diff --git a/bootstat/boot_reason_test.sh b/bootstat/boot_reason_test.sh
index 7cff7dc..845b303 100755
--- a/bootstat/boot_reason_test.sh
+++ b/bootstat/boot_reason_test.sh
@@ -367,8 +367,6 @@
   adb logcat -b all ${timestamp} |
   grep bootstat[^e] |
   grep -v -F "bootstat: Service started: /system/bin/bootstat --record_boot_complete${match}
-bootstat: Failed to read /data/misc/bootstat/post_decrypt_time_elapsed: No such file or directory
-bootstat: Failed to parse boot time record: /data/misc/bootstat/post_decrypt_time_elapsed
 bootstat: Service started: /system/bin/bootstat --record_boot_reason
 bootstat: Service started: /system/bin/bootstat --set_system_boot_reason
 bootstat: Service started: /system/bin/bootstat --record_time_since_factory_reset
@@ -388,7 +386,6 @@
 init    : processing action (sys.boot_completed=1 && sys.bootstat.first_boot_completed=0) from (/system/etc/init/bootstat.rc
  (/system/bin/bootstat --record_boot_complete --record_boot_reason --record_time_since_factory_reset -l)'
  (/system/bin/bootstat --set_system_boot_reason --record_boot_complete --record_boot_reason --record_time_since_factory_reset -l)'
- (/system/bin/bootstat -r post_decrypt_time_elapsed)'
 init    : Command 'exec - system log -- /system/bin/bootstat --record_boot_complete' action=sys.boot_completed=1 && sys.bootstat.first_boot_completed=0 (/system/etc/init/bootstat.rc:
 init    : Command 'exec - system log -- /system/bin/bootstat --record_boot_reason' action=sys.boot_completed=1 && sys.bootstat.first_boot_completed=0 (/system/etc/init/bootstat.rc:
 init    : Command 'exec - system log -- /system/bin/bootstat --record_time_since_factory_reset' action=sys.boot_completed=1 && sys.bootstat.first_boot_completed=0 (/system/etc/init/bootstat.rc:
@@ -518,20 +515,20 @@
     reboot,bootloader | reboot,bootloader,* ) var=${var#reboot,} ; var=${var%,} ;;
     reboot | reboot,?* ) ;;
     # Aliases and Heuristics
-    *wdog* | *watchdog* )                   var="watchdog" ;;
-    *powerkey* | *power_key* | *PowerKey* ) var="cold,powerkey" ;;
-    *panic* | *kernel_panic* )              var="kernel_panic" ;;
-    *thermal* )                             var="shutdown,thermal" ;;
-    *s3_wakeup* )                           var="warm,s3_wakeup" ;;
-    *hw_reset* )                            var="hard,hw_reset" ;;
-    *usb* )                                 var="cold,charger" ;;
-    *rtc* )                                 var="cold,rtc" ;;
-    *2sec_reboot* )                         var="cold,rtc,2sec" ;;
-    *wdt_by_pass_pwk* )                     var="warm" ;;
-    wdt )                                   var="reboot" ;;
-    *tool_by_pass_pwk* )                    var="reboot,tool" ;;
-    *bootloader* )                          var="bootloader" ;;
-    * )                                     var="reboot" ;;
+    *wdog* | *watchdog* )                                    var="watchdog" ;;
+    *powerkey* | *power_on_key* | *power_key* | *PowerKey* ) var="cold,powerkey" ;;
+    *panic* | *kernel_panic* )                               var="kernel_panic" ;;
+    *thermal* )                                              var="shutdown,thermal" ;;
+    *s3_wakeup* )                                            var="warm,s3_wakeup" ;;
+    *hw_reset* )                                             var="hard,hw_reset" ;;
+    *usb* | *power_on_cable* )                               var="cold,charger" ;;
+    *rtc* )                                                  var="cold,rtc" ;;
+    *2sec_reboot* )                                          var="cold,rtc,2sec" ;;
+    *wdt_by_pass_pwk* )                                      var="warm" ;;
+    wdt )                                                    var="reboot" ;;
+    *tool_by_pass_pwk* )                                     var="reboot,tool" ;;
+    *bootloader* )                                           var="bootloader" ;;
+    * )                                                      var="reboot" ;;
   esac
   echo ${var}
 }
diff --git a/bootstat/bootstat.cpp b/bootstat/bootstat.cpp
index 2c878f0..844357c 100644
--- a/bootstat/bootstat.cpp
+++ b/bootstat/bootstat.cpp
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@
 };
 
 // Maps BootEvent used inside bootstat into statsd atom defined in
-// frameworks/base/cmds/statsd/src/atoms.proto.
+// frameworks/proto_logging/stats/atoms.proto.
 const std::unordered_map<std::string_view, AtomInfo> kBootEventToAtomInfo = {
     // ELAPSED_TIME
     {"ro.boottime.init",
@@ -67,15 +67,9 @@
     {"boot_complete",
      {android::util::BOOT_TIME_EVENT_ELAPSED_TIME_REPORTED,
       android::util::BOOT_TIME_EVENT_ELAPSED_TIME__EVENT__BOOT_COMPLETE}},
-    {"boot_decryption_complete",
-     {android::util::BOOT_TIME_EVENT_ELAPSED_TIME_REPORTED,
-      android::util::BOOT_TIME_EVENT_ELAPSED_TIME__EVENT__BOOT_COMPLETE_ENCRYPTION}},
     {"boot_complete_no_encryption",
      {android::util::BOOT_TIME_EVENT_ELAPSED_TIME_REPORTED,
       android::util::BOOT_TIME_EVENT_ELAPSED_TIME__EVENT__BOOT_COMPLETE_NO_ENCRYPTION}},
-    {"boot_complete_post_decrypt",
-     {android::util::BOOT_TIME_EVENT_ELAPSED_TIME_REPORTED,
-      android::util::BOOT_TIME_EVENT_ELAPSED_TIME__EVENT__BOOT_COMPLETE_POST_DECRYPT}},
     {"factory_reset_boot_complete",
      {android::util::BOOT_TIME_EVENT_ELAPSED_TIME_REPORTED,
       android::util::BOOT_TIME_EVENT_ELAPSED_TIME__EVENT__FACTORY_RESET_BOOT_COMPLETE}},
@@ -83,22 +77,12 @@
      {android::util::BOOT_TIME_EVENT_ELAPSED_TIME_REPORTED,
       android::util::
           BOOT_TIME_EVENT_ELAPSED_TIME__EVENT__FACTORY_RESET_BOOT_COMPLETE_NO_ENCRYPTION}},
-    {"factory_reset_boot_complete_post_decrypt",
-     {android::util::BOOT_TIME_EVENT_ELAPSED_TIME_REPORTED,
-      android::util::
-          BOOT_TIME_EVENT_ELAPSED_TIME__EVENT__FACTORY_RESET_BOOT_COMPLETE_POST_DECRYPT}},
     {"ota_boot_complete",
      {android::util::BOOT_TIME_EVENT_ELAPSED_TIME_REPORTED,
       android::util::BOOT_TIME_EVENT_ELAPSED_TIME__EVENT__OTA_BOOT_COMPLETE}},
     {"ota_boot_complete_no_encryption",
      {android::util::BOOT_TIME_EVENT_ELAPSED_TIME_REPORTED,
       android::util::BOOT_TIME_EVENT_ELAPSED_TIME__EVENT__OTA_BOOT_COMPLETE_NO_ENCRYPTION}},
-    {"ota_boot_complete_post_decrypt",
-     {android::util::BOOT_TIME_EVENT_ELAPSED_TIME_REPORTED,
-      android::util::BOOT_TIME_EVENT_ELAPSED_TIME__EVENT__OTA_BOOT_COMPLETE_POST_DECRYPT}},
-    {"post_decrypt_time_elapsed",
-     {android::util::BOOT_TIME_EVENT_ELAPSED_TIME_REPORTED,
-      android::util::BOOT_TIME_EVENT_ELAPSED_TIME__EVENT__POST_DECRYPT}},
     // DURATION
     {"absolute_boot_time",
      {android::util::BOOT_TIME_EVENT_DURATION_REPORTED,
@@ -463,6 +447,18 @@
     {"watchdog,gsa,hard", 215},
     {"watchdog,gsa,soft", 216},
     {"watchdog,pmucal", 217},
+    {"reboot,early,bl", 218},
+    {"watchdog,apc,gsa,crashed", 219},
+    {"watchdog,apc,bl31,crashed", 220},
+    {"watchdog,apc,pbl,crashed", 221},
+    {"reboot,memory_protect,hyp", 222},
+    {"reboot,tsd,pmic,main", 223},
+    {"reboot,tsd,pmic,sub", 224},
+    {"reboot,ocp,pmic,main", 225},
+    {"reboot,ocp,pmic,sub", 226},
+    {"reboot,sys_ldo_ok,pmic,main", 227},
+    {"reboot,sys_ldo_ok,pmic,sub", 228},
+    {"reboot,smpl_timeout,pmic,main", 229},
 };
 
 // Converts a string value representing the reason the system booted to an
@@ -1301,8 +1297,7 @@
   return android::base::boot_clock::now().time_since_epoch() - GetBootTimeOffset();
 }
 
-// Records several metrics related to the time it takes to boot the device,
-// including disambiguating boot time on encrypted or non-encrypted devices.
+// Records several metrics related to the time it takes to boot the device.
 void RecordBootComplete() {
   BootEventRecordStore boot_event_store;
   BootEventRecordStore::BootEventRecord record;
@@ -1329,25 +1324,15 @@
     return;
   }
 
-  // post_decrypt_time_elapsed is only logged on encrypted devices.
-  if (boot_event_store.GetBootEvent("post_decrypt_time_elapsed", &record)) {
-    // Log the amount of time elapsed until the device is decrypted, which
-    // includes the variable amount of time the user takes to enter the
-    // decryption password.
-    boot_event_store.AddBootEventWithValue("boot_decryption_complete", uptime_s.count());
+  // The *_no_encryption events are emitted unconditionally, since they are left
+  // over from a time when encryption meant "full-disk encryption".  But Android
+  // now always uses file-based encryption instead of full-disk encryption.  At
+  // some point, these misleading and redundant events should be removed.
+  boot_event_store.AddBootEventWithValue(boot_complete_prefix + "_no_encryption",
+                                         uptime_s.count());
 
-    // Subtract the decryption time to normalize the boot cycle timing.
-    std::chrono::seconds boot_complete = std::chrono::seconds(uptime_s.count() - record.second);
-    boot_event_store.AddBootEventWithValue(boot_complete_prefix + "_post_decrypt",
-                                           boot_complete.count());
-  } else {
-    boot_event_store.AddBootEventWithValue(boot_complete_prefix + "_no_encryption",
-                                           uptime_s.count());
-  }
-
-  // Record the total time from device startup to boot complete, regardless of
-  // encryption state.
-  // Note: we are recording seconds here even though the field in statsd atom specifies
+  // Record the total time from device startup to boot complete.  Note: we are
+  // recording seconds here even though the field in statsd atom specifies
   // milliseconds.
   boot_event_store.AddBootEventWithValue(boot_complete_prefix, uptime_s.count());
 
