diff --git a/gatekeeperd/Android.bp b/gatekeeperd/Android.bp
index 838f734..145a74c 100644
--- a/gatekeeperd/Android.bp
+++ b/gatekeeperd/Android.bp
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@
     default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
 }
 
-cc_binary {
-    name: "gatekeeperd",
+cc_defaults {
+    name: "gatekeeperd_defaults",
     cflags: [
         "-Wall",
         "-Wextra",
@@ -52,6 +52,16 @@
 
     static_libs: ["libscrypt_static"],
     include_dirs: ["external/scrypt/lib/crypto"],
+}
+
+cc_binary {
+    name: "gatekeeperd",
+    defaults: [
+        "gatekeeperd_defaults",
+    ],
+    srcs: [
+        "main.cpp",
+    ],
     init_rc: ["gatekeeperd.rc"],
 }
 
diff --git a/gatekeeperd/gatekeeperd.cpp b/gatekeeperd/gatekeeperd.cpp
index eb43a33..e5241b5 100644
--- a/gatekeeperd/gatekeeperd.cpp
+++ b/gatekeeperd/gatekeeperd.cpp
@@ -13,11 +13,9 @@
  * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  * limitations under the License.
  */
-
 #define LOG_TAG "gatekeeperd"
 
-#include <android/service/gatekeeper/BnGateKeeperService.h>
-#include <gatekeeper/GateKeeperResponse.h>
+#include "gatekeeperd.h"
 
 #include <endian.h>
 #include <errno.h>
@@ -39,25 +37,18 @@
 #include <log/log.h>
 #include <utils/String16.h>
 
-#include <aidl/android/hardware/gatekeeper/IGatekeeper.h>
 #include <aidl/android/hardware/security/keymint/HardwareAuthToken.h>
 #include <aidl/android/security/authorization/IKeystoreAuthorization.h>
-#include <android/hardware/gatekeeper/1.0/IGatekeeper.h>
 #include <hidl/HidlSupport.h>
 
 using android::sp;
 using android::hardware::Return;
 using android::hardware::gatekeeper::V1_0::GatekeeperResponse;
 using android::hardware::gatekeeper::V1_0::GatekeeperStatusCode;
-using android::hardware::gatekeeper::V1_0::IGatekeeper;
 
 using AidlGatekeeperEnrollResp = aidl::android::hardware::gatekeeper::GatekeeperEnrollResponse;
 using AidlGatekeeperVerifyResp = aidl::android::hardware::gatekeeper::GatekeeperVerifyResponse;
-using AidlIGatekeeper = aidl::android::hardware::gatekeeper::IGatekeeper;
 
-using ::android::binder::Status;
-using ::android::service::gatekeeper::BnGateKeeperService;
-using GKResponse = ::android::service::gatekeeper::GateKeeperResponse;
 using GKResponseCode = ::android::service::gatekeeper::ResponseCode;
 using ::aidl::android::hardware::security::keymint::HardwareAuthenticatorType;
 using ::aidl::android::hardware::security::keymint::HardwareAuthToken;
@@ -70,172 +61,167 @@
 static const String16 DUMP_PERMISSION("android.permission.DUMP");
 constexpr const char gatekeeperServiceName[] = "android.hardware.gatekeeper.IGatekeeper/default";
 
-class GateKeeperProxy : public BnGateKeeperService {
-  public:
-    GateKeeperProxy() {
-        clear_state_if_needed_done = false;
-        hw_device = IGatekeeper::getService();
-        ::ndk::SpAIBinder ks2Binder(AServiceManager_getService(gatekeeperServiceName));
-        aidl_hw_device = AidlIGatekeeper::fromBinder(ks2Binder);
-        is_running_gsi = android::base::GetBoolProperty(android::gsi::kGsiBootedProp, false);
+GateKeeperProxy::GateKeeperProxy() {
+    clear_state_if_needed_done = false;
+    hw_device = IGatekeeper::getService();
+    ::ndk::SpAIBinder ks2Binder(AServiceManager_getService(gatekeeperServiceName));
+    aidl_hw_device = AidlIGatekeeper::fromBinder(ks2Binder);
+    is_running_gsi = android::base::GetBoolProperty(android::gsi::kGsiBootedProp, false);
 
-        if (!aidl_hw_device && !hw_device) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Could not find Gatekeeper device, which makes me very sad.";
+    if (!aidl_hw_device && !hw_device) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Could not find Gatekeeper device, which makes me very sad.";
+    }
+}
+
+void GateKeeperProxy::store_sid(uint32_t userId, uint64_t sid) {
+    char filename[21];
+    snprintf(filename, sizeof(filename), "%u", userId);
+    int fd = open(filename, O_WRONLY | O_TRUNC | O_CREAT, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR);
+    if (fd < 0) {
+        ALOGE("could not open file: %s: %s", filename, strerror(errno));
+        return;
+    }
+    write(fd, &sid, sizeof(sid));
+    close(fd);
+}
+
+void GateKeeperProxy::clear_state_if_needed() {
+    if (clear_state_if_needed_done) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (mark_cold_boot() && !is_running_gsi) {
+        ALOGI("cold boot: clearing state");
+        if (aidl_hw_device) {
+            aidl_hw_device->deleteAllUsers();
+        } else if (hw_device) {
+            hw_device->deleteAllUsers([](const GatekeeperResponse&) {});
         }
     }
 
