diff --git a/debuggerd/Android.bp b/debuggerd/Android.bp
index 5393e25..267571b 100644
--- a/debuggerd/Android.bp
+++ b/debuggerd/Android.bp
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
         "-Wno-unused-argument",
         "-Wno-unused-function",
         "-Wno-nullability-completeness",
+        "-Wno-reorder-init-list",
         "-Os",
         "-fno-finite-loops",
         "-DANDROID_DEBUGGABLE=0",
diff --git a/debuggerd/debuggerd_test.cpp b/debuggerd/debuggerd_test.cpp
index 52c1c25..19ff7eb 100644
--- a/debuggerd/debuggerd_test.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/debuggerd_test.cpp
@@ -2264,10 +2264,14 @@
 
   ASSERT_MATCH(result, R"(\nmemory map \(.*\): \(fault address prefixed with --->)\n)");
 
-  // Assumes that the open files section comes after the map section.
-  // If that assumption changes, the regex below needs to change.
+  // Verifies that the fault address error message is at the end of the
+  // maps section. To do this, the check below looks for the start of the
+  // open files section or the start of the log file section. It's possible
+  // for either of these sections to be present after the maps section right
+  // now.
+  // If the sections move around, this check might need to be modified.
   match_str = android::base::StringPrintf(
-      R"(\n--->Fault address falls at %s after any mapped regions\n\nopen files:)",
+      R"(\n--->Fault address falls at %s after any mapped regions\n(---------|\nopen files:))",
       format_pointer(crash_uptr).c_str());
   ASSERT_MATCH(result, match_str);
 }
diff --git a/debuggerd/handler/debuggerd_handler.cpp b/debuggerd/handler/debuggerd_handler.cpp
index 1e5365d..01365f2 100644
--- a/debuggerd/handler/debuggerd_handler.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/handler/debuggerd_handler.cpp
@@ -552,8 +552,14 @@
   }
 
   debugger_process_info process_info = {};
+  if (g_callbacks.get_process_info) {
+    process_info = g_callbacks.get_process_info();
+  }
   uintptr_t si_val = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(info->si_ptr);
   if (signal_number == BIONIC_SIGNAL_DEBUGGER) {
+    // Applications can set abort messages via android_set_abort_message without
+    // actually aborting; ignore those messages in non-fatal dumps.
+    process_info.abort_msg = nullptr;
     if (info->si_code == SI_QUEUE && info->si_pid == __getpid()) {
       // Allow for the abort message to be explicitly specified via the sigqueue value.
       // Keep the bottom bit intact for representing whether we want a backtrace or a tombstone.
@@ -562,8 +568,6 @@
         info->si_ptr = reinterpret_cast<void*>(si_val & 1);
       }
     }
-  } else if (g_callbacks.get_process_info) {
-    process_info = g_callbacks.get_process_info();
   }
 
   gwp_asan_callbacks_t gwp_asan_callbacks = {};
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto.cpp
index 7b2e068..744bfab 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto.cpp
@@ -493,27 +493,48 @@
   }
 }
 
+// This creates a fake log message that indicates an error occurred when
+// reading the log.
+static void add_error_log_msg(Tombstone* tombstone, const std::string&& error_msg) {
+  LogBuffer buffer;
+  buffer.set_name("ERROR");
+
+  LogMessage* log_msg = buffer.add_logs();
+  log_msg->set_timestamp("00-00 00:00:00.000");
+  log_msg->set_pid(0);
+  log_msg->set_tid(0);
+  log_msg->set_priority(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR);
+  log_msg->set_tag("");
+  log_msg->set_message(error_msg);
+
+  *tombstone->add_log_buffers() = std::move(buffer);
+
+  async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, LOG_TAG, "%s", error_msg.c_str());
+}
+
 static void dump_log_file(Tombstone* tombstone, const char* logger, pid_t pid) {
   logger_list* logger_list = android_logger_list_open(android_name_to_log_id(logger),
                                                       ANDROID_LOG_NONBLOCK, kMaxLogMessages, pid);
+  if (logger_list == nullptr) {
+    add_error_log_msg(tombstone, android::base::StringPrintf("Cannot open log file %s", logger));
+    return;
+  }
 
   LogBuffer buffer;
-
   while (true) {
     log_msg log_entry;
     ssize_t actual = android_logger_list_read(logger_list, &log_entry);
-
     if (actual < 0) {
       if (actual == -EINTR) {
         // interrupted by signal, retry
         continue;
       }
-      if (actual == -EAGAIN) {
-        // non-blocking EOF; we're done
-        break;
-      } else {
-        break;
+      // Don't consider EAGAIN an error since this is a non-blocking call.
+      if (actual != -EAGAIN) {
+        add_error_log_msg(tombstone, android::base::StringPrintf("reading log %s failed (%s)",
+                                                                 logger, strerror(-actual)));
       }
+      break;
     } else if (actual == 0) {
       break;
     }
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto_to_text.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto_to_text.cpp
index 8e6abdf..eed81fc 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto_to_text.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto_to_text.cpp
@@ -81,6 +81,8 @@
   if (!tombstone.command_line().empty()) {
     process_name = tombstone.command_line()[0].c_str();
     CB(should_log, "Cmdline: %s", android::base::Join(tombstone.command_line(), " ").c_str());
+  } else {
+    CB(should_log, "Cmdline: <unknown>");
   }
   CB(should_log, "pid: %d, tid: %d, name: %s  >>> %s <<<", tombstone.pid(), thread.id(),
      thread.name().c_str(), process_name);
diff --git a/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.arm.policy b/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.arm.policy
index 8fd03c4..a70ab20 100644
--- a/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.arm.policy
+++ b/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.arm.policy
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 faccessat: 1
 recvmsg: 1
 recvfrom: 1
+setsockopt: 1
 sysinfo: 1
 process_vm_readv: 1
 tgkill: 1
diff --git a/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.arm64.policy b/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.arm64.policy
index 8241f0e..adf8738 100644
--- a/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.arm64.policy
+++ b/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.arm64.policy
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 faccessat: 1
 recvmsg: 1
 recvfrom: 1
+setsockopt: 1
 sysinfo: 1
 process_vm_readv: 1
 tgkill: 1
diff --git a/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.policy.def b/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.policy.def
index 0cb8e08..972a575 100644
--- a/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.policy.def
+++ b/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.policy.def
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 recvmsg: 1
 recvfrom: 1
 sysinfo: 1
+setsockopt: 1
 
 process_vm_readv: 1
 
diff --git a/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.riscv64.policy b/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.riscv64.policy
index 281e231..94a5677 100644
--- a/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.riscv64.policy
+++ b/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.riscv64.policy
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 faccessat: 1
 recvmsg: 1
 recvfrom: 1
+setsockopt: 1
 sysinfo: 1
 process_vm_readv: 1
 tgkill: 1
diff --git a/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.x86.policy b/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.x86.policy
index 8fd03c4..a70ab20 100644
--- a/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.x86.policy
+++ b/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.x86.policy
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 faccessat: 1
 recvmsg: 1
 recvfrom: 1
+setsockopt: 1
 sysinfo: 1
 process_vm_readv: 1
 tgkill: 1
diff --git a/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.x86_64.policy b/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.x86_64.policy
index 281e231..94a5677 100644
--- a/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.x86_64.policy
+++ b/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.x86_64.policy
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 faccessat: 1
 recvmsg: 1
 recvfrom: 1
+setsockopt: 1
 sysinfo: 1
 process_vm_readv: 1
 tgkill: 1
diff --git a/fastboot/README.md b/fastboot/README.md
index 63db5c3..28e623c 100644
--- a/fastboot/README.md
+++ b/fastboot/README.md
@@ -165,6 +165,43 @@
                        using the new bootloader.
 
 
+## Flashing Logic
+
+Fastboot binary will follow directions listed out fastboot-info.txt
+build artifact for fastboot flashall && fastboot update comamnds.
+This build artifact will live inside of ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT &&
+target_files_package && updatepackage.
+
+
+The currently defined commands are:
+
+    flash %s           Flash a given partition. Optional arguments include
+                       --slot-other, {filename_path}, --apply-vbmeta
+
+    reboot %s          Reboot to either bootloader or fastbootd
+
+    update-super       Updates the super partition
+
+    if-wipe            Conditionally run some other functionality if
+                       wipe is specified
+
+    erase %s           Erase a given partition (can only be used in conjunction)
+                       with if-wipe -> eg. if-wipe erase cache
+
+Flashing Optimization:
+
+    After generating the list of tasks to execute, Fastboot will try and
+    optimize the flashing of the dynamic partitions by constructing an
+    optimized flash super task. Fastboot will explicitly pattern match the
+    following commands and try and concatenate it into this task. (doing so
+    will allow us to avoid the reboot into userspace fastbootd which takes
+    significant time)
+
+    //Optimizable Block
+    reboot fastboot
+    update-super                        ---> generate optimized flash super task
+    $FOR EACH {dynamic partition}
+        flash {dynamic partition}
 
 ## Client Variables
 
diff --git a/fastboot/device/commands.cpp b/fastboot/device/commands.cpp
index e929f42..6de598f 100644
--- a/fastboot/device/commands.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/device/commands.cpp
@@ -639,6 +639,12 @@
     return UpdateSuper(device, args[1], wipe);
 }
 
+static bool IsLockedDsu() {
+    std::string active_dsu;
+    android::gsi::GetActiveDsu(&active_dsu);
+    return android::base::EndsWith(active_dsu, ".lock");
+}
+
 bool GsiHandler(FastbootDevice* device, const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
     if (args.size() != 2) {
         return device->WriteFail("Invalid arguments");
@@ -653,6 +659,11 @@
         return device->WriteStatus(FastbootResult::FAIL, "No GSI is installed");
     }
 
+    if ((args[1] == "wipe" || args[1] == "disable") && GetDeviceLockStatus() && IsLockedDsu()) {
+        // Block commands that modify the states of locked DSU
+        return device->WriteFail("Command not available on locked DSU/devices");
+    }
+
     if (args[1] == "wipe") {
         if (!android::gsi::UninstallGsi()) {
             return device->WriteStatus(FastbootResult::FAIL, strerror(errno));
@@ -661,6 +672,17 @@
         if (!android::gsi::DisableGsi()) {
             return device->WriteStatus(FastbootResult::FAIL, strerror(errno));
         }
+    } else if (args[1] == "status") {
+        std::string active_dsu;
+        if (!android::gsi::IsGsiRunning()) {
+            device->WriteInfo("Not running");
+        } else if (!android::gsi::GetActiveDsu(&active_dsu)) {
+            return device->WriteFail(strerror(errno));
+        } else {
+            device->WriteInfo("Running active DSU: " + active_dsu);
+        }
+    } else {
+        return device->WriteFail("Invalid arguments");
     }
     return device->WriteStatus(FastbootResult::OKAY, "Success");
 }
diff --git a/fastboot/fastboot.cpp b/fastboot/fastboot.cpp
index 71a228e..21df729 100644
--- a/fastboot/fastboot.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/fastboot.cpp
@@ -350,23 +350,22 @@
 //
 // The returned Transport is a singleton, so multiple calls to this function will return the same
 // object, and the caller should not attempt to delete the returned Transport.
-static Transport* open_device(const char* local_serial, bool wait_for_device = true,
-                              bool announce = true) {
+static std::unique_ptr<Transport> open_device(const char* local_serial,
+                                              bool wait_for_device = true,
+                                              bool announce = true) {
     const Result<NetworkSerial, FastbootError> network_serial = ParseNetworkSerial(local_serial);
 
-    Transport* transport = nullptr;
+    std::unique_ptr<Transport> transport;
     while (true) {
         if (network_serial.ok()) {
             std::string error;
             if (network_serial->protocol == Socket::Protocol::kTcp) {
-                transport = tcp::Connect(network_serial->address, network_serial->port, &error)
-                                    .release();
+                transport = tcp::Connect(network_serial->address, network_serial->port, &error);
             } else if (network_serial->protocol == Socket::Protocol::kUdp) {
-                transport = udp::Connect(network_serial->address, network_serial->port, &error)
-                                    .release();
+                transport = udp::Connect(network_serial->address, network_serial->port, &error);
             }
 
-            if (transport == nullptr && announce) {
+            if (!transport && announce) {
                 LOG(ERROR) << "error: " << error;
             }
         } else if (network_serial.error().code() ==
@@ -378,12 +377,12 @@
             Expect(network_serial);
         }
 
-        if (transport != nullptr) {
+        if (transport) {
             return transport;
         }
 
         if (!wait_for_device) {
-            return nullptr;
+            return transport;
         }
 
         if (announce) {
@@ -394,9 +393,9 @@
     }
 }
 
-static Transport* NetworkDeviceConnected(bool print = false) {
-    Transport* transport = nullptr;
-    Transport* result = nullptr;
+static std::unique_ptr<Transport> NetworkDeviceConnected(bool print = false) {
+    std::unique_ptr<Transport> transport;
+    std::unique_ptr<Transport> result;
 
     ConnectedDevicesStorage storage;
     std::set<std::string> devices;
@@ -409,11 +408,11 @@
         transport = open_device(device.c_str(), false, false);
 
         if (print) {
-            PrintDevice(device.c_str(), transport == nullptr ? "offline" : "fastboot");
+            PrintDevice(device.c_str(), transport ? "offline" : "fastboot");
         }
 
-        if (transport != nullptr) {
-            result = transport;
+        if (transport) {
+            result = std::move(transport);
         }
     }
 
@@ -431,21 +430,21 @@
 //
 // The returned Transport is a singleton, so multiple calls to this function will return the same
 // object, and the caller should not attempt to delete the returned Transport.
-static Transport* open_device() {
+static std::unique_ptr<Transport> open_device() {
     if (serial != nullptr) {
         return open_device(serial);
     }
 
     bool announce = true;
-    Transport* transport = nullptr;
+    std::unique_ptr<Transport> transport;
     while (true) {
         transport = usb_open(match_fastboot(nullptr));
-        if (transport != nullptr) {
+        if (transport) {
             return transport;
         }
 
         transport = NetworkDeviceConnected();
-        if (transport != nullptr) {
+        if (transport) {
             return transport;
         }
 
@@ -455,6 +454,8 @@
         }
         std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
     }
+
+    return transport;
 }
 
 static int Connect(int argc, char* argv[]) {
@@ -466,8 +467,7 @@
     const char* local_serial = *argv;
     Expect(ParseNetworkSerial(local_serial));
 
-    const Transport* transport = open_device(local_serial, false);
-    if (transport == nullptr) {
+    if (!open_device(local_serial, false)) {
         return 1;
     }
 
@@ -531,6 +531,7 @@
     usb_open(list_devices_callback);
     NetworkDeviceConnected(/* print */ true);
 }
+
 void syntax_error(const char* fmt, ...) {
     fprintf(stderr, "fastboot: usage: ");
 
@@ -1285,7 +1286,7 @@
     return current_slot;
 }
 
-static int get_slot_count() {
+static int get_slot_count(fastboot::IFastBootDriver* fb) {
     std::string var;
     int count = 0;
     if (fb->GetVar("slot-count", &var) != fastboot::SUCCESS ||
@@ -1295,8 +1296,8 @@
     return count;
 }
 
-bool supports_AB() {
-    return get_slot_count() >= 2;
+bool supports_AB(fastboot::IFastBootDriver* fb) {
+    return get_slot_count(fb) >= 2;
 }
 
 // Given a current slot, this returns what the 'other' slot is.
@@ -1308,7 +1309,7 @@
 }
 
 static std::string get_other_slot(const std::string& current_slot) {
-    return get_other_slot(current_slot, get_slot_count());
+    return get_other_slot(current_slot, get_slot_count(fb));
 }
 
 static std::string get_other_slot(int count) {
@@ -1316,7 +1317,7 @@
 }
 
 static std::string get_other_slot() {
-    return get_other_slot(get_current_slot(), get_slot_count());
+    return get_other_slot(get_current_slot(), get_slot_count(fb));
 }
 
 static std::string verify_slot(const std::string& slot_name, bool allow_all) {
@@ -1325,7 +1326,7 @@
         if (allow_all) {
             return "all";
         } else {
-            int count = get_slot_count();
+            int count = get_slot_count(fb);
             if (count > 0) {
                 return "a";
             } else {
@@ -1334,7 +1335,7 @@
         }
     }
 
-    int count = get_slot_count();
+    int count = get_slot_count(fb);
     if (count == 0) die("Device does not support slots");
 
     if (slot == "other") {
@@ -1407,7 +1408,7 @@
                 slot.c_str());
         }
         if (has_slot == "yes") {
-            for (int i = 0; i < get_slot_count(); i++) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < get_slot_count(fb); i++) {
                 do_for_partition(part, std::string(1, (char)(i + 'a')), func, force_slot);
             }
         } else {
@@ -1528,7 +1529,7 @@
 // Sets slot_override as the active slot. If slot_override is blank,
 // set current slot as active instead. This clears slot-unbootable.
 static void set_active(const std::string& slot_override) {
-    if (!supports_AB()) return;
+    if (!supports_AB(fb)) return;
 
     if (slot_override != "") {
         fb->SetActive(slot_override);
@@ -1547,9 +1548,7 @@
 
 void reboot_to_userspace_fastboot() {
     fb->RebootTo("fastboot");
-
-    auto* old_transport = fb->set_transport(nullptr);
-    delete old_transport;
+    fb->set_transport(nullptr);
 
     // Give the current connection time to close.
     std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
@@ -1678,7 +1677,7 @@
     }
     for (size_t i = 0; i < tasks->size(); i++) {
         if (auto flash_task = tasks->at(i)->AsFlashTask()) {
-            if (should_flash_in_userspace(*metadata.get(), flash_task->GetPartitionAndSlot())) {
+            if (FlashTask::IsDynamicParitition(fp->source, flash_task)) {
                 if (!loc) {
                     loc = i;
                 }
@@ -1760,25 +1759,15 @@
         }
         tasks.emplace_back(std::move(task));
     }
-    if (auto flash_super_task = OptimizedFlashSuperTask::InitializeFromTasks(fp, tasks)) {
-        auto it = tasks.begin();
-        for (size_t i = 0; i < tasks.size(); i++) {
-            if (auto flash_task = tasks[i]->AsFlashTask()) {
-                if (should_flash_in_userspace(flash_task->GetPartitionAndSlot())) {
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-            if (auto wipe_task = tasks[i]->AsWipeTask()) {
-                break;
-            }
-            it++;
-        }
-        tasks.insert(it, std::move(flash_super_task));
+
+    if (auto flash_super_task = OptimizedFlashSuperTask::Initialize(fp, tasks)) {
+        tasks.emplace_back(std::move(flash_super_task));
     } else {
         if (!AddResizeTasks(fp, &tasks)) {
             LOG(WARNING) << "Failed to add resize tasks";
-        };
+        }
     }
+
     return tasks;
 }
 
@@ -1855,7 +1844,7 @@
         fp_->secondary_slot = get_other_slot();
     }
     if (fp_->secondary_slot == "") {
-        if (supports_AB()) {
+        if (supports_AB(fb)) {
             fprintf(stderr, "Warning: Could not determine slot for secondary images. Ignoring.\n");
         }
         fp_->skip_secondary = true;
@@ -1885,30 +1874,35 @@
     // or in bootloader fastboot.
     std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Task>> tasks;
     AddFlashTasks(boot_images_, tasks);
-    if (auto flash_super_task = OptimizedFlashSuperTask::Initialize(fp_, os_images_)) {
-        tasks.emplace_back(std::move(flash_super_task));
-    } else {
-        // Sync the super partition. This will reboot to userspace fastboot if needed.
-        tasks.emplace_back(std::make_unique<UpdateSuperTask>(fp_));
-        // Resize any logical partition to 0, so each partition is reset to 0
-        // extents, and will achieve more optimal allocation.
-        for (const auto& [image, slot] : os_images_) {
-            // Retrofit devices have two super partitions, named super_a and super_b.
-            // On these devices, secondary slots must be flashed as physical
-            // partitions (otherwise they would not mount on first boot). To enforce
-            // this, we delete any logical partitions for the "other" slot.
-            if (is_retrofit_device(fp_->fb)) {
-                std::string partition_name = image->part_name + "_"s + slot;
-                if (image->IsSecondary() && should_flash_in_userspace(partition_name)) {
-                    fp_->fb->DeletePartition(partition_name);
-                }
-                tasks.emplace_back(std::make_unique<DeleteTask>(fp_, partition_name));
+
+    // Sync the super partition. This will reboot to userspace fastboot if needed.
+    tasks.emplace_back(std::make_unique<UpdateSuperTask>(fp_));
+    for (const auto& [image, slot] : os_images_) {
+        // Retrofit devices have two super partitions, named super_a and super_b.
+        // On these devices, secondary slots must be flashed as physical
+        // partitions (otherwise they would not mount on first boot). To enforce
+        // this, we delete any logical partitions for the "other" slot.
+        if (is_retrofit_device(fp_->fb)) {
+            std::string partition_name = image->part_name + "_"s + slot;
+            if (image->IsSecondary() && should_flash_in_userspace(partition_name)) {
+                fp_->fb->DeletePartition(partition_name);
             }
-            tasks.emplace_back(std::make_unique<ResizeTask>(fp_, image->part_name, "0", slot));
+            tasks.emplace_back(std::make_unique<DeleteTask>(fp_, partition_name));
         }
     }
 
     AddFlashTasks(os_images_, tasks);
+
+    if (auto flash_super_task = OptimizedFlashSuperTask::Initialize(fp_, tasks)) {
+        tasks.emplace_back(std::move(flash_super_task));
+    } else {
+        // Resize any logical partition to 0, so each partition is reset to 0
+        // extents, and will achieve more optimal allocation.
+        if (!AddResizeTasks(fp_, &tasks)) {
+            LOG(WARNING) << "Failed to add resize tasks";
+        }
+    }
+
     return tasks;
 }
 
@@ -2377,8 +2371,8 @@
         return show_help();
     }
 
-    Transport* transport = open_device();
-    if (transport == nullptr) {
+    std::unique_ptr<Transport> transport = open_device();
+    if (!transport) {
         return 1;
     }
     fastboot::DriverCallbacks driver_callbacks = {
@@ -2388,7 +2382,7 @@
             .text = TextMessage,
     };
 
-    fastboot::FastBootDriver fastboot_driver(transport, driver_callbacks, false);
+    fastboot::FastBootDriver fastboot_driver(std::move(transport), driver_callbacks, false);
     fb = &fastboot_driver;
     fp->fb = &fastboot_driver;
 
@@ -2579,14 +2573,12 @@
                     std::make_unique<ResizeTask>(fp.get(), partition, size, fp->slot_override);
             resize_task->Run();
         } else if (command == "gsi") {
-            std::string arg = next_arg(&args);
-            if (arg == "wipe") {
-                fb->RawCommand("gsi:wipe", "wiping GSI");
-            } else if (arg == "disable") {
-                fb->RawCommand("gsi:disable", "disabling GSI");
-            } else {
-                syntax_error("expected 'wipe' or 'disable'");
+            if (args.empty()) syntax_error("invalid gsi command");
+            std::string cmd("gsi");
+            while (!args.empty()) {
+                cmd += ":" + next_arg(&args);
             }
+            fb->RawCommand(cmd, "");
         } else if (command == "wipe-super") {
             std::string image;
             if (args.empty()) {
@@ -2633,9 +2625,6 @@
     }
     fprintf(stderr, "Finished. Total time: %.3fs\n", (now() - start));
 
-    auto* old_transport = fb->set_transport(nullptr);
-    delete old_transport;
-
     return 0;
 }
 
diff --git a/fastboot/fastboot.h b/fastboot/fastboot.h
index 75b8d29..35deea7 100644
--- a/fastboot/fastboot.h
+++ b/fastboot/fastboot.h
@@ -29,10 +29,8 @@
 
 #include <functional>
 #include <string>
-#include "fastboot_driver.h"
 #include "fastboot_driver_interface.h"
 #include "filesystem.h"
-#include "super_flash_helper.h"
 #include "task.h"
 #include "util.h"
 
@@ -183,12 +181,12 @@
 };
 
 Result<NetworkSerial, FastbootError> ParseNetworkSerial(const std::string& serial);
-bool supports_AB();
 std::string GetPartitionName(const ImageEntry& entry, const std::string& current_slot_);
 void flash_partition_files(const std::string& partition, const std::vector<SparsePtr>& files);
 int64_t get_sparse_limit(int64_t size, const FlashingPlan* fp);
 std::vector<SparsePtr> resparse_file(sparse_file* s, int64_t max_size);
 
+bool supports_AB(fastboot::IFastBootDriver* fb);
 bool is_retrofit_device(fastboot::IFastBootDriver* fb);
 bool is_logical(const std::string& partition);
 void fb_perform_format(const std::string& partition, int skip_if_not_supported,
diff --git a/fastboot/fastboot_driver.cpp b/fastboot/fastboot_driver.cpp
index 9770ab2..e5ef66b 100644
--- a/fastboot/fastboot_driver.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/fastboot_driver.cpp
@@ -58,9 +58,10 @@
 namespace fastboot {
 
 /*************************** PUBLIC *******************************/
-FastBootDriver::FastBootDriver(Transport* transport, DriverCallbacks driver_callbacks,
+FastBootDriver::FastBootDriver(std::unique_ptr<Transport> transport,
+                               DriverCallbacks driver_callbacks,
                                bool no_checks)
-    : transport_(transport),
+    : transport_(std::move(transport)),
       prolog_(std::move(driver_callbacks.prolog)),
       epilog_(std::move(driver_callbacks.epilog)),
       info_(std::move(driver_callbacks.info)),
@@ -627,9 +628,8 @@
     return 0;
 }
 
-Transport* FastBootDriver::set_transport(Transport* transport) {
-    std::swap(transport_, transport);
-    return transport;
+void FastBootDriver::set_transport(std::unique_ptr<Transport> transport) {
+    transport_ = std::move(transport);
 }
 
 }  // End namespace fastboot
diff --git a/fastboot/fastboot_driver.h b/fastboot/fastboot_driver.h
index 8774ead..49cebd9 100644
--- a/fastboot/fastboot_driver.h
+++ b/fastboot/fastboot_driver.h
@@ -27,9 +27,9 @@
  */
 #pragma once
 #include <cstdlib>
-#include <deque>
 #include <functional>
 #include <limits>
+#include <memory>
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -37,10 +37,8 @@
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 #include <bootimg.h>
-#include <inttypes.h>
 #include <sparse/sparse.h>
 
-#include "constants.h"
 #include "fastboot_driver_interface.h"
 #include "transport.h"
 
@@ -63,7 +61,7 @@
     static constexpr uint32_t MAX_DOWNLOAD_SIZE = std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max();
     static constexpr size_t TRANSPORT_CHUNK_SIZE = 1024;
 
-    FastBootDriver(Transport* transport, DriverCallbacks driver_callbacks = {},
+    FastBootDriver(std::unique_ptr<Transport> transport, DriverCallbacks driver_callbacks = {},
                    bool no_checks = false);
     ~FastBootDriver();
 
@@ -124,9 +122,7 @@
     std::string Error();
     RetCode WaitForDisconnect() override;
 
-    // Note: set_transport will return the previous transport.
-    Transport* set_transport(Transport* transport);
-    Transport* transport() const { return transport_; }
+    void set_transport(std::unique_ptr<Transport> transport);
 
     RetCode RawCommand(const std::string& cmd, const std::string& message,
                        std::string* response = nullptr, std::vector<std::string>* info = nullptr,
@@ -143,7 +139,7 @@
 
     std::string ErrnoStr(const std::string& msg);
 
-    Transport* transport_;
+    std::unique_ptr<Transport> transport_;
 
   private:
     RetCode SendBuffer(android::base::borrowed_fd fd, size_t size);
diff --git a/fastboot/fastboot_driver_test.cpp b/fastboot/fastboot_driver_test.cpp
index 6f6cf8c..d2033b0 100644
--- a/fastboot/fastboot_driver_test.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/fastboot_driver_test.cpp
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #include "fastboot_driver.h"
 
+#include <memory>
 #include <optional>
 
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
@@ -30,13 +31,14 @@
 };
 
 TEST_F(DriverTest, GetVar) {
-    MockTransport transport;
-    FastBootDriver driver(&transport);
+    std::unique_ptr<MockTransport> transport_pointer = std::make_unique<MockTransport>();
+    MockTransport* transport = transport_pointer.get();
+    FastBootDriver driver(std::move(transport_pointer));
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(transport, Write(_, _))
+    EXPECT_CALL(*transport, Write(_, _))
             .With(AllArgs(RawData("getvar:version")))
             .WillOnce(ReturnArg<1>());
-    EXPECT_CALL(transport, Read(_, _)).WillOnce(Invoke(CopyData("OKAY0.4")));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*transport, Read(_, _)).WillOnce(Invoke(CopyData("OKAY0.4")));
 
     std::string output;
     ASSERT_EQ(driver.GetVar("version", &output), SUCCESS) << driver.Error();
@@ -44,14 +46,15 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(DriverTest, InfoMessage) {
-    MockTransport transport;
-    FastBootDriver driver(&transport);
+    std::unique_ptr<MockTransport> transport_pointer = std::make_unique<MockTransport>();
+    MockTransport* transport = transport_pointer.get();
+    FastBootDriver driver(std::move(transport_pointer));
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(transport, Write(_, _))
+    EXPECT_CALL(*transport, Write(_, _))
             .With(AllArgs(RawData("oem dmesg")))
             .WillOnce(ReturnArg<1>());
-    EXPECT_CALL(transport, Read(_, _)).WillOnce(Invoke(CopyData("INFOthis is an info line")));
-    EXPECT_CALL(transport, Read(_, _)).WillOnce(Invoke(CopyData("OKAY")));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*transport, Read(_, _)).WillOnce(Invoke(CopyData("INFOthis is an info line")));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*transport, Read(_, _)).WillOnce(Invoke(CopyData("OKAY")));
 
     std::vector<std::string> info;
     ASSERT_EQ(driver.RawCommand("oem dmesg", "", nullptr, &info), SUCCESS) << driver.Error();
@@ -60,28 +63,29 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(DriverTest, TextMessage) {
-    MockTransport transport;
     std::string text;
+    std::unique_ptr<MockTransport> transport_pointer = std::make_unique<MockTransport>();
+    MockTransport* transport = transport_pointer.get();
 
     DriverCallbacks callbacks{[](const std::string&) {}, [](int) {}, [](const std::string&) {},
                               [&text](const std::string& extra_text) { text += extra_text; }};
 
-    FastBootDriver driver(&transport, callbacks);
+    FastBootDriver driver(std::move(transport_pointer), callbacks);
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(transport, Write(_, _))
+    EXPECT_CALL(*transport, Write(_, _))
             .With(AllArgs(RawData("oem trusty runtest trusty.hwaes.bench")))
             .WillOnce(ReturnArg<1>());
-    EXPECT_CALL(transport, Read(_, _)).WillOnce(Invoke(CopyData("TEXTthis is a text line")));
-    EXPECT_CALL(transport, Read(_, _))
+    EXPECT_CALL(*transport, Read(_, _)).WillOnce(Invoke(CopyData("TEXTthis is a text line")));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*transport, Read(_, _))
             .WillOnce(Invoke(
                     CopyData("TEXT, albeit very long and split over multiple TEXT messages.")));
-    EXPECT_CALL(transport, Read(_, _))
+    EXPECT_CALL(*transport, Read(_, _))
             .WillOnce(Invoke(CopyData("TEXT Indeed we can do that now with a TEXT message whenever "
                                       "we feel like it.")));
-    EXPECT_CALL(transport, Read(_, _))
+    EXPECT_CALL(*transport, Read(_, _))
             .WillOnce(Invoke(CopyData("TEXT Isn't that truly super cool?")));
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(transport, Read(_, _)).WillOnce(Invoke(CopyData("OKAY")));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*transport, Read(_, _)).WillOnce(Invoke(CopyData("OKAY")));
 
     std::vector<std::string> info;
     ASSERT_EQ(driver.RawCommand("oem trusty runtest trusty.hwaes.bench", "", nullptr, &info),
diff --git a/fastboot/fuzzy_fastboot/fixtures.cpp b/fastboot/fuzzy_fastboot/fixtures.cpp
index 9b5e5f7..94a53ed 100644
--- a/fastboot/fuzzy_fastboot/fixtures.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/fuzzy_fastboot/fixtures.cpp
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@
             return MatchFastboot(info, device_serial);
         };
         for (int i = 0; i < MAX_USB_TRIES && !transport; i++) {
-            std::unique_ptr<UsbTransport> usb(usb_open(matcher, USB_TIMEOUT));
+            std::unique_ptr<UsbTransport> usb = usb_open(matcher, USB_TIMEOUT);
             if (usb)
                 transport = std::unique_ptr<TransportSniffer>(
                         new TransportSniffer(std::move(usb), serial_port));
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@
     } else {
         ASSERT_EQ(device_path, cb_scratch);  // The path can not change
     }
-    fb = std::unique_ptr<FastBootDriver>(new FastBootDriver(transport.get(), {}, true));
+    fb = std::unique_ptr<FastBootDriver>(new FastBootDriver(std::move(transport), {}, true));
     // No error checking since non-A/B devices may not support the command
     fb->GetVar("current-slot", &initial_slot);
 }
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@
     if (IsFastbootOverTcp()) {
         ConnectTcpFastbootDevice();
         device_path = cb_scratch;
-        fb = std::unique_ptr<FastBootDriver>(new FastBootDriver(transport.get(), {}, true));
+        fb = std::unique_ptr<FastBootDriver>(new FastBootDriver(std::move(transport), {}, true));
         return;
     }
 
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@
         return MatchFastboot(info, device_serial);
     };
     while (!transport) {
-        std::unique_ptr<UsbTransport> usb(usb_open(matcher, USB_TIMEOUT));
+        std::unique_ptr<UsbTransport> usb = usb_open(matcher, USB_TIMEOUT);
         if (usb) {
             transport = std::unique_ptr<TransportSniffer>(
                     new TransportSniffer(std::move(usb), serial_port));
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@
         std::this_thread::sleep_for(1s);
     }
     device_path = cb_scratch;
-    fb = std::unique_ptr<FastBootDriver>(new FastBootDriver(transport.get(), {}, true));
+    fb = std::unique_ptr<FastBootDriver>(new FastBootDriver(std::move(transport), {}, true));
 }
 
 void FastBootTest::SetLockState(bool unlock, bool assert_change) {
diff --git a/fastboot/fuzzy_fastboot/main.cpp b/fastboot/fuzzy_fastboot/main.cpp
index e635937..79f3939 100644
--- a/fastboot/fuzzy_fastboot/main.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/fuzzy_fastboot/main.cpp
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <sparse/sparse.h>
 
+#include "constants.h"
 #include "fastboot_driver.h"
 #include "usb.h"
 
@@ -166,16 +167,15 @@
     const auto matcher = [](usb_ifc_info* info) -> int {
         return FastBootTest::MatchFastboot(info, fastboot::FastBootTest::device_serial);
     };
-    Transport* transport = nullptr;
+    std::unique_ptr<Transport> transport;
     for (int i = 0; i < FastBootTest::MAX_USB_TRIES && !transport; i++) {
         transport = usb_open(matcher);
         std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(10));
     }
-    ASSERT_NE(transport, nullptr) << "Could not find the fastboot device after: "
-                                  << 10 * FastBootTest::MAX_USB_TRIES << "ms";
+    ASSERT_NE(transport.get(), nullptr) << "Could not find the fastboot device after: "
+                                        << 10 * FastBootTest::MAX_USB_TRIES << "ms";
     if (transport) {
         transport->Close();
-        delete transport;
     }
 }
 
@@ -929,8 +929,7 @@
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(UsbStillAvailible()) << USB_PORT_GONE;
     std::string resp;
-    EXPECT_EQ(fb->GetVar("product", &resp), SUCCESS)
-                << "Device is unresponsive to getvar command";
+    EXPECT_EQ(fb->GetVar("product", &resp), SUCCESS) << "Device is unresponsive to getvar command";
 }
 
