diff --git a/debuggerd/Android.bp b/debuggerd/Android.bp
index f713ff2..9ca0eba 100644
--- a/debuggerd/Android.bp
+++ b/debuggerd/Android.bp
@@ -210,6 +210,9 @@
         "libcutils",
         "liblog",
     ],
+    runtime_libs: [
+        "libdexfile",           // libdexfile_support dependency
+    ],
 
     whole_static_libs: [
         "libasync_safe",
@@ -225,11 +228,17 @@
             exclude_static_libs: [
                 "libdexfile_support",
             ],
+            exclude_runtime_libs: [
+                "libdexfile",
+            ],
         },
         vendor_ramdisk: {
             exclude_static_libs: [
                 "libdexfile_support",
             ],
+            exclude_runtime_libs: [
+                "libdexfile",
+            ],
         },
     },
 
diff --git a/debuggerd/crash_test.cpp b/debuggerd/crash_test.cpp
index c15145f..ce0f91f 100644
--- a/debuggerd/crash_test.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/crash_test.cpp
@@ -16,6 +16,13 @@
 
 #include <stdint.h>
 
-extern "C" void crash() {
+#include "crash_test.h"
+
+extern "C" {
+
+JITDescriptor __dex_debug_descriptor = {.version = 1};
+
+void crash() {
   *reinterpret_cast<volatile char*>(0xdead) = '1';
 }
+}
diff --git a/debuggerd/crash_test.h b/debuggerd/crash_test.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2a8bea3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/debuggerd/crash_test.h
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2021, The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+// Only support V1 of these structures.
+// See https://sourceware.org/gdb/onlinedocs/gdb/JIT-Interface.html
+// for information on the JIT Compilation Interface.
+// Also, see libunwindstack/GlobalDebugImpl.h for the full definition of
+// these structures.
+struct JITCodeEntry {
+  uintptr_t next;
+  uintptr_t prev;
+  uintptr_t symfile_addr;
+  uint64_t symfile_size;
+};
+
+struct JITDescriptor {
+  uint32_t version;
+  uint32_t action_flag;
+  uintptr_t relevant_entry;
+  uintptr_t first_entry;
+};
diff --git a/debuggerd/debuggerd_test.cpp b/debuggerd/debuggerd_test.cpp
index 68c9aca..4394274 100644
--- a/debuggerd/debuggerd_test.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/debuggerd_test.cpp
@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@
 #include <libminijail.h>
 #include <scoped_minijail.h>
 
+#include "crash_test.h"
 #include "debuggerd/handler.h"
 #include "libdebuggerd/utility.h"
 #include "protocol.h"
@@ -2064,3 +2065,124 @@
   match_str = android::base::StringPrintf(R"(\n--->%s.*\n)", format_pointer(ptr).c_str());
   ASSERT_MATCH(result, match_str);
 }
+
+static constexpr uint32_t kDexData[] = {
+    0x0a786564, 0x00383330, 0xc98b3ab8, 0xf3749d94, 0xaecca4d8, 0xffc7b09a, 0xdca9ca7f, 0x5be5deab,
+    0x00000220, 0x00000070, 0x12345678, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x0000018c, 0x00000008, 0x00000070,
+    0x00000004, 0x00000090, 0x00000002, 0x000000a0, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000003, 0x000000b8,
+    0x00000001, 0x000000d0, 0x00000130, 0x000000f0, 0x00000122, 0x0000012a, 0x00000132, 0x00000146,
+    0x00000151, 0x00000154, 0x00000158, 0x0000016d, 0x00000001, 0x00000002, 0x00000004, 0x00000006,
+    0x00000004, 0x00000002, 0x00000000, 0x00000005, 0x00000002, 0x0000011c, 0x00000000, 0x00000000,
+    0x00010000, 0x00000007, 0x00000001, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000001, 0x00000001, 0x00000000,
+    0x00000003, 0x00000000, 0x0000017e, 0x00000000, 0x00010001, 0x00000001, 0x00000173, 0x00000004,
+    0x00021070, 0x000e0000, 0x00010001, 0x00000000, 0x00000178, 0x00000001, 0x0000000e, 0x00000001,
+    0x3c060003, 0x74696e69, 0x4c06003e, 0x6e69614d, 0x4c12003b, 0x6176616a, 0x6e616c2f, 0x624f2f67,
+    0x7463656a, 0x4d09003b, 0x2e6e6961, 0x6176616a, 0x00560100, 0x004c5602, 0x6a4c5b13, 0x2f617661,
+    0x676e616c, 0x7274532f, 0x3b676e69, 0x616d0400, 0x01006e69, 0x000e0700, 0x07000103, 0x0000000e,
+    0x81000002, 0x01f00480, 0x02880901, 0x0000000c, 0x00000000, 0x00000001, 0x00000000, 0x00000001,
+    0x00000008, 0x00000070, 0x00000002, 0x00000004, 0x00000090, 0x00000003, 0x00000002, 0x000000a0,
+    0x00000005, 0x00000003, 0x000000b8, 0x00000006, 0x00000001, 0x000000d0, 0x00002001, 0x00000002,
+    0x000000f0, 0x00001001, 0x00000001, 0x0000011c, 0x00002002, 0x00000008, 0x00000122, 0x00002003,
+    0x00000002, 0x00000173, 0x00002000, 0x00000001, 0x0000017e, 0x00001000, 0x00000001, 0x0000018c,
+};
+
+TEST_F(CrasherTest, verify_dex_pc_with_function_name) {
+  StartProcess([]() {
+    TemporaryDir td;
+    std::string tmp_so_name;
+    if (!CopySharedLibrary(td.path, &tmp_so_name)) {
+      _exit(1);
+    }
+
+    // In order to cause libunwindstack to look for this __dex_debug_descriptor
+    // move the library to which has a basename of libart.so.
+    std::string art_so_name = android::base::Dirname(tmp_so_name) + "/libart.so";
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, rename(tmp_so_name.c_str(), art_so_name.c_str()));
+    void* handle = dlopen(art_so_name.c_str(), RTLD_NOW | RTLD_LOCAL);
+    if (handle == nullptr) {
+      _exit(1);
+    }
+
+    void* ptr =
+        mmap(nullptr, sizeof(kDexData), PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_ANONYMOUS | MAP_PRIVATE, -1, 0);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ptr != MAP_FAILED);
+    memcpy(ptr, kDexData, sizeof(kDexData));
+    prctl(PR_SET_VMA, PR_SET_VMA_ANON_NAME, ptr, sizeof(kDexData), "dex");
+
+    JITCodeEntry dex_entry = {.symfile_addr = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(ptr),
+                              .symfile_size = sizeof(kDexData)};
+
+    JITDescriptor* dex_debug =
+        reinterpret_cast<JITDescriptor*>(dlsym(handle, "__dex_debug_descriptor"));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(dex_debug != nullptr);
+    dex_debug->version = 1;
+    dex_debug->action_flag = 0;
+    dex_debug->relevant_entry = 0;
+    dex_debug->first_entry = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(&dex_entry);
+
+    // This sets the magic dex pc value for register 0, using the value
+    // of register 1 + 0x102.
+    asm(".cfi_escape "
+        "0x16 /* DW_CFA_val_expression */, 0, 0x0a /* size */,"
+        "0x0c /* DW_OP_const4u */, 0x44, 0x45, 0x58, 0x31, /* magic = 'DEX1' */"
+        "0x13 /* DW_OP_drop */,"
+        "0x92 /* DW_OP_bregx */, 1, 0x82, 0x02 /* 2-byte SLEB128 */");
+
+    // For each different architecture, set register one to the dex ptr mmap
+    // created above. Then do a nullptr dereference to force a crash.
+#if defined(__arm__)
+    asm volatile(
+        "mov r1, %[base]\n"
+        "mov r2, 0\n"
+        "str r3, [r2]\n"
+        : [base] "+r"(ptr)
+        :
+        : "r1", "r2", "r3", "memory");
+#elif defined(__aarch64__)
+    asm volatile(
+        "mov x1, %[base]\n"
+        "mov x2, 0\n"
+        "str x3, [x2]\n"
+        : [base] "+r"(ptr)
+        :
+        : "x1", "x2", "x3", "memory");
+#elif defined(__i386__)
+    asm volatile(
+        "mov %[base], %%ecx\n"
+        "movl $0, %%edi\n"
+        "movl 0(%%edi), %%edx\n"
+        : [base] "+r"(ptr)
+        :
+        : "edi", "ecx", "edx", "memory");
+#elif defined(__x86_64__)
+    asm volatile(
+        "mov %[base], %%rdx\n"
+        "movq 0, %%rdi\n"
+        "movq 0(%%rdi), %%rcx\n"
+        : [base] "+r"(ptr)
+        :
+        : "rcx", "rdx", "rdi", "memory");
+#else
+#error "Unsupported architecture"
+#endif
+    _exit(0);
+  });
+
+  unique_fd output_fd;
+  StartIntercept(&output_fd);
+  FinishCrasher();
+  AssertDeath(SIGSEGV);
+
+  int intercept_result;
+  FinishIntercept(&intercept_result);
+  ASSERT_EQ(1, intercept_result) << "tombstoned reported failure";
+
+  std::string result;
+  ConsumeFd(std::move(output_fd), &result);
+
+  // Verify the process crashed properly.
+  ASSERT_MATCH(result, R"(signal 11 \(SIGSEGV\), code 1 \(SEGV_MAPERR\), fault addr 0x0)");
+
+  // Now verify that the dex_pc frame includes a proper function name.
+  ASSERT_MATCH(result, R"( \[anon:dex\] \(Main\.\<init\>\+2)");
+}
diff --git a/debuggerd/tombstoned/tombstoned.cpp b/debuggerd/tombstoned/tombstoned.cpp
index 02ded1e..50558f7 100644
--- a/debuggerd/tombstoned/tombstoned.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/tombstoned/tombstoned.cpp
@@ -448,10 +448,8 @@
     return;
   }
 
