cpp
index 7e6ad5b..2738457 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/tools/dmctl.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/tools/dmctl.cpp
@@ -49,7 +49,10 @@
     std::cerr << "  delete <dm-name>" << std::endl;
     std::cerr << "  list <devices | targets> [-v]" << std::endl;
     std::cerr << "  getpath <dm-name>" << std::endl;
+    std::cerr << "  info <dm-name>" << std::endl;
     std::cerr << "  status <dm-name>" << std::endl;
+    std::cerr << "  resume <dm-name>" << std::endl;
+    std::cerr << "  suspend <dm-name>" << std::endl;
     std::cerr << "  table <dm-name>" << std::endl;
     std::cerr << "  help" << std::endl;
     std::cerr << std::endl;
@@ -194,19 +197,12 @@
     char** argv_;
 };
 
-static int DmCreateCmdHandler(int argc, char** argv) {
-    if (argc < 1) {
-        std::cerr << "Usage: dmctl create <dm-name> [-ro] <targets...>" << std::endl;
-        return -EINVAL;
-    }
-    std::string name = argv[0];
-
+static bool parse_table_args(DmTable* table, int argc, char** argv) {
     // Parse extended options first.
-    DmTable table;
     int arg_index = 1;
     while (arg_index < argc && argv[arg_index][0] == '-') {
         if (strcmp(argv[arg_index], "-ro") == 0) {
-            table.set_readonly(true);
+            table->set_readonly(true);
             arg_index++;
         } else {
             std::cerr << "Unrecognized option: " << argv[arg_index] << std::endl;
@@ -218,15 +214,30 @@
     TargetParser parser(argc - arg_index, argv + arg_index);
     while (parser.More()) {
         std::unique_ptr<DmTarget> target = parser.Next();
-        if (!target || !table.AddTarget(std::move(target))) {
+        if (!target || !table->AddTarget(std::move(target))) {
             return -EINVAL;
         }
     }
 
-    if (table.num_targets() == 0) {
+    if (table->num_targets() == 0) {
         std::cerr << "Must define at least one target." << std::endl;
         return -EINVAL;
     }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int DmCreateCmdHandler(int argc, char** argv) {
+    if (argc < 1) {
+        std::cerr << "Usage: dmctl create <dm-name> [-ro] <targets...>" << std::endl;
+        return -EINVAL;
+    }
+    std::string name = argv[0];
+
+    DmTable table;
+    int ret = parse_table_args(&table, argc, argv);
+    if (ret) {
+        return ret;
+    }
 
     DeviceMapper& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
     if (!dm.CreateDevice(name, table)) {
@@ -252,6 +263,27 @@
     return 0;
 }
 
+static int DmReplaceCmdHandler(int argc, char** argv) {
+    if (argc < 1) {
+        std::cerr << "Usage: dmctl replace <dm-name> <targets...>" << std::endl;
+        return -EINVAL;
+    }
+    std::string name = argv[0];
+
+    DmTable table;
+    int ret = parse_table_args(&table, argc, argv);
+    if (ret) {
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    DeviceMapper& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
+    if (!dm.LoadTableAndActivate(name, table)) {
+        std::cerr << "Failed to replace device-mapper table to: " << name << std::endl;
+        return -EIO;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
 static int DmListTargets(DeviceMapper& dm, [[maybe_unused]] int argc,
                          [[maybe_unused]] char** argv) {
     std::vector<DmTargetTypeInfo> targets;
@@ -357,6 +389,41 @@
     return 0;
 }
 
+static int InfoCmdHandler(int argc, char** argv) {
+    if (argc != 1) {
+        std::cerr << "Invalid arguments, see \'dmctl help\'" << std::endl;
+        return -EINVAL;
+    }
+
+    DeviceMapper& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
+    auto info = dm.GetDetailedInfo(argv[0]);
+    if (!info) {
+        std::cerr << "Invalid device \"" << argv[0] << "\"." << std::endl;
+        return -EINVAL;
+    }
+
+    constexpr int spacing = 14;
+    std::cout << std::left << std::setw(spacing) << "device"
+              << ": " << argv[0] << std::endl;
+    std::cout << std::left << std::setw(spacing) << "active"
+              << ": " << std::boolalpha << !info->IsSuspended() << std::endl;
+    std::cout << std::left << std::setw(spacing) << "access"
+              << ": ";
+    if (info->IsReadOnly()) {
+        std::cout << "ro ";
+    } else {
+        std::cout << "rw ";
+    }
+    std::cout << std::endl;
+    std::cout << std::left << std::setw(spacing) << "activeTable"
+              << ": " << std::boolalpha << info->IsActiveTablePresent() << std::endl;
+    std::cout << std::left << std::setw(spacing) << "inactiveTable"
+              << ": " << std::boolalpha << info->IsInactiveTablePresent() << std::endl;
+    std::cout << std::left << std::setw(spacing) << "bufferFull"
+              << ": " << std::boolalpha << info->IsBufferFull() << std::endl;
+    return 0;
+}
+
 static int DumpTable(const std::string& mode, int argc, char** argv) {
     if (argc != 1) {
         std::cerr << "Invalid arguments, see \'dmctl help\'" << std::endl;
@@ -399,15 +466,47 @@
     return DumpTable("status", argc, argv);
 }
 
+static int ResumeCmdHandler(int argc, char** argv) {
+    if (argc != 1) {
+        std::cerr << "Invalid arguments, see \'dmctl help\'" << std::endl;
+        return -EINVAL;
+    }
+
+    DeviceMapper& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
+    if (!dm.ChangeState(argv[0], DmDeviceState::ACTIVE)) {
+        std::cerr << "Could not resume device \"" << argv[0] << "\"." << std::endl;
+        return -EINVAL;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int SuspendCmdHandler(int argc, char** argv) {
+    if (argc != 1) {
+        std::cerr << "Invalid arguments, see \'dmctl help\'" << std::endl;
+        return -EINVAL;
+    }
+
+    DeviceMapper& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
+    if (!dm.ChangeState(argv[0], DmDeviceState::SUSPENDED)) {
+        std::cerr << "Could not suspend device \"" << argv[0] << "\"." << std::endl;
+        return -EINVAL;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
 static std::map<std::string, std::function<int(int, char**)>> cmdmap = {
         // clang-format off
         {"create", DmCreateCmdHandler},
         {"delete", DmDeleteCmdHandler},
+        {"replace", DmReplaceCmdHandler},
         {"list", DmListCmdHandler},
         {"help", HelpCmdHandler},
         {"getpath", GetPathCmdHandler},
+        {"info", InfoCmdHandler},
         {"table", TableCmdHandler},
         {"status", StatusCmdHandler},
+        {"resume", ResumeCmdHandler},
+        {"suspend", SuspendCmdHandler},
         // clang-format on
 };
 
diff --git a/healthd/Android.bp b/healthd/Android.bp
index 2cf6be9..53be526 100644
--- a/healthd/Android.bp
+++ b/healthd/Android.bp
@@ -110,3 +110,55 @@
         "libutils",
     ],
 }
+
+sysprop_library {
+    name: "charger_sysprop",
+    srcs: ["charger.sysprop"],
+    property_owner: "Platform",
+    api_packages: ["android.sysprop"],
+}
+
+cc_library_static {
+    name: "libhealthd_draw",
+    export_include_dirs: ["."],
+    static_libs: [
+        "libcharger_sysprop",
+        "libminui",
+    ],
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libbase",
+    ],
+    header_libs: ["libbatteryservice_headers"],
+
+    srcs: ["healthd_draw.cpp"],
+}
+
+cc_library_static {
+    name: "libhealthd_charger",
+    local_include_dirs: ["include"],
+    export_include_dirs: [".", "include"],
+
+    static_libs: [
+        "android.hardware.health@2.0-impl",
+        "android.hardware.health@1.0-convert",
+        "libcharger_sysprop",
+        "libhealthstoragedefault",
+        "libhealthd_draw",
+        "libminui",
+    ],
+
+    shared_libs: [
+        "android.hardware.health@2.0",
+        "libbase",
+        "libcutils",
+        "liblog",
+        "libpng",
+        "libsuspend",
+        "libutils",
+    ],
+
+    srcs: [
+        "healthd_mode_charger.cpp",
+        "AnimationParser.cpp",
+    ],
+}
diff --git a/healthd/Android.mk b/healthd/Android.mk
index d18f15a..b87f3c7 100644
--- a/healthd/Android.mk
+++ b/healthd/Android.mk
@@ -2,74 +2,6 @@
 
 LOCAL_PATH := $(call my-dir)
 
-### libhealthd_draw ###
-include $(CLEAR_VARS)
-
-LOCAL_MODULE := libhealthd_draw
-
-LOCAL_EXPORT_C_INCLUDE_DIRS := $(LOCAL_PATH)
-LOCAL_STATIC_LIBRARIES := libminui
-LOCAL_SHARED_LIBRARIES := libbase
-LOCAL_SRC_FILES := healthd_draw.cpp
-
-ifneq ($(TARGET_HEALTHD_DRAW_SPLIT_SCREEN),)
-LOCAL_CFLAGS += -DHEALTHD_DRAW_SPLIT_SCREEN=$(TARGET_HEALTHD_DRAW_SPLIT_SCREEN)
-else
-LOCAL_CFLAGS += -DHEALTHD_DRAW_SPLIT_SCREEN=0
-endif
-
-ifneq ($(TARGET_HEALTHD_DRAW_SPLIT_OFFSET),)
-LOCAL_CFLAGS += -DHEALTHD_DRAW_SPLIT_OFFSET=$(TARGET_HEALTHD_DRAW_SPLIT_OFFSET)
-else
-LOCAL_CFLAGS += -DHEALTHD_DRAW_SPLIT_OFFSET=0
-endif
-
-LOCAL_HEADER_LIBRARIES := libbatteryservice_headers
-
-include $(BUILD_STATIC_LIBRARY)
-
-### libhealthd_charger ###
-include $(CLEAR_VARS)
-
-LOCAL_CFLAGS := -Werror
-ifeq ($(strip $(BOARD_CHARGER_DISABLE_INIT_BLANK)),true)
-LOCAL_CFLAGS += -DCHARGER_DISABLE_INIT_BLANK
-endif
-ifeq ($(strip $(BOARD_CHARGER_ENABLE_SUSPEND)),true)
-LOCAL_CFLAGS += -DCHARGER_ENABLE_SUSPEND
-endif
-
-LOCAL_SRC_FILES := \
-    healthd_mode_charger.cpp \
-    AnimationParser.cpp
-
-LOCAL_MODULE := libhealthd_charger
-LOCAL_C_INCLUDES := $(LOCAL_PATH)/include
-LOCAL_EXPORT_C_INCLUDE_DIRS := \
-    $(LOCAL_PATH) \
-    $(LOCAL_PATH)/include
-
-LOCAL_STATIC_LIBRARIES := \
-    android.hardware.health@2.0-impl \
-    android.hardware.health@1.0-convert \
-    libhealthstoragedefault \
-    libhealthd_draw \
-    libminui \
-
-LOCAL_SHARED_LIBRARIES := \
-    android.hardware.health@2.0 \
-    libbase \
-    libcutils \
-    liblog \
-    libpng \
-    libutils \
-
-ifeq ($(strip $(BOARD_CHARGER_ENABLE_SUSPEND)),true)
-LOCAL_SHARED_LIBRARIES += libsuspend
-endif
-
-include $(BUILD_STATIC_LIBRARY)
-
 ### charger ###
 include $(CLEAR_VARS)
 ifeq ($(strip $(BOARD_CHARGER_NO_UI)),true)
@@ -83,18 +15,17 @@
 LOCAL_C_INCLUDES := $(LOCAL_PATH)/include
 
 LOCAL_CFLAGS := -Werror
-ifeq ($(strip $(LOCAL_CHARGER_NO_UI)),true)
-LOCAL_CFLAGS += -DCHARGER_NO_UI
-endif
 
 CHARGER_STATIC_LIBRARIES := \
     android.hardware.health@2.0-impl \
     android.hardware.health@1.0-convert \
     libbinderthreadstate \
+    libcharger_sysprop \
     libhidltransport \
     libhidlbase \
     libhwbinder_noltopgo \
     libhealthstoragedefault \
+    libminui \
     libvndksupport \
     libhealthd_charger \
     libhealthd_charger_nops \
@@ -106,18 +37,12 @@
     libbase \
     libcutils \
     libjsoncpp \
+    libpng \
     libprocessgroup \
     liblog \
     libutils \
 
-ifneq ($(strip $(LOCAL_CHARGER_NO_UI)),true)
-CHARGER_STATIC_LIBRARIES += libminui
-CHARGER_SHARED_LIBRARIES += libpng
-endif
-
-ifeq ($(strip $(BOARD_CHARGER_ENABLE_SUSPEND)),true)
 CHARGER_SHARED_LIBRARIES += libsuspend
-endif
 
 LOCAL_STATIC_LIBRARIES := $(CHARGER_STATIC_LIBRARIES)
 LOCAL_SHARED_LIBRARIES := $(CHARGER_SHARED_LIBRARIES)
@@ -141,8 +66,7 @@
 LOCAL_MODULE_STEM := charger
 
 LOCAL_C_INCLUDES := $(LOCAL_PATH)/include
-LOCAL_CFLAGS := -Wall -Werror
-LOCAL_CFLAGS += -DCHARGER_NO_UI
+LOCAL_CFLAGS := -Wall -Werror -DCHARGER_FORCE_NO_UI=1
 
 # charger.recovery doesn't link against libhealthd_{charger,draw} or libminui, since it doesn't need
 # any UI support.
@@ -150,6 +74,7 @@
     android.hardware.health@2.0-impl \
     android.hardware.health@1.0-convert \
     libbinderthreadstate \
+    libcharger_sysprop \
     libhidltransport \
     libhidlbase \
     libhwbinder_noltopgo \
@@ -176,7 +101,7 @@
 include $(CLEAR_VARS)
 LOCAL_MODULE := charger_test
 LOCAL_C_INCLUDES := $(LOCAL_PATH)/include
-LOCAL_CFLAGS := -Wall -Werror -DCHARGER_NO_UI
+LOCAL_CFLAGS := -Wall -Werror
 LOCAL_STATIC_LIBRARIES := $(CHARGER_STATIC_LIBRARIES)
 LOCAL_SHARED_LIBRARIES := $(CHARGER_SHARED_LIBRARIES)
 LOCAL_SRC_FILES := \
diff --git a/healthd/AnimationParser.cpp b/healthd/AnimationParser.cpp
index 864038b..fde3b95 100644
--- a/healthd/AnimationParser.cpp
+++ b/healthd/AnimationParser.cpp
@@ -84,7 +84,6 @@
     static constexpr const char* fail_prefix = "fail: ";
     static constexpr const char* clock_prefix = "clock_display: ";
     static constexpr const char* percent_prefix = "percent_display: ";
-    static constexpr const char* frame_prefix = "frame: ";
 
     std::vector<animation::frame> frames;
 
diff --git a/healthd/api/current.txt b/healthd/api/current.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d802177
--- /dev/null
+++ b/healthd/api/current.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+// Signature format: 2.0
diff --git a/healthd/api/removed.txt b/healthd/api/removed.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d802177
--- /dev/null
+++ b/healthd/api/removed.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+// Signature format: 2.0
diff --git a/healthd/api/system-current.txt b/healthd/api/system-current.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d802177
--- /dev/null
+++ b/healthd/api/system-current.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+// Signature format: 2.0
diff --git a/healthd/api/system-removed.txt b/healthd/api/system-removed.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d802177
--- /dev/null
+++ b/healthd/api/system-removed.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+// Signature format: 2.0
diff --git a/healthd/api/test-current.txt b/healthd/api/test-current.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d802177
--- /dev/null
+++ b/healthd/api/test-current.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+// Signature format: 2.0
diff --git a/healthd/api/test-removed.txt b/healthd/api/test-removed.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d802177
--- /dev/null
+++ b/healthd/api/test-removed.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+// Signature format: 2.0
diff --git a/healthd/charger.cpp b/healthd/charger.cpp
index 085cceb..58ed416 100644
--- a/healthd/charger.cpp
+++ b/healthd/charger.cpp
@@ -14,13 +14,18 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#include "charger.sysprop.h"
 #include "healthd_mode_charger.h"
 #include "healthd_mode_charger_nops.h"
 
-int main(int argc, char** argv) {
-#ifdef CHARGER_NO_UI
-    return healthd_charger_nops(argc, argv);
-#else
-    return healthd_charger_main(argc, argv);
+#ifndef CHARGER_FORCE_NO_UI
+#define CHARGER_FORCE_NO_UI 0
 #endif
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+    if (CHARGER_FORCE_NO_UI || android::sysprop::ChargerProperties::no_ui().value_or(false)) {
+        return healthd_charger_nops(argc, argv);
+    } else {
+        return healthd_charger_main(argc, argv);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/healthd/charger.sysprop b/healthd/charger.sysprop
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b3f47a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/healthd/charger.sysprop
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+owner: Platform
+module: "android.sysprop.ChargerProperties"
+
+prop {
+    api_name: "draw_split_screen"
+    type: Boolean
+    prop_name: "ro.charger.draw_split_screen"
+    scope: Internal
+    access: Readonly
+}
+prop {
+    api_name: "draw_split_offset"
+    type: Long
+    prop_name: "ro.charger.draw_split_offset"
+    scope: Internal
+    access: Readonly
+}
+prop {
+    api_name: "disable_init_blank"
+    type: Boolean
+    prop_name: "ro.charger.disable_init_blank"
+    scope: Internal
+    access: Readonly
+}
+prop {
+    api_name: "enable_suspend"
+    type: Boolean
+    prop_name: "ro.charger.enable_suspend"
+    scope: Internal
+    access: Readonly
+}
+prop {
+    api_name: "no_ui"
+    type: Boolean
+    prop_name: "ro.charger.no_ui"
+    scope: Internal
+    access: Readonly
+}
diff --git a/healthd/healthd_draw.cpp b/healthd/healthd_draw.cpp
index 3da8bda..50eee19 100644
--- a/healthd/healthd_draw.cpp
+++ b/healthd/healthd_draw.cpp
@@ -18,15 +18,34 @@
 #include <batteryservice/BatteryService.h>
 #include <cutils/klog.h>
 
+#include "charger.sysprop.h"
 #include "healthd_draw.h"
 
 #define LOGE(x...) KLOG_ERROR("charger", x);
 #define LOGW(x...) KLOG_WARNING("charger", x);
 #define LOGV(x...) KLOG_DEBUG("charger", x);
 
+static bool get_split_screen() {
+    return android::sysprop::ChargerProperties::draw_split_screen().value_or(false);
+}
+
+static int get_split_offset() {
+    int64_t value = android::sysprop::ChargerProperties::draw_split_offset().value_or(0);
+    if (value < static_cast<int64_t>(std::numeric_limits<int>::min())) {
+        LOGW("draw_split_offset = %" PRId64 " overflow for an int; resetting to %d.\n", value,
+             std::numeric_limits<int>::min());
+        value = std::numeric_limits<int>::min();
+    }
+    if (value > static_cast<int64_t>(std::numeric_limits<int>::max())) {
+        LOGW("draw_split_offset = %" PRId64 " overflow for an int; resetting to %d.\n", value,
+             std::numeric_limits<int>::max());
+        value = std::numeric_limits<int>::max();
+    }
+    return static_cast<int>(value);
+}
+
 HealthdDraw::HealthdDraw(animation* anim)
-  : kSplitScreen(HEALTHD_DRAW_SPLIT_SCREEN),
-    kSplitOffset(HEALTHD_DRAW_SPLIT_OFFSET) {
+    : kSplitScreen(get_split_screen()), kSplitOffset(get_split_offset()) {
     int ret = gr_init();
 
     if (ret < 0) {
diff --git a/healthd/healthd_mode_charger.cpp b/healthd/healthd_mode_charger.cpp
index edf34f7..d676083 100644
--- a/healthd/healthd_mode_charger.cpp
+++ b/healthd/healthd_mode_charger.cpp
@@ -43,11 +43,10 @@
 #include <cutils/uevent.h>
 #include <sys/reboot.h>
 
-#ifdef CHARGER_ENABLE_SUSPEND
 #include <suspend/autosuspend.h>
-#endif
 
 #include "AnimationParser.h"
+#include "charger.sysprop.h"
 #include "healthd_draw.h"
 
 #include <health2/Health.h>
@@ -264,18 +263,16 @@
     LOGW("\n");
 }
 
-#ifdef CHARGER_ENABLE_SUSPEND
 static int request_suspend(bool enable) {
+    if (!android::sysprop::ChargerProperties::enable_suspend().value_or(false)) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
     if (enable)
         return autosuspend_enable();
     else
         return autosuspend_disable();
 }
-#else
-static int request_suspend(bool /*enable*/) {
-    return 0;
-}
-#endif
 
 static void kick_animation(animation* anim) {
     anim->run = true;
@@ -321,10 +318,10 @@
 
         healthd_draw.reset(new HealthdDraw(batt_anim));
 
-#ifndef CHARGER_DISABLE_INIT_BLANK
-        healthd_draw->blank_screen(true);
-        charger->screen_blanked = true;
-#endif
+        if (android::sysprop::ChargerProperties::disable_init_blank().value_or(false)) {
+            healthd_draw->blank_screen(true);
+            charger->screen_blanked = true;
+        }
     }
 
     /* animation is over, blank screen and leave */
diff --git a/init/Android.bp b/init/Android.bp
index ba60085..31e4173 100644
--- a/init/Android.bp
+++ b/init/Android.bp
@@ -227,9 +227,10 @@
 
 genrule {
     name: "generated_stub_builtin_function_map",
+    tool_files: ["host_builtin_map.py"],
     out: ["generated_stub_builtin_function_map.h"],
-    srcs: ["builtins.cpp"],
-    cmd: "sed -n '/Builtin-function-map start/{:a;n;/Builtin-function-map end/q;p;ba}' $(in) | sed -e 's/do_[^}]*/do_stub/g' > $(out)",
+    srcs: ["builtins.cpp", "check_builtins.cpp"],
+    cmd: "$(location host_builtin_map.py) --builtins $(location builtins.cpp) --check_builtins $(location check_builtins.cpp) > $(out)",
 }
 
 cc_binary {
@@ -260,6 +261,7 @@
         "action_manager.cpp",
         "action_parser.cpp",
         "capabilities.cpp",
+        "check_builtins.cpp",
         "epoll.cpp",
         "keychords.cpp",
         "import_parser.cpp",
diff --git a/init/action.cpp b/init/action.cpp
index 8cf7645..65ba25d 100644
--- a/init/action.cpp
+++ b/init/action.cpp
@@ -35,9 +35,11 @@
     builtin_arguments.args.resize(args.size());
     builtin_arguments.args[0] = args[0];
     for (std::size_t i = 1; i < args.size(); ++i) {
-        if (!expand_props(args[i], &builtin_arguments.args[i])) {
-            return Error() << "cannot expand '" << args[i] << "'";
+        auto expanded_arg = ExpandProps(args[i]);
+        if (!expanded_arg) {
+            return expanded_arg.error();
         }
+        builtin_arguments.args[i] = std::move(*expanded_arg);
     }
 
     return function(builtin_arguments);
@@ -66,6 +68,30 @@
     return RunBuiltinFunction(func_, args_, kInitContext);
 }
 
+Result<void> Command::CheckCommand() const {
+    auto builtin_arguments = BuiltinArguments("host_init_verifier");
+
+    builtin_arguments.args.resize(args_.size());
+    builtin_arguments.args[0] = args_[0];
+    for (size_t i = 1; i < args_.size(); ++i) {
+        auto expanded_arg = ExpandProps(args_[i]);
+        if (!expanded_arg) {
+            if (expanded_arg.error().message().find("doesn't exist while expanding") !=
+                std::string::npos) {
+                // If we failed because we won't have a property, use an empty string, which is
+                // never returned from the parser, to indicate that this field cannot be checked.
+                builtin_arguments.args[i] = "";
+            } else {
+                return expanded_arg.error();
+            }
+        } else {
+            builtin_arguments.args[i] = std::move(*expanded_arg);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return func_(builtin_arguments);
+}
+
 std::string Command::BuildCommandString() const {
     return Join(args_, ' ');
 }
@@ -80,17 +106,20 @@
       filename_(filename),
       line_(line) {}
 
-const KeywordFunctionMap* Action::function_map_ = nullptr;
+const BuiltinFunctionMap* Action::function_map_ = nullptr;
 
 Result<void> Action::AddCommand(std::vector<std::string>&& args, int line) {
     if (!function_map_) {
         return Error() << "no function map available";
     }
 
-    auto function = function_map_->FindFunction(args);
-    if (!function) return Error() << function.error();
+    auto map_result = function_map_->Find(args);
+    if (!map_result) {
+        return Error() << map_result.error();
+    }
 
-    commands_.emplace_back(function->second, function->first, std::move(args), line);
+    commands_.emplace_back(map_result->function, map_result->run_in_subcontext, std::move(args),
+                           line);
     return {};
 }
 
@@ -102,6 +131,18 @@
     return commands_.size();
 }
 
+size_t Action::CheckAllCommands() const {
+    size_t failures = 0;
+    for (const auto& command : commands_) {
+        if (auto result = command.CheckCommand(); !result) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Command '" << command.BuildCommandString() << "' (" << filename_ << ":"
+                       << command.line() << ") failed: " << result.error();
+            ++failures;
+        }
+    }
+    return failures;
+}
+
 void Action::ExecuteOneCommand(std::size_t command) const {
     // We need a copy here since some Command execution may result in
     // changing commands_ vector by importing .rc files through parser
diff --git a/init/action.h b/init/action.h
index 13b250a..1534bf9 100644
--- a/init/action.h
+++ b/init/action.h
@@ -14,8 +14,7 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#ifndef _INIT_ACTION_H
-#define _INIT_ACTION_H
+#pragma once
 
 #include <map>
 #include <queue>
@@ -41,6 +40,7 @@
 
     Result<void> InvokeFunc(Subcontext* subcontext) const;
     std::string BuildCommandString() const;
+    Result<void> CheckCommand() const;
 
     int line() const { return line_; }
 
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@
 
     Result<void> AddCommand(std::vector<std::string>&& args, int line);
     void AddCommand(BuiltinFunction f, std::vector<std::string>&& args, int line);
-    std::size_t NumCommands() const;
+    size_t NumCommands() const;
     void ExecuteOneCommand(std::size_t command) const;
     void ExecuteAllCommands() const;
     bool CheckEvent(const EventTrigger& event_trigger) const;
@@ -71,11 +71,12 @@
     bool CheckEvent(const BuiltinAction& builtin_action) const;
     std::string BuildTriggersString() const;
     void DumpState() const;
+    size_t CheckAllCommands() const;
 
     bool oneshot() const { return oneshot_; }
     const std::string& filename() const { return filename_; }
     int line() const { return line_; }
-    static void set_function_map(const KeywordFunctionMap* function_map) {
+    static void set_function_map(const BuiltinFunctionMap* function_map) {
         function_map_ = function_map;
     }
 
@@ -91,10 +92,8 @@
     Subcontext* subcontext_;
     std::string filename_;
     int line_;
-    static const KeywordFunctionMap* function_map_;
+    static const BuiltinFunctionMap* function_map_;
 };
 
 }  // namespace init
 }  // namespace android
-
-#endif
diff --git a/init/action_manager.cpp b/init/action_manager.cpp
index 541c8f2..ebca762 100644
--- a/init/action_manager.cpp
+++ b/init/action_manager.cpp
@@ -23,6 +23,14 @@
 
 ActionManager::ActionManager() : current_command_(0) {}
 
+size_t ActionManager::CheckAllCommands() {
+    size_t failures = 0;
+    for (const auto& action : actions_) {
+        failures += action->CheckAllCommands();
+    }
+    return failures;
+}
+
 ActionManager& ActionManager::GetInstance() {
     static ActionManager instance;
     return instance;
diff --git a/init/action_manager.h b/init/action_manager.h
index 5f47a6d..a2b95ac 100644
--- a/init/action_manager.h
+++ b/init/action_manager.h
@@ -14,8 +14,7 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#ifndef _INIT_ACTION_MANAGER_H
-#define _INIT_ACTION_MANAGER_H
+#pragma once
 
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
@@ -32,6 +31,7 @@
 
     // Exposed for testing
     ActionManager();
+    size_t CheckAllCommands();
 
     void AddAction(std::unique_ptr<Action> action);
     void QueueEventTrigger(const std::string& trigger);
@@ -55,5 +55,3 @@
 
 }  // namespace init
 }  // namespace android
-
-#endif
diff --git a/init/builtins.cpp b/init/builtins.cpp
index ba2c7ac..e75f5cb 100644
--- a/init/builtins.cpp
+++ b/init/builtins.cpp
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@
 #include <sys/wait.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
+#include <ApexProperties.sysprop.h>
 #include <android-base/chrono_utils.h>
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
@@ -130,6 +131,13 @@
     if (args.context != kInitContext) {
         return Error() << "command 'class_start_post_data' only available in init context";
     }
+    static bool is_apex_updatable = android::sysprop::ApexProperties::updatable().value_or(false);
+
+    if (!is_apex_updatable) {
+        // No need to start these on devices that don't support APEX, since they're not
+        // stopped either.
+        return {};
+    }
     for (const auto& service : ServiceList::GetInstance()) {
         if (service->classnames().count(args[1])) {
             if (auto result = service->StartIfPostData(); !result) {
@@ -155,6 +163,11 @@
     if (args.context != kInitContext) {
         return Error() << "command 'class_reset_post_data' only available in init context";
     }
+    static bool is_apex_updatable = android::sysprop::ApexProperties::updatable().value_or(false);
+    if (!is_apex_updatable) {
+        // No need to stop these on devices that don't support APEX.
+        return {};
+    }
     ForEachServiceInClass(args[1], &Service::ResetIfPostData);
     return {};
 }
@@ -188,26 +201,26 @@
 static Result<void> do_exec(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     auto service = Service::MakeTemporaryOneshotService(args.args);
     if (!service) {
-        return Error() << "Could not create exec service";
+        return Error() << "Could not create exec service: " << service.error();
     }
-    if (auto result = service->ExecStart(); !result) {
+    if (auto result = (*service)->ExecStart(); !result) {
         return Error() << "Could not start exec service: " << result.error();
     }
 
-    ServiceList::GetInstance().AddService(std::move(service));
+    ServiceList::GetInstance().AddService(std::move(*service));
     return {};
 }
 
 static Result<void> do_exec_background(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     auto service = Service::MakeTemporaryOneshotService(args.args);
     if (!service) {
-        return Error() << "Could not create exec background service";
+        return Error() << "Could not create exec background service: " << service.error();
     }
-    if (auto result = service->Start(); !result) {
+    if (auto result = (*service)->Start(); !result) {
         return Error() << "Could not start exec background service: " << result.error();
     }
 
-    ServiceList::GetInstance().AddService(std::move(service));
+    ServiceList::GetInstance().AddService(std::move(*service));
     return {};
 }
 
@@ -331,7 +344,7 @@
         if (args.size() == 5) {
             gid = DecodeUid(args[4]);
             if (!gid) {
-                return Error() << "Unable to decode GID for '" << args[3] << "': " << gid.error();
+                return Error() << "Unable to decode GID for '" << args[4] << "': " << gid.error();
             }
         }
 
@@ -923,40 +936,17 @@
 }
 
 static Result<void> do_restorecon(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
+    auto restorecon_info = ParseRestorecon(args.args);
+    if (!restorecon_info) {
+        return restorecon_info.error();
+    }
+
+    const auto& [flag, paths] = *restorecon_info;
+
     int ret = 0;
-
-    struct flag_type {const char* name; int value;};
-    static const flag_type flags[] = {
-        {"--recursive", SELINUX_ANDROID_RESTORECON_RECURSE},
-        {"--skip-ce", SELINUX_ANDROID_RESTORECON_SKIPCE},
-        {"--cross-filesystems", SELINUX_ANDROID_RESTORECON_CROSS_FILESYSTEMS},
-        {0, 0}
-    };
-
-    int flag = 0;
-
-    bool in_flags = true;
-    for (size_t i = 1; i < args.size(); ++i) {
-        if (android::base::StartsWith(args[i], "--")) {
-            if (!in_flags) {
-                return Error() << "flags must precede paths";
-            }
-            bool found = false;
-            for (size_t j = 0; flags[j].name; ++j) {
-                if (args[i] == flags[j].name) {
-                    flag |= flags[j].value;
-                    found = true;
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-            if (!found) {
-                return Error() << "bad flag " << args[i];
-            }
-        } else {
-            in_flags = false;
-            if (selinux_android_restorecon(args[i].c_str(), flag) < 0) {
-                ret = errno;
-            }
+    for (const auto& path : paths) {
+        if (selinux_android_restorecon(path.c_str(), flag) < 0) {
+            ret = errno;
         }
     }
 
@@ -1043,9 +1033,9 @@
                                             const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     auto service = Service::MakeTemporaryOneshotService(args.args);
     if (!service) {
-        return Error() << "Could not create exec service";
+        return Error() << "Could not create exec service: " << service.error();
     }
-    service->AddReapCallback([reboot_reason](const siginfo_t& siginfo) {
+    (*service)->AddReapCallback([reboot_reason](const siginfo_t& siginfo) {
         if (siginfo.si_code != CLD_EXITED || siginfo.si_status != 0) {
             // TODO (b/122850122): support this in gsi
             if (fscrypt_is_native() && !android::gsi::IsGsiRunning()) {
@@ -1060,10 +1050,10 @@
             }
         }
     });
-    if (auto result = service->ExecStart(); !result) {
+    if (auto result = (*service)->ExecStart(); !result) {
         return Error() << "Could not start exec service: " << result.error();
     }
-    ServiceList::GetInstance().AddService(std::move(service));
+    ServiceList::GetInstance().AddService(std::move(*service));
     return {};
 }
 