 TEST_F(Fuzz, CommandTooLarge) {
@@ -986,11 +985,10 @@
 TEST_F(Fuzz, SparseZeroBlkSize) {
     // handcrafted malform sparse file with zero as block size
     const std::vector<char> buf = {
-        '\x3a', '\xff', '\x26', '\xed', '\x01', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x1c', '\x00', '\x0c', '\x00',
-        '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x01', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x01', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00',
-        '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\xc2', '\xca', '\x00', '\x00', '\x01', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00',
-        '\x10', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x11', '\x22', '\x33', '\x44'
-    };
+            '\x3a', '\xff', '\x26', '\xed', '\x01', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x1c', '\x00', '\x0c',
+            '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x01', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x01', '\x00',
+            '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\xc2', '\xca', '\x00', '\x00', '\x01',
+            '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x10', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x11', '\x22', '\x33', '\x44'};
 
     ASSERT_EQ(DownloadCommand(buf.size()), SUCCESS) << "Device rejected download command";
     ASSERT_EQ(SendBuffer(buf), SUCCESS) << "Downloading payload failed";
@@ -1005,13 +1003,10 @@
 TEST_F(Fuzz, SparseVeryLargeBlkSize) {
     // handcrafted sparse file with block size of ~4GB and divisible 4
     const std::vector<char> buf = {
-        '\x3a', '\xff', '\x26', '\xed', '\x01', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00',
-        '\x1c', '\x00', '\x0c', '\x00', '\xF0', '\xFF', '\xFF', '\xFF',
-        '\x01', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x01', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00',
-        '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\xc3', '\xca', '\x00', '\x00',
-        '\x01', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x0c', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00',
-        '\x11', '\x22', '\x33', '\x44'
-    };
+            '\x3a', '\xff', '\x26', '\xed', '\x01', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x1c', '\x00', '\x0c',
+            '\x00', '\xF0', '\xFF', '\xFF', '\xFF', '\x01', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x01', '\x00',
+            '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\xc3', '\xca', '\x00', '\x00', '\x01',
+            '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x0c', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x11', '\x22', '\x33', '\x44'};
 
     ASSERT_EQ(DownloadCommand(buf.size()), SUCCESS) << "Device rejected download command";
     ASSERT_EQ(SendBuffer(buf), SUCCESS) << "Downloading payload failed";
@@ -1022,11 +1017,10 @@
 TEST_F(Fuzz, SparseTrimmed) {
     // handcrafted malform sparse file which is trimmed
     const std::vector<char> buf = {
-        '\x3a', '\xff', '\x26', '\xed', '\x01', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x1c', '\x00', '\x0c', '\x00',
-        '\x00', '\x10', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x08', '\x00', '\x01', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00',
-        '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\xc1', '\xca', '\x00', '\x00', '\x01', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00',
-        '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x80', '\x11', '\x22', '\x33', '\x44'
-    };
+            '\x3a', '\xff', '\x26', '\xed', '\x01', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x1c', '\x00', '\x0c',
+            '\x00', '\x00', '\x10', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x08', '\x00', '\x01', '\x00',
+            '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\xc1', '\xca', '\x00', '\x00', '\x01',
+            '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x80', '\x11', '\x22', '\x33', '\x44'};
 
     ASSERT_EQ(DownloadCommand(buf.size()), SUCCESS) << "Device rejected download command";
     ASSERT_EQ(SendBuffer(buf), SUCCESS) << "Downloading payload failed";
@@ -1041,11 +1035,10 @@
 TEST_F(Fuzz, SparseInvalidChurk) {
     // handcrafted malform sparse file with invalid churk
     const std::vector<char> buf = {
-        '\x3a', '\xff', '\x26', '\xed', '\x01', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x1c', '\x00', '\x0c', '\x00',
-        '\x00', '\x10', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x08', '\x00', '\x01', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00',
-        '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\xc1', '\xca', '\x00', '\x00', '\x01', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00',
-        '\x10', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x11', '\x22', '\x33', '\x44'
-    };
+            '\x3a', '\xff', '\x26', '\xed', '\x01', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x1c', '\x00', '\x0c',
+            '\x00', '\x00', '\x10', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x08', '\x00', '\x01', '\x00',
+            '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\xc1', '\xca', '\x00', '\x00', '\x01',
+            '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x10', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x11', '\x22', '\x33', '\x44'};
 
     ASSERT_EQ(DownloadCommand(buf.size()), SUCCESS) << "Device rejected download command";
     ASSERT_EQ(SendBuffer(buf), SUCCESS) << "Downloading payload failed";
@@ -1895,9 +1888,10 @@
     if (!fastboot::FastBootTest::IsFastbootOverTcp()) {
         printf("<Waiting for Device>\n");
         const auto matcher = [](usb_ifc_info* info) -> int {
-            return fastboot::FastBootTest::MatchFastboot(info, fastboot::FastBootTest::device_serial);
+            return fastboot::FastBootTest::MatchFastboot(info,
+                                                         fastboot::FastBootTest::device_serial);
         };
-        Transport* transport = nullptr;
+        std::unique_ptr<Transport> transport;
         while (!transport) {
             transport = usb_open(matcher);
             std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(10));
diff --git a/fastboot/task.cpp b/fastboot/task.cpp
index bf64f0e..f13dd55 100644
--- a/fastboot/task.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/task.cpp
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 //
 #include "task.h"
 
-#include <iostream>
+#include "fastboot_driver.h"
 
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/parseint.h>
@@ -30,9 +30,18 @@
                      const bool apply_vbmeta, const FlashingPlan* fp)
     : pname_(pname), fname_(fname), slot_(slot), apply_vbmeta_(apply_vbmeta), fp_(fp) {}
 
+bool FlashTask::IsDynamicParitition(const ImageSource* source, const FlashTask* task) {
+    std::vector<char> contents;
+    if (!source->ReadFile("super_empty.img", &contents)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    auto metadata = android::fs_mgr::ReadFromImageBlob(contents.data(), contents.size());
+    return should_flash_in_userspace(*metadata.get(), task->GetPartitionAndSlot());
+}
+
 void FlashTask::Run() {
     auto flash = [&](const std::string& partition) {
-        if (should_flash_in_userspace(partition) && !is_userspace_fastboot()) {
+        if (should_flash_in_userspace(partition) && !is_userspace_fastboot() && !fp_->force_flash) {
             die("The partition you are trying to flash is dynamic, and "
                 "should be flashed via fastbootd. Please run:\n"
                 "\n"
@@ -46,7 +55,7 @@
     do_for_partitions(pname_, slot_, flash, true);
 }
 
-std::string FlashTask::ToString() {
+std::string FlashTask::ToString() const {
     std::string apply_vbmeta_string = "";
     if (apply_vbmeta_) {
         apply_vbmeta_string = " --apply_vbmeta";
@@ -54,7 +63,7 @@
     return "flash" + apply_vbmeta_string + " " + pname_ + " " + fname_;
 }
 
-std::string FlashTask::GetPartitionAndSlot() {
+std::string FlashTask::GetPartitionAndSlot() const {
     auto slot = slot_;
     if (slot.empty()) {
         slot = get_current_slot();
@@ -92,7 +101,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-std::string RebootTask::ToString() {
+std::string RebootTask::ToString() const {
     return "reboot " + reboot_target_;
 }
 
@@ -120,85 +129,43 @@
     // Send the data to the device.
     flash_partition_files(super_name_, files);
 }
-std::string OptimizedFlashSuperTask::ToString() {
+
+std::string OptimizedFlashSuperTask::ToString() const {
     return "optimized-flash-super";
 }
 
-std::unique_ptr<OptimizedFlashSuperTask> OptimizedFlashSuperTask::Initialize(
-        const FlashingPlan* fp, std::vector<ImageEntry>& os_images) {
-    if (!fp->should_optimize_flash_super) {
-        LOG(INFO) << "super optimization is disabled";
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-    if (!supports_AB()) {
-        LOG(VERBOSE) << "Cannot optimize flashing super on non-AB device";
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-    if (fp->slot_override == "all") {
-        LOG(VERBOSE) << "Cannot optimize flashing super for all slots";
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    // Does this device use dynamic partitions at all?
-    unique_fd fd = fp->source->OpenFile("super_empty.img");
-
-    if (fd < 0) {
-        LOG(VERBOSE) << "could not open super_empty.img";
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    std::string super_name;
-    // Try to find whether there is a super partition.
-    if (fp->fb->GetVar("super-partition-name", &super_name) != fastboot::SUCCESS) {
-        super_name = "super";
-    }
-
-    uint64_t partition_size;
-    std::string partition_size_str;
-    if (fp->fb->GetVar("partition-size:" + super_name, &partition_size_str) != fastboot::SUCCESS) {
-        LOG(VERBOSE) << "Cannot optimize super flashing: could not determine super partition";
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-    partition_size_str = fb_fix_numeric_var(partition_size_str);
-    if (!android::base::ParseUint(partition_size_str, &partition_size)) {
-        LOG(VERBOSE) << "Could not parse " << super_name << " size: " << partition_size_str;
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    std::unique_ptr<SuperFlashHelper> helper = std::make_unique<SuperFlashHelper>(*fp->source);
-    if (!helper->Open(fd)) {
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    for (const auto& entry : os_images) {
-        auto partition = GetPartitionName(entry, fp->current_slot);
-        auto image = entry.first;
-
-        if (!helper->AddPartition(partition, image->img_name, image->optional_if_no_image)) {
-            return nullptr;
+// This looks for a block within tasks that has the following pattern [reboot fastboot,
+// update-super, $LIST_OF_DYNAMIC_FLASH_TASKS] and returns true if this is found.Theoretically
+// this check is just a pattern match and could break if fastboot-info has a bunch of junk commands
+// but all devices should pretty much follow this pattern
+bool OptimizedFlashSuperTask::CanOptimize(const ImageSource* source,
+                                          const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Task>>& tasks) {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < tasks.size(); i++) {
+        auto reboot_task = tasks[i]->AsRebootTask();
+        if (!reboot_task || reboot_task->GetTarget() != "fastboot") {
+            continue;
         }
+        // The check for i >= tasks.size() - 2 is because we are peeking two tasks ahead. We need to
+        // check for an update-super && flash {dynamic_partition}
+        if (i >= tasks.size() - 2 || !tasks[i + 1]->AsUpdateSuperTask()) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        auto flash_task = tasks[i + 2]->AsFlashTask();
+        if (!FlashTask::IsDynamicParitition(source, flash_task)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        return true;
     }
-
-    auto s = helper->GetSparseLayout();
-    if (!s) return nullptr;
-
-    // Remove images that we already flashed, just in case we have non-dynamic OS images.
-    auto remove_if_callback = [&](const ImageEntry& entry) -> bool {
-        return helper->WillFlash(GetPartitionName(entry, fp->current_slot));
-    };
-    os_images.erase(std::remove_if(os_images.begin(), os_images.end(), remove_if_callback),
-                    os_images.end());
-    return std::make_unique<OptimizedFlashSuperTask>(super_name, std::move(helper), std::move(s),
-                                                     partition_size, fp);
+    return false;
 }
 
-std::unique_ptr<OptimizedFlashSuperTask> OptimizedFlashSuperTask::InitializeFromTasks(
+std::unique_ptr<OptimizedFlashSuperTask> OptimizedFlashSuperTask::Initialize(
         const FlashingPlan* fp, std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Task>>& tasks) {
     if (!fp->should_optimize_flash_super) {
         LOG(INFO) << "super optimization is disabled";
         return nullptr;
     }
-    if (!supports_AB()) {
+    if (!supports_AB(fp->fb)) {
         LOG(VERBOSE) << "Cannot optimize flashing super on non-AB device";
         return nullptr;
     }
@@ -206,6 +173,9 @@
         LOG(VERBOSE) << "Cannot optimize flashing super for all slots";
         return nullptr;
     }
+    if (!CanOptimize(fp->source, tasks)) {
+        return nullptr;
+    }
 
     // Does this device use dynamic partitions at all?
     unique_fd fd = fp->source->OpenFile("super_empty.img");
@@ -248,17 +218,21 @@
 
     auto s = helper->GetSparseLayout();
     if (!s) return nullptr;
-    // Remove images that we already flashed, just in case we have non-dynamic OS images.
+
+    // Remove tasks that are concatenated into this optimized task
     auto remove_if_callback = [&](const auto& task) -> bool {
         if (auto flash_task = task->AsFlashTask()) {
             return helper->WillFlash(flash_task->GetPartitionAndSlot());
         } else if (auto update_super_task = task->AsUpdateSuperTask()) {
             return true;
         } else if (auto reboot_task = task->AsRebootTask()) {
-            return true;
+            if (reboot_task->GetTarget() == "fastboot") {
+                return true;
+            }
         }
         return false;
     };
+
     tasks.erase(std::remove_if(tasks.begin(), tasks.end(), remove_if_callback), tasks.end());
 
     return std::make_unique<OptimizedFlashSuperTask>(super_name, std::move(helper), std::move(s),
@@ -288,7 +262,7 @@
     }
     fp_->fb->RawCommand(command, "Updating super partition");
 }
-std::string UpdateSuperTask::ToString() {
+std::string UpdateSuperTask::ToString() const {
     return "update-super";
 }
 
@@ -305,7 +279,7 @@
     do_for_partitions(pname_, slot_, resize_partition, false);
 }
 
-std::string ResizeTask::ToString() {
+std::string ResizeTask::ToString() const {
     return "resize " + pname_;
 }
 
@@ -315,7 +289,7 @@
     fp_->fb->DeletePartition(pname_);
 }
 
-std::string DeleteTask::ToString() {
+std::string DeleteTask::ToString() const {
     return "delete " + pname_;
 }
 
@@ -335,6 +309,6 @@
     fb_perform_format(pname_, 1, partition_type, "", fp_->fs_options, fp_);
 }
 
-std::string WipeTask::ToString() {
+std::string WipeTask::ToString() const {
     return "erase " + pname_;
 }
diff --git a/fastboot/task.h b/fastboot/task.h
index f7c8801..a98c874 100644
--- a/fastboot/task.h
+++ b/fastboot/task.h
@@ -15,10 +15,8 @@
 //
 #pragma once
 
-#include <sstream>
 #include <string>
 
-#include "fastboot_driver.h"
 #include "super_flash_helper.h"
 #include "util.h"
 
@@ -29,18 +27,21 @@
 class FlashTask;
 class RebootTask;
 class UpdateSuperTask;
+class OptimizedFlashSuperTask;
 class WipeTask;
-
+class ResizeTask;
 class Task {
   public:
     Task() = default;
     virtual void Run() = 0;
-    virtual std::string ToString() = 0;
+    virtual std::string ToString() const = 0;
 
     virtual FlashTask* AsFlashTask() { return nullptr; }
     virtual RebootTask* AsRebootTask() { return nullptr; }
     virtual UpdateSuperTask* AsUpdateSuperTask() { return nullptr; }
+    virtual OptimizedFlashSuperTask* AsOptimizedFlashSuperTask() { return nullptr; }
     virtual WipeTask* AsWipeTask() { return nullptr; }
+    virtual ResizeTask* AsResizeTask() { return nullptr; }
 
     virtual ~Task() = default;
 };
@@ -51,12 +52,13 @@
               const bool apply_vbmeta, const FlashingPlan* fp);
     virtual FlashTask* AsFlashTask() override { return this; }
 
+    static bool IsDynamicParitition(const ImageSource* source, const FlashTask* task);
     void Run() override;
-    std::string ToString() override;
-    std::string GetPartition() { return pname_; }
-    std::string GetImageName() { return fname_; }
-    std::string GetSlot() { return slot_; }
-    std::string GetPartitionAndSlot();
+    std::string ToString() const override;
+    std::string GetPartition() const { return pname_; }
+    std::string GetImageName() const { return fname_; }
+    std::string GetSlot() const { return slot_; }
+    std::string GetPartitionAndSlot() const;
 
   private:
     const std::string pname_;
@@ -72,7 +74,8 @@
     RebootTask(const FlashingPlan* fp, const std::string& reboot_target);
     virtual RebootTask* AsRebootTask() override { return this; }
     void Run() override;
-    std::string ToString() override;
+    std::string ToString() const override;
+    std::string GetTarget() const { return reboot_target_; };
 
   private:
     const std::string reboot_target_ = "";
@@ -83,13 +86,15 @@
   public:
     OptimizedFlashSuperTask(const std::string& super_name, std::unique_ptr<SuperFlashHelper> helper,
                             SparsePtr sparse_layout, uint64_t super_size, const FlashingPlan* fp);
-    static std::unique_ptr<OptimizedFlashSuperTask> Initialize(const FlashingPlan* fp,
-                                                               std::vector<ImageEntry>& os_images);
-    static std::unique_ptr<OptimizedFlashSuperTask> InitializeFromTasks(
+    virtual OptimizedFlashSuperTask* AsOptimizedFlashSuperTask() override { return this; }
+
+    static std::unique_ptr<OptimizedFlashSuperTask> Initialize(
             const FlashingPlan* fp, std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Task>>& tasks);
-    using ImageEntry = std::pair<const Image*, std::string>;
+    static bool CanOptimize(const ImageSource* source,
+                            const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Task>>& tasks);
+
     void Run() override;
-    std::string ToString() override;
+    std::string ToString() const override;
 
   private:
     const std::string super_name_;
@@ -105,7 +110,7 @@
     virtual UpdateSuperTask* AsUpdateSuperTask() override { return this; }
 
     void Run() override;
-    std::string ToString() override;
+    std::string ToString() const override;
 
   private:
     const FlashingPlan* fp_;
@@ -116,7 +121,8 @@
     ResizeTask(const FlashingPlan* fp, const std::string& pname, const std::string& size,
                const std::string& slot);
     void Run() override;
-    std::string ToString() override;
+    std::string ToString() const override;
+    virtual ResizeTask* AsResizeTask() override { return this; }
 
   private:
     const FlashingPlan* fp_;
@@ -129,7 +135,7 @@
   public:
     DeleteTask(const FlashingPlan* fp, const std::string& pname);
     void Run() override;
-    std::string ToString() override;
+    std::string ToString() const override;
 
   private:
     const FlashingPlan* fp_;
@@ -141,7 +147,7 @@
     WipeTask(const FlashingPlan* fp, const std::string& pname);
     virtual WipeTask* AsWipeTask() override { return this; }
     void Run() override;
-    std::string ToString() override;
+    std::string ToString() const override;
 
   private:
     const FlashingPlan* fp_;
diff --git a/fastboot/task_test.cpp b/fastboot/task_test.cpp
index 1ba3f4a..1e25b6f 100644
--- a/fastboot/task_test.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/task_test.cpp
@@ -19,11 +19,10 @@
 #include "fastboot_driver_mock.h"
 
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
-#include <fstream>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <memory>
-#include <unordered_map>
 #include "android-base/strings.h"
+#include "gmock/gmock.h"
 
 using android::base::Split;
 using testing::_;
@@ -235,3 +234,141 @@
             << "size of fastboot-info task list: " << fastboot_info_tasks.size()
             << " size of hardcoded task list: " << hardcoded_tasks.size();
 }
+TEST_F(ParseTest, IsDynamicParitiontest) {
+    if (!get_android_product_out()) {
+        GTEST_SKIP();
+    }
+
+    LocalImageSource s;
+    fp->source = &s;
+
+    fastboot::MockFastbootDriver fb;
+    fp->fb = &fb;
+    fp->should_optimize_flash_super = true;
+    fp->should_use_fastboot_info = true;
+
+    std::vector<std::pair<std::string, bool>> test_cases = {
+            {"flash boot", false},
+            {"flash init_boot", false},
+            {"flash --apply-vbmeta vbmeta", false},
+            {"flash product", true},
+            {"flash system", true},
+            {"flash --slot-other system system_other.img", true},
+    };
+    for (auto& test : test_cases) {
+        std::unique_ptr<Task> task =
+                ParseFastbootInfoLine(fp.get(), android::base::Tokenize(test.first, " "));
+        auto flash_task = task->AsFlashTask();
+        ASSERT_FALSE(flash_task == nullptr);
+        ASSERT_EQ(FlashTask::IsDynamicParitition(fp->source, flash_task), test.second);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_F(ParseTest, CanOptimizeTest) {
+    if (!get_android_product_out()) {
+        GTEST_SKIP();
+    }
+
+    LocalImageSource s;
+    fp->source = &s;
+    fp->sparse_limit = std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max();
+
+    fastboot::MockFastbootDriver fb;
+    fp->fb = &fb;
+    fp->should_optimize_flash_super = false;
+    fp->should_use_fastboot_info = true;
+
+    std::vector<std::pair<std::vector<std::string>, bool>> patternmatchtest = {
+            {{"flash boot", "flash init_boot", "flash vendor_boot", "reboot fastboot",
+              "update-super", "flash product", "flash system", "flash system_ext", "flash odm",
+              "if-wipe erase userdata"},
+             true},
+            {{"flash boot", "flash init_boot", "flash vendor_boot", "reboot fastboot",
+              "update-super", "flash product", "flash system", "flash system_ext", "flash odm",
+              "if-wipe erase userdata"},
+             true},
+            {{"flash boot", "flash init_boot", "flash vendor_boot", "reboot fastboot",
+              "flash product", "flash system", "flash system_ext", "flash odm",
+              "if-wipe erase userdata"},
+             false},
+            {{"flash boot", "flash init_boot", "flash vendor_boot", "update-super", "flash product",
+              "flash system", "flash system_ext", "flash odm", "if-wipe erase userdata"},
+             false},
+    };
+
+    auto remove_if_callback = [&](const auto& task) -> bool { return !!task->AsResizeTask(); };
+
+    for (auto& test : patternmatchtest) {
+        std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Task>> tasks = ParseFastbootInfo(fp.get(), test.first);
+        tasks.erase(std::remove_if(tasks.begin(), tasks.end(), remove_if_callback), tasks.end());
+        ASSERT_EQ(OptimizedFlashSuperTask::CanOptimize(fp->source, tasks), test.second);
+    }
+}
+
+// Note: this test is exclusively testing that optimized flash super pattern matches a given task
+// list and is able to optimized based on a correct sequence of tasks
+TEST_F(ParseTest, OptimizedFlashSuperPatternMatchTest) {
+    if (!get_android_product_out()) {
+        GTEST_SKIP();
+    }
+
+    LocalImageSource s;
+    fp->source = &s;
+    fp->sparse_limit = std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max();
+
+    fastboot::MockFastbootDriver fb;
+    fp->fb = &fb;
+    fp->should_optimize_flash_super = true;
+    fp->should_use_fastboot_info = true;
+
+    ON_CALL(fb, GetVar("super-partition-name", _, _))
+            .WillByDefault(testing::Return(fastboot::BAD_ARG));
+
+    ON_CALL(fb, GetVar("slot-count", _, _))
+            .WillByDefault(testing::DoAll(testing::SetArgPointee<1>("2"),
+                                          testing::Return(fastboot::SUCCESS)));
+
+    ON_CALL(fb, GetVar("partition-size:super", _, _))
+            .WillByDefault(testing::DoAll(testing::SetArgPointee<1>("1000"),
+                                          testing::Return(fastboot::SUCCESS)));
+
+    std::vector<std::pair<std::vector<std::string>, bool>> patternmatchtest = {
+            {{"flash boot", "flash init_boot", "flash vendor_boot", "reboot fastboot",
+              "update-super", "flash product", "flash system", "flash system_ext", "flash odm",
+              "if-wipe erase userdata"},
+             true},
+            {{"flash boot", "flash init_boot", "flash vendor_boot", "reboot fastboot",
+              "update-super", "flash product", "flash system", "flash system_ext", "flash odm",
+              "if-wipe erase userdata"},
+             true},
+            {{"flash boot", "flash init_boot", "flash vendor_boot", "reboot fastboot",
+              "flash product", "flash system", "flash system_ext", "flash odm",
+              "if-wipe erase userdata"},
+             false},
+            {{"flash boot", "flash init_boot", "flash vendor_boot", "update-super", "flash product",
+              "flash system", "flash system_ext", "flash odm", "if-wipe erase userdata"},
+             false},
+    };
+
+    for (auto& test : patternmatchtest) {
+        std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Task>> tasks = ParseFastbootInfo(fp.get(), test.first);
+        // Check to make sure we have an optimized flash super task && no more dynamic partition
+        // flashing tasks
+        auto&& IsOptimized = [](const FlashingPlan* fp,
+                                const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Task>>& tasks) {
+            bool contains_optimized_task = false;
+            for (auto& task : tasks) {
+                if (auto optimized_task = task->AsOptimizedFlashSuperTask()) {
+                    contains_optimized_task = true;
+                }
+                if (auto flash_task = task->AsFlashTask()) {
+                    if (FlashTask::IsDynamicParitition(fp->source, flash_task)) {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            return contains_optimized_task;
+        };
+        ASSERT_EQ(IsOptimized(fp.get(), tasks), test.second);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/fastboot/usb.h b/fastboot/usb.h
index 69581ab..d85cb81 100644
--- a/fastboot/usb.h
+++ b/fastboot/usb.h
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <functional>
+#include <memory>
 
 #include "transport.h"
 
@@ -66,4 +67,4 @@
 typedef std::function<int(usb_ifc_info*)> ifc_match_func;
 
 // 0 is non blocking
-UsbTransport* usb_open(ifc_match_func callback, uint32_t timeout_ms = 0);
+std::unique_ptr<UsbTransport> usb_open(ifc_match_func callback, uint32_t timeout_ms = 0);
diff --git a/fastboot/usb_linux.cpp b/fastboot/usb_linux.cpp
index 964488c..37bb304 100644
--- a/fastboot/usb_linux.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/usb_linux.cpp
@@ -503,9 +503,15 @@
     return 0;
 }
 
-UsbTransport* usb_open(ifc_match_func callback, uint32_t timeout_ms) {
+std::unique_ptr<UsbTransport> usb_open(ifc_match_func callback, uint32_t timeout_ms) {
+    std::unique_ptr<UsbTransport> result;
     std::unique_ptr<usb_handle> handle = find_usb_device("/sys/bus/usb/devices", callback);
-    return handle ? new LinuxUsbTransport(std::move(handle), timeout_ms) : nullptr;
+
+    if (handle) {
+        result = std::make_unique<LinuxUsbTransport>(std::move(handle), timeout_ms);
+    }
+
+    return result;
 }
 
 /* Wait for the system to notice the device is gone, so that a subsequent
diff --git a/fastboot/usb_osx.cpp b/fastboot/usb_osx.cpp
index 8b852f5..28300b2 100644
--- a/fastboot/usb_osx.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/usb_osx.cpp
@@ -469,16 +469,20 @@
 /*
  * Definitions of this file's public functions.
  */
-
-UsbTransport* usb_open(ifc_match_func callback, uint32_t timeout_ms) {
+std::unique_ptr<UsbTransport> usb_open(ifc_match_func callback, uint32_t timeout_ms) {
+    std::unique_ptr<UsbTransport> result;
     std::unique_ptr<usb_handle> handle;
 
     if (init_usb(callback, &handle) < 0) {
         /* Something went wrong initializing USB. */
-        return nullptr;
+        return result;
     }
 
-    return new OsxUsbTransport(std::move(handle), timeout_ms);
+    if (handle) {
+        result = std::make_unique<OsxUsbTransport>(std::move(handle), timeout_ms);
+    }
+
+    return result;
 }
 
 OsxUsbTransport::~OsxUsbTransport() {
diff --git a/fastboot/usb_windows.cpp b/fastboot/usb_windows.cpp
index 67bf8a3..56a6e7d 100644
--- a/fastboot/usb_windows.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/usb_windows.cpp
@@ -381,7 +381,13 @@
     return handle;
 }
 
-UsbTransport* usb_open(ifc_match_func callback, uint32_t) {
+std::unique_ptr<UsbTransport> usb_open(ifc_match_func callback, uint32_t) {
+    std::unique_ptr<UsbTransport> result;
     std::unique_ptr<usb_handle> handle = find_usb_device(callback);
-    return handle ? new WindowsUsbTransport(std::move(handle)) : nullptr;
+
+    if (handle) {
+        result = std::make_unique<WindowsUsbTransport>(std::move(handle));
+    }
+
+    return result;
 }
diff --git a/fs_mgr/TEST_MAPPING b/fs_mgr/TEST_MAPPING
index d357e45..1694969 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/TEST_MAPPING
+++ b/fs_mgr/TEST_MAPPING
@@ -28,6 +28,9 @@
     //{"name": "vabc_legacy_tests"},
     {
       "name": "cow_api_test"
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "snapuserd_test"
     }
   ],
   "kernel-presubmit": [
@@ -42,8 +45,11 @@
     },
     {
       "name": "vab_legacy_tests"
-    }
+    },
     // TODO: b/279009697
     //{"name": "vabc_legacy_tests"}
+    {
+      "name": "snapuserd_test"
+    }
   ]
 }
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_overlayfs_control.cpp b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_overlayfs_control.cpp
index 68576f2..2cc0d2d 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_overlayfs_control.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_overlayfs_control.cpp
@@ -688,7 +688,7 @@
                 continue;
             }
         } else {
-            if (GetEntryForMountPoint(&fstab, overlay_mount_point) == nullptr) {
+            if (!fs_mgr_overlayfs_already_mounted(overlay_mount_point, false /* overlay */)) {
                 continue;
             }
         }
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_overlayfs_mount.cpp b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_overlayfs_mount.cpp
index 8fb63b1..9f17c06 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_overlayfs_mount.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_overlayfs_mount.cpp
@@ -733,15 +733,18 @@
 
 bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_already_mounted(const std::string& mount_point, bool overlay_only) {
     Fstab fstab;
-    if (!ReadFstabFromFile("/proc/mounts", &fstab)) {
+    if (!ReadFstabFromProcMounts(&fstab)) {
         return false;
     }
     const auto lowerdir = kLowerdirOption + mount_point;
-    for (const auto& entry : fstab) {
-        if (overlay_only && "overlay" != entry.fs_type && "overlayfs" != entry.fs_type) continue;
-        if (mount_point != entry.mount_point) continue;
-        if (!overlay_only) return true;
-        const auto options = android::base::Split(entry.fs_options, ",");
+    for (const auto& entry : GetEntriesForMountPoint(&fstab, mount_point)) {
+        if (!overlay_only) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        if (entry->fs_type != "overlay" && entry->fs_type != "overlayfs") {
+            continue;
+        }
+        const auto options = android::base::Split(entry->fs_options, ",");
         for (const auto& opt : options) {
             if (opt == lowerdir) {
                 return true;
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfiemap/binder.cpp b/fs_mgr/libfiemap/binder.cpp
index 41e534a..439aac9 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfiemap/binder.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfiemap/binder.cpp
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@
 
 static FiemapStatus ToFiemapStatus(const char* func, const binder::Status& status) {
     if (!status.isOk()) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << func << " binder returned: " << status.toString8().string();
+        LOG(ERROR) << func << " binder returned: " << status.toString8().c_str();
         if (status.serviceSpecificErrorCode() != 0) {
             return FiemapStatus::FromErrorCode(status.serviceSpecificErrorCode());
         } else {
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@
     auto status = manager_->deleteBackingImage(name);
     if (!status.isOk()) {
         LOG(ERROR) << __PRETTY_FUNCTION__
-                   << " binder returned: " << status.exceptionMessage().string();
+                   << " binder returned: " << status.exceptionMessage().c_str();
         return false;
     }
     return true;
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@
     auto status = manager_->mapImageDevice(name, timeout_ms_count, &map);
     if (!status.isOk()) {
         LOG(ERROR) << __PRETTY_FUNCTION__
-                   << " binder returned: " << status.exceptionMessage().string();
+                   << " binder returned: " << status.exceptionMessage().c_str();
         return false;
     }
     *path = map.path;
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@
     auto status = manager_->unmapImageDevice(name);
     if (!status.isOk()) {
         LOG(ERROR) << __PRETTY_FUNCTION__
-                   << " binder returned: " << status.exceptionMessage().string();
+                   << " binder returned: " << status.exceptionMessage().c_str();
         return false;
     }
     return true;
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@
     auto status = manager_->backingImageExists(name, &retval);
     if (!status.isOk()) {
         LOG(ERROR) << __PRETTY_FUNCTION__
-                   << " binder returned: " << status.exceptionMessage().string();
+                   << " binder returned: " << status.exceptionMessage().c_str();
         return false;
     }
     return retval;
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@
     auto status = manager_->isImageMapped(name, &retval);
     if (!status.isOk()) {
         LOG(ERROR) << __PRETTY_FUNCTION__
-                   << " binder returned: " << status.exceptionMessage().string();
+                   << " binder returned: " << status.exceptionMessage().c_str();
         return false;
     }
     return retval;
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@
     auto status = manager_->getAllBackingImages(&retval);
     if (!status.isOk()) {
         LOG(ERROR) << __PRETTY_FUNCTION__
-                   << " binder returned: " << status.exceptionMessage().string();
+                   << " binder returned: " << status.exceptionMessage().c_str();
     }
     return retval;
 }
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@
     auto status = manager_->removeAllImages();
     if (!status.isOk()) {
         LOG(ERROR) << __PRETTY_FUNCTION__
-                   << " binder returned: " << status.exceptionMessage().string();
+                   << " binder returned: " << status.exceptionMessage().c_str();
         return false;
     }
     return true;
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@
     auto status = manager_->disableImage(name);
     if (!status.isOk()) {
         LOG(ERROR) << __PRETTY_FUNCTION__
-                   << " binder returned: " << status.exceptionMessage().string();
+                   << " binder returned: " << status.exceptionMessage().c_str();
         return false;
     }
     return true;
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@
     auto status = manager_->removeDisabledImages();
     if (!status.isOk()) {
         LOG(ERROR) << __PRETTY_FUNCTION__
-                   << " binder returned: " << status.exceptionMessage().string();
+                   << " binder returned: " << status.exceptionMessage().c_str();
         return false;
     }
     return true;
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@
     auto status = manager_->getMappedImageDevice(name, device);
     if (!status.isOk()) {
         LOG(ERROR) << __PRETTY_FUNCTION__
-                   << " binder returned: " << status.exceptionMessage().string();
+                   << " binder returned: " << status.exceptionMessage().c_str();
         return false;
     }
     return !device->empty();
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@
     auto status = manager_->isImageDisabled(name, &retval);
     if (!status.isOk()) {
         LOG(ERROR) << __PRETTY_FUNCTION__
-                   << " binder returned: " << status.exceptionMessage().string();
+                   << " binder returned: " << status.exceptionMessage().c_str();
         return false;
     }
     return retval;
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@
 
     auto status = service->openImageService(dir, &manager);
     if (!status.isOk() || !manager) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Could not acquire IImageManager: " << status.exceptionMessage().string();
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Could not acquire IImageManager: " << status.exceptionMessage().c_str();
         return nullptr;
     }
     return std::make_unique<ImageManagerBinder>(std::move(service), std::move(manager));
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/avb_ops.cpp b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/avb_ops.cpp
index a119bfc..cc19776 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/avb_ops.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/avb_ops.cpp
@@ -108,8 +108,8 @@
 // Converts a partition name (with ab_suffix) to the corresponding mount point.
 // e.g., "system_a" => "/system",
 // e.g., "vendor_a" => "/vendor",
-static std::string DeriveMountPoint(const std::string& partition_name) {
-    const std::string ab_suffix = fs_mgr_get_slot_suffix();
+static std::string DeriveMountPoint(const std::string& partition_name,
+                                    const std::string& ab_suffix) {
     std::string mount_point(partition_name);
     auto found = partition_name.rfind(ab_suffix);
     if (found != std::string::npos) {
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@
     return "/" + mount_point;
 }
 
-FsManagerAvbOps::FsManagerAvbOps() {
+FsManagerAvbOps::FsManagerAvbOps(const std::string& slot_suffix) {
     // We only need to provide the implementation of read_from_partition()
     // operation since that's all what is being used by the avb_slot_verify().
     // Other I/O operations are only required in bootloader but not in
@@ -135,6 +135,11 @@
 