-    virtual ~GateKeeperProxy() {}
+    clear_state_if_needed_done = true;
+}
 
-    void store_sid(uint32_t userId, uint64_t sid) {
-        char filename[21];
-        snprintf(filename, sizeof(filename), "%u", userId);
+bool GateKeeperProxy::mark_cold_boot() {
+    const char* filename = ".coldboot";
+    if (access(filename, F_OK) == -1) {
         int fd = open(filename, O_WRONLY | O_TRUNC | O_CREAT, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR);
         if (fd < 0) {
-            ALOGE("could not open file: %s: %s", filename, strerror(errno));
-            return;
+            ALOGE("could not open file: %s : %s", filename, strerror(errno));
+            return false;
         }
-        write(fd, &sid, sizeof(sid));
         close(fd);
+        return true;
     }
+    return false;
+}
 
-    void clear_state_if_needed() {
-        if (clear_state_if_needed_done) {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        if (mark_cold_boot() && !is_running_gsi) {
-            ALOGI("cold boot: clearing state");
-            if (aidl_hw_device) {
-                aidl_hw_device->deleteAllUsers();
-            } else if (hw_device) {
-                hw_device->deleteAllUsers([](const GatekeeperResponse&) {});
-            }
-        }
-
-        clear_state_if_needed_done = true;
+void GateKeeperProxy::maybe_store_sid(uint32_t userId, uint64_t sid) {
+    char filename[21];
+    snprintf(filename, sizeof(filename), "%u", userId);
+    if (access(filename, F_OK) == -1) {
+        store_sid(userId, sid);
     }
+}
 
-    bool mark_cold_boot() {
-        const char* filename = ".coldboot";
-        if (access(filename, F_OK) == -1) {
-            int fd = open(filename, O_WRONLY | O_TRUNC | O_CREAT, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR);
-            if (fd < 0) {
-                ALOGE("could not open file: %s : %s", filename, strerror(errno));
-                return false;
-            }
-            close(fd);
-            return true;
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
+uint64_t GateKeeperProxy::read_sid(uint32_t userId) {
+    char filename[21];
+    uint64_t sid;
+    snprintf(filename, sizeof(filename), "%u", userId);
+    int fd = open(filename, O_RDONLY);
+    if (fd < 0) return 0;
+    read(fd, &sid, sizeof(sid));
+    close(fd);
+    return sid;
+}
 
-    void maybe_store_sid(uint32_t userId, uint64_t sid) {
-        char filename[21];
-        snprintf(filename, sizeof(filename), "%u", userId);
-        if (access(filename, F_OK) == -1) {
-            store_sid(userId, sid);
-        }
+void GateKeeperProxy::clear_sid(uint32_t userId) {
+    char filename[21];
+    snprintf(filename, sizeof(filename), "%u", userId);
+    if (remove(filename) < 0 && errno != ENOENT) {
+        ALOGE("%s: could not remove file [%s], attempting 0 write", __func__, strerror(errno));
+        store_sid(userId, 0);
     }
+}
 
-    uint64_t read_sid(uint32_t userId) {
-        char filename[21];
-        uint64_t sid;
-        snprintf(filename, sizeof(filename), "%u", userId);
-        int fd = open(filename, O_RDONLY);
-        if (fd < 0) return 0;
-        read(fd, &sid, sizeof(sid));
-        close(fd);
-        return sid;
+uint32_t GateKeeperProxy::adjust_userId(uint32_t userId) {
+    static constexpr uint32_t kGsiOffset = 1000000;
+    CHECK(userId < kGsiOffset);
+    CHECK((aidl_hw_device != nullptr) || (hw_device != nullptr));
+    if (is_running_gsi) {
+        return userId + kGsiOffset;
     }
-
-    void clear_sid(uint32_t userId) {
-        char filename[21];
-        snprintf(filename, sizeof(filename), "%u", userId);
-        if (remove(filename) < 0 && errno != ENOENT) {
-            ALOGE("%s: could not remove file [%s], attempting 0 write", __func__, strerror(errno));
-            store_sid(userId, 0);
-        }
-    }
-
-    // This should only be called on userIds being passed to the GateKeeper HAL. It ensures that
-    // secure storage shared across a GSI image and a host image will not overlap.
-    uint32_t adjust_userId(uint32_t userId) {
-        static constexpr uint32_t kGsiOffset = 1000000;
-        CHECK(userId < kGsiOffset);
-        CHECK((aidl_hw_device != nullptr) || (hw_device != nullptr));
-        if (is_running_gsi) {
-            return userId + kGsiOffset;
-        }
-        return userId;
-    }
+    return userId;
+}
 
 #define GK_ERROR *gkResponse = GKResponse::error(), Status::ok()
 