@@ -1139,10 +1129,10 @@
 }
 
 // Builtin-function-map start
-const BuiltinFunctionMap::Map& BuiltinFunctionMap::map() const {
+const BuiltinFunctionMap& GetBuiltinFunctionMap() {
     constexpr std::size_t kMax = std::numeric_limits<std::size_t>::max();
     // clang-format off
-    static const Map builtin_functions = {
+    static const BuiltinFunctionMap builtin_functions = {
         {"bootchart",               {1,     1,    {false,  do_bootchart}}},
         {"chmod",                   {2,     2,    {true,   do_chmod}}},
         {"chown",                   {2,     3,    {true,   do_chown}}},
diff --git a/init/builtins.h b/init/builtins.h
index 7bbf6aa..f0ff1eb 100644
--- a/init/builtins.h
+++ b/init/builtins.h
@@ -14,8 +14,7 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#ifndef _INIT_BUILTINS_H
-#define _INIT_BUILTINS_H
+#pragma once
 
 #include <functional>
 #include <map>
@@ -31,18 +30,16 @@
 
 using BuiltinFunction = std::function<Result<void>(const BuiltinArguments&)>;
 
-using KeywordFunctionMap = KeywordMap<std::pair<bool, BuiltinFunction>>;
-class BuiltinFunctionMap : public KeywordFunctionMap {
-  public:
-    BuiltinFunctionMap() {}
-
-  private:
-    const Map& map() const override;
+struct BuiltinFunctionMapValue {
+    bool run_in_subcontext;
+    BuiltinFunction function;
 };
 
+using BuiltinFunctionMap = KeywordMap<BuiltinFunctionMapValue>;
+
+const BuiltinFunctionMap& GetBuiltinFunctionMap();
+
 extern std::vector<std::string> late_import_paths;
 
 }  // namespace init
 }  // namespace android
-
-#endif
diff --git a/init/check_builtins.cpp b/init/check_builtins.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3bd4774
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/check_builtins.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+// Note that these check functions cannot check expanded arguments from properties, since they will
+// not know what those properties would be at runtime.  They will be passed an empty string in the
+// situation that the input line had a property expansion without a default value, since an empty
+// string is otherwise an impossible value.  They should therefore disregard checking empty
+// arguments.
+
+#include "check_builtins.h"
+
+#include <sys/time.h>
+
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android-base/parseint.h>
+#include <android-base/strings.h>
+
+#include "builtin_arguments.h"
+#include "rlimit_parser.h"
+#include "service.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+using android::base::ParseInt;
+using android::base::StartsWith;
+
+#define ReturnIfAnyArgsEmpty()     \
+    for (const auto& arg : args) { \
+        if (arg.empty()) {         \
+            return {};             \
+        }                          \
+    }
+
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
+Result<void> check_chown(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
+    if (!args[1].empty()) {
+        auto uid = DecodeUid(args[1]);
+        if (!uid) {
+            return Error() << "Unable to decode UID for '" << args[1] << "': " << uid.error();
+        }
+    }
+
+    // GID is optional and pushes the index of path out by one if specified.
+    if (args.size() == 4 && !args[2].empty()) {
+        auto gid = DecodeUid(args[2]);
+        if (!gid) {
+            return Error() << "Unable to decode GID for '" << args[2] << "': " << gid.error();
+        }
+    }
+
+    return {};
+}
+
+Result<void> check_exec(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
+    ReturnIfAnyArgsEmpty();
+
+    auto result = Service::MakeTemporaryOneshotService(args.args);
+    if (!result) {
+        return result.error();
+    }
+
+    return {};
+}
+
+Result<void> check_exec_background(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
+    return check_exec(std::move(args));
+}
+
+Result<void> check_load_system_props(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
+    return Error() << "'load_system_props' is deprecated";
+}
+
+Result<void> check_loglevel(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
+    ReturnIfAnyArgsEmpty();
+
+    int log_level = -1;
+    ParseInt(args[1], &log_level);
+    if (log_level < 0 || log_level > 7) {
+        return Error() << "loglevel must be in the range of 0-7";
+    }
+    return {};
+}
+
+Result<void> check_mkdir(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
+    if (args.size() >= 4) {
+        if (!args[3].empty()) {
+            auto uid = DecodeUid(args[3]);
+            if (!uid) {
+                return Error() << "Unable to decode UID for '" << args[3] << "': " << uid.error();
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (args.size() == 5 && !args[4].empty()) {
+            auto gid = DecodeUid(args[4]);
+            if (!gid) {
+                return Error() << "Unable to decode GID for '" << args[4] << "': " << gid.error();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return {};
+}
+
+Result<void> check_restorecon(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
+    ReturnIfAnyArgsEmpty();
+
+    auto restorecon_info = ParseRestorecon(args.args);
+    if (!restorecon_info) {
+        return restorecon_info.error();
+    }
+
+    return {};
+}
+
+Result<void> check_restorecon_recursive(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
+    return check_restorecon(std::move(args));
+}
+
+Result<void> check_setprop(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
+    const std::string& name = args[1];
+    if (name.empty()) {
+        return {};
+    }
+    const std::string& value = args[2];
+
+    if (!IsLegalPropertyName(name)) {
+        return Error() << "'" << name << "' is not a legal property name";
+    }
+
+    if (!value.empty()) {
+        if (auto result = IsLegalPropertyValue(name, value); !result) {
+            return result.error();
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (StartsWith(name, "ctl.")) {
+        return Error()
+               << "Do not set ctl. properties from init; call the Service functions directly";
+    }
+
+    static constexpr const char kRestoreconProperty[] = "selinux.restorecon_recursive";
+    if (name == kRestoreconProperty) {
+        return Error() << "Do not set '" << kRestoreconProperty
+                       << "' from init; use the restorecon builtin directly";
+    }
+
+    return {};
+}
+
+Result<void> check_setrlimit(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
+    ReturnIfAnyArgsEmpty();
+
+    auto rlimit = ParseRlimit(args.args);
+    if (!rlimit) return rlimit.error();
+    return {};
+}
+
+Result<void> check_sysclktz(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
+    ReturnIfAnyArgsEmpty();
+
+    struct timezone tz = {};
+    if (!android::base::ParseInt(args[1], &tz.tz_minuteswest)) {
+        return Error() << "Unable to parse mins_west_of_gmt";
+    }
+    return {};
+}
+
+Result<void> check_wait(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
+    if (args.size() == 3 && !args[2].empty()) {
+        int timeout_int;
+        if (!android::base::ParseInt(args[2], &timeout_int)) {
+            return Error() << "failed to parse timeout";
+        }
+    }
+    return {};
+}
+
+Result<void> check_wait_for_prop(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
+    return check_setprop(std::move(args));
+}
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/check_builtins.h b/init/check_builtins.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c974e88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/check_builtins.h
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "builtin_arguments.h"
+#include "result.h"
+
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
+Result<void> check_chown(const BuiltinArguments& args);
+Result<void> check_exec(const BuiltinArguments& args);
+Result<void> check_exec_background(const BuiltinArguments& args);
+Result<void> check_load_system_props(const BuiltinArguments& args);
+Result<void> check_loglevel(const BuiltinArguments& args);
+Result<void> check_mkdir(const BuiltinArguments& args);
+Result<void> check_restorecon(const BuiltinArguments& args);
+Result<void> check_restorecon_recursive(const BuiltinArguments& args);
+Result<void> check_setprop(const BuiltinArguments& args);
+Result<void> check_setrlimit(const BuiltinArguments& args);
+Result<void> check_sysclktz(const BuiltinArguments& args);
+Result<void> check_wait(const BuiltinArguments& args);
+Result<void> check_wait_for_prop(const BuiltinArguments& args);
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/host_builtin_map.py b/init/host_builtin_map.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..6afcb17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/host_builtin_map.py
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+"""Generates the builtins map to be used by host_init_verifier.
+
+It copies the builtin function map from builtins.cpp, then replaces do_xxx() functions with the
+equivalent check_xxx() if found in check_builtins.cpp.
+
+"""
+
+import re
+import argparse
+
+parser = argparse.ArgumentParser('host_builtin_map.py')
+parser.add_argument('--builtins', required=True, help='Path to builtins.cpp')
+parser.add_argument('--check_builtins', required=True, help='Path to check_builtins.cpp')
+args = parser.parse_args()
+
+CHECK_REGEX = re.compile(r'.+check_(\S+)\(.+')
+check_functions = []
+with open(args.check_builtins) as check_file:
+  for line in check_file:
+    match = CHECK_REGEX.match(line)
+    if match:
+      check_functions.append(match.group(1))
+
+function_map = []
+with open(args.builtins) as builtins_file:
+  in_function_map = False
+  for line in builtins_file:
+    if '// Builtin-function-map start' in line:
+      in_function_map = True
+    elif '// Builtin-function-map end' in line:
+      in_function_map = False
+    elif in_function_map:
+      function_map.append(line)
+
+DO_REGEX = re.compile(r'.+do_([^\}]+).+')
+FUNCTION_REGEX = re.compile(r'(do_[^\}]+)')
+for line in function_map:
+  match = DO_REGEX.match(line)
+  if match:
+    if match.group(1) in check_functions:
+      print line.replace('do_', 'check_'),
+    else:
+      print FUNCTION_REGEX.sub('check_stub', line),
+  else:
+    print line,
diff --git a/init/host_init_stubs.h b/init/host_init_stubs.h
index 7c0544a..f9a08a5 100644
--- a/init/host_init_stubs.h
+++ b/init/host_init_stubs.h
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 
 // android/api-level.h
 #define __ANDROID_API_P__ 28
+#define __ANDROID_API_R__ 30
 
 // sys/system_properties.h
 #define PROP_VALUE_MAX 92
diff --git a/init/host_init_verifier.cpp b/init/host_init_verifier.cpp
index 92c2aa5..a5a5b1b 100644
--- a/init/host_init_verifier.cpp
+++ b/init/host_init_verifier.cpp
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
 #include "action.h"
 #include "action_manager.h"
 #include "action_parser.h"
+#include "check_builtins.h"
 #include "host_import_parser.h"
 #include "host_init_stubs.h"
 #include "parser.h"
@@ -163,7 +164,7 @@
 namespace android {
 namespace init {
 
-static Result<void> do_stub(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
+static Result<void> check_stub(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     return {};
 }
 
@@ -221,7 +222,7 @@
         return EXIT_FAILURE;
     }
 
-    const BuiltinFunctionMap function_map;
+    const BuiltinFunctionMap& function_map = GetBuiltinFunctionMap();
     Action::set_function_map(&function_map);
     ActionManager& am = ActionManager::GetInstance();
     ServiceList& sl = ServiceList::GetInstance();
@@ -238,9 +239,10 @@
         LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open init rc script '" << *argv << "'";
         return EXIT_FAILURE;
     }
-    if (parser.parse_error_count() > 0) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to parse init script '" << *argv << "' with "
-                   << parser.parse_error_count() << " errors";
+    size_t failures = parser.parse_error_count() + am.CheckAllCommands();
+    if (failures > 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to parse init script '" << *argv << "' with " << failures
+                   << " errors";
         return EXIT_FAILURE;
     }
     return EXIT_SUCCESS;
diff --git a/init/import_parser.cpp b/init/import_parser.cpp
index c72b7d6..1a43508 100644
--- a/init/import_parser.cpp
+++ b/init/import_parser.cpp
@@ -29,15 +29,14 @@
         return Error() << "single argument needed for import\n";
     }
 
-    std::string conf_file;
-    bool ret = expand_props(args[1], &conf_file);
-    if (!ret) {
-        return Error() << "error while expanding import";
+    auto conf_file = ExpandProps(args[1]);
+    if (!conf_file) {
+        return Error() << "Could not expand import: " << conf_file.error();
     }
 
-    LOG(INFO) << "Added '" << conf_file << "' to import list";
+    LOG(INFO) << "Added '" << *conf_file << "' to import list";
     if (filename_.empty()) filename_ = filename;
-    imports_.emplace_back(std::move(conf_file), line);
+    imports_.emplace_back(std::move(*conf_file), line);
     return {};
 }
 
diff --git a/init/init.cpp b/init/init.cpp
index 5dba54d..18fb0c3 100644
--- a/init/init.cpp
+++ b/init/init.cpp
@@ -688,7 +688,7 @@
     MountHandler mount_handler(&epoll);
     set_usb_controller();
 
-    const BuiltinFunctionMap function_map;
+    const BuiltinFunctionMap& function_map = GetBuiltinFunctionMap();
     Action::set_function_map(&function_map);
 
     if (!SetupMountNamespaces()) {
diff --git a/init/init_test.cpp b/init/init_test.cpp
index a09db18..0411214 100644
--- a/init/init_test.cpp
+++ b/init/init_test.cpp
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include "action.h"
 #include "action_manager.h"
 #include "action_parser.h"
+#include "builtin_arguments.h"
 #include "builtins.h"
 #include "import_parser.h"
 #include "keyword_map.h"
@@ -29,7 +30,6 @@
 #include "service.h"
 #include "service_list.h"
 #include "service_parser.h"
-#include "test_function_map.h"
 #include "util.h"
 
 namespace android {
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@
 
 using ActionManagerCommand = std::function<void(ActionManager&)>;
 
-void TestInit(const std::string& init_script_file, const TestFunctionMap& test_function_map,
+void TestInit(const std::string& init_script_file, const BuiltinFunctionMap& test_function_map,
               const std::vector<ActionManagerCommand>& commands, ServiceList* service_list) {
     ActionManager am;
 
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-void TestInitText(const std::string& init_script, const TestFunctionMap& test_function_map,
+void TestInitText(const std::string& init_script, const BuiltinFunctionMap& test_function_map,
                   const std::vector<ActionManagerCommand>& commands, ServiceList* service_list) {
     TemporaryFile tf;
     ASSERT_TRUE(tf.fd != -1);
@@ -76,8 +76,13 @@
 pass_test
 )init";
 
-    TestFunctionMap test_function_map;
-    test_function_map.Add("pass_test", [&expect_true]() { expect_true = true; });
+    auto do_pass_test = [&expect_true](const BuiltinArguments&) {
+        expect_true = true;
+        return Result<void>{};
+    };
+    BuiltinFunctionMap test_function_map = {
+            {"pass_test", {0, 0, {false, do_pass_test}}},
+    };
 
     ActionManagerCommand trigger_boot = [](ActionManager& am) { am.QueueEventTrigger("boot"); };
     std::vector<ActionManagerCommand> commands{trigger_boot};
@@ -103,10 +108,24 @@
 )init";
 
     int num_executed = 0;
-    TestFunctionMap test_function_map;
-    test_function_map.Add("execute_first", [&num_executed]() { EXPECT_EQ(0, num_executed++); });
-    test_function_map.Add("execute_second", [&num_executed]() { EXPECT_EQ(1, num_executed++); });
-    test_function_map.Add("execute_third", [&num_executed]() { EXPECT_EQ(2, num_executed++); });
+    auto do_execute_first = [&num_executed](const BuiltinArguments&) {
+        EXPECT_EQ(0, num_executed++);
+        return Result<void>{};
+    };
+    auto do_execute_second = [&num_executed](const BuiltinArguments&) {
+        EXPECT_EQ(1, num_executed++);
+        return Result<void>{};
+    };
+    auto do_execute_third = [&num_executed](const BuiltinArguments&) {
+        EXPECT_EQ(2, num_executed++);
+        return Result<void>{};
+    };
+
+    BuiltinFunctionMap test_function_map = {
+            {"execute_first", {0, 0, {false, do_execute_first}}},
+            {"execute_second", {0, 0, {false, do_execute_second}}},
+            {"execute_third", {0, 0, {false, do_execute_third}}},
+    };
 
     ActionManagerCommand trigger_boot = [](ActionManager& am) { am.QueueEventTrigger("boot"); };
     std::vector<ActionManagerCommand> commands{trigger_boot};
@@ -127,7 +146,7 @@
 )init";
 
     ServiceList service_list;
-    TestInitText(init_script, TestFunctionMap(), {}, &service_list);
+    TestInitText(init_script, BuiltinFunctionMap(), {}, &service_list);
     ASSERT_EQ(1, std::distance(service_list.begin(), service_list.end()));
 
     auto service = service_list.begin()->get();
@@ -186,8 +205,9 @@
         return Result<void>{};
     };
 
-    TestFunctionMap test_function_map;
-    test_function_map.Add("execute", 1, 1, false, execute_command);
+    BuiltinFunctionMap test_function_map = {
+            {"execute", {1, 1, {false, execute_command}}},
+    };
 
     ActionManagerCommand trigger_boot = [](ActionManager& am) { am.QueueEventTrigger("boot"); };
     std::vector<ActionManagerCommand> commands{trigger_boot};
diff --git a/init/keyword_map.h b/init/keyword_map.h
index 7837bb3..d92678f 100644
--- a/init/keyword_map.h
+++ b/init/keyword_map.h
@@ -18,36 +18,49 @@
 
 #include <map>
 #include <string>
+#include <vector>
 
 #include "result.h"
 
 namespace android {
 namespace init {
 
-template <typename Function>
+// Every init builtin, init service option, and ueventd option has a minimum and maximum number of
+// arguments.  These must be checked both at run time for safety and also at build time for
+// correctness in host_init_verifier.  Instead of copying and pasting the boiler plate code that
+// does this check into each function, it is abstracted in KeywordMap<>.  This class maps keywords
+// to functions and checks that the number of arguments provided falls in the correct range or
+// returns an error otherwise.
+
+// Value is the return value of Find(), which is typically either a single function or a struct with
+// additional information.
+template <typename Value>
 class KeywordMap {
   public:
-    using FunctionInfo = std::tuple<std::size_t, std::size_t, Function>;
-    using Map = std::map<std::string, FunctionInfo>;
+    struct MapValue {
+        size_t min_args;
+        size_t max_args;
+        Value value;
+    };
 
-    virtual ~KeywordMap() {
-    }
+    KeywordMap() {}
+    KeywordMap(std::initializer_list<std::pair<const std::string, MapValue>> init) : map_(init) {}
 
-    const Result<Function> FindFunction(const std::vector<std::string>& args) const {
+    Result<Value> Find(const std::vector<std::string>& args) const {
         if (args.empty()) return Error() << "Keyword needed, but not provided";
 
         auto& keyword = args[0];
         auto num_args = args.size() - 1;
 
-        auto function_info_it = map().find(keyword);
-        if (function_info_it == map().end()) {
+        auto result_it = map_.find(keyword);
+        if (result_it == map_.end()) {
             return Errorf("Invalid keyword '{}'", keyword);
         }
 
-        auto function_info = function_info_it->second;
+        auto result = result_it->second;
 
-        auto min_args = std::get<0>(function_info);
-        auto max_args = std::get<1>(function_info);
+        auto min_args = result.min_args;
+        auto max_args = result.max_args;
         if (min_args == max_args && num_args != min_args) {
             return Errorf("{} requires {} argument{}", keyword, min_args,
                           (min_args > 1 || min_args == 0) ? "s" : "");
@@ -63,13 +76,11 @@
             }
         }
 
-        return std::get<Function>(function_info);
+        return result.value;
     }
 
   private:
-    // Map of keyword ->
-    // (minimum number of arguments, maximum number of arguments, function pointer)
-    virtual const Map& map() const = 0;
+    std::map<std::string, MapValue> map_;
 };
 
 }  // namespace init
diff --git a/init/main.cpp b/init/main.cpp
index 2ce46ef..38bc74b 100644
--- a/init/main.cpp
+++ b/init/main.cpp
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@
     if (argc > 1) {
         if (!strcmp(argv[1], "subcontext")) {
             android::base::InitLogging(argv, &android::base::KernelLogger);
-            const BuiltinFunctionMap function_map;
+            const BuiltinFunctionMap& function_map = GetBuiltinFunctionMap();
 
             return SubcontextMain(argc, argv, &function_map);
         }
diff --git a/init/property_service.cpp b/init/property_service.cpp
index 3761750..17622a3 100644
--- a/init/property_service.cpp
+++ b/init/property_service.cpp
@@ -174,13 +174,8 @@
         return PROP_ERROR_INVALID_NAME;
     }
 
-    if (valuelen >= PROP_VALUE_MAX && !StartsWith(name, "ro.")) {
-        *error = "Property value too long";
-        return PROP_ERROR_INVALID_VALUE;
-    }
-
-    if (mbstowcs(nullptr, value.data(), 0) == static_cast<std::size_t>(-1)) {
-        *error = "Value is not a UTF8 encoded string";
+    if (auto result = IsLegalPropertyValue(name, value); !result) {
+        *error = result.error().message();
         return PROP_ERROR_INVALID_VALUE;
     }
 
@@ -648,13 +643,14 @@
             }
 
             std::string raw_filename(fn);
-            std::string expanded_filename;
-            if (!expand_props(raw_filename, &expanded_filename)) {
-                LOG(ERROR) << "Could not expand filename '" << raw_filename << "'";
+            auto expanded_filename = ExpandProps(raw_filename);
+
+            if (!expanded_filename) {
+                LOG(ERROR) << "Could not expand filename ': " << expanded_filename.error();
                 continue;
             }
 
-            load_properties_from_file(expanded_filename.c_str(), key, properties);
+            load_properties_from_file(expanded_filename->c_str(), key, properties);
         } else {
             value = strchr(key, '=');
             if (!value) continue;
diff --git a/init/reboot.cpp b/init/reboot.cpp
index cb54d34..b0b5b54 100644
--- a/init/reboot.cpp
+++ b/init/reboot.cpp
@@ -670,11 +670,18 @@
                                << err;
                 }
             } else if (reboot_target == "recovery") {
-                const std::vector<std::string> options = {};
-                std::string err;
-                if (!write_bootloader_message(options, &err)) {
-                    LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to set bootloader message: " << err;
-                    return false;
+                bootloader_message boot = {};
+                if (std::string err; !read_bootloader_message(&boot, &err)) {
+                    LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to read bootloader message: " << err;
+                }
+                // Update the boot command field if it's empty, and preserve
+                // the other arguments in the bootloader message.
+                if (boot.command[0] == '\0') {
+                    strlcpy(boot.command, "boot-recovery", sizeof(boot.command));
+                    if (std::string err; !write_bootloader_message(boot, &err)) {
+                        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to set bootloader message: " << err;
+                        return false;
+                    }
                 }
             } else if (reboot_target == "sideload" || reboot_target == "sideload-auto-reboot" ||
                        reboot_target == "fastboot") {
diff --git a/init/selinux.cpp b/init/selinux.cpp
index 54be086..143cdfd 100644
--- a/init/selinux.cpp
+++ b/init/selinux.cpp
@@ -497,24 +497,28 @@
 // This function returns the Android version with which the vendor SEPolicy was compiled.
 // It is used for version checks such as whether or not vendor_init should be used
 int SelinuxGetVendorAndroidVersion() {
-    if (!IsSplitPolicyDevice()) {
-        // If this device does not split sepolicy files, it's not a Treble device and therefore,
-        // we assume it's always on the latest platform.
-        return __ANDROID_API_FUTURE__;
-    }
+    static int vendor_android_version = [] {
+        if (!IsSplitPolicyDevice()) {
+            // If this device does not split sepolicy files, it's not a Treble device and therefore,
+            // we assume it's always on the latest platform.
+            return __ANDROID_API_FUTURE__;
+        }
 
-    std::string version;
-    if (!GetVendorMappingVersion(&version)) {
-        LOG(FATAL) << "Could not read vendor SELinux version";
-    }
+        std::string version;
+        if (!GetVendorMappingVersion(&version)) {
+            LOG(FATAL) << "Could not read vendor SELinux version";
+        }
 
-    int major_version;
-    std::string major_version_str(version, 0, version.find('.'));
-    if (!ParseInt(major_version_str, &major_version)) {
-        PLOG(FATAL) << "Failed to parse the vendor sepolicy major version " << major_version_str;
-    }
+        int major_version;
+        std::string major_version_str(version, 0, version.find('.'));
+        if (!ParseInt(major_version_str, &major_version)) {
+            PLOG(FATAL) << "Failed to parse the vendor sepolicy major version "
+                        << major_version_str;
+        }
 
-    return major_version;
+        return major_version;
+    }();
+    return vendor_android_version;
 }
 
 // This function initializes SELinux then execs init to run in the init SELinux context.
diff --git a/init/service.cpp b/init/service.cpp
index 47f4db9..e60c20d 100644
--- a/init/service.cpp
+++ b/init/service.cpp
@@ -100,9 +100,11 @@
     expanded_args.resize(args.size());
     c_strings.push_back(const_cast<char*>(args[0].data()));
     for (std::size_t i = 1; i < args.size(); ++i) {
-        if (!expand_props(args[i], &expanded_args[i])) {
-            LOG(FATAL) << args[0] << ": cannot expand '" << args[i] << "'";
+        auto expanded_arg = ExpandProps(args[i]);
+        if (!expanded_arg) {
+            LOG(FATAL) << args[0] << ": cannot expand arguments': " << expanded_arg.error();
         }
+        expanded_args[i] = *expanded_arg;
         c_strings.push_back(expanded_args[i].data());
     }
     c_strings.push_back(nullptr);
@@ -633,7 +635,8 @@
     }
 }
 
-std::unique_ptr<Service> Service::MakeTemporaryOneshotService(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+Result<std::unique_ptr<Service>> Service::MakeTemporaryOneshotService(
+        const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
     // Parse the arguments: exec [SECLABEL [UID [GID]*] --] COMMAND ARGS...
     // SECLABEL can be a - to denote default
     std::size_t command_arg = 1;
@@ -644,13 +647,11 @@
         }
     }
     if (command_arg > 4 + NR_SVC_SUPP_GIDS) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "exec called with too many supplementary group ids";
-        return nullptr;
+        return Error() << "exec called with too many supplementary group ids";
     }
 
     if (command_arg >= args.size()) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "exec called without command";
-        return nullptr;
+        return Error() << "exec called without command";
     }
     std::vector<std::string> str_args(args.begin() + command_arg, args.end());
 
@@ -669,8 +670,7 @@
     if (command_arg > 3) {
         uid = DecodeUid(args[2]);
         if (!uid) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to decode UID for '" << args[2] << "': " << uid.error();
-            return nullptr;
+            return Error() << "Unable to decode UID for '" << args[2] << "': " << uid.error();
         }
     }
     Result<gid_t> gid = 0;
@@ -678,16 +678,14 @@
     if (command_arg > 4) {
         gid = DecodeUid(args[3]);
         if (!gid) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to decode GID for '" << args[3] << "': " << gid.error();
-            return nullptr;
+            return Error() << "Unable to decode GID for '" << args[3] << "': " << gid.error();
         }
         std::size_t nr_supp_gids = command_arg - 1 /* -- */ - 4 /* exec SECLABEL UID GID */;
         for (size_t i = 0; i < nr_supp_gids; ++i) {
             auto supp_gid = DecodeUid(args[4 + i]);
             if (!supp_gid) {
-                LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to decode GID for '" << args[4 + i]
-                           << "': " << supp_gid.error();
-                return nullptr;
+                return Error() << "Unable to decode GID for '" << args[4 + i]
+                               << "': " << supp_gid.error();
             }
             supp_gids.push_back(*supp_gid);
         }
diff --git a/init/service.h b/init/service.h
index cdf31bb..6f79faa 100644
--- a/init/service.h
+++ b/init/service.h
@@ -71,7 +71,8 @@
             const std::vector<gid_t>& supp_gids, int namespace_flags, const std::string& seclabel,
             Subcontext* subcontext_for_restart_commands, const std::vector<std::string>& args);
 
-    static std::unique_ptr<Service> MakeTemporaryOneshotService(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
+    static Result<std::unique_ptr<Service>> MakeTemporaryOneshotService(
+            const std::vector<std::string>& args);
 
     bool IsRunning() { return (flags_ & SVC_RUNNING) != 0; }
     Result<void> ExecStart();
diff --git a/init/service_parser.cpp b/init/service_parser.cpp
index 0fbbeb8..e45e804 100644
--- a/init/service_parser.cpp
+++ b/init/service_parser.cpp
@@ -193,9 +193,9 @@
 Result<void> ServiceParser::ParseKeycodes(std::vector<std::string>&& args) {
     auto it = args.begin() + 1;
     if (args.size() == 2 && StartsWith(args[1], "$")) {
-        std::string expanded;
-        if (!expand_props(args[1], &expanded)) {
-            return Error() << "Could not expand property '" << args[1] << "'";
+        auto expanded = ExpandProps(args[1]);
+        if (!expanded) {
+            return expanded.error();
         }
 
         // If the property is not set, it defaults to none, in which case there are no keycodes
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@
             return {};
         }
 
-        args = Split(expanded, ",");
+        args = Split(*expanded, ",");
         it = args.begin();
     }
 
@@ -422,9 +422,11 @@
     FileDescriptor file;
     file.type = args[2];
 
-    if (!expand_props(args[1], &file.name)) {
-        return Error() << "Could not expand property in file path '" << args[1] << "'";
+    auto file_name = ExpandProps(args[1]);
+    if (!file_name) {
+        return Error() << "Could not expand file path ': " << file_name.error();
     }
+    file.name = *file_name;
     if (file.name[0] != '/' || file.name.find("../") != std::string::npos) {
         return Error() << "file name must not be relative";
     }
@@ -461,18 +463,10 @@
     return {};
 }
 
-class ServiceParser::OptionParserMap : public KeywordMap<OptionParser> {
-  public:
-    OptionParserMap() {}
-
-  private:
-    const Map& map() const override;
-};
-
-const ServiceParser::OptionParserMap::Map& ServiceParser::OptionParserMap::map() const {
+const KeywordMap<ServiceParser::OptionParser>& ServiceParser::GetParserMap() const {
     constexpr std::size_t kMax = std::numeric_limits<std::size_t>::max();
     // clang-format off
-    static const Map option_parsers = {
+    static const KeywordMap<ServiceParser::OptionParser> parser_map = {
         {"capabilities",
                         {0,     kMax, &ServiceParser::ParseCapabilities}},
         {"class",       {1,     kMax, &ServiceParser::ParseClass}},
@@ -518,7 +512,7 @@
         {"writepid",    {1,     kMax, &ServiceParser::ParseWritepid}},
     };
     // clang-format on
-    return option_parsers;
+    return parser_map;
 }
 
 Result<void> ServiceParser::ParseSection(std::vector<std::string>&& args,
@@ -561,8 +555,7 @@
         return {};
     }
 
-    static const OptionParserMap parser_map;
-    auto parser = parser_map.FindFunction(args);
+    auto parser = GetParserMap().Find(args);
 
     if (!parser) return parser.error();
 
diff --git a/init/service_parser.h b/init/service_parser.h
index bca0739..98ab15a 100644
--- a/init/service_parser.h
+++ b/init/service_parser.h
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@
 
   private:
     using OptionParser = Result<void> (ServiceParser::*)(std::vector<std::string>&& args);
-    class OptionParserMap;
+    const KeywordMap<ServiceParser::OptionParser>& GetParserMap() const;
 
     Result<void> ParseCapabilities(std::vector<std::string>&& args);
     Result<void> ParseClass(std::vector<std::string>&& args);
diff --git a/init/service_test.cpp b/init/service_test.cpp
index 6a34acc..c9cc7bd 100644
--- a/init/service_test.cpp
+++ b/init/service_test.cpp
@@ -75,15 +75,15 @@
 TEST(service, make_temporary_oneshot_service_invalid_syntax) {
     std::vector<std::string> args;
     // Nothing.
-    ASSERT_EQ(nullptr, Service::MakeTemporaryOneshotService(args));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(Service::MakeTemporaryOneshotService(args));
 
     // No arguments to 'exec'.
     args.push_back("exec");
-    ASSERT_EQ(nullptr, Service::MakeTemporaryOneshotService(args));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(Service::MakeTemporaryOneshotService(args));
 
     // No command in "exec --".
     args.push_back("--");
-    ASSERT_EQ(nullptr, Service::MakeTemporaryOneshotService(args));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(Service::MakeTemporaryOneshotService(args));
 }
 
 TEST(service, make_temporary_oneshot_service_too_many_supplementary_gids) {
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@
     }
     args.push_back("--");
     args.push_back("/system/bin/id");
-    ASSERT_EQ(nullptr, Service::MakeTemporaryOneshotService(args));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(Service::MakeTemporaryOneshotService(args));
 }
 
 static void Test_make_temporary_oneshot_service(bool dash_dash, bool seclabel, bool uid, bool gid,
@@ -122,8 +122,9 @@
     }
     args.push_back("/system/bin/toybox");
     args.push_back("id");
-    auto svc = Service::MakeTemporaryOneshotService(args);
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, svc);
+    auto service_ret = Service::MakeTemporaryOneshotService(args);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(service_ret);
+    auto svc = std::move(*service_ret);
 
     if (seclabel) {
         ASSERT_EQ("u:r:su:s0", svc->seclabel());
diff --git a/init/sigchld_handler.cpp b/init/sigchld_handler.cpp
index c9a09cd..984235d 100644
--- a/init/sigchld_handler.cpp
+++ b/init/sigchld_handler.cpp
@@ -73,6 +73,13 @@
                 auto exec_duration_ms =
                     std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(exec_duration).count();
                 wait_string = StringPrintf(" waiting took %f seconds", exec_duration_ms / 1000.0f);
+            } else if (service->flags() & SVC_ONESHOT) {
+                auto exec_duration = boot_clock::now() - service->time_started();
+                auto exec_duration_ms =
+                        std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(exec_duration)
+                                .count();
+                wait_string = StringPrintf(" oneshot service took %f seconds in background",
+                                           exec_duration_ms / 1000.0f);
             }
         } else {
             name = StringPrintf("Untracked pid %d", pid);
diff --git a/init/subcontext.cpp b/init/subcontext.cpp
index 2f9541b..00f91d8 100644
--- a/init/subcontext.cpp
+++ b/init/subcontext.cpp
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 #include <selinux/android.h>
 