diff --git a/bootstat/bootstat.rc b/bootstat/bootstat.rc
index a350fe7..23f01d1 100644
--- a/bootstat/bootstat.rc
+++ b/bootstat/bootstat.rc
@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@
     chown system log /data/misc/bootstat/last_boot_time_utc
     chown system log /data/misc/bootstat/ota_boot_complete
     chown system log /data/misc/bootstat/ota_boot_complete_no_encryption
-    chown system log /data/misc/bootstat/post_decrypt_time_elapsed
     chown system log /data/misc/bootstat/ro.boottime.init
     chown system log /data/misc/bootstat/ro.boottime.init.cold_boot_wait
     chown system log /data/misc/bootstat/ro.boottime.init.selinux
diff --git a/code_coverage/Android.bp b/code_coverage/Android.bp
index 2cb1617..d18e7a8 100644
--- a/code_coverage/Android.bp
+++ b/code_coverage/Android.bp
@@ -24,6 +24,14 @@
                 },
             },
         },
+        riscv64: {
+            src: "empty_policy/code_coverage.riscv64.policy",
+            product_variables: {
+                native_coverage: {
+                    src: "seccomp_policy/code_coverage.riscv64.policy",
+                },
+            },
+        },
         x86: {
             src: "empty_policy/code_coverage.x86.policy",
             product_variables: {
@@ -67,6 +75,10 @@
                 },
             },
         },
+        riscv64: {
+            // riscv64 doesn't have a secondary architecture.
+            enabled: false,
+        },
         x86: {
             src: "empty_policy/code_coverage.x86_64.policy",
             product_variables: {
diff --git a/code_coverage/empty_policy/code_coverage.riscv64.policy b/code_coverage/empty_policy/code_coverage.riscv64.policy
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9456932
--- /dev/null
+++ b/code_coverage/empty_policy/code_coverage.riscv64.policy
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# empty unless code_coverage is enabled.
+# code_coverage.riscv64.policy
diff --git a/code_coverage/seccomp_policy/code_coverage.riscv64.policy b/code_coverage/seccomp_policy/code_coverage.riscv64.policy
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fdb4d1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/code_coverage/seccomp_policy/code_coverage.riscv64.policy
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+close: 1
+fchmod: 1
+mkdirat: 1
+msync: 1
+munmap: 1
+openat: 1
+write: 1
+fcntl: 1
+fstat: 1
+ftruncate: 1
+geteuid: 1
+lseek: 1
+mmap: 1
+rt_sigreturn: 1
+prctl: 1
diff --git a/debuggerd/Android.bp b/debuggerd/Android.bp
index 5c7d847..7afbbe7 100644
--- a/debuggerd/Android.bp
+++ b/debuggerd/Android.bp
@@ -14,9 +14,15 @@
         "-Wno-nullability-completeness",
         "-Os",
         "-fno-finite-loops",
+        "-DANDROID_DEBUGGABLE=0",
     ],
 
     local_include_dirs: ["include"],
+    product_variables: {
+        debuggable: {
+            cflags: ["-UANDROID_DEBUGGABLE", "-DANDROID_DEBUGGABLE=1"],
+        }
+    },
 }
 
 cc_library_headers {
@@ -204,6 +210,7 @@
     header_libs: [
         "bionic_libc_platform_headers",
         "gwp_asan_headers",
+        "liblog_headers",
     ],
 
     static_libs: [
@@ -212,7 +219,6 @@
         "liblzma",
         "libbase",
         "libcutils",
-        "liblog",
     ],
     runtime_libs: [
         "libdexfile",           // libdexfile_support dependency
@@ -293,13 +299,6 @@
         "libdebuggerd/test/utility_test.cpp",
     ],
 
-    product_variables: {
-        malloc_not_svelte: {
-            srcs: ["libdebuggerd/test/scudo_test.cpp"],
-            header_libs: ["scudo_headers"],
-        },
-    },
-
     target: {
         android: {
             srcs: [
@@ -427,8 +426,8 @@
     local_include_dirs: ["include"],
 }
 
-cc_binary {
-    name: "tombstoned",
+cc_defaults {
+    name: "tombstoned_defaults",
     srcs: [
         "util.cpp",
         "tombstoned/intercept_manager.cpp",
@@ -447,10 +446,20 @@
         "libevent",
         "liblog",
     ],
+}
 
+cc_binary {
+    name: "tombstoned",
+    defaults: ["tombstoned_defaults"],
     init_rc: ["tombstoned/tombstoned.rc"],
 }
 
+cc_binary {
+    name: "tombstoned.microdroid",
+    defaults: ["tombstoned_defaults"],
+    init_rc: ["tombstoned/tombstoned.microdroid.rc"],
+}
+
 prebuilt_etc {
     name: "crash_dump.policy",
     sub_dir: "seccomp_policy",
@@ -462,6 +471,9 @@
         arm64: {
             src: "seccomp_policy/crash_dump.arm64.policy",
         },
+        riscv64: {
+            src: "seccomp_policy/crash_dump.riscv64.policy",
+        },
         x86: {
             src: "seccomp_policy/crash_dump.x86.policy",
         },
diff --git a/debuggerd/crasher/Android.bp b/debuggerd/crasher/Android.bp
index 799163e..3af806b 100644
--- a/debuggerd/crasher/Android.bp
+++ b/debuggerd/crasher/Android.bp
@@ -19,14 +19,13 @@
     arch: {
         arm: {
             srcs: ["arm/crashglue.S"],
-
-            neon: {
-                asflags: ["-DHAS_VFP_D32"],
-            },
         },
         arm64: {
             srcs: ["arm64/crashglue.S"],
         },
+        riscv64: {
+            srcs: ["riscv64/crashglue.S"],
+        },
         x86: {
             srcs: ["x86/crashglue.S"],
         },
diff --git a/debuggerd/crasher/arm/crashglue.S b/debuggerd/crasher/arm/crashglue.S
index 4fbfd6e..8649056 100644
--- a/debuggerd/crasher/arm/crashglue.S
+++ b/debuggerd/crasher/arm/crashglue.S
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@
 	fconstd   d13, #13
 	fconstd   d14, #14
 	fconstd   d15, #15
-#if defined(HAS_VFP_D32)
 	fconstd   d16, #16
 	fconstd   d17, #17
 	fconstd   d18, #18
@@ -49,7 +48,6 @@
 	fconstd   d29, #29
 	fconstd   d30, #30
 	fconstd   d31, #31
-#endif
 
 	mov lr, #0
 	ldr lr, [lr]
diff --git a/debuggerd/crasher/crasher.cpp b/debuggerd/crasher/crasher.cpp
index 55490b5..4eb7382 100644
--- a/debuggerd/crasher/crasher.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/crasher/crasher.cpp
@@ -303,6 +303,8 @@
       __asm__ volatile(".word 0xe7f0def0\n");
 #elif defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__)
       __asm__ volatile("ud2\n");
+#elif defined(__riscv)
+      __asm__ volatile("unimp\n");
 #else
 #error
 #endif
diff --git a/debuggerd/crasher/riscv64/crashglue.S b/debuggerd/crasher/riscv64/crashglue.S
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..47dd93b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/debuggerd/crasher/riscv64/crashglue.S
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+
+	.globl crash1
+	.globl crashnostack
+
+crash1:
+	li	x0,0xdead0000+0
+	li	x1,0xdead0000+1
+	li	x2,0xdead0000+2
+	li	x3,0xdead0000+3
+	li	x4,0xdead0000+4
+	li	x5,0xdead0000+5
+	li	x6,0xdead0000+6
+	li	x7,0xdead0000+7
+	li	x8,0xdead0000+8
+	li	x9,0xdead0000+9
+	li	x10,0xdead0000+10
+	li	x11,0xdead0000+11
+	li	x12,0xdead0000+12
+	li	x13,0xdead0000+13
+	li	x14,0xdead0000+14
+	li	x15,0xdead0000+15
+	li	x16,0xdead0000+16
+	li	x17,0xdead0000+17
+	li	x18,0xdead0000+18
+	li	x19,0xdead0000+19
+	li	x20,0xdead0000+20
+	li	x21,0xdead0000+21
+	li	x22,0xdead0000+22
+	li	x23,0xdead0000+23
+	li	x24,0xdead0000+24
+	li	x25,0xdead0000+25
+	li	x26,0xdead0000+26
+	li	x27,0xdead0000+27
+	li	x28,0xdead0000+28
+	# don't trash the stack otherwise the signal handler won't run
+	#li	$29,0xdead0000+29
+	li	x30,0xdead0000+30
+	li	x31,0xdead0000+31
+
+	j .
+
+
+crashnostack:
+	li	sp, 0
+	j .
diff --git a/debuggerd/debuggerd_test.cpp b/debuggerd/debuggerd_test.cpp
index ed90ab4..9c1b136 100644
--- a/debuggerd/debuggerd_test.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/debuggerd_test.cpp
@@ -406,10 +406,10 @@
       result, R"(signal 11 \(SIGSEGV\), code 1 \(SEGV_MAPERR\), fault addr 0x[01]00000000000dead)");
 }
 
-// Marked as weak to prevent the compiler from removing the malloc in the caller. In theory, the
-// compiler could still clobber the argument register before trapping, but that's unlikely.
-__attribute__((weak)) void CrasherTest::Trap(void* ptr ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED) {
-  __builtin_trap();
+void CrasherTest::Trap(void* ptr) {
+  void (*volatile f)(void*) = nullptr;
+  __asm__ __volatile__("" : : "r"(f) : "memory");
+  f(ptr);
 }
 
 TEST_F(CrasherTest, heap_addr_in_register) {
@@ -445,6 +445,8 @@
   ASSERT_MATCH(result, "memory near x0 \\(\\[anon:");
 #elif defined(__arm__)
   ASSERT_MATCH(result, "memory near r0 \\(\\[anon:");
+#elif defined(__riscv)
+  ASSERT_MATCH(result, "memory near a0 \\(\\[anon:");
 #elif defined(__x86_64__)
   ASSERT_MATCH(result, "memory near rdi \\(\\[anon:");
 #else
@@ -828,7 +830,7 @@
 
   StartIntercept(&output_fd);
   FinishCrasher();
-  AssertDeath(SIGTRAP);
+  AssertDeath(SIGSEGV);
   FinishIntercept(&intercept_result);
 
   ASSERT_EQ(1, intercept_result) << "tombstoned reported failure";
@@ -1403,7 +1405,7 @@
   // We can't actually generate a backtrace, just make sure that the process terminates.
 }
 
-__attribute__((noinline)) extern "C" bool raise_debugger_signal(DebuggerdDumpType dump_type) {
+__attribute__((__noinline__)) extern "C" bool raise_debugger_signal(DebuggerdDumpType dump_type) {
   siginfo_t siginfo;
   siginfo.si_code = SI_QUEUE;
   siginfo.si_pid = getpid();
diff --git a/debuggerd/handler/debuggerd_handler.cpp b/debuggerd/handler/debuggerd_handler.cpp
index 92e7675..c64de0e 100644
--- a/debuggerd/handler/debuggerd_handler.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/handler/debuggerd_handler.cpp
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 #include <sched.h>
 #include <signal.h>
 #include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
@@ -51,7 +52,6 @@
 
 #include "handler/fallback.h"
 
-using ::android::base::GetBoolProperty;
 using ::android::base::ParseBool;
 using ::android::base::ParseBoolResult;
 using ::android::base::Pipe;
@@ -87,10 +87,31 @@
   return syscall(__NR_gettid);
 }
 
+static bool property_parse_bool(const char* name) {
+  const prop_info* pi = __system_property_find(name);
+  if (!pi) return false;
+  bool cookie = false;
+  __system_property_read_callback(
+      pi,
+      [](void* cookie, const char*, const char* value, uint32_t) {
+        *reinterpret_cast<bool*>(cookie) = ParseBool(value) == ParseBoolResult::kTrue;
+      },
+      &cookie);
+  return cookie;
+}
+
 static bool is_permissive_mte() {
   // Environment variable for testing or local use from shell.
   char* permissive_env = getenv("MTE_PERMISSIVE");
-  return GetBoolProperty("persist.sys.mte.permissive", false) ||
+  char process_sysprop_name[512];
+  async_safe_format_buffer(process_sysprop_name, sizeof(process_sysprop_name),
+                           "persist.device_config.memory_safety_native.permissive.process.%s",
+                           getprogname());
+  // DO NOT REPLACE this with GetBoolProperty. That uses std::string which allocates, so it is
+  // not async-safe (and this functiong gets used in a signal handler).
+  return property_parse_bool("persist.sys.mte.permissive") ||
+         property_parse_bool("persist.device_config.memory_safety_native.permissive.default") ||
+         property_parse_bool(process_sysprop_name) ||
          (permissive_env && ParseBool(permissive_env) == ParseBoolResult::kTrue);
 }
 