-    Status enroll(int32_t userId, const std::optional<std::vector<uint8_t>>& currentPasswordHandle,
-                  const std::optional<std::vector<uint8_t>>& currentPassword,
-                  const std::vector<uint8_t>& desiredPassword, GKResponse* gkResponse) override {
-        IPCThreadState* ipc = IPCThreadState::self();
-        const int calling_pid = ipc->getCallingPid();
-        const int calling_uid = ipc->getCallingUid();
-        if (!PermissionCache::checkPermission(KEYGUARD_PERMISSION, calling_pid, calling_uid)) {
-            return GK_ERROR;
-        }
+Status GateKeeperProxy::enroll(int32_t userId,
+                               const std::optional<std::vector<uint8_t>>& currentPasswordHandle,
+                               const std::optional<std::vector<uint8_t>>& currentPassword,
+                               const std::vector<uint8_t>& desiredPassword,
+                               GKResponse* gkResponse) {
+    IPCThreadState* ipc = IPCThreadState::self();
+    const int calling_pid = ipc->getCallingPid();
+    const int calling_uid = ipc->getCallingUid();
+    if (!PermissionCache::checkPermission(KEYGUARD_PERMISSION, calling_pid, calling_uid)) {
+        return GK_ERROR;
+    }
 
-        // Make sure to clear any state from before factory reset as soon as a credential is
-        // enrolled (which may happen during device setup).
-        clear_state_if_needed();
+    // Make sure to clear any state from before factory reset as soon as a credential is
+    // enrolled (which may happen during device setup).
+    clear_state_if_needed();
 
-        // need a desired password to enroll
-        if (desiredPassword.size() == 0) return GK_ERROR;
+    // need a desired password to enroll
+    if (desiredPassword.size() == 0) return GK_ERROR;
 
-        if (!aidl_hw_device && !hw_device) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "has no HAL to talk to";
-            return GK_ERROR;
-        }
+    if (!aidl_hw_device && !hw_device) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "has no HAL to talk to";
+        return GK_ERROR;
+    }
 
-        android::hardware::hidl_vec<uint8_t> curPwdHandle;
-        android::hardware::hidl_vec<uint8_t> curPwd;
+    android::hardware::hidl_vec<uint8_t> curPwdHandle;
+    android::hardware::hidl_vec<uint8_t> curPwd;
 
-        if (currentPasswordHandle && currentPassword) {
-            if (hw_device) {
-                // Hidl Implementations expects passwordHandle to be in
-                // gatekeeper::password_handle_t format.
-                if (currentPasswordHandle->size() != sizeof(gatekeeper::password_handle_t)) {
-                    LOG(INFO) << "Password handle has wrong length";
-                    return GK_ERROR;
-                }
-            }
-            curPwdHandle.setToExternal(const_cast<uint8_t*>(currentPasswordHandle->data()),
-                                       currentPasswordHandle->size());
-            curPwd.setToExternal(const_cast<uint8_t*>(currentPassword->data()),
-                                 currentPassword->size());
-        }
-
-        android::hardware::hidl_vec<uint8_t> newPwd;
-        newPwd.setToExternal(const_cast<uint8_t*>(desiredPassword.data()), desiredPassword.size());
-
-        uint32_t hw_userId = adjust_userId(userId);
-        uint64_t secureUserId = 0;
-        if (aidl_hw_device) {
-            // AIDL gatekeeper service
-            AidlGatekeeperEnrollResp rsp;
-            auto result = aidl_hw_device->enroll(hw_userId, curPwdHandle, curPwd, newPwd, &rsp);
-            if (!result.isOk()) {
-                LOG(ERROR) << "enroll transaction failed";
+    if (currentPasswordHandle && currentPassword) {
+        if (hw_device) {
+            // Hidl Implementations expects passwordHandle to be in
+            // gatekeeper::password_handle_t format.
+            if (currentPasswordHandle->size() != sizeof(gatekeeper::password_handle_t)) {
+                LOG(INFO) << "Password handle has wrong length";
                 return GK_ERROR;
             }
-            if (rsp.statusCode >= AidlIGatekeeper::STATUS_OK) {
-                *gkResponse = GKResponse::ok({rsp.data.begin(), rsp.data.end()});
-                secureUserId = static_cast<uint64_t>(rsp.secureUserId);
-            } else if (rsp.statusCode == AidlIGatekeeper::ERROR_RETRY_TIMEOUT &&
-                       rsp.timeoutMs > 0) {
-                *gkResponse = GKResponse::retry(rsp.timeoutMs);
-            } else {
-                *gkResponse = GKResponse::error();
-            }
-        } else if (hw_device) {
-            // HIDL gatekeeper service
-            Return<void> hwRes = hw_device->enroll(
+        }
+        curPwdHandle.setToExternal(const_cast<uint8_t*>(currentPasswordHandle->data()),
+                                   currentPasswordHandle->size());
+        curPwd.setToExternal(const_cast<uint8_t*>(currentPassword->data()),
+                             currentPassword->size());
+    }
+
+    android::hardware::hidl_vec<uint8_t> newPwd;
+    newPwd.setToExternal(const_cast<uint8_t*>(desiredPassword.data()), desiredPassword.size());
+
+    uint32_t hw_userId = adjust_userId(userId);
+    uint64_t secureUserId = 0;
+    if (aidl_hw_device) {
+        // AIDL gatekeeper service
+        AidlGatekeeperEnrollResp rsp;
+        auto result = aidl_hw_device->enroll(hw_userId, curPwdHandle, curPwd, newPwd, &rsp);
+        if (!result.isOk()) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "enroll transaction failed";
+            return GK_ERROR;
+        }
+        if (rsp.statusCode >= AidlIGatekeeper::STATUS_OK) {
+            *gkResponse = GKResponse::ok({rsp.data.begin(), rsp.data.end()});
+            secureUserId = static_cast<uint64_t>(rsp.secureUserId);
+        } else if (rsp.statusCode == AidlIGatekeeper::ERROR_RETRY_TIMEOUT && rsp.timeoutMs > 0) {
+            *gkResponse = GKResponse::retry(rsp.timeoutMs);
+        } else {
+            *gkResponse = GKResponse::error();
+        }
+    } else if (hw_device) {
+        // HIDL gatekeeper service
+        Return<void> hwRes = hw_device->enroll(
                 hw_userId, curPwdHandle, curPwd, newPwd,
                 [&gkResponse](const GatekeeperResponse& rsp) {
                     if (rsp.code >= GatekeeperStatusCode::STATUS_OK) {
@@ -247,110 +233,110 @@
                         *gkResponse = GKResponse::error();
                     }
                 });
-            if (!hwRes.isOk()) {
-                LOG(ERROR) << "enroll transaction failed";
+        if (!hwRes.isOk()) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "enroll transaction failed";
+            return GK_ERROR;
+        }
+        if (gkResponse->response_code() == GKResponseCode::OK) {
+            if (gkResponse->payload().size() != sizeof(gatekeeper::password_handle_t)) {
+                LOG(ERROR) << "HAL returned password handle of invalid length "
+                           << gkResponse->payload().size();
                 return GK_ERROR;
             }
-            if (gkResponse->response_code() == GKResponseCode::OK) {
-                if (gkResponse->payload().size() != sizeof(gatekeeper::password_handle_t)) {
-                    LOG(ERROR) << "HAL returned password handle of invalid length "
-                               << gkResponse->payload().size();
-                    return GK_ERROR;
-                }
 