 #include "action.h"
+#include "builtins.h"
 #include "util.h"
 
 #if defined(__ANDROID__)
@@ -99,7 +100,7 @@
 
 class SubcontextProcess {
   public:
-    SubcontextProcess(const KeywordFunctionMap* function_map, std::string context, int init_fd)
+    SubcontextProcess(const BuiltinFunctionMap* function_map, std::string context, int init_fd)
         : function_map_(function_map), context_(std::move(context)), init_fd_(init_fd){};
     void MainLoop();
 
@@ -109,7 +110,7 @@
     void ExpandArgs(const SubcontextCommand::ExpandArgsCommand& expand_args_command,
                     SubcontextReply* reply) const;
 
-    const KeywordFunctionMap* function_map_;
+    const BuiltinFunctionMap* function_map_;
     const std::string context_;
     const int init_fd_;
 };
@@ -122,12 +123,12 @@
         args.emplace_back(string);
     }
 
-    auto map_result = function_map_->FindFunction(args);
+    auto map_result = function_map_->Find(args);
     Result<void> result;
     if (!map_result) {
         result = Error() << "Cannot find command: " << map_result.error();
     } else {
-        result = RunBuiltinFunction(map_result->second, args, context_);
+        result = RunBuiltinFunction(map_result->function, args, context_);
     }
 
     for (const auto& [name, value] : properties_to_set) {
@@ -150,15 +151,15 @@
 void SubcontextProcess::ExpandArgs(const SubcontextCommand::ExpandArgsCommand& expand_args_command,
                                    SubcontextReply* reply) const {
     for (const auto& arg : expand_args_command.args()) {
-        auto expanded_prop = std::string{};
-        if (!expand_props(arg, &expanded_prop)) {
+        auto expanded_arg = ExpandProps(arg);
+        if (!expanded_arg) {
             auto* failure = reply->mutable_failure();
-            failure->set_error_string("Failed to expand '" + arg + "'");
+            failure->set_error_string(expanded_arg.error().message());
             failure->set_error_errno(0);
             return;
         } else {
             auto* expand_args_reply = reply->mutable_expand_args_reply();
-            expand_args_reply->add_expanded_args(expanded_prop);
+            expand_args_reply->add_expanded_args(*expanded_arg);
         }
     }
 }
@@ -215,7 +216,7 @@
 
 }  // namespace
 
-int SubcontextMain(int argc, char** argv, const KeywordFunctionMap* function_map) {
+int SubcontextMain(int argc, char** argv, const BuiltinFunctionMap* function_map) {
     if (argc < 4) LOG(FATAL) << "Fewer than 4 args specified to subcontext (" << argc << ")";
 
     auto context = std::string(argv[2]);
diff --git a/init/subcontext.h b/init/subcontext.h
index 16bd870..591521f 100644
--- a/init/subcontext.h
+++ b/init/subcontext.h
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@
     android::base::unique_fd socket_;
 };
 
-int SubcontextMain(int argc, char** argv, const KeywordFunctionMap* function_map);
+int SubcontextMain(int argc, char** argv, const BuiltinFunctionMap* function_map);
 std::vector<Subcontext>* InitializeSubcontexts();
 bool SubcontextChildReap(pid_t pid);
 void SubcontextTerminate();
diff --git a/init/subcontext_benchmark.cpp b/init/subcontext_benchmark.cpp
index fdbbc41..f6fee8a 100644
--- a/init/subcontext_benchmark.cpp
+++ b/init/subcontext_benchmark.cpp
@@ -19,8 +19,6 @@
 #include <benchmark/benchmark.h>
 #include <selinux/selinux.h>
 
-#include "test_function_map.h"
-
 namespace android {
 namespace init {
 
@@ -50,11 +48,11 @@
 
 BENCHMARK(BenchmarkSuccess);
 
-TestFunctionMap BuildTestFunctionMap() {
-    TestFunctionMap test_function_map;
-    test_function_map.Add("return_success", 0, 0, true,
-                          [](const BuiltinArguments& args) { return Result<void>{}; });
-
+BuiltinFunctionMap BuildTestFunctionMap() {
+    auto function = [](const BuiltinArguments& args) { return Result<void>{}; };
+    BuiltinFunctionMap test_function_map = {
+            {"return_success", {0, 0, {true, function}}},
+    };
     return test_function_map;
 }
 
diff --git a/init/subcontext_test.cpp b/init/subcontext_test.cpp
index 55912d6..ae89c38 100644
--- a/init/subcontext_test.cpp
+++ b/init/subcontext_test.cpp
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@
 #include <selinux/selinux.h>
 
 #include "builtin_arguments.h"
-#include "test_function_map.h"
 
 using namespace std::literals;
 
@@ -167,50 +166,58 @@
         };
         auto result = subcontext.ExpandArgs(args);
         ASSERT_FALSE(result);
-        EXPECT_EQ("Failed to expand '" + args[1] + "'", result.error().message());
+        EXPECT_EQ("unexpected end of string in '" + args[1] + "', looking for }",
+                  result.error().message());
     });
 }
 
-TestFunctionMap BuildTestFunctionMap() {
-    TestFunctionMap test_function_map;
+BuiltinFunctionMap BuildTestFunctionMap() {
     // For CheckDifferentPid
-    test_function_map.Add("return_pids_as_error", 0, 0, true,
-                          [](const BuiltinArguments& args) -> Result<void> {
-                              return Error() << getpid() << " " << getppid();
-                          });
+    auto do_return_pids_as_error = [](const BuiltinArguments& args) -> Result<void> {
+        return Error() << getpid() << " " << getppid();
+    };
 
     // For SetProp
-    test_function_map.Add("setprop", 2, 2, true, [](const BuiltinArguments& args) {
+    auto do_setprop = [](const BuiltinArguments& args) {
         android::base::SetProperty(args[1], args[2]);
         return Result<void>{};
-    });
+    };
 
     // For MultipleCommands
     // Using a shared_ptr to extend lifetime of words to both lambdas
     auto words = std::make_shared<std::vector<std::string>>();
-    test_function_map.Add("add_word", 1, 1, true, [words](const BuiltinArguments& args) {
+    auto do_add_word = [words](const BuiltinArguments& args) {
         words->emplace_back(args[1]);
         return Result<void>{};
-    });
-    test_function_map.Add("return_words_as_error", 0, 0, true,
-                          [words](const BuiltinArguments& args) -> Result<void> {
-                              return Error() << Join(*words, " ");
-                          });
+    };
+    auto do_return_words_as_error = [words](const BuiltinArguments& args) -> Result<void> {
+        return Error() << Join(*words, " ");
+    };
 
     // For RecoverAfterAbort
-    test_function_map.Add("cause_log_fatal", 0, 0, true,
-                          [](const BuiltinArguments& args) -> Result<void> {
-                              return Error() << std::string(4097, 'f');
-                          });
-    test_function_map.Add(
-            "generate_sane_error", 0, 0, true,
-            [](const BuiltinArguments& args) -> Result<void> { return Error() << "Sane error!"; });
+    auto do_cause_log_fatal = [](const BuiltinArguments& args) -> Result<void> {
+        return Error() << std::string(4097, 'f');
+    };
+    auto do_generate_sane_error = [](const BuiltinArguments& args) -> Result<void> {
+        return Error() << "Sane error!";
+    };
 
     // For ContextString
-    test_function_map.Add(
-            "return_context_as_error", 0, 0, true,
-            [](const BuiltinArguments& args) -> Result<void> { return Error() << args.context; });
+    auto do_return_context_as_error = [](const BuiltinArguments& args) -> Result<void> {
+        return Error() << args.context;
+    };
 
+    // clang-format off
+    BuiltinFunctionMap test_function_map = {
+        {"return_pids_as_error",        {0,     0,      {true,  do_return_pids_as_error}}},
+        {"setprop",                     {2,     2,      {true,  do_setprop}}},
+        {"add_word",                    {1,     1,      {true,  do_add_word}}},
+        {"return_words_as_error",       {0,     0,      {true,  do_return_words_as_error}}},
+        {"cause_log_fatal",             {0,     0,      {true,  do_cause_log_fatal}}},
+        {"generate_sane_error",         {0,     0,      {true,  do_generate_sane_error}}},
+        {"return_context_as_error",     {0,     0,      {true,  do_return_context_as_error}}},
+    };
+    // clang-format on
     return test_function_map;
 }
 
diff --git a/init/test_function_map.h b/init/test_function_map.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 466836c..0000000
--- a/init/test_function_map.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#pragma once
-
-#include <string>
-#include <vector>
-
-#include "builtin_arguments.h"
-#include "builtins.h"
-#include "keyword_map.h"
-
-namespace android {
-namespace init {
-
-class TestFunctionMap : public KeywordFunctionMap {
-  public:
-    // Helper for argument-less functions
-    using BuiltinFunctionNoArgs = std::function<void(void)>;
-    void Add(const std::string& name, BuiltinFunctionNoArgs function) {
-        Add(name, 0, 0, false, [f = std::move(function)](const BuiltinArguments&) {
-            f();
-            return Result<void>{};
-        });
-    }
-
-    void Add(const std::string& name, std::size_t min_parameters, std::size_t max_parameters,
-             bool run_in_subcontext, BuiltinFunction function) {
-        builtin_functions_[name] = make_tuple(min_parameters, max_parameters,
-                                              make_pair(run_in_subcontext, std::move(function)));
-    }
-
-  private:
-    Map builtin_functions_ = {};
-
-    const Map& map() const override { return builtin_functions_; }
-};
-
-}  // namespace init
-}  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/ueventd_parser.cpp b/init/ueventd_parser.cpp
index 25bab93..8ee0cce 100644
--- a/init/ueventd_parser.cpp
+++ b/init/ueventd_parser.cpp
@@ -176,21 +176,14 @@
 
 Result<void> SubsystemParser::ParseLineSection(std::vector<std::string>&& args, int line) {
     using OptionParser = Result<void> (SubsystemParser::*)(std::vector<std::string> && args);
+    // clang-format off
+    static const KeywordMap<OptionParser> parser_map = {
+        {"devname",     {1,     1,      &SubsystemParser::ParseDevName}},
+        {"dirname",     {1,     1,      &SubsystemParser::ParseDirName}},
+    };
+    // clang-format on
 
-    static class OptionParserMap : public KeywordMap<OptionParser> {
-      private:
-        const Map& map() const override {
-            // clang-format off
-            static const Map option_parsers = {
-                {"devname",     {1,     1,      &SubsystemParser::ParseDevName}},
-                {"dirname",     {1,     1,      &SubsystemParser::ParseDirName}},
-            };
-            // clang-format on
-            return option_parsers;
-        }
-    } parser_map;
-
-    auto parser = parser_map.FindFunction(args);
+    auto parser = parser_map.Find(args);
 
     if (!parser) return Error() << parser.error();
 
diff --git a/init/util.cpp b/init/util.cpp
index 8bfb755..0532375 100644
--- a/init/util.cpp
+++ b/init/util.cpp
@@ -41,13 +41,18 @@
 #include <selinux/android.h>
 
 #if defined(__ANDROID__)
+#include <android/api-level.h>
+#include <sys/system_properties.h>
+
 #include "reboot_utils.h"
 #include "selabel.h"
+#include "selinux.h"
 #else
 #include "host_init_stubs.h"
 #endif
 
 using android::base::boot_clock;
+using android::base::StartsWith;
 using namespace std::literals::string_literals;
 
 namespace android {
@@ -267,12 +272,10 @@
     return S_ISDIR(info.st_mode);
 }
 
-bool expand_props(const std::string& src, std::string* dst) {
+Result<std::string> ExpandProps(const std::string& src) {
     const char* src_ptr = src.c_str();
 
-    if (!dst) {
-        return false;
-    }
+    std::string dst;
 
     /* - variables can either be $x.y or ${x.y}, in case they are only part
      *   of the string.
@@ -286,19 +289,19 @@
 
         c = strchr(src_ptr, '$');
         if (!c) {
-            dst->append(src_ptr);
-            return true;
+            dst.append(src_ptr);
+            return dst;
         }
 
-        dst->append(src_ptr, c);
+        dst.append(src_ptr, c);
         c++;
 
         if (*c == '$') {
-            dst->push_back(*(c++));
+            dst.push_back(*(c++));
             src_ptr = c;
             continue;
         } else if (*c == '\0') {
-            return true;
+            return dst;
         }
 
         std::string prop_name;
@@ -308,8 +311,7 @@
             const char* end = strchr(c, '}');
             if (!end) {
                 // failed to find closing brace, abort.
-                LOG(ERROR) << "unexpected end of string in '" << src << "', looking for }";
-                return false;
+                return Error() << "unexpected end of string in '" << src << "', looking for }";
             }
             prop_name = std::string(c, end);
             c = end + 1;
@@ -320,29 +322,34 @@
             }
         } else {
             prop_name = c;
-            LOG(ERROR) << "using deprecated syntax for specifying property '" << c << "', use ${name} instead";
+            if (SelinuxGetVendorAndroidVersion() >= __ANDROID_API_R__) {
+                return Error() << "using deprecated syntax for specifying property '" << c
+                               << "', use ${name} instead";
+            } else {
+                LOG(ERROR) << "using deprecated syntax for specifying property '" << c
+                           << "', use ${name} instead";
+            }
             c += prop_name.size();
         }
 
         if (prop_name.empty()) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "invalid zero-length property name in '" << src << "'";
-            return false;
+            return Error() << "invalid zero-length property name in '" << src << "'";
         }
 
         std::string prop_val = android::base::GetProperty(prop_name, "");
         if (prop_val.empty()) {
             if (def_val.empty()) {
-                LOG(ERROR) << "property '" << prop_name << "' doesn't exist while expanding '" << src << "'";
-                return false;
+                return Error() << "property '" << prop_name << "' doesn't exist while expanding '"
+                               << src << "'";
             }
             prop_val = def_val;
         }
 
-        dst->append(prop_val);
+        dst.append(prop_val);
         src_ptr = c;
     }
 
-    return true;
+    return dst;
 }
 
 static std::string init_android_dt_dir() {
@@ -414,6 +421,58 @@
     return true;
 }
 
+Result<void> IsLegalPropertyValue(const std::string& name, const std::string& value) {
+    if (value.size() >= PROP_VALUE_MAX && !StartsWith(name, "ro.")) {
+        return Error() << "Property value too long";
+    }
+
+    if (mbstowcs(nullptr, value.data(), 0) == static_cast<std::size_t>(-1)) {
+        return Error() << "Value is not a UTF8 encoded string";
+    }
+
+    return {};
+}
+
+Result<std::pair<int, std::vector<std::string>>> ParseRestorecon(
+        const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+    struct flag_type {
+        const char* name;
+        int value;
+    };
+    static const flag_type flags[] = {
+            {"--recursive", SELINUX_ANDROID_RESTORECON_RECURSE},
+            {"--skip-ce", SELINUX_ANDROID_RESTORECON_SKIPCE},
+            {"--cross-filesystems", SELINUX_ANDROID_RESTORECON_CROSS_FILESYSTEMS},
+            {0, 0}};
+
+    int flag = 0;
+    std::vector<std::string> paths;
+
+    bool in_flags = true;
+    for (size_t i = 1; i < args.size(); ++i) {
+        if (android::base::StartsWith(args[i], "--")) {
+            if (!in_flags) {
+                return Error() << "flags must precede paths";
+            }
+            bool found = false;
+            for (size_t j = 0; flags[j].name; ++j) {
+                if (args[i] == flags[j].name) {
+                    flag |= flags[j].value;
+                    found = true;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            if (!found) {
+                return Error() << "bad flag " << args[i];
+            }
+        } else {
+            in_flags = false;
+            paths.emplace_back(args[i]);
+        }
+    }
+    return std::pair(flag, paths);
+}
+
 static void InitAborter(const char* abort_message) {
     // When init forks, it continues to use this aborter for LOG(FATAL), but we want children to
     // simply abort instead of trying to reboot the system.
diff --git a/init/util.h b/init/util.h
index 6a12fb6..4cccefe 100644
--- a/init/util.h
+++ b/init/util.h
@@ -14,24 +14,20 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#ifndef _INIT_UTIL_H_
-#define _INIT_UTIL_H_
+#pragma once
 
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 
 #include <chrono>
 #include <functional>
-#include <ostream>
 #include <string>
 
 #include <android-base/chrono_utils.h>
-#include <selinux/label.h>
 
 #include "result.h"
 
 using android::base::boot_clock;
-using namespace std::chrono_literals;
 
 namespace android {
 namespace init {
@@ -52,7 +48,7 @@
                            const std::function<void(const std::string&, const std::string&, bool)>&);
 bool make_dir(const std::string& path, mode_t mode);
 bool is_dir(const char* pathname);
-bool expand_props(const std::string& src, std::string* dst);
+Result<std::string> ExpandProps(const std::string& src);
 
 // Returns the platform's Android DT directory as specified in the kernel cmdline.
 // If the platform does not configure a custom DT path, returns the standard one (based in procfs).
@@ -62,11 +58,13 @@
 bool is_android_dt_value_expected(const std::string& sub_path, const std::string& expected_content);
 
 bool IsLegalPropertyName(const std::string& name);
+Result<void> IsLegalPropertyValue(const std::string& name, const std::string& value);
+
+Result<std::pair<int, std::vector<std::string>>> ParseRestorecon(
+        const std::vector<std::string>& args);
 
 void SetStdioToDevNull(char** argv);
 void InitKernelLogging(char** argv);
 bool IsRecoveryMode();
 }  // namespace init
 }  // namespace android
-
-#endif
diff --git a/libbacktrace/Android.bp b/libbacktrace/Android.bp
index 9ece847..565f2c3 100644
--- a/libbacktrace/Android.bp
+++ b/libbacktrace/Android.bp
@@ -97,7 +97,6 @@
             cflags: ["-DNO_LIBDEXFILE_SUPPORT"],
         },
     },
-    whole_static_libs: ["libdemangle"],
 }
 
 cc_test_library {
diff --git a/libbacktrace/Backtrace.cpp b/libbacktrace/Backtrace.cpp
index 71980d7..3e050ab 100644
--- a/libbacktrace/Backtrace.cpp
+++ b/libbacktrace/Backtrace.cpp
@@ -28,13 +28,13 @@
 #include <backtrace/Backtrace.h>
 #include <backtrace/BacktraceMap.h>
 
-#include <demangle.h>
-
 #include "BacktraceLog.h"
 #include "UnwindStack.h"
 
 using android::base::StringPrintf;
 
+extern "C" char* __cxa_demangle(const char*, char*, size_t*, int*);
+
 //-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Backtrace functions.
 //-------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -63,7 +63,14 @@
   if (map->start == 0 || (map->flags & PROT_DEVICE_MAP)) {
     return "";
   }
-  return demangle(GetFunctionNameRaw(pc, offset).c_str());
+  std::string name(GetFunctionNameRaw(pc, offset));
+  char* demangled_name = __cxa_demangle(name.c_str(), nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
+  if (demangled_name != nullptr) {
+    name = demangled_name;
+    free(demangled_name);
+    return name;
+  }
+  return name;
 }
 
 bool Backtrace::VerifyReadWordArgs(uint64_t ptr, word_t* out_value) {
diff --git a/libbacktrace/UnwindStack.cpp b/libbacktrace/UnwindStack.cpp
index a128623..624711f 100644
--- a/libbacktrace/UnwindStack.cpp
+++ b/libbacktrace/UnwindStack.cpp
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@
 #include <string>
 
 #include <backtrace/Backtrace.h>
-#include <demangle.h>
 #include <unwindstack/Elf.h>
 #include <unwindstack/MapInfo.h>
 #include <unwindstack/Maps.h>
@@ -41,6 +40,8 @@
 #include "UnwindStack.h"
 #include "UnwindStackMap.h"
 
+extern "C" char* __cxa_demangle(const char*, char*, size_t*, int*);
+
 bool Backtrace::Unwind(unwindstack::Regs* regs, BacktraceMap* back_map,
                        std::vector<backtrace_frame_data_t>* frames, size_t num_ignore_frames,
                        std::vector<std::string>* skip_names, BacktraceUnwindError* error) {
@@ -115,7 +116,13 @@
     back_frame->pc = frame->pc;
     back_frame->sp = frame->sp;
 
-    back_frame->func_name = demangle(frame->function_name.c_str());
+    char* demangled_name = __cxa_demangle(frame->function_name.c_str(), nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
+    if (demangled_name != nullptr) {
+      back_frame->func_name = demangled_name;
+      free(demangled_name);
+    } else {
+      back_frame->func_name = frame->function_name;
+    }
     back_frame->func_offset = frame->function_offset;
 
     back_frame->map.name = frame->map_name;
diff --git a/libion/OWNERS b/libion/OWNERS
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..143ad2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libion/OWNERS
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+sspatil@google.com
+hridya@google.com
diff --git a/libion/ion.c b/libion/ion.c
index b8de5a4..1ecfc78 100644
--- a/libion/ion.c
+++ b/libion/ion.c
@@ -152,6 +152,8 @@
     ion_user_handle_t handle;
     int ret;
 
+    if (!handle_fd) return -EINVAL;
+
     if (!ion_is_legacy(fd)) {
         struct ion_new_allocation_data data = {
             .len = len,
@@ -201,6 +203,7 @@
     int ret;
     struct ion_heap_query query;
 
+    if (!cnt) return -EINVAL;
     memset(&query, 0, sizeof(query));
 
     ret = ion_ioctl(fd, ION_IOC_HEAP_QUERY, &query);
diff --git a/libion/tests/Android.bp b/libion/tests/Android.bp
index b3fcb3b..d3b4688 100644
--- a/libion/tests/Android.bp
+++ b/libion/tests/Android.bp
@@ -18,18 +18,15 @@
     name: "ion-unit-tests",
     cflags: [
         "-g",
-        "-Wall",
-        "-Werror",
         "-Wno-missing-field-initializers",
     ],
     shared_libs: ["libion"],
     srcs: [
-        "ion_test_fixture.cpp",
         "allocate_test.cpp",
-        "formerly_valid_handle_test.cpp",
-        "invalid_values_test.cpp",
-        "map_test.cpp",
-        "device_test.cpp",
         "exit_test.cpp",
+    	"heap_query.cpp",
+        "invalid_values_test.cpp",
+        "ion_test_fixture.cpp",
+        "map_test.cpp",
     ],
 }
diff --git a/libion/tests/allocate_test.cpp b/libion/tests/allocate_test.cpp
index 3c4524e..5ed01bb 100644
--- a/libion/tests/allocate_test.cpp
+++ b/libion/tests/allocate_test.cpp
@@ -14,95 +14,106 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#include <memory>
 #include <sys/mman.h>
+#include <memory>
 
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
 #include <ion/ion.h>
 #include "ion_test_fixture.h"
 
-class Allocate : public IonAllHeapsTest {
-};
+class Allocate : public IonTest {};
 
-TEST_F(Allocate, Allocate)
-{
-    static const size_t allocationSizes[] = {4*1024, 64*1024, 1024*1024, 2*1024*1024};
-    for (unsigned int heapMask : m_allHeaps) {
+TEST_F(Allocate, Allocate) {
+    static const size_t allocationSizes[] = {4 * 1024, 64 * 1024, 1024 * 1024, 2 * 1024 * 1024};
+    for (const auto& heap : ion_heaps) {
         for (size_t size : allocationSizes) {
-            SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << "heap " << heapMask);
+            SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message()
+                         << "heap:" << heap.name << ":" << heap.type << ":" << heap.heap_id);
             SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << "size " << size);
-            ion_user_handle_t handle = 0;
-            ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_alloc(m_ionFd, size, 0, heapMask, 0, &handle));
-            ASSERT_TRUE(handle != 0);
-            ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_free(m_ionFd, handle));
+            int fd;
+            ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_alloc_fd(ionfd, size, 0, (1 << heap.heap_id), 0, &fd));
+            ASSERT_TRUE(fd != 0);
+            ASSERT_EQ(close(fd), 0);  // free the buffer
         }
     }
 }
 
-TEST_F(Allocate, AllocateCached)
-{
-    static const size_t allocationSizes[] = {4*1024, 64*1024, 1024*1024, 2*1024*1024};
-    for (unsigned int heapMask : m_allHeaps) {
+TEST_F(Allocate, AllocateCached) {
+    static const size_t allocationSizes[] = {4 * 1024, 64 * 1024, 1024 * 1024, 2 * 1024 * 1024};
+    for (const auto& heap : ion_heaps) {
         for (size_t size : allocationSizes) {
-            SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << "heap " << heapMask);
+            SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message()
+                         << "heap:" << heap.name << ":" << heap.type << ":" << heap.heap_id);
             SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << "size " << size);
-            ion_user_handle_t handle = 0;
-            ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_alloc(m_ionFd, size, 0, heapMask, ION_FLAG_CACHED, &handle));
-            ASSERT_TRUE(handle != 0);
-            ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_free(m_ionFd, handle));
+            int fd;
+            ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_alloc_fd(ionfd, size, 0, (1 << heap.heap_id), ION_FLAG_CACHED, &fd));
+            ASSERT_TRUE(fd != 0);
+            ASSERT_EQ(close(fd), 0);  // free the buffer
         }
     }
 }
 
-TEST_F(Allocate, AllocateCachedNeedsSync)
-{
-    static const size_t allocationSizes[] = {4*1024, 64*1024, 1024*1024, 2*1024*1024};
-    for (unsigned int heapMask : m_allHeaps) {
+TEST_F(Allocate, AllocateCachedNeedsSync) {
+    static const size_t allocationSizes[] = {4 * 1024, 64 * 1024, 1024 * 1024, 2 * 1024 * 1024};
+    for (const auto& heap : ion_heaps) {
         for (size_t size : allocationSizes) {
-            SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << "heap " << heapMask);
+            SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message()
+                         << "heap:" << heap.name << ":" << heap.type << ":" << heap.heap_id);
             SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << "size " << size);
-            ion_user_handle_t handle = 0;
-            ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_alloc(m_ionFd, size, 0, heapMask, ION_FLAG_CACHED_NEEDS_SYNC, &handle));
-            ASSERT_TRUE(handle != 0);
-            ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_free(m_ionFd, handle));
+            int fd;
+            ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_alloc_fd(ionfd, size, 0, (1 << heap.heap_id),
+                                      ION_FLAG_CACHED_NEEDS_SYNC, &fd));
+            ASSERT_TRUE(fd != 0);
+            ASSERT_EQ(close(fd), 0);  // free the buffer
         }
     }
 }
 
-TEST_F(Allocate, RepeatedAllocate)
-{
-    static const size_t allocationSizes[] = {4*1024, 64*1024, 1024*1024, 2*1024*1024};
-    for (unsigned int heapMask : m_allHeaps) {
+TEST_F(Allocate, RepeatedAllocate) {
+    static const size_t allocationSizes[] = {4 * 1024, 64 * 1024, 1024 * 1024, 2 * 1024 * 1024};
+    for (const auto& heap : ion_heaps) {
         for (size_t size : allocationSizes) {
-            SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << "heap " << heapMask);
+            SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message()
+                         << "heap:" << heap.name << ":" << heap.type << ":" << heap.heap_id);
             SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << "size " << size);
-            ion_user_handle_t handle = 0;
+            int fd;
 
             for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 1024; i++) {
                 SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << "iteration " << i);
-                ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_alloc(m_ionFd, size, 0, heapMask, 0, &handle));
-                ASSERT_TRUE(handle != 0);
-                ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_free(m_ionFd, handle));
+                ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_alloc_fd(ionfd, size, 0, (1 << heap.heap_id), 0, &fd));
+                ASSERT_TRUE(fd != 0);
+                ASSERT_EQ(close(fd), 0);  // free the buffer
             }
         }
     }
 }
 
-TEST_F(Allocate, Zeroed)
-{
+TEST_F(Allocate, Large) {
+    for (const auto& heap : ion_heaps) {
+        SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message()
+                     << "heap:" << heap.name << ":" << heap.type << ":" << heap.heap_id);
+        int fd;
+        ASSERT_EQ(-ENOMEM,
+                  ion_alloc_fd(ionfd, 3UL * 1024 * 1024 * 1024, 0, (1 << heap.heap_id), 0, &fd));
+    }
+}
+
+// Make sure all heaps always return zeroed pages
+TEST_F(Allocate, Zeroed) {
     auto zeroes_ptr = std::make_unique<char[]>(4096);
 
-    for (unsigned int heapMask : m_allHeaps) {
-        SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << "heap " << heapMask);
+    for (const auto& heap : ion_heaps) {
+        SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message()
+                     << "heap:" << heap.name << ":" << heap.type << ":" << heap.heap_id);
         int fds[16];
         for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
             int map_fd = -1;
 
-            ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_alloc_fd(m_ionFd, 4096, 0, heapMask, 0, &map_fd));
+            ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_alloc_fd(ionfd, 4096, 0, (1 << heap.heap_id), 0, &map_fd));
             ASSERT_GE(map_fd, 0);
 
-            void *ptr = NULL;
+            void* ptr = NULL;
             ptr = mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, map_fd, 0);
             ASSERT_TRUE(ptr != NULL);
 
@@ -116,13 +127,13 @@
             ASSERT_EQ(0, close(fds[i]));
         }
 
-        int newIonFd = ion_open();
+        int new_ionfd = ion_open();
         int map_fd = -1;
 
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_alloc_fd(newIonFd, 4096, 0, heapMask, 0, &map_fd));
+        ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_alloc_fd(new_ionfd, 4096, 0, (1 << heap.heap_id), 0, &map_fd));
         ASSERT_GE(map_fd, 0);
 
-        void *ptr = NULL;
+        void* ptr = NULL;
         ptr = mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ, MAP_SHARED, map_fd, 0);
         ASSERT_TRUE(ptr != NULL);
 