-  if (crash->output.text.fd < 0) {
-    if (crash->output.text.fd == -1) {
-      LOG(WARNING) << "skipping tombstone file creation due to intercept";
-    }
+  if (crash->output.text.fd == -1) {
+    LOG(WARNING) << "skipping tombstone file creation due to intercept";
     return;
   }
 
diff --git a/fastboot/fs.cpp b/fastboot/fs.cpp
index 458a7a1..d268a50 100644
--- a/fastboot/fs.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/fs.cpp
@@ -143,6 +143,13 @@
         mke2fs_args.push_back("512");
     }
 
+    if (fsOptions & (1 << FS_OPT_CASEFOLD)) {
+        mke2fs_args.push_back("-O");
+        mke2fs_args.push_back("casefold");
+        mke2fs_args.push_back("-E");
+        mke2fs_args.push_back("encoding=utf8");
+    }
+
     mke2fs_args.push_back(fileName);
 
     std::string size_str = std::to_string(partSize / block_size);
diff --git a/fs_mgr/Android.bp b/fs_mgr/Android.bp
index 7ae526f..cb74ae0 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/Android.bp
+++ b/fs_mgr/Android.bp
@@ -215,7 +215,6 @@
     static_libs: [
         "libavb_user",
         "libgsid",
-        "libutils",
         "libvold_binder",
     ],
     shared_libs: [
@@ -230,6 +229,7 @@
         "liblog",
         "liblp",
         "libselinux",
+        "libutils",
     ],
     header_libs: [
         "libcutils_headers",
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr.cpp b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr.cpp
index 5f15aad..002b302 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr.cpp
@@ -2231,16 +2231,16 @@
     return false;
 }
 
-std::string fs_mgr_get_hashtree_algorithm(const android::fs_mgr::FstabEntry& entry) {
+std::optional<HashtreeInfo> fs_mgr_get_hashtree_info(const android::fs_mgr::FstabEntry& entry) {
     if (!entry.fs_mgr_flags.verify && !entry.fs_mgr_flags.avb) {
-        return "";
+        return {};
     }
     DeviceMapper& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
     std::string device = GetVerityDeviceName(entry);
 
     std::vector<DeviceMapper::TargetInfo> table;
     if (dm.GetState(device) == DmDeviceState::INVALID || !dm.GetTableInfo(device, &table)) {
-        return "";
+        return {};
     }
     for (const auto& target : table) {
         if (strcmp(target.spec.target_type, "verity") != 0) {
@@ -2256,14 +2256,15 @@
         std::vector<std::string> tokens = android::base::Split(target.data, " \t\r\n");
         if (tokens[0] != "0" && tokens[0] != "1") {
             LOG(WARNING) << "Unrecognized device mapper version in " << target.data;
-            return "";
+            return {};
         }
 
-        // Hashtree algorithm is the 8th token in the output
-        return android::base::Trim(tokens[7]);
+        // Hashtree algorithm & root digest are the 8th & 9th token in the output.
+        return HashtreeInfo{.algorithm = android::base::Trim(tokens[7]),
+                            .root_digest = android::base::Trim(tokens[8])};
     }
 
-    return "";
+    return {};
 }
 
 bool fs_mgr_verity_is_check_at_most_once(const android::fs_mgr::FstabEntry& entry) {
diff --git a/fs_mgr/include/fs_mgr.h b/fs_mgr/include/fs_mgr.h
index 4d3ecc9..21c9989 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/include/fs_mgr.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/include/fs_mgr.h
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include <linux/dm-ioctl.h>
 
 #include <functional>
+#include <optional>
 #include <string>
 
 #include <fstab/fstab.h>
@@ -68,6 +69,13 @@
     bool userdata_mounted;
 };
 
+struct HashtreeInfo {
+    // The hash algorithm used to build the merkle tree.
+    std::string algorithm;
+    // The root digest of the merkle tree.
+    std::string root_digest;
+};
+
 // fs_mgr_mount_all() updates fstab entries that reference device-mapper.
 // Returns a |MountAllResult|. The first element is one of the FS_MNG_MNTALL_* return codes
 // defined above, and the second element tells whether this call to fs_mgr_mount_all was responsible
@@ -88,9 +96,9 @@
 bool fs_mgr_load_verity_state(int* mode);
 // Returns true if verity is enabled on this particular FstabEntry.
 bool fs_mgr_is_verity_enabled(const android::fs_mgr::FstabEntry& entry);
-// Returns the hash algorithm used to build the hashtree of this particular FstabEntry. Returns an
-// empty string if the input isn't a dm-verity entry, or if there is an error.
-std::string fs_mgr_get_hashtree_algorithm(const android::fs_mgr::FstabEntry& entry);
+// Returns the verity hashtree information of this particular FstabEntry. Returns std::nullopt
+// if the input isn't a dm-verity entry, or if there is an error.
+std::optional<HashtreeInfo> fs_mgr_get_hashtree_info(const android::fs_mgr::FstabEntry& entry);
 
 bool fs_mgr_swapon_all(const android::fs_mgr::Fstab& fstab);
 bool fs_mgr_update_logical_partition(android::fs_mgr::FstabEntry* entry);
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/tests/avb_util_test.cpp b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/tests/avb_util_test.cpp
index 0288d85..6f874a6 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/tests/avb_util_test.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/tests/avb_util_test.cpp
@@ -779,7 +779,7 @@
                               nullptr /* out_public_key_data */, &verify_result);
     ASSERT_EQ(0, close(hash_modified_fd.release()));
     EXPECT_NE(nullptr, vbmeta);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(CompareVBMeta(system_path, *vbmeta));
+    // EXPECT_TRUE(CompareVBMeta(system_path, *vbmeta)); // b/187303962.
     EXPECT_EQ(VBMetaVerifyResult::kErrorVerification, verify_result);
 
     // Modifies the auxiliary data block.
@@ -795,7 +795,7 @@
                               nullptr /* out_public_key_data */, &verify_result);
     ASSERT_EQ(0, close(aux_modified_fd.release()));
     EXPECT_NE(nullptr, vbmeta);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(CompareVBMeta(system_path, *vbmeta));
+    // EXPECT_TRUE(CompareVBMeta(system_path, *vbmeta)); // b/187303962.
     EXPECT_EQ(VBMetaVerifyResult::kErrorVerification, verify_result);
 
     // Resets previous modification by setting offset to -1, and checks the verification can pass.
@@ -807,7 +807,7 @@
                               nullptr /* out_public_key_data */, &verify_result);
     ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ok_fd.release()));
     EXPECT_NE(nullptr, vbmeta);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(CompareVBMeta(system_path, *vbmeta));
+    // EXPECT_TRUE(CompareVBMeta(system_path, *vbmeta)); // b/187303962.
     EXPECT_EQ(VBMetaVerifyResult::kSuccess, verify_result);
 }
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/liblp/OWNERS b/fs_mgr/liblp/OWNERS
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6a95eb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/liblp/OWNERS
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# Bug component: 391836
+dvander@google.com
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/inspect_cow.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/inspect_cow.cpp
index ed86c87..3c0ba16 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/inspect_cow.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/inspect_cow.cpp
@@ -16,8 +16,10 @@
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
+#include <iomanip>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <string>
+#include <vector>
 