@@ -623,6 +644,18 @@
     async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, "libc",
                           "MTE ERROR DETECTED BUT RUNNING IN PERMISSIVE MODE. CONTINUING.");
     pthread_mutex_unlock(&crash_mutex);
+  } else if (info->si_signo == SIGSEGV && info->si_code == SEGV_MTEAERR && getppid() == 1) {
+    // Back channel to init (see system/core/init/service.cpp) to signal that
+    // this process crashed due to an ASYNC MTE fault and should be considered
+    // for upgrade to SYNC mode. We are re-using the ART profiler signal, which
+    // is always handled (ignored in native processes, handled for generating a
+    // dump in ART processes), so a process will never crash from this signal
+    // except from here.
+    // The kernel is not particularly receptive to adding this information:
+    // https://lore.kernel.org/all/20220909180617.374238-1-fmayer@google.com/, so we work around
+    // like this.
+    info->si_signo = BIONIC_SIGNAL_ART_PROFILER;
+    resend_signal(info);
   }
 #endif
   else {
diff --git a/debuggerd/include/debuggerd/handler.h b/debuggerd/include/debuggerd/handler.h
index bc08327..68b2e67 100644
--- a/debuggerd/include/debuggerd/handler.h
+++ b/debuggerd/include/debuggerd/handler.h
@@ -62,10 +62,11 @@
 #define DEBUGGER_SIGNAL BIONIC_SIGNAL_DEBUGGER
 
 static void __attribute__((__unused__)) debuggerd_register_handlers(struct sigaction* action) {
+  bool enabled = true;
+#if ANDROID_DEBUGGABLE
   char value[PROP_VALUE_MAX] = "";
-  bool enabled =
-      !(__system_property_get("ro.debuggable", value) > 0 && !strcmp(value, "1") &&
-        __system_property_get("debug.debuggerd.disable", value) > 0 && !strcmp(value, "1"));
+  enabled = !(__system_property_get("debug.debuggerd.disable", value) > 0 && !strcmp(value, "1"));
+#endif
   if (enabled) {
     sigaction(SIGABRT, action, nullptr);
     sigaction(SIGBUS, action, nullptr);
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/scudo.h b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/scudo.h
index 68bfd5b..a506859 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/scudo.h
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/scudo.h
@@ -34,10 +34,9 @@
 
 class ScudoCrashData {
  public:
-  ScudoCrashData() = default;
+  ScudoCrashData() = delete;
   ~ScudoCrashData() = default;
-
-  bool SetErrorInfo(unwindstack::Memory* process_memory, const ProcessInfo& process_info);
+  ScudoCrashData(unwindstack::Memory* process_memory, const ProcessInfo& process_info);
 
   bool CrashIsMine() const;
 
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/scudo.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/scudo.cpp
index 9483e59..5d861f8 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/scudo.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/scudo.cpp
@@ -14,11 +14,6 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#include <stdint.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-
-#include <vector>
-
 #include "libdebuggerd/scudo.h"
 #include "libdebuggerd/tombstone.h"
 
@@ -30,92 +25,57 @@
 
 #include "tombstone.pb.h"
 
-bool ScudoCrashData::SetErrorInfo(unwindstack::Memory* process_memory,
-                                  const ProcessInfo& process_info) {
+std::unique_ptr<char[]> AllocAndReadFully(unwindstack::Memory* process_memory, uint64_t addr,
+                                          size_t size) {
+  auto buf = std::make_unique<char[]>(size);
+  if (!process_memory->ReadFully(addr, buf.get(), size)) {
+    return std::unique_ptr<char[]>();
+  }
+  return buf;
+}
+
+ScudoCrashData::ScudoCrashData(unwindstack::Memory* process_memory,
+                               const ProcessInfo& process_info) {
   if (!process_info.has_fault_address) {
-    return false;
+    return;
   }
 
-  std::vector<char> stack_depot(__scudo_get_stack_depot_size());
-  if (!process_memory->ReadFully(process_info.scudo_stack_depot, stack_depot.data(),
-                                 stack_depot.size())) {
-    return false;
+  auto stack_depot = AllocAndReadFully(process_memory, process_info.scudo_stack_depot,
+                                       __scudo_get_stack_depot_size());
+  auto region_info = AllocAndReadFully(process_memory, process_info.scudo_region_info,
+                                       __scudo_get_region_info_size());
+  auto ring_buffer = AllocAndReadFully(process_memory, process_info.scudo_ring_buffer,
+                                       __scudo_get_ring_buffer_size());
+  if (!stack_depot || !region_info || !ring_buffer) {
+    return;
   }
-  std::vector<char> region_info(__scudo_get_region_info_size());
-  if (!process_memory->ReadFully(process_info.scudo_region_info, region_info.data(),
-                                 region_info.size())) {
-    return false;
-  }
-  std::vector<char> ring_buffer(__scudo_get_ring_buffer_size());
-  if (!process_memory->ReadFully(process_info.scudo_ring_buffer, ring_buffer.data(),
-                                 ring_buffer.size())) {
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  uintptr_t page_size = getpagesize();
 
   untagged_fault_addr_ = process_info.untagged_fault_address;
-  uintptr_t fault_page = untagged_fault_addr_ & ~(page_size - 1);
+  uintptr_t fault_page = untagged_fault_addr_ & ~(PAGE_SIZE - 1);
 
-  // Attempt to get 16 pages before the fault page and 16 pages after.
-  constexpr size_t kExtraPages = 16;
-  std::vector<char> memory(page_size * (kExtraPages * 2 + 1));
-
-  // Read faulting page first.
-  size_t memory_index = kExtraPages;
-  if (!process_memory->ReadFully(fault_page, &memory[memory_index * page_size], page_size)) {
-    return false;
+  uintptr_t memory_begin = fault_page - PAGE_SIZE * 16;
+  if (memory_begin > fault_page) {
+    return;
   }
 
-  // Attempt to read the pages after the fault page, stop as soon as we
-  // fail to read.
-  uintptr_t read_addr = fault_page;
-  if (!__builtin_add_overflow(fault_page, page_size, &read_addr)) {
-    memory_index++;
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < kExtraPages; i++, memory_index++) {
-      if (!process_memory->ReadFully(read_addr, &memory[memory_index * page_size], page_size)) {
-        break;
-      }
-      if (__builtin_add_overflow(read_addr, page_size, &read_addr)) {
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  uintptr_t memory_end = read_addr;
-
-  // Attempt to read the pages before the fault page, stop as soon as we
-  // fail to read.
-  memory_index = kExtraPages;
-  if (fault_page > 0) {
-    read_addr = fault_page - page_size;
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < kExtraPages; i++, memory_index--) {
-      if (!process_memory->ReadFully(read_addr, &memory[(memory_index - 1) * page_size],
-                                     page_size)) {
-        break;
-      }
-      if (read_addr == 0) {
-        memory_index--;
-        break;
-      }
-      read_addr -= page_size;
-    }
-  }
-  size_t start_memory_index = memory_index;
-  uintptr_t memory_begin = fault_page - (kExtraPages - memory_index) * page_size;
-
-  std::vector<long> memory_tags((memory_end - memory_begin) / kTagGranuleSize);
-  read_addr = memory_begin;
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < memory_tags.size(); i++) {
-    memory_tags[i] = process_memory->ReadTag(read_addr);
-    read_addr += kTagGranuleSize;
+  uintptr_t memory_end = fault_page + PAGE_SIZE * 16;
+  if (memory_end < fault_page) {
+    return;
   }
 
-  __scudo_get_error_info(
-      &error_info_, process_info.maybe_tagged_fault_address, stack_depot.data(), region_info.data(),
-      ring_buffer.data(), &memory[start_memory_index * page_size],
-      reinterpret_cast<const char*>(memory_tags.data()), memory_begin, memory_end - memory_begin);
+  auto memory = std::make_unique<char[]>(memory_end - memory_begin);
+  for (auto i = memory_begin; i != memory_end; i += PAGE_SIZE) {
+    process_memory->ReadFully(i, memory.get() + i - memory_begin, PAGE_SIZE);
+  }
 
-  return true;
+  auto memory_tags = std::make_unique<char[]>((memory_end - memory_begin) / kTagGranuleSize);
+  for (auto i = memory_begin; i != memory_end; i += kTagGranuleSize) {
+    memory_tags[(i - memory_begin) / kTagGranuleSize] = process_memory->ReadTag(i);
+  }
+
+  __scudo_get_error_info(&error_info_, process_info.maybe_tagged_fault_address, stack_depot.get(),
+                         region_info.get(), ring_buffer.get(), memory.get(), memory_tags.get(),
+                         memory_begin, memory_end - memory_begin);
 }
 