@@ -130,14 +141,6 @@
 
         ASSERT_EQ(0, munmap(ptr, 4096));
         ASSERT_EQ(0, close(map_fd));
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(Allocate, Large)
-{
-    for (unsigned int heapMask : m_allHeaps) {
-            SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << "heap " << heapMask);
-        ion_user_handle_t handle = 0;
-        ASSERT_EQ(-ENOMEM, ion_alloc(m_ionFd, 3UL*1024*1024*1024, 0, heapMask, 0, &handle));
+        ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_close(new_ionfd));
     }
 }
diff --git a/libion/tests/device_test.cpp b/libion/tests/device_test.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index eb3f7b6..0000000
--- a/libion/tests/device_test.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,546 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2013 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include <fcntl.h>
-#include <memory>
-#include <sys/mman.h>
-#include <sys/stat.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-
-#include <linux/ion_test.h>
-
-#include <gtest/gtest.h>
-
-#include <ion/ion.h>
-
-#include "ion_test_fixture.h"
-
-#define ALIGN(x,y) (((x) + ((y) - 1)) & ~((y) - 1))
-
-class Device : public IonAllHeapsTest {
- public:
-    virtual void SetUp();
-    virtual void TearDown();
-    int m_deviceFd;
-    void readDMA(int fd, void *buf, size_t size);
-    void writeDMA(int fd, void *buf, size_t size);
-    void readKernel(int fd, void *buf, size_t size);
-    void writeKernel(int fd, void *buf, size_t size);
-    void blowCache();
-    void dirtyCache(void *ptr, size_t size);
-};
-
-void Device::SetUp()
-{
-    IonAllHeapsTest::SetUp();
-    m_deviceFd = open("/dev/ion-test", O_RDONLY);
-    ASSERT_GE(m_deviceFd, 0);
-}
-
-void Device::TearDown()
-{
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, close(m_deviceFd));
-    IonAllHeapsTest::TearDown();
-}
-
-void Device::readDMA(int fd, void *buf, size_t size)
-{
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, ioctl(m_deviceFd, ION_IOC_TEST_SET_FD, fd));
-    struct ion_test_rw_data ion_test_rw_data = {
-            .ptr = (uint64_t)buf,
-            .offset = 0,
-            .size = size,
-            .write = 0,
-    };
-
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, ioctl(m_deviceFd, ION_IOC_TEST_DMA_MAPPING, &ion_test_rw_data));
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, ioctl(m_deviceFd, ION_IOC_TEST_SET_FD, -1));
-}
-
-void Device::writeDMA(int fd, void *buf, size_t size)
-{
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, ioctl(m_deviceFd, ION_IOC_TEST_SET_FD, fd));
-    struct ion_test_rw_data ion_test_rw_data = {
-            .ptr = (uint64_t)buf,
-            .offset = 0,
-            .size = size,
-            .write = 1,
-    };
-
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, ioctl(m_deviceFd, ION_IOC_TEST_DMA_MAPPING, &ion_test_rw_data));
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, ioctl(m_deviceFd, ION_IOC_TEST_SET_FD, -1));
-}
-
-void Device::readKernel(int fd, void *buf, size_t size)
-{
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, ioctl(m_deviceFd, ION_IOC_TEST_SET_FD, fd));
-    struct ion_test_rw_data ion_test_rw_data = {
-            .ptr = (uint64_t)buf,
-            .offset = 0,
-            .size = size,
-            .write = 0,
-    };
-
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, ioctl(m_deviceFd, ION_IOC_TEST_KERNEL_MAPPING, &ion_test_rw_data));
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, ioctl(m_deviceFd, ION_IOC_TEST_SET_FD, -1));
-}
-
-void Device::writeKernel(int fd, void *buf, size_t size)
-{
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, ioctl(m_deviceFd, ION_IOC_TEST_SET_FD, fd));
-    struct ion_test_rw_data ion_test_rw_data = {
-            .ptr = (uint64_t)buf,
-            .offset = 0,
-            .size = size,
-            .write = 1,
-    };
-
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, ioctl(m_deviceFd, ION_IOC_TEST_KERNEL_MAPPING, &ion_test_rw_data));
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, ioctl(m_deviceFd, ION_IOC_TEST_SET_FD, -1));
-}
-
-void Device::blowCache()
-{
-    const size_t bigger_than_cache = 8*1024*1024;
-    void *buf1 = malloc(bigger_than_cache);
-    void *buf2 = malloc(bigger_than_cache);
-    memset(buf1, 0xaa, bigger_than_cache);
-    memcpy(buf2, buf1, bigger_than_cache);
-    free(buf1);
-    free(buf2);
-}
-
-void Device::dirtyCache(void *ptr, size_t size)
-{
-    /* try to dirty cache lines */
-    for (size_t i = size-1; i > 0; i--) {
-        ((volatile char *)ptr)[i];
-        ((char *)ptr)[i] = i;
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(Device, KernelReadCached)
-{
-    auto alloc_ptr = std::make_unique<char[]>(8192 + 1024);
-    void *buf = (void *)(ALIGN((unsigned long)alloc_ptr.get(), 4096) + 1024);
-
-    for (unsigned int heapMask : m_allHeaps) {
-        SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << "heap " << heapMask);
-        int map_fd = -1;
-        unsigned int flags = ION_FLAG_CACHED;
-
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_alloc_fd(m_ionFd, 4096, 0, heapMask, flags, &map_fd));
-        ASSERT_GE(map_fd, 0);
-
-        void *ptr;
-        ptr = mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, map_fd, 0);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(ptr != NULL);
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < 4096; i++)
-            ((char *)ptr)[i] = i;
-
-        ((char*)buf)[4096] = 0x12;
-        readKernel(map_fd, buf, 4096);
-        ASSERT_EQ(((char*)buf)[4096], 0x12);
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < 4096; i++)
-            ASSERT_EQ((char)i, ((char *)buf)[i]);
-
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, munmap(ptr, 4096));
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, close(map_fd));
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(Device, KernelWriteCached)
-{
-    auto alloc_ptr = std::make_unique<char[]>(8192 + 1024);
-    void *buf = (void *)(ALIGN((unsigned long)alloc_ptr.get(), 4096) + 1024);
-
-    for (int i = 0; i < 4096; i++)
-        ((char *)buf)[i] = i;
-
-    for (unsigned int heapMask : m_allHeaps) {
-        SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << "heap " << heapMask);
-        int map_fd = -1;
-        unsigned int flags = ION_FLAG_CACHED;
-
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_alloc_fd(m_ionFd, 4096, 0, heapMask, flags, &map_fd));
-        ASSERT_GE(map_fd, 0);
-
-        void *ptr;
-        ptr = mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, map_fd, 0);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(ptr != NULL);
-
-        dirtyCache(ptr, 4096);
-
-        writeKernel(map_fd, buf, 4096);
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < 4096; i++)
-            ASSERT_EQ((char)i, ((char *)ptr)[i]) << i;
-
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, munmap(ptr, 4096));
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, close(map_fd));
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(Device, DMAReadCached)
-{
-    auto alloc_ptr = std::make_unique<char[]>(8192 + 1024);
-    void *buf = (void *)(ALIGN((unsigned long)alloc_ptr.get(), 4096) + 1024);
-
-    for (unsigned int heapMask : m_allHeaps) {
-        SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << "heap " << heapMask);
-        int map_fd = -1;
-        unsigned int flags = ION_FLAG_CACHED;
-
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_alloc_fd(m_ionFd, 4096, 0, heapMask, flags, &map_fd));
-        ASSERT_GE(map_fd, 0);
-
-        void *ptr;
-        ptr = mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, map_fd, 0);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(ptr != NULL);
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < 4096; i++)
-            ((char *)ptr)[i] = i;
-
-        readDMA(map_fd, buf, 4096);
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < 4096; i++)
-            ASSERT_EQ((char)i, ((char *)buf)[i]);
-
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, munmap(ptr, 4096));
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, close(map_fd));
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(Device, DMAWriteCached)
-{
-    auto alloc_ptr = std::make_unique<char[]>(8192 + 1024);
-    void *buf = (void *)(ALIGN((unsigned long)alloc_ptr.get(), 4096) + 1024);
-
-    for (int i = 0; i < 4096; i++)
-        ((char *)buf)[i] = i;
-
-    for (unsigned int heapMask : m_allHeaps) {
-        SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << "heap " << heapMask);
-        int map_fd = -1;
-        unsigned int flags = ION_FLAG_CACHED;
-
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_alloc_fd(m_ionFd, 4096, 0, heapMask, flags, &map_fd));
-        ASSERT_GE(map_fd, 0);
-
-        void *ptr;
-        ptr = mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, map_fd, 0);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(ptr != NULL);
-
-        dirtyCache(ptr, 4096);
-
-        writeDMA(map_fd, buf, 4096);
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < 4096; i++)
-            ASSERT_EQ((char)i, ((char *)ptr)[i]) << i;
-
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, munmap(ptr, 4096));
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, close(map_fd));
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(Device, KernelReadCachedNeedsSync)
-{
-    auto alloc_ptr = std::make_unique<char[]>(8192 + 1024);
-    void *buf = (void *)(ALIGN((unsigned long)alloc_ptr.get(), 4096) + 1024);
-
-    for (unsigned int heapMask : m_allHeaps) {
-        SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << "heap " << heapMask);
-        int map_fd = -1;
-        unsigned int flags = ION_FLAG_CACHED | ION_FLAG_CACHED_NEEDS_SYNC;
-
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_alloc_fd(m_ionFd, 4096, 0, heapMask, flags, &map_fd));
-        ASSERT_GE(map_fd, 0);
-
-        void *ptr;
-        ptr = mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, map_fd, 0);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(ptr != NULL);
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < 4096; i++)
-            ((char *)ptr)[i] = i;
-
-        ((char*)buf)[4096] = 0x12;
-        readKernel(map_fd, buf, 4096);
-        ASSERT_EQ(((char*)buf)[4096], 0x12);
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < 4096; i++)
-            ASSERT_EQ((char)i, ((char *)buf)[i]);
-
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, munmap(ptr, 4096));
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, close(map_fd));
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(Device, KernelWriteCachedNeedsSync)
-{
-    auto alloc_ptr = std::make_unique<char[]>(8192 + 1024);
-    void *buf = (void *)(ALIGN((unsigned long)alloc_ptr.get(), 4096) + 1024);
-
-    for (int i = 0; i < 4096; i++)
-        ((char *)buf)[i] = i;
-
-    for (unsigned int heapMask : m_allHeaps) {
-        SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << "heap " << heapMask);
-        int map_fd = -1;
-        unsigned int flags = ION_FLAG_CACHED | ION_FLAG_CACHED_NEEDS_SYNC;
-
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_alloc_fd(m_ionFd, 4096, 0, heapMask, flags, &map_fd));
-        ASSERT_GE(map_fd, 0);
-
-        void *ptr;
-        ptr = mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, map_fd, 0);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(ptr != NULL);
-
-        dirtyCache(ptr, 4096);
-
-        writeKernel(map_fd, buf, 4096);
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < 4096; i++)
-            ASSERT_EQ((char)i, ((char *)ptr)[i]) << i;
-
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, munmap(ptr, 4096));
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, close(map_fd));
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(Device, DMAReadCachedNeedsSync)
-{
-    auto alloc_ptr = std::make_unique<char[]>(8192 + 1024);
-    void *buf = (void *)(ALIGN((unsigned long)alloc_ptr.get(), 4096) + 1024);
-
-    for (unsigned int heapMask : m_allHeaps) {
-        SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << "heap " << heapMask);
-        int map_fd = -1;
-        unsigned int flags = ION_FLAG_CACHED | ION_FLAG_CACHED_NEEDS_SYNC;
-
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_alloc_fd(m_ionFd, 4096, 0, heapMask, flags, &map_fd));
-        ASSERT_GE(map_fd, 0);
-
-        void *ptr;
-        ptr = mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, map_fd, 0);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(ptr != NULL);
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < 4096; i++)
-            ((char *)ptr)[i] = i;
-
-        ion_sync_fd(m_ionFd, map_fd);
-
-        readDMA(map_fd, buf, 4096);
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < 4096; i++)
-            ASSERT_EQ((char)i, ((char *)buf)[i]);
-
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, munmap(ptr, 4096));
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, close(map_fd));
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(Device, DMAWriteCachedNeedsSync)
-{
-    auto alloc_ptr = std::make_unique<char[]>(8192 + 1024);
-    void *buf = (void *)(ALIGN((unsigned long)alloc_ptr.get(), 4096) + 1024);
-
-    for (int i = 0; i < 4096; i++)
-        ((char *)buf)[i] = i;
-
-    for (unsigned int heapMask : m_allHeaps) {
-        SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << "heap " << heapMask);
-        int map_fd = -1;
-        unsigned int flags = ION_FLAG_CACHED | ION_FLAG_CACHED_NEEDS_SYNC;
-
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_alloc_fd(m_ionFd, 4096, 0, heapMask, flags, &map_fd));
-        ASSERT_GE(map_fd, 0);
-
-        void *ptr;
-        ptr = mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, map_fd, 0);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(ptr != NULL);
-
-        dirtyCache(ptr, 4096);
-
-        writeDMA(map_fd, buf, 4096);
-
-        ion_sync_fd(m_ionFd, map_fd);
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < 4096; i++)
-            ASSERT_EQ((char)i, ((char *)ptr)[i]) << i;
-
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, munmap(ptr, 4096));
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, close(map_fd));
-    }
-}
-TEST_F(Device, KernelRead)
-{
-    auto alloc_ptr = std::make_unique<char[]>(8192 + 1024);
-    void *buf = (void *)(ALIGN((unsigned long)alloc_ptr.get(), 4096) + 1024);
-
-    for (unsigned int heapMask : m_allHeaps) {
-        SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << "heap " << heapMask);
-        int map_fd = -1;
-        unsigned int flags = 0;
-
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_alloc_fd(m_ionFd, 4096, 0, heapMask, flags, &map_fd));
-        ASSERT_GE(map_fd, 0);
-
-        void *ptr;
-        ptr = mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, map_fd, 0);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(ptr != NULL);
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < 4096; i++)
-            ((char *)ptr)[i] = i;
-
-        ((char*)buf)[4096] = 0x12;
-        readKernel(map_fd, buf, 4096);
-        ASSERT_EQ(((char*)buf)[4096], 0x12);
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < 4096; i++)
-            ASSERT_EQ((char)i, ((char *)buf)[i]);
-
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, munmap(ptr, 4096));
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, close(map_fd));
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(Device, KernelWrite)
-{
-    auto alloc_ptr = std::make_unique<char[]>(8192 + 1024);
-    void *buf = (void *)(ALIGN((unsigned long)alloc_ptr.get(), 4096) + 1024);
-
-    for (int i = 0; i < 4096; i++)
-        ((char *)buf)[i] = i;
-
-    for (unsigned int heapMask : m_allHeaps) {
-        SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << "heap " << heapMask);
-        int map_fd = -1;
-        unsigned int flags = 0;
-
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_alloc_fd(m_ionFd, 4096, 0, heapMask, flags, &map_fd));
-        ASSERT_GE(map_fd, 0);
-
-        void *ptr;
-        ptr = mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, map_fd, 0);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(ptr != NULL);
-
-        dirtyCache(ptr, 4096);
-
-        writeKernel(map_fd, buf, 4096);
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < 4096; i++)
-            ASSERT_EQ((char)i, ((char *)ptr)[i]) << i;
-
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, munmap(ptr, 4096));
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, close(map_fd));
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(Device, DMARead)
-{
-    auto alloc_ptr = std::make_unique<char[]>(8192 + 1024);
-    void *buf = (void *)(ALIGN((unsigned long)alloc_ptr.get(), 4096) + 1024);
-
-    for (unsigned int heapMask : m_allHeaps) {
-        SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << "heap " << heapMask);
-        int map_fd = -1;
-        unsigned int flags = 0;
-
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_alloc_fd(m_ionFd, 4096, 0, heapMask, flags, &map_fd));
-        ASSERT_GE(map_fd, 0);
-
-        void *ptr;
-        ptr = mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, map_fd, 0);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(ptr != NULL);
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < 4096; i++)
-            ((char *)ptr)[i] = i;
-
-        readDMA(map_fd, buf, 4096);
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < 4096; i++)
-            ASSERT_EQ((char)i, ((char *)buf)[i]);
-
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, munmap(ptr, 4096));
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, close(map_fd));
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(Device, DMAWrite)
-{
-    auto alloc_ptr = std::make_unique<char[]>(8192 + 1024);
-    void *buf = (void *)(ALIGN((unsigned long)alloc_ptr.get(), 4096) + 1024);
-
-    for (int i = 0; i < 4096; i++)
-        ((char *)buf)[i] = i;
-
-    for (unsigned int heapMask : m_allHeaps) {
-        SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << "heap " << heapMask);
-        int map_fd = -1;
-        unsigned int flags = 0;
-
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_alloc_fd(m_ionFd, 4096, 0, heapMask, flags, &map_fd));
-        ASSERT_GE(map_fd, 0);
-
-        void *ptr;
-        ptr = mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, map_fd, 0);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(ptr != NULL);
-
-        dirtyCache(ptr, 4096);
-
-        writeDMA(map_fd, buf, 4096);
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < 4096; i++)
-            ASSERT_EQ((char)i, ((char *)ptr)[i]) << i;
-
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, munmap(ptr, 4096));
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, close(map_fd));
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(Device, IsCached)
-{
-    auto buf_ptr = std::make_unique<char[]>(4096);
-    void *buf = buf_ptr.get();
-
-    for (unsigned int heapMask : m_allHeaps) {
-        SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << "heap " << heapMask);
-        int map_fd = -1;
-        unsigned int flags = ION_FLAG_CACHED | ION_FLAG_CACHED_NEEDS_SYNC;
-
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_alloc_fd(m_ionFd, 4096, 0, heapMask, flags, &map_fd));
-        ASSERT_GE(map_fd, 0);
-
-        void *ptr;
-        ptr = mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, map_fd, 0);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(ptr != NULL);
-
-        dirtyCache(ptr, 4096);
-
-        readDMA(map_fd, buf, 4096);
-
-        bool same = true;
-        for (int i = 4096-16; i >= 0; i -= 16)
-            if (((char *)buf)[i] != i)
-                same = false;
-        ASSERT_FALSE(same);
-
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, munmap(ptr, 4096));
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, close(map_fd));
-    }
-}
diff --git a/libion/tests/exit_test.cpp b/libion/tests/exit_test.cpp
index cdd3e27..f312389 100644
--- a/libion/tests/exit_test.cpp
+++ b/libion/tests/exit_test.cpp
@@ -22,206 +22,206 @@
 
 #include "ion_test_fixture.h"
 
-class Exit : public IonAllHeapsTest {
-};
+class Exit : public IonTest {};
 
-TEST_F(Exit, WithAlloc)
-{
-    static const size_t allocationSizes[] = {4*1024, 64*1024, 1024*1024, 2*1024*1024};
-    for (unsigned int heapMask : m_allHeaps) {
+TEST_F(Exit, WithAllocFd) {
+    static const size_t allocationSizes[] = {4 * 1024, 64 * 1024, 1024 * 1024, 2 * 1024 * 1024};
+    for (const auto& heap : ion_heaps) {
         for (size_t size : allocationSizes) {
-            SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << "heap " << heapMask);
+            SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message()
+                         << "heap:" << heap.name << ":" << heap.type << ":" << heap.heap_id);
             SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << "size " << size);
-            EXPECT_EXIT({
-                ion_user_handle_t handle = 0;
+            EXPECT_EXIT(
+                    {
+                        int handle_fd = -1;
 
-                ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_alloc(m_ionFd, size, 0, heapMask, 0, &handle));
-                ASSERT_TRUE(handle != 0);
-                exit(0);
-            }, ::testing::ExitedWithCode(0), "");
+                        ASSERT_EQ(0,
+                                  ion_alloc_fd(ionfd, size, 0, (1 << heap.heap_id), 0, &handle_fd));
+                        ASSERT_NE(-1, handle_fd);
+                        exit(0);
+                    },
+                    ::testing::ExitedWithCode(0), "");
         }
     }
 }
 
-TEST_F(Exit, WithAllocFd)
-{
-    static const size_t allocationSizes[] = {4*1024, 64*1024, 1024*1024, 2*1024*1024};
-    for (unsigned int heapMask : m_allHeaps) {
-        for (size_t size : allocationSizes) {
-            SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << "heap " << heapMask);
-            SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << "size " << size);
-            EXPECT_EXIT({
-                int handle_fd = -1;
-
-                ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_alloc_fd(m_ionFd, size, 0, heapMask, 0, &handle_fd));
-                ASSERT_NE(-1, handle_fd);
-                exit(0);
-            }, ::testing::ExitedWithCode(0), "");
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(Exit, WithRepeatedAllocFd)
-{
-    static const size_t allocationSizes[] = {4*1024, 64*1024, 1024*1024, 2*1024*1024};
-    for (unsigned int heapMask : m_allHeaps) {
+TEST_F(Exit, WithRepeatedAllocFd) {
+    static const size_t allocationSizes[] = {4 * 1024, 64 * 1024, 1024 * 1024, 2 * 1024 * 1024};
+    for (const auto& heap : ion_heaps) {
         for (size_t size : allocationSizes) {
             for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 1024; i++) {
-                SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << "heap " << heapMask);
+                SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message()
+                             << "heap:" << heap.name << ":" << heap.type << ":" << heap.heap_id);
                 SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << "size " << size);
-                ASSERT_EXIT({
-                    int handle_fd = -1;
+                ASSERT_EXIT(
+                        {
+                            int handle_fd = -1;
 
-                    ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_alloc_fd(m_ionFd, size, 0, heapMask, 0, &handle_fd));
-                    ASSERT_NE(-1, handle_fd);
-                    exit(0);
-                }, ::testing::ExitedWithCode(0), "")
-                        << "failed on heap " << heapMask
-                        << " and size " << size
-                        << " on iteration " << i;
+                            ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_alloc_fd(ionfd, size, 0, (1 << heap.heap_id), 0,
+                                                      &handle_fd));
+                            ASSERT_NE(-1, handle_fd);
+                            exit(0);
+                        },
+                        ::testing::ExitedWithCode(0), "")
+                        << "failed on heap " << heap.name << ":" << heap.type << ":" << heap.heap_id
+                        << " and size " << size << " on iteration " << i;
             }
         }
     }
 }
 
-
-TEST_F(Exit, WithMapping)
-{
-    static const size_t allocationSizes[] = {4*1024, 64*1024, 1024*1024, 2*1024*1024};
-    for (unsigned int heapMask : m_allHeaps) {
+TEST_F(Exit, WithMapping) {
+    static const size_t allocationSizes[] = {4 * 1024, 64 * 1024, 1024 * 1024, 2 * 1024 * 1024};
+    for (const auto& heap : ion_heaps) {
         for (size_t size : allocationSizes) {
-            SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << "heap " << heapMask);
+            SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message()
+                         << "heap:" << heap.name << ":" << heap.type << ":" << heap.heap_id);
             SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << "size " << size);
-            EXPECT_EXIT({
-                int map_fd = -1;
+            EXPECT_EXIT(
+                    {
+                        int map_fd = -1;
 
-                ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_alloc_fd(m_ionFd, size, 0, heapMask, 0, &map_fd));
-                ASSERT_GE(map_fd, 0);
+                        ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_alloc_fd(ionfd, size, 0, (1 << heap.heap_id), 0, &map_fd));
+                        ASSERT_GE(map_fd, 0);
 
-                void *ptr;
-                ptr = mmap(NULL, size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, map_fd, 0);
-                ASSERT_TRUE(ptr != NULL);
-                exit(0);
-            }, ::testing::ExitedWithCode(0), "");
-        }
-    }
-
-}
-
-TEST_F(Exit, WithPartialMapping)
-{
-    static const size_t allocationSizes[] = {64*1024, 1024*1024, 2*1024*1024};
-    for (unsigned int heapMask : m_allHeaps) {
-        for (size_t size : allocationSizes) {
-            SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << "heap " << heapMask);
-            SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << "size " << size);
-            EXPECT_EXIT({
-                int map_fd = -1;
-
-                ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_alloc_fd(m_ionFd, size, 0, heapMask, 0, &map_fd));
-                ASSERT_GE(map_fd, 0);
-
-                void *ptr;
-                ptr = mmap(NULL, size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, map_fd, 0);
-                ASSERT_TRUE(ptr != NULL);
-
-                ASSERT_EQ(0, munmap(ptr, size / 2));
-                exit(0);
-            }, ::testing::ExitedWithCode(0), "");
+                        void* ptr;
+                        ptr = mmap(NULL, size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, map_fd, 0);
+                        ASSERT_TRUE(ptr != NULL);
+                        exit(0);
+                    },
+                    ::testing::ExitedWithCode(0), "");
         }
     }
 }
 
-TEST_F(Exit, WithMappingCached)
-{
-    static const size_t allocationSizes[] = {4*1024, 64*1024, 1024*1024, 2*1024*1024};
-    for (unsigned int heapMask : m_allHeaps) {
+TEST_F(Exit, WithPartialMapping) {
+    static const size_t allocationSizes[] = {64 * 1024, 1024 * 1024, 2 * 1024 * 1024};
+    for (const auto& heap : ion_heaps) {
         for (size_t size : allocationSizes) {
-            SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << "heap " << heapMask);
+            SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message()
+                         << "heap:" << heap.name << ":" << heap.type << ":" << heap.heap_id);
             SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << "size " << size);
-            EXPECT_EXIT({
-                int map_fd = -1;
+            EXPECT_EXIT(
+                    {
+                        int map_fd = -1;
 
-                ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_alloc_fd(m_ionFd, size, 0, heapMask, ION_FLAG_CACHED, &map_fd));
-                ASSERT_GE(map_fd, 0);
+                        ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_alloc_fd(ionfd, size, 0, (1 << heap.heap_id), 0, &map_fd));
+                        ASSERT_GE(map_fd, 0);
 
-                void *ptr;
-                ptr = mmap(NULL, size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, map_fd, 0);
-                ASSERT_TRUE(ptr != NULL);
-                exit(0);
-            }, ::testing::ExitedWithCode(0), "");
-        }
-    }
+                        void* ptr;
+                        ptr = mmap(NULL, size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, map_fd, 0);
+                        ASSERT_TRUE(ptr != NULL);
 
-}
-
-TEST_F(Exit, WithPartialMappingCached)
-{
-    static const size_t allocationSizes[] = {64*1024, 1024*1024, 2*1024*1024};
-    for (unsigned int heapMask : m_allHeaps) {
-        for (size_t size : allocationSizes) {
-            SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << "heap " << heapMask);
-            SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << "size " << size);
-            EXPECT_EXIT({
-                int map_fd = -1;
-
-                ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_alloc_fd(m_ionFd, size, 0, heapMask, ION_FLAG_CACHED, &map_fd));
-                ASSERT_GE(map_fd, 0);
-
-                void *ptr;
-                ptr = mmap(NULL, size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, map_fd, 0);
-                ASSERT_TRUE(ptr != NULL);
-
-                ASSERT_EQ(0, munmap(ptr, size / 2));
-                exit(0);
-            }, ::testing::ExitedWithCode(0), "");
+                        ASSERT_EQ(0, munmap(ptr, size / 2));
+                        exit(0);
+                    },
+                    ::testing::ExitedWithCode(0), "");
         }
     }
 }
 
-TEST_F(Exit, WithMappingNeedsSync)
-{
-    static const size_t allocationSizes[] = {4*1024, 64*1024, 1024*1024, 2*1024*1024};
-    for (unsigned int heapMask : m_allHeaps) {
+TEST_F(Exit, WithMappingCached) {
+    static const size_t allocationSizes[] = {4 * 1024, 64 * 1024, 1024 * 1024, 2 * 1024 * 1024};
+    for (const auto& heap : ion_heaps) {
         for (size_t size : allocationSizes) {
-            SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << "heap " << heapMask);
+            SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message()
+                         << "heap:" << heap.name << ":" << heap.type << ":" << heap.heap_id);
             SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << "size " << size);
-            EXPECT_EXIT({
-                int map_fd = -1;
+            EXPECT_EXIT(
+                    {
+                        int map_fd = -1;
 
-                ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_alloc_fd(m_ionFd, size, 0, heapMask, ION_FLAG_CACHED | ION_FLAG_CACHED_NEEDS_SYNC, &map_fd));
-                ASSERT_GE(map_fd, 0);
+                        ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_alloc_fd(ionfd, size, 0, (1 << heap.heap_id),
+                                                  ION_FLAG_CACHED, &map_fd));
+                        ASSERT_GE(map_fd, 0);
 
-                void *ptr;
-                ptr = mmap(NULL, size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, map_fd, 0);
-                ASSERT_TRUE(ptr != NULL);
-                exit(0);
-            }, ::testing::ExitedWithCode(0), "");
+                        void* ptr;
+                        ptr = mmap(NULL, size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, map_fd, 0);
+                        ASSERT_TRUE(ptr != NULL);
+                        exit(0);
+                    },
+                    ::testing::ExitedWithCode(0), "");
         }
     }
-
 }
 
-TEST_F(Exit, WithPartialMappingNeedsSync)
-{
-    static const size_t allocationSizes[] = {64*1024, 1024*1024, 2*1024*1024};
-    for (unsigned int heapMask : m_allHeaps) {
+TEST_F(Exit, WithPartialMappingCached) {
+    static const size_t allocationSizes[] = {64 * 1024, 1024 * 1024, 2 * 1024 * 1024};
+    for (const auto& heap : ion_heaps) {
         for (size_t size : allocationSizes) {
-            SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << "heap " << heapMask);
+            SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message()
+                         << "heap:" << heap.name << ":" << heap.type << ":" << heap.heap_id);
             SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << "size " << size);
-            EXPECT_EXIT({
-                int map_fd = -1;
+            EXPECT_EXIT(
+                    {
+                        int map_fd = -1;
 
-                ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_alloc_fd(m_ionFd, size, 0, heapMask, ION_FLAG_CACHED | ION_FLAG_CACHED_NEEDS_SYNC, &map_fd));
-                ASSERT_GE(map_fd, 0);
+                        ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_alloc_fd(ionfd, size, 0, (1 << heap.heap_id),
+                                                  ION_FLAG_CACHED, &map_fd));
+                        ASSERT_GE(map_fd, 0);
 
-                void *ptr;
-                ptr = mmap(NULL, size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, map_fd, 0);
-                ASSERT_TRUE(ptr != NULL);
+                        void* ptr;
+                        ptr = mmap(NULL, size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, map_fd, 0);
+                        ASSERT_TRUE(ptr != NULL);
 
-                ASSERT_EQ(0, munmap(ptr, size / 2));
-                exit(0);
-            }, ::testing::ExitedWithCode(0), "");
+                        ASSERT_EQ(0, munmap(ptr, size / 2));
+                        exit(0);
+                    },
+                    ::testing::ExitedWithCode(0), "");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_F(Exit, WithMappingNeedsSync) {
+    static const size_t allocationSizes[] = {4 * 1024, 64 * 1024, 1024 * 1024, 2 * 1024 * 1024};
+    for (const auto& heap : ion_heaps) {
+        for (size_t size : allocationSizes) {
+            SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message()
+                         << "heap:" << heap.name << ":" << heap.type << ":" << heap.heap_id);
+            SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << "size " << size);
+            EXPECT_EXIT(
+                    {
+                        int map_fd = -1;
+
+                        ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_alloc_fd(ionfd, size, 0, (1 << heap.heap_id),
+                                                  ION_FLAG_CACHED | ION_FLAG_CACHED_NEEDS_SYNC,
+                                                  &map_fd));
+                        ASSERT_GE(map_fd, 0);
+
+                        void* ptr;
+                        ptr = mmap(NULL, size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, map_fd, 0);
+                        ASSERT_TRUE(ptr != NULL);
+                        exit(0);
+                    },
+                    ::testing::ExitedWithCode(0), "");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_F(Exit, WithPartialMappingNeedsSync) {
+    static const size_t allocationSizes[] = {64 * 1024, 1024 * 1024, 2 * 1024 * 1024};
+    for (const auto& heap : ion_heaps) {
+        for (size_t size : allocationSizes) {
+            SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message()
+                         << "heap:" << heap.name << ":" << heap.type << ":" << heap.heap_id);
+            SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << "size " << size);
+            EXPECT_EXIT(
+                    {
+                        int map_fd = -1;
+
+                        ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_alloc_fd(ionfd, size, 0, (1 << heap.heap_id),
+                                                  ION_FLAG_CACHED | ION_FLAG_CACHED_NEEDS_SYNC,
+                                                  &map_fd));
+                        ASSERT_GE(map_fd, 0);
+
+                        void* ptr;
+                        ptr = mmap(NULL, size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, map_fd, 0);
+                        ASSERT_TRUE(ptr != NULL);
+
+                        ASSERT_EQ(0, munmap(ptr, size / 2));
+                        exit(0);
+                    },
+                    ::testing::ExitedWithCode(0), "");
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/libion/tests/formerly_valid_handle_test.cpp b/libion/tests/formerly_valid_handle_test.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 01ab8f3..0000000
--- a/libion/tests/formerly_valid_handle_test.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,63 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2013 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include <sys/mman.h>
-
-#include <gtest/gtest.h>
-
-#include <ion/ion.h>
-
-#include "ion_test_fixture.h"
-
-class FormerlyValidHandle : public IonTest {
- public:
-    virtual void SetUp();
-    virtual void TearDown();
-    ion_user_handle_t m_handle;
-};
-
-void FormerlyValidHandle::SetUp()
-{
-    IonTest::SetUp();
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_alloc(m_ionFd, 4096, 0, 1/* ion_env->m_firstHeap */, 0, &m_handle));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(m_handle != 0);
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_free(m_ionFd, m_handle));
-}
-
-void FormerlyValidHandle::TearDown()
-{
-    m_handle = 0;
-}
-
-TEST_F(FormerlyValidHandle, free)
-{
-	ASSERT_EQ(-EINVAL, ion_free(m_ionFd, m_handle));
-}
-
-TEST_F(FormerlyValidHandle, map)
-{
-    int map_fd;
-    unsigned char *ptr;
-
-    ASSERT_EQ(-EINVAL, ion_map(m_ionFd, m_handle, 4096, PROT_READ, 0, 0, &ptr, &map_fd));
-}
-
-TEST_F(FormerlyValidHandle, share)
-{
-    int share_fd;
-
-    ASSERT_EQ(-EINVAL, ion_share(m_ionFd, m_handle, &share_fd));
-}
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfiemap_writer/utility.h b/libion/tests/heap_query.cpp
similarity index 61%
rename from fs_mgr/libfiemap_writer/utility.h
rename to libion/tests/heap_query.cpp
index 2d418da..bad3bbf 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfiemap_writer/utility.h
+++ b/libion/tests/heap_query.cpp
@@ -14,17 +14,14 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#pragma once
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include "ion_test_fixture.h"
 
-#include <string>
+class HeapQuery : public IonTest {};
 
-namespace android {
-namespace fiemap_writer {
+TEST_F(HeapQuery, AtleastOneHeap) {
+    ASSERT_GT(ion_heaps.size(), 0);
+}
 
-// Given a file that will be created, determine the maximum size its containing
-// filesystem allows. Note this is a theoretical maximum size; free space is
-// ignored entirely.
-uint64_t DetermineMaximumFileSize(const std::string& file_path);
-
-}  // namespace fiemap_writer
-}  // namespace android
+// TODO: Check if we expect some of the default
+// heap types to be present on all devices.
diff --git a/libion/tests/invalid_values_test.cpp b/libion/tests/invalid_values_test.cpp
index 77fea17..48fcd72 100644
--- a/libion/tests/invalid_values_test.cpp
+++ b/libion/tests/invalid_values_test.cpp
@@ -16,171 +16,71 @@
 
 #include <sys/mman.h>
 
+#include <memory>
+#include <vector>
+
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
 #include <ion/ion.h>
-
 #include "ion_test_fixture.h"
 
-class InvalidValues : public IonAllHeapsTest {
- public:
-    virtual void SetUp();
-    virtual void TearDown();
-    ion_user_handle_t m_validHandle;
-    int m_validShareFd;
-    ion_user_handle_t const m_badHandle = -1;
-};
+class InvalidValues : public IonTest {};
 
-void InvalidValues::SetUp()
-{
-    IonAllHeapsTest::SetUp();
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_alloc(m_ionFd, 4096, 0, m_firstHeap, 0, &m_validHandle))
-      << m_ionFd << " " << m_firstHeap;
-    ASSERT_TRUE(m_validHandle != 0);
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_share(m_ionFd, m_validHandle, &m_validShareFd));
-}
-
-void InvalidValues::TearDown()
-{
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_free(m_ionFd, m_validHandle));
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, close(m_validShareFd));
-    m_validHandle = 0;
-    IonAllHeapsTest::TearDown();
-}
-
-TEST_F(InvalidValues, ion_close)
-{
+TEST_F(InvalidValues, ion_close) {
     EXPECT_EQ(-EBADF, ion_close(-1));
 }
 