-                const gatekeeper::password_handle_t* handle =
+            const gatekeeper::password_handle_t* handle =
                     reinterpret_cast<const gatekeeper::password_handle_t*>(
-                        gkResponse->payload().data());
-                secureUserId = handle->user_id;
-            }
+                            gkResponse->payload().data());
+            secureUserId = handle->user_id;
         }
-
-        if (gkResponse->response_code() == GKResponseCode::OK && !gkResponse->should_reenroll()) {
-            store_sid(userId, secureUserId);
-
-            GKResponse verifyResponse;
-            // immediately verify this password so we don't ask the user to enter it again
-            // if they just created it.
-            auto status = verify(userId, gkResponse->payload(), desiredPassword, &verifyResponse);
-            if (!status.isOk() || verifyResponse.response_code() != GKResponseCode::OK) {
-                LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to verify password after enrolling";
-            }
-        }
-
-        return Status::ok();
     }
 
-    Status verify(int32_t userId, const ::std::vector<uint8_t>& enrolledPasswordHandle,
-                  const ::std::vector<uint8_t>& providedPassword, GKResponse* gkResponse) override {
-        return verifyChallenge(userId, 0 /* challenge */, enrolledPasswordHandle, providedPassword,
-                               gkResponse);
+    if (gkResponse->response_code() == GKResponseCode::OK && !gkResponse->should_reenroll()) {
+        store_sid(userId, secureUserId);
+
+        GKResponse verifyResponse;
+        // immediately verify this password so we don't ask the user to enter it again
+        // if they just created it.
+        auto status = verify(userId, gkResponse->payload(), desiredPassword, &verifyResponse);
+        if (!status.isOk() || verifyResponse.response_code() != GKResponseCode::OK) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to verify password after enrolling";
+        }
     }
 