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
@@ -39,8 +41,10 @@
     LOG(ERROR) << "Usage: inspect_cow [-sd] <COW_FILE>";
     LOG(ERROR) << "\t -s Run Silent";
     LOG(ERROR) << "\t -d Attempt to decompress";
-    LOG(ERROR) << "\t -b Show data for failed decompress\n";
-    LOG(ERROR) << "\t -m Show ops in reverse merge order\n";
+    LOG(ERROR) << "\t -b Show data for failed decompress";
+    LOG(ERROR) << "\t -l Show ops";
+    LOG(ERROR) << "\t -m Show ops in reverse merge order";
+    LOG(ERROR) << "\t -o Shows sequence op block order\n";
 }
 
 enum OpIter { Normal, RevMerge };
@@ -48,7 +52,9 @@
 struct Options {
     bool silent;
     bool decompress;
+    bool show_ops;
     bool show_bad;
+    bool show_seq;
     OpIter iter_type;
 };
 
@@ -137,7 +143,7 @@
     while (!iter->Done()) {
         const CowOperation& op = iter->Get();
 
-        if (!opt.silent) std::cout << op << "\n";
+        if (!opt.silent && opt.show_ops) std::cout << op << "\n";
 
         if (opt.decompress && op.type == kCowReplaceOp && op.compression != kCowCompressNone) {
             if (!reader.ReadData(op, &sink)) {
@@ -148,6 +154,24 @@
             sink.Reset();
         }
 
+        if (op.type == kCowSequenceOp && opt.show_seq) {
+            size_t read;
+            std::vector<uint32_t> merge_op_blocks;
+            size_t seq_len = op.data_length / sizeof(uint32_t);
+            merge_op_blocks.resize(seq_len);
+            if (!reader.GetRawBytes(op.source, merge_op_blocks.data(), op.data_length, &read)) {
+                PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to read sequence op!";
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (!opt.silent) {
+                std::cout << "Sequence for " << op << " is :\n";
+                for (size_t i = 0; i < seq_len; i++) {
+                    std::cout << std::setfill('0') << std::setw(6) << merge_op_blocks[i] << ", ";
+                    if ((i + 1) % 10 == 0 || i + 1 == seq_len) std::cout << "\n";
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
         iter->Next();
     }
 
@@ -164,7 +188,7 @@
     opt.decompress = false;
     opt.show_bad = false;
     opt.iter_type = android::snapshot::Normal;
-    while ((ch = getopt(argc, argv, "sdbm")) != -1) {
+    while ((ch = getopt(argc, argv, "sdbmol")) != -1) {
         switch (ch) {
             case 's':
                 opt.silent = true;
@@ -178,6 +202,12 @@
             case 'm':
                 opt.iter_type = android::snapshot::RevMerge;
                 break;
+            case 'o':
+                opt.show_seq = true;
+                break;
+            case 'l':
+                opt.show_ops = true;
+                break;
             default:
                 android::snapshot::usage();
         }
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/scripts/Android.bp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/scripts/Android.bp
index 3e09cc3..829f5bc 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/scripts/Android.bp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/scripts/Android.bp
@@ -14,6 +14,11 @@
 // limitations under the License.
 //
 
+package {
+    // See: http://go/android-license-faq
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
+}
+
 python_binary_host {
     name: "dump_snapshot_proto",
     main: "dump_snapshot_proto.py",
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot.cpp
index 52324ba..b64dfb5 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot.cpp
@@ -518,6 +518,13 @@
             break;
     }
 
+    if (mode == SnapshotStorageMode::Persistent && status.state() == SnapshotState::MERGING) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Snapshot: " << name
+                   << " has snapshot status Merging but mode set to Persistent."
+                   << " Changing mode to Snapshot-Merge.";
+        mode = SnapshotStorageMode::Merge;
+    }
+
     DmTable table;
     table.Emplace<DmTargetSnapshot>(0, snapshot_sectors, base_device, cow_device, mode,
                                     kSnapshotChunkSize);
@@ -886,6 +893,10 @@
     if (target_type) {
         *target_type = DeviceMapper::GetTargetType(target.spec);
     }
+    if (!status->error.empty()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Snapshot: " << dm_name << " returned error code: " << status->error;
+        return false;
+    }
     return true;
 }
 
@@ -1452,7 +1463,7 @@
                                             std::vector<std::string>* snapuserd_argv) {
     LOG(INFO) << "Performing transition for snapuserd.";
 
-    // Don't use EnsuerSnapuserdConnected() because this is called from init,
+    // Don't use EnsureSnapuserdConnected() because this is called from init,
     // and attempting to do so will deadlock.
     if (!snapuserd_client_ && transition != InitTransition::SELINUX_DETACH) {
         snapuserd_client_ = SnapuserdClient::Connect(kSnapuserdSocket, 10s);
@@ -1509,8 +1520,15 @@
             continue;
         }
 
+        std::string source_device_name;
+        if (snapshot_status.old_partition_size() > 0) {
+            source_device_name = GetSourceDeviceName(snapshot);
+        } else {
+            source_device_name = GetBaseDeviceName(snapshot);
+        }
+
         std::string source_device;
-        if (!dm.GetDmDevicePathByName(GetSourceDeviceName(snapshot), &source_device)) {
+        if (!dm.GetDmDevicePathByName(source_device_name, &source_device)) {
             LOG(ERROR) << "Could not get device path for " << GetSourceDeviceName(snapshot);
             continue;
         }
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_test.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_test.cpp
index 057e5b19a..43c7fe2 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_test.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_test.cpp
@@ -2118,14 +2118,24 @@
     // After reboot, init does first stage mount.
     auto init = NewManagerForFirstStageMount("_b");
     ASSERT_NE(init, nullptr);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(init->EnsureSnapuserdConnected());
+    init->set_use_first_stage_snapuserd(true);
+
     ASSERT_TRUE(init->NeedSnapshotsInFirstStageMount());
     ASSERT_TRUE(init->CreateLogicalAndSnapshotPartitions("super", snapshot_timeout_));
 
     // Check that the target partitions have the same content.
-    for (const auto& name : {"sys_b", "vnd_b", "prd_b", "dlkm_b"}) {
+    std::vector<std::string> partitions = {"sys_b", "vnd_b", "prd_b", "dlkm_b"};
+    for (const auto& name : partitions) {
         ASSERT_TRUE(IsPartitionUnchanged(name));
     }
 
+    ASSERT_TRUE(init->PerformInitTransition(SnapshotManager::InitTransition::SECOND_STAGE));
+    for (const auto& name : partitions) {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(init->snapuserd_client()->WaitForDeviceDelete(name + "-user-cow-init"));
+    }
+
     // Initiate the merge and wait for it to be completed.
     ASSERT_TRUE(init->InitiateMerge());
     ASSERT_EQ(UpdateState::MergeCompleted, init->ProcessUpdateState());
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/cow_snapuserd_test.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/cow_snapuserd_test.cpp
index f4aef44..bff0a50 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/cow_snapuserd_test.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/cow_snapuserd_test.cpp
@@ -108,6 +108,7 @@
     void MergeInterruptFixed(int duration);
     void MergeInterruptRandomly(int max_duration);
     void ReadDmUserBlockWithoutDaemon();
+    void ReadLastBlock();
 
     std::string snapshot_dev() const { return snapshot_dev_->path(); }
 
@@ -256,6 +257,73 @@
     }
 }
 
+void CowSnapuserdTest::ReadLastBlock() {
+    unique_fd rnd_fd;
+    total_base_size_ = BLOCK_SZ * 2;
+
+    base_fd_ = CreateTempFile("base_device", total_base_size_);
+    ASSERT_GE(base_fd_, 0);
+
+    rnd_fd.reset(open("/dev/random", O_RDONLY));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(rnd_fd > 0);
+
+    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> random_buffer = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(BLOCK_SZ);
+
+    for (size_t j = 0; j < ((total_base_size_) / BLOCK_SZ); j++) {
+        ASSERT_EQ(ReadFullyAtOffset(rnd_fd, (char*)random_buffer.get(), BLOCK_SZ, 0), true);
+        ASSERT_EQ(android::base::WriteFully(base_fd_, random_buffer.get(), BLOCK_SZ), true);
+    }
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(lseek(base_fd_, 0, SEEK_SET), 0);
+
+    base_loop_ = std::make_unique<LoopDevice>(base_fd_, 10s);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(base_loop_->valid());
+
+    std::string path = android::base::GetExecutableDirectory();
+    cow_system_ = std::make_unique<TemporaryFile>(path);
+
+    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> random_buffer_1_ = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(total_base_size_);
+    loff_t offset = 0;
+
+    // Fill random data
+    for (size_t j = 0; j < (total_base_size_ / BLOCK_SZ); j++) {
+        ASSERT_EQ(ReadFullyAtOffset(rnd_fd, (char*)random_buffer_1_.get() + offset, BLOCK_SZ, 0),
+                  true);
+
+        offset += BLOCK_SZ;
+    }
+
+    CowOptions options;
+    options.compression = "gz";
+    CowWriter writer(options);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Initialize(cow_system_->fd));
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddRawBlocks(0, random_buffer_1_.get(), BLOCK_SZ));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddRawBlocks(1, (char*)random_buffer_1_.get() + BLOCK_SZ, BLOCK_SZ));
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Finalize());
+
+    SetDeviceControlName();
+
+    StartSnapuserdDaemon();
+    InitCowDevice();
+
+    CreateDmUserDevice();
+    InitDaemon();
+
+    CreateSnapshotDevice();
+
+    unique_fd snapshot_fd(open(snapshot_dev_->path().c_str(), O_RDONLY));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(snapshot_fd > 0);
+
+    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> snapuserd_buffer = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(BLOCK_SZ);
+
+    offset = 7680;
+    ASSERT_EQ(ReadFullyAtOffset(snapshot_fd, snapuserd_buffer.get(), 512, offset), true);
+    ASSERT_EQ(memcmp(snapuserd_buffer.get(), (char*)random_buffer_1_.get() + offset, 512), 0);
+}
+
 void CowSnapuserdTest::CreateBaseDevice() {
     unique_fd rnd_fd;
 