 bool ScudoCrashData::CrashIsMine() const {
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/test/scudo_test.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/test/scudo_test.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index d8fc6a7..0000000
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/test/scudo_test.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,233 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-
-#include <gmock/gmock.h>
-#include <gtest/gtest.h>
-
-#include "libdebuggerd/scudo.h"
-#include "libdebuggerd/types.h"
-#include "unwindstack/Memory.h"
-
-#include "log_fake.h"
-
-#include <inttypes.h>
-
-// This needs to match the kExtraPages from ScudoCrashData::SetErrorInfo.
-constexpr uint64_t kMaxPages = 16;
-
-class MemoryAlwaysZero : public unwindstack::Memory {
- public:
-  MemoryAlwaysZero() = default;
-  virtual ~MemoryAlwaysZero() = default;
-
-  size_t Read(uint64_t addr, void* buffer, size_t size) override {
-    if (test_unreadable_addrs_.count(addr) != 0) {
-      return 0;
-    }
-    test_read_addrs_.insert(addr);
-    memset(buffer, 0, size);
-    return size;
-  }
-
-  void TestAddUnreadableAddress(uint64_t addr) { test_unreadable_addrs_.insert(addr); }
-
-  void TestClearAddresses() {
-    test_read_addrs_.clear();
-    test_unreadable_addrs_.clear();
-  }
-
-  std::set<uint64_t>& test_read_addrs() { return test_read_addrs_; }
-
- private:
-  std::set<uint64_t> test_unreadable_addrs_;
-
-  std::set<uint64_t> test_read_addrs_;
-};
-
-TEST(ScudoTest, no_fault_address) {
-  MemoryAlwaysZero process_memory;
-  ProcessInfo info;
-  info.has_fault_address = false;
-  info.untagged_fault_address = 0x5000;
-  info.scudo_stack_depot = 0x1000;
-  info.scudo_region_info = 0x2000;
-  info.scudo_ring_buffer = 0x3000;
-
-  ScudoCrashData crash;
-  ASSERT_FALSE(crash.SetErrorInfo(&process_memory, info));
-
-  info.has_fault_address = true;
-  ASSERT_TRUE(crash.SetErrorInfo(&process_memory, info));
-}
-
-TEST(ScudoTest, scudo_data_read_check) {
-  MemoryAlwaysZero process_memory;
-  ProcessInfo info;
-  info.has_fault_address = true;
-  info.untagged_fault_address = 0x5000;
-  info.scudo_stack_depot = 0x1000;
-  info.scudo_region_info = 0x2000;
-  info.scudo_ring_buffer = 0x3000;
-
-  ScudoCrashData crash;
-  ASSERT_TRUE(crash.SetErrorInfo(&process_memory, info));
-
-  // Stack Depot unreadable
-  process_memory.TestClearAddresses();
-  process_memory.TestAddUnreadableAddress(0x1000);
-  ASSERT_FALSE(crash.SetErrorInfo(&process_memory, info));
-
-  // The Region Info doesn't exist for 32 bit.
-#if defined(__LP64__)
-  // Region Info unreadable
-  process_memory.TestClearAddresses();
-  process_memory.TestAddUnreadableAddress(0x2000);
-  ASSERT_FALSE(crash.SetErrorInfo(&process_memory, info));
-#endif
-
-  // Ring Buffer unreadable
-  process_memory.TestClearAddresses();
-  process_memory.TestAddUnreadableAddress(0x3000);
-  ASSERT_FALSE(crash.SetErrorInfo(&process_memory, info));
-
-  // Verify that with all scudo data readable, the error info works.
-  process_memory.TestClearAddresses();
-  ASSERT_TRUE(crash.SetErrorInfo(&process_memory, info));
-}
-
-TEST(ScudoTest, fault_page_unreadable) {
-  MemoryAlwaysZero process_memory;
-  ProcessInfo info;
-  info.has_fault_address = true;
-  info.untagged_fault_address = 0x5124;
-  info.scudo_stack_depot = 0x1000;
-  info.scudo_region_info = 0x2000;
-  info.scudo_ring_buffer = 0x3000;
-
-  ScudoCrashData crash;
-  ASSERT_TRUE(crash.SetErrorInfo(&process_memory, info));
-
-  uint64_t fault_page = info.untagged_fault_address & ~(getpagesize() - 1);
-  process_memory.TestAddUnreadableAddress(fault_page);
-  ASSERT_FALSE(crash.SetErrorInfo(&process_memory, info));
-}
-
-TEST(ScudoTest, pages_before_fault_unreadable) {
-  MemoryAlwaysZero process_memory;
-  ProcessInfo info;
-  info.has_fault_address = true;
-  info.untagged_fault_address = 0x15124;
-  info.scudo_stack_depot = 0x1000;
-  info.scudo_region_info = 0x2000;
-  info.scudo_ring_buffer = 0x3000;
-
-  ScudoCrashData crash;
-  ASSERT_TRUE(crash.SetErrorInfo(&process_memory, info));
-
-  uint64_t page_size = getpagesize();
-  uint64_t fault_page = info.untagged_fault_address & ~(page_size - 1);
-
-  std::vector<uint64_t> expected_reads = {0x1000, 0x2000, 0x3000};
-  for (size_t i = 0; i <= kMaxPages; i++) {
-    expected_reads.emplace_back(fault_page + i * page_size);
-  }
-
-  // Loop through and make pages before the fault page unreadable.
-  for (size_t i = 1; i <= kMaxPages + 1; i++) {
-    process_memory.TestClearAddresses();
-    uint64_t unreadable_addr = fault_page - i * page_size;
-    SCOPED_TRACE(testing::Message()
-                 << "Failed at unreadable address 0x" << std::hex << unreadable_addr);
-    process_memory.TestAddUnreadableAddress(unreadable_addr);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(crash.SetErrorInfo(&process_memory, info));
-    ASSERT_THAT(process_memory.test_read_addrs(),
-                testing::UnorderedElementsAreArray(expected_reads));
-    // Need to add the previous unreadable_addr to the list of expected addresses.
-    expected_reads.emplace_back(unreadable_addr);
-  }
-}
-
-TEST(ScudoTest, pages_after_fault_unreadable) {
-  MemoryAlwaysZero process_memory;
-  ProcessInfo info;
-  info.has_fault_address = true;
-  info.untagged_fault_address = 0x15124;
-  info.scudo_stack_depot = 0x1000;
-  info.scudo_region_info = 0x2000;
-  info.scudo_ring_buffer = 0x3000;
-
-  ScudoCrashData crash;
-  ASSERT_TRUE(crash.SetErrorInfo(&process_memory, info));
-
-  uint64_t page_size = getpagesize();
-  uint64_t fault_page = info.untagged_fault_address & ~(page_size - 1);
-
-  std::vector<uint64_t> expected_reads = {0x1000, 0x2000, 0x3000};
-  for (size_t i = 0; i <= kMaxPages; i++) {
-    expected_reads.emplace_back(fault_page - i * page_size);
-  }
-
-  // Loop through and make pages after the fault page unreadable.
-  for (size_t i = 1; i <= kMaxPages + 1; i++) {
-    process_memory.TestClearAddresses();
-    uint64_t unreadable_addr = fault_page + i * page_size;
-    SCOPED_TRACE(testing::Message()
-                 << "Failed at unreadable address 0x" << std::hex << unreadable_addr);
-    process_memory.TestAddUnreadableAddress(unreadable_addr);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(crash.SetErrorInfo(&process_memory, info));
-    ASSERT_THAT(process_memory.test_read_addrs(),
-                testing::UnorderedElementsAreArray(expected_reads));
-    // Need to add the previous unreadable_addr to the list of expected addresses.
-    expected_reads.emplace_back(unreadable_addr);
-  }
-}
-
-// Make sure that if the fault address is low, you won't underflow.
-TEST(ScudoTest, fault_address_low) {
-  MemoryAlwaysZero process_memory;
-  ProcessInfo info;
-  info.has_fault_address = true;
-  info.scudo_stack_depot = 0x21000;
-  info.scudo_region_info = 0x22000;
-  info.scudo_ring_buffer = 0x23000;
-
-  ScudoCrashData crash;
-  ASSERT_TRUE(crash.SetErrorInfo(&process_memory, info));
-
-  uint64_t page_size = getpagesize();
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < kMaxPages + 1; i++) {
-    process_memory.TestClearAddresses();
-    info.untagged_fault_address = 0x124 + i * getpagesize();
-    SCOPED_TRACE(testing::Message()
-                 << "Failed with fault address 0x" << std::hex << info.untagged_fault_address);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(crash.SetErrorInfo(&process_memory, info));
-    std::vector<uint64_t> expected_reads = {0x21000, 0x22000, 0x23000};
-    uint64_t fault_page = info.untagged_fault_address & ~(page_size - 1);
-    expected_reads.emplace_back(fault_page);
-    for (size_t j = 1; j <= kMaxPages; j++) {
-      expected_reads.emplace_back(fault_page + j * page_size);
-    }
-    while (fault_page != 0) {
-      fault_page -= page_size;
-      expected_reads.emplace_back(fault_page);
-    }
-    ASSERT_THAT(process_memory.test_read_addrs(),
-                testing::UnorderedElementsAreArray(expected_reads));
-  }
-}
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone.cpp
index e5b4d74..375ed8a 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone.cpp
@@ -77,9 +77,9 @@
     .registers = std::move(regs), .uid = uid, .tid = target_tid,
     .thread_name = std::move(thread_name), .pid = pid, .command_line = std::move(command_line),
     .selinux_label = std::move(selinux_label), .siginfo = siginfo,
-#if defined(__aarch64__)
     // Only supported on aarch64 for now.
-        .tagged_addr_ctrl = prctl(PR_GET_TAGGED_ADDR_CTRL, 0, 0, 0, 0),
+#if defined(__aarch64__)
+    .tagged_addr_ctrl = prctl(PR_GET_TAGGED_ADDR_CTRL, 0, 0, 0, 0),
     .pac_enabled_keys = prctl(PR_PAC_GET_ENABLED_KEYS, 0, 0, 0, 0),
 #endif
   };
@@ -88,7 +88,6 @@
         if (target_tid == tid) {
           return;
         }
-        async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, LOG_TAG, "Adding thread %d", tid);
         threads[tid] = ThreadInfo{
             .uid = thread.uid,
             .tid = tid,
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto.cpp
index 6e1ce8f..9a565de 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto.cpp
@@ -82,6 +82,8 @@
   return Architecture::X86;
 #elif defined(__x86_64__)
   return Architecture::X86_64;
+#elif defined(__riscv) && (__riscv_xlen == 64)
+  return Architecture::RISCV64;
 #else
 #error Unknown architecture!
 #endif
@@ -193,9 +195,8 @@
 static void dump_probable_cause(Tombstone* tombstone, unwindstack::AndroidUnwinder* unwinder,
                                 const ProcessInfo& process_info, const ThreadInfo& main_thread) {
 #if defined(USE_SCUDO)
-  ScudoCrashData scudo_crash_data;
-  if (scudo_crash_data.SetErrorInfo(unwinder->GetProcessMemory().get(), process_info) &&
-      scudo_crash_data.CrashIsMine()) {
+  ScudoCrashData scudo_crash_data(unwinder->GetProcessMemory().get(), process_info);
+  if (scudo_crash_data.CrashIsMine()) {
     scudo_crash_data.AddCauseProtos(tombstone, unwinder);
     return;
   }
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto_to_text.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto_to_text.cpp
index 0265641..28154a7 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto_to_text.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto_to_text.cpp
@@ -47,6 +47,8 @@
       return "arm";
     case Architecture::ARM64:
       return "arm64";
+    case Architecture::RISCV64:
+      return "riscv64";
     case Architecture::X86:
       return "x86";
     case Architecture::X86_64:
@@ -62,6 +64,8 @@
       return 4;
     case Architecture::ARM64:
       return 8;
+    case Architecture::RISCV64:
+      return 8;
     case Architecture::X86:
       return 4;
     case Architecture::X86_64:
@@ -119,6 +123,10 @@
       special_registers = {"ip", "lr", "sp", "pc", "pst"};
       break;
 
+    case Architecture::RISCV64:
+      special_registers = {"ra", "sp", "pc"};
+      break;
+
     case Architecture::X86:
       special_registers = {"ebp", "esp", "eip"};
       break;
diff --git a/debuggerd/proto/tombstone.proto b/debuggerd/proto/tombstone.proto
index a0f2f82..49865a2 100644
--- a/debuggerd/proto/tombstone.proto
+++ b/debuggerd/proto/tombstone.proto
@@ -1,3 +1,12 @@
+//
+// Protobuf definition for Android tombstones.
+//
+// An app can get hold of these for any `REASON_CRASH_NATIVE` instance of
+// `android.app.ApplicationExitInfo`.
+//
+// https://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/ApplicationExitInfo#getTraceInputStream()
+//
+
 syntax = "proto3";
 
 option java_package = "com.android.server.os";
@@ -39,8 +48,9 @@
   ARM64 = 1;
   X86 = 2;
   X86_64 = 3;
+  RISCV64 = 4;
 
-  reserved 4 to 999;
+  reserved 5 to 999;
 }
 
 message Signal {
diff --git a/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.riscv64.policy b/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.riscv64.policy
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..21887ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.riscv64.policy
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+read: 1
+write: 1
+exit: 1
+rt_sigreturn: 1
+exit_group: 1
+clock_gettime: 1
+gettimeofday: 1
+futex: 1
+getrandom: 1
+getpid: 1
+gettid: 1
+ppoll: 1
+pipe2: 1
+openat: 1
+dup: 1
+close: 1
+lseek: 1
+getdents64: 1
+faccessat: 1
+recvmsg: 1
+recvfrom: 1
+process_vm_readv: 1
+tgkill: 1
+rt_sigprocmask: 1
+rt_sigaction: 1
+rt_tgsigqueueinfo: 1
+prctl: arg0 == PR_GET_NO_NEW_PRIVS || arg0 == 0x53564d41 || arg0 == PR_PAC_RESET_KEYS
+madvise: 1
+mprotect: arg2 in 0x1|0x2
+munmap: 1
+getuid: 1
+fstat: 1
+mmap: arg2 in 0x1|0x2
+geteuid: 1
+getgid: 1
+getegid: 1
+getgroups: 1
diff --git a/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/generate.sh b/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/generate.sh
index 8c58b05..c467d9e 100755
--- a/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/generate.sh
+++ b/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/generate.sh
@@ -6,5 +6,6 @@
 CPP='cpp -undef -E -P crash_dump.policy.def'
 $CPP -D__arm__ -o crash_dump.arm.policy
 $CPP -D__aarch64__ -D__LP64__ -o crash_dump.arm64.policy
+$CPP -D__riscv -D__LP64__ -o crash_dump.riscv64.policy
 $CPP -D__i386__ -o crash_dump.x86.policy
 $CPP -D__x86_64__ -D__LP64__ -o crash_dump.x86_64.policy
diff --git a/debuggerd/test_permissive_mte/src/com/android/tests/debuggerd/PermissiveMteTest.java b/debuggerd/test_permissive_mte/src/com/android/tests/debuggerd/PermissiveMteTest.java
index 5ff2b5b..0203adc 100644
--- a/debuggerd/test_permissive_mte/src/com/android/tests/debuggerd/PermissiveMteTest.java
+++ b/debuggerd/test_permissive_mte/src/com/android/tests/debuggerd/PermissiveMteTest.java
@@ -97,4 +97,33 @@
     }
     assertThat(numberTombstones).isEqualTo(1);
   }
+  @Test
+  public void testCrashProperty() throws Exception {
+    String prevValue = getDevice().getProperty("persist.sys.mte.permissive");
+    if (prevValue == null) {
+      prevValue = "";
+    }
+    assertThat(getDevice().setProperty("persist.sys.mte.permissive", "1")).isTrue();
+    CommandResult result =
+        getDevice().executeShellV2Command("/data/local/tmp/mte_crash testCrash " + mUUID);
+    assertThat(result.getExitCode()).isEqualTo(0);
+    int numberTombstones = 0;
+    String[] tombstones = getDevice().getChildren("/data/tombstones");
+    for (String tombstone : tombstones) {
+      if (!tombstone.endsWith(".pb")) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      String tombstonePath = "/data/tombstones/" + tombstone;
+      Tombstone tombstoneProto = parseTombstone(tombstonePath);
+      if (!tombstoneProto.getCommandLineList().stream().anyMatch(x -> x.contains(mUUID))) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (!tombstoneProto.getCommandLineList().stream().anyMatch(x -> x.contains("testCrash"))) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      numberTombstones++;
+    }
+    assertThat(numberTombstones).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(getDevice().setProperty("persist.sys.mte.permissive", prevValue)).isTrue();
+  }
 }
diff --git a/debuggerd/tombstoned/tombstoned.microdroid.rc b/debuggerd/tombstoned/tombstoned.microdroid.rc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7f5c542
--- /dev/null
+++ b/debuggerd/tombstoned/tombstoned.microdroid.rc
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+service tombstoned /system/bin/tombstoned.microdroid
+    user tombstoned
+    group system
+
+    socket tombstoned_crash seqpacket 0666 system system
+    socket tombstoned_intercept seqpacket 0666 system system
+    socket tombstoned_java_trace seqpacket 0666 system system
diff --git a/fastboot/Android.bp b/fastboot/Android.bp
index 22665ed..eed49fa 100644
--- a/fastboot/Android.bp
+++ b/fastboot/Android.bp
@@ -154,6 +154,7 @@
         "device/flashing.cpp",
         "device/main.cpp",
         "device/usb.cpp",
+        "device/usb_iouring.cpp",
         "device/usb_client.cpp",
         "device/tcp_client.cpp",
         "device/utility.cpp",
@@ -164,6 +165,8 @@
     shared_libs: [
         "android.hardware.boot@1.0",
         "android.hardware.boot@1.1",
+        "android.hardware.boot-V1-ndk",
+        "libboot_control_client",
         "android.hardware.fastboot@1.1",
         "android.hardware.health@2.0",
         "android.hardware.health-V1-ndk",
@@ -193,7 +196,9 @@
         "liblz4",
         "libsnapshot_nobinder",
         "update_metadata-protos",
+        "liburing",
     ],
+    include_dirs: ["bionic/libc/kernel"],
 