-    Status verifyChallenge(int32_t userId, int64_t challenge,
-                           const std::vector<uint8_t>& enrolledPasswordHandle,
-                           const std::vector<uint8_t>& providedPassword,
-                           GKResponse* gkResponse) override {
-        IPCThreadState* ipc = IPCThreadState::self();
-        const int calling_pid = ipc->getCallingPid();
-        const int calling_uid = ipc->getCallingUid();
-        if (!PermissionCache::checkPermission(KEYGUARD_PERMISSION, calling_pid, calling_uid)) {
+    return Status::ok();
+}
+
+Status GateKeeperProxy::verify(int32_t userId, const ::std::vector<uint8_t>& enrolledPasswordHandle,
+                               const ::std::vector<uint8_t>& providedPassword,
+                               GKResponse* gkResponse) {
+    return verifyChallenge(userId, 0 /* challenge */, enrolledPasswordHandle, providedPassword,
+                           gkResponse);
+}
+
+Status GateKeeperProxy::verifyChallenge(int32_t userId, int64_t challenge,
+                                        const std::vector<uint8_t>& enrolledPasswordHandle,
+                                        const std::vector<uint8_t>& providedPassword,
+                                        GKResponse* gkResponse) {
+    IPCThreadState* ipc = IPCThreadState::self();
+    const int calling_pid = ipc->getCallingPid();
+    const int calling_uid = ipc->getCallingUid();
+    if (!PermissionCache::checkPermission(KEYGUARD_PERMISSION, calling_pid, calling_uid)) {
+        return GK_ERROR;
+    }
+
+    // can't verify if we're missing either param
+    if (enrolledPasswordHandle.size() == 0 || providedPassword.size() == 0) return GK_ERROR;
+
+    if (!aidl_hw_device && !hw_device) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "has no HAL to talk to";
+        return GK_ERROR;
+    }
+
+    if (hw_device) {
+        // Hidl Implementations expects passwordHandle to be in gatekeeper::password_handle_t
+        if (enrolledPasswordHandle.size() != sizeof(gatekeeper::password_handle_t)) {
+            LOG(INFO) << "Password handle has wrong length";
             return GK_ERROR;
         }
+    }
 
-        // can't verify if we're missing either param
-        if (enrolledPasswordHandle.size() == 0 || providedPassword.size() == 0) return GK_ERROR;
+    uint32_t hw_userId = adjust_userId(userId);
+    android::hardware::hidl_vec<uint8_t> curPwdHandle;
+    curPwdHandle.setToExternal(const_cast<uint8_t*>(enrolledPasswordHandle.data()),
+                               enrolledPasswordHandle.size());
+    android::hardware::hidl_vec<uint8_t> enteredPwd;
+    enteredPwd.setToExternal(const_cast<uint8_t*>(providedPassword.data()),
+                             providedPassword.size());
 
-        if (!aidl_hw_device && !hw_device) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "has no HAL to talk to";
+    uint64_t secureUserId = 0;
+    if (aidl_hw_device) {
+        // AIDL gatekeeper service
+        AidlGatekeeperVerifyResp rsp;
+        auto result = aidl_hw_device->verify(hw_userId, challenge, curPwdHandle, enteredPwd, &rsp);
+        if (!result.isOk()) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "verify transaction failed";
             return GK_ERROR;
         }
-
-        if (hw_device) {
-            // Hidl Implementations expects passwordHandle to be in gatekeeper::password_handle_t
-            if (enrolledPasswordHandle.size() != sizeof(gatekeeper::password_handle_t)) {
-                LOG(INFO) << "Password handle has wrong length";
-                return GK_ERROR;
-            }
+        if (rsp.statusCode >= AidlIGatekeeper::STATUS_OK) {
+            secureUserId = rsp.hardwareAuthToken.userId;
+            // Serialize HardwareAuthToken to a vector as hw_auth_token_t.
+            *gkResponse = GKResponse::ok(
+                    authToken2AidlVec(rsp.hardwareAuthToken),
+                    rsp.statusCode == AidlIGatekeeper::STATUS_REENROLL /* reenroll */);
+        } else if (rsp.statusCode == AidlIGatekeeper::ERROR_RETRY_TIMEOUT) {
+            *gkResponse = GKResponse::retry(rsp.timeoutMs);
+        } else {
+            *gkResponse = GKResponse::error();
         }
-
-        uint32_t hw_userId = adjust_userId(userId);
-        android::hardware::hidl_vec<uint8_t> curPwdHandle;
-        curPwdHandle.setToExternal(const_cast<uint8_t*>(enrolledPasswordHandle.data()),
-                                   enrolledPasswordHandle.size());
-        android::hardware::hidl_vec<uint8_t> enteredPwd;
-        enteredPwd.setToExternal(const_cast<uint8_t*>(providedPassword.data()),
-                                 providedPassword.size());
-
-        uint64_t secureUserId = 0;
-        if (aidl_hw_device) {
-            // AIDL gatekeeper service
-            AidlGatekeeperVerifyResp rsp;
-            auto result =
-                aidl_hw_device->verify(hw_userId, challenge, curPwdHandle, enteredPwd, &rsp);
-            if (!result.isOk()) {
-                LOG(ERROR) << "verify transaction failed";
-                return GK_ERROR;
-            }
-            if (rsp.statusCode >= AidlIGatekeeper::STATUS_OK) {
-                secureUserId = rsp.hardwareAuthToken.userId;
-                // Serialize HardwareAuthToken to a vector as hw_auth_token_t.
-                *gkResponse = GKResponse::ok(authToken2AidlVec(rsp.hardwareAuthToken),
-                                             rsp.statusCode ==
-                                                 AidlIGatekeeper::STATUS_REENROLL /* reenroll */);
-            } else if (rsp.statusCode == AidlIGatekeeper::ERROR_RETRY_TIMEOUT) {
-                *gkResponse = GKResponse::retry(rsp.timeoutMs);
-            } else {
-                *gkResponse = GKResponse::error();
-            }
-        } else if (hw_device) {
-            // HIDL gatekeeper service
-            Return<void> hwRes = hw_device->verify(
+    } else if (hw_device) {
+        // HIDL gatekeeper service
+        Return<void> hwRes = hw_device->verify(
                 hw_userId, challenge, curPwdHandle, enteredPwd,
                 [&gkResponse](const GatekeeperResponse& rsp) {
                     if (rsp.code >= GatekeeperStatusCode::STATUS_OK) {
                         *gkResponse = GKResponse::ok(
-                            {rsp.data.begin(), rsp.data.end()},
-                            rsp.code == GatekeeperStatusCode::STATUS_REENROLL /* reenroll */);
+                                {rsp.data.begin(), rsp.data.end()},
+                                rsp.code == GatekeeperStatusCode::STATUS_REENROLL /* reenroll */);
                     } else if (rsp.code == GatekeeperStatusCode::ERROR_RETRY_TIMEOUT) {
                         *gkResponse = GKResponse::retry(rsp.timeout);
                     } else {
@@ -358,149 +344,110 @@
                     }
                 });
 