@@ -1143,6 +1211,12 @@
     harness.Shutdown();
 }
 
+TEST(Snapuserd_Test, Snapshot_END_IO_TEST) {
+    CowSnapuserdTest harness;
+    harness.ReadLastBlock();
+    harness.Shutdown();
+}
+
 TEST(Snapuserd_Test, Snapshot_COPY_Overlap_TEST_1) {
     CowSnapuserdTest harness;
     ASSERT_TRUE(harness.SetupCopyOverlap_1());
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/snapuserd_readahead.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/snapuserd_readahead.cpp
index b868eed..3bb7a0a 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/snapuserd_readahead.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/snapuserd_readahead.cpp
@@ -194,10 +194,12 @@
                                        std::vector<uint64_t>& blocks) {
     int num_ops = *pending_ops;
     int nr_consecutive = 0;
+    CHECK_NE(source_offset, nullptr);
 
     if (!RAIterDone() && num_ops) {
         // Get the first block with offset
         const CowOperation* cow_op = GetRAOpIter();
+        CHECK_NE(cow_op, nullptr);
         *source_offset = cow_op->source;
         if (cow_op->type == kCowCopyOp) {
             *source_offset *= BLOCK_SZ;
@@ -216,11 +218,12 @@
          */
         while (!RAIterDone() && num_ops) {
             const CowOperation* op = GetRAOpIter();
+            CHECK_NE(op, nullptr);
             uint64_t next_offset = op->source;
-            if (cow_op->type == kCowCopyOp) {
+            if (op->type == kCowCopyOp) {
                 next_offset *= BLOCK_SZ;
             }
-            if (next_offset != (*source_offset - nr_consecutive * BLOCK_SZ)) {
+            if (next_offset + nr_consecutive * BLOCK_SZ != *source_offset) {
                 break;
             }
             nr_consecutive += 1;
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/snapuserd_worker.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/snapuserd_worker.cpp
index cdf9fe7..5d184ad 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/snapuserd_worker.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/snapuserd_worker.cpp
@@ -350,16 +350,36 @@
     it = std::lower_bound(chunk_vec.begin(), chunk_vec.end(), std::make_pair(sector, nullptr),
                           Snapuserd::compare);
 
-    if (!(it != chunk_vec.end())) {
-        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ReadData: Sector " << sector << " not found in chunk_vec";
-        return -1;
+    bool read_end_of_device = false;
+    if (it == chunk_vec.end()) {
+        // |-------|-------|-------|
+        // 0       1       2       3
+        //
+        // Block 0 - op 1
+        // Block 1 - op 2
+        // Block 2 - op 3
+        //
+        // chunk_vec will have block 0, 1, 2 which maps to relavant COW ops.
+        //
+        // Each block is 4k bytes. Thus, the last block will span 8 sectors
+        // ranging till block 3 (However, block 3 won't be in chunk_vec as
+        // it doesn't have any mapping to COW ops. Now, if we get an I/O request for a sector
+        // spanning between block 2 and block 3, we need to step back
+        // and get hold of the last element.
+        //
+        // Additionally, dm-snapshot makes sure that I/O request beyond block 3
+        // will not be routed to the daemon. Hence, it is safe to assume that
+        // if a sector is not available in the chunk_vec, the I/O falls in the
+        // end of region.
+        it = std::prev(chunk_vec.end());
+        read_end_of_device = true;
     }
 
     // We didn't find the required sector; hence find the previous sector
     // as lower_bound will gives us the value greater than
     // the requested sector
     if (it->first != sector) {
-        if (it != chunk_vec.begin()) {
+        if (it != chunk_vec.begin() && !read_end_of_device) {
             --it;
         }
 
diff --git a/healthd/healthd_draw.cpp b/healthd/healthd_draw.cpp
index 50eee19..9a47f6b 100644
--- a/healthd/healthd_draw.cpp
+++ b/healthd/healthd_draw.cpp
@@ -46,14 +46,6 @@
 
 HealthdDraw::HealthdDraw(animation* anim)
     : kSplitScreen(get_split_screen()), kSplitOffset(get_split_offset()) {
-    int ret = gr_init();
-
-    if (ret < 0) {
-        LOGE("gr_init failed\n");
-        graphics_available = false;
-        return;
-    }
-
     graphics_available = true;
     sys_font = gr_sys_font();
     if (sys_font == nullptr) {
@@ -235,3 +227,11 @@
       LOGW("Charging, level unknown\n");
   }
 }
+
+std::unique_ptr<HealthdDraw> HealthdDraw::Create(animation *anim) {
+    if (gr_init() < 0) {
+        LOGE("gr_init failed\n");
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+    return std::unique_ptr<HealthdDraw>(new HealthdDraw(anim));
+}
diff --git a/healthd/healthd_draw.h b/healthd/healthd_draw.h
index 7c847bd..0b48ce8 100644
--- a/healthd/healthd_draw.h
+++ b/healthd/healthd_draw.h
@@ -26,8 +26,6 @@
 
 class HealthdDraw {
  public:
-  // Configures font using given animation.
-  HealthdDraw(animation* anim);
   virtual ~HealthdDraw();
 
   // Redraws screen.
@@ -36,6 +34,8 @@
   // Blanks screen if true, unblanks if false.
   virtual void blank_screen(bool blank);
 
+  static std::unique_ptr<HealthdDraw> Create(animation *anim);
+
  protected:
   virtual void clear_screen();
 
@@ -76,6 +76,10 @@
 
   // true if minui init'ed OK, false if minui init failed
   bool graphics_available;
+
+ private:
+  // Configures font using given animation.
+  HealthdDraw(animation* anim);
 };
 
 #endif  // HEALTHD_DRAW_H
diff --git a/healthd/healthd_mode_charger.cpp b/healthd/healthd_mode_charger.cpp
index e95efc0..3ea90b0 100644
--- a/healthd/healthd_mode_charger.cpp
+++ b/healthd/healthd_mode_charger.cpp
@@ -218,9 +218,7 @@
     char* ptr;
     size_t len;
 
-    LOGW("\n");
     LOGW("*************** LAST KMSG ***************\n");
-    LOGW("\n");
     const char* kmsg[] = {
         // clang-format off
         "/sys/fs/pstore/console-ramoops-0",
@@ -263,9 +261,7 @@
     }
 
 out:
-    LOGW("\n");
     LOGW("************* END LAST KMSG *************\n");
-    LOGW("\n");
 }
 
 static int request_suspend(bool enable) {
@@ -325,7 +321,8 @@
             }
         }
 
-        healthd_draw_.reset(new HealthdDraw(&batt_anim_));
+        healthd_draw_ = HealthdDraw::Create(&batt_anim_);
+        if (healthd_draw_ == nullptr) return;
 
         if (android::sysprop::ChargerProperties::disable_init_blank().value_or(false)) {
             healthd_draw_->blank_screen(true);
diff --git a/init/README.md b/init/README.md
index f447ab2..58a8d6b 100644
--- a/init/README.md
+++ b/init/README.md
@@ -693,7 +693,7 @@
   fstab.${ro.hardware} or fstab.${ro.hardware.platform} will be scanned for
   under /odm/etc, /vendor/etc, or / at runtime, in that order.
 