-TEST_F(InvalidValues, ion_alloc)
-{
-    ion_user_handle_t handle;
-    /* invalid ion_fd */
-    int ret = ion_alloc(0, 4096, 0, m_firstHeap, 0, &handle);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(ret == -EINVAL || ret == -ENOTTY);
-    /* invalid ion_fd */
-    EXPECT_EQ(-EBADF, ion_alloc(-1, 4096, 0, m_firstHeap, 0, &handle));
-    /* no heaps */
-    EXPECT_EQ(-ENODEV, ion_alloc(m_ionFd, 4096, 0, 0, 0, &handle));
-    for (unsigned int heapMask : m_allHeaps) {
-        SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << "heap " << heapMask);
-        /* zero size */
-        EXPECT_EQ(-EINVAL, ion_alloc(m_ionFd, 0, 0, heapMask, 0, &handle));
-        /* too large size */
-        EXPECT_EQ(-EINVAL, ion_alloc(m_ionFd, -1, 0, heapMask, 0, &handle));
-        /* bad alignment */
-        EXPECT_EQ(-EINVAL, ion_alloc(m_ionFd, 4096, -1, heapMask, 0, &handle));
-        /* NULL handle */
-        EXPECT_EQ(-EINVAL, ion_alloc(m_ionFd, 4096, 0, heapMask, 0, NULL));
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(InvalidValues, ion_alloc_fd)
-{
+TEST_F(InvalidValues, ion_alloc_fd) {
     int fd;
-    /* invalid ion_fd */
-    int ret = ion_alloc_fd(0, 4096, 0, m_firstHeap, 0, &fd);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(ret == -EINVAL || ret == -ENOTTY);
-    /* invalid ion_fd */
-    EXPECT_EQ(-EBADF, ion_alloc_fd(-1, 4096, 0, m_firstHeap, 0, &fd));
-    /* no heaps */
-    EXPECT_EQ(-ENODEV, ion_alloc_fd(m_ionFd, 4096, 0, 0, 0, &fd));
-    for (unsigned int heapMask : m_allHeaps) {
-        SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << "heap " << heapMask);
-        /* zero size */
-        EXPECT_EQ(-EINVAL, ion_alloc_fd(m_ionFd, 0, 0, heapMask, 0, &fd));
-        /* too large size */
-        EXPECT_EQ(-EINVAL, ion_alloc_fd(m_ionFd, -1, 0, heapMask, 0, &fd));
-        /* bad alignment */
-        EXPECT_EQ(-EINVAL, ion_alloc_fd(m_ionFd, 4096, -1, heapMask, 0, &fd));
-        /* NULL handle */
-        EXPECT_EQ(-EINVAL, ion_alloc_fd(m_ionFd, 4096, 0, heapMask, 0, NULL));
+    // no heaps
+    EXPECT_EQ(-ENODEV, ion_alloc_fd(ionfd, 4096, 0, 0, 0, &fd));
+    for (const auto& heap : ion_heaps) {
+        // invalid ion_fd
+        int ret = ion_alloc_fd(0, 4096, 0, (1 << heap.heap_id), 0, &fd);
+        EXPECT_TRUE(ret == -EINVAL || ret == -ENOTTY);
+        // invalid ion_fd
+        EXPECT_EQ(-EBADF, ion_alloc_fd(-1, 4096, 0, (1 << heap.heap_id), 0, &fd));
+        SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message()
+                     << "heap:" << heap.name << ":" << heap.type << ":" << heap.heap_id);
+        // zero size
+        EXPECT_EQ(-EINVAL, ion_alloc_fd(ionfd, 0, 0, (1 << heap.heap_id), 0, &fd));
+        // too large size
+        EXPECT_EQ(-EINVAL, ion_alloc_fd(ionfd, -1, 0, (1 << heap.heap_id), 0, &fd));
+        // bad alignment
+        // TODO: Current userspace and kernel code completely ignores alignment. So this
+        // test is going to fail. We need to completely remove alignment from the API.
+        // All memory by default is always page aligned. OR actually pass the alignment
+        // down into the kernel and make kernel respect the alignment.
+        // EXPECT_EQ(-EINVAL, ion_alloc_fd(ionfd, 4096, -1, (1 << heap.heap_id), 0, &fd));
+
+        // NULL fd
+        EXPECT_EQ(-EINVAL, ion_alloc_fd(ionfd, 4096, 0, (1 << heap.heap_id), 0, nullptr));
     }
 }
 
-TEST_F(InvalidValues, ion_free)
-{
-    /* invalid ion fd */
-    int ret = ion_free(0, m_validHandle);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(ret == -EINVAL || ret == -ENOTTY);
-    /* invalid ion fd */
-    EXPECT_EQ(-EBADF, ion_free(-1, m_validHandle));
-    /* zero handle */
-    EXPECT_EQ(-EINVAL, ion_free(m_ionFd, 0));
-    /* bad handle */
-    EXPECT_EQ(-EINVAL, ion_free(m_ionFd, m_badHandle));
+TEST_F(InvalidValues, ion_query_heap_cnt) {
+    // NULL count
+    EXPECT_EQ(-EINVAL, ion_query_heap_cnt(ionfd, nullptr));
+
+    int heap_count;
+    // bad fd
+    EXPECT_EQ(-EBADF, ion_query_heap_cnt(-1, &heap_count));
 }
 
-TEST_F(InvalidValues, ion_map)
-{
-    int map_fd;
-    unsigned char *ptr;
+TEST_F(InvalidValues, ion_query_get_heaps) {
+    int heap_count;
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_query_heap_cnt(ionfd, &heap_count));
+    ASSERT_GT(heap_count, 0);
 
-    /* invalid ion fd */
-    int ret = ion_map(0, m_validHandle, 4096, PROT_READ, 0, 0, &ptr, &map_fd);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(ret == -EINVAL || ret == -ENOTTY);
-    /* invalid ion fd */
-    EXPECT_EQ(-EBADF, ion_map(-1, m_validHandle, 4096, PROT_READ, 0, 0, &ptr, &map_fd));
-    /* zero handle */
-    EXPECT_EQ(-EINVAL, ion_map(m_ionFd, 0, 4096, PROT_READ, 0, 0, &ptr, &map_fd));
-    /* bad handle */
-    EXPECT_EQ(-EINVAL, ion_map(m_ionFd, m_badHandle, 4096, PROT_READ, 0, 0, &ptr, &map_fd));
-    /* zero length */
-    EXPECT_EQ(-EINVAL, ion_map(m_ionFd, m_validHandle, 0, PROT_READ, 0, 0, &ptr, &map_fd));
-    /* bad prot */
-    EXPECT_EQ(-EINVAL, ion_map(m_ionFd, m_validHandle, 4096, -1, 0, 0, &ptr, &map_fd));
-    /* bad offset */
-    EXPECT_EQ(-EINVAL, ion_map(m_ionFd, m_validHandle, 4096, PROT_READ, 0, -1, &ptr, &map_fd));
-    /* NULL ptr */
-    EXPECT_EQ(-EINVAL, ion_map(m_ionFd, m_validHandle, 4096, PROT_READ, 0, 0, NULL, &map_fd));
-    /* NULL map_fd */
-    EXPECT_EQ(-EINVAL, ion_map(m_ionFd, m_validHandle, 4096, PROT_READ, 0, 0, &ptr, NULL));
-}
+    // nullptr buffers, still returns success but without
+    // the ion_heap_data.
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, ion_query_get_heaps(ionfd, heap_count, nullptr));
 
-TEST_F(InvalidValues, ion_share)
-{
-    int share_fd;
+    std::unique_ptr<struct ion_heap_data[]> heaps =
+            std::make_unique<struct ion_heap_data[]>(heap_count);
+    // bad fd
+    EXPECT_EQ(-EBADF, ion_query_get_heaps(-1, heap_count, heaps.get()));
 
-    /* invalid ion fd */
-    int ret = ion_share(0, m_validHandle, &share_fd);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(ret == -EINVAL || ret == -ENOTTY);
-    /* invalid ion fd */
-    EXPECT_EQ(-EBADF, ion_share(-1, m_validHandle, &share_fd));
-    /* zero handle */
-    EXPECT_EQ(-EINVAL, ion_share(m_ionFd, 0, &share_fd));
-    /* bad handle */
-    EXPECT_EQ(-EINVAL, ion_share(m_ionFd, m_badHandle, &share_fd));
-    /* NULL share_fd */
-    EXPECT_EQ(-EINVAL, ion_share(m_ionFd, m_validHandle, NULL));
-}
-
-TEST_F(InvalidValues, ion_import)
-{
-    ion_user_handle_t handle;
-
-    /* invalid ion fd */
-    int ret = ion_import(0, m_validShareFd, &handle);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(ret == -EINVAL || ret == -ENOTTY);
-    /* invalid ion fd */
-    EXPECT_EQ(-EBADF, ion_import(-1, m_validShareFd, &handle));
-    /* bad share_fd */
-    EXPECT_EQ(-EINVAL, ion_import(m_ionFd, 0, &handle));
-    /* invalid share_fd */
-    EXPECT_EQ(-EBADF, ion_import(m_ionFd, -1, &handle));
-    /* NULL handle */
-    EXPECT_EQ(-EINVAL, ion_import(m_ionFd, m_validShareFd, NULL));
-}
-
-TEST_F(InvalidValues, ion_sync_fd)
-{
-    /* invalid ion fd */
-    int ret = ion_sync_fd(0, m_validShareFd);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(ret == -EINVAL || ret == -ENOTTY);
-    /* invalid ion fd */
-    EXPECT_EQ(-EBADF, ion_sync_fd(-1, m_validShareFd));
-    /* bad share_fd */
-    EXPECT_EQ(-EINVAL, ion_sync_fd(m_ionFd, 0));
-    /* invalid share_fd */
-    EXPECT_EQ(-EBADF, ion_sync_fd(m_ionFd, -1));
+    // invalid heap data pointer
+    EXPECT_EQ(-EFAULT, ion_query_get_heaps(ionfd, heap_count, reinterpret_cast<void*>(0xdeadf00d)));
 }
diff --git a/libion/tests/ion_4.12.h b/libion/tests/ion_4.12.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..614510c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libion/tests/ion_4.12.h
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+/****************************************************************************
+ ****************************************************************************
+ ***
+ ***   This header was automatically generated from a Linux kernel header
+ ***   of the same name, to make information necessary for userspace to
+ ***   call into the kernel available to libc.  It contains only constants,
+ ***   structures, and macros generated from the original header, and thus,
+ ***   contains no copyrightable information.
+ ***
+ ***   To edit the content of this header, modify the corresponding
+ ***   source file (e.g. under external/kernel-headers/original/) then
+ ***   run bionic/libc/kernel/tools/update_all.py
+ ***
+ ***   Any manual change here will be lost the next time this script will
+ ***   be run. You've been warned!
+ ***
+ ****************************************************************************
+ ****************************************************************************/
+#ifndef _UAPI_LINUX_ION_NEW_H
+#define _UAPI_LINUX_ION_NEW_H
+#include <linux/ioctl.h>
+#include <linux/types.h>
+#define ION_NUM_HEAP_IDS (sizeof(unsigned int) * 8)
+struct ion_new_allocation_data {
+  __u64 len;
+  __u32 heap_id_mask;
+  __u32 flags;
+  __u32 fd;
+  __u32 unused;
+};
+#define MAX_HEAP_NAME 32
+struct ion_heap_data {
+  char name[MAX_HEAP_NAME];
+  __u32 type;
+  __u32 heap_id;
+  __u32 reserved0;
+  __u32 reserved1;
+  __u32 reserved2;
+};
+struct ion_heap_query {
+  __u32 cnt;
+  __u32 reserved0;
+  __u64 heaps;
+  __u32 reserved1;
+  __u32 reserved2;
+};
+#define ION_IOC_MAGIC 'I'
+#define ION_IOC_NEW_ALLOC _IOWR(ION_IOC_MAGIC, 0, struct ion_new_allocation_data)
+#define ION_IOC_HEAP_QUERY _IOWR(ION_IOC_MAGIC, 8, struct ion_heap_query)
+#endif
diff --git a/libion/tests/ion_test_fixture.cpp b/libion/tests/ion_test_fixture.cpp
index e20c730..935fe5c 100644
--- a/libion/tests/ion_test_fixture.cpp
+++ b/libion/tests/ion_test_fixture.cpp
@@ -15,59 +15,26 @@
  */
 
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
-
 #include <ion/ion.h>
 
 #include "ion_test_fixture.h"
 
-IonTest::IonTest() : m_ionFd(-1)
-{
-}
+IonTest::IonTest() : ionfd(-1), ion_heaps() {}
 
 void IonTest::SetUp() {
-    m_ionFd = ion_open();
-    ASSERT_GE(m_ionFd, 0);
+    ionfd = ion_open();
+    ASSERT_GE(ionfd, 0);
+
+    int heap_count;
+    int ret = ion_query_heap_cnt(ionfd, &heap_count);
+    ASSERT_EQ(ret, 0);
+    ASSERT_GT(heap_count, 0);
+
+    ion_heaps.resize(heap_count, {});
+    ret = ion_query_get_heaps(ionfd, heap_count, ion_heaps.data());
+    ASSERT_EQ(ret, 0);
 }
 
 void IonTest::TearDown() {
-    ion_close(m_ionFd);
-}
-
-IonAllHeapsTest::IonAllHeapsTest() :
-        m_firstHeap(0),
-        m_lastHeap(0),
-        m_allHeaps()
-{
-}
-
-void IonAllHeapsTest::SetUp() {
-    int fd = ion_open();
-    ASSERT_GE(fd, 0);
-
-    for (int i = 1; i != 0; i <<= 1) {
-        ion_user_handle_t handle = 0;
-        int ret;
-        ret = ion_alloc(fd, 4096, 0, i, 0, &handle);
-        if (ret == 0 && handle != 0) {
-            ion_free(fd, handle);
-            if (!m_firstHeap) {
-                m_firstHeap = i;
-            }
-            m_lastHeap = i;
-            m_allHeaps.push_back(i);
-        } else {
-            ASSERT_EQ(-ENODEV, ret);
-        }
-    }
-    ion_close(fd);
-
-    EXPECT_NE(0U, m_firstHeap);
-    EXPECT_NE(0U, m_lastHeap);
-
-    RecordProperty("Heaps", m_allHeaps.size());
-    IonTest::SetUp();
-}
-
-void IonAllHeapsTest::TearDown() {
-    IonTest::TearDown();
+    ion_close(ionfd);
 }
diff --git a/libion/tests/ion_test_fixture.h b/libion/tests/ion_test_fixture.h
index 4098214..4f254b8 100644
--- a/libion/tests/ion_test_fixture.h
+++ b/libion/tests/ion_test_fixture.h
@@ -18,29 +18,19 @@
 #define ION_TEST_FIXTURE_H_
 
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <vector>
+#include "ion_4.12.h"
 
 using ::testing::Test;
 
 class IonTest : public virtual Test {
- public:
+  public:
     IonTest();
-	virtual ~IonTest() {};
-	virtual void SetUp();
-	virtual void TearDown();
-	int m_ionFd;
-};
-
-class IonAllHeapsTest : public IonTest {
- public:
-    IonAllHeapsTest();
-    virtual ~IonAllHeapsTest() {};
+    virtual ~IonTest(){};
     virtual void SetUp();
     virtual void TearDown();
-
-    unsigned int m_firstHeap;
-    unsigned int m_lastHeap;
-
-    std::vector<unsigned int> m_allHeaps;
+    int ionfd;
+    std::vector<struct ion_heap_data> ion_heaps;
 };
 
 #endif /* ION_TEST_FIXTURE_H_ */
diff --git a/libion/tests/map_test.cpp b/libion/tests/map_test.cpp
index c006dc8..f1b47b7 100644
--- a/libion/tests/map_test.cpp
+++ b/libion/tests/map_test.cpp
@@ -15,61 +15,30 @@
  */
 
 #include <sys/mman.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
 
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
 #include <ion/ion.h>
-
 #include "ion_test_fixture.h"
 
-class Map : public IonAllHeapsTest {
-};
+class Map : public IonTest {};
 
-TEST_F(Map, MapHandle)
-{
-    static const size_t allocationSizes[] = {4*1024, 64*1024, 1024*1024, 2*1024*1024};
-    for (unsigned int heapMask : m_allHeaps) {
+TEST_F(Map, MapFd) {
+    static const size_t allocationSizes[] = {4 * 1024, 64 * 1024, 1024 * 1024, 2 * 1024 * 1024};
+    for (const auto& heap : ion_heaps) {
         for (size_t size : allocationSizes) {
-            SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << "heap " << heapMask);
-            SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << "size " << size);
-            ion_user_handle_t handle = 0;
-
-            ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_alloc(m_ionFd, size, 0, heapMask, 0, &handle));
-            ASSERT_TRUE(handle != 0);
-
-            int map_fd = -1;
-            unsigned char *ptr = NULL;
-            ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_map(m_ionFd, handle, size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, 0, &ptr, &map_fd));
-            ASSERT_TRUE(ptr != NULL);
-            ASSERT_GE(map_fd, 0);
-
-            ASSERT_EQ(0, close(map_fd));
-
-            ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_free(m_ionFd, handle));
-
-            memset(ptr, 0xaa, size);
-
-            ASSERT_EQ(0, munmap(ptr, size));
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(Map, MapFd)
-{
-    static const size_t allocationSizes[] = {4*1024, 64*1024, 1024*1024, 2*1024*1024};
-    for (unsigned int heapMask : m_allHeaps) {
-        for (size_t size : allocationSizes) {
-            SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << "heap " << heapMask);
+            SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message()
+                         << "heap:" << heap.name << ":" << heap.type << ":" << heap.heap_id);
             SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << "size " << size);
             int map_fd = -1;
 
-            ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_alloc_fd(m_ionFd, size, 0, heapMask, 0, &map_fd));
+            ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_alloc_fd(ionfd, size, 0, (1 << heap.heap_id), 0, &map_fd));
             ASSERT_GE(map_fd, 0);
 
-            void *ptr;
+            void* ptr;
             ptr = mmap(NULL, size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, map_fd, 0);
             ASSERT_TRUE(ptr != NULL);
-
             ASSERT_EQ(0, close(map_fd));
 
             memset(ptr, 0xaa, size);
@@ -79,53 +48,51 @@
     }
 }
 
-TEST_F(Map, MapOffset)
-{
-    for (unsigned int heapMask : m_allHeaps) {
-        SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << "heap " << heapMask);
+TEST_F(Map, MapOffset) {
+    for (const auto& heap : ion_heaps) {
+        SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message()
+                     << "heap:" << heap.name << ":" << heap.type << ":" << heap.heap_id);
         int map_fd = -1;
 
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_alloc_fd(m_ionFd, PAGE_SIZE * 2, 0, heapMask, 0, &map_fd));
+        ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_alloc_fd(ionfd, getpagesize() * 2, 0, (1 << heap.heap_id), 0, &map_fd));
         ASSERT_GE(map_fd, 0);
 
-        unsigned char *ptr;
-        ptr = (unsigned char *)mmap(NULL, PAGE_SIZE * 2, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, map_fd, 0);
+        unsigned char* ptr;
+        ptr = (unsigned char*)mmap(NULL, getpagesize() * 2, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED,
+                                   map_fd, 0);
         ASSERT_TRUE(ptr != NULL);
 
-        memset(ptr, 0, PAGE_SIZE);
-        memset(ptr + PAGE_SIZE, 0xaa, PAGE_SIZE);
+        memset(ptr, 0, getpagesize());
+        memset(ptr + getpagesize(), 0xaa, getpagesize());
 
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, munmap(ptr, PAGE_SIZE * 2));
+        ASSERT_EQ(0, munmap(ptr, getpagesize() * 2));
 
-        ptr = (unsigned char *)mmap(NULL, PAGE_SIZE, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, map_fd, PAGE_SIZE);
+        ptr = (unsigned char*)mmap(NULL, getpagesize(), PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, map_fd,
+                                   getpagesize());
         ASSERT_TRUE(ptr != NULL);
-
         ASSERT_EQ(ptr[0], 0xaa);
-        ASSERT_EQ(ptr[PAGE_SIZE - 1], 0xaa);
-
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, munmap(ptr, PAGE_SIZE));
-
+        ASSERT_EQ(ptr[getpagesize() - 1], 0xaa);
+        ASSERT_EQ(0, munmap(ptr, getpagesize()));
         ASSERT_EQ(0, close(map_fd));
     }
 }
 
-TEST_F(Map, MapCached)
-{
-    static const size_t allocationSizes[] = {4*1024, 64*1024, 1024*1024, 2*1024*1024};
-    for (unsigned int heapMask : m_allHeaps) {
+TEST_F(Map, MapCached) {
+    static const size_t allocationSizes[] = {4 * 1024, 64 * 1024, 1024 * 1024, 2 * 1024 * 1024};
+    for (const auto& heap : ion_heaps) {
         for (size_t size : allocationSizes) {
-            SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << "heap " << heapMask);
+            SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message()
+                         << "heap:" << heap.name << ":" << heap.type << ":" << heap.heap_id);
             SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << "size " << size);
             int map_fd = -1;
             unsigned int flags = ION_FLAG_CACHED;
 
-            ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_alloc_fd(m_ionFd, size, 0, heapMask, flags, &map_fd));
+            ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_alloc_fd(ionfd, size, 0, (1 << heap.heap_id), flags, &map_fd));
             ASSERT_GE(map_fd, 0);
 
-            void *ptr;
+            void* ptr;
             ptr = mmap(NULL, size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, map_fd, 0);
             ASSERT_TRUE(ptr != NULL);
-
             ASSERT_EQ(0, close(map_fd));
 
             memset(ptr, 0xaa, size);
@@ -135,23 +102,22 @@
     }
 }
 
-TEST_F(Map, MapCachedNeedsSync)
-{
-    static const size_t allocationSizes[] = {4*1024, 64*1024, 1024*1024, 2*1024*1024};
-    for (unsigned int heapMask : m_allHeaps) {
+TEST_F(Map, MapCachedNeedsSync) {
+    static const size_t allocationSizes[] = {4 * 1024, 64 * 1024, 1024 * 1024, 2 * 1024 * 1024};
+    for (const auto& heap : ion_heaps) {
         for (size_t size : allocationSizes) {
-            SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << "heap " << heapMask);
+            SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message()
+                         << "heap:" << heap.name << ":" << heap.type << ":" << heap.heap_id);
             SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << "size " << size);
             int map_fd = -1;
             unsigned int flags = ION_FLAG_CACHED | ION_FLAG_CACHED_NEEDS_SYNC;
 
-            ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_alloc_fd(m_ionFd, size, 0, heapMask, flags, &map_fd));
+            ASSERT_EQ(0, ion_alloc_fd(ionfd, size, 0, (1 << heap.heap_id), flags, &map_fd));
             ASSERT_GE(map_fd, 0);
 
-            void *ptr;
+            void* ptr;
             ptr = mmap(NULL, size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, map_fd, 0);
             ASSERT_TRUE(ptr != NULL);
-
             ASSERT_EQ(0, close(map_fd));
 
             memset(ptr, 0xaa, size);
diff --git a/libmeminfo/Android.bp b/libmeminfo/Android.bp
index fc022bd..8dcc77b 100644
--- a/libmeminfo/Android.bp
+++ b/libmeminfo/Android.bp
@@ -26,10 +26,17 @@
         "liblog",
         "libprocinfo",
     ],
+    target: {
+        darwin: {
+            enabled: false,
+        },
+
+    },
 }
 
 cc_library {
     name: "libmeminfo",
+    host_supported: true,
     defaults: ["libmeminfo_defaults"],
     export_include_dirs: ["include"],
     export_shared_lib_headers: ["libbase"],
diff --git a/libmeminfo/tools/Android.bp b/libmeminfo/tools/Android.bp
index 2e89c41..3968c09 100644
--- a/libmeminfo/tools/Android.bp
+++ b/libmeminfo/tools/Android.bp
@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@
 
 cc_binary {
     name: "showmap",
+    host_supported: true,
     cflags: [
         "-Wall",
         "-Werror",
@@ -66,6 +67,12 @@
         "libbase",
         "libmeminfo",
     ],
+
+    target: {
+        darwin: {
+            enabled: false,
+        },
+    },
 }
 
 cc_binary {
diff --git a/libmeminfo/tools/showmap.cpp b/libmeminfo/tools/showmap.cpp
index a80fa76..8ea2108 100644
--- a/libmeminfo/tools/showmap.cpp
+++ b/libmeminfo/tools/showmap.cpp
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include <inttypes.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
+#include <sys/signal.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
@@ -56,7 +57,7 @@
 static VmaInfo g_total;
 static std::vector<VmaInfo> g_vmas;
 
-[[noreturn]] static void usage(int exit_status) {
+[[noreturn]] static void usage(const char* progname, int exit_status) {
     fprintf(stderr,
             "%s [-aqtv] [-f FILE] PID\n"
             "-a\taddresses (show virtual memory map)\n"
@@ -64,7 +65,7 @@
             "-t\tterse (show only items with private pages)\n"
             "-v\tverbose (don't coalesce maps with the same name)\n"
             "-f\tFILE (read from input from FILE instead of PID)\n",
-            getprogname());
+            progname);
 
     exit(exit_status);
 }
@@ -239,22 +240,22 @@
                 g_filename = optarg;
                 break;
             case 'h':
-                usage(EXIT_SUCCESS);
+                usage(argv[0], EXIT_SUCCESS);
             default:
-                usage(EXIT_FAILURE);
+                usage(argv[0], EXIT_FAILURE);
         }
     }
 
     if (g_filename.empty()) {
         if ((argc - 1) < optind) {
             fprintf(stderr, "Invalid arguments: Must provide <pid> at the end\n");
-            usage(EXIT_FAILURE);
+            usage(argv[0], EXIT_FAILURE);
         }
 
         g_pid = atoi(argv[optind]);
         if (g_pid <= 0) {
             fprintf(stderr, "Invalid process id %s\n", argv[optind]);
-            usage(EXIT_FAILURE);
+            usage(argv[0], EXIT_FAILURE);
         }
 
         g_filename = ::android::base::StringPrintf("/proc/%d/smaps", g_pid);
diff --git a/libmeminfo/vts/AndroidTest.xml b/libmeminfo/vts/AndroidTest.xml
index 530d16e..9614025 100644
--- a/libmeminfo/vts/AndroidTest.xml
+++ b/libmeminfo/vts/AndroidTest.xml
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
         <option name="binary-test-source" value="_32bit::DATA/nativetest/vts_meminfo_test/vts_meminfo_test" />
         <option name="binary-test-source" value="_64bit::DATA/nativetest64/vts_meminfo_test/vts_meminfo_test" />
         <option name="binary-test-type" value="gtest"/>
+        <option name="precondition-first-api-level" value="29" />
         <option name="test-timeout" value="10m"/>
     </test>
 </configuration>
diff --git a/libnativeloader/Android.bp b/libnativeloader/Android.bp
index debc43f..b860db9 100644
--- a/libnativeloader/Android.bp
+++ b/libnativeloader/Android.bp
@@ -70,3 +70,27 @@
     host_supported: true,
     export_include_dirs: ["include"],
 }
+
+cc_test {
+    name: "libnativeloader_test",
+    srcs: [
+        "native_loader_test.cpp",
+        "native_loader.cpp",
+        "library_namespaces.cpp",
+        "native_loader_namespace.cpp",
+        "public_libraries.cpp",
+    ],
+    cflags: ["-DANDROID"],
+    static_libs: [
+        "libbase",
+        "liblog",
+        "libnativehelper",
+        "libgmock",
+    ],
+    header_libs: [
+        "libnativebridge-headers",
+        "libnativeloader-headers",
+    ],
+    system_shared_libs: ["libc", "libm"],
+    test_suites: ["device-tests"],
+}
diff --git a/libnativeloader/TEST_MAPPING b/libnativeloader/TEST_MAPPING
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7becb77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libnativeloader/TEST_MAPPING
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+{
+  "presubmit": [
+    {
+      "name": "libnativeloader_test"
+    }
+  ],
+  "imports": [
+    {
+      "path": "cts/tests/tests/jni"
+    }
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/libnativeloader/library_namespaces.cpp b/libnativeloader/library_namespaces.cpp
index f7f972f..a9eea8c 100644
--- a/libnativeloader/library_namespaces.cpp
+++ b/libnativeloader/library_namespaces.cpp
@@ -33,6 +33,8 @@
 #include "public_libraries.h"
 #include "utils.h"
 
+using android::base::Error;
+
 namespace android::nativeloader {
 
 namespace {
@@ -43,6 +45,7 @@
 constexpr const char* kVendorNamespaceName = "sphal";
 constexpr const char* kVndkNamespaceName = "vndk";
 constexpr const char* kRuntimeNamespaceName = "runtime";
+constexpr const char* kNeuralNetworksNamespaceName = "neuralnetworks";
 
 // classloader-namespace is a linker namespace that is created for the loaded
 // app. To be specific, it is created for the app classloader. When
@@ -127,11 +130,11 @@
   }
 }
 
-NativeLoaderNamespace* LibraryNamespaces::Create(JNIEnv* env, uint32_t target_sdk_version,
-                                                 jobject class_loader, bool is_shared,
-                                                 jstring dex_path, jstring java_library_path,
-                                                 jstring java_permitted_path,
-                                                 std::string* error_msg) {
+Result<NativeLoaderNamespace*> LibraryNamespaces::Create(JNIEnv* env, uint32_t target_sdk_version,
+                                                         jobject class_loader, bool is_shared,
+                                                         jstring dex_path,
+                                                         jstring java_library_path,
+                                                         jstring java_permitted_path) {
   std::string library_path;  // empty string by default.
 
   if (java_library_path != nullptr) {
@@ -157,14 +160,14 @@
   }
 
   // Initialize the anonymous namespace with the first non-empty library path.
+  Result<void> ret;
   if (!library_path.empty() && !initialized_ &&
-      !InitPublicNamespace(library_path.c_str(), error_msg)) {
-    return nullptr;
+      !(ret = InitPublicNamespace(library_path.c_str()))) {
+    return ret.error();
   }
 
-  bool found = FindNamespaceByClassLoader(env, class_loader);
-
-  LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(found, "There is already a namespace associated with this classloader");
+  LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(FindNamespaceByClassLoader(env, class_loader) != nullptr,
+                      "There is already a namespace associated with this classloader");
 
   std::string system_exposed_libraries = default_public_libraries();
   const char* namespace_name = kClassloaderNamespaceName;
@@ -215,50 +218,66 @@
   auto app_ns =
       NativeLoaderNamespace::Create(namespace_name, library_path, permitted_path, parent_ns,
                                     is_shared, target_sdk_version < 24 /* is_greylist_enabled */);
-  if (app_ns.IsNil()) {
-    *error_msg = app_ns.GetError();
-    return nullptr;
+  if (!app_ns) {
+    return app_ns.error();
   }
 
   // ... and link to other namespaces to allow access to some public libraries
-  bool is_bridged = app_ns.IsBridged();
+  bool is_bridged = app_ns->IsBridged();
 
   auto platform_ns = NativeLoaderNamespace::GetPlatformNamespace(is_bridged);
-  if (!app_ns.Link(platform_ns, system_exposed_libraries)) {
-    *error_msg = app_ns.GetError();
-    return nullptr;
+  if (!platform_ns) {
+    return platform_ns.error();
+  }
+
+  auto linked = app_ns->Link(*platform_ns, system_exposed_libraries);
+  if (!linked) {
+    return linked.error();
   }
 
   auto runtime_ns = NativeLoaderNamespace::GetExportedNamespace(kRuntimeNamespaceName, is_bridged);
   // Runtime apex does not exist in host, and under certain build conditions.
-  if (!runtime_ns.IsNil()) {
-    if (!app_ns.Link(runtime_ns, runtime_public_libraries())) {
-      *error_msg = app_ns.GetError();
-      return nullptr;
+  if (runtime_ns) {
+    linked = app_ns->Link(*runtime_ns, runtime_public_libraries());
+    if (!linked) {
+      return linked.error();
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Give access to NNAPI libraries (apex-updated LLNDK library).
+  auto nnapi_ns =
+      NativeLoaderNamespace::GetExportedNamespace(kNeuralNetworksNamespaceName, is_bridged);
+  if (nnapi_ns) {
+    linked = app_ns->Link(*nnapi_ns, neuralnetworks_public_libraries());
+    if (!linked) {
+      return linked.error();
     }
   }
 
   // Give access to VNDK-SP libraries from the 'vndk' namespace.
   if (unbundled_vendor_or_product_app && !vndksp_libraries().empty()) {
     auto vndk_ns = NativeLoaderNamespace::GetExportedNamespace(kVndkNamespaceName, is_bridged);
-    if (!vndk_ns.IsNil() && !app_ns.Link(vndk_ns, vndksp_libraries())) {
-      *error_msg = app_ns.GetError();
-      return nullptr;
+    if (vndk_ns) {
+      linked = app_ns->Link(*vndk_ns, vndksp_libraries());
+      if (!linked) {
+        return linked.error();
+      }
     }
   }
 
-  // Note that when vendor_ns is not configured, vendor_ns.IsNil() will be true
-  // and it will result in linking to the default namespace which is expected
-  // behavior in this case.
   if (!vendor_public_libraries().empty()) {
     auto vendor_ns = NativeLoaderNamespace::GetExportedNamespace(kVendorNamespaceName, is_bridged);
-    if (!app_ns.Link(vendor_ns, vendor_public_libraries())) {
-      *error_msg = dlerror();
-      return nullptr;
+    // when vendor_ns is not configured, link to the platform namespace
+    auto target_ns = vendor_ns ? vendor_ns : platform_ns;
+    if (target_ns) {
+      linked = app_ns->Link(*target_ns, vendor_public_libraries());
+      if (!linked) {
+        return linked.error();
+      }
     }
   }
 
-  namespaces_.push_back(std::make_pair(env->NewWeakGlobalRef(class_loader), app_ns));
+  namespaces_.push_back(std::make_pair(env->NewWeakGlobalRef(class_loader), *app_ns));
 
   return &(namespaces_.back().second);
 }
@@ -276,7 +295,7 @@
   return nullptr;
 }
 
-bool LibraryNamespaces::InitPublicNamespace(const char* library_path, std::string* error_msg) {
+Result<void> LibraryNamespaces::InitPublicNamespace(const char* library_path) {
   // Ask native bride if this apps library path should be handled by it
   bool is_native_bridge = NativeBridgeIsPathSupported(library_path);
 
@@ -287,8 +306,7 @@
   initialized_ = android_init_anonymous_namespace(default_public_libraries().c_str(),
                                                   is_native_bridge ? nullptr : library_path);
   if (!initialized_) {
-    *error_msg = dlerror();
-    return false;
+    return Error() << dlerror();
   }
 