     header_libs: [
         "avb_headers",
@@ -337,6 +342,8 @@
         targets: [
             "dist_files",
             "sdk",
+            "sdk-repo-platform-tools",
+            "sdk_repo",
             "win_sdk",
         ],
     },
@@ -344,9 +351,7 @@
     target: {
         not_windows: {
             required: [
-                "e2fsdroid",
                 "mke2fs.conf",
-                "sload_f2fs",
             ],
         },
         windows: {
diff --git a/fastboot/Android.mk b/fastboot/Android.mk
index 10bed6d..cde0cb2 100644
--- a/fastboot/Android.mk
+++ b/fastboot/Android.mk
@@ -19,9 +19,7 @@
 #
 
 my_dist_files := $(HOST_OUT_EXECUTABLES)/mke2fs
-my_dist_files += $(HOST_OUT_EXECUTABLES)/e2fsdroid
 my_dist_files += $(HOST_OUT_EXECUTABLES)/make_f2fs
 my_dist_files += $(HOST_OUT_EXECUTABLES)/make_f2fs_casefold
-my_dist_files += $(HOST_OUT_EXECUTABLES)/sload_f2fs
 $(call dist-for-goals,dist_files sdk,$(my_dist_files))
 my_dist_files :=
diff --git a/fastboot/OWNERS b/fastboot/OWNERS
index 17b3466..3dec07e 100644
--- a/fastboot/OWNERS
+++ b/fastboot/OWNERS
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
 dvander@google.com
 elsk@google.com
 enh@google.com
+zhangkelvin@google.com
+
diff --git a/fastboot/constants.h b/fastboot/constants.h
index b732c76..f6fc74e 100644
--- a/fastboot/constants.h
+++ b/fastboot/constants.h
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@
 #define RESPONSE_DATA "DATA"
 #define RESPONSE_INFO "INFO"
 
-#define FB_COMMAND_SZ 64
+#define FB_COMMAND_SZ 4096
 #define FB_RESPONSE_SZ 256
 
 #define FB_VAR_VERSION "version"
diff --git a/fastboot/device/commands.cpp b/fastboot/device/commands.cpp
index 524196c..3799d1f 100644
--- a/fastboot/device/commands.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/device/commands.cpp
@@ -40,6 +40,9 @@
 #include <storage_literals/storage_literals.h>
 #include <uuid/uuid.h>
 
+#include <bootloader_message/bootloader_message.h>
+
+#include "BootControlClient.h"
 #include "constants.h"
 #include "fastboot_device.h"
 #include "flashing.h"
@@ -52,15 +55,12 @@
 #endif
 
 using android::fs_mgr::MetadataBuilder;
+using android::hal::CommandResult;
 using ::android::hardware::hidl_string;
-using ::android::hardware::boot::V1_0::BoolResult;
-using ::android::hardware::boot::V1_0::CommandResult;
-using ::android::hardware::boot::V1_0::Slot;
-using ::android::hardware::boot::V1_1::MergeStatus;
 using ::android::hardware::fastboot::V1_0::Result;
 using ::android::hardware::fastboot::V1_0::Status;
 using android::snapshot::SnapshotManager;
-using IBootControl1_1 = ::android::hardware::boot::V1_1::IBootControl;
+using MergeStatus = android::hal::BootControlClient::MergeStatus;
 
 using namespace android::storage_literals;
 
@@ -156,6 +156,14 @@
     return true;
 }
 
+static void PostWipeData() {
+    std::string err;
+    // Reset mte state of device.
+    if (!WriteMiscMemtagMessage({}, &err)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to reset MTE state: " << err;
+    }
+}
+
 const std::unordered_map<std::string, std::function<bool(FastbootDevice*)>> kSpecialVars = {
         {"all", GetVarAll},
         {"dmesg", GetDmesg},
@@ -234,6 +242,7 @@
         //Perform oem PostWipeData if Android userdata partition has been erased
         bool support_oem_postwipedata = false;
         if (partition_name == "userdata") {
+            PostWipeData();
             support_oem_postwipedata = OemPostWipeData(device);
         }
 
@@ -317,7 +326,7 @@
                                    "set_active command is not allowed on locked devices");
     }
 
-    Slot slot;
+    int32_t slot = 0;
     if (!GetSlotNumber(args[1], &slot)) {
         // Slot suffix needs to be between 'a' and 'z'.
         return device->WriteStatus(FastbootResult::FAIL, "Bad slot suffix");
@@ -329,7 +338,7 @@
         return device->WriteStatus(FastbootResult::FAIL,
                                    "Cannot set slot: boot control HAL absent");
     }
-    if (slot >= boot_control_hal->getNumberSlots()) {
+    if (slot >= boot_control_hal->GetNumSlots()) {
         return device->WriteStatus(FastbootResult::FAIL, "Slot out of range");
     }
 
@@ -358,10 +367,8 @@
         }
     }
 
-    CommandResult ret;
-    auto cb = [&ret](CommandResult result) { ret = result; };
-    auto result = boot_control_hal->setActiveBootSlot(slot, cb);
-    if (result.isOk() && ret.success) {
+    CommandResult ret = boot_control_hal->SetActiveBootSlot(slot);
+    if (ret.success) {
         // Save as slot suffix to match the suffix format as returned from
         // the boot control HAL.
         auto current_slot = "_" + args[1];
@@ -614,6 +621,10 @@
     if (ret < 0) {
         return device->WriteStatus(FastbootResult::FAIL, strerror(-ret));
     }
+    if (partition_name == "userdata") {
+        PostWipeData();
+    }
+
     return device->WriteStatus(FastbootResult::OKAY, "Flashing succeeded");
 }
 
@@ -682,9 +693,14 @@
     if (args[1] == "cancel") {
         switch (status) {
             case MergeStatus::SNAPSHOTTED:
-            case MergeStatus::MERGING:
-                hal->setSnapshotMergeStatus(MergeStatus::CANCELLED);
+            case MergeStatus::MERGING: {
+                const auto ret = hal->SetSnapshotMergeStatus(MergeStatus::CANCELLED);
+                if (!ret.success) {
+                    device->WriteFail("Failed to SetSnapshotMergeStatus(MergeStatus::CANCELLED) " +
+                                      ret.errMsg);
+                }
                 break;
+            }
             default:
                 break;
         }
diff --git a/fastboot/device/fastboot_device.cpp b/fastboot/device/fastboot_device.cpp
index ae225de..4932e5c 100644
--- a/fastboot/device/fastboot_device.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/device/fastboot_device.cpp
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 
 #include <algorithm>
 
+#include <BootControlClient.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
@@ -38,9 +39,8 @@
 using android::fs_mgr::EnsurePathUnmounted;
 using android::fs_mgr::Fstab;
 using ::android::hardware::hidl_string;
-using ::android::hardware::boot::V1_0::IBootControl;
-using ::android::hardware::boot::V1_0::Slot;
 using ::android::hardware::fastboot::V1_1::IFastboot;
+using BootControlClient = FastbootDevice::BootControlClient;
 
 namespace sph = std::placeholders;
 
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@
               {FB_CMD_SNAPSHOT_UPDATE, SnapshotUpdateHandler},
               {FB_CMD_FETCH, FetchHandler},
       }),
-      boot_control_hal_(IBootControl::getService()),
+      boot_control_hal_(BootControlClient::WaitForService()),
       health_hal_(get_health_service()),
       fastboot_hal_(IFastboot::getService()),
       active_slot_("") {
@@ -95,10 +95,6 @@
         transport_ = std::make_unique<ClientUsbTransport>();
     }
 
-    if (boot_control_hal_) {
-        boot1_1_ = android::hardware::boot::V1_1::IBootControl::castFrom(boot_control_hal_);
-    }
-
     // Make sure cache is unmounted, since recovery will have mounted it for
     // logging.
     Fstab fstab;
@@ -125,12 +121,17 @@
     if (!boot_control_hal_) {
         return "";
     }
-    std::string suffix;
-    auto cb = [&suffix](hidl_string s) { suffix = s; };
-    boot_control_hal_->getSuffix(boot_control_hal_->getCurrentSlot(), cb);
+    std::string suffix = boot_control_hal_->GetSuffix(boot_control_hal_->GetCurrentSlot());
     return suffix;
 }
 
+BootControlClient* FastbootDevice::boot1_1() const {
+    if (boot_control_hal_->GetVersion() >= android::hal::BootControlVersion::BOOTCTL_V1_1) {
+        return boot_control_hal_.get();
+    }
+    return nullptr;
+}
+
 bool FastbootDevice::WriteStatus(FastbootResult result, const std::string& message) {
     constexpr size_t kResponseReasonSize = 4;
     constexpr size_t kNumResponseTypes = 4;  // "FAIL", "OKAY", "INFO", "DATA"
diff --git a/fastboot/device/fastboot_device.h b/fastboot/device/fastboot_device.h
index 91ffce3..9df8fa5 100644
--- a/fastboot/device/fastboot_device.h
+++ b/fastboot/device/fastboot_device.h
@@ -22,9 +22,8 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
+#include <BootControlClient.h>
 #include <aidl/android/hardware/health/IHealth.h>
-#include <android/hardware/boot/1.0/IBootControl.h>
-#include <android/hardware/boot/1.1/IBootControl.h>
 #include <android/hardware/fastboot/1.1/IFastboot.h>
 
 #include "commands.h"
@@ -33,6 +32,7 @@
 
 class FastbootDevice {
   public:
+    using BootControlClient = android::hal::BootControlClient;
     FastbootDevice();
     ~FastbootDevice();
 
@@ -50,10 +50,8 @@
 
     std::vector<char>& download_data() { return download_data_; }
     Transport* get_transport() { return transport_.get(); }
-    android::sp<android::hardware::boot::V1_0::IBootControl> boot_control_hal() {
-        return boot_control_hal_;
-    }
-    android::sp<android::hardware::boot::V1_1::IBootControl> boot1_1() { return boot1_1_; }
+    BootControlClient* boot_control_hal() const { return boot_control_hal_.get(); }
+    BootControlClient* boot1_1() const;
     android::sp<android::hardware::fastboot::V1_1::IFastboot> fastboot_hal() {
         return fastboot_hal_;
     }
@@ -65,8 +63,7 @@
     const std::unordered_map<std::string, CommandHandler> kCommandMap;
 
     std::unique_ptr<Transport> transport_;
-    android::sp<android::hardware::boot::V1_0::IBootControl> boot_control_hal_;
-    android::sp<android::hardware::boot::V1_1::IBootControl> boot1_1_;
+    std::unique_ptr<BootControlClient> boot_control_hal_;
     std::shared_ptr<aidl::android::hardware::health::IHealth> health_hal_;
     android::sp<android::hardware::fastboot::V1_1::IFastboot> fastboot_hal_;
     std::vector<char> download_data_;
diff --git a/fastboot/device/usb.cpp b/fastboot/device/usb.cpp
index 4115a6d..75a687f 100644
--- a/fastboot/device/usb.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/device/usb.cpp
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
  */
 
 #include "usb.h"
+#include "usb_iouring.h"
 
 #include <dirent.h>
 #include <errno.h>
@@ -28,6 +29,7 @@
 
 #include <linux/usb/ch9.h>
 #include <linux/usb/functionfs.h>
+#include <sys/utsname.h>
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <atomic>
@@ -38,6 +40,7 @@
 
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
+#include <liburing.h>
 
 using namespace std::chrono_literals;
 