-`verity_update_state <mount-point>`
+`verity_update_state`
 > Internal implementation detail used to update dm-verity state and
   set the partition._mount-point_.verified properties used by adb remount
   because fs\_mgr can't set them directly itself.
diff --git a/init/builtins.cpp b/init/builtins.cpp
index 7633d9c..994eed9 100644
--- a/init/builtins.cpp
+++ b/init/builtins.cpp
@@ -894,9 +894,11 @@
         std::string partition = entry.mount_point == "/" ? "system" : Basename(entry.mount_point);
         SetProperty("partition." + partition + ".verified", std::to_string(mode));
 
-        std::string hash_alg = fs_mgr_get_hashtree_algorithm(entry);
-        if (!hash_alg.empty()) {
-            SetProperty("partition." + partition + ".verified.hash_alg", hash_alg);
+        auto hashtree_info = fs_mgr_get_hashtree_info(entry);
+        if (hashtree_info) {
+            SetProperty("partition." + partition + ".verified.hash_alg", hashtree_info->algorithm);
+            SetProperty("partition." + partition + ".verified.root_digest",
+                        hashtree_info->root_digest);
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/init/first_stage_console.cpp b/init/first_stage_console.cpp
index e2ea0ab..67cac19 100644
--- a/init/first_stage_console.cpp
+++ b/init/first_stage_console.cpp
@@ -85,7 +85,10 @@
 
 void StartConsole(const std::string& cmdline) {
     bool console = KernelConsolePresent(cmdline);
+    // Use a simple sigchld handler -- first_stage_console doesn't need to track or log zombies
+    const struct sigaction chld_act { .sa_handler = SIG_DFL, .sa_flags = SA_NOCLDWAIT };
 
+    sigaction(SIGCHLD, &chld_act, nullptr);
     pid_t pid = fork();
     if (pid != 0) {
         int status;
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/include/android/cgrouprc.h b/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/include/android/cgrouprc.h
index 100d60e..e704a36 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/include/android/cgrouprc.h
+++ b/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/include/android/cgrouprc.h
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <sys/cdefs.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 
 __BEGIN_DECLS
diff --git a/libstats/pull_rust/Android.bp b/libstats/pull_rust/Android.bp
index 2a89e29..f07e32b 100644
--- a/libstats/pull_rust/Android.bp
+++ b/libstats/pull_rust/Android.bp
@@ -57,3 +57,13 @@
         "libstatspull_bindgen",
     ],
 }
+
+rust_test {
+    name: "libstatspull_bindgen_test",
+    srcs: [":libstatspull_bindgen"],
+    crate_name: "statspull_bindgen_test",
+    test_suites: ["general-tests"],
+    auto_gen_config: true,
+    clippy_lints: "none",
+    lints: "none",
+}
diff --git a/libutils/Looper.cpp b/libutils/Looper.cpp
index 14e3e35..292425a 100644
--- a/libutils/Looper.cpp
+++ b/libutils/Looper.cpp
@@ -20,6 +20,16 @@
 
 namespace android {
 
+namespace {
+
+constexpr uint64_t WAKE_EVENT_FD_SEQ = 1;
+
+epoll_event createEpollEvent(uint32_t events, uint64_t seq) {
+    return {.events = events, .data = {.u64 = seq}};
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
 // --- WeakMessageHandler ---
 
 WeakMessageHandler::WeakMessageHandler(const wp<MessageHandler>& handler) :
@@ -64,7 +74,7 @@
       mSendingMessage(false),
       mPolling(false),
       mEpollRebuildRequired(false),
-      mNextRequestSeq(0),
+      mNextRequestSeq(WAKE_EVENT_FD_SEQ + 1),
       mResponseIndex(0),
       mNextMessageUptime(LLONG_MAX) {
     mWakeEventFd.reset(eventfd(0, EFD_NONBLOCK | EFD_CLOEXEC));
@@ -137,22 +147,17 @@
         mEpollFd.reset();
     }
 
-    // Allocate the new epoll instance and register the wake pipe.
+    // Allocate the new epoll instance and register the WakeEventFd.
     mEpollFd.reset(epoll_create1(EPOLL_CLOEXEC));
     LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(mEpollFd < 0, "Could not create epoll instance: %s", strerror(errno));
 
-    struct epoll_event eventItem;
-    memset(& eventItem, 0, sizeof(epoll_event)); // zero out unused members of data field union
-    eventItem.events = EPOLLIN;
-    eventItem.data.fd = mWakeEventFd.get();
-    int result = epoll_ctl(mEpollFd.get(), EPOLL_CTL_ADD, mWakeEventFd.get(), &eventItem);
+    epoll_event wakeEvent = createEpollEvent(EPOLLIN, WAKE_EVENT_FD_SEQ);
+    int result = epoll_ctl(mEpollFd.get(), EPOLL_CTL_ADD, mWakeEventFd.get(), &wakeEvent);
     LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(result != 0, "Could not add wake event fd to epoll instance: %s",
                         strerror(errno));
 
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < mRequests.size(); i++) {
-        const Request& request = mRequests.valueAt(i);
-        struct epoll_event eventItem;
-        request.initEventItem(&eventItem);
+    for (const auto& [seq, request] : mRequests) {
+        epoll_event eventItem = createEpollEvent(request.getEpollEvents(), seq);
 
         int epollResult = epoll_ctl(mEpollFd.get(), EPOLL_CTL_ADD, request.fd, &eventItem);
         if (epollResult < 0) {
@@ -276,26 +281,28 @@
 #endif
 
     for (int i = 0; i < eventCount; i++) {
-        int fd = eventItems[i].data.fd;
+        const SequenceNumber seq = eventItems[i].data.u64;
         uint32_t epollEvents = eventItems[i].events;
-        if (fd == mWakeEventFd.get()) {
+        if (seq == WAKE_EVENT_FD_SEQ) {
             if (epollEvents & EPOLLIN) {
                 awoken();
             } else {
                 ALOGW("Ignoring unexpected epoll events 0x%x on wake event fd.", epollEvents);
             }
         } else {
-            ssize_t requestIndex = mRequests.indexOfKey(fd);
-            if (requestIndex >= 0) {
+            const auto& request_it = mRequests.find(seq);
+            if (request_it != mRequests.end()) {
+                const auto& request = request_it->second;
                 int events = 0;
                 if (epollEvents & EPOLLIN) events |= EVENT_INPUT;
                 if (epollEvents & EPOLLOUT) events |= EVENT_OUTPUT;
                 if (epollEvents & EPOLLERR) events |= EVENT_ERROR;
                 if (epollEvents & EPOLLHUP) events |= EVENT_HANGUP;
-                pushResponse(events, mRequests.valueAt(requestIndex));
+                mResponses.push({.seq = seq, .events = events, .request = request});
             } else {
-                ALOGW("Ignoring unexpected epoll events 0x%x on fd %d that is "
-                        "no longer registered.", epollEvents, fd);
+                ALOGW("Ignoring unexpected epoll events 0x%x for sequence number %" PRIu64
+                      " that is no longer registered.",
+                      epollEvents, seq);
             }
         }
     }
@@ -354,7 +361,8 @@
             // we need to be a little careful when removing the file descriptor afterwards.
             int callbackResult = response.request.callback->handleEvent(fd, events, data);
             if (callbackResult == 0) {
-                removeFd(fd, response.request.seq);
+                AutoMutex _l(mLock);
+                removeSequenceNumberLocked(response.seq);
             }
 
             // Clear the callback reference in the response structure promptly because we
@@ -416,13 +424,6 @@
     TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(mWakeEventFd.get(), &counter, sizeof(uint64_t)));
 }
 
-void Looper::pushResponse(int events, const Request& request) {
-    Response response;
-    response.events = events;
-    response.request = request;
-    mResponses.push(response);
-}
-
 int Looper::addFd(int fd, int ident, int events, Looper_callbackFunc callback, void* data) {
     return addFd(fd, ident, events, callback ? new SimpleLooperCallback(callback) : nullptr, data);
 }
@@ -449,27 +450,27 @@
 
     { // acquire lock
         AutoMutex _l(mLock);
+        // There is a sequence number reserved for the WakeEventFd.
+        if (mNextRequestSeq == WAKE_EVENT_FD_SEQ) mNextRequestSeq++;
+        const SequenceNumber seq = mNextRequestSeq++;
 
         Request request;
         request.fd = fd;
         request.ident = ident;
         request.events = events;
-        request.seq = mNextRequestSeq++;
         request.callback = callback;
         request.data = data;
-        if (mNextRequestSeq == -1) mNextRequestSeq = 0; // reserve sequence number -1
 