   // and now initialize native bridge namespaces if necessary.
@@ -296,11 +314,11 @@
     initialized_ = NativeBridgeInitAnonymousNamespace(default_public_libraries().c_str(),
                                                       is_native_bridge ? library_path : nullptr);
     if (!initialized_) {
-      *error_msg = NativeBridgeGetError();
+      return Error() << NativeBridgeGetError();
     }
   }
 
-  return initialized_;
+  return {};
 }
 
 NativeLoaderNamespace* LibraryNamespaces::FindParentNamespaceByClassLoader(JNIEnv* env,
diff --git a/libnativeloader/library_namespaces.h b/libnativeloader/library_namespaces.h
index fd46cdc..e54bc0a 100644
--- a/libnativeloader/library_namespaces.h
+++ b/libnativeloader/library_namespaces.h
@@ -25,10 +25,13 @@
 #include <list>
 #include <string>
 
+#include <android-base/result.h>
 #include <jni.h>
 
 namespace android::nativeloader {
 
+using android::base::Result;
+
 // LibraryNamespaces is a singleton object that manages NativeLoaderNamespace
 // objects for an app process. Its main job is to create (and configure) a new
 // NativeLoaderNamespace object for a Java ClassLoader, and to find an existing
@@ -42,14 +45,17 @@
   LibraryNamespaces& operator=(const LibraryNamespaces&) = delete;
 
   void Initialize();
-  void Reset() { namespaces_.clear(); }
-  NativeLoaderNamespace* Create(JNIEnv* env, uint32_t target_sdk_version, jobject class_loader,
-                                bool is_shared, jstring dex_path, jstring java_library_path,
-                                jstring java_permitted_path, std::string* error_msg);
+  void Reset() {
+    namespaces_.clear();
+    initialized_ = false;
+  }
+  Result<NativeLoaderNamespace*> Create(JNIEnv* env, uint32_t target_sdk_version,
+                                        jobject class_loader, bool is_shared, jstring dex_path,
+                                        jstring java_library_path, jstring java_permitted_path);
   NativeLoaderNamespace* FindNamespaceByClassLoader(JNIEnv* env, jobject class_loader);
 
  private:
-  bool InitPublicNamespace(const char* library_path, std::string* error_msg);
+  Result<void> InitPublicNamespace(const char* library_path);
   NativeLoaderNamespace* FindParentNamespaceByClassLoader(JNIEnv* env, jobject class_loader);
 
   bool initialized_;
diff --git a/libnativeloader/native_loader.cpp b/libnativeloader/native_loader.cpp
index 0c29324..6d3c057 100644
--- a/libnativeloader/native_loader.cpp
+++ b/libnativeloader/native_loader.cpp
@@ -92,12 +92,10 @@
                                    jstring permitted_path) {
 #if defined(__ANDROID__)
   std::lock_guard<std::mutex> guard(g_namespaces_mutex);
-
-  std::string error_msg;
-  bool success = g_namespaces->Create(env, target_sdk_version, class_loader, is_shared, dex_path,
-                                      library_path, permitted_path, &error_msg) != nullptr;
-  if (!success) {
-    return env->NewStringUTF(error_msg.c_str());
+  auto ns = g_namespaces->Create(env, target_sdk_version, class_loader, is_shared, dex_path,
+                                 library_path, permitted_path);
+  if (!ns) {
+    return env->NewStringUTF(ns.error().message().c_str());
   }
 #else
   UNUSED(env, target_sdk_version, class_loader, is_shared, dex_path, library_path, permitted_path);
@@ -139,11 +137,14 @@
   if ((ns = g_namespaces->FindNamespaceByClassLoader(env, class_loader)) == nullptr) {
     // This is the case where the classloader was not created by ApplicationLoaders
     // In this case we create an isolated not-shared namespace for it.
-    std::string create_error_msg;
-    if ((ns = g_namespaces->Create(env, target_sdk_version, class_loader, false /* is_shared */,
-                                   nullptr, library_path, nullptr, &create_error_msg)) == nullptr) {
-      *error_msg = strdup(create_error_msg.c_str());
+    Result<NativeLoaderNamespace*> isolated_ns =
+        g_namespaces->Create(env, target_sdk_version, class_loader, false /* is_shared */, nullptr,
+                             library_path, nullptr);
+    if (!isolated_ns) {
+      *error_msg = strdup(isolated_ns.error().message().c_str());
       return nullptr;
+    } else {
+      ns = *isolated_ns;
     }
   }
 
@@ -222,12 +223,14 @@
 #if defined(__ANDROID__)
 void* OpenNativeLibraryInNamespace(NativeLoaderNamespace* ns, const char* path,
                                    bool* needs_native_bridge, char** error_msg) {
-  void* handle = ns->Load(path);
-  if (handle == nullptr) {
-    *error_msg = ns->GetError();
+  auto handle = ns->Load(path);
+  if (!handle && error_msg != nullptr) {
+    *error_msg = strdup(handle.error().message().c_str());
   }
-  *needs_native_bridge = ns->IsBridged();
-  return handle;
+  if (needs_native_bridge != nullptr) {
+    *needs_native_bridge = ns->IsBridged();
+  }
+  return handle ? *handle : nullptr;
 }
 
 // native_bridge_namespaces are not supported for callers of this function.
diff --git a/libnativeloader/native_loader_namespace.cpp b/libnativeloader/native_loader_namespace.cpp
index 58ac686..4add6e6 100644
--- a/libnativeloader/native_loader_namespace.cpp
+++ b/libnativeloader/native_loader_namespace.cpp
@@ -28,6 +28,9 @@
 
 #include "nativeloader/dlext_namespaces.h"
 
+using android::base::Error;
+using android::base::Errorf;
+
 namespace android {
 
 namespace {
@@ -35,41 +38,54 @@
 constexpr const char* kDefaultNamespaceName = "default";
 constexpr const char* kPlatformNamespaceName = "platform";
 
-}  // namespace
-
-NativeLoaderNamespace NativeLoaderNamespace::GetExportedNamespace(const std::string& name,
-                                                                  bool is_bridged) {
-  if (!is_bridged) {
-    return NativeLoaderNamespace(name, android_get_exported_namespace(name.c_str()));
-  } else {
-    return NativeLoaderNamespace(name, NativeBridgeGetExportedNamespace(name.c_str()));
+std::string GetLinkerError(bool is_bridged) {
+  const char* msg = is_bridged ? NativeBridgeGetError() : dlerror();
+  if (msg == nullptr) {
+    return "no error";
   }
+  return std::string(msg);
 }
 
-char* NativeLoaderNamespace::GetError() const {
-  if (!IsBridged()) {
-    return strdup(dlerror());
+}  // namespace
+
+Result<NativeLoaderNamespace> NativeLoaderNamespace::GetExportedNamespace(const std::string& name,
+                                                                          bool is_bridged) {
+  if (!is_bridged) {
+    auto raw = android_get_exported_namespace(name.c_str());
+    if (raw != nullptr) {
+      return NativeLoaderNamespace(name, raw);
+    }
   } else {
-    return strdup(NativeBridgeGetError());
+    auto raw = NativeBridgeGetExportedNamespace(name.c_str());
+    if (raw != nullptr) {
+      return NativeLoaderNamespace(name, raw);
+    }
   }
+  return Errorf("namespace {} does not exist or exported", name);
 }
 
 // The platform namespace is called "default" for binaries in /system and
 // "platform" for those in the Runtime APEX. Try "platform" first since
 // "default" always exists.
-NativeLoaderNamespace NativeLoaderNamespace::GetPlatformNamespace(bool is_bridged) {
-  NativeLoaderNamespace ns = GetExportedNamespace(kPlatformNamespaceName, is_bridged);
-  if (ns.IsNil()) {
-    ns = GetExportedNamespace(kDefaultNamespaceName, is_bridged);
+Result<NativeLoaderNamespace> NativeLoaderNamespace::GetPlatformNamespace(bool is_bridged) {
+  auto ns = GetExportedNamespace(kPlatformNamespaceName, is_bridged);
+  if (ns) return ns;
+  ns = GetExportedNamespace(kDefaultNamespaceName, is_bridged);
+  if (ns) return ns;
+
+  // If nothing is found, return NativeLoaderNamespace constructed from nullptr.
+  // nullptr also means default namespace to the linker.
+  if (!is_bridged) {
+    return NativeLoaderNamespace(kDefaultNamespaceName, static_cast<android_namespace_t*>(nullptr));
+  } else {
+    return NativeLoaderNamespace(kDefaultNamespaceName,
+                                 static_cast<native_bridge_namespace_t*>(nullptr));
   }
-  return ns;
 }
 
-NativeLoaderNamespace NativeLoaderNamespace::Create(const std::string& name,
-                                                    const std::string& search_paths,
-                                                    const std::string& permitted_paths,
-                                                    const NativeLoaderNamespace* parent,
-                                                    bool is_shared, bool is_greylist_enabled) {
+Result<NativeLoaderNamespace> NativeLoaderNamespace::Create(
+    const std::string& name, const std::string& search_paths, const std::string& permitted_paths,
+    const NativeLoaderNamespace* parent, bool is_shared, bool is_greylist_enabled) {
   bool is_bridged = false;
   if (parent != nullptr) {
     is_bridged = parent->IsBridged();
@@ -78,8 +94,11 @@
   }
 
   // Fall back to the platform namespace if no parent is set.
-  const NativeLoaderNamespace& effective_parent =
-      parent != nullptr ? *parent : GetPlatformNamespace(is_bridged);
+  auto platform_ns = GetPlatformNamespace(is_bridged);
+  if (!platform_ns) {
+    return platform_ns.error();
+  }
+  const NativeLoaderNamespace& effective_parent = parent != nullptr ? *parent : *platform_ns;
 
   uint64_t type = ANDROID_NAMESPACE_TYPE_ISOLATED;
   if (is_shared) {
@@ -93,37 +112,56 @@
     android_namespace_t* raw =
         android_create_namespace(name.c_str(), nullptr, search_paths.c_str(), type,
                                  permitted_paths.c_str(), effective_parent.ToRawAndroidNamespace());
-    return NativeLoaderNamespace(name, raw);
+    if (raw != nullptr) {
+      return NativeLoaderNamespace(name, raw);
+    }
   } else {
     native_bridge_namespace_t* raw = NativeBridgeCreateNamespace(
         name.c_str(), nullptr, search_paths.c_str(), type, permitted_paths.c_str(),
         effective_parent.ToRawNativeBridgeNamespace());
-    return NativeLoaderNamespace(name, raw);
+    if (raw != nullptr) {
+      return NativeLoaderNamespace(name, raw);
+    }
   }
+  return Errorf("failed to create {} namespace name:{}, search_paths:{}, permitted_paths:{}",
+                is_bridged ? "bridged" : "native", name, search_paths, permitted_paths);
 }
 
-bool NativeLoaderNamespace::Link(const NativeLoaderNamespace& target,
-                                 const std::string& shared_libs) const {
+Result<void> NativeLoaderNamespace::Link(const NativeLoaderNamespace& target,
+                                         const std::string& shared_libs) const {
   LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(shared_libs.empty(), "empty share lib when linking %s to %s",
                       this->name().c_str(), target.name().c_str());
   if (!IsBridged()) {
-    return android_link_namespaces(this->ToRawAndroidNamespace(), target.ToRawAndroidNamespace(),
-                                   shared_libs.c_str());
+    if (android_link_namespaces(this->ToRawAndroidNamespace(), target.ToRawAndroidNamespace(),
+                                shared_libs.c_str())) {
+      return {};
+    }
   } else {
-    return NativeBridgeLinkNamespaces(this->ToRawNativeBridgeNamespace(),
-                                      target.ToRawNativeBridgeNamespace(), shared_libs.c_str());
+    if (NativeBridgeLinkNamespaces(this->ToRawNativeBridgeNamespace(),
+                                   target.ToRawNativeBridgeNamespace(), shared_libs.c_str())) {
+      return {};
+    }
   }
+  return Error() << GetLinkerError(IsBridged());
 }
 
-void* NativeLoaderNamespace::Load(const char* lib_name) const {
+Result<void*> NativeLoaderNamespace::Load(const char* lib_name) const {
   if (!IsBridged()) {
     android_dlextinfo extinfo;
     extinfo.flags = ANDROID_DLEXT_USE_NAMESPACE;
     extinfo.library_namespace = this->ToRawAndroidNamespace();
-    return android_dlopen_ext(lib_name, RTLD_NOW, &extinfo);
+    void* handle = android_dlopen_ext(lib_name, RTLD_NOW, &extinfo);
+    if (handle != nullptr) {
+      return handle;
+    }
   } else {
-    return NativeBridgeLoadLibraryExt(lib_name, RTLD_NOW, this->ToRawNativeBridgeNamespace());
+    void* handle =
+        NativeBridgeLoadLibraryExt(lib_name, RTLD_NOW, this->ToRawNativeBridgeNamespace());
+    if (handle != nullptr) {
+      return handle;
+    }
   }
+  return Error() << GetLinkerError(IsBridged());
 }
 
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/libnativeloader/native_loader_namespace.h b/libnativeloader/native_loader_namespace.h
index 71e4247..29b759c 100644
--- a/libnativeloader/native_loader_namespace.h
+++ b/libnativeloader/native_loader_namespace.h
@@ -21,22 +21,25 @@
 #include <vector>
 
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android-base/result.h>
 #include <android/dlext.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
 #include <nativebridge/native_bridge.h>
 
 namespace android {
 
+using android::base::Result;
+
 // NativeLoaderNamespace abstracts a linker namespace for the native
 // architecture (ex: arm on arm) or the translated architecture (ex: arm on
 // x86). Instances of this class are managed by LibraryNamespaces object.
 struct NativeLoaderNamespace {
  public:
-  // TODO(return with errors)
-  static NativeLoaderNamespace Create(const std::string& name, const std::string& search_paths,
-                                      const std::string& permitted_paths,
-                                      const NativeLoaderNamespace* parent, bool is_shared,
-                                      bool is_greylist_enabled);
+  static Result<NativeLoaderNamespace> Create(const std::string& name,
+                                              const std::string& search_paths,
+                                              const std::string& permitted_paths,
+                                              const NativeLoaderNamespace* parent, bool is_shared,
+                                              bool is_greylist_enabled);
 
   NativeLoaderNamespace(NativeLoaderNamespace&&) = default;
   NativeLoaderNamespace(const NativeLoaderNamespace&) = default;
@@ -47,16 +50,13 @@
 
   std::string name() const { return name_; }
   bool IsBridged() const { return raw_.index() == 1; }
-  bool IsNil() const {
-    return IsBridged() ? std::get<1>(raw_) == nullptr : std::get<0>(raw_) == nullptr;
-  }
 
-  bool Link(const NativeLoaderNamespace& target, const std::string& shared_libs) const;
-  void* Load(const char* lib_name) const;
-  char* GetError() const;
+  Result<void> Link(const NativeLoaderNamespace& target, const std::string& shared_libs) const;
+  Result<void*> Load(const char* lib_name) const;
 
-  static NativeLoaderNamespace GetExportedNamespace(const std::string& name, bool is_bridged);
-  static NativeLoaderNamespace GetPlatformNamespace(bool is_bridged);
+  static Result<NativeLoaderNamespace> GetExportedNamespace(const std::string& name,
+                                                            bool is_bridged);
+  static Result<NativeLoaderNamespace> GetPlatformNamespace(bool is_bridged);
 
  private:
   explicit NativeLoaderNamespace(const std::string& name, android_namespace_t* ns)
diff --git a/libnativeloader/native_loader_test.cpp b/libnativeloader/native_loader_test.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b939eee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libnativeloader/native_loader_test.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,574 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <dlfcn.h>
+#include <memory>
+#include <unordered_map>
+
+#include <android-base/strings.h>
+#include <gmock/gmock.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <jni.h>
+
+#include "native_loader_namespace.h"
+#include "nativeloader/dlext_namespaces.h"
+#include "nativeloader/native_loader.h"
+#include "public_libraries.h"
+
+using namespace ::testing;
+
+namespace android {
+namespace nativeloader {
+
+// gmock interface that represents interested platform APIs on libdl and libnativebridge
+class Platform {
+ public:
+  virtual ~Platform() {}
+
+  // libdl APIs
+  virtual void* dlopen(const char* filename, int flags) = 0;
+  virtual int dlclose(void* handle) = 0;
+  virtual char* dlerror(void) = 0;
+
+  // These mock_* are the APIs semantically the same across libdl and libnativebridge.
+  // Instead of having two set of mock APIs for the two, define only one set with an additional
+  // argument 'bool bridged' to identify the context (i.e., called for libdl or libnativebridge).
+  typedef char* mock_namespace_handle;
+  virtual bool mock_init_anonymous_namespace(bool bridged, const char* sonames,
+                                             const char* search_paths) = 0;
+  virtual mock_namespace_handle mock_create_namespace(
+      bool bridged, const char* name, const char* ld_library_path, const char* default_library_path,
+      uint64_t type, const char* permitted_when_isolated_path, mock_namespace_handle parent) = 0;
+  virtual bool mock_link_namespaces(bool bridged, mock_namespace_handle from,
+                                    mock_namespace_handle to, const char* sonames) = 0;
+  virtual mock_namespace_handle mock_get_exported_namespace(bool bridged, const char* name) = 0;
+  virtual void* mock_dlopen_ext(bool bridged, const char* filename, int flags,
+                                mock_namespace_handle ns) = 0;
+
+  // libnativebridge APIs for which libdl has no corresponding APIs
+  virtual bool NativeBridgeInitialized() = 0;
+  virtual const char* NativeBridgeGetError() = 0;
+  virtual bool NativeBridgeIsPathSupported(const char*) = 0;
+  virtual bool NativeBridgeIsSupported(const char*) = 0;
+
+  // To mock "ClassLoader Object.getParent()"
+  virtual const char* JniObject_getParent(const char*) = 0;
+};
+
+// The mock does not actually create a namespace object. But simply casts the pointer to the
+// string for the namespace name as the handle to the namespace object.
+#define TO_ANDROID_NAMESPACE(str) \
+  reinterpret_cast<struct android_namespace_t*>(const_cast<char*>(str))
+
+#define TO_BRIDGED_NAMESPACE(str) \
+  reinterpret_cast<struct native_bridge_namespace_t*>(const_cast<char*>(str))
+
+#define TO_MOCK_NAMESPACE(ns) reinterpret_cast<Platform::mock_namespace_handle>(ns)
+
+// These represents built-in namespaces created by the linker according to ld.config.txt
+static std::unordered_map<std::string, Platform::mock_namespace_handle> namespaces = {
+    {"platform", TO_MOCK_NAMESPACE(TO_ANDROID_NAMESPACE("platform"))},
+    {"default", TO_MOCK_NAMESPACE(TO_ANDROID_NAMESPACE("default"))},
+    {"runtime", TO_MOCK_NAMESPACE(TO_ANDROID_NAMESPACE("runtime"))},
+    {"sphal", TO_MOCK_NAMESPACE(TO_ANDROID_NAMESPACE("sphal"))},
+    {"vndk", TO_MOCK_NAMESPACE(TO_ANDROID_NAMESPACE("vndk"))},
+    {"neuralnetworks", TO_MOCK_NAMESPACE(TO_ANDROID_NAMESPACE("neuralnetworks"))},
+};
+
+// The actual gmock object
+class MockPlatform : public Platform {
+ public:
+  MockPlatform(bool is_bridged) : is_bridged_(is_bridged) {
+    ON_CALL(*this, NativeBridgeIsSupported(_)).WillByDefault(Return(is_bridged_));
+    ON_CALL(*this, NativeBridgeIsPathSupported(_)).WillByDefault(Return(is_bridged_));
+    ON_CALL(*this, mock_get_exported_namespace(_, _))
+        .WillByDefault(Invoke([](bool, const char* name) -> mock_namespace_handle {
+          if (namespaces.find(name) != namespaces.end()) {
+            return namespaces[name];
+          }
+          return TO_MOCK_NAMESPACE(TO_ANDROID_NAMESPACE("(namespace not found"));
+        }));
+  }
+
+  // Mocking libdl APIs
+  MOCK_METHOD2(dlopen, void*(const char*, int));
+  MOCK_METHOD1(dlclose, int(void*));
+  MOCK_METHOD0(dlerror, char*());
+
+  // Mocking the common APIs
+  MOCK_METHOD3(mock_init_anonymous_namespace, bool(bool, const char*, const char*));
+  MOCK_METHOD7(mock_create_namespace,
+               mock_namespace_handle(bool, const char*, const char*, const char*, uint64_t,
+                                     const char*, mock_namespace_handle));
+  MOCK_METHOD4(mock_link_namespaces,
+               bool(bool, mock_namespace_handle, mock_namespace_handle, const char*));
+  MOCK_METHOD2(mock_get_exported_namespace, mock_namespace_handle(bool, const char*));
+  MOCK_METHOD4(mock_dlopen_ext, void*(bool, const char*, int, mock_namespace_handle));
+
+  // Mocking libnativebridge APIs
+  MOCK_METHOD0(NativeBridgeInitialized, bool());
+  MOCK_METHOD0(NativeBridgeGetError, const char*());
+  MOCK_METHOD1(NativeBridgeIsPathSupported, bool(const char*));
+  MOCK_METHOD1(NativeBridgeIsSupported, bool(const char*));
+
+  // Mocking "ClassLoader Object.getParent()"
+  MOCK_METHOD1(JniObject_getParent, const char*(const char*));
+
+ private:
+  bool is_bridged_;
+};
+
+static std::unique_ptr<MockPlatform> mock;
+
+// Provide C wrappers for the mock object.
+extern "C" {
+void* dlopen(const char* file, int flag) {
+  return mock->dlopen(file, flag);
+}
+
+int dlclose(void* handle) {
+  return mock->dlclose(handle);
+}
+
+char* dlerror(void) {
+  return mock->dlerror();
+}
+
+bool android_init_anonymous_namespace(const char* sonames, const char* search_path) {
+  return mock->mock_init_anonymous_namespace(false, sonames, search_path);
+}
+
+struct android_namespace_t* android_create_namespace(const char* name, const char* ld_library_path,
+                                                     const char* default_library_path,
+                                                     uint64_t type,
+                                                     const char* permitted_when_isolated_path,
+                                                     struct android_namespace_t* parent) {
+  return TO_ANDROID_NAMESPACE(
+      mock->mock_create_namespace(false, name, ld_library_path, default_library_path, type,
+                                  permitted_when_isolated_path, TO_MOCK_NAMESPACE(parent)));
+}
+
+bool android_link_namespaces(struct android_namespace_t* from, struct android_namespace_t* to,
+                             const char* sonames) {
+  return mock->mock_link_namespaces(false, TO_MOCK_NAMESPACE(from), TO_MOCK_NAMESPACE(to), sonames);
+}
+
+struct android_namespace_t* android_get_exported_namespace(const char* name) {
+  return TO_ANDROID_NAMESPACE(mock->mock_get_exported_namespace(false, name));
+}
+
+void* android_dlopen_ext(const char* filename, int flags, const android_dlextinfo* info) {
+  return mock->mock_dlopen_ext(false, filename, flags, TO_MOCK_NAMESPACE(info->library_namespace));
+}
+
+// libnativebridge APIs
+bool NativeBridgeIsSupported(const char* libpath) {
+  return mock->NativeBridgeIsSupported(libpath);
+}
+
+struct native_bridge_namespace_t* NativeBridgeGetExportedNamespace(const char* name) {
+  return TO_BRIDGED_NAMESPACE(mock->mock_get_exported_namespace(true, name));
+}
+
+struct native_bridge_namespace_t* NativeBridgeCreateNamespace(
+    const char* name, const char* ld_library_path, const char* default_library_path, uint64_t type,
+    const char* permitted_when_isolated_path, struct native_bridge_namespace_t* parent) {
+  return TO_BRIDGED_NAMESPACE(
+      mock->mock_create_namespace(true, name, ld_library_path, default_library_path, type,
+                                  permitted_when_isolated_path, TO_MOCK_NAMESPACE(parent)));
+}
+
+bool NativeBridgeLinkNamespaces(struct native_bridge_namespace_t* from,
+                                struct native_bridge_namespace_t* to, const char* sonames) {
+  return mock->mock_link_namespaces(true, TO_MOCK_NAMESPACE(from), TO_MOCK_NAMESPACE(to), sonames);
+}
+
+void* NativeBridgeLoadLibraryExt(const char* libpath, int flag,
+                                 struct native_bridge_namespace_t* ns) {
+  return mock->mock_dlopen_ext(true, libpath, flag, TO_MOCK_NAMESPACE(ns));
+}
+
+bool NativeBridgeInitialized() {
+  return mock->NativeBridgeInitialized();
+}
+
+bool NativeBridgeInitAnonymousNamespace(const char* public_ns_sonames,
+                                        const char* anon_ns_library_path) {
+  return mock->mock_init_anonymous_namespace(true, public_ns_sonames, anon_ns_library_path);
+}
+
+const char* NativeBridgeGetError() {
+  return mock->NativeBridgeGetError();
+}
+
+bool NativeBridgeIsPathSupported(const char* path) {
+  return mock->NativeBridgeIsPathSupported(path);
+}
+
+}  // extern "C"
+
+// A very simple JNI mock.
+// jstring is a pointer to utf8 char array. We don't need utf16 char here.
+// jobject, jclass, and jmethodID are also a pointer to utf8 char array
+// Only a few JNI methods that are actually used in libnativeloader are mocked.
+JNINativeInterface* CreateJNINativeInterface() {
+  JNINativeInterface* inf = new JNINativeInterface();
+  memset(inf, 0, sizeof(JNINativeInterface));
+
+  inf->GetStringUTFChars = [](JNIEnv*, jstring s, jboolean*) -> const char* {
+    return reinterpret_cast<const char*>(s);
+  };
+
+  inf->ReleaseStringUTFChars = [](JNIEnv*, jstring, const char*) -> void { return; };
+
+  inf->NewStringUTF = [](JNIEnv*, const char* bytes) -> jstring {
+    return reinterpret_cast<jstring>(const_cast<char*>(bytes));
+  };
+
+  inf->FindClass = [](JNIEnv*, const char* name) -> jclass {
+    return reinterpret_cast<jclass>(const_cast<char*>(name));
+  };
+
+  inf->CallObjectMethodV = [](JNIEnv*, jobject obj, jmethodID mid, va_list) -> jobject {
+    if (strcmp("getParent", reinterpret_cast<const char*>(mid)) == 0) {
+      // JniObject_getParent can be a valid jobject or nullptr if there is
+      // no parent classloader.
+      const char* ret = mock->JniObject_getParent(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(obj));
+      return reinterpret_cast<jobject>(const_cast<char*>(ret));
+    }
+    return nullptr;
+  };
+
+  inf->GetMethodID = [](JNIEnv*, jclass, const char* name, const char*) -> jmethodID {
+    return reinterpret_cast<jmethodID>(const_cast<char*>(name));
+  };
+
+  inf->NewWeakGlobalRef = [](JNIEnv*, jobject obj) -> jobject { return obj; };
+
+  inf->IsSameObject = [](JNIEnv*, jobject a, jobject b) -> jboolean {
+    return strcmp(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(a), reinterpret_cast<const char*>(b)) == 0;
+  };
+
+  return inf;
+}
+
+static void* const any_nonnull = reinterpret_cast<void*>(0x12345678);
+
+// Custom matcher for comparing namespace handles
+MATCHER_P(NsEq, other, "") {
+  *result_listener << "comparing " << reinterpret_cast<const char*>(arg) << " and " << other;
+  return strcmp(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(arg), reinterpret_cast<const char*>(other)) == 0;
+}
+
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// Test fixture
+class NativeLoaderTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<bool> {
+ protected:
+  bool IsBridged() { return GetParam(); }
+
+  void SetUp() override {
+    mock = std::make_unique<NiceMock<MockPlatform>>(IsBridged());
+
+    env = std::make_unique<JNIEnv>();
+    env->functions = CreateJNINativeInterface();
+  }
+
+  void SetExpectations() {
+    std::vector<std::string> default_public_libs =
+        android::base::Split(default_public_libraries(), ":");
+    for (auto l : default_public_libs) {
+      EXPECT_CALL(*mock, dlopen(StrEq(l.c_str()), RTLD_NOW | RTLD_NODELETE))
+          .WillOnce(Return(any_nonnull));
+    }
+  }
+
+  void RunTest() { InitializeNativeLoader(); }
+
+  void TearDown() override {
+    ResetNativeLoader();
+    delete env->functions;
+    mock.reset();
+  }
+
+  std::unique_ptr<JNIEnv> env;
+};
+
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+TEST_P(NativeLoaderTest, InitializeLoadsDefaultPublicLibraries) {
+  SetExpectations();
+  RunTest();
+}
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(NativeLoaderTests, NativeLoaderTest, testing::Bool());
+
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+class NativeLoaderTest_Create : public NativeLoaderTest {
+ protected:
+  // Test inputs (initialized to the default values). Overriding these
+  // must be done before calling SetExpectations() and RunTest().
+  uint32_t target_sdk_version = 29;
+  std::string class_loader = "my_classloader";
+  bool is_shared = false;
+  std::string dex_path = "/data/app/foo/classes.dex";
+  std::string library_path = "/data/app/foo/lib/arm";
+  std::string permitted_path = "/data/app/foo/lib";
+
+  // expected output (.. for the default test inputs)
+  std::string expected_namespace_name = "classloader-namespace";
+  uint64_t expected_namespace_flags = ANDROID_NAMESPACE_TYPE_ISOLATED;
+  std::string expected_library_path = library_path;
+  std::string expected_permitted_path = std::string("/data:/mnt/expand:") + permitted_path;
+  std::string expected_parent_namespace = "platform";
+  bool expected_link_with_platform_ns = true;
+  bool expected_link_with_runtime_ns = true;
+  bool expected_link_with_sphal_ns = !vendor_public_libraries().empty();
+  bool expected_link_with_vndk_ns = false;
+  bool expected_link_with_default_ns = false;
+  bool expected_link_with_neuralnetworks_ns = true;
+  std::string expected_shared_libs_to_platform_ns = default_public_libraries();
+  std::string expected_shared_libs_to_runtime_ns = runtime_public_libraries();
+  std::string expected_shared_libs_to_sphal_ns = vendor_public_libraries();
+  std::string expected_shared_libs_to_vndk_ns = vndksp_libraries();
+  std::string expected_shared_libs_to_default_ns = default_public_libraries();
+  std::string expected_shared_libs_to_neuralnetworks_ns = neuralnetworks_public_libraries();
+
+  void SetExpectations() {
+    NativeLoaderTest::SetExpectations();
+
+    ON_CALL(*mock, JniObject_getParent(StrEq(class_loader))).WillByDefault(Return(nullptr));
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mock, NativeBridgeIsPathSupported(_)).Times(AnyNumber());
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mock, NativeBridgeInitialized()).Times(AnyNumber());
+
+    if (IsBridged()) {
+      EXPECT_CALL(*mock,
+                  mock_init_anonymous_namespace(false, StrEq(default_public_libraries()), nullptr))
+          .WillOnce(Return(true));
+
+      EXPECT_CALL(*mock, NativeBridgeInitialized()).WillOnce(Return(true));
+    }
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mock, mock_init_anonymous_namespace(
+                           Eq(IsBridged()), StrEq(default_public_libraries()), StrEq(library_path)))
+        .WillOnce(Return(true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mock, mock_create_namespace(
+                           Eq(IsBridged()), StrEq(expected_namespace_name), nullptr,
+                           StrEq(expected_library_path), expected_namespace_flags,
+                           StrEq(expected_permitted_path), NsEq(expected_parent_namespace.c_str())))
+        .WillOnce(Return(TO_MOCK_NAMESPACE(TO_ANDROID_NAMESPACE(dex_path.c_str()))));
+    if (expected_link_with_platform_ns) {
+      EXPECT_CALL(*mock, mock_link_namespaces(Eq(IsBridged()), _, NsEq("platform"),
+                                              StrEq(expected_shared_libs_to_platform_ns)))
+          .WillOnce(Return(true));
+    }
+    if (expected_link_with_runtime_ns) {
+      EXPECT_CALL(*mock, mock_link_namespaces(Eq(IsBridged()), _, NsEq("runtime"),
+                                              StrEq(expected_shared_libs_to_runtime_ns)))
+          .WillOnce(Return(true));
+    }
+    if (expected_link_with_sphal_ns) {
+      EXPECT_CALL(*mock, mock_link_namespaces(Eq(IsBridged()), _, NsEq("sphal"),
+                                              StrEq(expected_shared_libs_to_sphal_ns)))
+          .WillOnce(Return(true));
+    }
+    if (expected_link_with_vndk_ns) {
+      EXPECT_CALL(*mock, mock_link_namespaces(Eq(IsBridged()), _, NsEq("vndk"),
+                                              StrEq(expected_shared_libs_to_vndk_ns)))
+          .WillOnce(Return(true));
+    }
+    if (expected_link_with_default_ns) {
+      EXPECT_CALL(*mock, mock_link_namespaces(Eq(IsBridged()), _, NsEq("default"),
+                                              StrEq(expected_shared_libs_to_default_ns)))
+          .WillOnce(Return(true));
+    }
+    if (expected_link_with_neuralnetworks_ns) {
+      EXPECT_CALL(*mock, mock_link_namespaces(Eq(IsBridged()), _, NsEq("neuralnetworks"),
+                                              StrEq(expected_shared_libs_to_neuralnetworks_ns)))
+          .WillOnce(Return(true));
+    }
+  }
+
+  void RunTest() {
+    NativeLoaderTest::RunTest();
+
+    jstring err = CreateClassLoaderNamespace(
+        env(), target_sdk_version, env()->NewStringUTF(class_loader.c_str()), is_shared,
+        env()->NewStringUTF(dex_path.c_str()), env()->NewStringUTF(library_path.c_str()),
+        env()->NewStringUTF(permitted_path.c_str()));
+
+    // no error
+    EXPECT_EQ(err, nullptr);
+
+    if (!IsBridged()) {
+      struct android_namespace_t* ns =
+          FindNamespaceByClassLoader(env(), env()->NewStringUTF(class_loader.c_str()));
+
+      // The created namespace is for this apk
+      EXPECT_EQ(dex_path.c_str(), reinterpret_cast<const char*>(ns));
+    } else {
+      struct NativeLoaderNamespace* ns =
+          FindNativeLoaderNamespaceByClassLoader(env(), env()->NewStringUTF(class_loader.c_str()));
+
+      // The created namespace is for the this apk
+      EXPECT_STREQ(dex_path.c_str(),
+                   reinterpret_cast<const char*>(ns->ToRawNativeBridgeNamespace()));
+    }
+  }
+
+  JNIEnv* env() { return NativeLoaderTest::env.get(); }
+};
+
+TEST_P(NativeLoaderTest_Create, DownloadedApp) {
+  SetExpectations();
+  RunTest();
+}
+
+TEST_P(NativeLoaderTest_Create, BundledSystemApp) {
+  dex_path = "/system/app/foo/foo.apk";
+  is_shared = true;
+
+  expected_namespace_flags = ANDROID_NAMESPACE_TYPE_ISOLATED | ANDROID_NAMESPACE_TYPE_SHARED;
+  SetExpectations();
+  RunTest();
+}
+
+TEST_P(NativeLoaderTest_Create, BundledVendorApp) {
+  dex_path = "/vendor/app/foo/foo.apk";
+  is_shared = true;
+
+  expected_namespace_flags = ANDROID_NAMESPACE_TYPE_ISOLATED | ANDROID_NAMESPACE_TYPE_SHARED;
+  SetExpectations();
+  RunTest();
+}
+
+TEST_P(NativeLoaderTest_Create, UnbundledVendorApp) {
+  dex_path = "/vendor/app/foo/foo.apk";
+  is_shared = false;
+
+  expected_namespace_name = "vendor-classloader-namespace";
+  expected_library_path = expected_library_path + ":/vendor/lib";
+  expected_permitted_path = expected_permitted_path + ":/vendor/lib";
+  expected_shared_libs_to_platform_ns =
+      expected_shared_libs_to_platform_ns + ":" + llndk_libraries();
+  expected_link_with_vndk_ns = true;
+  SetExpectations();
+  RunTest();
+}
+
+TEST_P(NativeLoaderTest_Create, BundledProductApp_pre30) {
+  dex_path = "/product/app/foo/foo.apk";
+  is_shared = true;
+
+  expected_namespace_flags = ANDROID_NAMESPACE_TYPE_ISOLATED | ANDROID_NAMESPACE_TYPE_SHARED;
+  SetExpectations();
+  RunTest();
+}
+
+TEST_P(NativeLoaderTest_Create, BundledProductApp_post30) {
+  dex_path = "/product/app/foo/foo.apk";
+  is_shared = true;
+  target_sdk_version = 30;
+
+  expected_namespace_flags = ANDROID_NAMESPACE_TYPE_ISOLATED | ANDROID_NAMESPACE_TYPE_SHARED;
+  SetExpectations();
+  RunTest();
+}
+
+TEST_P(NativeLoaderTest_Create, UnbundledProductApp_pre30) {
+  dex_path = "/product/app/foo/foo.apk";
+  is_shared = false;
+  SetExpectations();
+  RunTest();
+}
+
+TEST_P(NativeLoaderTest_Create, UnbundledProductApp_post30) {
+  dex_path = "/product/app/foo/foo.apk";
+  is_shared = false;
+  target_sdk_version = 30;
+
+  expected_namespace_name = "vendor-classloader-namespace";
+  expected_library_path = expected_library_path + ":/product/lib:/system/product/lib";
+  expected_permitted_path = expected_permitted_path + ":/product/lib:/system/product/lib";
+  expected_shared_libs_to_platform_ns =
+      expected_shared_libs_to_platform_ns + ":" + llndk_libraries();
+  expected_link_with_vndk_ns = true;
+  SetExpectations();
+  RunTest();
+}
+
+TEST_P(NativeLoaderTest_Create, TwoApks) {
+  SetExpectations();
+  const uint32_t second_app_target_sdk_version = 29;
+  const std::string second_app_class_loader = "second_app_classloader";
+  const bool second_app_is_shared = false;
+  const std::string second_app_dex_path = "/data/app/bar/classes.dex";
+  const std::string second_app_library_path = "/data/app/bar/lib/arm";
+  const std::string second_app_permitted_path = "/data/app/bar/lib";
+  const std::string expected_second_app_permitted_path =
+      std::string("/data:/mnt/expand:") + second_app_permitted_path;
+  const std::string expected_second_app_parent_namespace = "classloader-namespace";
+
+  // The scenario is that second app is loaded by the first app.
+  // So the first app's classloader (`classloader`) is parent of the second
+  // app's classloader.
+  ON_CALL(*mock, JniObject_getParent(StrEq(second_app_class_loader)))
+      .WillByDefault(Return(class_loader.c_str()));
+
+  // namespace for the second app is created. Its parent is set to the namespace
+  // of the first app.
+  EXPECT_CALL(*mock, mock_create_namespace(Eq(IsBridged()), StrEq(expected_namespace_name), nullptr,
+                                           StrEq(second_app_library_path), expected_namespace_flags,
+                                           StrEq(expected_second_app_permitted_path),
+                                           NsEq(dex_path.c_str())))
+      .WillOnce(Return(TO_MOCK_NAMESPACE(TO_ANDROID_NAMESPACE(second_app_dex_path.c_str()))));
+  EXPECT_CALL(*mock, mock_link_namespaces(Eq(IsBridged()), NsEq(second_app_dex_path.c_str()), _, _))
+      .WillRepeatedly(Return(true));
+
+  RunTest();
+  jstring err = CreateClassLoaderNamespace(
+      env(), second_app_target_sdk_version, env()->NewStringUTF(second_app_class_loader.c_str()),
+      second_app_is_shared, env()->NewStringUTF(second_app_dex_path.c_str()),
+      env()->NewStringUTF(second_app_library_path.c_str()),
+      env()->NewStringUTF(second_app_permitted_path.c_str()));
+
+  // success
+  EXPECT_EQ(err, nullptr);
+
+  if (!IsBridged()) {
+    struct android_namespace_t* ns =
+        FindNamespaceByClassLoader(env(), env()->NewStringUTF(second_app_class_loader.c_str()));
+
+    // The created namespace is for the second apk
+    EXPECT_EQ(second_app_dex_path.c_str(), reinterpret_cast<const char*>(ns));
+  } else {
+    struct NativeLoaderNamespace* ns = FindNativeLoaderNamespaceByClassLoader(
+        env(), env()->NewStringUTF(second_app_class_loader.c_str()));
+
+    // The created namespace is for the second apk
+    EXPECT_STREQ(second_app_dex_path.c_str(),
+                 reinterpret_cast<const char*>(ns->ToRawNativeBridgeNamespace()));
+  }
+}
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(NativeLoaderTests_Create, NativeLoaderTest_Create, testing::Bool());
+
+// TODO(b/130388701#comment22) add a test for anonymous namespace
+
+}  // namespace nativeloader
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/libnativeloader/public_libraries.cpp b/libnativeloader/public_libraries.cpp
index c205eb1..6cee668 100644
--- a/libnativeloader/public_libraries.cpp
+++ b/libnativeloader/public_libraries.cpp
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
+#include <android-base/result.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
 