@@ -65,8 +68,8 @@
     }
 }
 
-static int getMaxPacketSize(int ffs_fd) {
-    usb_endpoint_descriptor desc;
+int getMaxPacketSize(int ffs_fd) {
+    usb_endpoint_descriptor desc{};
     if (ioctl(ffs_fd, FUNCTIONFS_ENDPOINT_DESC, reinterpret_cast<unsigned long>(&desc))) {
         D("[ could not get endpoint descriptor! (%d) ]", errno);
         return MAX_PACKET_SIZE_HS;
@@ -128,11 +131,9 @@
 
 static int usb_ffs_do_aio(usb_handle* h, const void* data, int len, bool read) {
     aio_block* aiob = read ? &h->read_aiob : &h->write_aiob;
-    bool zero_packet = false;
 
     int num_bufs = len / h->io_size + (len % h->io_size == 0 ? 0 : 1);
     const char* cur_data = reinterpret_cast<const char*>(data);
-    int packet_size = getMaxPacketSize(aiob->fd);
 
     if (posix_madvise(const_cast<void*>(data), len, POSIX_MADV_SEQUENTIAL | POSIX_MADV_WILLNEED) <
         0) {
@@ -145,17 +146,6 @@
 
         len -= buf_len;
         cur_data += buf_len;
-
-        if (len == 0 && buf_len % packet_size == 0 && read) {
-            // adb does not expect the device to send a zero packet after data transfer,
-            // but the host *does* send a zero packet for the device to read.
-            zero_packet = h->reads_zero_packets;
-        }
-    }
-    if (zero_packet) {
-        io_prep(&aiob->iocb[num_bufs], aiob->fd, reinterpret_cast<const void*>(cur_data),
-                packet_size, 0, read);
-        num_bufs += 1;
     }
 
     while (true) {
@@ -171,6 +161,16 @@
         if (num_bufs == 1 && aiob->events[0].res == -EINTR) {
             continue;
         }
+        if (read && aiob->events[0].res == -EPIPE) {
+            // On initial connection, some clients will send a ClearFeature(HALT) to
+            // attempt to resynchronize host and device after the fastboot server is killed.
+            // On newer device kernels, the reads we've already dispatched will be cancelled.
+            // Instead of treating this as a failure, which will tear down the interface and
+            // lead to the client doing the same thing again, just resubmit if this happens
+            // before we've actually read anything.
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "aio: got -EPIPE on first read attempt. Re-submitting read... ";
+            continue;
+        }
         int ret = 0;
         for (int i = 0; i < num_bufs; i++) {
             if (aiob->events[i].res < 0) {
@@ -204,21 +204,46 @@
     h->open_new_connection = true;
     h->lock.unlock();
     h->notify.notify_one();
+    if (h->aio_type == AIOType::IO_URING) {
+        exit_io_uring_ffs(h);
+    }
 }
 
-usb_handle* create_usb_handle(unsigned num_bufs, unsigned io_size) {
-    usb_handle* h = new usb_handle();
+bool DoesKernelSupportIouring() {
+    struct utsname uts {};
+    unsigned int major = 0, minor = 0;
+    if ((uname(&uts) != 0) || (sscanf(uts.release, "%u.%u", &major, &minor) != 2)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (major > 5) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    // We will only support kernels from 5.6 onwards as IOSQE_ASYNC flag and
+    // IO_URING_OP_READ/WRITE opcodes were introduced only on 5.6 kernel
+    return minor >= 6;
+}
 
-    if (android::base::GetBoolProperty("sys.usb.ffs.aio_compat", false)) {
+std::unique_ptr<usb_handle> create_usb_handle(unsigned num_bufs, unsigned io_size) {
+    auto h = std::make_unique<usb_handle>();
+    if (DoesKernelSupportIouring() &&
+        android::base::GetBoolProperty("sys.usb.ffs.io_uring_enabled", false)) {
+        init_io_uring_ffs(h.get(), num_bufs);
+        h->aio_type = AIOType::IO_URING;
+        LOG(INFO) << "Using io_uring for usb ffs";
+    } else if (android::base::GetBoolProperty("sys.usb.ffs.aio_compat", false)) {
         // Devices on older kernels (< 3.18) will not have aio support for ffs
         // unless backported. Fall back on the non-aio functions instead.
         h->write = usb_ffs_write;
         h->read = usb_ffs_read;
+        h->aio_type = AIOType::SYNC_IO;
+        LOG(INFO) << "Using sync io for usb ffs";
     } else {
         h->write = usb_ffs_aio_write;
         h->read = usb_ffs_aio_read;
         aio_block_init(&h->read_aiob, num_bufs);
         aio_block_init(&h->write_aiob, num_bufs);
+        h->aio_type = AIOType::AIO;
+        LOG(INFO) << "Using aio for usb ffs";
     }
     h->io_size = io_size;
     h->close = usb_ffs_close;
diff --git a/fastboot/device/usb.h b/fastboot/device/usb.h
index 6c3f542..8996c31 100644
--- a/fastboot/device/usb.h
+++ b/fastboot/device/usb.h
@@ -18,8 +18,10 @@
 
 #include <linux/usb/functionfs.h>
 
+#include <liburing.h>
 #include <atomic>
 #include <condition_variable>
+#include <memory>
 #include <mutex>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -35,9 +37,11 @@
     int fd;
 };
 
-struct usb_handle {
-    usb_handle() {}
+int getMaxPacketSize(int ffs_fd);
 
+enum class AIOType { SYNC_IO, AIO, IO_URING };
+
+struct usb_handle {
     std::condition_variable notify;
     std::mutex lock;
     bool open_new_connection = true;
@@ -56,8 +60,9 @@
     struct aio_block read_aiob;
     struct aio_block write_aiob;
 
-    bool reads_zero_packets;
+    io_uring ring;
     size_t io_size;
+    AIOType aio_type;
 };
 
-usb_handle* create_usb_handle(unsigned num_bufs, unsigned io_size);
+std::unique_ptr<usb_handle> create_usb_handle(unsigned num_bufs, unsigned io_size);
diff --git a/fastboot/device/usb_client.cpp b/fastboot/device/usb_client.cpp
index 3f9b0f0..d1b38d4 100644
--- a/fastboot/device/usb_client.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/device/usb_client.cpp
@@ -232,7 +232,6 @@
 
     h->read_aiob.fd = h->bulk_out.get();
     h->write_aiob.fd = h->bulk_in.get();
-    h->reads_zero_packets = false;
     return true;
 
 err:
diff --git a/fastboot/device/usb_iouring.cpp b/fastboot/device/usb_iouring.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d987712
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fastboot/device/usb_iouring.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <liburing.h>
+#include "liburing/io_uring.h"
+#include "usb.h"
+
+static int prep_async_read(struct io_uring* ring, int fd, void* data, size_t len, int64_t offset) {
+    if (io_uring_sq_space_left(ring) <= 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Submission queue run out of space.";
+        return -1;
+    }
+    auto sqe = io_uring_get_sqe(ring);
+    if (sqe == nullptr) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    io_uring_sqe_set_flags(sqe, IOSQE_IO_LINK | IOSQE_ASYNC);
+    io_uring_prep_read(sqe, fd, data, len, offset);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int prep_async_write(struct io_uring* ring, int fd, const void* data, size_t len,
+                            int64_t offset) {
+    if (io_uring_sq_space_left(ring) <= 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Submission queue run out of space.";
+        return -1;
+    }
+    auto sqe = io_uring_get_sqe(ring);
+    if (sqe == nullptr) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    io_uring_sqe_set_flags(sqe, IOSQE_IO_LINK | IOSQE_ASYNC);
+    io_uring_prep_write(sqe, fd, data, len, offset);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+template <bool read, typename T>
+int prep_async_io(struct io_uring* ring, int fd, T* data, size_t len, int64_t offset) {
+    if constexpr (read) {
+        return prep_async_read(ring, fd, data, len, offset);
+    } else {
+        return prep_async_write(ring, fd, data, len, offset);
+    }
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+static constexpr T DivRoundup(T x, T y) {
+    return (x + y - 1) / y;
+}
+
+extern int getMaxPacketSize(int ffs_fd);
+
+template <bool read, typename T>
+static int usb_ffs_do_aio(usb_handle* h, T* const data, const int len) {
+    const aio_block* aiob = read ? &h->read_aiob : &h->write_aiob;
+    const int num_requests = DivRoundup<int>(len, h->io_size);
+    auto cur_data = data;
+    const auto packet_size = getMaxPacketSize(aiob->fd);
+
+    for (int bytes_remain = len; bytes_remain > 0;) {
+        const int buf_len = std::min(bytes_remain, static_cast<int>(h->io_size));
+        const auto ret = prep_async_io<read>(&h->ring, aiob->fd, cur_data, buf_len, 0);
+        if (ret < 0) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to queue io_uring request";
+            return -1;
+        }
+
+        bytes_remain -= buf_len;
+        cur_data = reinterpret_cast<T*>(reinterpret_cast<size_t>(cur_data) + buf_len);
+    }
+    const int ret = io_uring_submit(&h->ring);
+    if (ret <= 0 || ret != num_requests) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "io_uring: failed to submit SQE entries to kernel";
+        return -1;
+    }
+    int res = 0;
+    bool success = true;
+    for (int i = 0; i < num_requests; ++i) {
+        struct io_uring_cqe* cqe{};
+        const auto ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(io_uring_wait_cqe(&h->ring, &cqe));
+        if (ret < 0 || cqe == nullptr) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to get CQE from kernel";
+            success = false;
+            continue;
+        }
+        res += cqe->res;
+        if (cqe->res < 0) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "io_uring request failed:, i = " << i
+                       << ", num_requests = " << num_requests << ", res = " << cqe->res << ": "
+                       << strerror(cqe->res) << (read ? " read" : " write")
+                       << " request size: " << len << ", io_size: " << h->io_size
+                       << " max packet size: " << packet_size << ", fd: " << aiob->fd;
+            success = false;
+            errno = -cqe->res;
+        }
+        io_uring_cqe_seen(&h->ring, cqe);
+    }
+    if (!success) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    return res;
+}
+
+static int usb_ffs_io_uring_read(usb_handle* h, void* data, int len, bool /* allow_partial */) {
+    return usb_ffs_do_aio<true>(h, data, len);
+}
+
+static int usb_ffs_io_uring_write(usb_handle* h, const void* data, int len) {
+    return usb_ffs_do_aio<false>(h, data, len);
+}
+
+void exit_io_uring_ffs(usb_handle* h) {
+    io_uring_queue_exit(&h->ring);
+}
+
+bool init_io_uring_ffs(usb_handle* h, size_t queue_depth) {
+    const auto err = io_uring_queue_init(queue_depth, &h->ring, 0);
+    if (err) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to initialize io_uring of depth " << queue_depth << ": "
+                   << strerror(err);
+        return false;
+    }
+    h->write = usb_ffs_io_uring_write;
+    h->read = usb_ffs_io_uring_read;
+    return true;
+}
diff --git a/fastboot/device/usb_iouring.h b/fastboot/device/usb_iouring.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7c14b81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fastboot/device/usb_iouring.h
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "usb.h"
+
+bool init_io_uring_ffs(usb_handle* h, size_t queue_depth);
+
+void exit_io_uring_ffs(usb_handle* h);
diff --git a/fastboot/device/utility.cpp b/fastboot/device/utility.cpp
index 3302c43..e12ee64 100644
--- a/fastboot/device/utility.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/device/utility.cpp
@@ -36,7 +36,6 @@
 using namespace android::fs_mgr;
 using namespace std::chrono_literals;
 using android::base::unique_fd;
-using android::hardware::boot::V1_0::Slot;
 
 namespace {
 
@@ -137,7 +136,7 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-bool GetSlotNumber(const std::string& slot, Slot* number) {
+bool GetSlotNumber(const std::string& slot, int32_t* number) {
     if (slot.size() != 1) {
         return false;
     }
@@ -204,7 +203,7 @@
     size_t num_slots = 1;
     auto boot_control_hal = device->boot_control_hal();
     if (boot_control_hal) {
-        num_slots = boot_control_hal->getNumberSlots();
+        num_slots = boot_control_hal->GetNumSlots();
     }
 
     bool ok = true;
diff --git a/fastboot/device/utility.h b/fastboot/device/utility.h
index 6e1453f..a62125e 100644
--- a/fastboot/device/utility.h
+++ b/fastboot/device/utility.h
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
-#include <android/hardware/boot/1.0/IBootControl.h>
 #include <fstab/fstab.h>
 #include <liblp/liblp.h>
 