-        struct epoll_event eventItem;
-        request.initEventItem(&eventItem);
-
-        ssize_t requestIndex = mRequests.indexOfKey(fd);
-        if (requestIndex < 0) {
+        epoll_event eventItem = createEpollEvent(request.getEpollEvents(), seq);
+        auto seq_it = mSequenceNumberByFd.find(fd);
+        if (seq_it == mSequenceNumberByFd.end()) {
             int epollResult = epoll_ctl(mEpollFd.get(), EPOLL_CTL_ADD, fd, &eventItem);
             if (epollResult < 0) {
                 ALOGE("Error adding epoll events for fd %d: %s", fd, strerror(errno));
                 return -1;
             }
-            mRequests.add(fd, request);
+            mRequests.emplace(seq, request);
+            mSequenceNumberByFd.emplace(fd, seq);
         } else {
             int epollResult = epoll_ctl(mEpollFd.get(), EPOLL_CTL_MOD, fd, &eventItem);
             if (epollResult < 0) {
@@ -486,7 +487,7 @@
                     // set from scratch because it may contain an old file handle that we are
                     // now unable to remove since its file descriptor is no longer valid.
                     // No such problem would have occurred if we were using the poll system
-                    // call instead, but that approach carries others disadvantages.
+                    // call instead, but that approach carries other disadvantages.
 #if DEBUG_CALLBACKS
                     ALOGD("%p ~ addFd - EPOLL_CTL_MOD failed due to file descriptor "
                             "being recycled, falling back on EPOLL_CTL_ADD: %s",
@@ -504,71 +505,69 @@
                     return -1;
                 }
             }
-            mRequests.replaceValueAt(requestIndex, request);
+            const SequenceNumber oldSeq = seq_it->second;
+            mRequests.erase(oldSeq);
+            mRequests.emplace(seq, request);
+            seq_it->second = seq;
         }
     } // release lock
     return 1;
 }
 
 int Looper::removeFd(int fd) {
-    return removeFd(fd, -1);
+    AutoMutex _l(mLock);
+    const auto& it = mSequenceNumberByFd.find(fd);
+    if (it == mSequenceNumberByFd.end()) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    return removeSequenceNumberLocked(it->second);
 }
 
-int Looper::removeFd(int fd, int seq) {
+int Looper::removeSequenceNumberLocked(SequenceNumber seq) {
 #if DEBUG_CALLBACKS
-    ALOGD("%p ~ removeFd - fd=%d, seq=%d", this, fd, seq);
+    ALOGD("%p ~ removeFd - fd=%d, seq=%u", this, fd, seq);
 #endif
 
-    { // acquire lock
-        AutoMutex _l(mLock);
-        ssize_t requestIndex = mRequests.indexOfKey(fd);
-        if (requestIndex < 0) {
-            return 0;
-        }
+    const auto& request_it = mRequests.find(seq);
+    if (request_it == mRequests.end()) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    const int fd = request_it->second.fd;
 
-        // Check the sequence number if one was given.
-        if (seq != -1 && mRequests.valueAt(requestIndex).seq != seq) {
+    // Always remove the FD from the request map even if an error occurs while
+    // updating the epoll set so that we avoid accidentally leaking callbacks.
+    mRequests.erase(request_it);
+    mSequenceNumberByFd.erase(fd);
+
+    int epollResult = epoll_ctl(mEpollFd.get(), EPOLL_CTL_DEL, fd, nullptr);
+    if (epollResult < 0) {
+        if (errno == EBADF || errno == ENOENT) {
+            // Tolerate EBADF or ENOENT because it means that the file descriptor was closed
+            // before its callback was unregistered. This error may occur naturally when a
+            // callback has the side-effect of closing the file descriptor before returning and
+            // unregistering itself.
+            //
+            // Unfortunately due to kernel limitations we need to rebuild the epoll
+            // set from scratch because it may contain an old file handle that we are
+            // now unable to remove since its file descriptor is no longer valid.
+            // No such problem would have occurred if we were using the poll system
+            // call instead, but that approach carries other disadvantages.
 #if DEBUG_CALLBACKS
-            ALOGD("%p ~ removeFd - sequence number mismatch, oldSeq=%d",
-                    this, mRequests.valueAt(requestIndex).seq);
+            ALOGD("%p ~ removeFd - EPOLL_CTL_DEL failed due to file descriptor "
+                  "being closed: %s",
+                  this, strerror(errno));
 #endif
-            return 0;
+            scheduleEpollRebuildLocked();
+        } else {
+            // Some other error occurred.  This is really weird because it means
+            // our list of callbacks got out of sync with the epoll set somehow.
+            // We defensively rebuild the epoll set to avoid getting spurious
+            // notifications with nowhere to go.
+            ALOGE("Error removing epoll events for fd %d: %s", fd, strerror(errno));
+            scheduleEpollRebuildLocked();
+            return -1;
         }
-
-        // Always remove the FD from the request map even if an error occurs while
-        // updating the epoll set so that we avoid accidentally leaking callbacks.
-        mRequests.removeItemsAt(requestIndex);
-
-        int epollResult = epoll_ctl(mEpollFd.get(), EPOLL_CTL_DEL, fd, nullptr);
-        if (epollResult < 0) {
-            if (seq != -1 && (errno == EBADF || errno == ENOENT)) {
-                // Tolerate EBADF or ENOENT when the sequence number is known because it
-                // means that the file descriptor was closed before its callback was
-                // unregistered.  This error may occur naturally when a callback has the
-                // side-effect of closing the file descriptor before returning and
-                // unregistering itself.
-                //
-                // Unfortunately due to kernel limitations we need to rebuild the epoll
-                // set from scratch because it may contain an old file handle that we are
-                // now unable to remove since its file descriptor is no longer valid.
-                // No such problem would have occurred if we were using the poll system
-                // call instead, but that approach carries others disadvantages.
-#if DEBUG_CALLBACKS
-                ALOGD("%p ~ removeFd - EPOLL_CTL_DEL failed due to file descriptor "
-                        "being closed: %s", this, strerror(errno));
-#endif
-                scheduleEpollRebuildLocked();
-            } else {
-                // Some other error occurred.  This is really weird because it means
-                // our list of callbacks got out of sync with the epoll set somehow.
-                // We defensively rebuild the epoll set to avoid getting spurious
-                // notifications with nowhere to go.
-                ALOGE("Error removing epoll events for fd %d: %s", fd, strerror(errno));
-                scheduleEpollRebuildLocked();
-                return -1;
-            }
-        }
-    } // release lock
+    }
     return 1;
 }
 
@@ -656,14 +655,11 @@
     return mPolling;
 }
 
-void Looper::Request::initEventItem(struct epoll_event* eventItem) const {
-    int epollEvents = 0;
+uint32_t Looper::Request::getEpollEvents() const {
+    uint32_t epollEvents = 0;
     if (events & EVENT_INPUT) epollEvents |= EPOLLIN;
     if (events & EVENT_OUTPUT) epollEvents |= EPOLLOUT;
-
-    memset(eventItem, 0, sizeof(epoll_event)); // zero out unused members of data field union
-    eventItem->events = epollEvents;
-    eventItem->data.fd = fd;
+    return epollEvents;
 }
 
 MessageHandler::~MessageHandler() { }
diff --git a/libutils/Looper_test.cpp b/libutils/Looper_test.cpp
index 34f424b..c859f9c 100644
--- a/libutils/Looper_test.cpp
+++ b/libutils/Looper_test.cpp
@@ -8,6 +8,9 @@
 #include <utils/Looper.h>
 #include <utils/StopWatch.h>
 #include <utils/Timers.h>
+#include <thread>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <utility>
 #include "Looper_test_pipe.h"
 
 #include <utils/threads.h>
@@ -710,4 +713,123 @@
             << "no more messages to handle";
 }
 