@@ -34,6 +35,9 @@
 namespace android::nativeloader {
 
 using namespace std::string_literals;
+using android::base::ErrnoError;
+using android::base::Errorf;
+using android::base::Result;
 
 namespace {
 
@@ -51,6 +55,8 @@
 
 constexpr const char* kRuntimeApexLibPath = "/apex/com.android.runtime/" LIB;
 
+constexpr const char* kNeuralNetworksApexPublicLibrary = "libneuralnetworks.so";
+
 // TODO(b/130388701): do we need this?
 std::string root_dir() {
   static const char* android_root_env = getenv("ANDROID_ROOT");
@@ -89,22 +95,21 @@
   file_name->insert(insert_pos, vndk_version_str());
 }
 
-const std::function<bool(const std::string&, std::string*)> always_true =
-    [](const std::string&, std::string*) { return true; };
+const std::function<Result<void>(const std::string&)> always_true =
+    [](const std::string&) -> Result<void> { return {}; };
 
-bool ReadConfig(const std::string& configFile, std::vector<std::string>* sonames,
-                const std::function<bool(const std::string& /* soname */,
-                                         std::string* /* error_msg */)>& check_soname,
-                std::string* error_msg = nullptr) {
+Result<std::vector<std::string>> ReadConfig(
+    const std::string& configFile,
+    const std::function<Result<void>(const std::string& /* soname */)>& check_soname) {
   // Read list of public native libraries from the config file.
   std::string file_content;
   if (!base::ReadFileToString(configFile, &file_content)) {
-    if (error_msg) *error_msg = strerror(errno);
-    return false;
+    return ErrnoError();
   }
 
   std::vector<std::string> lines = base::Split(file_content, "\n");
 
+  std::vector<std::string> sonames;
   for (auto& line : lines) {
     auto trimmed_line = base::Trim(line);
     if (trimmed_line[0] == '#' || trimmed_line.empty()) {
@@ -114,8 +119,7 @@
     if (space_pos != std::string::npos) {
       std::string type = trimmed_line.substr(space_pos + 1);
       if (type != "32" && type != "64") {
-        if (error_msg) *error_msg = "Malformed line: " + line;
-        return false;
+        return Errorf("Malformed line: {}", line);
       }
 #if defined(__LP64__)
       // Skip 32 bit public library.
@@ -131,13 +135,13 @@
       trimmed_line.resize(space_pos);
     }
 
-    if (check_soname(trimmed_line, error_msg)) {
-      sonames->push_back(trimmed_line);
-    } else {
-      return false;
+    auto ret = check_soname(trimmed_line);
+    if (!ret) {
+      return ret.error();
     }
+    sonames.push_back(trimmed_line);
   }
-  return true;
+  return sonames;
 }
 
 void ReadExtensionLibraries(const char* dirname, std::vector<std::string>* sonames) {
@@ -160,24 +164,22 @@
             "Error extracting company name from public native library list file path \"%s\"",
             config_file_path.c_str());
 
-        std::string error_msg;
-
-        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(
-            !ReadConfig(config_file_path, sonames,
-                        [&company_name](const std::string& soname, std::string* error_msg) {
-                          if (android::base::StartsWith(soname, "lib") &&
-                              android::base::EndsWith(soname, "." + company_name + ".so")) {
-                            return true;
-                          } else {
-                            *error_msg = "Library name \"" + soname +
-                                         "\" does not end with the company name: " + company_name +
-                                         ".";
-                            return false;
-                          }
-                        },
-                        &error_msg),
-            "Error reading public native library list from \"%s\": %s", config_file_path.c_str(),
-            error_msg.c_str());
+        auto ret = ReadConfig(
+            config_file_path, [&company_name](const std::string& soname) -> Result<void> {
+              if (android::base::StartsWith(soname, "lib") &&
+                  android::base::EndsWith(soname, "." + company_name + ".so")) {
+                return {};
+              } else {
+                return Errorf("Library name \"{}\" does not end with the company name {}.", soname,
+                              company_name);
+              }
+            });
+        if (ret) {
+          sonames->insert(sonames->end(), ret->begin(), ret->end());
+        } else {
+          LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("Error reading public native library list from \"%s\": %s",
+                           config_file_path.c_str(), ret.error().message().c_str());
+        }
       }
     }
   }
@@ -185,16 +187,17 @@
 
 static std::string InitDefaultPublicLibraries() {
   std::string config_file = root_dir() + kDefaultPublicLibrariesFile;
-  std::vector<std::string> sonames;
-  std::string error_msg;
-  LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!ReadConfig(config_file, &sonames, always_true, &error_msg),
-                      "Error reading public native library list from \"%s\": %s",
-                      config_file.c_str(), error_msg.c_str());
+  auto sonames = ReadConfig(config_file, always_true);
+  if (!sonames) {
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("Error reading public native library list from \"%s\": %s",
+                     config_file.c_str(), sonames.error().message().c_str());
+    return "";
+  }
 
   std::string additional_libs = additional_public_libraries();
   if (!additional_libs.empty()) {
     auto vec = base::Split(additional_libs, ":");
-    std::copy(vec.begin(), vec.end(), std::back_inserter(sonames));
+    std::copy(vec.begin(), vec.end(), std::back_inserter(*sonames));
   }
 
   // Remove the public libs in the runtime namespace.
@@ -214,12 +217,18 @@
       continue;
     }
 
-    auto it = std::find(sonames.begin(), sonames.end(), lib_name);
-    if (it != sonames.end()) {
-      sonames.erase(it);
+    auto it = std::find(sonames->begin(), sonames->end(), lib_name);
+    if (it != sonames->end()) {
+      sonames->erase(it);
     }
   }
-  return android::base::Join(sonames, ':');
+
+  // Remove the public libs in the nnapi namespace.
+  auto it = std::find(sonames->begin(), sonames->end(), kNeuralNetworksApexPublicLibrary);
+  if (it != sonames->end()) {
+    sonames->erase(it);
+  }
+  return android::base::Join(*sonames, ':');
 }
 
 static std::string InitRuntimePublicLibraries() {
@@ -235,9 +244,11 @@
 
 static std::string InitVendorPublicLibraries() {
   // This file is optional, quietly ignore if the file does not exist.
-  std::vector<std::string> sonames;
-  ReadConfig(kVendorPublicLibrariesFile, &sonames, always_true, nullptr);
-  return android::base::Join(sonames, ':');
+  auto sonames = ReadConfig(kVendorPublicLibrariesFile, always_true);
+  if (!sonames) {
+    return "";
+  }
+  return android::base::Join(*sonames, ':');
 }
 
 // read /system/etc/public.libraries-<companyname>.txt and
@@ -254,17 +265,27 @@
 static std::string InitLlndkLibraries() {
   std::string config_file = kLlndkLibrariesFile;
   InsertVndkVersionStr(&config_file);
-  std::vector<std::string> sonames;
-  ReadConfig(config_file, &sonames, always_true, nullptr);
-  return android::base::Join(sonames, ':');
+  auto sonames = ReadConfig(config_file, always_true);
+  if (!sonames) {
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("%s", sonames.error().message().c_str());
+    return "";
+  }
+  return android::base::Join(*sonames, ':');
 }
 
 static std::string InitVndkspLibraries() {
   std::string config_file = kVndkLibrariesFile;
   InsertVndkVersionStr(&config_file);
-  std::vector<std::string> sonames;
-  ReadConfig(config_file, &sonames, always_true, nullptr);
-  return android::base::Join(sonames, ':');
+  auto sonames = ReadConfig(config_file, always_true);
+  if (!sonames) {
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("%s", sonames.error().message().c_str());
+    return "";
+  }
+  return android::base::Join(*sonames, ':');
+}
+
+static std::string InitNeuralNetworksPublicLibraries() {
+  return kNeuralNetworksApexPublicLibrary;
 }
 
 }  // namespace
@@ -289,6 +310,11 @@
   return list;
 }
 
+const std::string& neuralnetworks_public_libraries() {
+  static std::string list = InitNeuralNetworksPublicLibraries();
+  return list;
+}
+
 const std::string& llndk_libraries() {
   static std::string list = InitLlndkLibraries();
   return list;
diff --git a/libnativeloader/public_libraries.h b/libnativeloader/public_libraries.h
index 9b6dea8..9bb3366 100644
--- a/libnativeloader/public_libraries.h
+++ b/libnativeloader/public_libraries.h
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 const std::string& runtime_public_libraries();
 const std::string& vendor_public_libraries();
 const std::string& extended_public_libraries();
+const std::string& neuralnetworks_public_libraries();
 const std::string& llndk_libraries();
 const std::string& vndksp_libraries();
 
diff --git a/libunwindstack/Android.bp b/libunwindstack/Android.bp
index a0a6b4f..73237e6 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/Android.bp
+++ b/libunwindstack/Android.bp
@@ -125,10 +125,6 @@
         },
     },
 
-    whole_static_libs: [
-        "libdemangle"
-    ],
-
     static_libs: [
         "libprocinfo",
     ],
@@ -162,6 +158,7 @@
 cc_test {
     name: "libunwindstack_test",
     defaults: ["libunwindstack_flags"],
+    isolated: true,
 
     srcs: [
         "tests/ArmExidxDecodeTest.cpp",
@@ -184,6 +181,7 @@
         "tests/ElfInterfaceTest.cpp",
         "tests/ElfTest.cpp",
         "tests/ElfTestUtils.cpp",
+        "tests/IsolatedSettings.cpp",
         "tests/JitDebugTest.cpp",
         "tests/LocalUnwinderTest.cpp",
         "tests/LogFake.cpp",
diff --git a/libunwindstack/Unwinder.cpp b/libunwindstack/Unwinder.cpp
index c95f852..7556482 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/Unwinder.cpp
+++ b/libunwindstack/Unwinder.cpp
@@ -27,8 +27,6 @@
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 
-#include <demangle.h>
-
 #include <unwindstack/Elf.h>
 #include <unwindstack/JitDebug.h>
 #include <unwindstack/MapInfo.h>
@@ -40,6 +38,9 @@
 #include <unwindstack/DexFiles.h>
 #endif
 
+// Use the demangler from libc++.
+extern "C" char* __cxa_demangle(const char*, char*, size_t*, int* status);
+
 namespace unwindstack {
 
 // Inject extra 'virtual' frame that represents the dex pc data.
@@ -330,7 +331,14 @@
   }
 
   if (!frame.function_name.empty()) {
-    data += " (" + demangle(frame.function_name.c_str());
+    char* demangled_name = __cxa_demangle(frame.function_name.c_str(), nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
+    if (demangled_name == nullptr) {
+      data += " (" + frame.function_name;
+    } else {
+      data += " (";
+      data += demangled_name;
+      free(demangled_name);
+    }
     if (frame.function_offset != 0) {
       data += android::base::StringPrintf("+%" PRId64, frame.function_offset);
     }
diff --git a/libunwindstack/tests/IsolatedSettings.cpp b/libunwindstack/tests/IsolatedSettings.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dbd8bd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libunwindstack/tests/IsolatedSettings.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+extern "C" bool GetInitialArgs(const char*** args, size_t* num_args) {
+  static const char* initial_args[2] = {"--slow_threshold_ms=90000",
+                                        "--deadline_threshold_ms=120000"};
+  *args = initial_args;
+  *num_args = 2;
+  return true;
+}
diff --git a/libunwindstack/tests/MapInfoCreateMemoryTest.cpp b/libunwindstack/tests/MapInfoCreateMemoryTest.cpp
index 5b4ca7c..6c1cfa2 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/tests/MapInfoCreateMemoryTest.cpp
+++ b/libunwindstack/tests/MapInfoCreateMemoryTest.cpp
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@
     ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteFully(fd, buffer.data(), buffer.size()));
   }
 
-  static void SetUpTestSuite() {
+  void SetUp() override {
     std::vector<uint8_t> buffer(12288, 0);
     memcpy(buffer.data(), ELFMAG, SELFMAG);
     buffer[EI_CLASS] = ELFCLASS32;
@@ -72,9 +72,7 @@
 
     InitElf<Elf32_Ehdr, Elf32_Shdr>(elf32_at_map_.fd, 0x1000, 0x2000, ELFCLASS32);
     InitElf<Elf64_Ehdr, Elf64_Shdr>(elf64_at_map_.fd, 0x2000, 0x3000, ELFCLASS64);
-  }
 
-  void SetUp() override {
     memory_ = new MemoryFake;
     process_memory_.reset(memory_);
   }
@@ -82,17 +80,13 @@
   MemoryFake* memory_;
   std::shared_ptr<Memory> process_memory_;
 
-  static TemporaryFile elf_;
+  TemporaryFile elf_;
 
-  static TemporaryFile elf_at_1000_;
+  TemporaryFile elf_at_1000_;
 
-  static TemporaryFile elf32_at_map_;
-  static TemporaryFile elf64_at_map_;
+  TemporaryFile elf32_at_map_;
+  TemporaryFile elf64_at_map_;
 };
-TemporaryFile MapInfoCreateMemoryTest::elf_;
-TemporaryFile MapInfoCreateMemoryTest::elf_at_1000_;
-TemporaryFile MapInfoCreateMemoryTest::elf32_at_map_;
-TemporaryFile MapInfoCreateMemoryTest::elf64_at_map_;
 
 TEST_F(MapInfoCreateMemoryTest, end_le_start) {
   MapInfo info(nullptr, 0x100, 0x100, 0, 0, elf_.path);
diff --git a/libunwindstack/tests/UnwindOfflineTest.cpp b/libunwindstack/tests/UnwindOfflineTest.cpp
index e6158a2..bded57a 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/tests/UnwindOfflineTest.cpp
+++ b/libunwindstack/tests/UnwindOfflineTest.cpp
@@ -1482,11 +1482,15 @@
       "  #09 pc 0000000000ed5e25  perfetto_unittests "
       "(testing::internal::UnitTestImpl::RunAllTests()+581)\n"
       "  #10 pc 0000000000ef63f3  perfetto_unittests "
-      "(_ZN7testing8internal38HandleSehExceptionsInMethodIfSupportedINS0_12UnitTestImplEbEET0_PT_"
-      "MS4_FS3_vEPKc+131)\n"
+      "(bool "
+      "testing::internal::HandleSehExceptionsInMethodIfSupported<testing::internal::UnitTestImpl, "
+      "bool>(testing::internal::UnitTestImpl*, bool (testing::internal::UnitTestImpl::*)(), char "
+      "const*)+131)\n"
       "  #11 pc 0000000000ee2a21  perfetto_unittests "
-      "(_ZN7testing8internal35HandleExceptionsInMethodIfSupportedINS0_12UnitTestImplEbEET0_PT_MS4_"
-      "FS3_vEPKc+113)\n"
+      "(bool "
+      "testing::internal::HandleExceptionsInMethodIfSupported<testing::internal::UnitTestImpl, "
+      "bool>(testing::internal::UnitTestImpl*, bool (testing::internal::UnitTestImpl::*)(), char "
+      "const*)+113)\n"
       "  #12 pc 0000000000ed5bb9  perfetto_unittests (testing::UnitTest::Run()+185)\n"
       "  #13 pc 0000000000e900f0  perfetto_unittests (RUN_ALL_TESTS()+16)\n"
       "  #14 pc 0000000000e900d8  perfetto_unittests (main+56)\n"
diff --git a/libutils/include/utils/LightRefBase.h b/libutils/include/utils/LightRefBase.h
index e488e60..b04e5c1 100644
--- a/libutils/include/utils/LightRefBase.h
+++ b/libutils/include/utils/LightRefBase.h
@@ -47,8 +47,6 @@
         return mCount.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
     }
 
-    typedef LightRefBase<T> basetype;
-
 protected:
     inline ~LightRefBase() { }
 
diff --git a/libutils/include/utils/RefBase.h b/libutils/include/utils/RefBase.h
index 3a02a8a..42c6efb 100644
--- a/libutils/include/utils/RefBase.h
+++ b/libutils/include/utils/RefBase.h
@@ -296,8 +296,6 @@
         getWeakRefs()->trackMe(enable, retain); 
     }
 
-    typedef RefBase basetype;
-
 protected:
                             RefBase();
     virtual                 ~RefBase();
diff --git a/libziparchive/Android.bp b/libziparchive/Android.bp
index 3843252..0253f2f 100644
--- a/libziparchive/Android.bp
+++ b/libziparchive/Android.bp
@@ -76,6 +76,10 @@
         "liblog",
     ],
 
+    // for FRIEND_TEST
+    static_libs: ["libgtest_prod"],
+    export_static_lib_headers: ["libgtest_prod"],
+
     export_include_dirs: ["include"],
 }
 
diff --git a/libziparchive/include/ziparchive/zip_writer.h b/libziparchive/include/ziparchive/zip_writer.h
index a2a0dbf..d68683d 100644
--- a/libziparchive/include/ziparchive/zip_writer.h
+++ b/libziparchive/include/ziparchive/zip_writer.h
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include <cstdio>
 #include <ctime>
 
+#include <gtest/gtest_prod.h>
 #include <memory>
 #include <string>
 #include <string_view>
@@ -165,6 +166,7 @@
   int32_t StoreBytes(FileEntry* file, const void* data, uint32_t len);
   int32_t CompressBytes(FileEntry* file, const void* data, uint32_t len);
   int32_t FlushCompressedBytes(FileEntry* file);
+  bool ShouldUseDataDescriptor() const;
 
   enum class State {
     kWritingZip,
@@ -182,4 +184,6 @@
 
   std::unique_ptr<z_stream, void (*)(z_stream*)> z_stream_;
   std::vector<uint8_t> buffer_;
+
+  FRIEND_TEST(zipwriter, WriteToUnseekableFile);
 };
diff --git a/libziparchive/zip_writer.cc b/libziparchive/zip_writer.cc
index 198154b..67279a6 100644
--- a/libziparchive/zip_writer.cc
+++ b/libziparchive/zip_writer.cc
@@ -455,6 +455,11 @@
   return kNoError;
 }
 
+bool ZipWriter::ShouldUseDataDescriptor() const {
+  // Only use a trailing "data descriptor" if the output isn't seekable.
+  return !seekable_;
+}
+
 int32_t ZipWriter::FinishEntry() {
   if (state_ != State::kWritingEntry) {
     return kInvalidState;
@@ -467,7 +472,7 @@
     }
   }
 
-  if ((current_file_entry_.compression_method & kCompressDeflated) || !seekable_) {
+  if (ShouldUseDataDescriptor()) {
     // Some versions of ZIP don't allow STORED data to have a trailing DataDescriptor.
     // If this file is not seekable, or if the data is compressed, write a DataDescriptor.
     const uint32_t sig = DataDescriptor::kOptSignature;
@@ -515,7 +520,7 @@
   for (FileEntry& file : files_) {
     CentralDirectoryRecord cdr = {};
     cdr.record_signature = CentralDirectoryRecord::kSignature;
-    if ((file.compression_method & kCompressDeflated) || !seekable_) {
+    if (ShouldUseDataDescriptor()) {
       cdr.gpb_flags |= kGPBDDFlagMask;
     }
     cdr.compression_method = file.compression_method;
diff --git a/libziparchive/zip_writer_test.cc b/libziparchive/zip_writer_test.cc
index c3da23c..d324d4b 100644
--- a/libziparchive/zip_writer_test.cc
+++ b/libziparchive/zip_writer_test.cc
@@ -243,6 +243,7 @@
   ZipEntry data;
   ASSERT_EQ(0, FindEntry(handle, "file.txt", &data));
   EXPECT_EQ(kCompressDeflated, data.method);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0u, data.has_data_descriptor);
   ASSERT_EQ(4u, data.uncompressed_length);
   ASSERT_TRUE(AssertFileEntryContentsEq("helo", handle, &data));
 
@@ -351,6 +352,29 @@
   CloseArchive(handle);
 }
 
+TEST_F(zipwriter, WriteToUnseekableFile) {
+  const char* expected = "hello";
+  ZipWriter writer(file_);
+  writer.seekable_ = false;
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(0, writer.StartEntry("file.txt", 0));
+  ASSERT_EQ(0, writer.WriteBytes(expected, strlen(expected)));
+  ASSERT_EQ(0, writer.FinishEntry());
+  ASSERT_EQ(0, writer.Finish());
+  ASSERT_GE(0, lseek(fd_, 0, SEEK_SET));
+
+  ZipArchiveHandle handle;
+  ASSERT_EQ(0, OpenArchiveFd(fd_, "temp", &handle, false));
+  ZipEntry data;
+  ASSERT_EQ(0, FindEntry(handle, "file.txt", &data));
+  EXPECT_EQ(kCompressStored, data.method);
+  EXPECT_EQ(1u, data.has_data_descriptor);
+  EXPECT_EQ(strlen(expected), data.compressed_length);
+  ASSERT_EQ(strlen(expected), data.uncompressed_length);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(AssertFileEntryContentsEq(expected, handle, &data));
+  CloseArchive(handle);
+}
+
 TEST_F(zipwriter, TruncateFileAfterBackup) {
   ZipWriter writer(file_);
 
diff --git a/logcat/logcatd.rc b/logcat/logcatd.rc
index 25104eb..26c9de3 100644
--- a/logcat/logcatd.rc
+++ b/logcat/logcatd.rc
@@ -13,28 +13,13 @@
     # expect /init to report failure if property empty (default)
     setprop persist.logd.logpersistd.size ${persist.logd.logpersistd.count}
 
-on property:persist.logd.logpersistd.size=256
-    setprop persist.logd.logpersistd.size ""
-    setprop logd.logpersistd.size ""
-
 on property:persist.logd.logpersistd.size=*
-    # expect /init to report failure if property empty (default)
     setprop logd.logpersistd.size ${persist.logd.logpersistd.size}
 
-on property:persist.logd.logpersistd.rotate_kbytes=1024
-    setprop persist.logd.logpersistd.rotate_kbytes ""
-    setprop logd.logpersistd.rotate_kbytes ""
-
 on property:persist.logd.logpersistd.rotate_kbytes=*
-   # expect /init to report failure if property empty (default)
-   setprop logd.logpersistd.rotate_kbytes ${persist.logd.logpersistd.rotate_kbytes}
-
-on property:persist.logd.logpersistd.buffer=all
-    setprop persist.logd.logpersistd.buffer ""
-    setprop logd.logpersistd.buffer ""
+    setprop logd.logpersistd.rotate_kbytes ${persist.logd.logpersistd.rotate_kbytes}
 
 on property:persist.logd.logpersistd.buffer=*
-    # expect /init to report failure if property empty (default)
     setprop logd.logpersistd.buffer ${persist.logd.logpersistd.buffer}
 
 on property:persist.logd.logpersistd=logcatd
diff --git a/rootdir/Android.mk b/rootdir/Android.mk
index 246f9ac..76d6f7e 100644
--- a/rootdir/Android.mk
+++ b/rootdir/Android.mk
@@ -378,6 +378,62 @@
 		echo $(lib).so >> $@;)
 
 #######################################
+# vndkcore.libraries.txt
+include $(CLEAR_VARS)
+LOCAL_MODULE := vndkcore.libraries.txt
+LOCAL_MODULE_CLASS := ETC
+LOCAL_MODULE_PATH := $(TARGET_OUT_ETC)
+LOCAL_MODULE_STEM := $(call append_vndk_version,$(LOCAL_MODULE))
+include $(BUILD_SYSTEM)/base_rules.mk
+$(LOCAL_BUILT_MODULE): PRIVATE_VNDK_CORE_LIBRARIES := $(VNDK_CORE_LIBRARIES)
+$(LOCAL_BUILT_MODULE):
+	@echo "Generate: $@"
+	@mkdir -p $(dir $@)
+	$(hide) echo -n > $@
+	$(hide) $(foreach lib,$(PRIVATE_VNDK_CORE_LIBRARIES), \
+		echo $(lib).so >> $@;)
+
+#######################################
+# vndkprivate.libraries.txt
+include $(CLEAR_VARS)
+LOCAL_MODULE := vndkprivate.libraries.txt
+LOCAL_MODULE_CLASS := ETC
+LOCAL_MODULE_PATH := $(TARGET_OUT_ETC)
+LOCAL_MODULE_STEM := $(call append_vndk_version,$(LOCAL_MODULE))
+include $(BUILD_SYSTEM)/base_rules.mk
+$(LOCAL_BUILT_MODULE): PRIVATE_VNDK_PRIVATE_LIBRARIES := $(VNDK_PRIVATE_LIBRARIES)
+$(LOCAL_BUILT_MODULE):
+	@echo "Generate: $@"
+	@mkdir -p $(dir $@)
+	$(hide) echo -n > $@
+	$(hide) $(foreach lib,$(PRIVATE_VNDK_PRIVATE_LIBRARIES), \
+		echo $(lib).so >> $@;)
+
+#######################################
+# sanitizer.libraries.txt
+include $(CLEAR_VARS)
+LOCAL_MODULE := sanitizer.libraries.txt
+LOCAL_MODULE_CLASS := ETC
+LOCAL_MODULE_PATH := $(TARGET_OUT_ETC)
+LOCAL_MODULE_STEM := $(LOCAL_MODULE)
+include $(BUILD_SYSTEM)/base_rules.mk
+$(LOCAL_BUILT_MODULE): PRIVATE_SANITIZER_RUNTIME_LIBRARIES := $(addsuffix .so,\
+  $(ADDRESS_SANITIZER_RUNTIME_LIBRARY) \
+  $(HWADDRESS_SANITIZER_RUNTIME_LIBRARY) \
+  $(UBSAN_RUNTIME_LIBRARY) \
+  $(TSAN_RUNTIME_LIBRARY) \
+  $(2ND_ADDRESS_SANITIZER_RUNTIME_LIBRARY) \
+  $(2ND_HWADDRESS_SANITIZER_RUNTIME_LIBRARY) \
+  $(2ND_UBSAN_RUNTIME_LIBRARY) \
+  $(2ND_TSAN_RUNTIME_LIBRARY))
+$(LOCAL_BUILT_MODULE):
+	@echo "Generate: $@"
+	@mkdir -p $(dir $@)
+	$(hide) echo -n > $@
+	$(hide) $(foreach lib,$(PRIVATE_SANITIZER_RUNTIME_LIBRARIES), \
+		echo $(lib) >> $@;)
+
+#######################################
 # adb_debug.prop in debug ramdisk
 include $(CLEAR_VARS)
 LOCAL_MODULE := adb_debug.prop
diff --git a/rootdir/etc/ld.config.legacy.txt b/rootdir/etc/ld.config.legacy.txt
index ad14493..f0b1fd2 100644
--- a/rootdir/etc/ld.config.legacy.txt
+++ b/rootdir/etc/ld.config.legacy.txt
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@
 # APEX related namespaces.
 ###############################################################################
 