-            if (!hwRes.isOk()) {
-                LOG(ERROR) << "verify transaction failed";
-                return GK_ERROR;
-            }
-            const gatekeeper::password_handle_t* handle =
-                reinterpret_cast<const gatekeeper::password_handle_t*>(
-                    enrolledPasswordHandle.data());
-            secureUserId = handle->user_id;
+        if (!hwRes.isOk()) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "verify transaction failed";
+            return GK_ERROR;
         }
+        const gatekeeper::password_handle_t* handle =
+                reinterpret_cast<const gatekeeper::password_handle_t*>(
+                        enrolledPasswordHandle.data());
+        secureUserId = handle->user_id;
+    }
 
-        if (gkResponse->response_code() == GKResponseCode::OK) {
-            if (gkResponse->payload().size() != 0) {
-                // try to connect to IKeystoreAuthorization AIDL service first.
-                AIBinder* authzAIBinder =
-                        AServiceManager_getService("android.security.authorization");
-                ::ndk::SpAIBinder authzBinder(authzAIBinder);
-                auto authzService = IKeystoreAuthorization::fromBinder(authzBinder);
-                if (authzService) {
-                    if (gkResponse->payload().size() != sizeof(hw_auth_token_t)) {
-                        LOG(ERROR) << "Incorrect size of AuthToken payload.";
-                        return GK_ERROR;
-                    }
-
-                    const hw_auth_token_t* hwAuthToken =
-                            reinterpret_cast<const hw_auth_token_t*>(gkResponse->payload().data());
-                    HardwareAuthToken authToken;
-
-                    authToken.timestamp.milliSeconds = betoh64(hwAuthToken->timestamp);
-                    authToken.challenge = hwAuthToken->challenge;
-                    authToken.userId = hwAuthToken->user_id;
-                    authToken.authenticatorId = hwAuthToken->authenticator_id;
-                    authToken.authenticatorType = static_cast<HardwareAuthenticatorType>(
-                            betoh32(hwAuthToken->authenticator_type));
-                    authToken.mac.assign(&hwAuthToken->hmac[0], &hwAuthToken->hmac[32]);
-                    auto result = authzService->addAuthToken(authToken);
-                    if (!result.isOk()) {
-                        LOG(ERROR) << "Failure in sending AuthToken to AuthorizationService.";
-                        return GK_ERROR;
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    LOG(ERROR) << "Cannot deliver auth token. Unable to communicate with "
-                                  "Keystore.";
+    if (gkResponse->response_code() == GKResponseCode::OK) {
+        if (gkResponse->payload().size() != 0) {
+            // try to connect to IKeystoreAuthorization AIDL service first.
+            AIBinder* authzAIBinder = AServiceManager_getService("android.security.authorization");
+            ::ndk::SpAIBinder authzBinder(authzAIBinder);
+            auto authzService = IKeystoreAuthorization::fromBinder(authzBinder);
+            if (authzService) {
+                if (gkResponse->payload().size() != sizeof(hw_auth_token_t)) {
+                    LOG(ERROR) << "Incorrect size of AuthToken payload.";
                     return GK_ERROR;
                 }
+
+                const hw_auth_token_t* hwAuthToken =
+                        reinterpret_cast<const hw_auth_token_t*>(gkResponse->payload().data());
+                HardwareAuthToken authToken;
+
+                authToken.timestamp.milliSeconds = betoh64(hwAuthToken->timestamp);
+                authToken.challenge = hwAuthToken->challenge;
+                authToken.userId = hwAuthToken->user_id;
+                authToken.authenticatorId = hwAuthToken->authenticator_id;
+                authToken.authenticatorType = static_cast<HardwareAuthenticatorType>(
+                        betoh32(hwAuthToken->authenticator_type));
+                authToken.mac.assign(&hwAuthToken->hmac[0], &hwAuthToken->hmac[32]);
+                auto result = authzService->addAuthToken(authToken);
+                if (!result.isOk()) {
+                    LOG(ERROR) << "Failure in sending AuthToken to AuthorizationService.";
+                    return GK_ERROR;
+                }
+            } else {
+                LOG(ERROR) << "Cannot deliver auth token. Unable to communicate with "
+                              "Keystore.";
+                return GK_ERROR;
             }
-
-            maybe_store_sid(userId, secureUserId);
         }
 