+class LooperEventCallback : public LooperCallback {
+  public:
+    using Callback = std::function<int(int fd, int events)>;
+    explicit LooperEventCallback(Callback callback) : mCallback(std::move(callback)) {}
+    int handleEvent(int fd, int events, void* /*data*/) override { return mCallback(fd, events); }
+
+  private:
+    Callback mCallback;
+};
+
+// A utility class that allows for pipes to be added and removed from the looper, and polls the
+// looper from a different thread.
+class ThreadedLooperUtil {
+  public:
+    explicit ThreadedLooperUtil(const sp<Looper>& looper) : mLooper(looper), mRunning(true) {
+        mThread = std::thread([this]() {
+            while (mRunning) {
+                static constexpr std::chrono::milliseconds POLL_TIMEOUT(500);
+                mLooper->pollOnce(POLL_TIMEOUT.count());
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    ~ThreadedLooperUtil() {
+        mRunning = false;
+        mThread.join();
+    }
+
+    // Create a new pipe, and return the write end of the pipe and the id used to track the pipe.
+    // The read end of the pipe is added to the looper.
+    std::pair<int /*id*/, base::unique_fd> createPipe() {
+        int pipeFd[2];
+        if (pipe(pipeFd)) {
+            ADD_FAILURE() << "pipe() failed.";
+            return {};
+        }
+        const int readFd = pipeFd[0];
+        const int writeFd = pipeFd[1];
+
+        int id;
+        {  // acquire lock
+            std::scoped_lock l(mLock);
+
+            id = mNextId++;
+            mFds.emplace(id, readFd);
+
+            auto removeCallback = [this, id, readFd](int fd, int events) {
+                EXPECT_EQ(readFd, fd) << "Received callback for incorrect fd.";
+                if ((events & Looper::EVENT_HANGUP) == 0) {
+                    return 1;  // Not a hangup, keep the callback.
+                }
+                removePipe(id);
+                return 0;  // Remove the callback.
+            };
+
+            mLooper->addFd(readFd, 0, Looper::EVENT_INPUT,
+                           new LooperEventCallback(std::move(removeCallback)), nullptr);
+        }  // release lock
+
+        return {id, base::unique_fd(writeFd)};
+    }
+
+    // Remove the pipe with the given id.
+    void removePipe(int id) {
+        std::scoped_lock l(mLock);
+        if (mFds.find(id) == mFds.end()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        mLooper->removeFd(mFds[id].get());
+        mFds.erase(id);
+    }
+
+    // Check if the pipe with the given id exists and has not been removed.
+    bool hasPipe(int id) {
+        std::scoped_lock l(mLock);
+        return mFds.find(id) != mFds.end();
+    }
+
+  private:
+    sp<Looper> mLooper;
+    std::atomic<bool> mRunning;
+    std::thread mThread;
+
+    std::mutex mLock;
+    std::unordered_map<int, base::unique_fd> mFds GUARDED_BY(mLock);
+    int mNextId GUARDED_BY(mLock) = 0;
+};
+
+TEST_F(LooperTest, MultiThreaded_NoUnexpectedFdRemoval) {
+    ThreadedLooperUtil util(mLooper);
+
+    // Iterate repeatedly to try to recreate a flaky instance.
+    for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
+        auto [firstPipeId, firstPipeFd] = util.createPipe();
+        const int firstFdNumber = firstPipeFd.get();
+
+        // Close the first pipe's fd, causing a fd hangup.
+        firstPipeFd.reset();
+
+        // Request to remove the pipe from this test thread. This causes a race for pipe removal
+        // between the hangup in the looper's thread and this remove request from the test thread.
+        util.removePipe(firstPipeId);
+
+        // Create the second pipe. Since the fds for the first pipe are closed, this pipe should
+        // have the same fd numbers as the first pipe because the lowest unused fd number is used.
+        const auto [secondPipeId, fd] = util.createPipe();
+        EXPECT_EQ(firstFdNumber, fd.get())
+                << "The first and second fds must match for the purposes of this test.";
+
+        // Wait for unexpected hangup to occur.
+        std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1));
+
+        ASSERT_TRUE(util.hasPipe(secondPipeId)) << "The second pipe was removed unexpectedly.";
+
+        util.removePipe(secondPipeId);
+    }
+    SUCCEED() << "No unexpectedly removed fds.";
+}
+
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/libutils/include/utils/Looper.h b/libutils/include/utils/Looper.h
index 466fbb7..b387d68 100644
--- a/libutils/include/utils/Looper.h
+++ b/libutils/include/utils/Looper.h
@@ -17,15 +17,16 @@
 #ifndef UTILS_LOOPER_H
 #define UTILS_LOOPER_H
 
-#include <utils/threads.h>
 #include <utils/RefBase.h>
-#include <utils/KeyedVector.h>
 #include <utils/Timers.h>
+#include <utils/Vector.h>
+#include <utils/threads.h>
 
 #include <sys/epoll.h>
 
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 
+#include <unordered_map>
 #include <utility>
 
 namespace android {
@@ -421,18 +422,20 @@
     static sp<Looper> getForThread();
 
 private:
-    struct Request {
-        int fd;
-        int ident;
-        int events;
-        int seq;
-        sp<LooperCallback> callback;
-        void* data;
+  using SequenceNumber = uint64_t;
 
-        void initEventItem(struct epoll_event* eventItem) const;
-    };
+  struct Request {
+      int fd;
+      int ident;
+      int events;
+      sp<LooperCallback> callback;
+      void* data;
+
+      uint32_t getEpollEvents() const;
+  };
 
     struct Response {
+        SequenceNumber seq;
         int events;
         Request request;
     };
@@ -463,9 +466,14 @@
     android::base::unique_fd mEpollFd;  // guarded by mLock but only modified on the looper thread
     bool mEpollRebuildRequired; // guarded by mLock
 
-    // Locked list of file descriptor monitoring requests.
-    KeyedVector<int, Request> mRequests;  // guarded by mLock
-    int mNextRequestSeq;
+    // Locked maps of fds and sequence numbers monitoring requests.
+    // Both maps must be kept in sync at all times.
+    std::unordered_map<SequenceNumber, Request> mRequests;               // guarded by mLock
+    std::unordered_map<int /*fd*/, SequenceNumber> mSequenceNumberByFd;  // guarded by mLock
+
+    // The sequence number to use for the next fd that is added to the looper.
+    // The sequence number 0 is reserved for the WakeEventFd.
+    SequenceNumber mNextRequestSeq;  // guarded by mLock
 
     // This state is only used privately by pollOnce and does not require a lock since
     // it runs on a single thread.
@@ -474,9 +482,8 @@
     nsecs_t mNextMessageUptime; // set to LLONG_MAX when none
 
     int pollInner(int timeoutMillis);
-    int removeFd(int fd, int seq);
+    int removeSequenceNumberLocked(SequenceNumber seq);  // requires mLock
     void awoken();
-    void pushResponse(int events, const Request& request);
     void rebuildEpollLocked();
     void scheduleEpollRebuildLocked();
 
diff --git a/property_service/libpropertyinfoparser/Android.bp b/property_service/libpropertyinfoparser/Android.bp
index 6861456..87646f9 100644
--- a/property_service/libpropertyinfoparser/Android.bp
+++ b/property_service/libpropertyinfoparser/Android.bp
@@ -18,7 +18,11 @@
         "-Werror",
     ],
     stl: "none",
-    system_shared_libs: [],
-    header_libs: ["libc_headers"],
+    target: {
+        bionic: {
+            system_shared_libs: [],
+            header_libs: ["libc_headers"],
+        },
+    },
     export_include_dirs: ["include"],
 }
diff --git a/rootdir/init.rc b/rootdir/init.rc
index 9371617..08ef6e3 100644
--- a/rootdir/init.rc
+++ b/rootdir/init.rc
@@ -776,11 +776,13 @@
     # Create directories to push tests to for each linker namespace.
     # Create the subdirectories in case the first test is run as root
     # so it doesn't end up owned by root.
-    mkdir /data/local/tests 0700 shell shell
-    mkdir /data/local/tests/product 0700 shell shell
-    mkdir /data/local/tests/system 0700 shell shell
-    mkdir /data/local/tests/unrestricted 0700 shell shell
-    mkdir /data/local/tests/vendor 0700 shell shell
+    # Set directories to be executable by any process so that debuggerd,
+    # aka crash_dump, can read any executables/shared libraries.
+    mkdir /data/local/tests 0701 shell shell
+    mkdir /data/local/tests/product 0701 shell shell
+    mkdir /data/local/tests/system 0701 shell shell
+    mkdir /data/local/tests/unrestricted 0701 shell shell
+    mkdir /data/local/tests/vendor 0701 shell shell
 
     # create dalvik-cache, so as to enforce our permissions
     mkdir /data/dalvik-cache 0771 root root encryption=Require
diff --git a/trusty/storage/proxy/rpmb.c b/trusty/storage/proxy/rpmb.c
index b59fb67..48e1641 100644
--- a/trusty/storage/proxy/rpmb.c
+++ b/trusty/storage/proxy/rpmb.c
@@ -16,7 +16,10 @@
 
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
+#include <scsi/scsi.h>
+#include <scsi/scsi_proto.h>
 #include <scsi/sg.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
@@ -104,21 +107,62 @@
 
 static const char* UFS_WAKE_LOCK_NAME = "ufs_seq_wakelock";
 
-#ifdef RPMB_DEBUG
-
-static void print_buf(const char* prefix, const uint8_t* buf, size_t size) {
+/**
+ * log_buf - Log a byte buffer to the android log.
+ * @priority: One of ANDROID_LOG_* priority levels from android_LogPriority in
+ *            android/log.h
+ * @prefix:   A null-terminated string that identifies this buffer. Must be less
+ *            than 128 bytes.
+ * @buf:      Buffer to dump.
+ * @size:     Length of @buf in bytes.
+ */
+#define LOG_BUF_SIZE 256
+static int log_buf(int priority, const char* prefix, const uint8_t* buf, size_t size) {
+    int rc;
     size_t i;
+    char line[LOG_BUF_SIZE] = {0};
+    char* cur = line;
 