-additional.namespaces = runtime,conscrypt,media,resolv
+additional.namespaces = runtime,conscrypt,media,neuralnetworks,resolv
 
 # Keep in sync with the "platform" namespace in art/build/apex/ld.config.txt.
 # If a shared library or an executable requests a shared library that
@@ -51,8 +51,8 @@
 # shared library cannot be loaded from the runtime namespace either, the
 # dynamic linker tries to load the shared library from the resolv namespace.
 # Finally, if all attempts fail, the dynamic linker returns an error.
-namespace.default.links = runtime,resolv
-namespace.default.asan.links = runtime,resolv
+namespace.default.links = runtime,resolv,neuralnetworks
+namespace.default.asan.links = runtime,resolv,neuralnetworks
 namespace.default.link.runtime.shared_libs  = libandroidicu.so
 namespace.default.link.runtime.shared_libs += libdexfile_external.so
 namespace.default.link.runtime.shared_libs += libdexfiled_external.so
@@ -71,6 +71,9 @@
 # to be loaded in the default namespace.
 namespace.default.link.resolv.shared_libs = libnetd_resolv.so
 
+# LLNDK library moved into apex
+namespace.default.link.neuralnetworks.shared_libs = libneuralnetworks.so
+
 ###############################################################################
 # "runtime" APEX namespace
 #
@@ -159,6 +162,27 @@
 namespace.resolv.link.default.shared_libs += libvndksupport.so
 
 ###############################################################################
+# "neuralnetworks" APEX namespace
+#
+# This namespace is for libraries within the NNAPI APEX.
+###############################################################################
+namespace.neuralnetworks.isolated = true
+namespace.neuralnetworks.visible = true
+
+namespace.neuralnetworks.search.paths = /apex/com.android.neuralnetworks/${LIB}
+namespace.neuralnetworks.asan.search.paths = /apex/com.android.neuralnetworks/${LIB}
+namespace.neuralnetworks.links = default
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs  = libc.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libcgrouprc.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libdl.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += liblog.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libm.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libnativewindow.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libsync.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libvndksupport.so
+
+
+###############################################################################
 # Namespace config for binaries under /postinstall.
 # Only one default namespace is defined and it has no directories other than
 # /system/lib and /product/lib in the search paths. This is because linker
diff --git a/rootdir/etc/ld.config.txt b/rootdir/etc/ld.config.txt
index a6ea2ab..3321425 100644
--- a/rootdir/etc/ld.config.txt
+++ b/rootdir/etc/ld.config.txt
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
 dir.system = /data
 
 [system]
-additional.namespaces = runtime,conscrypt,media,resolv,sphal,vndk,rs
+additional.namespaces = runtime,conscrypt,media,neuralnetworks,resolv,sphal,vndk,rs
 
 ###############################################################################
 # "default" namespace
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@
 # shared library cannot be loaded from the runtime namespace either, the
 # dynamic linker tries to load the shared library from the resolv namespace.
 # Finally, if all attempts fail, the dynamic linker returns an error.
-namespace.default.links = runtime,resolv
+namespace.default.links = runtime,resolv,neuralnetworks
 namespace.default.link.runtime.shared_libs  = libandroidicu.so
 namespace.default.link.runtime.shared_libs += libdexfile_external.so
 namespace.default.link.runtime.shared_libs += libdexfiled_external.so
@@ -152,6 +152,9 @@
 # to be loaded in the default namespace.
 namespace.default.link.resolv.shared_libs = libnetd_resolv.so
 
+# LLNDK library moved into apex
+namespace.default.link.neuralnetworks.shared_libs = libneuralnetworks.so
+
 ###############################################################################
 # "runtime" APEX namespace
 #
@@ -185,13 +188,16 @@
 
 namespace.media.permitted.paths = /apex/com.android.media/${LIB}/extractors
 
-namespace.media.links = default
+namespace.media.links = default,neuralnetworks
 namespace.media.link.default.shared_libs  = %LLNDK_LIBRARIES%
 namespace.media.link.default.shared_libs += libbinder_ndk.so
 namespace.media.link.default.shared_libs += libcgrouprc.so
 namespace.media.link.default.shared_libs += libmediametrics.so
 namespace.media.link.default.shared_libs += %SANITIZER_RUNTIME_LIBRARIES%
 
+# LLNDK library moved into apex
+namespace.media.link.neuralnetworks.shared_libs = libneuralnetworks.so
+
 ###############################################################################
 # "conscrypt" APEX namespace
 #
@@ -269,7 +275,7 @@
 # libs listed here can be used. Order is important here as the namespaces are
 # tried in this order. rs should be before vndk because both are capable
 # of loading libRS_internal.so
-namespace.sphal.links = rs,default,vndk
+namespace.sphal.links = rs,default,vndk,neuralnetworks
 
 # Renderscript gets separate namespace
 namespace.sphal.link.rs.shared_libs = libRS_internal.so
@@ -279,6 +285,10 @@
 
 namespace.sphal.link.vndk.shared_libs = %VNDK_SAMEPROCESS_LIBRARIES%
 
+# LLNDK library moved into apex
+namespace.sphal.link.neuralnetworks.shared_libs = libneuralnetworks.so
+
+
 ###############################################################################
 # "rs" namespace
 #
@@ -318,7 +328,7 @@
 namespace.rs.asan.permitted.paths +=           /vendor/${LIB}
 namespace.rs.asan.permitted.paths += /data
 
-namespace.rs.links = default,vndk
+namespace.rs.links = default,vndk,neuralnetworks
 
 namespace.rs.link.default.shared_libs  = %LLNDK_LIBRARIES%
 namespace.rs.link.default.shared_libs += %SANITIZER_RUNTIME_LIBRARIES%
@@ -328,6 +338,10 @@
 
 namespace.rs.link.vndk.shared_libs = %VNDK_SAMEPROCESS_LIBRARIES%
 
+# LLNDK library moved into apex
+namespace.rs.link.neuralnetworks.shared_libs = libneuralnetworks.so
+
+
 ###############################################################################
 # "vndk" namespace
 #
@@ -373,7 +387,7 @@
 # The "vndk" namespace links to "default" namespace for LLNDK libs and links to
 # "sphal" namespace for vendor libs.  The ordering matters.  The "default"
 # namespace has higher priority than the "sphal" namespace.
-namespace.vndk.links = default,sphal,runtime
+namespace.vndk.links = default,sphal,runtime,neuralnetworks
 
 # When these NDK libs are required inside this namespace, then it is redirected
 # to the default namespace. This is possible since their ABI is stable across
@@ -386,6 +400,28 @@
 # Allow VNDK-SP extensions to use vendor libraries
 namespace.vndk.link.sphal.allow_all_shared_libs = true
 
+# LLNDK library moved into apex
+namespace.vndk.link.neuralnetworks.shared_libs = libneuralnetworks.so
+
+###############################################################################
+# "neuralnetworks" APEX namespace
+#
+# This namespace is for libraries within the NNAPI APEX.
+###############################################################################
+namespace.neuralnetworks.isolated = true
+namespace.neuralnetworks.visible = true
+
+namespace.neuralnetworks.search.paths = /apex/com.android.neuralnetworks/${LIB}
+namespace.neuralnetworks.asan.search.paths = /apex/com.android.neuralnetworks/${LIB}
+namespace.neuralnetworks.links = default
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs  = libc.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libcgrouprc.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libdl.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += liblog.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libm.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libnativewindow.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libsync.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libvndksupport.so
 
 ###############################################################################
 # Namespace config for vendor processes. In O, no restriction is enforced for
@@ -394,7 +430,7 @@
 # (LL-NDK only) access.
 ###############################################################################
 [vendor]
-additional.namespaces = runtime,system,vndk%VNDK_IN_SYSTEM_NS%
+additional.namespaces = runtime,system,neuralnetworks,vndk%VNDK_IN_SYSTEM_NS%
 
 ###############################################################################
 # "default" namespace
@@ -435,7 +471,7 @@
 namespace.default.asan.permitted.paths += /data/asan/vendor
 namespace.default.asan.permitted.paths +=           /vendor
 
-namespace.default.links = system,vndk%VNDK_IN_SYSTEM_NS%,runtime
+namespace.default.links = system,vndk%VNDK_IN_SYSTEM_NS%,runtime,neuralnetworks
 namespace.default.link.runtime.shared_libs = %SANITIZER_RUNTIME_LIBRARIES%
 namespace.default.link.system.shared_libs  = %LLNDK_LIBRARIES%
 namespace.default.link.system.shared_libs += %SANITIZER_RUNTIME_LIBRARIES%
@@ -443,6 +479,9 @@
 namespace.default.link.vndk.shared_libs  = %VNDK_SAMEPROCESS_LIBRARIES%
 namespace.default.link.vndk.shared_libs += %VNDK_CORE_LIBRARIES%
 
+# LLNDK library moved into apex
+namespace.default.link.neuralnetworks.shared_libs = libneuralnetworks.so
+
 ###############################################################################
 # "runtime" APEX namespace
 #
@@ -458,6 +497,7 @@
 # classloader-namespace for oat files, and tighten this up.
 namespace.runtime.link.system.allow_all_shared_libs = true
 
+
 ###############################################################################
 # "vndk" namespace
 #
@@ -491,7 +531,7 @@
 # Android releases.  The links here should be identical to that of the
 # 'vndk_in_system' namespace, except for the link between 'vndk' and
 # 'vndk_in_system'.
-namespace.vndk.links = system,default%VNDK_IN_SYSTEM_NS%,runtime
+namespace.vndk.links = system,default%VNDK_IN_SYSTEM_NS%,runtime,neuralnetworks
 
 namespace.vndk.link.system.shared_libs  = %LLNDK_LIBRARIES%
 namespace.vndk.link.system.shared_libs += %SANITIZER_RUNTIME_LIBRARIES%
@@ -502,6 +542,9 @@
 
 namespace.vndk.link.vndk_in_system.shared_libs = %VNDK_USING_CORE_VARIANT_LIBRARIES%
 
+# LLNDK library moved into apex
+namespace.vndk.link.neuralnetworks.shared_libs = libneuralnetworks.so
+
 ###############################################################################
 # "system" namespace
 #
@@ -571,14 +614,34 @@
 #   1. 'vndk_in_system' needs to be freely linked back to 'vndk'.
 #   2. 'vndk_in_system' does not need to link to 'default', as any library that
 #      requires anything vendor would not be a vndk_in_system library.
-namespace.vndk_in_system.links = vndk,system,runtime
+namespace.vndk_in_system.links = vndk,system,runtime,neuralnetworks
 namespace.vndk_in_system.link.runtime.shared_libs = %SANITIZER_RUNTIME_LIBRARIES%
 
 namespace.vndk_in_system.link.system.shared_libs  = %LLNDK_LIBRARIES%
 namespace.vndk_in_system.link.system.shared_libs += %SANITIZER_RUNTIME_LIBRARIES%
 
 namespace.vndk_in_system.link.vndk.allow_all_shared_libs = true
+namespace.vndk_in_system.link.neuralnetworks.shared_libs = libneuralnetworks.so
 
+###############################################################################
+# "neuralnetworks" APEX namespace
+#
+# This namespace is for libraries within the NNAPI APEX.
+###############################################################################
+namespace.neuralnetworks.isolated = true
+namespace.neuralnetworks.visible = true
+
+namespace.neuralnetworks.search.paths = /apex/com.android.neuralnetworks/${LIB}
+namespace.neuralnetworks.asan.search.paths = /apex/com.android.neuralnetworks/${LIB}
+namespace.neuralnetworks.links = default
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs  = libc.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libcgrouprc.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libdl.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += liblog.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libm.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libnativewindow.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libsync.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libvndksupport.so
 
 ###############################################################################
 # Namespace config for native tests that need access to both system and vendor
@@ -587,7 +650,7 @@
 # includes the requisite namespace setup for APEXes.
 ###############################################################################
 [unrestricted]
-additional.namespaces = runtime,media,conscrypt,resolv
+additional.namespaces = runtime,media,conscrypt,resolv,neuralnetworks
 
 # Visible to allow links to be created at runtime, e.g. through
 # android_link_namespaces in libnativeloader.
@@ -605,7 +668,7 @@
 namespace.default.asan.search.paths +=           /vendor/${LIB}
 
 # Keep in sync with the "platform" namespace in art/build/apex/ld.config.txt.
-namespace.default.links = runtime,resolv
+namespace.default.links = runtime,resolv,neuralnetworks
 namespace.default.link.runtime.shared_libs  = libandroidicu.so
 namespace.default.link.runtime.shared_libs += libdexfile_external.so
 namespace.default.link.runtime.shared_libs += libdexfiled_external.so
@@ -621,6 +684,7 @@
 namespace.default.link.runtime.shared_libs += %SANITIZER_RUNTIME_LIBRARIES%
 
 namespace.default.link.resolv.shared_libs = libnetd_resolv.so
+namespace.default.link.neuralnetworks.shared_libs = libneuralnetworks.so
 
 ###############################################################################
 # "runtime" APEX namespace
@@ -653,12 +717,16 @@
 
 namespace.media.permitted.paths = /apex/com.android.media/${LIB}/extractors
 
-namespace.media.links = default
+namespace.media.links = default,neuralnetworks
 namespace.media.link.default.shared_libs  = %LLNDK_LIBRARIES%
 namespace.media.link.default.shared_libs += libbinder_ndk.so
 namespace.media.link.default.shared_libs += libmediametrics.so
 namespace.media.link.default.shared_libs += %SANITIZER_RUNTIME_LIBRARIES%
 
+# LLNDK library moved into apex
+namespace.media.link.neuralnetworks.shared_libs = libneuralnetworks.so
+
+
 ###############################################################################
 # "conscrypt" APEX namespace
 #
@@ -694,6 +762,25 @@
 namespace.resolv.link.default.shared_libs += libbinder_ndk.so
 namespace.resolv.link.default.shared_libs += liblog.so
 
+###############################################################################
+# "neuralnetworks" APEX namespace
+#
+# This namespace is for libraries within the NNAPI APEX.
+###############################################################################
+namespace.neuralnetworks.isolated = true
+namespace.neuralnetworks.visible = true
+
+namespace.neuralnetworks.search.paths = /apex/com.android.neuralnetworks/${LIB}
+namespace.neuralnetworks.asan.search.paths = /apex/com.android.neuralnetworks/${LIB}
+namespace.neuralnetworks.links = default
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs  = libc.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libcgrouprc.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libdl.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += liblog.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libm.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libnativewindow.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libsync.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libvndksupport.so
 
 ###############################################################################
 # Namespace config for binaries under /postinstall.
diff --git a/rootdir/etc/ld.config.vndk_lite.txt b/rootdir/etc/ld.config.vndk_lite.txt
index 69535a9..0bb60ab 100644
--- a/rootdir/etc/ld.config.vndk_lite.txt
+++ b/rootdir/etc/ld.config.vndk_lite.txt
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
 dir.system = /data
 
 [system]
-additional.namespaces = runtime,conscrypt,media,resolv,sphal,vndk,rs
+additional.namespaces = runtime,conscrypt,media,neuralnetworks,resolv,sphal,vndk,rs
 
 ###############################################################################
 # "default" namespace
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@
 # shared library cannot be loaded from the runtime namespace either, the
 # dynamic linker tries to load the shared library from the resolv namespace.
 # Finally, if all attempts fail, the dynamic linker returns an error.
-namespace.default.links = runtime,resolv
+namespace.default.links = runtime,resolv,neuralnetworks
 namespace.default.link.runtime.shared_libs  = libandroidicu.so
 namespace.default.link.runtime.shared_libs += libdexfile_external.so
 namespace.default.link.runtime.shared_libs += libdexfiled_external.so
@@ -91,6 +91,9 @@
 # to be loaded in the default namespace.
 namespace.default.link.resolv.shared_libs = libnetd_resolv.so
 
+# LLNDK library moved into apex
+namespace.default.link.neuralnetworks.shared_libs = libneuralnetworks.so
+
 ###############################################################################
 # "runtime" APEX namespace
 #
@@ -124,12 +127,15 @@
 
 namespace.media.permitted.paths = /apex/com.android.media/${LIB}/extractors
 
-namespace.media.links = default
+namespace.media.links = default,neuralnetworks
 namespace.media.link.default.shared_libs  = %LLNDK_LIBRARIES%
 namespace.media.link.default.shared_libs += libbinder_ndk.so
 namespace.media.link.default.shared_libs += libmediametrics.so
 namespace.media.link.default.shared_libs += %SANITIZER_RUNTIME_LIBRARIES%
 
+# LLNDK library moved into apex
+namespace.media.link.neuralnetworks.shared_libs = libneuralnetworks.so
+
 ###############################################################################
 # "conscrypt" APEX namespace
 #
@@ -207,7 +213,7 @@
 # libs listed here can be used. Order is important here as the namespaces are
 # tried in this order. rs should be before vndk because both are capable
 # of loading libRS_internal.so
-namespace.sphal.links = rs,default,vndk
+namespace.sphal.links = rs,default,vndk,neuralnetworks
 
 # Renderscript gets separate namespace
 namespace.sphal.link.rs.shared_libs = libRS_internal.so
@@ -217,6 +223,9 @@
 
 namespace.sphal.link.vndk.shared_libs = %VNDK_SAMEPROCESS_LIBRARIES%
 
+# LLNDK library moved into apex
+namespace.sphal.link.neuralnetworks.shared_libs = libneuralnetworks.so
+
 ###############################################################################
 # "rs" namespace
 #
@@ -256,7 +265,7 @@
 namespace.rs.asan.permitted.paths +=           /vendor/${LIB}
 namespace.rs.asan.permitted.paths += /data
 
-namespace.rs.links = default,vndk
+namespace.rs.links = default,vndk,neuralnetworks
 
 namespace.rs.link.default.shared_libs  = %LLNDK_LIBRARIES%
 namespace.rs.link.default.shared_libs += %SANITIZER_RUNTIME_LIBRARIES%
@@ -266,6 +275,9 @@
 
 namespace.rs.link.vndk.shared_libs = %VNDK_SAMEPROCESS_LIBRARIES%
 
+# LLNDK library moved into apex
+namespace.rs.link.neuralnetworks.shared_libs = libneuralnetworks.so
+
 ###############################################################################
 # "vndk" namespace
 #
@@ -310,10 +322,31 @@
 # When these NDK libs are required inside this namespace, then it is redirected
 # to the default namespace. This is possible since their ABI is stable across
 # Android releases.
-namespace.vndk.links = default
+namespace.vndk.links = default,neuralnetworks
 
 namespace.vndk.link.default.shared_libs  = %LLNDK_LIBRARIES%
 namespace.vndk.link.default.shared_libs += %SANITIZER_RUNTIME_LIBRARIES%
+namespace.vndk.link.neuralnetworks.shared_libs = libneuralnetworks.so
+
+###############################################################################
+# "neuralnetworks" APEX namespace
+#
+# This namespace is for libraries within the NNAPI APEX.
+###############################################################################
+namespace.neuralnetworks.isolated = true
+namespace.neuralnetworks.visible = true
+
+namespace.neuralnetworks.search.paths = /apex/com.android.neuralnetworks/${LIB}
+namespace.neuralnetworks.asan.search.paths = /apex/com.android.neuralnetworks/${LIB}
+namespace.neuralnetworks.links = default
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs  = libc.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libcgrouprc.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libdl.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += liblog.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libm.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libnativewindow.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libsync.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libvndksupport.so
 
 
 ###############################################################################
@@ -323,7 +356,7 @@
 # (LL-NDK only) access.
 ###############################################################################
 [vendor]
-additional.namespaces = runtime
+additional.namespaces = runtime,neuralnetworks
 
 namespace.default.isolated = false
 
@@ -365,7 +398,7 @@
 namespace.default.asan.search.paths += /data/asan/system/${LIB}/vndk%VNDK_VER%
 namespace.default.asan.search.paths +=           /system/${LIB}/vndk%VNDK_VER%
 
-namespace.default.links = runtime
+namespace.default.links = runtime,neuralnetworks
 namespace.default.link.runtime.shared_libs  = libdexfile_external.so
 namespace.default.link.runtime.shared_libs += libdexfiled_external.so
 # TODO(b/120786417 or b/134659294): libicuuc.so and libicui18n.so are kept for app compat.
@@ -377,6 +410,9 @@
 # Workaround for b/124772622
 namespace.default.link.runtime.shared_libs += libandroidicu.so
 
+# LLNDK library moved into apex
+namespace.default.link.neuralnetworks.shared_libs = libneuralnetworks.so
+
 ###############################################################################
 # "runtime" APEX namespace
 #
@@ -393,13 +429,34 @@
 namespace.runtime.link.default.allow_all_shared_libs = true
 
 ###############################################################################
+# "neuralnetworks" APEX namespace
+#
+# This namespace is for libraries within the NNAPI APEX.
+###############################################################################
+namespace.neuralnetworks.isolated = true
+namespace.neuralnetworks.visible = true
+
+namespace.neuralnetworks.search.paths = /apex/com.android.neuralnetworks/${LIB}
+namespace.neuralnetworks.asan.search.paths = /apex/com.android.neuralnetworks/${LIB}
+namespace.neuralnetworks.links = default
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs  = libc.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libcgrouprc.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libdl.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += liblog.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libm.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libnativewindow.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libsync.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libvndksupport.so
+
+
+###############################################################################
 # Namespace config for native tests that need access to both system and vendor
 # libraries. This replicates the default linker config (done by
 # init_default_namespace_no_config in bionic/linker/linker.cpp), except that it
 # includes the requisite namespace setup for APEXes.
 ###############################################################################
 [unrestricted]
-additional.namespaces = runtime,media,conscrypt,resolv
+additional.namespaces = runtime,media,conscrypt,resolv,neuralnetworks
 
 # Visible to allow links to be created at runtime, e.g. through
 # android_link_namespaces in libnativeloader.
@@ -417,7 +474,7 @@
 namespace.default.asan.search.paths +=           /vendor/${LIB}
 
 # Keep in sync with the "platform" namespace in art/build/apex/ld.config.txt.
-namespace.default.links = runtime,resolv
+namespace.default.links = runtime,resolv,neuralnetworks
 namespace.default.link.runtime.shared_libs  = libandroidicu.so
 namespace.default.link.runtime.shared_libs += libdexfile_external.so
 namespace.default.link.runtime.shared_libs += libdexfiled_external.so
@@ -434,6 +491,9 @@
 
 namespace.default.link.resolv.shared_libs = libnetd_resolv.so
 
+# LLNDK library moved into apex
+namespace.default.link.neuralnetworks.shared_libs = libneuralnetworks.so
+
 ###############################################################################
 # "runtime" APEX namespace
 #
@@ -450,7 +510,6 @@
 namespace.runtime.links = default
 # TODO(b/130340935): Use a dynamically created linker namespace similar to
 # classloader-namespace for oat files, and tighten this up.
-namespace.runtime.link.default.allow_all_shared_libs = true
 
 ###############################################################################
 # "media" APEX namespace
@@ -465,12 +524,15 @@
 
 namespace.media.permitted.paths = /apex/com.android.media/${LIB}/extractors
 
-namespace.media.links = default
+namespace.media.links = default,neuralnetworks
 namespace.media.link.default.shared_libs  = %LLNDK_LIBRARIES%
 namespace.media.link.default.shared_libs += libbinder_ndk.so
 namespace.media.link.default.shared_libs += libmediametrics.so
 namespace.media.link.default.shared_libs += %SANITIZER_RUNTIME_LIBRARIES%
 
+# LLNDK library moved into apex
+namespace.media.link.neuralnetworks.shared_libs = libneuralnetworks.so
+
 ###############################################################################
 # "conscrypt" APEX namespace
 #
@@ -506,6 +568,27 @@
 namespace.resolv.link.default.shared_libs += libbinder_ndk.so
 
 ###############################################################################
+# "neuralnetworks" APEX namespace
+#
+# This namespace is for libraries within the NNAPI APEX.
+###############################################################################
+namespace.neuralnetworks.isolated = true
+namespace.neuralnetworks.visible = true
+
+namespace.neuralnetworks.search.paths = /apex/com.android.neuralnetworks/${LIB}
+namespace.neuralnetworks.asan.search.paths = /apex/com.android.neuralnetworks/${LIB}
+namespace.neuralnetworks.links = default
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs  = libc.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libcgrouprc.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libdl.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += liblog.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libm.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libnativewindow.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libsync.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libvndksupport.so
+
+
+###############################################################################
 # Namespace config for binaries under /postinstall.
 # Only default namespace is defined and default has no directories
 # other than /system/lib in the search paths. This is because linker calls
diff --git a/rootdir/init.rc b/rootdir/init.rc
index a5bfc41..d22e9a7 100644
--- a/rootdir/init.rc
+++ b/rootdir/init.rc
@@ -295,6 +295,11 @@
     chown system system /sys/power/wakeup_count
     chmod 0660 /sys/power/state
 
+    chown radio wakelock /sys/power/wake_lock
+    chown radio wakelock /sys/power/wake_unlock
+    chmod 0660 /sys/power/wake_lock
+    chmod 0660 /sys/power/wake_unlock
+
     # Start logd before any other services run to ensure we capture all of their logs.
     start logd
 
@@ -409,6 +414,7 @@
     mkdir /metadata/vold
     chmod 0700 /metadata/vold
     mkdir /metadata/password_slots 0771 root system
+    mkdir /metadata/ota 0700 root system
 
     mkdir /metadata/apex 0700 root system
     mkdir /metadata/apex/sessions 0700 root system
@@ -506,7 +512,6 @@
     mkdir /data/misc/ethernet 0770 system system
     mkdir /data/misc/dhcp 0770 dhcp dhcp
     mkdir /data/misc/user 0771 root root
-    mkdir /data/misc/perfprofd 0775 root root
     # give system access to wpa_supplicant.conf for backup and restore
     chmod 0660 /data/misc/wifi/wpa_supplicant.conf
     mkdir /data/local 0751 root root
@@ -689,10 +694,6 @@
     chown radio system /sys/android_power/acquire_partial_wake_lock
     chown radio system /sys/android_power/release_wake_lock
     chown system system /sys/power/autosleep
-    chown radio wakelock /sys/power/wake_lock
-    chown radio wakelock /sys/power/wake_unlock
-    chmod 0660 /sys/power/wake_lock
-    chmod 0660 /sys/power/wake_unlock
 
     chown system system /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/interactive/timer_rate
     chmod 0660 /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/interactive/timer_rate
diff --git a/rootdir/update_and_install_ld_config.mk b/rootdir/update_and_install_ld_config.mk
index c949a4f..dbe60e5 100644
--- a/rootdir/update_and_install_ld_config.mk
+++ b/rootdir/update_and_install_ld_config.mk
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@
 vndksp_libraries_file := $(library_lists_dir)/vndksp.libraries.$(vndk_version).txt
 vndkcore_libraries_file := $(library_lists_dir)/vndkcore.libraries.txt
 vndkprivate_libraries_file := $(library_lists_dir)/vndkprivate.libraries.txt
+llndk_moved_to_apex_libraries_file := $(library_lists_dir)/llndkinapex.libraries.txt
 ifeq ($(my_vndk_use_core_variant),true)
 vndk_using_core_variant_libraries_file := $(library_lists_dir)/vndk_using_core_variant.libraries.$(vndk_version).txt
 endif
@@ -65,6 +66,10 @@
   vndksp_libraries_list := $(VNDK_SAMEPROCESS_LIBRARIES)
 endif
 
+# LLNDK libraries that has been moved to an apex package and no longer are present on
+# /system image.
+llndk_libraries_moved_to_apex_list:=$(LLNDK_MOVED_TO_APEX_LIBRARIES)
+
 # $(1): list of libraries
 # $(2): output file to write the list of libraries to
 define write-libs-to-file
@@ -88,9 +93,17 @@
 # $(2): output file with the filtered list of lib names
 $(LOCAL_BUILT_MODULE): private-filter-out-private-libs = \
   paste -sd ":" $(1) > $(2) && \
-  cat $(PRIVATE_VNDK_PRIVATE_LIBRARIES_FILE) | xargs -n 1 -I privatelib bash -c "sed -i.bak 's/privatelib//' $(2)" && \
+  while read -r privatelib; do sed -i.bak "s/$$privatelib//" $(2) ; done < $(PRIVATE_VNDK_PRIVATE_LIBRARIES_FILE) && \
   sed -i.bak -e 's/::\+/:/g ; s/^:\+// ; s/:\+$$//' $(2) && \
   rm -f $(2).bak
+
+# # Given a file with a list of libs in "a:b:c" format, filter-out the LLNDK libraries migrated into apex file
+# # and write resulting list to a new file in "a:b:c" format
+ $(LOCAL_BUILT_MODULE): private-filter-out-llndk-in-apex-libs = \
+   for lib in $(PRIVATE_LLNDK_LIBRARIES_MOVED_TO_APEX_LIST); do sed -i.bak s/$$lib.so// $(1); done && \
+   sed -i.bak -e 's/::\+/:/g ; s/^:\+// ; s/:\+$$//' $(1) && \
+   rm -f $(1).bak
+
 $(LOCAL_BUILT_MODULE): PRIVATE_LLNDK_LIBRARIES_FILE := $(llndk_libraries_file)
 $(LOCAL_BUILT_MODULE): PRIVATE_VNDK_SP_LIBRARIES_FILE := $(vndksp_libraries_file)
 $(LOCAL_BUILT_MODULE): PRIVATE_VNDK_CORE_LIBRARIES_FILE := $(vndkcore_libraries_file)
@@ -100,6 +113,7 @@
 $(LOCAL_BUILT_MODULE): PRIVATE_INTERMEDIATES_DIR := $(intermediates_dir)
 $(LOCAL_BUILT_MODULE): PRIVATE_COMP_CHECK_SCRIPT := $(compatibility_check_script)
 $(LOCAL_BUILT_MODULE): PRIVATE_VNDK_VERSION_TAG := \#VNDK$(vndk_version)\#
+$(LOCAL_BUILT_MODULE): PRIVATE_LLNDK_LIBRARIES_MOVED_TO_APEX_LIST := $(llndk_libraries_moved_to_apex_list)
 deps := $(llndk_libraries_file) $(vndksp_libraries_file) $(vndkcore_libraries_file) \
   $(vndkprivate_libraries_file)
 ifeq ($(check_backward_compatibility),true)
@@ -118,6 +132,7 @@
 endif
 	@mkdir -p $(dir $@)
 	$(call private-filter-out-private-libs,$(PRIVATE_LLNDK_LIBRARIES_FILE),$(PRIVATE_INTERMEDIATES_DIR)/llndk_filtered)
+	$(call private-filter-out-llndk-in-apex-libs,$(PRIVATE_INTERMEDIATES_DIR)/llndk_filtered)
 	$(hide) sed -e "s?%LLNDK_LIBRARIES%?$$(cat $(PRIVATE_INTERMEDIATES_DIR)/llndk_filtered)?g" $< >$@
 	$(call private-filter-out-private-libs,$(PRIVATE_VNDK_SP_LIBRARIES_FILE),$(PRIVATE_INTERMEDIATES_DIR)/vndksp_filtered)
 	$(hide) sed -i.bak -e "s?%VNDK_SAMEPROCESS_LIBRARIES%?$$(cat $(PRIVATE_INTERMEDIATES_DIR)/vndksp_filtered)?g" $@
@@ -139,8 +154,9 @@
 endif
 
 	$(hide) echo -n > $(PRIVATE_INTERMEDIATES_DIR)/private_llndk && \
-	cat $(PRIVATE_VNDK_PRIVATE_LIBRARIES_FILE) | \
-	xargs -n 1 -I privatelib bash -c "(grep privatelib $(PRIVATE_LLNDK_LIBRARIES_FILE) || true) >> $(PRIVATE_INTERMEDIATES_DIR)/private_llndk" && \
+	while read -r privatelib; \
+	do (grep $$privatelib $(PRIVATE_LLNDK_LIBRARIES_FILE) || true) >> $(PRIVATE_INTERMEDIATES_DIR)/private_llndk ; \
+	done < $(PRIVATE_VNDK_PRIVATE_LIBRARIES_FILE) && \
 	paste -sd ":" $(PRIVATE_INTERMEDIATES_DIR)/private_llndk | \
 	sed -i.bak -e "s?%PRIVATE_LLNDK_LIBRARIES%?$$(cat -)?g" $@
 
@@ -161,6 +177,7 @@
 intermediates_dir :=
 library_lists_dir :=
 llndk_libraries_file :=
+llndk_moved_to_apex_libraries_file :=
 vndksp_libraries_file :=
 vndkcore_libraries_file :=
 vndkprivate_libraries_file :=
diff --git a/shell_and_utilities/Android.bp b/shell_and_utilities/Android.bp
index bac3dc3..694b50e 100644
--- a/shell_and_utilities/Android.bp
+++ b/shell_and_utilities/Android.bp
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
         "auditctl",
         "awk",
         "bzip2",
+        "ldd",
         "logwrapper",
         "mini-keyctl",
         "mkshrc",
diff --git a/storaged/storaged.cpp b/storaged/storaged.cpp
index 6897663..1d934a2 100644
--- a/storaged/storaged.cpp
+++ b/storaged/storaged.cpp
@@ -164,8 +164,10 @@
 }
 
 void storaged_t::add_user_ce(userid_t user_id) {
-    load_proto(user_id);
-    proto_loaded[user_id] = true;
+    if (!proto_loaded[user_id]) {
+        load_proto(user_id);
+        proto_loaded[user_id] = true;
+    }
 }
 
 void storaged_t::remove_user_ce(userid_t user_id) {