-        return Status::ok();
+        maybe_store_sid(userId, secureUserId);
     }
 
-    Status getSecureUserId(int32_t userId, int64_t* sid) override {
-        *sid = read_sid(userId);
-        return Status::ok();
-    }
-
-    Status clearSecureUserId(int32_t userId) override {
-        IPCThreadState* ipc = IPCThreadState::self();
-        const int calling_pid = ipc->getCallingPid();
-        const int calling_uid = ipc->getCallingUid();
-        if (!PermissionCache::checkPermission(KEYGUARD_PERMISSION, calling_pid, calling_uid)) {
-            ALOGE("%s: permission denied for [%d:%d]", __func__, calling_pid, calling_uid);
-            return Status::ok();
-        }
-        clear_sid(userId);
-
-        uint32_t hw_userId = adjust_userId(userId);
-        if (aidl_hw_device) {
-            aidl_hw_device->deleteUser(hw_userId);
-        } else if (hw_device) {
-            hw_device->deleteUser(hw_userId, [](const GatekeeperResponse&) {});
-        }
-        return Status::ok();
-    }
-
-    Status reportDeviceSetupComplete() override {
-        IPCThreadState* ipc = IPCThreadState::self();
-        const int calling_pid = ipc->getCallingPid();
-        const int calling_uid = ipc->getCallingUid();
-        if (!PermissionCache::checkPermission(KEYGUARD_PERMISSION, calling_pid, calling_uid)) {
-            ALOGE("%s: permission denied for [%d:%d]", __func__, calling_pid, calling_uid);
-            return Status::ok();
-        }
-
-        clear_state_if_needed();
-        return Status::ok();
-    }
-
-    status_t dump(int fd, const Vector<String16>&) override {
-        IPCThreadState* ipc = IPCThreadState::self();
-        const int pid = ipc->getCallingPid();
-        const int uid = ipc->getCallingUid();
-        if (!PermissionCache::checkPermission(DUMP_PERMISSION, pid, uid)) {
-            return PERMISSION_DENIED;
-        }
-
-        if (aidl_hw_device == nullptr && hw_device == nullptr) {
-            const char* result = "Device not available";
-            write(fd, result, strlen(result) + 1);
-        } else {
-            const char* result = "OK";
-            write(fd, result, strlen(result) + 1);
-        }
-
-        return OK;
-    }
-
-  private:
-    // AIDL gatekeeper service.
-    std::shared_ptr<AidlIGatekeeper> aidl_hw_device;
-    // HIDL gatekeeper service.
-    sp<IGatekeeper> hw_device;
-
-    bool clear_state_if_needed_done;
-    bool is_running_gsi;
-};
-}  // namespace android
-
-int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
-    ALOGI("Starting gatekeeperd...");
-    if (argc < 2) {
-        ALOGE("A directory must be specified!");
-        return 1;
-    }
-    if (chdir(argv[1]) == -1) {
-        ALOGE("chdir: %s: %s", argv[1], strerror(errno));
-        return 1;
-    }
-
-    android::sp<android::IServiceManager> sm = android::defaultServiceManager();
-    android::sp<android::GateKeeperProxy> proxy = new android::GateKeeperProxy();
-    android::status_t ret =
-        sm->addService(android::String16("android.service.gatekeeper.IGateKeeperService"), proxy);
-    if (ret != android::OK) {
-        ALOGE("Couldn't register binder service!");
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * We're the only thread in existence, so we're just going to process
-     * Binder transaction as a single-threaded program.
-     */
-    android::IPCThreadState::self()->joinThreadPool();
-    return 0;
+    return Status::ok();
 }
+
+Status GateKeeperProxy::getSecureUserId(int32_t userId, int64_t* sid) {
+    *sid = read_sid(userId);
+    return Status::ok();
+}
+
+Status GateKeeperProxy::clearSecureUserId(int32_t userId) {
+    IPCThreadState* ipc = IPCThreadState::self();
+    const int calling_pid = ipc->getCallingPid();
+    const int calling_uid = ipc->getCallingUid();
+    if (!PermissionCache::checkPermission(KEYGUARD_PERMISSION, calling_pid, calling_uid)) {
+        ALOGE("%s: permission denied for [%d:%d]", __func__, calling_pid, calling_uid);
+        return Status::ok();
+    }
+    clear_sid(userId);
+
+    uint32_t hw_userId = adjust_userId(userId);
+    if (aidl_hw_device) {
+        aidl_hw_device->deleteUser(hw_userId);
+    } else if (hw_device) {
+        hw_device->deleteUser(hw_userId, [](const GatekeeperResponse&) {});
+    }
+    return Status::ok();
+}
+
+Status GateKeeperProxy::reportDeviceSetupComplete() {
+    IPCThreadState* ipc = IPCThreadState::self();
+    const int calling_pid = ipc->getCallingPid();
+    const int calling_uid = ipc->getCallingUid();
+    if (!PermissionCache::checkPermission(KEYGUARD_PERMISSION, calling_pid, calling_uid)) {
+        ALOGE("%s: permission denied for [%d:%d]", __func__, calling_pid, calling_uid);
+        return Status::ok();
+    }
+
+    clear_state_if_needed();