-    printf("%s @%p [%zu]", prefix, buf, size);
-    for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
-        if (i && i % 32 == 0) printf("\n%*s", (int)strlen(prefix), "");
-        printf(" %02x", buf[i]);
+    rc = snprintf(line, LOG_BUF_SIZE, "%s @%p [%zu]", prefix, buf, size);
+    if (rc < 0 || rc >= LOG_BUF_SIZE) {
+        goto err;
     }
-    printf("\n");
-    fflush(stdout);
-}
+    cur += rc;
+    for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+        if (i % 32 == 0) {
+            /*
+             * Flush the line out to the log after we have printed 32 bytes
+             * (also flushes the header line on the first iteration and sets up
+             * for printing the buffer itself)
+             */
+            LOG_PRI(priority, LOG_TAG, "%s", line);
+            memset(line, 0, LOG_BUF_SIZE);
+            cur = line;
+            /* Shift output over by the length of the prefix */
+            rc = snprintf(line, LOG_BUF_SIZE, "%*s", (int)strlen(prefix), "");
+            if (rc < 0 || rc >= LOG_BUF_SIZE) {
+                goto err;
+            }
+            cur += rc;
+        }
+        rc = snprintf(cur, LOG_BUF_SIZE - (cur - line), "%02x ", buf[i]);
+        if (rc < 0 || rc >= LOG_BUF_SIZE - (cur - line)) {
+            goto err;
+        }
+        cur += rc;
+    }
+    LOG_PRI(priority, LOG_TAG, "%s", line);
 
-#endif
+    return 0;
+
+err:
+    if (rc < 0) {
+        return rc;
+    } else {
+        ALOGE("log_buf prefix was too long");
+        return -1;
+    }
+}
 
 static void set_sg_io_hdr(sg_io_hdr_t* io_hdrp, int dxfer_direction, unsigned char cmd_len,
                           unsigned char mx_sb_len, unsigned int dxfer_len, void* dxferp,
@@ -135,6 +179,111 @@
     io_hdrp->timeout = TIMEOUT;
 }
 
+/* Returns false if the sense data was valid and no errors were present */
+static bool check_scsi_sense(const uint8_t* sense_buf, size_t len) {
+    uint8_t response_code = 0;
+    uint8_t sense_key = 0;
+    uint8_t additional_sense_code = 0;
+    uint8_t additional_sense_code_qualifier = 0;
+    uint8_t additional_length = 0;
+
+    if (!sense_buf || len == 0) {
+        ALOGE("Invalid SCSI sense buffer, length: %zu\n", len);
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    response_code = 0x7f & sense_buf[0];
+
+    if (response_code < 0x70 || response_code > 0x73) {
+        ALOGE("Invalid SCSI sense response code: %hhu\n", response_code);
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (response_code >= 0x72) {
+        /* descriptor format, SPC-6 4.4.2 */
+        if (len > 1) {
+            sense_key = 0xf & sense_buf[1];
+        }
+        if (len > 2) {
+            additional_sense_code = sense_buf[2];
+        }
+        if (len > 3) {
+            additional_sense_code_qualifier = sense_buf[3];
+        }
+        if (len > 7) {
+            additional_length = sense_buf[7];
+        }
+    } else {
+        /* fixed format, SPC-6 4.4.3 */
+        if (len > 2) {
+            sense_key = 0xf & sense_buf[2];
+        }
+        if (len > 7) {
+            additional_length = sense_buf[7];
+        }
+        if (len > 12) {
+            additional_sense_code = sense_buf[12];
+        }
+        if (len > 13) {
+            additional_sense_code_qualifier = sense_buf[13];
+        }
+    }
+
+    switch (sense_key) {
+        case NO_SENSE:
+        case 0x0f: /* COMPLETED, not present in kernel headers */
+            ALOGD("SCSI success with sense data: key=%hhu, asc=%hhu, ascq=%hhu\n", sense_key,
+                  additional_sense_code, additional_sense_code_qualifier);
+            return true;
+    }
+
+    ALOGE("Unexpected SCSI sense data: key=%hhu, asc=%hhu, ascq=%hhu\n", sense_key,
+          additional_sense_code, additional_sense_code_qualifier);
+    log_buf(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, "sense buffer: ", sense_buf, len);
+    return false;
+}
+
+static void check_sg_io_hdr(const sg_io_hdr_t* io_hdrp) {
+    if (io_hdrp->status == 0 && io_hdrp->host_status == 0 && io_hdrp->driver_status == 0) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (io_hdrp->status & 0x01) {
+        ALOGE("SG_IO received unknown status, LSB is set: %hhu", io_hdrp->status);
+    }
+
+    if (io_hdrp->masked_status != GOOD && io_hdrp->sb_len_wr > 0) {
+        bool sense_error = check_scsi_sense(io_hdrp->sbp, io_hdrp->sb_len_wr);
+        if (sense_error) {
+            ALOGE("Unexpected SCSI sense. masked_status: %hhu, host_status: %hu, driver_status: "
+                  "%hu\n",
+                  io_hdrp->masked_status, io_hdrp->host_status, io_hdrp->driver_status);
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+
+    switch (io_hdrp->masked_status) {
+        case GOOD:
+            break;
+        case CHECK_CONDITION:
+            /* handled by check_sg_sense above */
+            break;
+        default:
+            ALOGE("SG_IO failed with masked_status: %hhu, host_status: %hu, driver_status: %hu\n",
+                  io_hdrp->masked_status, io_hdrp->host_status, io_hdrp->driver_status);
+            return;
+    }
+
+    if (io_hdrp->host_status != 0) {
+        ALOGE("SG_IO failed with host_status: %hu, driver_status: %hu\n", io_hdrp->host_status,
+              io_hdrp->driver_status);
+    }
+
+    if (io_hdrp->resid != 0) {
+        ALOGE("SG_IO resid was non-zero: %d\n", io_hdrp->resid);
+    }
+}
+
 static int send_mmc_rpmb_req(int mmc_fd, const struct storage_rpmb_send_req* req) {
     struct {
         struct mmc_ioc_multi_cmd multi;
@@ -153,7 +302,7 @@
         mmc_ioc_cmd_set_data((*cmd), write_buf);
 #ifdef RPMB_DEBUG
         ALOGI("opcode: 0x%x, write_flag: 0x%x\n", cmd->opcode, cmd->write_flag);
-        print_buf("request: ", write_buf, req->reliable_write_size);
+        log_buf(ANDROID_LOG_INFO, "request: ", write_buf, req->reliable_write_size);
 #endif
         write_buf += req->reliable_write_size;
         mmc.multi.num_of_cmds++;
@@ -169,7 +318,7 @@
         mmc_ioc_cmd_set_data((*cmd), write_buf);
 #ifdef RPMB_DEBUG
         ALOGI("opcode: 0x%x, write_flag: 0x%x\n", cmd->opcode, cmd->write_flag);
-        print_buf("request: ", write_buf, req->write_size);
+        log_buf(ANDROID_LOG_INFO, "request: ", write_buf, req->write_size);
 #endif
         write_buf += req->write_size;
         mmc.multi.num_of_cmds++;
@@ -225,6 +374,7 @@
             ALOGE("%s: ufs ioctl failed: %d, %s\n", __func__, rc, strerror(errno));
             goto err_op;
         }
+        check_sg_io_hdr(&io_hdr);
         write_buf += req->reliable_write_size;
     }
 
@@ -239,6 +389,7 @@
             ALOGE("%s: ufs ioctl failed: %d, %s\n", __func__, rc, strerror(errno));
             goto err_op;
         }
+        check_sg_io_hdr(&io_hdr);
         write_buf += req->write_size;
     }
 
@@ -252,6 +403,7 @@
         if (rc < 0) {
             ALOGE("%s: ufs ioctl failed: %d, %s\n", __func__, rc, strerror(errno));
         }
+        check_sg_io_hdr(&io_hdr);
     }
 
 err_op:
@@ -353,7 +505,7 @@
         goto err_response;
     }
 #ifdef RPMB_DEBUG
-    if (req->read_size) print_buf("response: ", read_buf, req->read_size);
+    if (req->read_size) log_buf(ANDROID_LOG_INFO, "response: ", read_buf, req->read_size);
 #endif
 
     if (msg->flags & STORAGE_MSG_FLAG_POST_COMMIT) {
diff --git a/trusty/trusty-base.mk b/trusty/trusty-base.mk
index 6cd381f..21ea7ae 100644
--- a/trusty/trusty-base.mk
+++ b/trusty/trusty-base.mk
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 # HAL loading of gatekeeper.trusty.
 
 PRODUCT_PACKAGES += \
-	android.hardware.keymaster@4.0-service.trusty \
+	android.hardware.security.keymint-service.trusty \
 	android.hardware.gatekeeper@1.0-service.trusty \
 	trusty_apploader