     // Sets user_data for GetInstanceFromAvbOps() to convert it back to FsManagerAvbOps.
     avb_ops_.user_data = this;
+
+    slot_suffix_ = slot_suffix;
+    if (slot_suffix_.empty()) {
+        slot_suffix_ = fs_mgr_get_slot_suffix();
+    }
 }
 
 // Given a partition name (with ab_suffix), e.g., system_a, returns the corresponding
@@ -149,7 +154,7 @@
         return "";
     }
 
-    const auto mount_point = DeriveMountPoint(partition_name);
+    const auto mount_point = DeriveMountPoint(partition_name, slot_suffix_);
     if (mount_point.empty()) return "";
 
     auto fstab_entry = GetEntryForMountPoint(&fstab_, mount_point);
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/avb_ops.h b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/avb_ops.h
index 12686a6..709091e 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/avb_ops.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/avb_ops.h
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
 //
 class FsManagerAvbOps {
   public:
-    FsManagerAvbOps();
+    explicit FsManagerAvbOps(const std::string& slot_suffix = {});
 
     static FsManagerAvbOps* GetInstanceFromAvbOps(AvbOps* ops) {
         return reinterpret_cast<FsManagerAvbOps*>(ops->user_data);
@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@
     std::string GetPartitionPath(const char* partition_name);
     AvbOps avb_ops_;
     Fstab fstab_;
+    std::string slot_suffix_;
 };
 
 }  // namespace fs_mgr
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/fs_avb.cpp b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/fs_avb.cpp
index a288876..fb22423 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/fs_avb.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/fs_avb.cpp
@@ -182,6 +182,11 @@
 
 // class AvbHandle
 // ---------------
+AvbHandle::AvbHandle() : status_(AvbHandleStatus::kUninitialized) {
+    slot_suffix_ = fs_mgr_get_slot_suffix();
+    other_slot_suffix_ = fs_mgr_get_other_slot_suffix();
+}
+
 AvbUniquePtr AvbHandle::LoadAndVerifyVbmeta(
         const std::string& partition_name, const std::string& ab_suffix,
         const std::string& ab_other_suffix, const std::string& expected_public_key_path,
@@ -194,6 +199,9 @@
         return nullptr;
     }
 
+    avb_handle->slot_suffix_ = ab_suffix;
+    avb_handle->other_slot_suffix_ = ab_other_suffix;
+
     std::string expected_key_blob;
     if (!expected_public_key_path.empty()) {
         if (access(expected_public_key_path.c_str(), F_OK) != 0) {
@@ -373,9 +381,14 @@
     return avb_handle;
 }
 
-AvbUniquePtr AvbHandle::LoadAndVerifyVbmeta() {
+AvbUniquePtr AvbHandle::LoadAndVerifyVbmeta(const std::string& slot_suffix) {
     // Loads inline vbmeta images, starting from /vbmeta.
-    return LoadAndVerifyVbmeta("vbmeta", fs_mgr_get_slot_suffix(), fs_mgr_get_other_slot_suffix(),
+    auto suffix = slot_suffix;
+    if (suffix.empty()) {
+        suffix = fs_mgr_get_slot_suffix();
+    }
+    auto other_suffix = android::fs_mgr::OtherSlotSuffix(suffix);
+    return LoadAndVerifyVbmeta("vbmeta", suffix, other_suffix,
                                {} /* expected_public_key, already checked by bootloader */,
                                HashAlgorithm::kSHA256,
                                IsAvbPermissive(), /* allow_verification_error */
@@ -399,7 +412,7 @@
                                        ? AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_FLAGS_ALLOW_VERIFICATION_ERROR
                                        : AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_FLAGS_NONE;
     AvbSlotVerifyResult verify_result =
-            avb_ops.AvbSlotVerify(fs_mgr_get_slot_suffix(), flags, &avb_handle->vbmeta_images_);
+            avb_ops.AvbSlotVerify(avb_handle->slot_suffix_, flags, &avb_handle->vbmeta_images_);
 
     // Only allow the following verify results:
     //   - AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_OK.
@@ -492,7 +505,7 @@
     }
 
     if (!LoadAvbHashtreeToEnableVerity(fstab_entry, wait_for_verity_dev, vbmeta_images_,
-                                       fs_mgr_get_slot_suffix(), fs_mgr_get_other_slot_suffix())) {
+                                       slot_suffix_, other_slot_suffix_)) {
         return AvbHashtreeResult::kFail;
     }
 
@@ -526,8 +539,8 @@
     if (vbmeta_images_.size() < 1) {
         return "";
     }
-    std::string avb_partition_name = DeriveAvbPartitionName(fstab_entry, fs_mgr_get_slot_suffix(),
-                                                            fs_mgr_get_other_slot_suffix());
+    std::string avb_partition_name =
+            DeriveAvbPartitionName(fstab_entry, slot_suffix_, other_slot_suffix_);
     auto avb_prop_name = "com.android.build." + avb_partition_name + ".security_patch";
     return GetAvbPropertyDescriptor(avb_prop_name, vbmeta_images_);
 }
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/include/fs_avb/fs_avb.h b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/include/fs_avb/fs_avb.h
index 4702e68..924ab24 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/include/fs_avb/fs_avb.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/include/fs_avb/fs_avb.h
@@ -83,8 +83,8 @@
     //     is verified and can be trusted.
     //
     // TODO(bowgotsai): remove Open() and switch to LoadAndVerifyVbmeta().
-    static AvbUniquePtr Open();                 // loads inline vbmeta, via libavb.
-    static AvbUniquePtr LoadAndVerifyVbmeta();  // loads inline vbmeta.
+    static AvbUniquePtr Open();  // loads inline vbmeta, via libavb.
+    static AvbUniquePtr LoadAndVerifyVbmeta(const std::string& slot_suffix = {});
 
     // The caller can specify optional preload_avb_key_blobs for public key matching.
     // This is mostly for init to preload AVB keys before chroot into /system.
@@ -137,12 +137,14 @@
     AvbHandle& operator=(AvbHandle&&) noexcept = delete;  // no move assignment
 
   private:
-    AvbHandle() : status_(AvbHandleStatus::kUninitialized) {}
+    AvbHandle();
 
     std::vector<VBMetaData> vbmeta_images_;
     VBMetaInfo vbmeta_info_;  // A summary info for vbmeta_images_.
     AvbHandleStatus status_;
     std::string avb_version_;
+    std::string slot_suffix_;
+    std::string other_slot_suffix_;
 };
 
 }  // namespace fs_mgr
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfstab/include/fstab/fstab.h b/fs_mgr/libfstab/include/fstab/fstab.h
index 150a47d..09471f0 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfstab/include/fstab/fstab.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfstab/include/fstab/fstab.h
@@ -145,5 +145,8 @@
 // Otherwise returns false and |*out| is not modified.
 bool GetKernelCmdline(const std::string& key, std::string* out);
 
+// Return the "other" slot for the given slot suffix.
+std::string OtherSlotSuffix(const std::string& suffix);
+
 }  // namespace fs_mgr
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfstab/slotselect.cpp b/fs_mgr/libfstab/slotselect.cpp
index 97b2ba1..db3f8da 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfstab/slotselect.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfstab/slotselect.cpp
@@ -74,3 +74,13 @@
     }
     return true;
 }
+
+namespace android {
+namespace fs_mgr {
+
+std::string OtherSlotSuffix(const std::string& suffix) {
+    return other_suffix(suffix);
+}
+
+}  // namespace fs_mgr
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/Android.bp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/Android.bp
index 04b5a02..0131f73 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/Android.bp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/Android.bp
@@ -446,6 +446,54 @@
     ],
 }
 
+cc_binary {
+    name: "create_snapshot",
+    host_supported: true,
+    device_supported: false,
+
+    srcs: ["libsnapshot_cow/create_cow.cpp"],
+
+    cflags: [
+        "-Wall",
+        "-Werror",
+    ],
+
+    static_libs: [
+        "liblog",
+        "libbase",
+        "libext4_utils",
+        "libsnapshot_cow",
+        "libcrypto",
+        "libbrotli",
+        "libz",
+        "liblz4",
+        "libzstd",
+        "libgflags",
+    ],
+    shared_libs: [
+    ],
+
+    header_libs: [
+        "libstorage_literals_headers",
+    ],
+
+    dist: {
+        targets: [
+            "sdk",
+            "sdk-repo-platform-tools",
+            "sdk_repo",
+        ],
+    },
+    target: {
+        darwin: {
+            enabled: false,
+        },
+        windows: {
+            enabled: false,
+        },
+    },
+}
+
 python_library_host {
     name: "snapshot_proto_python",
     srcs: [
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/OWNERS b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/OWNERS
index 9d2b877..c8b1003 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/OWNERS
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/OWNERS
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-# Bug component: 30545
+# Bug component: 1014951
 balsini@google.com
 dvander@google.com
 elsk@google.com
 akailash@google.com
+zhangkelvin@google.com
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/cow_compress.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/cow_compress.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fd12b84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/cow_compress.h
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+//
+// Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <memory>
+#include "libsnapshot/cow_format.h"
+
+namespace android {
+namespace snapshot {
+
+class ICompressor {
+  public:
+    explicit ICompressor(uint32_t compression_level, uint32_t block_size)
+        : compression_level_(compression_level), block_size_(block_size) {}
+
+    virtual ~ICompressor() {}
+    // Factory methods for compression methods.
+    static std::unique_ptr<ICompressor> Gz(uint32_t compression_level, const int32_t BLOCK_SZ);
+    static std::unique_ptr<ICompressor> Brotli(uint32_t compression_level, const int32_t BLOCK_SZ);
+    static std::unique_ptr<ICompressor> Lz4(uint32_t compression_level, const int32_t BLOCK_SZ);
+    static std::unique_ptr<ICompressor> Zstd(uint32_t compression_level, const int32_t BLOCK_SZ);
+
+    static std::unique_ptr<ICompressor> Create(CowCompression compression, const int32_t BLOCK_SZ);
+
+    uint32_t GetCompressionLevel() const { return compression_level_; }
+    uint32_t GetBlockSize() const { return block_size_; }
+    [[nodiscard]] virtual std::basic_string<uint8_t> Compress(const void* data,
+                                                              size_t length) const = 0;
+
+  private:
+    uint32_t compression_level_;
+    uint32_t block_size_;
+};
+}  // namespace snapshot
+}  // namespace android
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/cow_format.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/cow_format.h
index c9a4dee..9359b9e 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/cow_format.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/cow_format.h
@@ -49,7 +49,9 @@
 //      |    Footer (fixed)     |
 //      +-----------------------+
 //
-// The operations begin immediately after the header, and the "raw data"
+// After the header is a 2mb scratch space that is used to read ahead data during merge operations
+//
+// The operations begin immediately after the scratch space, and the "raw data"
 // immediately follows the operation which refers to it. While streaming
 // an OTA, we can immediately write the op and data, syncing after each pair,
 // while storing operation metadata in memory. At the end, we compute data and
@@ -143,6 +145,42 @@
     uint64_t source;
 } __attribute__((packed));
 
+// The on disk format of cow (currently ==  CowOperation)
+struct CowOperationV2 {
+    // The operation code (see the constants and structures below).
+    uint8_t type;
+
+    // If this operation reads from the data section of the COW, this contains
+    // the compression type of that data (see constants below).
+    uint8_t compression;
+
+    // If this operation reads from the data section of the COW, this contains
+    // the length.
+    uint16_t data_length;
+
+    // The block of data in the new image that this operation modifies.
+    uint64_t new_block;
+
+    // The value of |source| depends on the operation code.
+    //
+    // For copy operations, this is a block location in the source image.
+    //
+    // For replace operations, this is a byte offset within the COW's data
+    // sections (eg, not landing within the header or metadata). It is an
+    // absolute position within the image.
+    //
+    // For zero operations (replace with all zeroes), this is unused and must
+    // be zero.
+    //
+    // For Label operations, this is the value of the applied label.
+    //
+    // For Cluster operations, this is the length of the following data region
+    //
+    // For Xor operations, this is the byte location in the source image.
+    uint64_t source;
+} __attribute__((packed));
+
+static_assert(sizeof(CowOperationV2) == sizeof(CowOperation));
 static_assert(sizeof(CowOperation) == sizeof(CowFooterOperation));
 
 static constexpr uint8_t kCowCopyOp = 1;
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/cow_reader.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/cow_reader.h
index f4ce52f..67d301d 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/cow_reader.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/cow_reader.h
@@ -165,7 +165,6 @@
     void UpdateMergeOpsCompleted(int num_merge_ops) { header_.num_merge_ops += num_merge_ops; }
 
   private:
-    bool ParseOps(std::optional<uint64_t> label);
     bool PrepMergeOps();
     uint64_t FindNumCopyops();
     uint8_t GetCompressionType(const CowOperation* op);
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/cow_writer.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/cow_writer.h
index d6194eb..3016e93 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/cow_writer.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/cow_writer.h
@@ -14,18 +14,17 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <libsnapshot/cow_compress.h>
+
 #include <stdint.h>
 
 #include <condition_variable>
 #include <cstdint>
-#include <future>
 #include <memory>
 #include <mutex>
 #include <optional>
 #include <queue>
 #include <string>
-#include <thread>
-#include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
@@ -110,16 +109,15 @@
 
 class CompressWorker {
   public:
-    CompressWorker(CowCompressionAlgorithm compression, uint32_t block_size);
+    CompressWorker(std::unique_ptr<ICompressor>&& compressor, uint32_t block_size);
     bool RunThread();
     void EnqueueCompressBlocks(const void* buffer, size_t num_blocks);
     bool GetCompressedBuffers(std::vector<std::basic_string<uint8_t>>* compressed_buf);
     void Finalize();
-    static std::basic_string<uint8_t> Compress(CowCompressionAlgorithm compression,
-                                               const void* data, size_t length);
+    static uint32_t GetDefaultCompressionLevel(CowCompressionAlgorithm compression);
 
-    static bool CompressBlocks(CowCompressionAlgorithm compression, size_t block_size,
-                               const void* buffer, size_t num_blocks,
+    static bool CompressBlocks(ICompressor* compressor, size_t block_size, const void* buffer,
+                               size_t num_blocks,
                                std::vector<std::basic_string<uint8_t>>* compressed_data);
 
   private:
@@ -130,7 +128,7 @@
         std::vector<std::basic_string<uint8_t>> compressed_data;
     };
 
-    CowCompressionAlgorithm compression_;
+    std::unique_ptr<ICompressor> compressor_;
     uint32_t block_size_;
 
     std::queue<CompressWork> work_queue_;
@@ -139,7 +137,6 @@
     std::condition_variable cv_;
     bool stopped_ = false;
 
-    std::basic_string<uint8_t> Compress(const void* data, size_t length);
     bool CompressBlocks(const void* buffer, size_t num_blocks,
                         std::vector<std::basic_string<uint8_t>>* compressed_data);
 };
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot.h
index c056a19..e7b0020 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot.h
@@ -73,6 +73,9 @@
 class SnapshotMergeStats;
 class SnapshotStatus;
 
+using std::chrono::duration_cast;
+using namespace std::chrono_literals;
+
 static constexpr const std::string_view kCowGroupName = "cow";
 static constexpr char kVirtualAbCompressionProp[] = "ro.virtual_ab.compression.enabled";
 
@@ -424,6 +427,7 @@
     FRIEND_TEST(SnapshotTest, MergeFailureCode);
     FRIEND_TEST(SnapshotTest, NoMergeBeforeReboot);
     FRIEND_TEST(SnapshotTest, UpdateBootControlHal);
+    FRIEND_TEST(SnapshotTest, BootSnapshotWithoutSlotSwitch);
     FRIEND_TEST(SnapshotUpdateTest, AddPartition);
     FRIEND_TEST(SnapshotUpdateTest, ConsistencyCheckResume);
     FRIEND_TEST(SnapshotUpdateTest, DaemonTransition);
@@ -436,11 +440,13 @@
     FRIEND_TEST(SnapshotUpdateTest, QueryStatusError);
     FRIEND_TEST(SnapshotUpdateTest, SnapshotStatusFileWithoutCow);
     FRIEND_TEST(SnapshotUpdateTest, SpaceSwapUpdate);
+    FRIEND_TEST(SnapshotUpdateTest, MapAllSnapshotsWithoutSlotSwitch);
     friend class SnapshotTest;
     friend class SnapshotUpdateTest;
     friend class FlashAfterUpdateTest;
     friend class LockTestConsumer;
     friend class SnapshotFuzzEnv;
+    friend class MapSnapshots;
     friend struct AutoDeleteCowImage;
     friend struct AutoDeleteSnapshot;
     friend struct PartitionCowCreator;
@@ -455,7 +461,7 @@
     bool EnsureImageManager();
 
     // Ensure we're connected to snapuserd.
-    bool EnsureSnapuserdConnected();
+    bool EnsureSnapuserdConnected(std::chrono::milliseconds timeout_ms = 10s);
 
     // Helpers for first-stage init.
     const std::unique_ptr<IDeviceInfo>& device() const { return device_; }
@@ -548,6 +554,16 @@
     // Unmap and remove all known snapshots.
     bool RemoveAllSnapshots(LockedFile* lock);
 
+    // Boot device off snapshots without slot switch
+    bool BootFromSnapshotsWithoutSlotSwitch();
+
+    // Remove kBootSnapshotsWithoutSlotSwitch so that device can boot
+    // without snapshots on the current slot
+    bool PrepareDeviceToBootWithoutSnapshot();
+
+    // Is the kBootSnapshotsWithoutSlotSwitch present
+    bool IsSnapshotWithoutSlotSwitch();
+
     // List the known snapshot names.
     bool ListSnapshots(LockedFile* lock, std::vector<std::string>* snapshots,
                        const std::string& suffix = "");
@@ -662,6 +678,7 @@
     std::string GetRollbackIndicatorPath();
     std::string GetForwardMergeIndicatorPath();
     std::string GetOldPartitionMetadataPath();
+    std::string GetBootSnapshotsWithoutSlotSwitchPath();
 
     const LpMetadata* ReadOldPartitionMetadata(LockedFile* lock);
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_compress.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_compress.cpp
index a4a0ad6..abc7d33 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_compress.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_compress.cpp
@@ -18,12 +18,16 @@
 #include <unistd.h>
 
 #include <limits>
+#include <memory>
 #include <queue>
 
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android-base/parseint.h>
+#include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 #include <brotli/encode.h>
+#include <libsnapshot/cow_compress.h>
 #include <libsnapshot/cow_format.h>
 #include <libsnapshot/cow_reader.h>
 #include <libsnapshot/cow_writer.h>
@@ -46,109 +50,175 @@
     } else if (name == "none" || name.empty()) {
         return {kCowCompressNone};
     } else {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "unable to determine default compression algorithm for: " << name;
         return {};
     }
 }
 
-std::basic_string<uint8_t> CompressWorker::Compress(const void* data, size_t length) {
-    return Compress(compression_, data, length);
+std::unique_ptr<ICompressor> ICompressor::Create(CowCompression compression,
+                                                 const int32_t block_size) {
+    switch (compression.algorithm) {
+        case kCowCompressLz4:
+            return ICompressor::Lz4(compression.compression_level, block_size);
+        case kCowCompressBrotli:
+            return ICompressor::Brotli(compression.compression_level, block_size);
+        case kCowCompressGz:
+            return ICompressor::Gz(compression.compression_level, block_size);
+        case kCowCompressZstd:
+            return ICompressor::Zstd(compression.compression_level, block_size);
+        case kCowCompressNone:
+            return nullptr;
+    }
+    return nullptr;
 }
 
-std::basic_string<uint8_t> CompressWorker::Compress(CowCompressionAlgorithm compression,
-                                                    const void* data, size_t length) {
+// 1. Default compression level is determined by compression algorithm
+// 2. There might be compatibility issues if a value is changed here, as  some older versions of
+// Android will assume a different compression level, causing cow_size estimation differences that
+// will lead to OTA failure. Ensure that the device and OTA package use the same compression level
+// for OTA to succeed.
+uint32_t CompressWorker::GetDefaultCompressionLevel(CowCompressionAlgorithm compression) {
     switch (compression) {
         case kCowCompressGz: {
-            const auto bound = compressBound(length);
-            std::basic_string<uint8_t> buffer(bound, '\0');
-
-            uLongf dest_len = bound;
-            auto rv = compress2(buffer.data(), &dest_len, reinterpret_cast<const Bytef*>(data),
-                                length, Z_BEST_COMPRESSION);
-            if (rv != Z_OK) {
-                LOG(ERROR) << "compress2 returned: " << rv;
-                return {};
-            }
-            buffer.resize(dest_len);
-            return buffer;
+            return Z_BEST_COMPRESSION;
         }
         case kCowCompressBrotli: {
-            const auto bound = BrotliEncoderMaxCompressedSize(length);
-            if (!bound) {
-                LOG(ERROR) << "BrotliEncoderMaxCompressedSize returned 0";
-                return {};
-            }
-            std::basic_string<uint8_t> buffer(bound, '\0');
-
-            size_t encoded_size = bound;
-            auto rv = BrotliEncoderCompress(
-                    BROTLI_DEFAULT_QUALITY, BROTLI_DEFAULT_WINDOW, BROTLI_DEFAULT_MODE, length,
-                    reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(data), &encoded_size, buffer.data());
-            if (!rv) {
-                LOG(ERROR) << "BrotliEncoderCompress failed";
-                return {};
-            }
-            buffer.resize(encoded_size);
-            return buffer;
+            return BROTLI_DEFAULT_QUALITY;
         }
         case kCowCompressLz4: {
-            const auto bound = LZ4_compressBound(length);
-            if (!bound) {
-                LOG(ERROR) << "LZ4_compressBound returned 0";
-                return {};
-            }
-            std::basic_string<uint8_t> buffer(bound, '\0');
-
-            const auto compressed_size = LZ4_compress_default(
-                    static_cast<const char*>(data), reinterpret_cast<char*>(buffer.data()), length,
-                    buffer.size());
-            if (compressed_size <= 0) {
-                LOG(ERROR) << "LZ4_compress_default failed, input size: " << length
-                           << ", compression bound: " << bound << ", ret: " << compressed_size;
-                return {};
-            }
-            // Don't run compression if the compressed output is larger
-            if (compressed_size >= length) {
-                buffer.resize(length);
-                memcpy(buffer.data(), data, length);
-            } else {
-                buffer.resize(compressed_size);
-            }
-            return buffer;
+            break;
         }
         case kCowCompressZstd: {
-            std::basic_string<uint8_t> buffer(ZSTD_compressBound(length), '\0');
-            const auto compressed_size =
-                    ZSTD_compress(buffer.data(), buffer.size(), data, length, 0);
-            if (compressed_size <= 0) {
-                LOG(ERROR) << "ZSTD compression failed " << compressed_size;
-                return {};
-            }
-            // Don't run compression if the compressed output is larger
-            if (compressed_size >= length) {
-                buffer.resize(length);
-                memcpy(buffer.data(), data, length);
-            } else {
-                buffer.resize(compressed_size);
-            }
-            return buffer;
+            return ZSTD_defaultCLevel();
         }
-        default:
-            LOG(ERROR) << "unhandled compression type: " << compression;
+        case kCowCompressNone: {
             break;
+        }
     }
-    return {};
-}
-bool CompressWorker::CompressBlocks(const void* buffer, size_t num_blocks,
-                                    std::vector<std::basic_string<uint8_t>>* compressed_data) {
-    return CompressBlocks(compression_, block_size_, buffer, num_blocks, compressed_data);
+    return 0;
 }
 
-bool CompressWorker::CompressBlocks(CowCompressionAlgorithm compression, size_t block_size,
-                                    const void* buffer, size_t num_blocks,
+class GzCompressor final : public ICompressor {
+  public:
+    GzCompressor(uint32_t compression_level, const uint32_t block_size)
+        : ICompressor(compression_level, block_size){};
+
+    std::basic_string<uint8_t> Compress(const void* data, size_t length) const override {
+        const auto bound = compressBound(length);
+        std::basic_string<uint8_t> buffer(bound, '\0');
+
+        uLongf dest_len = bound;
+        auto rv = compress2(buffer.data(), &dest_len, reinterpret_cast<const Bytef*>(data), length,
+                            GetCompressionLevel());
+        if (rv != Z_OK) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "compress2 returned: " << rv;
+            return {};
+        }
+        buffer.resize(dest_len);
+        return buffer;
+    };
+};
+
+class Lz4Compressor final : public ICompressor {
+  public:
+    Lz4Compressor(uint32_t compression_level, const uint32_t block_size)
+        : ICompressor(compression_level, block_size){};
+
+    std::basic_string<uint8_t> Compress(const void* data, size_t length) const override {
+        const auto bound = LZ4_compressBound(length);
+        if (!bound) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "LZ4_compressBound returned 0";
+            return {};
+        }
+        std::basic_string<uint8_t> buffer(bound, '\0');
+
+        const auto compressed_size =
+                LZ4_compress_default(static_cast<const char*>(data),
+                                     reinterpret_cast<char*>(buffer.data()), length, buffer.size());
+        if (compressed_size <= 0) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "LZ4_compress_default failed, input size: " << length
+                       << ", compression bound: " << bound << ", ret: " << compressed_size;
+            return {};
+        }
+        // Don't run compression if the compressed output is larger
+        if (compressed_size >= length) {
+            buffer.resize(length);
+            memcpy(buffer.data(), data, length);
+        } else {
+            buffer.resize(compressed_size);
+        }
+        return buffer;
+    };
+};
+
+class BrotliCompressor final : public ICompressor {
+  public:
+    BrotliCompressor(uint32_t compression_level, const uint32_t block_size)
+        : ICompressor(compression_level, block_size){};
+
+    std::basic_string<uint8_t> Compress(const void* data, size_t length) const override {
+        const auto bound = BrotliEncoderMaxCompressedSize(length);
+        if (!bound) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "BrotliEncoderMaxCompressedSize returned 0";
+            return {};
+        }
+        std::basic_string<uint8_t> buffer(bound, '\0');
+
+        size_t encoded_size = bound;
+        auto rv = BrotliEncoderCompress(
+                GetCompressionLevel(), BROTLI_DEFAULT_WINDOW, BROTLI_DEFAULT_MODE, length,
+                reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(data), &encoded_size, buffer.data());
+        if (!rv) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "BrotliEncoderCompress failed";
+            return {};
+        }
+        buffer.resize(encoded_size);
+        return buffer;
+    };
+};
+
+class ZstdCompressor final : public ICompressor {
+  public:
+    ZstdCompressor(uint32_t compression_level, const uint32_t block_size)
+        : ICompressor(compression_level, block_size),
+          zstd_context_(ZSTD_createCCtx(), ZSTD_freeCCtx) {
+        ZSTD_CCtx_setParameter(zstd_context_.get(), ZSTD_c_compressionLevel, compression_level);
+        ZSTD_CCtx_setParameter(zstd_context_.get(), ZSTD_c_windowLog, log2(GetBlockSize()));
+    };
+
+    std::basic_string<uint8_t> Compress(const void* data, size_t length) const override {
+        std::basic_string<uint8_t> buffer(ZSTD_compressBound(length), '\0');
+        const auto compressed_size =
+                ZSTD_compress2(zstd_context_.get(), buffer.data(), buffer.size(), data, length);
+        if (compressed_size <= 0) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "ZSTD compression failed " << compressed_size;
+            return {};
+        }
+        // Don't run compression if the compressed output is larger
+        if (compressed_size >= length) {
+            buffer.resize(length);
+            memcpy(buffer.data(), data, length);
+        } else {
+            buffer.resize(compressed_size);
+        }
+        return buffer;
+    };
+
+  private:
+    std::unique_ptr<ZSTD_CCtx, decltype(&ZSTD_freeCCtx)> zstd_context_;
+};
+
+bool CompressWorker::CompressBlocks(const void* buffer, size_t num_blocks,
+                                    std::vector<std::basic_string<uint8_t>>* compressed_data) {
+    return CompressBlocks(compressor_.get(), block_size_, buffer, num_blocks, compressed_data);
+}
+
+bool CompressWorker::CompressBlocks(ICompressor* compressor, size_t block_size, const void* buffer,
+                                    size_t num_blocks,
                                     std::vector<std::basic_string<uint8_t>>* compressed_data) {
     const uint8_t* iter = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(buffer);
     while (num_blocks) {
-        auto data = Compress(compression, iter, block_size);
+        auto data = compressor->Compress(iter, block_size);
         if (data.empty()) {
             PLOG(ERROR) << "CompressBlocks: Compression failed";
             return false;
@@ -247,6 +317,25 @@
     return true;
 }
 
+std::unique_ptr<ICompressor> ICompressor::Brotli(uint32_t compression_level,
+                                                 const int32_t block_size) {
+    return std::make_unique<BrotliCompressor>(compression_level, block_size);
+}
+
+std::unique_ptr<ICompressor> ICompressor::Gz(uint32_t compression_level, const int32_t block_size) {
+    return std::make_unique<GzCompressor>(compression_level, block_size);
+}
+
+std::unique_ptr<ICompressor> ICompressor::Lz4(uint32_t compression_level,
+                                              const int32_t block_size) {
+    return std::make_unique<Lz4Compressor>(compression_level, block_size);
+}
+
+std::unique_ptr<ICompressor> ICompressor::Zstd(uint32_t compression_level,
+                                               const int32_t block_size) {
+    return std::make_unique<ZstdCompressor>(compression_level, block_size);
+}
+
 void CompressWorker::Finalize() {
     {
         std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(lock_);
@@ -255,8 +344,8 @@
     cv_.notify_all();
 }
 
-CompressWorker::CompressWorker(CowCompressionAlgorithm compression, uint32_t block_size)
-    : compression_(compression), block_size_(block_size) {}
+CompressWorker::CompressWorker(std::unique_ptr<ICompressor>&& compressor, uint32_t block_size)
+    : compressor_(std::move(compressor)), block_size_(block_size) {}
 
 }  // namespace snapshot
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_decompress.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_decompress.cpp
index da90cc0..2aaf388 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_decompress.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_decompress.cpp
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 
 #include <array>
 #include <cstring>
+#include <memory>
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -62,6 +63,8 @@
         return IDecompressor::Brotli();
     } else if (compressor == "gz") {
         return IDecompressor::Gz();
+    } else if (compressor == "zstd") {
+        return IDecompressor::Zstd();
     } else {
         return nullptr;
     }
@@ -211,10 +214,6 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-std::unique_ptr<IDecompressor> IDecompressor::Gz() {
-    return std::unique_ptr<IDecompressor>(new GzDecompressor());
-}
-
 class BrotliDecompressor final : public StreamDecompressor {
   public:
     ~BrotliDecompressor();
@@ -275,10 +274,6 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-std::unique_ptr<IDecompressor> IDecompressor::Brotli() {
-    return std::unique_ptr<IDecompressor>(new BrotliDecompressor());
-}
-
 class Lz4Decompressor final : public IDecompressor {
   public:
     ~Lz4Decompressor() override = default;
@@ -356,7 +351,7 @@
             return decompressed_size;
         }
         std::vector<unsigned char> ignore_buf(decompressed_size);
-        if (!Decompress(buffer, decompressed_size)) {
+        if (!Decompress(ignore_buf.data(), decompressed_size)) {
             return -1;
         }
         memcpy(buffer, ignore_buf.data() + ignore_bytes, buffer_size);
@@ -382,6 +377,14 @@
     }
 };
 
+std::unique_ptr<IDecompressor> IDecompressor::Brotli() {
+    return std::make_unique<BrotliDecompressor>();
+}
+
+std::unique_ptr<IDecompressor> IDecompressor::Gz() {
+    return std::make_unique<GzDecompressor>();
+}
+
 std::unique_ptr<IDecompressor> IDecompressor::Lz4() {
     return std::make_unique<Lz4Decompressor>();
 }
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_reader.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_reader.cpp
index f37aed1..1b5d724 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_reader.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_reader.cpp
@@ -17,9 +17,7 @@
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
-#include <limits>
 #include <optional>
-#include <set>
 #include <unordered_map>
 #include <unordered_set>
 #include <vector>
@@ -103,7 +101,7 @@
     footer_ = parser.footer();
     fd_size_ = parser.fd_size();
     last_label_ = parser.last_label();
-    ops_ = std::move(parser.ops());
+    ops_ = parser.ops();
     data_loc_ = parser.data_loc();
 