+    return Status::ok();
+}
+
+status_t GateKeeperProxy::dump(int fd, const Vector<String16>&) {
+    IPCThreadState* ipc = IPCThreadState::self();
+    const int pid = ipc->getCallingPid();
+    const int uid = ipc->getCallingUid();
+    if (!PermissionCache::checkPermission(DUMP_PERMISSION, pid, uid)) {
+        return PERMISSION_DENIED;
+    }
+
+    if (aidl_hw_device == nullptr && hw_device == nullptr) {
+        const char* result = "Device not available";
+        write(fd, result, strlen(result) + 1);
+    } else {
+        const char* result = "OK";
+        write(fd, result, strlen(result) + 1);
+    }
+
+    return OK;
+}
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/gatekeeperd/gatekeeperd.h b/gatekeeperd/gatekeeperd.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..29873da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gatekeeperd/gatekeeperd.h
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <aidl/android/hardware/gatekeeper/IGatekeeper.h>
+#include <android/hardware/gatekeeper/1.0/IGatekeeper.h>
+#include <android/service/gatekeeper/BnGateKeeperService.h>
+#include <gatekeeper/GateKeeperResponse.h>
+
+using ::android::hardware::gatekeeper::V1_0::IGatekeeper;
+using AidlIGatekeeper = ::aidl::android::hardware::gatekeeper::IGatekeeper;
+using ::android::binder::Status;
+using ::android::service::gatekeeper::BnGateKeeperService;
+using GKResponse = ::android::service::gatekeeper::GateKeeperResponse;
+
+namespace android {
+
+class GateKeeperProxy : public BnGateKeeperService {
+  public:
+    GateKeeperProxy();
+
+    virtual ~GateKeeperProxy() {}
+
+    void store_sid(uint32_t userId, uint64_t sid);
+
+    void clear_state_if_needed();
+
+    bool mark_cold_boot();
+
+    void maybe_store_sid(uint32_t userId, uint64_t sid);
+
+    uint64_t read_sid(uint32_t userId);
+
+    void clear_sid(uint32_t userId);
+
+    // This should only be called on userIds being passed to the GateKeeper HAL. It ensures that
+    // secure storage shared across a GSI image and a host image will not overlap.
+    uint32_t adjust_userId(uint32_t userId);
+
+#define GK_ERROR *gkResponse = GKResponse::error(), Status::ok()
+
+    Status enroll(int32_t userId, const std::optional<std::vector<uint8_t>>& currentPasswordHandle,
+                  const std::optional<std::vector<uint8_t>>& currentPassword,
+                  const std::vector<uint8_t>& desiredPassword, GKResponse* gkResponse) override;
+
+    Status verify(int32_t userId, const ::std::vector<uint8_t>& enrolledPasswordHandle,
+                  const ::std::vector<uint8_t>& providedPassword, GKResponse* gkResponse) override;
+
+    Status verifyChallenge(int32_t userId, int64_t challenge,
+                           const std::vector<uint8_t>& enrolledPasswordHandle,
+                           const std::vector<uint8_t>& providedPassword,
+                           GKResponse* gkResponse) override;
+
+    Status getSecureUserId(int32_t userId, int64_t* sid) override;
+
+    Status clearSecureUserId(int32_t userId) override;
+
+    Status reportDeviceSetupComplete() override;
+
+    status_t dump(int fd, const Vector<String16>&) override;
+
+  private:
+    // AIDL gatekeeper service.
+    std::shared_ptr<AidlIGatekeeper> aidl_hw_device;
+    // HIDL gatekeeper service.
+    sp<IGatekeeper> hw_device;
+
+    bool clear_state_if_needed_done;
+    bool is_running_gsi;
+};
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/gatekeeperd/main.cpp b/gatekeeperd/main.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a05584a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gatekeeperd/main.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <binder/IPCThreadState.h>
+#include <binder/IServiceManager.h>
+
+#include <log/log.h>
+
+#include "gatekeeperd.h"
+
+int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
+    ALOGI("Starting gatekeeperd...");
+    if (argc < 2) {
+        ALOGE("A directory must be specified!");
+        return 1;
+    }
+    if (chdir(argv[1]) == -1) {
+        ALOGE("chdir: %s: %s", argv[1], strerror(errno));
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    android::sp<android::IServiceManager> sm = android::defaultServiceManager();
+    android::sp<android::GateKeeperProxy> proxy = new android::GateKeeperProxy();
+    android::status_t ret = sm->addService(
+            android::String16("android.service.gatekeeper.IGateKeeperService"), proxy);
+    if (ret != android::OK) {
+        ALOGE("Couldn't register binder service!");
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * We're the only thread in existence, so we're just going to process
+     * Binder transaction as a single-threaded program.
+     */
+    android::IPCThreadState::self()->joinThreadPool();
+    return 0;
+}