@@ -124,7 +123,7 @@
 bool OpenPartition(FastbootDevice* device, const std::string& name, PartitionHandle* handle,
                    int flags = O_WRONLY);
 
-bool GetSlotNumber(const std::string& slot, android::hardware::boot::V1_0::Slot* number);
+bool GetSlotNumber(const std::string& slot, int32_t* number);
 std::vector<std::string> ListPartitions(FastbootDevice* device);
 bool GetDeviceLockStatus();
 
diff --git a/fastboot/device/variables.cpp b/fastboot/device/variables.cpp
index 0de00b1..b6eb2cd 100644
--- a/fastboot/device/variables.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/device/variables.cpp
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
 #include <fs_mgr.h>
 #include <liblp/liblp.h>
 
-#include "constants.h"
+#include "BootControlClient.h"
 #include "fastboot_device.h"
 #include "flashing.h"
 #include "utility.h"
@@ -40,13 +40,10 @@
 static constexpr bool kEnableFetch = false;
 #endif
 
-using ::android::hardware::boot::V1_0::BoolResult;
-using ::android::hardware::boot::V1_0::Slot;
-using ::android::hardware::boot::V1_1::MergeStatus;
+using MergeStatus = android::hal::BootControlClient::MergeStatus;
 using ::android::hardware::fastboot::V1_0::FileSystemType;
 using ::android::hardware::fastboot::V1_0::Result;
 using ::android::hardware::fastboot::V1_0::Status;
-using IBootControl1_1 = ::android::hardware::boot::V1_1::IBootControl;
 using namespace android::fs_mgr;
 using namespace std::string_literals;
 
@@ -211,7 +208,7 @@
     if (!boot_control_hal) {
         *message = "0";
     } else {
-        *message = std::to_string(boot_control_hal->getNumberSlots());
+        *message = std::to_string(boot_control_hal->GetNumSlots());
     }
     return true;
 }
@@ -222,7 +219,7 @@
         *message = "Missing argument";
         return false;
     }
-    Slot slot;
+    int32_t slot = -1;
     if (!GetSlotNumber(args[0], &slot)) {
         *message = "Invalid slot";
         return false;
@@ -232,7 +229,7 @@
         *message = "Device has no slots";
         return false;
     }
-    if (boot_control_hal->isSlotMarkedSuccessful(slot) != BoolResult::TRUE) {
+    if (boot_control_hal->IsSlotMarkedSuccessful(slot).value_or(false)) {
         *message = "no";
     } else {
         *message = "yes";
@@ -246,7 +243,7 @@
         *message = "Missing argument";
         return false;
     }
-    Slot slot;
+    int32_t slot = -1;
     if (!GetSlotNumber(args[0], &slot)) {
         *message = "Invalid slot";
         return false;
@@ -256,7 +253,7 @@
         *message = "Device has no slots";
         return false;
     }
-    if (boot_control_hal->isSlotBootable(slot) != BoolResult::TRUE) {
+    if (!boot_control_hal->IsSlotBootable(slot).value_or(false)) {
         *message = "yes";
     } else {
         *message = "no";
diff --git a/fastboot/fastboot.cpp b/fastboot/fastboot.cpp
index 79c3ac7..46190f2 100644
--- a/fastboot/fastboot.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/fastboot.cpp
@@ -1683,10 +1683,9 @@
     return size;
 }
 
-static void fb_perform_format(
-                              const std::string& partition, int skip_if_not_supported,
+static void fb_perform_format(const std::string& partition, int skip_if_not_supported,
                               const std::string& type_override, const std::string& size_override,
-                              const std::string& initial_dir, const unsigned fs_options) {
+                              const unsigned fs_options) {
     std::string partition_type, partition_size;
 
     struct fastboot_buffer buf;
@@ -1748,8 +1747,7 @@
     eraseBlkSize = fb_get_flash_block_size("erase-block-size");
     logicalBlkSize = fb_get_flash_block_size("logical-block-size");
 
-    if (fs_generator_generate(gen, output.path, size, initial_dir,
-            eraseBlkSize, logicalBlkSize, fs_options)) {
+    if (fs_generator_generate(gen, output.path, size, eraseBlkSize, logicalBlkSize, fs_options)) {
         die("Cannot generate image for %s", partition.c_str());
     }
 
@@ -2091,7 +2089,7 @@
             std::string partition = next_arg(&args);
 
             auto format = [&](const std::string& partition) {
-                fb_perform_format(partition, 0, type_override, size_override, "", fs_options);
+                fb_perform_format(partition, 0, type_override, size_override, fs_options);
             };
             do_for_partitions(partition, slot_override, format, true);
         } else if (command == "signature") {
@@ -2282,7 +2280,7 @@
             }
             if (partition_type.empty()) continue;
             fb->Erase(partition);
-            fb_perform_format(partition, 1, partition_type, "", "", fs_options);
+            fb_perform_format(partition, 1, partition_type, "", fs_options);
         }
     }
     if (wants_set_active) {
diff --git a/fastboot/fs.cpp b/fastboot/fs.cpp
index d268a50..c8d1b59 100644
--- a/fastboot/fs.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/fs.cpp
@@ -111,8 +111,7 @@
 }
 #endif
 
-static int generate_ext4_image(const char* fileName, long long partSize,
-                               const std::string& initial_dir, unsigned eraseBlkSize,
+static int generate_ext4_image(const char* fileName, long long partSize, unsigned eraseBlkSize,
                                unsigned logicalBlkSize, const unsigned fsOptions) {
     static constexpr int block_size = 4096;
     const std::string exec_dir = android::base::GetExecutableDirectory();
@@ -163,16 +162,7 @@
     if (ret != 0) {
         return -1;
     }
-
-    if (initial_dir.empty()) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    const std::string e2fsdroid_path = exec_dir + "/e2fsdroid";
-    std::vector<const char*> e2fsdroid_args = {e2fsdroid_path.c_str(), "-f", initial_dir.c_str(),
-                                               fileName, nullptr};
-
-    return exec_cmd(e2fsdroid_args[0], e2fsdroid_args.data(), nullptr);
+    return 0;
 }
 
 enum {
@@ -188,8 +178,7 @@
     // clang-format on
 };
 
-static int generate_f2fs_image(const char* fileName, long long partSize,
-                               const std::string& initial_dir, unsigned /* unused */,
+static int generate_f2fs_image(const char* fileName, long long partSize, unsigned /* unused */,
                                unsigned /* unused */, const unsigned fsOptions) {
     const std::string exec_dir = android::base::GetExecutableDirectory();
     const std::string mkf2fs_path = exec_dir + "/make_f2fs";
@@ -227,19 +216,6 @@
     if (ret != 0) {
         return -1;
     }
-
-    if (initial_dir.empty()) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    const std::string sload_path = exec_dir + "/sload_f2fs";
-    std::vector<const char*> sload_args = {sload_path.c_str(), "-S",
-                                       "-f", initial_dir.c_str(), fileName, nullptr};
-
-    ret = exec_cmd(sload_args[0], sload_args.data(), nullptr);
-    if (ret != 0 && ret != FSCK_ERROR_CORRECTED) {
-        return -1;
-    }
     return 0;
 }
 
@@ -247,8 +223,8 @@
     const char* fs_type;  //must match what fastboot reports for partition type
 
     //returns 0 or error value
-    int (*generate)(const char* fileName, long long partSize, const std::string& initial_dir,
-                    unsigned eraseBlkSize, unsigned logicalBlkSize, const unsigned fsOptions);
+    int (*generate)(const char* fileName, long long partSize, unsigned eraseBlkSize,
+                    unsigned logicalBlkSize, const unsigned fsOptions);
 
 } generators[] = {
     { "ext4", generate_ext4_image},
@@ -265,7 +241,7 @@
 }
 
 int fs_generator_generate(const struct fs_generator* gen, const char* fileName, long long partSize,
-                          const std::string& initial_dir, unsigned eraseBlkSize,
-                          unsigned logicalBlkSize, const unsigned fsOptions) {
-    return gen->generate(fileName, partSize, initial_dir, eraseBlkSize, logicalBlkSize, fsOptions);
+                          unsigned eraseBlkSize, unsigned logicalBlkSize,
+                          const unsigned fsOptions) {
+    return gen->generate(fileName, partSize, eraseBlkSize, logicalBlkSize, fsOptions);
 }
diff --git a/fastboot/fs.h b/fastboot/fs.h
index f832938..5ae473b 100644
--- a/fastboot/fs.h
+++ b/fastboot/fs.h
@@ -13,5 +13,5 @@
 
 const struct fs_generator* fs_get_generator(const std::string& fs_type);
 int fs_generator_generate(const struct fs_generator* gen, const char* fileName, long long partSize,
-                          const std::string& initial_dir, unsigned eraseBlkSize = 0,
-                          unsigned logicalBlkSize = 0, unsigned fsOptions = 0);
+                          unsigned eraseBlkSize = 0, unsigned logicalBlkSize = 0,
+                          unsigned fsOptions = 0);
diff --git a/fastboot/fuzzy_fastboot/main.cpp b/fastboot/fuzzy_fastboot/main.cpp
index 074306b..e635937 100644
--- a/fastboot/fuzzy_fastboot/main.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/fuzzy_fastboot/main.cpp
@@ -901,19 +901,19 @@
             << "Device did not respond with failure after sending length " << s.size()
             << " string of random ASCII chars";
     if (ret == IO_ERROR) EXPECT_EQ(transport->Reset(), 0) << "USB reset failed";
-    std::string s1 = RandomString(1000, rand_legal);
+    std::string s1 = RandomString(10000, rand_legal);
     ret = fb->RawCommand(s1);
     EXPECT_TRUE(ret == DEVICE_FAIL || ret == IO_ERROR)
             << "Device did not respond with failure after sending length " << s1.size()
             << " string of random ASCII chars";
     if (ret == IO_ERROR) EXPECT_EQ(transport->Reset(), 0) << "USB reset failed";
-    std::string s2 = RandomString(1000, rand_illegal);
+    std::string s2 = RandomString(10000, rand_illegal);
     ret = fb->RawCommand(s2);
     EXPECT_TRUE(ret == DEVICE_FAIL || ret == IO_ERROR)
             << "Device did not respond with failure after sending length " << s2.size()
             << " string of random non-ASCII chars";
     if (ret == IO_ERROR) EXPECT_EQ(transport->Reset(), 0) << "USB reset failed";
-    std::string s3 = RandomString(1000, rand_char);
+    std::string s3 = RandomString(10000, rand_char);
     ret = fb->RawCommand(s3);
     EXPECT_TRUE(ret == DEVICE_FAIL || ret == IO_ERROR)
             << "Device did not respond with failure after sending length " << s3.size()
@@ -935,7 +935,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(Fuzz, CommandTooLarge) {
     for (const std::string& s : CMDS) {
-        std::string rs = RandomString(1000, rand_char);
+        std::string rs = RandomString(10000, rand_char);
         RetCode ret;
         ret = fb->RawCommand(s + rs);
         EXPECT_TRUE(ret == DEVICE_FAIL || ret == IO_ERROR)
diff --git a/fs_mgr/Android.bp b/fs_mgr/Android.bp
index 49761ac..bebf19e 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/Android.bp
+++ b/fs_mgr/Android.bp
@@ -223,7 +223,6 @@
         "libcutils",
         "libcrypto",
         "libext4_utils",
-        "libfec",
         "libfs_mgr_binder",
         "liblog",
         "liblp",
@@ -254,3 +253,39 @@
         "clean_scratch_files",
     ],
 }
+
+cc_binary {
+    name: "set-verity-state",
+    srcs: ["set-verity-state.cpp"],
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libbase",
+        "libbinder",
+        "libcrypto",
+        "libcrypto_utils",
+        "libfs_mgr_binder",
+        "libutils",
+    ],
+    static_libs: [
+        "libavb_user",
+    ],
+    header_libs: [
+        "libcutils_headers",
+    ],
+
+    cflags: ["-Werror"],
+    cppflags: [
+        "-DALLOW_DISABLE_VERITY=0",
+    ],
+    product_variables: {
+        debuggable: {
+            cppflags: [
+                "-UALLOW_DISABLE_VERITY",
+                "-DALLOW_DISABLE_VERITY=1",
+            ],
+        },
+    },
+    symlinks: [
+        "enable-verity",
+        "disable-verity",
+    ],
+}
diff --git a/fs_mgr/OWNERS b/fs_mgr/OWNERS
index c6f9054..6f1059b 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/OWNERS
+++ b/fs_mgr/OWNERS
@@ -2,3 +2,4 @@
 bowgotsai@google.com
 dvander@google.com
 elsk@google.com
+yochiang@google.com
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr.cpp b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr.cpp
index c0e3161..1c1ab48 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr.cpp
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <inttypes.h>
 #include <libgen.h>
+#include <selinux/selinux.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
@@ -30,6 +31,7 @@
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 #include <sys/swap.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/utsname.h>
 #include <sys/wait.h>
 #include <time.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
@@ -889,7 +891,7 @@
 // attempted_idx: On return, will indicate which fstab entry
 //     succeeded. In case of failure, it will be the start_idx.
 // Sets errno to match the 1st mount failure on failure.
-static bool mount_with_alternatives(const Fstab& fstab, int start_idx, int* end_idx,
+static bool mount_with_alternatives(Fstab& fstab, int start_idx, int* end_idx,
                                     int* attempted_idx) {
     unsigned long i;
     int mount_errno = 0;
@@ -903,12 +905,20 @@
         // Deal with alternate entries for the same point which are required to be all following
         // each other.
         if (mounted) {
-            LERROR << __FUNCTION__ << "(): skipping fstab dup mountpoint=" << fstab[i].mount_point
-                   << " rec[" << i << "].fs_type=" << fstab[i].fs_type << " already mounted as "
-                   << fstab[*attempted_idx].fs_type;
+            LINFO << __FUNCTION__ << "(): skipping fstab dup mountpoint=" << fstab[i].mount_point
+                  << " rec[" << i << "].fs_type=" << fstab[i].fs_type << " already mounted as "
+                  << fstab[*attempted_idx].fs_type;
             continue;
         }
 