     // If we're resuming a write, we're not ready to merge
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/create_cow.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/create_cow.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4e07fe3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/create_cow.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,359 @@
+#include <linux/types.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <sys/resource.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <condition_variable>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <future>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <limits>
+#include <mutex>
+#include <string>
+#include <thread>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
+#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
+#include <ext4_utils/ext4_utils.h>
+#include <storage_literals/storage_literals.h>
+
+#include <android-base/chrono_utils.h>
+#include <android-base/scopeguard.h>
+#include <android-base/strings.h>
+
+#include <gflags/gflags.h>
+#include <libsnapshot/cow_writer.h>
+
+#include <openssl/sha.h>
+
+DEFINE_string(source, "", "Source partition image");
+DEFINE_string(target, "", "Target partition image");
+DEFINE_string(compression, "lz4",
+              "Compression algorithm. Default is set to lz4. Available options: lz4, zstd, gz");
+
+namespace android {
+namespace snapshot {
+
+using namespace android::storage_literals;
+using namespace android;
+using android::base::unique_fd;
+
+using android::snapshot::CreateCowWriter;
+using android::snapshot::ICowWriter;
+
+class CreateSnapshot {
+  public:
+    CreateSnapshot(const std::string& src_file, const std::string& target_file,
+                   const std::string& patch_file, const std::string& compression);
+    bool CreateSnapshotPatch();
+
+  private:
+    /* source.img */
+    std::string src_file_;
+    /* target.img */
+    std::string target_file_;
+    /* snapshot-patch generated */
+    std::string patch_file_;
+
+    /*
+     * Active file which is being parsed by this instance.
+     * It will either be source.img or target.img.
+     */
+    std::string parsing_file_;
+    bool create_snapshot_patch_ = false;
+
+    const int kNumThreads = 6;
+    const size_t kBlockSizeToRead = 1_MiB;
+
+    std::unordered_map<std::string, int> source_block_hash_;
+    std::mutex source_block_hash_lock_;
+
+    std::unique_ptr<ICowWriter> writer_;
+    std::mutex write_lock_;
+
+    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> zblock_;
+
+    std::string compression_ = "lz4";
+    unique_fd fd_;
+
+    const int BLOCK_SZ = 4_KiB;
+    void SHA256(const void* data, size_t length, uint8_t out[32]);
+    bool IsBlockAligned(uint64_t read_size) { return ((read_size & (BLOCK_SZ - 1)) == 0); }
+    bool ReadBlocks(off_t offset, const int skip_blocks, const uint64_t dev_sz);
+    std::string ToHexString(const uint8_t* buf, size_t len);
+
+    bool CreateSnapshotFile();
+    bool FindSourceBlockHash();
+    bool PrepareParse(std::string& parsing_file, const bool createSnapshot);
+    bool ParsePartition();
+    bool WriteSnapshot(const void* buffer, uint64_t block, std::string& block_hash);
+};
+
+void CreateSnapshotLogger(android::base::LogId, android::base::LogSeverity severity, const char*,
+                          const char*, unsigned int, const char* message) {
+    if (severity == android::base::ERROR) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", message);
+    } else {
+        fprintf(stdout, "%s\n", message);
+    }
+}
+
+CreateSnapshot::CreateSnapshot(const std::string& src_file, const std::string& target_file,
+                               const std::string& patch_file, const std::string& compression)
+    : src_file_(src_file), target_file_(target_file), patch_file_(patch_file) {
+    if (!compression.empty()) {
+        compression_ = compression;
+    }
+}
+
+bool CreateSnapshot::PrepareParse(std::string& parsing_file, const bool createSnapshot) {
+    parsing_file_ = parsing_file;
+    create_snapshot_patch_ = createSnapshot;
+
+    if (createSnapshot) {
+        fd_.reset(open(patch_file_.c_str(), O_RDWR | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, 0666));
+        if (fd_ < 0) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open the snapshot-patch file: " << patch_file_;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        zblock_ = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(BLOCK_SZ);
+        std::memset(zblock_.get(), 0, BLOCK_SZ);
+
+        CowOptions options;
+        options.compression = compression_;
+        options.num_compress_threads = 2;
+        options.batch_write = true;
+        options.cluster_ops = 600;
+        writer_ = CreateCowWriter(2, options, std::move(fd_));
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Create per-block sha256 hash of source partition
+ */
+bool CreateSnapshot::FindSourceBlockHash() {
+    if (!PrepareParse(src_file_, false)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    return ParsePartition();
+}
+
+/*
+ * Create snapshot file by comparing sha256 per block
+ * of target.img with the constructed per-block sha256 hash
+ * of source partition.
+ */
+bool CreateSnapshot::CreateSnapshotFile() {
+    if (!PrepareParse(target_file_, true)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    return ParsePartition();
+}
+
+/*
+ * Creates snapshot patch file by comparing source.img and target.img
+ */
+bool CreateSnapshot::CreateSnapshotPatch() {
+    if (!FindSourceBlockHash()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    return CreateSnapshotFile();
+}
+
+void CreateSnapshot::SHA256(const void* data, size_t length, uint8_t out[32]) {
+    SHA256_CTX c;
+    SHA256_Init(&c);
+    SHA256_Update(&c, data, length);
+    SHA256_Final(out, &c);
+}
+
+std::string CreateSnapshot::ToHexString(const uint8_t* buf, size_t len) {
+    char lookup[] = "0123456789abcdef";
+    std::string out(len * 2 + 1, '\0');
+    char* outp = out.data();
+    for (; len > 0; len--, buf++) {
+        *outp++ = (char)lookup[*buf >> 4];
+        *outp++ = (char)lookup[*buf & 0xf];
+    }
+    return out;
+}
+
+bool CreateSnapshot::WriteSnapshot(const void* buffer, uint64_t block, std::string& block_hash) {
+    if (std::memcmp(zblock_.get(), buffer, BLOCK_SZ) == 0) {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(write_lock_);
+        return writer_->AddZeroBlocks(block, 1);
+    }
+
+    auto iter = source_block_hash_.find(block_hash);
+    if (iter != source_block_hash_.end()) {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(write_lock_);
+        return writer_->AddCopy(block, iter->second, 1);
+    }
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(write_lock_);
+    return writer_->AddRawBlocks(block, buffer, BLOCK_SZ);
+}
+
+bool CreateSnapshot::ReadBlocks(off_t offset, const int skip_blocks, const uint64_t dev_sz) {
+    unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(parsing_file_.c_str(), O_RDONLY)));
+    if (fd < 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "open failed: " << parsing_file_;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    loff_t file_offset = offset;
+    const uint64_t read_sz = kBlockSizeToRead;
+    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> buffer = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(read_sz);
+
+    while (true) {
+        size_t to_read = std::min((dev_sz - file_offset), read_sz);
+
+        if (!android::base::ReadFullyAtOffset(fd.get(), buffer.get(), to_read, file_offset)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to read block from block device: " << parsing_file_
+                       << " at offset: " << file_offset << " read-size: " << to_read
+                       << " block-size: " << dev_sz;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (!IsBlockAligned(to_read)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "unable to parse the un-aligned request: " << to_read;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        size_t num_blocks = to_read / BLOCK_SZ;
+        uint64_t buffer_offset = 0;
+        off_t foffset = file_offset;
+
+        while (num_blocks) {
+            const void* bufptr = (char*)buffer.get() + buffer_offset;
+            uint64_t blkindex = foffset / BLOCK_SZ;
+
+            uint8_t checksum[32];
+            SHA256(bufptr, BLOCK_SZ, checksum);
+            std::string hash = ToHexString(checksum, sizeof(checksum));
+
+            if (create_snapshot_patch_ && !WriteSnapshot(bufptr, blkindex, hash)) {
+                LOG(ERROR) << "WriteSnapshot failed for block: " << blkindex;
+                return false;
+            } else {
+                std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(source_block_hash_lock_);
+                {
+                    if (source_block_hash_.count(hash) == 0) {
+                        source_block_hash_[hash] = blkindex;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            buffer_offset += BLOCK_SZ;
+            foffset += BLOCK_SZ;
+            num_blocks -= 1;
+        }
+
+        file_offset += (skip_blocks * kBlockSizeToRead);
+        if (file_offset >= dev_sz) {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool CreateSnapshot::ParsePartition() {
+    unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(parsing_file_.c_str(), O_RDONLY)));
+    if (fd < 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "open failed: " << parsing_file_;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    uint64_t dev_sz = lseek(fd.get(), 0, SEEK_END);
+    if (!dev_sz) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Could not determine block device size: " << parsing_file_;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (!IsBlockAligned(dev_sz)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "dev_sz: " << dev_sz << " is not block aligned";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    int num_threads = kNumThreads;
+
+    std::vector<std::future<bool>> threads;
+    off_t start_offset = 0;
+    const int skip_blocks = num_threads;
+
+    while (num_threads) {
+        threads.emplace_back(std::async(std::launch::async, &CreateSnapshot::ReadBlocks, this,
+                                        start_offset, skip_blocks, dev_sz));
+        start_offset += kBlockSizeToRead;
+        num_threads -= 1;
+        if (start_offset >= dev_sz) {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    bool ret = true;
+    for (auto& t : threads) {
+        ret = t.get() && ret;
+    }
+
+    if (ret && create_snapshot_patch_ && !writer_->Finalize()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Finzalize failed";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+}  // namespace snapshot
+}  // namespace android
+
+constexpr char kUsage[] = R"(
+NAME
+    create_snapshot - Create snapshot patches by comparing two partition images
+
+SYNOPSIS
+    create_snapshot --source=<source.img> --target=<target.img> --compression="<compression-algorithm"
+
+    source.img -> Source partition image
+    target.img -> Target partition image
+    compressoin -> compression algorithm. Default set to lz4. Supported types are gz, lz4, zstd.
+
+EXAMPLES
+
+   $ create_snapshot $SOURCE_BUILD/system.img $TARGET_BUILD/system.img
+   $ create_snapshot $SOURCE_BUILD/product.img $TARGET_BUILD/product.img --compression="zstd"
+
+)";
+
+int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
+    android::base::InitLogging(argv, &android::snapshot::CreateSnapshotLogger);
+    ::gflags::SetUsageMessage(kUsage);
+    ::gflags::ParseCommandLineFlags(&argc, &argv, true);
+
+    if (FLAGS_source.empty() || FLAGS_target.empty()) {
+        LOG(INFO) << kUsage;
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    std::string fname = android::base::Basename(FLAGS_target.c_str());
+    auto parts = android::base::Split(fname, ".");
+    std::string snapshotfile = parts[0] + ".patch";
+    android::snapshot::CreateSnapshot snapshot(FLAGS_source, FLAGS_target, snapshotfile,
+                                               FLAGS_compression);
+
+    if (!snapshot.CreateSnapshotPatch()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Snapshot creation failed";
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    LOG(INFO) << "Snapshot patch: " << snapshotfile << " created successfully";
+    return 0;
+}
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/test_v2.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/test_v2.cpp
index ab275d4..e59bd92 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/test_v2.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/test_v2.cpp
@@ -480,7 +480,8 @@
     std::string expected = "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.";
     expected.resize(4096, '\0');
 
-    auto result = CompressWorker::Compress(*algorithm, expected.data(), expected.size());
+    std::unique_ptr<ICompressor> compressor = ICompressor::Create(compression, 4096);
+    auto result = compressor->Compress(expected.data(), expected.size());
     ASSERT_FALSE(result.empty());
 
     HorribleStream<uint8_t> stream(result);
@@ -1409,6 +1410,18 @@
     ASSERT_TRUE(iter->AtEnd());
 }
 
+TEST_F(CowTest, ParseOptionsTest) {
+    CowOptions options;
+    std::vector<std::pair<std::string, bool>> testcases = {
+            {"gz,4", true},   {"gz,4,4", false}, {"lz4,4", true}, {"brotli,4", true},
+            {"zstd,4", true}, {"zstd,x", false}, {"zs,4", false}, {"zstd.4", false}};
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < testcases.size(); i++) {
+        options.compression = testcases[i].first;
+        CowWriterV2 writer(options, GetCowFd());
+        ASSERT_EQ(writer.Initialize(), testcases[i].second);
+    }
+}
+
 TEST_F(CowTest, LegacyRevMergeOpItrTest) {
     CowOptions options;
     options.cluster_ops = 5;
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/writer_v2.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/writer_v2.cpp
index cbd7569..699529b 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/writer_v2.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/writer_v2.cpp
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@
 #include <sys/uio.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
+#include <future>
 #include <limits>
-#include <queue>
 
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
@@ -39,6 +39,8 @@
 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
+#include "android-base/parseint.h"
+#include "android-base/strings.h"
 #include "parser_v2.h"
 
 // The info messages here are spammy, but as useful for update_engine. Disable
@@ -119,11 +121,28 @@
 }
 
 bool CowWriterV2::ParseOptions() {
-    auto algorithm = CompressionAlgorithmFromString(options_.compression);
+    auto parts = android::base::Split(options_.compression, ",");
+
+    if (parts.size() > 2) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "failed to parse compression parameters: invalid argument count: "
+                   << parts.size() << " " << options_.compression;
+        return false;
+    }
+    auto algorithm = CompressionAlgorithmFromString(parts[0]);
     if (!algorithm) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "unrecognized compression: " << options_.compression;
         return false;
     }
+    if (parts.size() > 1) {
+        if (!android::base::ParseUint(parts[1], &compression_.compression_level)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "failed to parse compression level invalid type: " << parts[1];
+            return false;
+        }
+    } else {
+        compression_.compression_level =
+                CompressWorker::GetDefaultCompressionLevel(algorithm.value());
+    }
+
     compression_.algorithm = *algorithm;
 
     if (options_.cluster_ops == 1) {
@@ -155,8 +174,7 @@
         current_data_pos_ = next_data_pos_;
     }
 
-    std::string batch_write = batch_write_ ? "enabled" : "disabled";
-    LOG_INFO << "Batch writes: " << batch_write;
+    LOG_INFO << "Batch writes: " << (batch_write_ ? "enabled" : "disabled");
 }
 
 void CowWriterV2::InitWorkers() {
@@ -165,7 +183,9 @@
         return;
     }
     for (int i = 0; i < num_compress_threads_; i++) {
-        auto wt = std::make_unique<CompressWorker>(compression_.algorithm, header_.block_size);
+        std::unique_ptr<ICompressor> compressor =
+                ICompressor::Create(compression_, header_.block_size);
+        auto wt = std::make_unique<CompressWorker>(std::move(compressor), header_.block_size);
         threads_.emplace_back(std::async(std::launch::async, &CompressWorker::RunThread, wt.get()));
         compress_threads_.push_back(std::move(wt));
     }
@@ -320,10 +340,12 @@
     const uint8_t* iter = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(data);
     compressed_buf_.clear();
     if (num_threads <= 1) {
-        return CompressWorker::CompressBlocks(compression_.algorithm, options_.block_size, data,
+        if (!compressor_) {
+            compressor_ = ICompressor::Create(compression_, header_.block_size);
+        }
+        return CompressWorker::CompressBlocks(compressor_.get(), options_.block_size, data,
                                               num_blocks, &compressed_buf_);
     }
-
     // Submit the blocks per thread. The retrieval of
     // compressed buffers has to be done in the same order.
     // We should not poll for completed buffers in a different order as the
@@ -393,8 +415,11 @@
                         buf_iter_++;
                         return data;
                     } else {
-                        auto data = CompressWorker::Compress(compression_.algorithm, iter,
-                                                             header_.block_size);
+                        if (!compressor_) {
+                            compressor_ = ICompressor::Create(compression_, header_.block_size);
+                        }
+
+                        auto data = compressor_->Compress(iter, header_.block_size);
                         return data;
                     }
                 }();
@@ -507,8 +532,8 @@
         }
     }
 
-    // Footer should be at the end of a file, so if there is data after the current block, end it
-    // and start a new cluster.
+    // Footer should be at the end of a file, so if there is data after the current block, end
+    // it and start a new cluster.
     if (cluster_size_ && current_data_size_ > 0) {
         EmitCluster();
         extra_cluster = true;
@@ -611,10 +636,8 @@
 }
 
 bool CowWriterV2::WriteOperation(const CowOperation& op, const void* data, size_t size) {
-    if (!EnsureSpaceAvailable(next_op_pos_ + sizeof(op))) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    if (!EnsureSpaceAvailable(next_data_pos_ + size)) {
+    if (!EnsureSpaceAvailable(next_op_pos_ + sizeof(op)) ||
+        !EnsureSpaceAvailable(next_data_pos_ + size)) {
         return false;
     }
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/writer_v2.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/writer_v2.h
index 1aa8518..131a068 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/writer_v2.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/writer_v2.h
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <future>
 #include "writer_base.h"
 
 namespace android {
@@ -64,6 +65,9 @@
   private:
     CowFooter footer_{};
     CowCompression compression_;
+    // in the case that we are using one thread for compression, we can store and re-use the same
+    // compressor
+    std::unique_ptr<ICompressor> compressor_;
     uint64_t current_op_pos_ = 0;
     uint64_t next_op_pos_ = 0;
     uint64_t next_data_pos_ = 0;
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot.cpp
index 86ff5f7..4743a42 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot.cpp
@@ -83,6 +83,8 @@
 using namespace std::chrono_literals;
 using namespace std::string_literals;
 
+static constexpr char kBootSnapshotsWithoutSlotSwitch[] =
+        "/metadata/ota/snapshot-boot-without-slot-switch";
 static constexpr char kBootIndicatorPath[] = "/metadata/ota/snapshot-boot";
 static constexpr char kRollbackIndicatorPath[] = "/metadata/ota/rollback-indicator";
 static constexpr auto kUpdateStateCheckInterval = 2s;
@@ -217,6 +219,12 @@
     auto file = LockExclusive();
     if (!file) return false;
 
+    if (IsSnapshotWithoutSlotSwitch()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Cannot cancel the snapshots as partitions are mounted off the snapshots on "
+                      "current slot.";
+        return false;
+    }
+
     UpdateState state = ReadUpdateState(file.get());
     if (state == UpdateState::None) {
         RemoveInvalidSnapshots(file.get());
@@ -299,10 +307,9 @@
     // - For ForwardMerge, FinishedSnapshotWrites asserts that the existence of the indicator
     // matches the incoming update.
     std::vector<std::string> files = {
-            GetSnapshotBootIndicatorPath(),
-            GetRollbackIndicatorPath(),
-            GetForwardMergeIndicatorPath(),
-            GetOldPartitionMetadataPath(),
+            GetSnapshotBootIndicatorPath(),          GetRollbackIndicatorPath(),
+            GetForwardMergeIndicatorPath(),          GetOldPartitionMetadataPath(),
+            GetBootSnapshotsWithoutSlotSwitchPath(),
     };
     for (const auto& file : files) {
         RemoveFileIfExists(file);
@@ -483,6 +490,32 @@
             LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to retrieve base_sectors from Snapuserd";
             return false;
         }
+    } else if (IsSnapshotWithoutSlotSwitch()) {
+        // When snapshots are on current slot, we determine the size
+        // of block device based on the number of COW operations. We cannot
+        // use base device as it will be from older image.
+        size_t num_ops = 0;
+        uint64_t dev_sz = 0;
+        unique_fd fd(open(cow_file.c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC));
+        if (fd < 0) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open " << cow_file;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        CowReader reader;
+        if (!reader.Parse(std::move(fd))) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to parse cow " << cow_file;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        const auto& header = reader.GetHeader();
+        if (header.prefix.major_version > 2) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "COW format not supported";
+            return false;
+        }
+        num_ops = reader.get_num_total_data_ops();
+        dev_sz = (num_ops * header.block_size);
+        base_sectors = dev_sz >> 9;
     } else {
         // For userspace snapshots, the size of the base device is taken as the
         // size of the dm-user block device. Since there is no pseudo mapping
@@ -729,6 +762,14 @@
         LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to remove status file " << file_path << ": " << error;
         return false;
     }
+
+    // This path may never exist. If it is present, then it's a stale
+    // snapshot status file. Just remove the file and log the message.
+    const std::string tmp_path = file_path + ".tmp";
+    if (!android::base::RemoveFileIfExists(tmp_path, &error)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to remove stale snapshot file " << tmp_path;
+    }
+
     return true;
 }
 
@@ -754,10 +795,10 @@
         return false;
     }
 
-    auto other_suffix = device_->GetOtherSlotSuffix();
+    auto current_slot_suffix = device_->GetSlotSuffix();
 
     for (const auto& snapshot : snapshots) {
-        if (android::base::EndsWith(snapshot, other_suffix)) {
+        if (!android::base::EndsWith(snapshot, current_slot_suffix)) {
             // Allow the merge to continue, but log this unexpected case.
             LOG(ERROR) << "Unexpected snapshot found during merge: " << snapshot;
             continue;
@@ -1123,7 +1164,7 @@
         return MergeResult(UpdateState::MergeFailed, MergeFailureCode::ListSnapshots);
     }
 
-    auto other_suffix = device_->GetOtherSlotSuffix();
+    auto current_slot_suffix = device_->GetSlotSuffix();
 
     bool cancelled = false;
     bool merging = false;
@@ -1131,9 +1172,9 @@
     bool wrong_phase = false;
     MergeFailureCode failure_code = MergeFailureCode::Ok;
     for (const auto& snapshot : snapshots) {
-        if (android::base::EndsWith(snapshot, other_suffix)) {
+        if (!android::base::EndsWith(snapshot, current_slot_suffix)) {
             // This will have triggered an error message in InitiateMerge already.
-            LOG(INFO) << "Skipping merge validation of unexpected snapshot: " << snapshot;
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Skipping merge validation of unexpected snapshot: " << snapshot;
             continue;
         }
 
@@ -1471,6 +1512,10 @@
     return result;
 }
 
+std::string SnapshotManager::GetBootSnapshotsWithoutSlotSwitchPath() {
+    return metadata_dir_ + "/" + android::base::Basename(kBootSnapshotsWithoutSlotSwitch);
+}
+
 std::string SnapshotManager::GetSnapshotBootIndicatorPath() {
     return metadata_dir_ + "/" + android::base::Basename(kBootIndicatorPath);
 }
@@ -2112,6 +2157,10 @@
     return state;
 }
 
+bool SnapshotManager::IsSnapshotWithoutSlotSwitch() {
+    return (access(GetBootSnapshotsWithoutSlotSwitchPath().c_str(), F_OK) == 0);
+}
+
 bool SnapshotManager::UpdateUsesCompression() {
     auto lock = LockShared();
     if (!lock) return false;
@@ -2204,6 +2253,13 @@
 }
 
 bool SnapshotManager::NeedSnapshotsInFirstStageMount() {
+    if (IsSnapshotWithoutSlotSwitch()) {
+        if (GetCurrentSlot() != Slot::Source) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Snapshots marked to boot without slot switch; but slot is wrong";
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
     // If we fail to read, we'll wind up using CreateLogicalPartitions, which
     // will create devices that look like the old slot, except with extra
     // content at the end of each device. This will confuse dm-verity, and
@@ -2339,7 +2395,8 @@
     // completed, live_snapshot_status is set to nullopt.
     std::optional<SnapshotStatus> live_snapshot_status;
     do {
-        if (!(params.partition->attributes & LP_PARTITION_ATTR_UPDATED)) {
+        if (!IsSnapshotWithoutSlotSwitch() &&
+            !(params.partition->attributes & LP_PARTITION_ATTR_UPDATED)) {
             LOG(INFO) << "Detected re-flashing of partition, will skip snapshot: "
                       << params.GetPartitionName();
             break;
@@ -2695,7 +2752,7 @@
     // to unmap; hence, we can't be deleting the device
     // as the table would be mounted off partitions and will fail.
     if (snapshot_status.state() != SnapshotState::MERGE_COMPLETED) {
-        if (!DeleteDeviceIfExists(dm_user_name)) {
+        if (!DeleteDeviceIfExists(dm_user_name, 4000ms)) {
             LOG(ERROR) << "Cannot unmap " << dm_user_name;
             return false;
         }
@@ -3090,7 +3147,7 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-bool SnapshotManager::EnsureSnapuserdConnected() {
+bool SnapshotManager::EnsureSnapuserdConnected(std::chrono::milliseconds timeout_ms) {
     if (snapuserd_client_) {
         return true;
     }
@@ -3099,7 +3156,7 @@
         return false;
     }
 
-    snapuserd_client_ = SnapuserdClient::Connect(kSnapuserdSocket, 10s);
+    snapuserd_client_ = SnapuserdClient::Connect(kSnapuserdSocket, timeout_ms);
     if (!snapuserd_client_) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to connect to snapuserd";
         return false;
@@ -4364,13 +4421,70 @@
 bool SnapshotManager::IsUserspaceSnapshotUpdateInProgress() {
     auto slot = GetCurrentSlot();
     if (slot == Slot::Target) {
+        // Merge in-progress
         if (IsSnapuserdRequired()) {
             return true;
         }
     }
 
+    // Let's check more deeper to see if snapshots are mounted
+    auto lock = LockExclusive();
+    if (!lock) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    std::vector<std::string> snapshots;
+    if (!ListSnapshots(lock.get(), &snapshots)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    for (const auto& snapshot : snapshots) {
+        // Active snapshot and daemon is alive
+        if (IsSnapshotDevice(snapshot) && EnsureSnapuserdConnected(2s)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+
     return false;
 }
 
+bool SnapshotManager::BootFromSnapshotsWithoutSlotSwitch() {
+    auto lock = LockExclusive();
+    if (!lock) return false;
+
+    auto contents = device_->GetSlotSuffix();
+    // This is the indicator which tells first-stage init
+    // to boot from snapshots even though there was no slot-switch
+    auto boot_file = GetBootSnapshotsWithoutSlotSwitchPath();
+    if (!WriteStringToFileAtomic(contents, boot_file)) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "write failed: " << boot_file;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    SnapshotUpdateStatus update_status = ReadSnapshotUpdateStatus(lock.get());
+    update_status.set_state(UpdateState::Initiated);
+    update_status.set_userspace_snapshots(true);
+    update_status.set_using_snapuserd(true);
+    if (!WriteSnapshotUpdateStatus(lock.get(), update_status)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool SnapshotManager::PrepareDeviceToBootWithoutSnapshot() {
+    auto lock = LockExclusive();
+    if (!lock) return false;
+
+    android::base::RemoveFileIfExists(GetSnapshotBootIndicatorPath());
+    android::base::RemoveFileIfExists(GetBootSnapshotsWithoutSlotSwitchPath());
+
+    SnapshotUpdateStatus update_status = ReadSnapshotUpdateStatus(lock.get());
+    update_status.set_state(UpdateState::Cancelled);
+    if (!WriteSnapshotUpdateStatus(lock.get(), update_status)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
 }  // namespace snapshot
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_test.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_test.cpp
index 0a85489..e506110 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_test.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_test.cpp
@@ -685,6 +685,17 @@
     }
     ASSERT_TRUE(sm->InitiateMerge());
 
+    // Create stale files in snapshot directory. Merge should skip these files
+    // as the suffix doesn't match the current slot.
+    auto tmp_path = test_device->GetMetadataDir() + "/snapshots/test_partition_b.tmp";
+    auto other_slot = test_device->GetMetadataDir() + "/snapshots/test_partition_a";
+
+    unique_fd fd(open(tmp_path.c_str(), O_RDWR | O_CLOEXEC | O_CREAT, 0644));
+    ASSERT_GE(fd, 0);
+
+    fd.reset(open(other_slot.c_str(), O_RDWR | O_CLOEXEC | O_CREAT, 0644));
+    ASSERT_GE(fd, 0);
+
     // The device should have been switched to a snapshot-merge target.
     DeviceMapper::TargetInfo target;
     ASSERT_TRUE(sm->IsSnapshotDevice("test_partition_b", &target));
@@ -700,13 +711,23 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(sm->ProcessUpdateState(), UpdateState::MergeCompleted);
     ASSERT_EQ(sm->GetUpdateState(), UpdateState::None);
 
+    // Make sure that snapshot states are cleared and all stale files
+    // are deleted
+    {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(AcquireLock());
+        auto local_lock = std::move(lock_);
+        std::vector<std::string> snapshots;
+        ASSERT_TRUE(sm->ListSnapshots(local_lock.get(), &snapshots));
+        ASSERT_TRUE(snapshots.empty());
+    }
+
     // The device should no longer be a snapshot or snapshot-merge.
     ASSERT_FALSE(sm->IsSnapshotDevice("test_partition_b"));
 
     // Test that we can read back the string we wrote to the snapshot. Note
     // that the base device is gone now. |snap_device| contains the correct
     // partition.
-    unique_fd fd(open("/dev/block/mapper/test_partition_b", O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC));
+    fd.reset(open("/dev/block/mapper/test_partition_b", O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC));
     ASSERT_GE(fd, 0);
 
     std::string buffer(test_string.size(), '\0');
@@ -2538,6 +2559,56 @@
     }
 }
 
+TEST_F(SnapshotUpdateTest, MapAllSnapshotsWithoutSlotSwitch) {
+    MountMetadata();
+    AddOperationForPartitions();
+    // Execute the update.
+    ASSERT_TRUE(sm->BeginUpdate());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(sm->CreateUpdateSnapshots(manifest_));
+
+    if (!sm->UpdateUsesUserSnapshots()) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "Test does not apply as UserSnapshots aren't enabled.";
+    }
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(WriteSnapshots());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(sm->FinishedSnapshotWrites(false));
+
+    if (ShouldSkipLegacyMerging()) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "Skipping legacy merge test";
+    }
+    // Mark the indicator
+    ASSERT_TRUE(sm->BootFromSnapshotsWithoutSlotSwitch());
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(sm->EnsureSnapuserdConnected());
+    sm->set_use_first_stage_snapuserd(true);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(sm->NeedSnapshotsInFirstStageMount());
+
+    // Map snapshots
+    ASSERT_TRUE(sm->MapAllSnapshots(10s));
+
+    // New updates should fail
+    ASSERT_FALSE(sm->BeginUpdate());
+
+    // Snapshots cannot be cancelled
+    ASSERT_FALSE(sm->CancelUpdate());
+
+    // Merge cannot start
+    ASSERT_FALSE(sm->InitiateMerge());
+
+    // Read bytes back and verify they match the cache.
+    ASSERT_TRUE(IsPartitionUnchanged("sys_b"));
+
+    // Remove the indicators
+    ASSERT_TRUE(sm->PrepareDeviceToBootWithoutSnapshot());
+
+    // Ensure snapshots are still mounted
+    ASSERT_TRUE(sm->IsUserspaceSnapshotUpdateInProgress());
+
+    // Cleanup snapshots
+    ASSERT_TRUE(sm->UnmapAllSnapshots());
+}
+
 TEST_F(SnapshotUpdateTest, MapAllSnapshots) {
     AddOperationForPartitions();
     // Execute the update.
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshotctl.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshotctl.cpp
index 38eb719..ebaca2d 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshotctl.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshotctl.cpp
@@ -17,14 +17,25 @@
 #include <sysexits.h>
 
 #include <chrono>
+#include <filesystem>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <future>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <map>
 #include <sstream>
+#include <thread>
 
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 
+#include <android-base/chrono_utils.h>
+#include <android-base/parseint.h>
+#include <android-base/properties.h>
+#include <android-base/scopeguard.h>
+#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
+#include <android-base/strings.h>
+
 #include <fs_mgr.h>
 #include <fs_mgr_dm_linear.h>
 #include <fstab/fstab.h>
@@ -33,6 +44,8 @@
 #include <libsnapshot/snapshot.h>
 #include <storage_literals/storage_literals.h>
 
+#include "partition_cow_creator.h"
+
 #ifdef SNAPSHOTCTL_USERDEBUG_OR_ENG
 #include <BootControlClient.h>
 #endif
@@ -56,13 +69,211 @@
                  "  merge\n"
                  "    Deprecated.\n"
                  "  map\n"
-                 "    Map all partitions at /dev/block/mapper\n";
+                 "    Map all partitions at /dev/block/mapper\n"
+                 "  map-snapshots <directory where snapshot patches are present>\n"
+                 "    Map all snapshots based on patches present in the directory\n"
+                 "  unmap-snapshots\n"
+                 "    Unmap all pre-created snapshots\n"
+                 "  delete-snapshots\n"
+                 "    Delete all pre-created snapshots\n"
+                 "  revert-snapshots\n"
+                 "    Prepares devices to boot without snapshots on next boot.\n"
+                 "    This does not delete the snapshot. It only removes the indicators\n"
+                 "    so that first stage init will not mount from snapshots.\n";
     return EX_USAGE;
 }
 
 namespace android {
 namespace snapshot {
 
+class MapSnapshots {
+  public:
+    MapSnapshots(std::string path = "");
+    bool CreateSnapshotDevice(std::string& partition_name, std::string& patch);
+    bool InitiateThreadedSnapshotWrite(std::string& pname, std::string& snapshot_patch);
+    bool FinishSnapshotWrites();
+    bool UnmapCowImagePath(std::string& name);
+    bool DeleteSnapshots();
+    bool CleanupSnapshot() { return sm_->PrepareDeviceToBootWithoutSnapshot(); }
+    bool BeginUpdate();
+
+  private:
+    std::optional<std::string> GetCowImagePath(std::string& name);
+    bool WriteSnapshotPatch(std::string cow_device, std::string patch);
+    std::unique_ptr<SnapshotManager::LockedFile> lock_;
+    std::unique_ptr<SnapshotManager> sm_;
+    std::vector<std::future<bool>> threads_;
+    std::string snapshot_dir_path_;
+};
+
+MapSnapshots::MapSnapshots(std::string path) {
+    sm_ = SnapshotManager::New();
+    if (!sm_) {
+        std::cout << "Failed to create snapshotmanager";
+        exit(1);
+    }
+    snapshot_dir_path_ = path + "/";
+}
+
+bool MapSnapshots::BeginUpdate() {
+    lock_ = sm_->LockExclusive();
+    std::vector<std::string> snapshots;
+    sm_->ListSnapshots(lock_.get(), &snapshots);
+    if (!snapshots.empty()) {
+        // Snapshots are already present.
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    lock_ = nullptr;
+    if (!sm_->BeginUpdate()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "BeginUpdate failed";
+        return false;
+    }
+    lock_ = sm_->LockExclusive();
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool MapSnapshots::CreateSnapshotDevice(std::string& partition_name, std::string& patchfile) {
+    std::string parsing_file = snapshot_dir_path_ + patchfile;
+
+    android::base::unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(parsing_file.c_str(), O_RDONLY)));
+    if (fd < 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open file: " << parsing_file;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    uint64_t dev_sz = lseek(fd.get(), 0, SEEK_END);
+    if (!dev_sz) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Could not determine block device size: " << parsing_file;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    const int block_sz = 4_KiB;
+    dev_sz += block_sz - 1;
+    dev_sz &= ~(block_sz - 1);
+
+    SnapshotStatus status;
+    status.set_state(SnapshotState::CREATED);
+    status.set_using_snapuserd(true);
+    status.set_old_partition_size(0);
+    status.set_name(partition_name);
+    status.set_cow_file_size(dev_sz);
+    status.set_cow_partition_size(0);
+
+    PartitionCowCreator cow_creator;
+    cow_creator.using_snapuserd = true;
+
+    if (!sm_->CreateSnapshot(lock_.get(), &cow_creator, &status)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "CreateSnapshot failed";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (!sm_->CreateCowImage(lock_.get(), partition_name)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "CreateCowImage failed";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+std::optional<std::string> MapSnapshots::GetCowImagePath(std::string& name) {
+    auto cow_dev = sm_->MapCowImage(name, 5s);
+    if (!cow_dev.has_value()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to get COW device path";
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+
+    LOG(INFO) << "COW Device path: " << cow_dev.value();
+    return cow_dev;
+}
+
+bool MapSnapshots::WriteSnapshotPatch(std::string cow_device, std::string patch) {
+    std::string patch_file = snapshot_dir_path_ + patch;
+
+    android::base::unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(patch_file.c_str(), O_RDONLY)));
+    if (fd < 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open file: " << patch_file;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    uint64_t dev_sz = lseek(fd.get(), 0, SEEK_END);
+    if (!dev_sz) {
+        std::cout << "Could not determine block device size: " << patch_file;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    android::base::unique_fd cfd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(cow_device.c_str(), O_RDWR)));
+    if (cfd < 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open file: " << cow_device;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    const uint64_t read_sz = 1_MiB;
+    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> buffer = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(read_sz);
+    off_t file_offset = 0;
+
+    while (true) {
+        size_t to_read = std::min((dev_sz - file_offset), read_sz);
+        if (!android::base::ReadFullyAtOffset(fd.get(), buffer.get(), to_read, file_offset)) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "ReadFullyAtOffset failed";
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (!android::base::WriteFullyAtOffset(cfd, buffer.get(), to_read, file_offset)) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "WriteFullyAtOffset failed";
+            return false;
+        }
+        file_offset += to_read;
+        if (file_offset >= dev_sz) {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    fsync(cfd.get());
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool MapSnapshots::InitiateThreadedSnapshotWrite(std::string& pname, std::string& snapshot_patch) {
+    auto path = GetCowImagePath(pname);
+    if (!path.has_value()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    threads_.emplace_back(std::async(std::launch::async, &MapSnapshots::WriteSnapshotPatch, this,
+                                     path.value(), snapshot_patch));
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool MapSnapshots::FinishSnapshotWrites() {
+    bool ret = true;
+    for (auto& t : threads_) {
+        ret = t.get() && ret;
+    }
+
+    lock_ = nullptr;
+    if (ret) {
+        LOG(INFO) << "Pre-created snapshots successfully copied";
+        if (!sm_->FinishedSnapshotWrites(false)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        return sm_->BootFromSnapshotsWithoutSlotSwitch();
+    }
+
+    LOG(ERROR) << "Snapshot copy failed";
+    return false;
+}
+
+bool MapSnapshots::UnmapCowImagePath(std::string& name) {
+    return sm_->UnmapCowImage(name);
+}
+
+bool MapSnapshots::DeleteSnapshots() {
+    lock_ = sm_->LockExclusive();
+    if (!sm_->RemoveAllUpdateState(lock_.get())) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Remove All Update State failed";
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
 bool DumpCmdHandler(int /*argc*/, char** argv) {
     android::base::InitLogging(argv, &android::base::StderrLogger);
     return SnapshotManager::New()->Dump(std::cout);
@@ -85,6 +296,134 @@
     return false;
 }
 
+bool GetVerityPartitions(std::vector<std::string>& partitions) {
+    auto& dm = android::dm::DeviceMapper::Instance();
+    auto dm_block_devices = dm.FindDmPartitions();
+    if (dm_block_devices.empty()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "No dm-enabled block device is found.";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    for (auto& block_device : dm_block_devices) {
+        std::string dm_block_name = block_device.first;
+        std::string slot_suffix = fs_mgr_get_slot_suffix();
+        std::string partition = dm_block_name + slot_suffix;
+        partitions.push_back(partition);
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool UnMapPrecreatedSnapshots(int, char** argv) {
+    android::base::InitLogging(argv, &android::base::KernelLogger);
+    // Make sure we are root.
+    if (::getuid() != 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Not running as root. Try \"adb root\" first.";
+        return EXIT_FAILURE;
+    }
+
+    std::vector<std::string> partitions;
+    if (!GetVerityPartitions(partitions)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    MapSnapshots snapshot;
+    for (auto partition : partitions) {
+        if (!snapshot.UnmapCowImagePath(partition)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "UnmapCowImagePath failed: " << partition;
+        }
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool RemovePrecreatedSnapshots(int, char** argv) {
+    android::base::InitLogging(argv, &android::base::KernelLogger);
+    // Make sure we are root.
+    if (::getuid() != 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Not running as root. Try \"adb root\" first.";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    MapSnapshots snapshot;
+    if (!snapshot.CleanupSnapshot()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "CleanupSnapshot failed";
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool DeletePrecreatedSnapshots(int, char** argv) {
+    android::base::InitLogging(argv, &android::base::KernelLogger);
+    // Make sure we are root.
+    if (::getuid() != 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Not running as root. Try \"adb root\" first.";
+        return EXIT_FAILURE;
+    }
+
+    MapSnapshots snapshot;
+    return snapshot.DeleteSnapshots();
+}
+
+bool MapPrecreatedSnapshots(int argc, char** argv) {
+    android::base::InitLogging(argv, &android::base::KernelLogger);
+
+    // Make sure we are root.
+    if (::getuid() != 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Not running as root. Try \"adb root\" first.";
+        return EXIT_FAILURE;
+    }
+
+    if (argc < 3) {
+        std::cerr << " map-snapshots <directory location where snapshot patches are present>"
+                     "    Map all snapshots based on patches present in the directory\n";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    std::string path = std::string(argv[2]);
+    std::vector<std::string> patchfiles;
+
+    for (const auto& entry : std::filesystem::directory_iterator(path)) {
+        if (android::base::EndsWith(entry.path().generic_string(), ".patch")) {
+            patchfiles.push_back(android::base::Basename(entry.path().generic_string()));
+        }
+    }
+    auto& dm = android::dm::DeviceMapper::Instance();
+    auto dm_block_devices = dm.FindDmPartitions();
+    if (dm_block_devices.empty()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "No dm-enabled block device is found.";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> partitions;
+    for (auto& patchfile : patchfiles) {
+        auto npos = patchfile.rfind(".patch");
+        auto dm_block_name = patchfile.substr(0, npos);
+        if (dm_block_devices.find(dm_block_name) != dm_block_devices.end()) {
+            std::string slot_suffix = fs_mgr_get_slot_suffix();
+            std::string partition = dm_block_name + slot_suffix;
+            partitions.push_back(std::make_pair(partition, patchfile));
+        }
+    }
+
+    MapSnapshots cow(path);
+    if (!cow.BeginUpdate()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "BeginUpdate failed";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    for (auto& pair : partitions) {
+        if (!cow.CreateSnapshotDevice(pair.first, pair.second)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "CreateSnapshotDevice failed for: " << pair.first;
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (!cow.InitiateThreadedSnapshotWrite(pair.first, pair.second)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "InitiateThreadedSnapshotWrite failed for: " << pair.first;
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return cow.FinishSnapshotWrites();
+}
+
 #ifdef SNAPSHOTCTL_USERDEBUG_OR_ENG
 bool CreateTestUpdate(SnapshotManager* sm) {
     chromeos_update_engine::DeltaArchiveManifest manifest;
@@ -137,8 +476,8 @@
             .block_device = fs_mgr_get_super_partition_name(target_slot_number),
             .metadata_slot = {target_slot_number},
             .partition_name = system_target_name,
-            .partition_opener = &opener,
             .timeout_ms = 10s,
+            .partition_opener = &opener,
     };
     auto writer = sm->OpenSnapshotWriter(clpp, std::nullopt);
     if (!writer) {
@@ -211,6 +550,10 @@
         {"test-blank-ota", TestOtaHandler},
 #endif
         {"unmap", UnmapCmdHandler},
+        {"map-snapshots", MapPrecreatedSnapshots},
+        {"unmap-snapshots", UnMapPrecreatedSnapshots},
+        {"delete-snapshots", DeletePrecreatedSnapshots},
+        {"revert-snapshots", RemovePrecreatedSnapshots},
         // clang-format on
 };
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/Android.bp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/Android.bp
index 6548cc8..47a8685 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/Android.bp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/Android.bp
@@ -74,6 +74,11 @@
         "user-space-merge/worker.cpp",
         "utility.cpp",
     ],
+    cflags: [
+        "-D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64",
+        "-Wall",
+        "-Werror",
+    ],
     static_libs: [
         "libbase",
         "libdm",
@@ -104,6 +109,12 @@
         "user-space-merge/snapuserd_server.cpp",
     ],
 
+    cflags: [
+        "-D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64",
+        "-Wall",
+        "-Werror",
+    ],
+
     static_libs: [
         "libbase",
         "libbrotli",
@@ -214,8 +225,8 @@
     require_root: false,
 }
 
-cc_test {
-    name: "snapuserd_test",
+cc_defaults {
+    name: "snapuserd_test_defaults",
     defaults: [
         "fs_mgr_defaults",
         "libsnapshot_cow_defaults",
@@ -226,6 +237,11 @@
         "testing/host_harness.cpp",
         "user-space-merge/snapuserd_test.cpp",
     ],
+    cflags: [
+        "-D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64",
+        "-Wall",
+        "-Werror",
+    ],
     shared_libs: [
         "libbase",
         "liblog",
@@ -256,5 +272,24 @@
         min_shipping_api_level: 30,
     },
     auto_gen_config: true,
-    require_root: false,
+    require_root: true,
+    compile_multilib: "first",
+}
+
+cc_test {
+    name: "snapuserd_test",
+    defaults: ["snapuserd_test_defaults"],
+    host_supported: true,
+    test_suites: [
+        "device-tests",
+    ],
+}
+
+// vts tests cannot be host_supported.
+cc_test {
+    name: "vts_snapuserd_test",
+    defaults: ["snapuserd_test_defaults"],
+    test_suites: [
+        "vts",
+    ],
 }
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_core.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_core.h
index 622fc50..e401c11 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_core.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_core.h
@@ -249,6 +249,7 @@
 };
 
 std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, MERGE_IO_TRANSITION value);
+static_assert(sizeof(off_t) == sizeof(uint64_t));
 
 }  // namespace snapshot
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_transitions.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_transitions.cpp
index 52e4f89..f3e0019 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_transitions.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_transitions.cpp
@@ -189,35 +189,32 @@
     cv.notify_all();
 }
 
+static inline bool IsMergeBeginError(MERGE_IO_TRANSITION io_state) {
+    return io_state == MERGE_IO_TRANSITION::READ_AHEAD_FAILURE ||
+           io_state == MERGE_IO_TRANSITION::IO_TERMINATED;
+}
+
 // Invoked by Merge thread - Waits on RA thread to resume merging. Will
 // be waken up RA thread.
 bool SnapshotHandler::WaitForMergeBegin() {
-    {
-        std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(lock_);
-        while (!MergeInitiated()) {
-            cv.wait(lock);
+    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(lock_);
 
-            if (io_state_ == MERGE_IO_TRANSITION::READ_AHEAD_FAILURE ||
-                io_state_ == MERGE_IO_TRANSITION::IO_TERMINATED) {
-                SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "WaitForMergeBegin failed with state: " << io_state_;
-                return false;
-            }
-        }
+    cv.wait(lock, [this]() -> bool { return MergeInitiated() || IsMergeBeginError(io_state_); });
 
-        while (!(io_state_ == MERGE_IO_TRANSITION::MERGE_BEGIN ||
-                 io_state_ == MERGE_IO_TRANSITION::READ_AHEAD_FAILURE ||
-                 io_state_ == MERGE_IO_TRANSITION::IO_TERMINATED)) {
-            cv.wait(lock);
-        }
-
-        if (io_state_ == MERGE_IO_TRANSITION::READ_AHEAD_FAILURE ||
-            io_state_ == MERGE_IO_TRANSITION::IO_TERMINATED) {
-            SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "WaitForMergeBegin failed with state: " << io_state_;
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        return true;
+    if (IsMergeBeginError(io_state_)) {
+        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "WaitForMergeBegin failed with state: " << io_state_;
+        return false;
     }
+
+    cv.wait(lock, [this]() -> bool {
+        return io_state_ == MERGE_IO_TRANSITION::MERGE_BEGIN || IsMergeBeginError(io_state_);
+    });
+
+    if (IsMergeBeginError(io_state_)) {
+        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "WaitForMergeBegin failed with state: " << io_state_;
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
 }
 
 // Invoked by RA thread - Flushes the RA block to scratch space if necessary
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/tools/Android.bp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/tools/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cfa0cef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/tools/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+
+cc_binary {
+    name: "cow_benchmark",
+    host_supported: true,
+    defaults: [
+        "fs_mgr_defaults",
+        "libsnapshot_cow_defaults",
+    ],
+
+    srcs: ["cow_benchmark.cpp"],
+
+    static_libs: [
+        "libsnapshot_cow",
+    ],
+
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libbase",
+        "liblog",
+    ],
+
+    cflags: ["-Werror"],
+}
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/tools/cow_benchmark.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/tools/cow_benchmark.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..da2b879
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/tools/cow_benchmark.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+
+#include <memory>
+
+#include <array>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <random>
+
+#include <libsnapshot/cow_compress.h>
+#include <libsnapshot/cow_format.h>
+
+static const uint32_t BLOCK_SZ = 4096;
+static const uint32_t SEED_NUMBER = 10;
+
+namespace android {
+namespace snapshot {
+
+static std::string CompressionToString(CowCompression& compression) {
+    std::string output;
+    switch (compression.algorithm) {
+        case kCowCompressBrotli:
+            output.append("brotli");
+            break;
+        case kCowCompressGz:
+            output.append("gz");
+            break;
+        case kCowCompressLz4:
+            output.append("lz4");
+            break;
+        case kCowCompressZstd:
+            output.append("zstd");
+            break;
+        case kCowCompressNone:
+            return "No Compression";
+    }
+    output.append(" " + std::to_string(compression.compression_level));
+    return output;
+}
+
+void OneShotCompressionTest() {
+    std::cout << "\n-------One Shot Compressor Perf Analysis-------\n";
+
+    std::vector<CowCompression> compression_list = {
+            {kCowCompressLz4, 0},     {kCowCompressBrotli, 1}, {kCowCompressBrotli, 3},
+            {kCowCompressBrotli, 11}, {kCowCompressZstd, 3},   {kCowCompressZstd, 6},
+            {kCowCompressZstd, 9},    {kCowCompressZstd, 22},  {kCowCompressGz, 1},
+            {kCowCompressGz, 3},      {kCowCompressGz, 6},     {kCowCompressGz, 9}};
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<ICompressor>> compressors;
+    for (auto i : compression_list) {
+        compressors.emplace_back(ICompressor::Create(i, BLOCK_SZ));
+    }
+
+    // Allocate a buffer of size 8 blocks.
+    std::array<char, 32768> buffer;
+
+    // Generate a random 4k buffer of characters
+    std::default_random_engine gen(SEED_NUMBER);
+    std::uniform_int_distribution<int> distribution(0, 10);
+    for (int i = 0; i < buffer.size(); i++) {
+        buffer[i] = static_cast<char>(distribution(gen));
+    }
+
+    std::vector<std::pair<double, std::string>> latencies;
+    std::vector<std::pair<double, std::string>> ratios;
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < compressors.size(); i++) {
+        const auto start = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+        std::basic_string<uint8_t> compressed_data =
+                compressors[i]->Compress(buffer.data(), buffer.size());
+        const auto end = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+        const auto latency =
+                std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::nanoseconds>(end - start) / 1000.0;
+        const double compression_ratio =
+                static_cast<uint16_t>(compressed_data.size()) * 1.00 / buffer.size();
+
+        std::cout << "Metrics for " << CompressionToString(compression_list[i]) << ": latency -> "
+                  << latency.count() << "ms "
+                  << " compression ratio ->" << compression_ratio << " \n";
+
+        latencies.emplace_back(
+                std::make_pair(latency.count(), CompressionToString(compression_list[i])));
+        ratios.emplace_back(
+                std::make_pair(compression_ratio, CompressionToString(compression_list[i])));
+    }
+
+    int best_speed = 0;
+    int best_ratio = 0;
+
+    for (size_t i = 1; i < latencies.size(); i++) {
+        if (latencies[i].first < latencies[best_speed].first) {
+            best_speed = i;
+        }
+        if (ratios[i].first < ratios[best_ratio].first) {
+            best_ratio = i;
+        }
+    }
+
+    std::cout << "BEST SPEED: " << latencies[best_speed].first << "ms "
+              << latencies[best_speed].second << "\n";
+    std::cout << "BEST RATIO: " << ratios[best_ratio].first << " " << ratios[best_ratio].second
+              << "\n";
+}
+
+void IncrementalCompressionTest() {
+    std::cout << "\n-------Incremental Compressor Perf Analysis-------\n";
+
+    std::vector<CowCompression> compression_list = {
+            {kCowCompressLz4, 0},     {kCowCompressBrotli, 1}, {kCowCompressBrotli, 3},
+            {kCowCompressBrotli, 11}, {kCowCompressZstd, 3},   {kCowCompressZstd, 6},
+            {kCowCompressZstd, 9},    {kCowCompressZstd, 22},  {kCowCompressGz, 1},
+            {kCowCompressGz, 3},      {kCowCompressGz, 6},     {kCowCompressGz, 9}};
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<ICompressor>> compressors;
+    for (auto i : compression_list) {
+        compressors.emplace_back(ICompressor::Create(i, BLOCK_SZ));
+    }
+
+    // Allocate a buffer of size 8 blocks.
+    std::array<char, 32768> buffer;
+
+    // Generate a random 4k buffer of characters
+    std::default_random_engine gen(SEED_NUMBER);
+    std::uniform_int_distribution<int> distribution(0, 10);
+    for (int i = 0; i < buffer.size(); i++) {
+        buffer[i] = static_cast<char>(distribution(gen));
+    }
+
+    std::vector<std::pair<double, std::string>> latencies;
+    std::vector<std::pair<double, std::string>> ratios;
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < compressors.size(); i++) {
+        std::vector<std::basic_string<uint8_t>> compressed_data_vec;
+        int num_blocks = buffer.size() / BLOCK_SZ;
+        const uint8_t* iter = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(buffer.data());
+
+        const auto start = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+        while (num_blocks > 0) {
+            std::basic_string<uint8_t> compressed_data = compressors[i]->Compress(iter, BLOCK_SZ);
+            compressed_data_vec.emplace_back(compressed_data);
+            num_blocks--;
+            iter += BLOCK_SZ;
+        }
+
+        const auto end = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+        const auto latency =
+                std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::nanoseconds>(end - start) / 1000.0;
+
+        size_t size = 0;
+        for (auto& i : compressed_data_vec) {
+            size += i.size();
+        }
+        const double compression_ratio = size * 1.00 / buffer.size();
+
+        std::cout << "Metrics for " << CompressionToString(compression_list[i]) << ": latency -> "
+                  << latency.count() << "ms "
+                  << " compression ratio ->" << compression_ratio << " \n";
+
+        latencies.emplace_back(
+                std::make_pair(latency.count(), CompressionToString(compression_list[i])));
+        ratios.emplace_back(
+                std::make_pair(compression_ratio, CompressionToString(compression_list[i])));
+    }
+
+    int best_speed = 0;
+    int best_ratio = 0;
+
+    for (size_t i = 1; i < latencies.size(); i++) {
+        if (latencies[i].first < latencies[best_speed].first) {
+            best_speed = i;
+        }
+        if (ratios[i].first < ratios[best_ratio].first) {
+            best_ratio = i;
+        }
+    }
+
+    std::cout << "BEST SPEED: " << latencies[best_speed].first << "ms "
+              << latencies[best_speed].second << "\n";
+    std::cout << "BEST RATIO: " << ratios[best_ratio].first << " " << ratios[best_ratio].second
+              << "\n";
+}
+
+}  // namespace snapshot
+}  // namespace android
+
+int main() {
+    android::snapshot::OneShotCompressionTest();
+    android::snapshot::IncrementalCompressionTest();
+
+    return 0;
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/healthd/BatteryMonitor.cpp b/healthd/BatteryMonitor.cpp
index bd7955a..e4cf582 100644
--- a/healthd/BatteryMonitor.cpp
+++ b/healthd/BatteryMonitor.cpp
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@
 void BatteryMonitor::updateValues(void) {
     initHealthInfo(mHealthInfo.get());
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryPresentPath.isEmpty())
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryPresentPath.empty())
         mHealthInfo->batteryPresent = getBooleanField(mHealthdConfig->batteryPresentPath);
     else
         mHealthInfo->batteryPresent = mBatteryDevicePresent;
@@ -371,43 +371,43 @@
                                         : getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityPath);
     mHealthInfo->batteryVoltageMillivolts = getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryVoltagePath) / 1000;
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath.isEmpty())
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath.empty())
         mHealthInfo->batteryCurrentMicroamps = getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath);
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargePath.isEmpty())
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargePath.empty())
         mHealthInfo->batteryFullChargeUah = getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargePath);
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCycleCountPath.isEmpty())
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCycleCountPath.empty())
         mHealthInfo->batteryCycleCount = getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryCycleCountPath);
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeCounterPath.isEmpty())
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeCounterPath.empty())
         mHealthInfo->batteryChargeCounterUah =
                 getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeCounterPath);
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentAvgPath.isEmpty())
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentAvgPath.empty())
         mHealthInfo->batteryCurrentAverageMicroamps =
                 getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentAvgPath);
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeTimeToFullNowPath.isEmpty())
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeTimeToFullNowPath.empty())
         mHealthInfo->batteryChargeTimeToFullNowSeconds =
                 getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeTimeToFullNowPath);
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargeDesignCapacityUahPath.isEmpty())
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargeDesignCapacityUahPath.empty())
         mHealthInfo->batteryFullChargeDesignCapacityUah =
                 getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargeDesignCapacityUahPath);
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryHealthStatusPath.isEmpty())
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryHealthStatusPath.empty())
         mBatteryHealthStatus = getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryHealthStatusPath);
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryStateOfHealthPath.isEmpty())
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryStateOfHealthPath.empty())
         mHealthInfo->batteryHealthData->batteryStateOfHealth =
                 getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryStateOfHealthPath);
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryManufacturingDatePath.isEmpty())
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryManufacturingDatePath.empty())
         mHealthInfo->batteryHealthData->batteryManufacturingDateSeconds =
                 getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryManufacturingDatePath);
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryFirstUsageDatePath.isEmpty())
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryFirstUsageDatePath.empty())
         mHealthInfo->batteryHealthData->batteryFirstUsageSeconds =
                 getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryFirstUsageDatePath);
 
@@ -444,12 +444,10 @@
 
     for (size_t i = 0; i < mChargerNames.size(); i++) {
         String8 path;
-        path.appendFormat("%s/%s/online", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH,
-                          mChargerNames[i].string());
+        path.appendFormat("%s/%s/online", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, mChargerNames[i].c_str());
         if (getIntField(path)) {
             path.clear();
-            path.appendFormat("%s/%s/type", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH,
-                              mChargerNames[i].string());
+            path.appendFormat("%s/%s/type", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, mChargerNames[i].c_str());
             switch(readPowerSupplyType(path)) {
             case ANDROID_POWER_SUPPLY_TYPE_AC:
                 mHealthInfo->chargerAcOnline = true;
@@ -466,26 +464,24 @@
             default:
                 path.clear();
                 path.appendFormat("%s/%s/is_dock", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH,
-                                  mChargerNames[i].string());
-                if (access(path.string(), R_OK) == 0)
+                                  mChargerNames[i].c_str());
+                if (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0)
                     mHealthInfo->chargerDockOnline = true;
                 else
                     KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "%s: Unknown power supply type\n",
-                                 mChargerNames[i].string());
+                                 mChargerNames[i].c_str());
             }
             path.clear();
             path.appendFormat("%s/%s/current_max", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH,
-                              mChargerNames[i].string());
-            int ChargingCurrent =
-                    (access(path.string(), R_OK) == 0) ? getIntField(path) : 0;
+                              mChargerNames[i].c_str());
+            int ChargingCurrent = (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0) ? getIntField(path) : 0;
 
             path.clear();
             path.appendFormat("%s/%s/voltage_max", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH,
-                              mChargerNames[i].string());
+                              mChargerNames[i].c_str());
 
             int ChargingVoltage =
-                (access(path.string(), R_OK) == 0) ? getIntField(path) :
-                DEFAULT_VBUS_VOLTAGE;
+                    (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0) ? getIntField(path) : DEFAULT_VBUS_VOLTAGE;
 
             double power = ((double)ChargingCurrent / MILLION) *
                            ((double)ChargingVoltage / MILLION);
@@ -510,17 +506,17 @@
                  props.batteryStatus);
 
         len = strlen(dmesgline);
-        if (!healthd_config.batteryCurrentNowPath.isEmpty()) {
+        if (!healthd_config.batteryCurrentNowPath.empty()) {
             len += snprintf(dmesgline + len, sizeof(dmesgline) - len, " c=%d",
                             props.batteryCurrentMicroamps);
         }
 
-        if (!healthd_config.batteryFullChargePath.isEmpty()) {
+        if (!healthd_config.batteryFullChargePath.empty()) {
             len += snprintf(dmesgline + len, sizeof(dmesgline) - len, " fc=%d",
                             props.batteryFullChargeUah);
         }
 
-        if (!healthd_config.batteryCycleCountPath.isEmpty()) {
+        if (!healthd_config.batteryCycleCountPath.empty()) {
             len += snprintf(dmesgline + len, sizeof(dmesgline) - len, " cc=%d",
                             props.batteryCycleCount);
         }
@@ -554,7 +550,7 @@
 
 int BatteryMonitor::getChargeStatus() {
     BatteryStatus result = BatteryStatus::UNKNOWN;
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryStatusPath.isEmpty()) {
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryStatusPath.empty()) {
         std::string buf;
         if (readFromFile(mHealthdConfig->batteryStatusPath, &buf) > 0)
             result = getBatteryStatus(buf.c_str());
@@ -565,7 +561,7 @@
 status_t BatteryMonitor::setChargingPolicy(int value) {
     status_t ret = NAME_NOT_FOUND;
     bool result;
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->chargingPolicyPath.isEmpty()) {
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->chargingPolicyPath.empty()) {
         result = writeToFile(mHealthdConfig->chargingPolicyPath, value);
         if (!result) {
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "setChargingPolicy fail\n");
@@ -579,7 +575,7 @@
 
 int BatteryMonitor::getChargingPolicy() {
     BatteryChargingPolicy result = BatteryChargingPolicy::DEFAULT;
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->chargingPolicyPath.isEmpty()) {
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->chargingPolicyPath.empty()) {
         std::string buf;
         if (readFromFile(mHealthdConfig->chargingPolicyPath, &buf) > 0)
             result = getBatteryChargingPolicy(buf.c_str());
@@ -589,15 +585,15 @@
 
 int BatteryMonitor::getBatteryHealthData(int id) {
     if (id == BATTERY_PROP_MANUFACTURING_DATE) {
-        if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryManufacturingDatePath.isEmpty())
+        if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryManufacturingDatePath.empty())
             return getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryManufacturingDatePath);
     }
     if (id == BATTERY_PROP_FIRST_USAGE_DATE) {
-        if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryFirstUsageDatePath.isEmpty())
+        if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryFirstUsageDatePath.empty())
             return getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryFirstUsageDatePath);
     }
     if (id == BATTERY_PROP_STATE_OF_HEALTH) {
-        if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryStateOfHealthPath.isEmpty())
+        if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryStateOfHealthPath.empty())
             return getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryStateOfHealthPath);
     }
     return 0;
@@ -611,7 +607,7 @@
 
     switch(id) {
     case BATTERY_PROP_CHARGE_COUNTER:
-        if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeCounterPath.isEmpty()) {
+        if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeCounterPath.empty()) {
             val->valueInt64 =
                 getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeCounterPath);
             ret = OK;
@@ -621,7 +617,7 @@
         break;
 
     case BATTERY_PROP_CURRENT_NOW:
-        if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath.isEmpty()) {
+        if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath.empty()) {
             val->valueInt64 =
                 getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath);
             ret = OK;
@@ -631,7 +627,7 @@
         break;
 
     case BATTERY_PROP_CURRENT_AVG:
-        if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentAvgPath.isEmpty()) {
+        if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentAvgPath.empty()) {
             val->valueInt64 =
                 getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentAvgPath);
             ret = OK;
@@ -641,7 +637,7 @@
         break;
 
     case BATTERY_PROP_CAPACITY:
-        if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityPath.isEmpty()) {
+        if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityPath.empty()) {
             val->valueInt64 =
                 getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityPath);
             ret = OK;
@@ -708,35 +704,35 @@
              props.batteryVoltageMillivolts, props.batteryTemperatureTenthsCelsius);
     write(fd, vs, strlen(vs));
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath.isEmpty()) {
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath.empty()) {
         v = getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath);
         snprintf(vs, sizeof(vs), "current now: %d\n", v);
         write(fd, vs, strlen(vs));
     }
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentAvgPath.isEmpty()) {
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentAvgPath.empty()) {
         v = getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentAvgPath);
         snprintf(vs, sizeof(vs), "current avg: %d\n", v);
         write(fd, vs, strlen(vs));
     }
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeCounterPath.isEmpty()) {
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeCounterPath.empty()) {
         v = getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeCounterPath);
         snprintf(vs, sizeof(vs), "charge counter: %d\n", v);
         write(fd, vs, strlen(vs));
     }
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath.isEmpty()) {
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath.empty()) {
         snprintf(vs, sizeof(vs), "current now: %d\n", props.batteryCurrentMicroamps);
         write(fd, vs, strlen(vs));
     }
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCycleCountPath.isEmpty()) {
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCycleCountPath.empty()) {
         snprintf(vs, sizeof(vs), "cycle count: %d\n", props.batteryCycleCount);
         write(fd, vs, strlen(vs));
     }
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargePath.isEmpty()) {
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargePath.empty()) {
         snprintf(vs, sizeof(vs), "Full charge: %d\n", props.batteryFullChargeUah);
         write(fd, vs, strlen(vs));
     }
@@ -775,8 +771,7 @@
             case ANDROID_POWER_SUPPLY_TYPE_DOCK:
                 path.clear();
                 path.appendFormat("%s/%s/online", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
-                if (access(path.string(), R_OK) == 0)
-                    mChargerNames.add(String8(name));
+                if (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0) mChargerNames.add(String8(name));
                 break;
 
             case ANDROID_POWER_SUPPLY_TYPE_BATTERY:
@@ -787,7 +782,7 @@
                 if (isScopedPowerSupply(name)) continue;
                 mBatteryDevicePresent = true;
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryStatusPath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryStatusPath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/status", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH,
                                       name);
@@ -795,7 +790,7 @@
                         mHealthdConfig->batteryStatusPath = path;
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryHealthPath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryHealthPath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/health", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH,
                                       name);
@@ -803,7 +798,7 @@
                         mHealthdConfig->batteryHealthPath = path;
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryPresentPath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryPresentPath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/present", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH,
                                       name);
@@ -811,7 +806,7 @@
                         mHealthdConfig->batteryPresentPath = path;
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityPath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityPath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/capacity", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH,
                                       name);
@@ -819,7 +814,7 @@
                         mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityPath = path;
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryVoltagePath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryVoltagePath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/voltage_now",
                                       POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
@@ -828,7 +823,7 @@
                     }
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargePath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargePath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/charge_full",
                                       POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
@@ -836,7 +831,7 @@
                         mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargePath = path;
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/current_now",
                                       POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
@@ -844,7 +839,7 @@
                         mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath = path;
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCycleCountPath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCycleCountPath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/cycle_count",
                                       POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
@@ -852,27 +847,27 @@
                         mHealthdConfig->batteryCycleCountPath = path;
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityLevelPath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityLevelPath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/capacity_level", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
                     if (access(path, R_OK) == 0) mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityLevelPath = path;
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeTimeToFullNowPath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeTimeToFullNowPath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/time_to_full_now", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
                     if (access(path, R_OK) == 0)
                         mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeTimeToFullNowPath = path;
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargeDesignCapacityUahPath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargeDesignCapacityUahPath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/charge_full_design", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
                     if (access(path, R_OK) == 0)
                         mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargeDesignCapacityUahPath = path;
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentAvgPath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentAvgPath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/current_avg",
                                       POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
@@ -880,7 +875,7 @@
                         mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentAvgPath = path;
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeCounterPath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeCounterPath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/charge_counter",
                                       POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
@@ -888,7 +883,7 @@
                         mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeCounterPath = path;
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryTemperaturePath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryTemperaturePath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/temp", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH,
                                       name);
@@ -897,7 +892,7 @@
                     }
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryTechnologyPath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryTechnologyPath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/technology",
                                       POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
@@ -905,7 +900,7 @@
                         mHealthdConfig->batteryTechnologyPath = path;
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryStateOfHealthPath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryStateOfHealthPath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/state_of_health", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
                     if (access(path, R_OK) == 0) {
@@ -918,32 +913,32 @@
                     }
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryHealthStatusPath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryHealthStatusPath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/health_status", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
                     if (access(path, R_OK) == 0) mHealthdConfig->batteryHealthStatusPath = path;
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryManufacturingDatePath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryManufacturingDatePath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/manufacturing_date", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
                     if (access(path, R_OK) == 0)
                         mHealthdConfig->batteryManufacturingDatePath = path;
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryFirstUsageDatePath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryFirstUsageDatePath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/first_usage_date", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
                     if (access(path, R_OK) == 0) mHealthdConfig->batteryFirstUsageDatePath = path;
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->chargingStatePath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->chargingStatePath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/charging_state", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
                     if (access(path, R_OK) == 0) mHealthdConfig->chargingStatePath = path;
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->chargingPolicyPath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->chargingPolicyPath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/charging_policy", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
                     if (access(path, R_OK) == 0) mHealthdConfig->chargingPolicyPath = path;
@@ -958,12 +953,10 @@
             // Look for "is_dock" file
             path.clear();
             path.appendFormat("%s/%s/is_dock", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
-            if (access(path.string(), R_OK) == 0) {
+            if (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0) {
                 path.clear();
                 path.appendFormat("%s/%s/online", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
-                if (access(path.string(), R_OK) == 0)
-                    mChargerNames.add(String8(name));
-
+                if (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0) mChargerNames.add(String8(name));
             }
         }
     }
@@ -975,43 +968,43 @@
         hc->periodic_chores_interval_fast = -1;
         hc->periodic_chores_interval_slow = -1;
     } else {
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryStatusPath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryStatusPath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "BatteryStatusPath not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryHealthPath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryHealthPath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "BatteryHealthPath not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryPresentPath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryPresentPath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "BatteryPresentPath not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityPath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityPath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "BatteryCapacityPath not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryVoltagePath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryVoltagePath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "BatteryVoltagePath not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryTemperaturePath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryTemperaturePath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "BatteryTemperaturePath not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryTechnologyPath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryTechnologyPath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "BatteryTechnologyPath not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "BatteryCurrentNowPath not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargePath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargePath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "BatteryFullChargePath not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCycleCountPath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCycleCountPath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "BatteryCycleCountPath not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityLevelPath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityLevelPath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "batteryCapacityLevelPath not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeTimeToFullNowPath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeTimeToFullNowPath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "batteryChargeTimeToFullNowPath. not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargeDesignCapacityUahPath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargeDesignCapacityUahPath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "batteryFullChargeDesignCapacityUahPath. not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryStateOfHealthPath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryStateOfHealthPath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "batteryStateOfHealthPath not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryHealthStatusPath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryHealthStatusPath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "batteryHealthStatusPath not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryManufacturingDatePath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryManufacturingDatePath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "batteryManufacturingDatePath not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryFirstUsageDatePath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryFirstUsageDatePath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "batteryFirstUsageDatePath not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->chargingStatePath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->chargingStatePath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "chargingStatePath not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->chargingPolicyPath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->chargingPolicyPath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "chargingPolicyPath not found\n");
     }
 
diff --git a/healthd/BatteryMonitor_v1.cpp b/healthd/BatteryMonitor_v1.cpp
index b87c493..686c338 100644
--- a/healthd/BatteryMonitor_v1.cpp
+++ b/healthd/BatteryMonitor_v1.cpp
@@ -301,7 +301,7 @@
 void BatteryMonitor::updateValues(void) {
     initHealthInfo(mHealthInfo.get());
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryPresentPath.isEmpty())
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryPresentPath.empty())
         mHealthInfo->batteryPresent = getBooleanField(mHealthdConfig->batteryPresentPath);
     else
         mHealthInfo->batteryPresent = mBatteryDevicePresent;
@@ -311,28 +311,28 @@
                                         : getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityPath);
     mHealthInfo->batteryVoltageMillivolts = getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryVoltagePath) / 1000;
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath.isEmpty())
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath.empty())
         mHealthInfo->batteryCurrentMicroamps = getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath);
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargePath.isEmpty())
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargePath.empty())
         mHealthInfo->batteryFullChargeUah = getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargePath);
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCycleCountPath.isEmpty())
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCycleCountPath.empty())
         mHealthInfo->batteryCycleCount = getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryCycleCountPath);
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeCounterPath.isEmpty())
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeCounterPath.empty())
         mHealthInfo->batteryChargeCounterUah =
                 getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeCounterPath);
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentAvgPath.isEmpty())
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentAvgPath.empty())
         mHealthInfo->batteryCurrentAverageMicroamps =
                 getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentAvgPath);
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeTimeToFullNowPath.isEmpty())
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeTimeToFullNowPath.empty())
         mHealthInfo->batteryChargeTimeToFullNowSeconds =
                 getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeTimeToFullNowPath);
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargeDesignCapacityUahPath.isEmpty())
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargeDesignCapacityUahPath.empty())
         mHealthInfo->batteryFullChargeDesignCapacityUah =
                 getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargeDesignCapacityUahPath);
 
@@ -358,12 +358,10 @@
 
     for (size_t i = 0; i < mChargerNames.size(); i++) {
         String8 path;
-        path.appendFormat("%s/%s/online", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH,
-                          mChargerNames[i].string());
+        path.appendFormat("%s/%s/online", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, mChargerNames[i].c_str());
         if (getIntField(path)) {
             path.clear();
-            path.appendFormat("%s/%s/type", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH,
-                              mChargerNames[i].string());
+            path.appendFormat("%s/%s/type", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, mChargerNames[i].c_str());
             switch(readPowerSupplyType(path)) {
             case ANDROID_POWER_SUPPLY_TYPE_AC:
                 mHealthInfo->chargerAcOnline = true;
@@ -380,26 +378,24 @@
             default:
                 path.clear();
                 path.appendFormat("%s/%s/is_dock", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH,
-                                  mChargerNames[i].string());
-                if (access(path.string(), R_OK) == 0)
+                                  mChargerNames[i].c_str());
+                if (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0)
                     mHealthInfo->chargerDockOnline = true;
                 else
                     KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "%s: Unknown power supply type\n",
-                                 mChargerNames[i].string());
+                                 mChargerNames[i].c_str());
             }
             path.clear();
             path.appendFormat("%s/%s/current_max", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH,
-                              mChargerNames[i].string());
-            int ChargingCurrent =
-                    (access(path.string(), R_OK) == 0) ? getIntField(path) : 0;
+                              mChargerNames[i].c_str());
+            int ChargingCurrent = (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0) ? getIntField(path) : 0;
 
             path.clear();
             path.appendFormat("%s/%s/voltage_max", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH,
-                              mChargerNames[i].string());
+                              mChargerNames[i].c_str());
 
             int ChargingVoltage =
-                (access(path.string(), R_OK) == 0) ? getIntField(path) :
-                DEFAULT_VBUS_VOLTAGE;
+                    (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0) ? getIntField(path) : DEFAULT_VBUS_VOLTAGE;
 
             double power = ((double)ChargingCurrent / MILLION) *
                            ((double)ChargingVoltage / MILLION);
@@ -424,17 +420,17 @@
                  props.batteryStatus);
 
         len = strlen(dmesgline);
-        if (!healthd_config.batteryCurrentNowPath.isEmpty()) {
+        if (!healthd_config.batteryCurrentNowPath.empty()) {
             len += snprintf(dmesgline + len, sizeof(dmesgline) - len, " c=%d",
                             props.batteryCurrentMicroamps);
         }
 
-        if (!healthd_config.batteryFullChargePath.isEmpty()) {
+        if (!healthd_config.batteryFullChargePath.empty()) {
             len += snprintf(dmesgline + len, sizeof(dmesgline) - len, " fc=%d",
                             props.batteryFullChargeUah);
         }
 
-        if (!healthd_config.batteryCycleCountPath.isEmpty()) {
+        if (!healthd_config.batteryCycleCountPath.empty()) {
             len += snprintf(dmesgline + len, sizeof(dmesgline) - len, " cc=%d",
                             props.batteryCycleCount);
         }
@@ -468,7 +464,7 @@
 
 int BatteryMonitor::getChargeStatus() {
     BatteryStatus result = BatteryStatus::UNKNOWN;
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryStatusPath.isEmpty()) {
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryStatusPath.empty()) {
         std::string buf;
         if (readFromFile(mHealthdConfig->batteryStatusPath, &buf) > 0)
             result = getBatteryStatus(buf.c_str());
@@ -484,7 +480,7 @@
 
     switch(id) {
     case BATTERY_PROP_CHARGE_COUNTER:
-        if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeCounterPath.isEmpty()) {
+        if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeCounterPath.empty()) {
             val->valueInt64 =
                 getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeCounterPath);
             ret = OK;
@@ -494,7 +490,7 @@
         break;
 
     case BATTERY_PROP_CURRENT_NOW:
-        if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath.isEmpty()) {
+        if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath.empty()) {
             val->valueInt64 =
                 getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath);
             ret = OK;
@@ -504,7 +500,7 @@
         break;
 
     case BATTERY_PROP_CURRENT_AVG:
-        if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentAvgPath.isEmpty()) {
+        if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentAvgPath.empty()) {
             val->valueInt64 =
                 getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentAvgPath);
             ret = OK;
@@ -514,7 +510,7 @@
         break;
 
     case BATTERY_PROP_CAPACITY:
-        if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityPath.isEmpty()) {
+        if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityPath.empty()) {
             val->valueInt64 =
                 getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityPath);
             ret = OK;
@@ -561,35 +557,35 @@
              props.batteryVoltageMillivolts, props.batteryTemperatureTenthsCelsius);
     write(fd, vs, strlen(vs));
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath.isEmpty()) {
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath.empty()) {
         v = getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath);
         snprintf(vs, sizeof(vs), "current now: %d\n", v);
         write(fd, vs, strlen(vs));
     }
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentAvgPath.isEmpty()) {
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentAvgPath.empty()) {
         v = getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentAvgPath);
         snprintf(vs, sizeof(vs), "current avg: %d\n", v);
         write(fd, vs, strlen(vs));
     }
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeCounterPath.isEmpty()) {
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeCounterPath.empty()) {
         v = getIntField(mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeCounterPath);
         snprintf(vs, sizeof(vs), "charge counter: %d\n", v);
         write(fd, vs, strlen(vs));
     }
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath.isEmpty()) {
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath.empty()) {
         snprintf(vs, sizeof(vs), "current now: %d\n", props.batteryCurrentMicroamps);
         write(fd, vs, strlen(vs));
     }
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCycleCountPath.isEmpty()) {
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCycleCountPath.empty()) {
         snprintf(vs, sizeof(vs), "cycle count: %d\n", props.batteryCycleCount);
         write(fd, vs, strlen(vs));
     }
 
-    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargePath.isEmpty()) {
+    if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargePath.empty()) {
         snprintf(vs, sizeof(vs), "Full charge: %d\n", props.batteryFullChargeUah);
         write(fd, vs, strlen(vs));
     }
@@ -628,8 +624,7 @@
             case ANDROID_POWER_SUPPLY_TYPE_DOCK:
                 path.clear();
                 path.appendFormat("%s/%s/online", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
-                if (access(path.string(), R_OK) == 0)
-                    mChargerNames.add(String8(name));
+                if (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0) mChargerNames.add(String8(name));
                 break;
 
             case ANDROID_POWER_SUPPLY_TYPE_BATTERY:
@@ -640,7 +635,7 @@
                 if (isScopedPowerSupply(name)) continue;
                 mBatteryDevicePresent = true;
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryStatusPath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryStatusPath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/status", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH,
                                       name);
@@ -648,7 +643,7 @@
                         mHealthdConfig->batteryStatusPath = path;
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryHealthPath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryHealthPath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/health", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH,
                                       name);
@@ -656,7 +651,7 @@
                         mHealthdConfig->batteryHealthPath = path;
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryPresentPath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryPresentPath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/present", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH,
                                       name);
@@ -664,7 +659,7 @@
                         mHealthdConfig->batteryPresentPath = path;
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityPath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityPath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/capacity", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH,
                                       name);
@@ -672,7 +667,7 @@
                         mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityPath = path;
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryVoltagePath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryVoltagePath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/voltage_now",
                                       POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
@@ -681,7 +676,7 @@
                     }
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargePath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargePath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/charge_full",
                                       POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
@@ -689,7 +684,7 @@
                         mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargePath = path;
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/current_now",
                                       POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
@@ -697,7 +692,7 @@
                         mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath = path;
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCycleCountPath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCycleCountPath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/cycle_count",
                                       POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
@@ -705,27 +700,27 @@
                         mHealthdConfig->batteryCycleCountPath = path;
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityLevelPath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityLevelPath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/capacity_level", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
                     if (access(path, R_OK) == 0) mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityLevelPath = path;
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeTimeToFullNowPath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeTimeToFullNowPath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/time_to_full_now", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
                     if (access(path, R_OK) == 0)
                         mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeTimeToFullNowPath = path;
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargeDesignCapacityUahPath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargeDesignCapacityUahPath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/charge_full_design", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
                     if (access(path, R_OK) == 0)
                         mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargeDesignCapacityUahPath = path;
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentAvgPath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentAvgPath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/current_avg",
                                       POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
@@ -733,7 +728,7 @@
                         mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentAvgPath = path;
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeCounterPath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeCounterPath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/charge_counter",
                                       POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
@@ -741,7 +736,7 @@
                         mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeCounterPath = path;
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryTemperaturePath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryTemperaturePath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/temp", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH,
                                       name);
@@ -750,7 +745,7 @@
                     }
                 }
 
-                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryTechnologyPath.isEmpty()) {
+                if (mHealthdConfig->batteryTechnologyPath.empty()) {
                     path.clear();
                     path.appendFormat("%s/%s/technology",
                                       POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
@@ -767,12 +762,10 @@
             // Look for "is_dock" file
             path.clear();
             path.appendFormat("%s/%s/is_dock", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
-            if (access(path.string(), R_OK) == 0) {
+            if (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0) {
                 path.clear();
                 path.appendFormat("%s/%s/online", POWER_SUPPLY_SYSFS_PATH, name);
-                if (access(path.string(), R_OK) == 0)
-                    mChargerNames.add(String8(name));
-
+                if (access(path.c_str(), R_OK) == 0) mChargerNames.add(String8(name));
             }
         }
     }
@@ -784,31 +777,31 @@
         hc->periodic_chores_interval_fast = -1;
         hc->periodic_chores_interval_slow = -1;
     } else {
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryStatusPath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryStatusPath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "BatteryStatusPath not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryHealthPath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryHealthPath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "BatteryHealthPath not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryPresentPath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryPresentPath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "BatteryPresentPath not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityPath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityPath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "BatteryCapacityPath not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryVoltagePath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryVoltagePath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "BatteryVoltagePath not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryTemperaturePath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryTemperaturePath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "BatteryTemperaturePath not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryTechnologyPath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryTechnologyPath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "BatteryTechnologyPath not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "BatteryCurrentNowPath not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargePath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargePath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "BatteryFullChargePath not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCycleCountPath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCycleCountPath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "BatteryCycleCountPath not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityLevelPath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryCapacityLevelPath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "batteryCapacityLevelPath not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeTimeToFullNowPath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryChargeTimeToFullNowPath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "batteryChargeTimeToFullNowPath. not found\n");
-        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargeDesignCapacityUahPath.isEmpty())
+        if (mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargeDesignCapacityUahPath.empty())
             KLOG_WARNING(LOG_TAG, "batteryFullChargeDesignCapacityUahPath. not found\n");
     }
 
diff --git a/init/Android.bp b/init/Android.bp
index d4852d6..4c25ad7 100644
--- a/init/Android.bp
+++ b/init/Android.bp
@@ -174,7 +174,6 @@
         "libprotobuf-cpp-lite",
         "libpropertyinfoserializer",
         "libpropertyinfoparser",
-        "libsigningutils",
         "libsnapshot_cow",
         "libsnapshot_init",
         "libxml2",
@@ -183,7 +182,6 @@
     ],
     shared_libs: [
         "libbase",
-        "libcrypto",
         "libcutils",
         "libdl",
         "libext4_utils",
@@ -199,7 +197,6 @@
         "libselinux",
         "libunwindstack",
         "libutils",
-        "libziparchive",
     ],
     header_libs: ["bionic_libc_platform_headers"],
     bootstrap: true,
diff --git a/init/README.md b/init/README.md
index 5fced19..11c4e1c 100644
--- a/init/README.md
+++ b/init/README.md
@@ -674,11 +674,12 @@
   _options_ include "barrier=1", "noauto\_da\_alloc", "discard", ... as
   a comma separated string, e.g. barrier=1,noauto\_da\_alloc
 
-`perform_apex_config`
+`perform_apex_config [--bootstrap]`
 > Performs tasks after APEXes are mounted. For example, creates data directories
   for the mounted APEXes, parses config file(s) from them, and updates linker
   configurations. Intended to be used only once when apexd notifies the mount
   event by setting `apexd.status` to ready.
+  Use --bootstrap when invoking in the bootstrap mount namespace.
 
 `restart [--only-if-running] <service>`
 > Stops and restarts a running service, does nothing if the service is currently
diff --git a/init/TEST_MAPPING b/init/TEST_MAPPING
index 402b501..36ca379 100644
--- a/init/TEST_MAPPING
+++ b/init/TEST_MAPPING
@@ -8,14 +8,6 @@
     },
     {
       "name": "MicrodroidHostTestCases"
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "CtsSecurityHostTestCases",
-      "options": [
-        {
-          "include-filter": "android.security.cts.SeamendcHostTest"
-        }
-      ]
     }
   ],
   "hwasan-presubmit": [
@@ -27,14 +19,6 @@
     },
     {
       "name": "MicrodroidHostTestCases"
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "CtsSecurityHostTestCases",
-      "options": [
-        {
-          "include-filter": "android.security.cts.SeamendcHostTest"
-        }
-      ]
     }
   ]
 }
diff --git a/init/apex_init_util.cpp b/init/apex_init_util.cpp
index c818f8f..6d17f36 100644
--- a/init/apex_init_util.cpp
+++ b/init/apex_init_util.cpp
@@ -16,13 +16,15 @@
 
 #include "apex_init_util.h"
 
+#include <dirent.h>
 #include <glob.h>
 
+#include <set>
 #include <vector>
 
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
-#include <android-base/result.h>
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
+#include <android-base/result.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 
 #include "action_manager.h"
@@ -34,10 +36,13 @@
 namespace android {
 namespace init {
 
-static Result<std::vector<std::string>> CollectApexConfigs(const std::string& apex_name) {
+static Result<std::vector<std::string>> CollectRcScriptsFromApex(
+        const std::string& apex_name, const std::set<std::string>& skip_apexes) {
     glob_t glob_result;
-    std::string glob_pattern = apex_name.empty() ?
-            "/apex/*/etc/*rc" : "/apex/" + apex_name + "/etc/*rc";
+    // Pattern uses "*rc" instead of ".rc" because APEXes can have versioned RC files
+    // like foo.34rc.
+    std::string glob_pattern =
+            apex_name.empty() ? "/apex/*/etc/*rc" : "/apex/" + apex_name + "/etc/*rc";
 
     const int ret = glob(glob_pattern.c_str(), GLOB_MARK, nullptr, &glob_result);
     if (ret != 0 && ret != GLOB_NOMATCH) {
@@ -47,15 +52,28 @@
     std::vector<std::string> configs;
     for (size_t i = 0; i < glob_result.gl_pathc; i++) {
         std::string path = glob_result.gl_pathv[i];
-        // Filter-out /apex/<name>@<ver> paths. The paths are bind-mounted to
-        // /apex/<name> paths, so unless we filter them out, we will parse the
-        // same file twice.
-        std::vector<std::string> paths = android::base::Split(path, "/");
-        if (paths.size() >= 3 && paths[2].find('@') != std::string::npos) {
+
+        // Filter out directories
+        if (path.back() == '/') {
             continue;
         }
-        // Filter directories
-        if (path.back() == '/') {
+
+        // Get apex name from path.
+        std::vector<std::string> paths = android::base::Split(path, "/");
+        if (paths.size() < 3) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        const std::string& apex_name = paths[2];
+
+        // Filter out /apex/<name>@<ver> paths. The paths are bind-mounted to
+        // /apex/<name> paths, so unless we filter them out, we will parse the
+        // same file twice.
+        if (apex_name.find('@') != std::string::npos) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // Filter out skip_set apexes
+        if (skip_apexes.count(apex_name) > 0) {
             continue;
         }
         configs.push_back(path);
@@ -64,11 +82,41 @@
     return configs;
 }
 
-static Result<void> ParseConfigs(const std::vector<std::string>& configs) {
+std::set<std::string> GetApexListFrom(const std::string& apex_dir) {
+    std::set<std::string> apex_list;
+    auto dirp = std::unique_ptr<DIR, int (*)(DIR*)>(opendir(apex_dir.c_str()), closedir);
+    if (!dirp) {
+        return apex_list;
+    }
+    struct dirent* entry;
+    while ((entry = readdir(dirp.get())) != nullptr) {
+        if (entry->d_type != DT_DIR) continue;
+
+        const char* name = entry->d_name;
+        if (name[0] == '.') continue;
+        if (strchr(name, '@') != nullptr) continue;
+        if (strcmp(name, "sharedlibs") == 0) continue;
+        apex_list.insert(name);
+    }
+    return apex_list;
+}
+
+static Result<void> ParseRcScripts(const std::vector<std::string>& files) {
+    if (files.empty()) {
+        return {};
+    }
+    // APEXes can have versioned RC files. These should be filtered based on
+    // SDK version.
+    auto filtered = FilterVersionedConfigs(
+            files, android::base::GetIntProperty("ro.build.version.sdk", INT_MAX));
+    if (filtered.empty()) {
+        return {};
+    }
+
     Parser parser =
             CreateApexConfigParser(ActionManager::GetInstance(), ServiceList::GetInstance());
     std::vector<std::string> errors;
-    for (const auto& c : configs) {
+    for (const auto& c : filtered) {
         auto result = parser.ParseConfigFile(c);
         // We should handle other config files even when there's an error.
         if (!result.ok()) {
@@ -81,16 +129,21 @@
     return {};
 }
 
-Result<void> ParseApexConfigs(const std::string& apex_name) {
-    auto configs = OR_RETURN(CollectApexConfigs(apex_name));
+Result<void> ParseRcScriptsFromApex(const std::string& apex_name) {
+    auto configs = OR_RETURN(CollectRcScriptsFromApex(apex_name, /*skip_apexes=*/{}));
+    return ParseRcScripts(configs);
+}
 
-    if (configs.empty()) {
-        return {};
+Result<void> ParseRcScriptsFromAllApexes(bool bootstrap) {
+    std::set<std::string> skip_apexes;
+    if (!bootstrap) {
+        // In case we already loaded config files from bootstrap APEXes, we need to avoid loading
+        // them again. We can get the list of bootstrap APEXes by scanning /bootstrap-apex and
+        // skip them in CollectRcScriptsFromApex.
+        skip_apexes = GetApexListFrom("/bootstrap-apex");
     }
-
-    auto filtered_configs = FilterVersionedConfigs(configs,
-                                    android::base::GetIntProperty("ro.build.version.sdk", INT_MAX));
-    return ParseConfigs(filtered_configs);
+    auto configs = OR_RETURN(CollectRcScriptsFromApex(/*apex_name=*/"", skip_apexes));
+    return ParseRcScripts(configs);
 }
 
 }  // namespace init
diff --git a/init/apex_init_util.h b/init/apex_init_util.h
index 43f8ad5..75dfee1 100644
--- a/init/apex_init_util.h
+++ b/init/apex_init_util.h
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <set>
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -24,9 +25,14 @@
 namespace android {
 namespace init {
 
-// Parse all config files for a given apex.
-// If apex name is empty(""), config files for all apexes will be parsed.
-Result<void> ParseApexConfigs(const std::string& apex_name);
+// Scans apex_dir (/apex) to get the list of active APEXes.
+std::set<std::string> GetApexListFrom(const std::string& apex_dir);
+
+// Parse all RC scripts for a given apex.
+Result<void> ParseRcScriptsFromApex(const std::string& apex_name);
+
+// Parse all RC scripts for all apexes under /apex.
+Result<void> ParseRcScriptsFromAllApexes(bool bootstrap);
 
 }  // namespace init
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/builtins.cpp b/init/builtins.cpp
index fa5e36d..a70e866 100644
--- a/init/builtins.cpp
+++ b/init/builtins.cpp
@@ -746,6 +746,7 @@
 static Result<void> do_start(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     Service* svc = ServiceList::GetInstance().FindService(args[1]);
     if (!svc) return Error() << "service " << args[1] << " not found";
+    errno = 0;
     if (auto result = svc->Start(); !result.ok()) {
         return ErrorIgnoreEnoent() << "Could not start service: " << result.error();
     }
@@ -1269,36 +1270,33 @@
 /*
  * Creates a directory under /data/misc/apexdata/ for each APEX.
  */
-static Result<void> create_apex_data_dirs() {
-    auto dirp = std::unique_ptr<DIR, int (*)(DIR*)>(opendir("/apex"), closedir);
-    if (!dirp) {
-        return ErrnoError() << "Unable to open apex directory";
-    }
-    struct dirent* entry;
-    while ((entry = readdir(dirp.get())) != nullptr) {
-        if (entry->d_type != DT_DIR) continue;
-
-        const char* name = entry->d_name;
-        // skip any starting with "."
-        if (name[0] == '.') continue;
-
-        if (strchr(name, '@') != nullptr) continue;
-
-        auto path = "/data/misc/apexdata/" + std::string(name);
+static void create_apex_data_dirs() {
+    for (const auto& name : GetApexListFrom("/apex")) {
+        auto path = "/data/misc/apexdata/" + name;
         auto options = MkdirOptions{path, 0771, AID_ROOT, AID_SYSTEM, FscryptAction::kNone, "ref"};
-        make_dir_with_options(options);
+        auto result = make_dir_with_options(options);
+        if (!result.ok()) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << result.error();
+        }
     }
-    return {};
 }
 
 static Result<void> do_perform_apex_config(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
-    auto create_dirs = create_apex_data_dirs();
-    if (!create_dirs.ok()) {
-        return create_dirs.error();
+    bool bootstrap = false;
+    if (args.size() == 2) {
+        if (args[1] != "--bootstrap") {
+            return Error() << "Unexpected argument: " << args[1];
+        }
+        bootstrap = true;
     }
-    auto parse_configs = ParseApexConfigs(/*apex_name=*/"");
-    if (!parse_configs.ok()) {
-        return parse_configs.error();
+
+    if (!bootstrap) {
+        create_apex_data_dirs();
+    }
+
+    auto parse_result = ParseRcScriptsFromAllApexes(bootstrap);
+    if (!parse_result.ok()) {
+        return parse_result.error();
     }
 
     auto update_linker_config = do_update_linker_config(args);
@@ -1306,8 +1304,9 @@
         return update_linker_config.error();
     }
 
-    // Now start delayed services
-    ServiceList::GetInstance().MarkServicesUpdate();
+    if (!bootstrap) {
+        ServiceList::GetInstance().StartDelayedServices();
+    }
     return {};
 }
 
@@ -1362,7 +1361,7 @@
         // mount and umount are run in the same context as mount_all for symmetry.
         {"mount_all",               {0,     kMax, {false,  do_mount_all}}},
         {"mount",                   {3,     kMax, {false,  do_mount}}},
-        {"perform_apex_config",     {0,     0,    {false,  do_perform_apex_config}}},
+        {"perform_apex_config",     {0,     1,    {false,  do_perform_apex_config}}},
         {"umount",                  {1,     1,    {false,  do_umount}}},
         {"umount_all",              {0,     1,    {false,  do_umount_all}}},
         {"update_linker_config",    {0,     0,    {false,  do_update_linker_config}}},
diff --git a/init/first_stage_init.cpp b/init/first_stage_init.cpp
index 7fabbac..c6a287a 100644
--- a/init/first_stage_init.cpp
+++ b/init/first_stage_init.cpp
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
 #include <android-base/chrono_utils.h>
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <modprobe/modprobe.h>
 #include <private/android_filesystem_config.h>
 
@@ -67,7 +68,7 @@
 void FreeRamdisk(DIR* dir, dev_t dev) {
     int dfd = dirfd(dir);
 
-    dirent* de;
+    dirent* de = nullptr;
     while ((de = readdir(dir)) != nullptr) {
         if (de->d_name == "."s || de->d_name == ".."s) {
             continue;
@@ -76,7 +77,7 @@
         bool is_dir = false;
 
         if (de->d_type == DT_DIR || de->d_type == DT_UNKNOWN) {
-            struct stat info;
+            struct stat info {};
             if (fstatat(dfd, de->d_name, &info, AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW) != 0) {
                 continue;
             }
@@ -153,6 +154,30 @@
         Copy(snapuserd, dst);
     }
 }
+
+std::string GetPageSizeSuffix() {
+    static const size_t page_size = sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE);
+    if (page_size <= 4096) {
+        return "";
+    }
+    return android::base::StringPrintf("_%zuk", page_size / 1024);
+}
+
+constexpr bool EndsWith(const std::string_view str, const std::string_view suffix) {
+    return str.size() >= suffix.size() &&
+           0 == str.compare(str.size() - suffix.size(), suffix.size(), suffix);
+}
+
+constexpr std::string_view GetPageSizeSuffix(std::string_view dirname) {
+    if (EndsWith(dirname, "_16k")) {
+        return "_16k";
+    }
+    if (EndsWith(dirname, "_64k")) {
+        return "_64k";
+    }
+    return "";
+}
+
 }  // namespace
 
 std::string GetModuleLoadList(BootMode boot_mode, const std::string& dir_path) {
@@ -171,7 +196,7 @@
     }
 
     if (module_load_file != "modules.load") {
-        struct stat fileStat;
+        struct stat fileStat {};
         std::string load_path = dir_path + "/" + module_load_file;
         // Fall back to modules.load if the other files aren't accessible
         if (stat(load_path.c_str(), &fileStat)) {
@@ -185,11 +210,11 @@
 #define MODULE_BASE_DIR "/lib/modules"
 bool LoadKernelModules(BootMode boot_mode, bool want_console, bool want_parallel,
                        int& modules_loaded) {
-    struct utsname uts;
+    struct utsname uts {};
     if (uname(&uts)) {
         LOG(FATAL) << "Failed to get kernel version.";
     }
-    int major, minor;
+    int major = 0, minor = 0;
     if (sscanf(uts.release, "%d.%d", &major, &minor) != 2) {
         LOG(FATAL) << "Failed to parse kernel version " << uts.release;
     }
@@ -199,13 +224,26 @@
         LOG(INFO) << "Unable to open /lib/modules, skipping module loading.";
         return true;
     }
-    dirent* entry;
+    dirent* entry = nullptr;
     std::vector<std::string> module_dirs;
+    const auto page_size_suffix = GetPageSizeSuffix();
+    const std::string release_specific_module_dir = uts.release + page_size_suffix;
     while ((entry = readdir(base_dir.get()))) {
         if (entry->d_type != DT_DIR) {
             continue;
         }
-        int dir_major, dir_minor;
+        if (entry->d_name == release_specific_module_dir) {
+            LOG(INFO) << "Release specific kernel module dir " << release_specific_module_dir
+                      << " found, loading modules from here with no fallbacks.";
+            module_dirs.clear();
+            module_dirs.emplace_back(entry->d_name);
+            break;
+        }
+        // Ignore _16k/_64k module dirs on 4K kernels
+        if (GetPageSizeSuffix(entry->d_name) != page_size_suffix) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        int dir_major = 0, dir_minor = 0;
         if (sscanf(entry->d_name, "%d.%d", &dir_major, &dir_minor) != 2 || dir_major != major ||
             dir_minor != minor) {
             continue;
@@ -228,6 +266,7 @@
         bool retval = m.LoadListedModules(!want_console);
         modules_loaded = m.GetModuleCount();
         if (modules_loaded > 0) {
+            LOG(INFO) << "Loaded " << modules_loaded << " modules from " << dir_path;
             return retval;
         }
     }
@@ -237,6 +276,7 @@
                                   : m.LoadListedModules(!want_console);
     modules_loaded = m.GetModuleCount();
     if (modules_loaded > 0) {
+        LOG(INFO) << "Loaded " << modules_loaded << " modules from " << MODULE_BASE_DIR;
         return retval;
     }
     return true;
@@ -374,7 +414,7 @@
         PLOG(ERROR) << "Could not opendir(\"/\"), not freeing ramdisk";
     }
 
-    struct stat old_root_info;
+    struct stat old_root_info {};
     if (stat("/", &old_root_info) != 0) {
         PLOG(ERROR) << "Could not stat(\"/\"), not freeing ramdisk";
         old_root_dir.reset();
@@ -483,7 +523,7 @@
         }
     }
 
-    struct stat new_root_info;
+    struct stat new_root_info {};
     if (stat("/", &new_root_info) != 0) {
         PLOG(ERROR) << "Could not stat(\"/\"), not freeing ramdisk";
         old_root_dir.reset();
diff --git a/init/init.cpp b/init/init.cpp
index da63fdc..40e2169 100644
--- a/init/init.cpp
+++ b/init/init.cpp
@@ -487,7 +487,7 @@
 }
 
 static Result<void> DoLoadApex(const std::string& apex_name) {
-    if (auto result = ParseApexConfigs(apex_name); !result.ok()) {
+    if (auto result = ParseRcScriptsFromApex(apex_name); !result.ok()) {
         return result.error();
     }
 
@@ -832,6 +832,12 @@
     CHECKCALL(mount("tmpfs", "/apex", "tmpfs", MS_NOEXEC | MS_NOSUID | MS_NODEV,
                     "mode=0755,uid=0,gid=0"));
 
+    if (NeedsTwoMountNamespaces()) {
+        // /bootstrap-apex is used to mount "bootstrap" APEXes.
+        CHECKCALL(mount("tmpfs", "/bootstrap-apex", "tmpfs", MS_NOEXEC | MS_NOSUID | MS_NODEV,
+                        "mode=0755,uid=0,gid=0"));
+    }
+
     // /linkerconfig is used to keep generated linker configuration
     CHECKCALL(mount("tmpfs", "/linkerconfig", "tmpfs", MS_NOEXEC | MS_NOSUID | MS_NODEV,
                     "mode=0755,uid=0,gid=0"));
diff --git a/init/mount_namespace.cpp b/init/mount_namespace.cpp
index 5b53d50..7918f23 100644
--- a/init/mount_namespace.cpp
+++ b/init/mount_namespace.cpp
@@ -66,15 +66,6 @@
     return ret;
 }
 
-// In case we have two sets of APEXes (non-updatable, updatable), we need two separate mount
-// namespaces.
-static bool NeedsTwoMountNamespaces() {
-    if (IsRecoveryMode()) return false;
-    // In microdroid, there's only one set of APEXes in built-in directories include block devices.
-    if (IsMicrodroid()) return false;
-    return true;
-}
-
 static android::base::unique_fd bootstrap_ns_fd;
 static android::base::unique_fd default_ns_fd;
 
@@ -83,6 +74,15 @@
 
 }  // namespace
 
+// In case we have two sets of APEXes (non-updatable, updatable), we need two separate mount
+// namespaces.
+bool NeedsTwoMountNamespaces() {
+    if (IsRecoveryMode()) return false;
+    // In microdroid, there's only one set of APEXes in built-in directories include block devices.
+    if (IsMicrodroid()) return false;
+    return true;
+}
+
 bool SetupMountNamespaces() {
     // Set the propagation type of / as shared so that any mounting event (e.g.
     // /data) is by default visible to all processes. When private mounting is
@@ -163,6 +163,23 @@
             PLOG(ERROR) << "Cannot switch back to bootstrap mount namespace";
             return false;
         }
+
+        // Some components (e.g. servicemanager) need to access bootstrap
+        // APEXes from the default mount namespace. To achieve that, we bind-mount
+        // /apex to /bootstrap-apex in the bootstrap mount namespace. Since /bootstrap-apex
+        // is "shared", the mounts are visible in the default mount namespace as well.
+        //
+        // The end result will look like:
+        //   in the bootstrap mount namespace:
+        //     /apex  (== /bootstrap-apex)
+        //       {bootstrap APEXes from the read-only partition}
+        //
+        //   in the default mount namespace:
+        //     /bootstrap-apex
+        //       {bootstrap APEXes from the read-only partition}
+        //     /apex
+        //       {APEXes, can be from /data partition}
+        if (!(BindMount("/bootstrap-apex", "/apex"))) return false;
     } else {
         // Otherwise, default == bootstrap
         default_ns_fd.reset(OpenMountNamespace());
diff --git a/init/mount_namespace.h b/init/mount_namespace.h
index 5e3dab2..43c5476 100644
--- a/init/mount_namespace.h
+++ b/init/mount_namespace.h
@@ -24,9 +24,12 @@
 enum MountNamespace { NS_BOOTSTRAP, NS_DEFAULT };
 
 bool SetupMountNamespaces();
+
 base::Result<void> SwitchToMountNamespaceIfNeeded(MountNamespace target_mount_namespace);
 
 base::Result<MountNamespace> GetCurrentMountNamespace();
 
+bool NeedsTwoMountNamespaces();
+
 }  // namespace init
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/property_service.cpp b/init/property_service.cpp
index f5de17d..2064fae 100644
--- a/init/property_service.cpp
+++ b/init/property_service.cpp
@@ -1247,9 +1247,6 @@
         // Don't check for failure here, since we don't always have all of these partitions.
         // E.g. In case of recovery, the vendor partition will not have mounted and we
         // still need the system / platform properties to function.
-        if (access("/dev/selinux/apex_property_contexts", R_OK) != -1) {
-            LoadPropertyInfoFromFile("/dev/selinux/apex_property_contexts", &property_infos);
-        }
         if (access("/system_ext/etc/selinux/system_ext_property_contexts", R_OK) != -1) {
             LoadPropertyInfoFromFile("/system_ext/etc/selinux/system_ext_property_contexts",
                                      &property_infos);
@@ -1273,7 +1270,6 @@
         LoadPropertyInfoFromFile("/vendor_property_contexts", &property_infos);
         LoadPropertyInfoFromFile("/product_property_contexts", &property_infos);
         LoadPropertyInfoFromFile("/odm_property_contexts", &property_infos);
-        LoadPropertyInfoFromFile("/dev/selinux/apex_property_contexts", &property_infos);
     }
 
     auto serialized_contexts = std::string();
diff --git a/init/selinux.cpp b/init/selinux.cpp
index f34474f..9095b85 100644
--- a/init/selinux.cpp
+++ b/init/selinux.cpp
@@ -26,29 +26,26 @@
 // The monolithic policy variant is for legacy non-treble devices that contain a single SEPolicy
 // file located at /sepolicy and is directly loaded into the kernel SELinux subsystem.
 
-// The split policy is for supporting treble devices and updateable apexes.  It splits the SEPolicy
-// across files on /system/etc/selinux (the 'plat' portion of the policy), /vendor/etc/selinux
-// (the 'vendor' portion of the policy), /system_ext/etc/selinux, /product/etc/selinux,
-// /odm/etc/selinux, and /dev/selinux (the apex portion of policy).  This is necessary to allow
-// images to be updated independently of the vendor image, while maintaining contributions from
-// multiple partitions in the SEPolicy.  This is especially important for VTS testing, where the
-// SEPolicy on the Google System Image may not be identical to the system image shipped on a
-// vendor's device.
+// The split policy is for supporting treble devices.  It splits the SEPolicy across files on
+// /system/etc/selinux (the 'plat' portion of the policy) and /vendor/etc/selinux (the 'vendor'
+// portion of the policy).  This is necessary to allow the system image to be updated independently
+// of the vendor image, while maintaining contributions from both partitions in the SEPolicy.  This
+// is especially important for VTS testing, where the SEPolicy on the Google System Image may not be
+// identical to the system image shipped on a vendor's device.
 
 // The split SEPolicy is loaded as described below:
 // 1) There is a precompiled SEPolicy located at either /vendor/etc/selinux/precompiled_sepolicy or
 //    /odm/etc/selinux/precompiled_sepolicy if odm parition is present.  Stored along with this file
-//    are the sha256 hashes of the parts of the SEPolicy on /system, /system_ext, /product, and apex
-//    that were used to compile this precompiled policy.  The system partition contains a similar
-//    sha256 of the parts of the SEPolicy that it currently contains. Symmetrically, system_ext,
-//    product, and apex contain sha256 hashes of their SEPolicy. Init loads this
+//    are the sha256 hashes of the parts of the SEPolicy on /system, /system_ext and /product that
+//    were used to compile this precompiled policy.  The system partition contains a similar sha256
+//    of the parts of the SEPolicy that it currently contains.  Symmetrically, system_ext and
+//    product paritition contain sha256 hashes of their SEPolicy.  The init loads this
 //    precompiled_sepolicy directly if and only if the hashes along with the precompiled SEPolicy on
-//    /vendor or /odm match the hashes for system, system_ext, product, and apex SEPolicy,
-//    respectively.
-// 2) If these hashes do not match, then either /system or /system_ext /product, or apex (or some of
-//    them) have been updated out of sync with /vendor (or /odm if it is present) and the init needs
-//    to compile the SEPolicy.  /system contains the SEPolicy compiler, secilc, and it is used by
-//    the OpenSplitPolicy() function below to compile the SEPolicy to a temp directory and load it.
+//    /vendor or /odm match the hashes for system, system_ext and product SEPolicy, respectively.
+// 2) If these hashes do not match, then either /system or /system_ext or /product (or some of them)
+//    have been updated out of sync with /vendor (or /odm if it is present) and the init needs to
+//    compile the SEPolicy.  /system contains the SEPolicy compiler, secilc, and it is used by the
+//    OpenSplitPolicy() function below to compile the SEPolicy to a temp directory and load it.
 //    That function contains even more documentation with the specific implementation details of how
 //    the SEPolicy is compiled if needed.
 
@@ -61,15 +58,12 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <sys/wait.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
-#include <fstream>
 
-#include <CertUtils.h>
 #include <android-base/chrono_utils.h>
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/parseint.h>
 #include <android-base/result.h>
-#include <android-base/scopeguard.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 #include <fs_avb/fs_avb.h>
@@ -77,7 +71,6 @@
 #include <libgsi/libgsi.h>
 #include <libsnapshot/snapshot.h>
 #include <selinux/android.h>
-#include <ziparchive/zip_archive.h>
 
 #include "block_dev_initializer.h"
 #include "debug_ramdisk.h"
@@ -245,7 +238,6 @@
              precompiled_sepolicy + ".system_ext_sepolicy_and_mapping.sha256"},
             {"/product/etc/selinux/product_sepolicy_and_mapping.sha256",
              precompiled_sepolicy + ".product_sepolicy_and_mapping.sha256"},
-            {"/dev/selinux/apex_sepolicy.sha256", precompiled_sepolicy + ".apex_sepolicy.sha256"},
     };
 
     for (const auto& [actual_id_path, precompiled_id_path] : sepolicy_hashes) {
@@ -324,7 +316,7 @@
     // * vendor -- policy needed due to logic contained in the vendor image,
     // * mapping -- mapping policy which helps preserve forward-compatibility of non-platform policy
     //   with newer versions of platform policy.
-    // * (optional) policy needed due to logic on product, system_ext, odm, or apex.
+    // * (optional) policy needed due to logic on product, system_ext, or odm images.
     // secilc is invoked to compile the above three policy files into a single monolithic policy
     // file. This file is then loaded into the kernel.
 
@@ -420,12 +412,6 @@
     if (access(odm_policy_cil_file.c_str(), F_OK) == -1) {
         odm_policy_cil_file.clear();
     }
-
-    // apex_sepolicy.cil is default but optional.
-    std::string apex_policy_cil_file("/dev/selinux/apex_sepolicy.cil");
-    if (access(apex_policy_cil_file.c_str(), F_OK) == -1) {
-        apex_policy_cil_file.clear();
-    }
     const std::string version_as_string = std::to_string(SEPOLICY_VERSION);
 
     // clang-format off
@@ -468,9 +454,6 @@
     if (!odm_policy_cil_file.empty()) {
         compile_args.push_back(odm_policy_cil_file.c_str());
     }
-    if (!apex_policy_cil_file.empty()) {
-        compile_args.push_back(apex_policy_cil_file.c_str());
-    }
     compile_args.push_back(nullptr);
 
     if (!ForkExecveAndWaitForCompletion(compile_args[0], (char**)compile_args.data())) {
@@ -497,194 +480,6 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-constexpr const char* kSigningCertRelease =
-        "/system/etc/selinux/com.android.sepolicy.cert-release.der";
-const std::string kSepolicyApexMetadataDir = "/metadata/sepolicy/";
-const std::string kSepolicyApexSystemDir = "/system/etc/selinux/apex/";
-const std::string kSepolicyZip = "SEPolicy.zip";
-const std::string kSepolicySignature = "SEPolicy.zip.sig";
-
-const std::string kTmpfsDir = "/dev/selinux/";
-
-// Files that are deleted after policy is compiled/loaded.
-const std::vector<std::string> kApexSepolicyTmp{"apex_sepolicy.cil", "apex_sepolicy.sha256"};
-// Files that need to persist because they are used by userspace processes.
-const std::vector<std::string> kApexSepolicy{"apex_file_contexts", "apex_property_contexts",
-                                             "apex_service_contexts", "apex_seapp_contexts",
-                                             "apex_test"};
-
-Result<void> CreateTmpfsDir() {
-    mode_t mode = 0744;
-    struct stat stat_data;
-    if (stat(kTmpfsDir.c_str(), &stat_data) != 0) {
-        if (errno != ENOENT) {
-            return ErrnoError() << "Could not stat " << kTmpfsDir;
-        }
-        if (mkdir(kTmpfsDir.c_str(), mode) != 0) {
-            return ErrnoError() << "Could not mkdir " << kTmpfsDir;
-        }
-    } else {
-        if (!S_ISDIR(stat_data.st_mode)) {
-            return Error() << kTmpfsDir << " exists and is not a directory.";
-        }
-        LOG(WARNING) << "Directory " << kTmpfsDir << " already exists";
-    }
-
-    // Need to manually call chmod because mkdir will create a folder with
-    // permissions mode & ~umask.
-    if (chmod(kTmpfsDir.c_str(), mode) != 0) {
-        return ErrnoError() << "Could not chmod " << kTmpfsDir;
-    }
-
-    return {};
-}
-
-Result<void> PutFileInTmpfs(ZipArchiveHandle archive, const std::string& fileName) {
-    ZipEntry entry;
-    std::string dstPath = kTmpfsDir + fileName;
-
-    int ret = FindEntry(archive, fileName, &entry);
-    if (ret != 0) {
-        // All files are optional. If a file doesn't exist, return without error.
-        return {};
-    }
-
-    unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(
-            open(dstPath.c_str(), O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC | O_CLOEXEC, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR)));
-    if (fd == -1) {
-        return ErrnoError() << "Failed to open " << dstPath;
-    }
-
-    ret = ExtractEntryToFile(archive, &entry, fd.get());
-    if (ret != 0) {
-        return Error() << "Failed to extract entry \"" << fileName << "\" ("
-                       << entry.uncompressed_length << " bytes) to \"" << dstPath
-                       << "\": " << ErrorCodeString(ret);
-    }
-
-    return {};
-}
-
-Result<void> GetPolicyFromApex(const std::string& dir) {
-    LOG(INFO) << "Loading APEX Sepolicy from " << dir + kSepolicyZip;
-    unique_fd fd(open((dir + kSepolicyZip).c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_BINARY | O_CLOEXEC));
-    if (fd < 0) {
-        return ErrnoError() << "Failed to open package " << dir + kSepolicyZip;
-    }
-
-    ZipArchiveHandle handle;
-    int ret = OpenArchiveFd(fd.get(), (dir + kSepolicyZip).c_str(), &handle,
-                            /*assume_ownership=*/false);
-    if (ret < 0) {
-        return Error() << "Failed to open package " << dir + kSepolicyZip << ": "
-                       << ErrorCodeString(ret);
-    }
-
-    auto handle_guard = android::base::make_scope_guard([&handle] { CloseArchive(handle); });
-
-    auto create = CreateTmpfsDir();
-    if (!create.ok()) {
-        return create.error();
-    }
-
-    for (const auto& file : kApexSepolicy) {
-        auto extract = PutFileInTmpfs(handle, file);
-        if (!extract.ok()) {
-            return extract.error();
-        }
-    }
-    for (const auto& file : kApexSepolicyTmp) {
-        auto extract = PutFileInTmpfs(handle, file);
-        if (!extract.ok()) {
-            return extract.error();
-        }
-    }
-    return {};
-}
-
-Result<void> SepolicyCheckSignature(const std::string& dir) {
-    std::string signature;
-    if (!android::base::ReadFileToString(dir + kSepolicySignature, &signature)) {
-        return ErrnoError() << "Failed to read " << kSepolicySignature;
-    }
-
-    std::fstream sepolicyZip(dir + kSepolicyZip, std::ios::in | std::ios::binary);
-    if (!sepolicyZip) {
-        return Error() << "Failed to open " << kSepolicyZip;
-    }
-    sepolicyZip.seekg(0);
-    std::string sepolicyStr((std::istreambuf_iterator<char>(sepolicyZip)),
-                            std::istreambuf_iterator<char>());
-
-    auto releaseKey = extractPublicKeyFromX509(kSigningCertRelease);
-    if (!releaseKey.ok()) {
-        return releaseKey.error();
-    }
-
-    return verifySignature(sepolicyStr, signature, *releaseKey);
-}
-
-Result<void> SepolicyVerify(const std::string& dir) {
-    auto sepolicySignature = SepolicyCheckSignature(dir);
-    if (!sepolicySignature.ok()) {
-        return Error() << "Apex SEPolicy failed signature check";
-    }
-    return {};
-}
-
-void CleanupApexSepolicy() {
-    for (const auto& file : kApexSepolicyTmp) {
-        std::string path = kTmpfsDir + file;
-        unlink(path.c_str());
-    }
-}
-
-// Updatable sepolicy is shipped within an zip within an APEX. Because
-// it needs to be available before Apexes are mounted, apexd copies
-// the zip from the APEX and stores it in /metadata/sepolicy. If there is
-// no updatable sepolicy in /metadata/sepolicy, then the updatable policy is
-// loaded from /system/etc/selinux/apex. Init performs the following
-// steps on boot:
-//
-// 1. Validates the zip by checking its signature against a public key that is
-// stored in /system/etc/selinux.
-// 2. Extracts files from zip and stores them in /dev/selinux.
-// 3. Checks if the apex_sepolicy.sha256 matches the sha256 of precompiled_sepolicy.
-// if so, the precompiled sepolicy is used. Otherwise, an on-device compile of the policy
-// is used. This is the same flow as on-device compilation of policy for Treble.
-// 4. Cleans up files in /dev/selinux which are no longer needed.
-// 5. Restorecons the remaining files in /dev/selinux.
-// 6. Sets selinux into enforcing mode and continues normal booting.
-//
-void PrepareApexSepolicy() {
-    // If apex sepolicy zip exists in /metadata/sepolicy, use that, otherwise use version on
-    // /system. If neither exists, do nothing.
-    std::string dir;
-    if (access((kSepolicyApexMetadataDir + kSepolicyZip).c_str(), F_OK) == 0) {
-        dir = kSepolicyApexMetadataDir;
-    } else if (access((kSepolicyApexSystemDir + kSepolicyZip).c_str(), F_OK) == 0) {
-        dir = kSepolicyApexSystemDir;
-    } else {
-        LOG(INFO) << "APEX Sepolicy not found";
-        return;
-    }
-
-    auto sepolicyVerify = SepolicyVerify(dir);
-    if (!sepolicyVerify.ok()) {
-        LOG(INFO) << "Error: " << sepolicyVerify.error();
-        // If signature verification fails, fall back to version on /system.
-        // This file doesn't need to be verified because it lives on the system partition which
-        // is signed and protected by verified boot.
-        dir = kSepolicyApexSystemDir;
-    }
-
-    auto apex = GetPolicyFromApex(dir);
-    if (!apex.ok()) {
-        // TODO(b/199914227) Make failure fatal. For now continue booting with non-apex sepolicy.
-        LOG(ERROR) << apex.error();
-    }
-}
-
 void ReadPolicy(std::string* policy) {
     PolicyFile policy_file;
 
@@ -735,6 +530,14 @@
     TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(send(fd.get(), &request, sizeof(request), 0));
 }
 
+int RestoreconIfExists(const char* path, unsigned int flags) {
+    if (access(path, F_OK) != 0 && errno == ENOENT) {
+        // Avoid error message for path that is expected to not always exist.
+        return 0;
+    }
+    return selinux_android_restorecon(path, flags);
+}
+
 }  // namespace
 
 void SelinuxRestoreContext() {
@@ -757,14 +560,14 @@
     selinux_android_restorecon("/dev/device-mapper", 0);
 
     selinux_android_restorecon("/apex", 0);
-
+    selinux_android_restorecon("/bootstrap-apex", 0);
     selinux_android_restorecon("/linkerconfig", 0);
 
     // adb remount, snapshot-based updates, and DSUs all create files during
     // first-stage init.
-    selinux_android_restorecon(SnapshotManager::GetGlobalRollbackIndicatorPath().c_str(), 0);
-    selinux_android_restorecon("/metadata/gsi", SELINUX_ANDROID_RESTORECON_RECURSE |
-                                                        SELINUX_ANDROID_RESTORECON_SKIP_SEHASH);
+    RestoreconIfExists(SnapshotManager::GetGlobalRollbackIndicatorPath().c_str(), 0);
+    RestoreconIfExists("/metadata/gsi",
+                       SELINUX_ANDROID_RESTORECON_RECURSE | SELINUX_ANDROID_RESTORECON_SKIP_SEHASH);
 }
 
 int SelinuxKlogCallback(int type, const char* fmt, ...) {
@@ -953,12 +756,9 @@
 
     LOG(INFO) << "Opening SELinux policy";
 
-    PrepareApexSepolicy();
-
     // Read the policy before potentially killing snapuserd.
     std::string policy;
     ReadPolicy(&policy);
-    CleanupApexSepolicy();
 
     auto snapuserd_helper = SnapuserdSelinuxHelper::CreateIfNeeded();
     if (snapuserd_helper) {
@@ -974,13 +774,6 @@
         snapuserd_helper->FinishTransition();
         snapuserd_helper = nullptr;
     }
-
-    // This restorecon is intentionally done before SelinuxSetEnforcement because the permissions
-    // needed to transition files from tmpfs to *_contexts_file context should not be granted to
-    // any process after selinux is set into enforcing mode.
-    if (selinux_android_restorecon("/dev/selinux/", SELINUX_ANDROID_RESTORECON_RECURSE) == -1) {
-        PLOG(FATAL) << "restorecon failed of /dev/selinux failed";
-    }
 }
 
 int SetupSelinux(char** argv) {
diff --git a/init/service.cpp b/init/service.cpp
index a0b3478..5e900ee 100644
--- a/init/service.cpp
+++ b/init/service.cpp
@@ -420,7 +420,7 @@
         }
     });
 
-    if (is_updatable() && !ServiceList::GetInstance().IsServicesUpdated()) {
+    if (is_updatable() && !IsDefaultMountNamespaceReady()) {
         // Don't delay the service for ExecStart() as the semantic is that
         // the caller might depend on the side effect of the execution.
         return Error() << "Cannot start an updatable service '" << name_
@@ -581,7 +581,7 @@
         }
     });
 
-    if (is_updatable() && !ServiceList::GetInstance().IsServicesUpdated()) {
+    if (is_updatable() && !IsDefaultMountNamespaceReady()) {
         ServiceList::GetInstance().DelayService(*this);
         return Error() << "Cannot start an updatable service '" << name_
                        << "' before configs from APEXes are all loaded. "
diff --git a/init/service.h b/init/service.h
index b858eef..9f09cef 100644
--- a/init/service.h
+++ b/init/service.h
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@
 #define SVC_GENTLE_KILL 0x2000  // This service should be stopped with SIGTERM instead of SIGKILL
                                 // Will still be SIGKILLed after timeout period of 200 ms
 
-#define NR_SVC_SUPP_GIDS 12    // twelve supplementary groups
+#define NR_SVC_SUPP_GIDS 32    // thirty two supplementary groups
 
 namespace android {
 namespace init {
diff --git a/init/service_list.cpp b/init/service_list.cpp
index 937d82e..1c56e8a 100644
--- a/init/service_list.cpp
+++ b/init/service_list.cpp
@@ -76,10 +76,7 @@
     return post_data_;
 }
 
-void ServiceList::MarkServicesUpdate() {
-    services_update_finished_ = true;
-
-    // start the delayed services
+void ServiceList::StartDelayedServices() {
     for (const auto& name : delayed_service_names_) {
         Service* service = FindService(name);
         if (service == nullptr) {
@@ -94,7 +91,7 @@
 }
 
 void ServiceList::DelayService(const Service& service) {
-    if (services_update_finished_) {
+    if (IsDefaultMountNamespaceReady()) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Cannot delay the start of service '" << service.name()
                    << "' because all services are already updated. Ignoring.";
         return;
diff --git a/init/service_list.h b/init/service_list.h
index f858bc3..44e8453 100644
--- a/init/service_list.h
+++ b/init/service_list.h
@@ -85,14 +85,10 @@
 
     void MarkPostData();
     bool IsPostData();
-    void MarkServicesUpdate();
-    bool IsServicesUpdated() const { return services_update_finished_; }
     void DelayService(const Service& service);
+    void StartDelayedServices();
 
-    void ResetState() {
-        post_data_ = false;
-        services_update_finished_ = false;
-    }
+    void ResetState() { post_data_ = false; }
 
     auto size() const { return services_.size(); }
 
@@ -100,7 +96,6 @@
     std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Service>> services_;
 
     bool post_data_ = false;
-    bool services_update_finished_ = false;
     std::vector<std::string> delayed_service_names_;
 };
 
diff --git a/libcutils/Android.bp b/libcutils/Android.bp
index 92486e3..55a8694 100644
--- a/libcutils/Android.bp
+++ b/libcutils/Android.bp
@@ -162,7 +162,6 @@
         "properties.cpp",
         "record_stream.cpp",
         "strlcpy.c",
-        "threads.cpp",
     ],
 
     target: {
diff --git a/libcutils/include/cutils/threads.h b/libcutils/include/cutils/threads.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 9bc3429..0000000
--- a/libcutils/include/cutils/threads.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2007 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
diff --git a/libcutils/include_outside_system/cutils/threads.h b/libcutils/include_outside_system/cutils/threads.h
deleted file mode 120000
index 99330ff..0000000
--- a/libcutils/include_outside_system/cutils/threads.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-../../include/cutils/threads.h
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/libcutils/threads.cpp b/libcutils/threads.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index cca50c1..0000000
--- a/libcutils/threads.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-/*
-** Copyright (C) 2007, The Android Open Source Project
-**
-** Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-** you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-** You may obtain a copy of the License at
-**
-**     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-**
-** Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-** distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-** WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-** See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-** limitations under the License.
-*/
-
-#include <sys/types.h>
-
-#if defined(__APPLE__)
-#include <pthread.h>
-#include <stdint.h>
-#elif defined(__linux__)
-#include <pthread.h>
-#include <syscall.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-#elif defined(_WIN32)
-#include <windows.h>
-#endif
-
-#if defined(__BIONIC__) || defined(__GLIBC__) && __GLIBC_MINOR__ >= 30
-// No definition needed for Android because we'll just pick up bionic's copy.
-// No definition needed for Glibc >= 2.30 because it exposes its own copy.
-#else
-extern "C" pid_t gettid() {
-#if defined(__APPLE__)
-  uint64_t tid;
-  pthread_threadid_np(NULL, &tid);
-  return tid;
-#elif defined(__linux__)
-  return syscall(__NR_gettid);
-#elif defined(_WIN32)
-  return GetCurrentThreadId();
-#endif
-}
-#endif
diff --git a/libsparse/Android.bp b/libsparse/Android.bp
index 5a7d0fc..44907a1 100644
--- a/libsparse/Android.bp
+++ b/libsparse/Android.bp
@@ -41,9 +41,8 @@
     ],
 }
 
-cc_binary {
+cc_binary_host {
     name: "simg2img",
-    host_supported: true,
     srcs: [
         "simg2img.cpp",
         "sparse_crc32.cpp",
@@ -62,9 +61,8 @@
     },
 }
 
-cc_binary {
+cc_binary_host {
     name: "img2simg",
-    host_supported: true,
     srcs: ["img2simg.cpp"],
     static_libs: [
         "libsparse",
diff --git a/libutils/Android.bp b/libutils/Android.bp
index 162f0f4..2c05fbc 100644
--- a/libutils/Android.bp
+++ b/libutils/Android.bp
@@ -185,10 +185,21 @@
         support_system_process: true,
     },
 
-    header_abi_checker: {
-        // AFDO affects weak symbols.
-        diff_flags: ["-allow-adding-removing-weak-symbols"],
-        ref_dump_dirs: ["abi-dumps"],
+    target: {
+        product: {
+            header_abi_checker: {
+                // AFDO affects weak symbols.
+                diff_flags: ["-allow-adding-removing-weak-symbols"],
+                ref_dump_dirs: ["abi-dumps"],
+            },
+        },
+        vendor: {
+            header_abi_checker: {
+                // AFDO affects weak symbols.
+                diff_flags: ["-allow-adding-removing-weak-symbols"],
+                ref_dump_dirs: ["abi-dumps"],
+            },
+        },
     },
 }
 
diff --git a/libutils/ProcessCallStack.cpp b/libutils/ProcessCallStack.cpp
index f054de9..4b27bdd 100644
--- a/libutils/ProcessCallStack.cpp
+++ b/libutils/ProcessCallStack.cpp
@@ -205,8 +205,7 @@
 }
 
 void ProcessCallStack::printInternal(Printer& printer, Printer& csPrinter) const {
-    dumpProcessHeader(printer, getpid(),
-                      getTimeString(mTimeUpdated).string());
+    dumpProcessHeader(printer, getpid(), getTimeString(mTimeUpdated).c_str());
 
     for (size_t i = 0; i < mThreadMap.size(); ++i) {
         pid_t tid = mThreadMap.keyAt(i);
@@ -214,7 +213,7 @@
         const String8& threadName = threadInfo.threadName;
 
         printer.printLine("");
-        printer.printFormatLine("\"%s\" sysTid=%d", threadName.string(), tid);
+        printer.printFormatLine("\"%s\" sysTid=%d", threadName.c_str(), tid);
 
         threadInfo.callStack.print(csPrinter);
     }
diff --git a/libutils/RefBase.cpp b/libutils/RefBase.cpp
index ab122c7..e0a2846 100644
--- a/libutils/RefBase.cpp
+++ b/libutils/RefBase.cpp
@@ -330,7 +330,7 @@
                      this);
             int rc = open(name, O_RDWR | O_CREAT | O_APPEND, 0644);
             if (rc >= 0) {
-                (void)write(rc, text.string(), text.length());
+                (void)write(rc, text.c_str(), text.length());
                 close(rc);
                 ALOGI("STACK TRACE for %p saved in %s", this, name);
             }
diff --git a/libutils/String16.cpp b/libutils/String16.cpp
index 68642d8..38d483e 100644
--- a/libutils/String16.cpp
+++ b/libutils/String16.cpp
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 
 static const StaticString16 emptyString(u"");
 static inline char16_t* getEmptyString() {
-    return const_cast<char16_t*>(emptyString.string());
+    return const_cast<char16_t*>(emptyString.c_str());
 }
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -112,10 +112,7 @@
 
 String16::String16(const char16_t* o, size_t len) : mString(allocFromUTF16(o, len)) {}
 
-String16::String16(const String8& o)
-    : mString(allocFromUTF8(o.string(), o.size()))
-{
-}
+String16::String16(const String8& o) : mString(allocFromUTF8(o.c_str(), o.size())) {}
 
 String16::String16(const char* o)
     : mString(allocFromUTF8(o, strlen(o)))
@@ -173,7 +170,7 @@
         LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("Not implemented");
     }
 
-    return setTo(other.string()+begin, len);
+    return setTo(other.c_str() + begin, len);
 }
 
 status_t String16::setTo(const char16_t* other)
@@ -200,7 +197,7 @@
 }
 
 status_t String16::append(const String16& other) {
-    return append(other.string(), other.size());
+    return append(other.c_str(), other.size());
 }
 
 status_t String16::append(const char16_t* chrs, size_t otherLen) {
@@ -286,7 +283,7 @@
 {
     const size_t ps = prefix.size();
     if (ps > size()) return false;
-    return strzcmp16(mString, ps, prefix.string(), ps) == 0;
+    return strzcmp16(mString, ps, prefix.c_str(), ps) == 0;
 }
 
 bool String16::startsWith(const char16_t* prefix) const
diff --git a/libutils/String16_fuzz.cpp b/libutils/String16_fuzz.cpp
index d7e5ec7..a271aee 100644
--- a/libutils/String16_fuzz.cpp
+++ b/libutils/String16_fuzz.cpp
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
 
                 // Bytes and size
                 ([](FuzzedDataProvider&, android::String16 str1, android::String16) -> void {
-                    str1.string();
+                    str1.c_str();
                 }),
                 ([](FuzzedDataProvider&, android::String16 str1, android::String16) -> void {
                     str1.isStaticString();
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
                     str1.startsWith(str2);
                 }),
                 ([](FuzzedDataProvider&, android::String16 str1, android::String16 str2) -> void {
-                    str1.contains(str2.string());
+                    str1.contains(str2.c_str());
                 }),
                 ([](FuzzedDataProvider&, android::String16 str1, android::String16 str2) -> void {
                     str1.compare(str2);
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
                 ([](FuzzedDataProvider& dataProvider, android::String16 str1,
                     android::String16 str2) -> void {
                     int pos = dataProvider.ConsumeIntegralInRange<int>(0, str1.size());
-                    str1.insert(pos, str2.string());
+                    str1.insert(pos, str2.c_str());
                 }),
 
                 // Find and replace operations
diff --git a/libutils/String8.cpp b/libutils/String8.cpp
index 8d312b5..4301f0e 100644
--- a/libutils/String8.cpp
+++ b/libutils/String8.cpp
@@ -39,10 +39,6 @@
 
 namespace android {
 
-// Separator used by resource paths. This is not platform dependent contrary
-// to OS_PATH_SEPARATOR.
-#define RES_PATH_SEPARATOR '/'
-
 static inline char* getEmptyString() {
     static SharedBuffer* gEmptyStringBuf = [] {
         SharedBuffer* buf = SharedBuffer::alloc(1);
@@ -150,10 +146,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-String8::String8(const String16& o)
-    : mString(allocFromUTF16(o.string(), o.size()))
-{
-}
+String8::String8(const String16& o) : mString(allocFromUTF16(o.c_str(), o.size())) {}
 
 String8::String8(const char16_t* o)
     : mString(allocFromUTF16(o, strlen16(o)))
@@ -267,7 +260,7 @@
         return OK;
     }
 
-    return real_append(other.string(), otherLen);
+    return real_append(other.c_str(), otherLen);
 }
 
 status_t String8::append(const char* other)
@@ -437,31 +430,6 @@
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Path functions
 
-static void setPathName(String8& s, const char* name) {
-    size_t len = strlen(name);
-    char* buf = s.lockBuffer(len);
-
-    memcpy(buf, name, len);
-
-    // remove trailing path separator, if present
-    if (len > 0 && buf[len - 1] == OS_PATH_SEPARATOR) len--;
-    buf[len] = '\0';
-
-    s.unlockBuffer(len);
-}
-
-String8 String8::getPathLeaf(void) const
-{
-    const char* cp;
-    const char*const buf = mString;
-
-    cp = strrchr(buf, OS_PATH_SEPARATOR);
-    if (cp == nullptr)
-        return String8(*this);
-    else
-        return String8(cp+1);
-}
-
 String8 String8::getPathDir(void) const
 {
     const char* cp;
@@ -474,40 +442,14 @@
         return String8(str, cp - str);
 }
 
-String8 String8::walkPath(String8* outRemains) const
-{
-    const char* cp;
-    const char*const str = mString;
-    const char* buf = str;
-
-    cp = strchr(buf, OS_PATH_SEPARATOR);
-    if (cp == buf) {
-        // don't include a leading '/'.
-        buf = buf+1;
-        cp = strchr(buf, OS_PATH_SEPARATOR);
-    }
-
-    if (cp == nullptr) {
-        String8 res = buf != str ? String8(buf) : *this;
-        if (outRemains) *outRemains = String8("");
-        return res;
-    }
-
-    String8 res(buf, cp-buf);
-    if (outRemains) *outRemains = String8(cp+1);
-    return res;
-}
-
 /*
  * Helper function for finding the start of an extension in a pathname.
  *
  * Returns a pointer inside mString, or NULL if no extension was found.
  */
-char* String8::find_extension(void) const
-{
+static const char* find_extension(const char* str) {
     const char* lastSlash;
     const char* lastDot;
-    const char* const str = mString;
 
     // only look at the filename
     lastSlash = strrchr(str, OS_PATH_SEPARATOR);
@@ -522,83 +464,16 @@
         return nullptr;
 
     // looks good, ship it
-    return const_cast<char*>(lastDot);
+    return lastDot;
 }
 
 String8 String8::getPathExtension(void) const
 {
-    char* ext;
-
-    ext = find_extension();
+    auto ext = find_extension(mString);
     if (ext != nullptr)
         return String8(ext);
     else
         return String8("");
 }
 
-String8 String8::getBasePath(void) const
-{
-    char* ext;
-    const char* const str = mString;
-
-    ext = find_extension();
-    if (ext == nullptr)
-        return String8(*this);
-    else
-        return String8(str, ext - str);
-}
-
-String8& String8::appendPath(const char* name)
-{
-    // TODO: The test below will fail for Win32 paths. Fix later or ignore.
-    if (name[0] != OS_PATH_SEPARATOR) {
-        if (*name == '\0') {
-            // nothing to do
-            return *this;
-        }
-
-        size_t len = length();
-        if (len == 0) {
-            // no existing filename, just use the new one
-            setPathName(*this, name);
-            return *this;
-        }
-
-        // make room for oldPath + '/' + newPath
-        int newlen = strlen(name);
-
-        char* buf = lockBuffer(len+1+newlen);
-
-        // insert a '/' if needed
-        if (buf[len-1] != OS_PATH_SEPARATOR)
-            buf[len++] = OS_PATH_SEPARATOR;
-
-        memcpy(buf+len, name, newlen+1);
-        len += newlen;
-
-        unlockBuffer(len);
-
-        return *this;
-    } else {
-        setPathName(*this, name);
-        return *this;
-    }
-}
-
-String8& String8::convertToResPath()
-{
-#if OS_PATH_SEPARATOR != RES_PATH_SEPARATOR
-    size_t len = length();
-    if (len > 0) {
-        char * buf = lockBuffer(len);
-        for (char * end = buf + len; buf < end; ++buf) {
-            if (*buf == OS_PATH_SEPARATOR)
-                *buf = RES_PATH_SEPARATOR;
-        }
-        unlockBuffer(len);
-    }
-#endif
-    return *this;
-}
-
 }; // namespace android
diff --git a/libutils/String8_fuzz.cpp b/libutils/String8_fuzz.cpp
index e5dcd31..cbce050 100644
--- a/libutils/String8_fuzz.cpp
+++ b/libutils/String8_fuzz.cpp
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
                     str1->bytes();
                 },
                 [](FuzzedDataProvider*, android::String8* str1, android::String8*) -> void {
-                    str1->isEmpty();
+                    str1->empty();
                 },
                 [](FuzzedDataProvider*, android::String8* str1, android::String8*) -> void {
                     str1->length();
@@ -68,33 +68,6 @@
                     int start_index = dataProvider->ConsumeIntegralInRange<int>(0, str1->size());
                     str1->find(str2->c_str(), start_index);
                 },
-
-                // Path handling
-                [](FuzzedDataProvider*, android::String8* str1, android::String8*) -> void {
-                    str1->getBasePath();
-                },
-                [](FuzzedDataProvider*, android::String8* str1, android::String8*) -> void {
-                    str1->getPathExtension();
-                },
-                [](FuzzedDataProvider*, android::String8* str1, android::String8*) -> void {
-                    str1->getPathLeaf();
-                },
-                [](FuzzedDataProvider*, android::String8* str1, android::String8*) -> void {
-                    str1->getPathDir();
-                },
-                [](FuzzedDataProvider*, android::String8* str1, android::String8*) -> void {
-                    str1->convertToResPath();
-                },
-                [](FuzzedDataProvider*, android::String8* str1, android::String8*) -> void {
-                    std::shared_ptr<android::String8> path_out_str =
-                            std::make_shared<android::String8>();
-                    str1->walkPath(path_out_str.get());
-                    path_out_str->clear();
-                },
-                [](FuzzedDataProvider* dataProvider, android::String8* str1,
-                   android::String8*) -> void {
-                    str1->appendPath(dataProvider->ConsumeBytesWithTerminator<char>(5).data());
-                },
 };
 
 void fuzzFormat(FuzzedDataProvider* dataProvider, android::String8* str1, bool shouldAppend) {
diff --git a/libutils/String8_test.cpp b/libutils/String8_test.cpp
index 35fd512..9c12cb1 100644
--- a/libutils/String8_test.cpp
+++ b/libutils/String8_test.cpp
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
 TEST_F(String8Test, Cstr) {
     String8 tmp("Hello, world!");
 
-    EXPECT_STREQ(tmp.string(), "Hello, world!");
+    EXPECT_STREQ(tmp.c_str(), "Hello, world!");
 }
 
 TEST_F(String8Test, OperatorPlus) {
@@ -45,16 +45,16 @@
     // Test adding String8 + const char*
     const char* ccsrc2 = "world!";
     String8 dst1 = src1 + ccsrc2;
-    EXPECT_STREQ(dst1.string(), "Hello, world!");
-    EXPECT_STREQ(src1.string(), "Hello, ");
+    EXPECT_STREQ(dst1.c_str(), "Hello, world!");
+    EXPECT_STREQ(src1.c_str(), "Hello, ");
     EXPECT_STREQ(ccsrc2, "world!");
 
     // Test adding String8 + String8
     String8 ssrc2("world!");
     String8 dst2 = src1 + ssrc2;
-    EXPECT_STREQ(dst2.string(), "Hello, world!");
-    EXPECT_STREQ(src1.string(), "Hello, ");
-    EXPECT_STREQ(ssrc2.string(), "world!");
+    EXPECT_STREQ(dst2.c_str(), "Hello, world!");
+    EXPECT_STREQ(src1.c_str(), "Hello, ");
+    EXPECT_STREQ(ssrc2.c_str(), "world!");
 }
 
 TEST_F(String8Test, OperatorPlusEquals) {
@@ -63,14 +63,14 @@
     // Testing String8 += String8
     String8 src2(" is my passport.");
     src1 += src2;
-    EXPECT_STREQ(src1.string(), "My voice is my passport.");
-    EXPECT_STREQ(src2.string(), " is my passport.");
+    EXPECT_STREQ(src1.c_str(), "My voice is my passport.");
+    EXPECT_STREQ(src2.c_str(), " is my passport.");
 
     // Adding const char* to the previous string.
     const char* src3 = " Verify me.";
     src1 += src3;
-    EXPECT_STREQ(src1.string(), "My voice is my passport. Verify me.");
-    EXPECT_STREQ(src2.string(), " is my passport.");
+    EXPECT_STREQ(src1.c_str(), "My voice is my passport. Verify me.");
+    EXPECT_STREQ(src2.c_str(), " is my passport.");
     EXPECT_STREQ(src3, " Verify me.");
 }
 
diff --git a/libutils/Tokenizer.cpp b/libutils/Tokenizer.cpp
index c3ec165..9fc955c 100644
--- a/libutils/Tokenizer.cpp
+++ b/libutils/Tokenizer.cpp
@@ -50,15 +50,15 @@
     *outTokenizer = nullptr;
 
     int result = OK;
-    int fd = ::open(filename.string(), O_RDONLY);
+    int fd = ::open(filename.c_str(), O_RDONLY);
     if (fd < 0) {
         result = -errno;
-        ALOGE("Error opening file '%s': %s", filename.string(), strerror(errno));
+        ALOGE("Error opening file '%s': %s", filename.c_str(), strerror(errno));
     } else {
         struct stat stat;
         if (fstat(fd, &stat)) {
             result = -errno;
-            ALOGE("Error getting size of file '%s': %s", filename.string(), strerror(errno));
+            ALOGE("Error getting size of file '%s': %s", filename.c_str(), strerror(errno));
         } else {
             size_t length = size_t(stat.st_size);
 
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@
                 ssize_t nrd = read(fd, buffer, length);
                 if (nrd < 0) {
                     result = -errno;
-                    ALOGE("Error reading file '%s': %s", filename.string(), strerror(errno));
+                    ALOGE("Error reading file '%s': %s", filename.c_str(), strerror(errno));
                     delete[] buffer;
                     buffer = nullptr;
                 } else {
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@
 
 String8 Tokenizer::getLocation() const {
     String8 result;
-    result.appendFormat("%s:%d", mFilename.string(), mLineNumber);
+    result.appendFormat("%s:%d", mFilename.c_str(), mLineNumber);
     return result;
 }
 
diff --git a/libutils/abi-dumps/arm64/source-based/libutils.so.lsdump b/libutils/abi-dumps/arm64/source-based/libutils.so.lsdump
index c89af9e..8881b44 100644
--- a/libutils/abi-dumps/arm64/source-based/libutils.so.lsdump
+++ b/libutils/abi-dumps/arm64/source-based/libutils.so.lsdump
@@ -704,9 +704,6 @@
    "name" : "_ZN7android7RefBaseD2Ev"
   },
   {
-   "name" : "_ZN7android7String810appendPathEPKc"
-  },
-  {
    "name" : "_ZN7android7String810lockBufferEm"
   },
   {
@@ -725,9 +722,6 @@
    "name" : "_ZN7android7String813appendFormatVEPKcSt9__va_list"
   },
   {
-   "name" : "_ZN7android7String816convertToResPathEv"
-  },
-  {
    "name" : "_ZN7android7String85clearEv"
   },
   {
@@ -1148,15 +1142,6 @@
    "name" : "_ZNK7android7String810getPathDirEv"
   },
   {
-   "name" : "_ZNK7android7String811getBasePathEv"
-  },
-  {
-   "name" : "_ZNK7android7String811getPathLeafEv"
-  },
-  {
-   "name" : "_ZNK7android7String814find_extensionEv"
-  },
-  {
    "name" : "_ZNK7android7String816getPathExtensionEv"
   },
   {
@@ -1166,9 +1151,6 @@
    "name" : "_ZNK7android7String86lengthEv"
   },
   {
-   "name" : "_ZNK7android7String88walkPathEPS0_"
-  },
-  {
    "name" : "_ZNK7android8String1610startsWithEPKDs"
   },
   {
@@ -6812,22 +6794,6 @@
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/RefBase.h"
   },
   {
-   "function_name" : "android::String8::appendPath",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android7String810appendPathEPKc",
-   "parameters" :
-   [
-    {
-     "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android7String8E"
-    },
-    {
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
-    }
-   ],
-   "return_type" : "_ZTIRN7android7String8E",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String8.h"
-  },
-  {
    "function_name" : "android::String8::lockBuffer",
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android7String810lockBufferEm",
    "parameters" :
@@ -6928,19 +6894,6 @@
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String8.h"
   },
   {
-   "function_name" : "android::String8::convertToResPath",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android7String816convertToResPathEv",
-   "parameters" :
-   [
-    {
-     "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android7String8E"
-    }
-   ],
-   "return_type" : "_ZTIRN7android7String8E",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String8.h"
-  },
-  {
    "function_name" : "android::String8::clear",
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android7String85clearEv",
    "parameters" :
@@ -9120,6 +9073,7 @@
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/RefBase.h"
   },
   {
+   "access" : "private",
    "function_name" : "android::String8::getPathDir",
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZNK7android7String810getPathDirEv",
    "parameters" :
@@ -9133,46 +9087,7 @@
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String8.h"
   },
   {
-   "function_name" : "android::String8::getBasePath",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZNK7android7String811getBasePathEv",
-   "parameters" :
-   [
-    {
-     "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKN7android7String8E"
-    }
-   ],
-   "return_type" : "_ZTIN7android7String8E",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String8.h"
-  },
-  {
-   "function_name" : "android::String8::getPathLeaf",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZNK7android7String811getPathLeafEv",
-   "parameters" :
-   [
-    {
-     "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKN7android7String8E"
-    }
-   ],
-   "return_type" : "_ZTIN7android7String8E",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String8.h"
-  },
-  {
    "access" : "private",
-   "function_name" : "android::String8::find_extension",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZNK7android7String814find_extensionEv",
-   "parameters" :
-   [
-    {
-     "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKN7android7String8E"
-    }
-   ],
-   "return_type" : "_ZTIPc",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String8.h"
-  },
-  {
    "function_name" : "android::String8::getPathExtension",
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZNK7android7String816getPathExtensionEv",
    "parameters" :
@@ -9219,23 +9134,6 @@
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String8.h"
   },
   {
-   "function_name" : "android::String8::walkPath",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZNK7android7String88walkPathEPS0_",
-   "parameters" :
-   [
-    {
-     "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKN7android7String8E"
-    },
-    {
-     "default_arg" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android7String8E"
-    }
-   ],
-   "return_type" : "_ZTIN7android7String8E",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String8.h"
-  },
-  {
    "function_name" : "android::String16::startsWith",
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZNK7android8String1610startsWithEPKDs",
    "parameters" :
diff --git a/libutils/abi-dumps/arm_arm64/source-based/libutils.so.lsdump b/libutils/abi-dumps/arm_arm64/source-based/libutils.so.lsdump
index f88da15..e8236ea 100644
--- a/libutils/abi-dumps/arm_arm64/source-based/libutils.so.lsdump
+++ b/libutils/abi-dumps/arm_arm64/source-based/libutils.so.lsdump
@@ -704,9 +704,6 @@
    "name" : "_ZN7android7RefBaseD2Ev"
   },
   {
-   "name" : "_ZN7android7String810appendPathEPKc"
-  },
-  {
    "name" : "_ZN7android7String810lockBufferEj"
   },
   {
@@ -725,9 +722,6 @@
    "name" : "_ZN7android7String813appendFormatVEPKcSt9__va_list"
   },
   {
-   "name" : "_ZN7android7String816convertToResPathEv"
-  },
-  {
    "name" : "_ZN7android7String85clearEv"
   },
   {
@@ -1148,15 +1142,6 @@
    "name" : "_ZNK7android7String810getPathDirEv"
   },
   {
-   "name" : "_ZNK7android7String811getBasePathEv"
-  },
-  {
-   "name" : "_ZNK7android7String811getPathLeafEv"
-  },
-  {
-   "name" : "_ZNK7android7String814find_extensionEv"
-  },
-  {
    "name" : "_ZNK7android7String816getPathExtensionEv"
   },
   {
@@ -1166,9 +1151,6 @@
    "name" : "_ZNK7android7String86lengthEv"
   },
   {
-   "name" : "_ZNK7android7String88walkPathEPS0_"
-  },
-  {
    "name" : "_ZNK7android8String1610startsWithEPKDs"
   },
   {
@@ -6808,22 +6790,6 @@
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/RefBase.h"
   },
   {
-   "function_name" : "android::String8::appendPath",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android7String810appendPathEPKc",
-   "parameters" :
-   [
-    {
-     "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android7String8E"
-    },
-    {
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKc"
-    }
-   ],
-   "return_type" : "_ZTIRN7android7String8E",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String8.h"
-  },
-  {
    "function_name" : "android::String8::lockBuffer",
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android7String810lockBufferEj",
    "parameters" :
@@ -6924,19 +6890,6 @@
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String8.h"
   },
   {
-   "function_name" : "android::String8::convertToResPath",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android7String816convertToResPathEv",
-   "parameters" :
-   [
-    {
-     "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android7String8E"
-    }
-   ],
-   "return_type" : "_ZTIRN7android7String8E",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String8.h"
-  },
-  {
    "function_name" : "android::String8::clear",
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZN7android7String85clearEv",
    "parameters" :
@@ -9116,6 +9069,7 @@
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/RefBase.h"
   },
   {
+   "access" : "private",
    "function_name" : "android::String8::getPathDir",
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZNK7android7String810getPathDirEv",
    "parameters" :
@@ -9129,46 +9083,7 @@
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String8.h"
   },
   {
-   "function_name" : "android::String8::getBasePath",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZNK7android7String811getBasePathEv",
-   "parameters" :
-   [
-    {
-     "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKN7android7String8E"
-    }
-   ],
-   "return_type" : "_ZTIN7android7String8E",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String8.h"
-  },
-  {
-   "function_name" : "android::String8::getPathLeaf",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZNK7android7String811getPathLeafEv",
-   "parameters" :
-   [
-    {
-     "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKN7android7String8E"
-    }
-   ],
-   "return_type" : "_ZTIN7android7String8E",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String8.h"
-  },
-  {
    "access" : "private",
-   "function_name" : "android::String8::find_extension",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZNK7android7String814find_extensionEv",
-   "parameters" :
-   [
-    {
-     "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKN7android7String8E"
-    }
-   ],
-   "return_type" : "_ZTIPc",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String8.h"
-  },
-  {
    "function_name" : "android::String8::getPathExtension",
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZNK7android7String816getPathExtensionEv",
    "parameters" :
@@ -9215,23 +9130,6 @@
    "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String8.h"
   },
   {
-   "function_name" : "android::String8::walkPath",
-   "linker_set_key" : "_ZNK7android7String88walkPathEPS0_",
-   "parameters" :
-   [
-    {
-     "is_this_ptr" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPKN7android7String8E"
-    },
-    {
-     "default_arg" : true,
-     "referenced_type" : "_ZTIPN7android7String8E"
-    }
-   ],
-   "return_type" : "_ZTIN7android7String8E",
-   "source_file" : "system/core/libutils/include/utils/String8.h"
-  },
-  {
    "function_name" : "android::String16::startsWith",
    "linker_set_key" : "_ZNK7android8String1610startsWithEPKDs",
    "parameters" :
diff --git a/libutils/include/utils/String16.h b/libutils/include/utils/String16.h
index 3ef56a3..1fa3723 100644
--- a/libutils/include/utils/String16.h
+++ b/libutils/include/utils/String16.h
@@ -24,6 +24,11 @@
 #include <utils/String8.h>
 #include <utils/TypeHelpers.h>
 
+#if __has_include(<string_view>)
+#include <string_view>
+#define HAS_STRING_VIEW
+#endif
+
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 namespace android {
@@ -53,12 +58,14 @@
 
                                 ~String16();
 
+    inline  const char16_t*     c_str() const;
     inline  const char16_t*     string() const;
 
-private:
-    static inline std::string   std_string(const String16& str);
-public:
             size_t              size() const;
+    inline  bool                empty() const;
+
+    inline  size_t              length() const;
+
             void                setTo(const String16& other);
             status_t            setTo(const char16_t* other);
             status_t            setTo(const char16_t* other, size_t len);
@@ -86,6 +93,7 @@
             bool                startsWith(const char16_t* prefix) const;
 
             bool                contains(const char16_t* chrs) const;
+    inline  bool                contains(const String16& other) const;
 
             status_t            replaceAll(char16_t replaceThis,
                                            char16_t withThis);
@@ -108,6 +116,12 @@
 
     inline                      operator const char16_t*() const;
 
+#ifdef HAS_STRING_VIEW
+    // Implicit cast to std::u16string is not implemented on purpose - u16string_view is much
+    // lighter and if one needs, they can still create u16string from u16string_view.
+    inline                      operator std::u16string_view() const;
+#endif
+
     // Static and non-static String16 behave the same for the users, so
     // this method isn't of much use for the users. It is public for testing.
             bool                isStaticString() const;
@@ -234,14 +248,29 @@
     return compare_type(lhs, rhs) < 0;
 }
 
+inline const char16_t* String16::c_str() const
+{
+    return mString;
+}
+
 inline const char16_t* String16::string() const
 {
     return mString;
 }
 
-inline std::string String16::std_string(const String16& str)
+inline bool String16::empty() const
 {
-    return std::string(String8(str).string());
+    return length() == 0;
+}
+
+inline size_t String16::length() const
+{
+    return size();
+}
+
+inline bool String16::contains(const String16& other) const
+{
+    return contains(other.c_str());
 }
 
 inline String16& String16::operator=(const String16& other)
@@ -333,8 +362,15 @@
     return mString;
 }
 
+inline String16::operator std::u16string_view() const
+{
+    return {mString, length()};
+}
+
 }  // namespace android
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+#undef HAS_STRING_VIEW
+
 #endif // ANDROID_STRING16_H
diff --git a/libutils/include/utils/String8.h b/libutils/include/utils/String8.h
index 8b2dcf9..0b92f5b 100644
--- a/libutils/include/utils/String8.h
+++ b/libutils/include/utils/String8.h
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
 #define ANDROID_STRING8_H
 
 #include <iostream>
-#include <string>
 
 #include <utils/Errors.h>
 #include <utils/Unicode.h>
@@ -27,6 +26,16 @@
 #include <string.h> // for strcmp
 #include <stdarg.h>
 
+#if __has_include(<string>)
+#include <string>
+#define HAS_STRING
+#endif
+
+#if __has_include(<string_view>)
+#include <string_view>
+#define HAS_STRING_VIEW
+#endif
+
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 namespace android {
@@ -52,21 +61,15 @@
     explicit                    String8(const char32_t* o, size_t numChars);
                                 ~String8();
 
-    static inline const String8 empty();
-
     static String8              format(const char* fmt, ...) __attribute__((format (printf, 1, 2)));
     static String8              formatV(const char* fmt, va_list args);
 
     inline  const char*         c_str() const;
     inline  const char*         string() const;
 
-private:
-    static inline std::string   std_string(const String8& str);
-public:
-
     inline  size_t              size() const;
     inline  size_t              bytes() const;
-    inline  bool                isEmpty() const;
+    inline  bool                empty() const;
 
             size_t              length() const;
 
@@ -114,6 +117,10 @@
 
     inline                      operator const char*() const;
 
+#ifdef HAS_STRING_VIEW
+    inline explicit             operator std::string_view() const;
+#endif
+
             char*               lockBuffer(size_t size);
             void                unlockBuffer();
             status_t            unlockBuffer(size_t size);
@@ -121,101 +128,34 @@
             // return the index of the first byte of other in this at or after
             // start, or -1 if not found
             ssize_t             find(const char* other, size_t start = 0) const;
+    inline  ssize_t             find(const String8& other, size_t start = 0) const;
 
             // return true if this string contains the specified substring
     inline  bool                contains(const char* other) const;
+    inline  bool                contains(const String8& other) const;
 
             // removes all occurrence of the specified substring
             // returns true if any were found and removed
             bool                removeAll(const char* other);
+    inline  bool                removeAll(const String8& other);
 
             void                toLower();
 
-
-    /*
-     * These methods operate on the string as if it were a path name.
-     */
-
-    /*
-     * Get just the filename component.
-     *
-     * "/tmp/foo/bar.c" --> "bar.c"
-     */
-    String8 getPathLeaf(void) const;
-
-    /*
-     * Remove the last (file name) component, leaving just the directory
-     * name.
-     *
-     * "/tmp/foo/bar.c" --> "/tmp/foo"
-     * "/tmp" --> "" // ????? shouldn't this be "/" ???? XXX
-     * "bar.c" --> ""
-     */
-    String8 getPathDir(void) const;
-
-    /*
-     * Retrieve the front (root dir) component.  Optionally also return the
-     * remaining components.
-     *
-     * "/tmp/foo/bar.c" --> "tmp" (remain = "foo/bar.c")
-     * "/tmp" --> "tmp" (remain = "")
-     * "bar.c" --> "bar.c" (remain = "")
-     */
-    String8 walkPath(String8* outRemains = nullptr) const;
-
-    /*
-     * Return the filename extension.  This is the last '.' and any number
-     * of characters that follow it.  The '.' is included in case we
-     * decide to expand our definition of what constitutes an extension.
-     *
-     * "/tmp/foo/bar.c" --> ".c"
-     * "/tmp" --> ""
-     * "/tmp/foo.bar/baz" --> ""
-     * "foo.jpeg" --> ".jpeg"
-     * "foo." --> ""
-     */
-    String8 getPathExtension(void) const;
-
-    /*
-     * Return the path without the extension.  Rules for what constitutes
-     * an extension are described in the comment for getPathExtension().
-     *
-     * "/tmp/foo/bar.c" --> "/tmp/foo/bar"
-     */
-    String8 getBasePath(void) const;
-
-    /*
-     * Add a component to the pathname.  We guarantee that there is
-     * exactly one path separator between the old path and the new.
-     * If there is no existing name, we just copy the new name in.
-     *
-     * If leaf is a fully qualified path (i.e. starts with '/', it
-     * replaces whatever was there before.
-     */
-    String8& appendPath(const char* leaf);
-    String8& appendPath(const String8& leaf)  { return appendPath(leaf.string()); }
-
-    /*
-     * Like appendPath(), but does not affect this string.  Returns a new one instead.
-     */
-    String8 appendPathCopy(const char* leaf) const
-                                             { String8 p(*this); p.appendPath(leaf); return p; }
-    String8 appendPathCopy(const String8& leaf) const { return appendPathCopy(leaf.string()); }
-
-    /*
-     * Converts all separators in this string to /, the default path separator.
-     *
-     * If the default OS separator is backslash, this converts all
-     * backslashes to slashes, in-place. Otherwise it does nothing.
-     * Returns self.
-     */
-    String8& convertToResPath();
-
 private:
+            String8 getPathDir(void) const;
+            String8 getPathExtension(void) const;
+
             status_t            real_append(const char* other, size_t numChars);
-            char*               find_extension(void) const;
 
             const char* mString;
+
+// These symbols are for potential backward compatibility with prebuilts. To be removed.
+#ifdef ENABLE_STRING8_OBSOLETE_METHODS
+public:
+#else
+private:
+#endif
+    inline  bool                isEmpty() const;
 };
 
 // String8 can be trivially moved using memcpy() because moving does not
@@ -240,10 +180,6 @@
     return compare_type(lhs, rhs) < 0;
 }
 
-inline const String8 String8::empty() {
-    return String8();
-}
-
 inline const char* String8::c_str() const
 {
     return mString;
@@ -253,16 +189,16 @@
     return mString;
 }
 
-inline std::string String8::std_string(const String8& str)
-{
-    return std::string(str.string());
-}
-
 inline size_t String8::size() const
 {
     return length();
 }
 
+inline bool String8::empty() const
+{
+    return length() == 0;
+}
+
 inline bool String8::isEmpty() const
 {
     return length() == 0;
@@ -273,11 +209,26 @@
     return length();
 }
 
+inline ssize_t String8::find(const String8& other, size_t start) const
+{
+    return find(other.c_str(), start);
+}
+
 inline bool String8::contains(const char* other) const
 {
     return find(other) >= 0;
 }
 
+inline bool String8::contains(const String8& other) const
+{
+    return contains(other.c_str());
+}
+
+inline bool String8::removeAll(const String8& other)
+{
+    return removeAll(other.c_str());
+}
+
 inline String8& String8::operator=(const String8& other)
 {
     setTo(other);
@@ -386,8 +337,18 @@
     return mString;
 }
 
+#ifdef HAS_STRING_VIEW
+inline String8::operator std::string_view() const
+{
+    return {mString, length()};
+}
+#endif
+
 }  // namespace android
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+#undef HAS_STRING
+#undef HAS_STRING_VIEW
+
 #endif // ANDROID_STRING8_H
diff --git a/rootdir/Android.bp b/rootdir/Android.bp
index e98733a..c8a3cd6 100644
--- a/rootdir/Android.bp
+++ b/rootdir/Android.bp
@@ -17,12 +17,30 @@
 }
 
 prebuilt_etc {
+    name: "init.boringssl.zygote64_32.rc",
+    src: "init.boringssl.zygote64_32.rc",
+    sub_dir: "init/hw",
+    symlinks: [
+        "init.boringssl.zygote32.rc",
+        "init.boringssl.no_zygote.rc",
+    ],
+}
+
+prebuilt_etc {
+    name: "init.boringssl.zygote64.rc",
+    src: "init.boringssl.zygote64.rc",
+    sub_dir: "init/hw",
+}
+
+prebuilt_etc {
     name: "init.rc",
     src: "init.rc",
     sub_dir: "init/hw",
     required: [
         "fsverity_init",
         "platform-bootclasspath",
+        "init.boringssl.zygote64.rc",
+        "init.boringssl.zygote64_32.rc",
     ],
 }
 
diff --git a/rootdir/Android.mk b/rootdir/Android.mk
index 3362872..cc6b64a 100644
--- a/rootdir/Android.mk
+++ b/rootdir/Android.mk
@@ -91,27 +91,38 @@
 #
 # create some directories (some are mount points) and symlinks
 LOCAL_POST_INSTALL_CMD := mkdir -p $(addprefix $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/, \
-    dev proc sys system data data_mirror odm oem acct config storage mnt apex debug_ramdisk \
+    dev proc sys system data data_mirror odm oem acct config storage mnt apex bootstrap-apex debug_ramdisk \
     linkerconfig second_stage_resources postinstall $(BOARD_ROOT_EXTRA_FOLDERS)); \
     ln -sf /system/bin $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/bin; \
     ln -sf /system/etc $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/etc; \
     ln -sf /data/user_de/0/com.android.shell/files/bugreports $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/bugreports; \
     ln -sfn /sys/kernel/debug $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/d; \
     ln -sf /storage/self/primary $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/sdcard
+
+ALL_ROOTDIR_SYMLINKS := \
+  $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/bin \
+  $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/etc \
+  $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/bugreports \
+  $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/d \
+  $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/sdcard
+
 ifdef BOARD_USES_VENDORIMAGE
   LOCAL_POST_INSTALL_CMD += ; mkdir -p $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/vendor
 else
   LOCAL_POST_INSTALL_CMD += ; ln -sf /system/vendor $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/vendor
+  ALL_ROOTDIR_SYMLINKS += $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/vendor
 endif
 ifdef BOARD_USES_PRODUCTIMAGE
   LOCAL_POST_INSTALL_CMD += ; mkdir -p $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/product
 else
   LOCAL_POST_INSTALL_CMD += ; ln -sf /system/product $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/product
+  ALL_ROOTDIR_SYMLINKS += $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/product
 endif
 ifdef BOARD_USES_SYSTEM_EXTIMAGE
   LOCAL_POST_INSTALL_CMD += ; mkdir -p $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/system_ext
 else
   LOCAL_POST_INSTALL_CMD += ; ln -sf /system/system_ext $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/system_ext
+  ALL_ROOTDIR_SYMLINKS += $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/system_ext
 endif
 ifdef BOARD_USES_METADATA_PARTITION
   LOCAL_POST_INSTALL_CMD += ; mkdir -p $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/metadata
@@ -134,6 +145,18 @@
 LOCAL_POST_INSTALL_CMD += ; ln -sf /vendor/odm/priv-app $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/odm/priv-app
 LOCAL_POST_INSTALL_CMD += ; ln -sf /vendor/odm/usr $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/odm/usr
 
+ALL_ROOTDIR_SYMLINKS += \
+  $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/odm/app \
+  $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/odm/bin \
+  $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/odm/etc \
+  $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/odm/firmware \
+  $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/odm/framework \
+  $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/odm/lib \
+  $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/odm/lib64 \
+  $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/odm/overlay \
+  $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/odm/priv-app \
+  $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/odm/usr
+
 
 # For /vendor_dlkm partition.
 LOCAL_POST_INSTALL_CMD += ; mkdir -p $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/vendor_dlkm
@@ -144,6 +167,7 @@
 # Note that /vendor_dlkm/lib is omitted because vendor DLKMs should be accessed
 # via /vendor/lib/modules directly.
 LOCAL_POST_INSTALL_CMD += ; ln -sf /vendor/vendor_dlkm/etc $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/vendor_dlkm/etc
+ALL_ROOTDIR_SYMLINKS += $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/vendor_dlkm/etc
 
 # For /odm_dlkm partition.
 LOCAL_POST_INSTALL_CMD += ; mkdir -p $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/odm_dlkm
@@ -154,6 +178,7 @@
 # Note that /odm_dlkm/lib is omitted because odm DLKMs should be accessed
 # via /odm/lib/modules directly.
 LOCAL_POST_INSTALL_CMD += ; ln -sf /odm/odm_dlkm/etc $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/odm_dlkm/etc
+ALL_ROOTDIR_SYMLINKS += $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/odm_dlkm/etc
 
 # For /system_dlkm partition
 LOCAL_POST_INSTALL_CMD += ; mkdir -p $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/system_dlkm
@@ -162,6 +187,7 @@
   LOCAL_POST_INSTALL_CMD += ; mkdir -p $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/cache
 else
   LOCAL_POST_INSTALL_CMD += ; ln -sf /data/cache $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/cache
+  ALL_ROOTDIR_SYMLINKS += $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/cache
 endif
 ifdef BOARD_ROOT_EXTRA_SYMLINKS
 # BOARD_ROOT_EXTRA_SYMLINKS is a list of <target>:<link_name>.
@@ -169,14 +195,19 @@
     $(eval p := $(subst :,$(space),$(s)))\
     ; mkdir -p $(dir $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/$(word 2,$(p))) \
     ; ln -sf $(word 1,$(p)) $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/$(word 2,$(p)))
+  ALL_ROOTDIR_SYMLINKS += $(foreach s,$(BOARD_ROOT_EXTRA_SYMLINKS),$(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/$(call word-colon,2,$s))
 endif
 
 # The init symlink must be a post install command of a file that is to TARGET_ROOT_OUT.
 # Since init.environ.rc is required for init and satisfies that requirement, we hijack it to create the symlink.
 LOCAL_POST_INSTALL_CMD += ; ln -sf /system/bin/init $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/init
+ALL_ROOTDIR_SYMLINKS += $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/init
+
+ALL_DEFAULT_INSTALLED_MODULES += $(ALL_ROOTDIR_SYMLINKS)
 
 include $(BUILD_SYSTEM)/base_rules.mk
 
+$(ALL_ROOTDIR_SYMLINKS): $(LOCAL_BUILT_MODULE)
 $(LOCAL_BUILT_MODULE): $(LOCAL_PATH)/init.environ.rc.in
 	@echo "Generate: $< -> $@"
 	@mkdir -p $(dir $@)
diff --git a/rootdir/init.boringssl.zygote64.rc b/rootdir/init.boringssl.zygote64.rc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3f49fea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rootdir/init.boringssl.zygote64.rc
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+on init && property:ro.product.cpu.abilist64=*
+    exec_start boringssl_self_test64
+on property:apexd.status=ready && property:ro.product.cpu.abilist64=*
+    exec_start boringssl_self_test_apex64
diff --git a/rootdir/init.boringssl.zygote64_32.rc b/rootdir/init.boringssl.zygote64_32.rc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c0be42d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rootdir/init.boringssl.zygote64_32.rc
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+on init && property:ro.product.cpu.abilist32=*
+    exec_start boringssl_self_test32
+on init && property:ro.product.cpu.abilist64=*
+    exec_start boringssl_self_test64
+on property:apexd.status=ready && property:ro.product.cpu.abilist32=*
+    exec_start boringssl_self_test_apex32
+on property:apexd.status=ready && property:ro.product.cpu.abilist64=*
+    exec_start boringssl_self_test_apex64
diff --git a/rootdir/init.rc b/rootdir/init.rc
index 8f01d93..487e5da 100644
--- a/rootdir/init.rc
+++ b/rootdir/init.rc
@@ -74,9 +74,7 @@
     # become available. Note that this is executed as exec_start to ensure that
     # the libraries are available to the processes started after this statement.
     exec_start apexd-bootstrap
-
-    # Generate linker config based on apex mounted in bootstrap namespace
-    update_linker_config
+    perform_apex_config --bootstrap
 
     # These must already exist by the time boringssl_self_test32 / boringssl_self_test64 run.
     mkdir /dev/boringssl 0755 root root
@@ -461,14 +459,7 @@
     start vndservicemanager
 
 # Run boringssl self test for each ABI.  Any failures trigger reboot to firmware.
-on init && property:ro.product.cpu.abilist32=*
-    exec_start boringssl_self_test32
-on init && property:ro.product.cpu.abilist64=*
-    exec_start boringssl_self_test64
-on property:apexd.status=ready && property:ro.product.cpu.abilist32=*
-    exec_start boringssl_self_test_apex32
-on property:apexd.status=ready && property:ro.product.cpu.abilist64=*
-    exec_start boringssl_self_test_apex64
+import /system/etc/init/hw/init.boringssl.${ro.zygote}.rc
 
 service boringssl_self_test32 /system/bin/boringssl_self_test32
     reboot_on_failure reboot,boringssl-self-check-failed
diff --git a/rootdir/init.zygote32.rc b/rootdir/init.zygote32.rc
index 2f0ec8a..442bd15 100644
--- a/rootdir/init.zygote32.rc
+++ b/rootdir/init.zygote32.rc
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
     onrestart restart audioserver
     onrestart restart cameraserver
     onrestart restart media
-    onrestart restart media.tuner
+    onrestart restart --only-if-running media.tuner
     onrestart restart netd
     onrestart restart wificond
     task_profiles ProcessCapacityHigh
diff --git a/rootdir/init.zygote64.rc b/rootdir/init.zygote64.rc
index 74a64c8..3422121 100644
--- a/rootdir/init.zygote64.rc
+++ b/rootdir/init.zygote64.rc
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
     onrestart restart audioserver
     onrestart restart cameraserver
     onrestart restart media
-    onrestart restart media.tuner
+    onrestart restart --only-if-running media.tuner
     onrestart restart netd
     onrestart restart wificond
     task_profiles ProcessCapacityHigh MaxPerformance
diff --git a/toolbox/getevent.c b/toolbox/getevent.c
index e2c77c3..f65bb20 100644
--- a/toolbox/getevent.c
+++ b/toolbox/getevent.c
@@ -111,8 +111,7 @@
                 break;
             bits_size = res + 16;
             bits = realloc(bits, bits_size * 2);
-            if(bits == NULL)
-                err(1, "failed to allocate buffer of size %d\n", (int)bits_size);
+            if (bits == NULL) err(1, "failed to allocate buffer of size %zd", bits_size);
         }
         res2 = 0;
         switch(i) {
diff --git a/trusty/OWNERS b/trusty/OWNERS
index 61b97c6..bf16912 100644
--- a/trusty/OWNERS
+++ b/trusty/OWNERS
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 danielangell@google.com
 gmar@google.com
 marcone@google.com
+mikemcternan@google.com
 mmaurer@google.com
 ncbray@google.com
 swillden@google.com
diff --git a/trusty/keymaster/TrustyKeymaster.cpp b/trusty/keymaster/TrustyKeymaster.cpp
index ac98695..b118a20 100644
--- a/trusty/keymaster/TrustyKeymaster.cpp
+++ b/trusty/keymaster/TrustyKeymaster.cpp
@@ -218,6 +218,11 @@
     ForwardCommand(KM_DELETE_ALL_KEYS, request, response);
 }
 
+void TrustyKeymaster::DestroyAttestationIds(const DestroyAttestationIdsRequest& request,
+                                            DestroyAttestationIdsResponse* response) {
+    ForwardCommand(KM_DESTROY_ATTESTATION_IDS, request, response);
+}
+
 void TrustyKeymaster::BeginOperation(const BeginOperationRequest& request,
                                      BeginOperationResponse* response) {
     ForwardCommand(KM_BEGIN_OPERATION, request, response);
diff --git a/trusty/keymaster/include/trusty_keymaster/TrustyKeymaster.h b/trusty/keymaster/include/trusty_keymaster/TrustyKeymaster.h
index 60d3f87..c50178b 100644
--- a/trusty/keymaster/include/trusty_keymaster/TrustyKeymaster.h
+++ b/trusty/keymaster/include/trusty_keymaster/TrustyKeymaster.h
@@ -55,6 +55,8 @@
     void UpgradeKey(const UpgradeKeyRequest& request, UpgradeKeyResponse* response);
     void DeleteKey(const DeleteKeyRequest& request, DeleteKeyResponse* response);
     void DeleteAllKeys(const DeleteAllKeysRequest& request, DeleteAllKeysResponse* response);
+    void DestroyAttestationIds(const DestroyAttestationIdsRequest& request,
+                               DestroyAttestationIdsResponse* response);
     void BeginOperation(const BeginOperationRequest& request, BeginOperationResponse* response);
     void UpdateOperation(const UpdateOperationRequest& request, UpdateOperationResponse* response);
     void FinishOperation(const FinishOperationRequest& request, FinishOperationResponse* response);
diff --git a/trusty/keymaster/keymint/TrustyKeyMintDevice.cpp b/trusty/keymaster/keymint/TrustyKeyMintDevice.cpp
index b696ff9..fec4c60 100644
--- a/trusty/keymaster/keymint/TrustyKeyMintDevice.cpp
+++ b/trusty/keymaster/keymint/TrustyKeyMintDevice.cpp
@@ -258,7 +258,11 @@
 }
 
 ScopedAStatus TrustyKeyMintDevice::destroyAttestationIds() {
-    return kmError2ScopedAStatus(KM_ERROR_UNIMPLEMENTED);
+    keymaster::DestroyAttestationIdsRequest request(impl_->message_version());
+    keymaster::DestroyAttestationIdsResponse response(impl_->message_version());
+    impl_->DestroyAttestationIds(request, &response);
+
+    return kmError2ScopedAStatus(response.error);
 }
 
 ScopedAStatus TrustyKeyMintDevice::begin(KeyPurpose purpose, const vector<uint8_t>& keyBlob,
diff --git a/trusty/utils/coverage-controller/Android.bp b/trusty/utils/coverage-controller/Android.bp
index 1aa88cc..e6d30d9 100644
--- a/trusty/utils/coverage-controller/Android.bp
+++ b/trusty/utils/coverage-controller/Android.bp
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 }
 
 cc_binary {
-    name: "coverage-controller",
+    name: "trusty-coverage-controller",
     vendor: true,
 
     srcs: ["controller.cpp"],
diff --git a/trusty/utils/coverage-controller/controller.cpp b/trusty/utils/coverage-controller/controller.cpp
index 730c010..0047046 100644
--- a/trusty/utils/coverage-controller/controller.cpp
+++ b/trusty/utils/coverage-controller/controller.cpp
@@ -14,11 +14,16 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
+#include <array>
 #include <getopt.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <memory>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
 #include <trusty/line-coverage/coverage.h>
 #include <trusty/tipc.h>
-#include <array>
-#include <memory>
 #include <vector>
 
 #include "controller.h"
@@ -48,10 +53,10 @@
 
             if (complete_cnt != counters[index] && start_cnt == complete_cnt) {
                 WRITE_ONCE(control->cntrl_flags, FLAG_NONE);
-                std::string fmt = "/%d.%lu.profraw";
-                int sz = std::snprintf(nullptr, 0, fmt.c_str(), index, counters[index]);
-                std::string filename(sz+1, '.');
-                std::sprintf(filename.data(), fmt.c_str(), index, counters[index]);
+                std::string filename;
+                filename = android::base::StringPrintf("/%s.%lu.profraw",
+                                                    uuid_list_[index].c_str(),
+                                                    counters[index]);
                 filename.insert(0, output_dir);
                 android::base::Result<void> res = record_list_[index]->SaveFile(filename);
                 counters[index]++;
@@ -79,6 +84,7 @@
     struct line_coverage_client_resp resp;
     uint32_t cur_index = record_list_.size();
     struct uuid zero_uuid = {0, 0, 0, { 0 }};
+    char uuid_str[UUID_STR_SIZE];
     req.hdr.cmd = LINE_COVERAGE_CLIENT_CMD_SEND_LIST;
     int rc = write(coverage_srv_fd, &req, sizeof(req));
         if (rc != (int)sizeof(req)) {
@@ -98,6 +104,21 @@
             }
             if(uuid_set_.find(resp.send_list_args.uuid) == uuid_set_.end()) {
                 uuid_set_.insert(resp.send_list_args.uuid);
+                sprintf(uuid_str,
+                    "%08" PRIx32 "-%04" PRIx16 "-%04" PRIx16 "-%02" PRIx8 "%02" PRIx8
+                    "-%02" PRIx8 "%02" PRIx8 "%02" PRIx8 "%02" PRIx8 "%02" PRIx8 "%02" PRIx8,
+                    resp.send_list_args.uuid.time_low,
+                    resp.send_list_args.uuid.time_mid,
+                    resp.send_list_args.uuid.time_hi_and_version,
+                    resp.send_list_args.uuid.clock_seq_and_node[0],
+                    resp.send_list_args.uuid.clock_seq_and_node[1],
+                    resp.send_list_args.uuid.clock_seq_and_node[2],
+                    resp.send_list_args.uuid.clock_seq_and_node[3],
+                    resp.send_list_args.uuid.clock_seq_and_node[4],
+                    resp.send_list_args.uuid.clock_seq_and_node[5],
+                    resp.send_list_args.uuid.clock_seq_and_node[6],
+                    resp.send_list_args.uuid.clock_seq_and_node[7]);
+                uuid_list_.push_back(uuid_str);
                 record_list_.push_back(std::make_unique<CoverageRecord>(TIPC_DEV,
                                                                     &resp.send_list_args.uuid));
                 counters.push_back(0);
diff --git a/trusty/utils/coverage-controller/controller.h b/trusty/utils/coverage-controller/controller.h
index b771c16..f7789bf 100644
--- a/trusty/utils/coverage-controller/controller.h
+++ b/trusty/utils/coverage-controller/controller.h
@@ -26,6 +26,8 @@
 #define TEST_SRV_PORT "com.android.trusty.sancov.test.srv"
 #define TEST_SRV_MODULE "srv.syms.elf"
 
+#define UUID_STR_SIZE (37)
+
 #define FLAG_NONE               0x0
 #define FLAG_RUN                0x1
 #define FLAG_TOGGLE_CLEAR       0x2
@@ -52,6 +54,7 @@
     private:
         std::vector<std::unique_ptr<line_coverage::CoverageRecord>>record_list_;
         std::set<struct uuid>uuid_set_;
+        std::vector<std::string>uuid_list_;
         std::vector<uint64_t> counters;
         int coverage_srv_fd;