+        // fstab[start_idx].blk_device is already updated to /dev/dm-<N> by
+        // AVB related functions. Copy it from start_idx to the current index i.
+        if ((i != start_idx) && fstab[i].fs_mgr_flags.logical &&
+            fstab[start_idx].fs_mgr_flags.logical &&
+            (fstab[i].logical_partition_name == fstab[start_idx].logical_partition_name)) {
+            fstab[i].blk_device = fstab[start_idx].blk_device;
+        }
+
         int fs_stat = prepare_fs_for_mount(fstab[i].blk_device, fstab[i]);
         if (fs_stat & FS_STAT_INVALID_MAGIC) {
             LERROR << __FUNCTION__
@@ -925,9 +935,9 @@
                 *attempted_idx = i;
                 mounted = true;
                 if (i != start_idx) {
-                    LERROR << __FUNCTION__ << "(): Mounted " << fstab[i].blk_device << " on "
-                           << fstab[i].mount_point << " with fs_type=" << fstab[i].fs_type
-                           << " instead of " << fstab[start_idx].fs_type;
+                    LINFO << __FUNCTION__ << "(): Mounted " << fstab[i].blk_device << " on "
+                          << fstab[i].mount_point << " with fs_type=" << fstab[i].fs_type
+                          << " instead of " << fstab[start_idx].fs_type;
                 }
                 fs_stat &= ~FS_STAT_FULL_MOUNT_FAILED;
                 mount_errno = 0;
@@ -2181,36 +2191,22 @@
         std::vector<std::string> tokens = android::base::Split(target.data, " \t\r\n");
         if (tokens[0] != "0" && tokens[0] != "1") {
             LOG(WARNING) << "Unrecognized device mapper version in " << target.data;
-            return {};
         }
 
         // Hashtree algorithm & root digest are the 8th & 9th token in the output.
-        return HashtreeInfo{.algorithm = android::base::Trim(tokens[7]),
-                            .root_digest = android::base::Trim(tokens[8])};
+        return HashtreeInfo{
+                .algorithm = android::base::Trim(tokens[7]),
+                .root_digest = android::base::Trim(tokens[8]),
+                .check_at_most_once = target.data.find("check_at_most_once") != std::string::npos};
     }
 
     return {};
 }
 
 bool fs_mgr_verity_is_check_at_most_once(const android::fs_mgr::FstabEntry& entry) {
-    if (!entry.fs_mgr_flags.avb) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    DeviceMapper& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
-    std::string device = GetVerityDeviceName(entry);
-
-    std::vector<DeviceMapper::TargetInfo> table;
-    if (dm.GetState(device) == DmDeviceState::INVALID || !dm.GetTableInfo(device, &table)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    for (const auto& target : table) {
-        if (strcmp(target.spec.target_type, "verity") == 0 &&
-            target.data.find("check_at_most_once") != std::string::npos) {
-            return true;
-        }
-    }
-    return false;
+    auto hashtree_info = fs_mgr_get_hashtree_info(entry);
+    if (!hashtree_info) return false;
+    return hashtree_info->check_at_most_once;
 }
 
 std::string fs_mgr_get_super_partition_name(int slot) {
@@ -2351,3 +2347,49 @@
 
     return true;
 }
+
+bool fs_mgr_filesystem_available(const std::string& filesystem) {
+    std::string filesystems;
+    if (!android::base::ReadFileToString("/proc/filesystems", &filesystems)) return false;
+    return filesystems.find("\t" + filesystem + "\n") != std::string::npos;
+}
+
+std::string fs_mgr_get_context(const std::string& mount_point) {
+    char* ctx = nullptr;
+    if (getfilecon(mount_point.c_str(), &ctx) == -1) {
+        PERROR << "getfilecon " << mount_point;
+        return "";
+    }
+
+    std::string context(ctx);
+    free(ctx);
+    return context;
+}
+
+OverlayfsValidResult fs_mgr_overlayfs_valid() {
+    // Overlayfs available in the kernel, and patched for override_creds?
+    if (access("/sys/module/overlay/parameters/override_creds", F_OK) == 0) {
+        return OverlayfsValidResult::kOverrideCredsRequired;
+    }
+    if (!fs_mgr_filesystem_available("overlay")) {
+        return OverlayfsValidResult::kNotSupported;
+    }
+    struct utsname uts;
+    if (uname(&uts) == -1) {
+        return OverlayfsValidResult::kNotSupported;
+    }
+    int major, minor;
+    if (sscanf(uts.release, "%d.%d", &major, &minor) != 2) {
+        return OverlayfsValidResult::kNotSupported;
+    }
+    if (major < 4) {
+        return OverlayfsValidResult::kOk;
+    }
+    if (major > 4) {
+        return OverlayfsValidResult::kNotSupported;
+    }
+    if (minor > 3) {
+        return OverlayfsValidResult::kNotSupported;
+    }
+    return OverlayfsValidResult::kOk;
+}
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_fstab.cpp b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_fstab.cpp
index 08200f6..7189a71 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_fstab.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_fstab.cpp
@@ -309,6 +309,12 @@
             if (ReadFileToString("/sys/class/block/" + arg + "/queue/zoned", &zoned) &&
                 android::base::StartsWith(zoned, "host-managed")) {
                 entry->zoned_device = "/dev/block/" + arg;
+
+                // atgc in f2fs does not support a zoned device
+                auto options = Split(entry->fs_options, ",");
+                options.erase(std::remove(options.begin(), options.end(), "atgc"), options.end());
+                entry->fs_options = android::base::Join(options, ",");
+                LINFO << "Removed ATGC in fs_options as " << entry->fs_options;
             } else {
                 LWARNING << "Warning: cannot find the zoned device: " << arg;
             }
@@ -439,34 +445,6 @@
     return fstab_result;
 }
 
-// Return the path to the fstab file.  There may be multiple fstab files; the
-// one that is returned will be the first that exists of fstab.<fstab_suffix>,
-// fstab.<hardware>, and fstab.<hardware.platform>.  The fstab is searched for
-// in /odm/etc/ and /vendor/etc/, as well as in the locations where it may be in
-// the first stage ramdisk during early boot.  Previously, the first stage
-// ramdisk's copy of the fstab had to be located in the root directory, but now
-// the system/etc directory is supported too and is the preferred location.
-std::string GetFstabPath() {
-    for (const char* prop : {"fstab_suffix", "hardware", "hardware.platform"}) {
-        std::string suffix;
-
-        if (!fs_mgr_get_boot_config(prop, &suffix)) continue;
-
-        for (const char* prefix : {// late-boot/post-boot locations
-                                   "/odm/etc/fstab.", "/vendor/etc/fstab.",
-                                   // early boot locations
-                                   "/system/etc/fstab.", "/first_stage_ramdisk/system/etc/fstab.",
-                                   "/fstab.", "/first_stage_ramdisk/fstab."}) {
-            std::string fstab_path = prefix + suffix;
-            if (access(fstab_path.c_str(), F_OK) == 0) {
-                return fstab_path;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    return "";
-}
-
 /* Extracts <device>s from the by-name symlinks specified in a fstab:
  *   /dev/block/<type>/<device>/by-name/<partition>
  *
@@ -510,35 +488,6 @@
     return boot_devices;
 }
 
-FstabEntry BuildDsuUserdataFstabEntry() {
-    constexpr uint32_t kFlags = MS_NOATIME | MS_NOSUID | MS_NODEV;
-
-    FstabEntry userdata = {
-            .blk_device = "userdata_gsi",
-            .mount_point = "/data",
-            .fs_type = "ext4",
-            .flags = kFlags,
-            .reserved_size = 128 * 1024 * 1024,
-    };
-    userdata.fs_mgr_flags.wait = true;
-    userdata.fs_mgr_flags.check = true;
-    userdata.fs_mgr_flags.logical = true;
-    userdata.fs_mgr_flags.quota = true;
-    userdata.fs_mgr_flags.late_mount = true;
-    userdata.fs_mgr_flags.formattable = true;
-    return userdata;
-}
-
-bool EraseFstabEntry(Fstab* fstab, const std::string& mount_point) {
-    auto iter = std::remove_if(fstab->begin(), fstab->end(),
-                               [&](const auto& entry) { return entry.mount_point == mount_point; });
-    if (iter != fstab->end()) {
-        fstab->erase(iter, fstab->end());
-        return true;
-    }
-    return false;
-}
-
 template <typename Pred>
 std::vector<FstabEntry*> GetEntriesByPred(Fstab* fstab, const Pred& pred) {
     if (fstab == nullptr) {
@@ -555,6 +504,34 @@
 
 }  // namespace
 
+// Return the path to the fstab file.  There may be multiple fstab files; the
+// one that is returned will be the first that exists of fstab.<fstab_suffix>,
+// fstab.<hardware>, and fstab.<hardware.platform>.  The fstab is searched for
+// in /odm/etc/ and /vendor/etc/, as well as in the locations where it may be in
+// the first stage ramdisk during early boot.  Previously, the first stage
+// ramdisk's copy of the fstab had to be located in the root directory, but now
+// the system/etc directory is supported too and is the preferred location.
+std::string GetFstabPath() {
+    for (const char* prop : {"fstab_suffix", "hardware", "hardware.platform"}) {
+        std::string suffix;
+
+        if (!fs_mgr_get_boot_config(prop, &suffix)) continue;
+
+        for (const char* prefix : {// late-boot/post-boot locations
+                                   "/odm/etc/fstab.", "/vendor/etc/fstab.",
+                                   // early boot locations
+                                   "/system/etc/fstab.", "/first_stage_ramdisk/system/etc/fstab.",
+                                   "/fstab.", "/first_stage_ramdisk/fstab."}) {
+            std::string fstab_path = prefix + suffix;
+            if (access(fstab_path.c_str(), F_OK) == 0) {
+                return fstab_path;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return "";
+}
+
 bool ParseFstabFromString(const std::string& fstab_str, bool proc_mounts, Fstab* fstab_out) {
     const int expected_fields = proc_mounts ? 4 : 5;
 
@@ -613,34 +590,28 @@
 void TransformFstabForDsu(Fstab* fstab, const std::string& dsu_slot,
                           const std::vector<std::string>& dsu_partitions) {
     static constexpr char kDsuKeysDir[] = "/avb";
-    // Convert userdata
-    // Inherit fstab properties for userdata.
-    FstabEntry userdata;
-    if (FstabEntry* entry = GetEntryForMountPoint(fstab, "/data")) {
-        userdata = *entry;
-        userdata.blk_device = android::gsi::kDsuUserdata;
-        userdata.fs_mgr_flags.logical = true;
-        userdata.fs_mgr_flags.formattable = true;
-        if (!userdata.metadata_key_dir.empty()) {
-            userdata.metadata_key_dir = android::gsi::GetDsuMetadataKeyDir(dsu_slot);
-        }
-    } else {
-        userdata = BuildDsuUserdataFstabEntry();
-    }
-
-    // Convert RO partitions.
     for (auto&& partition : dsu_partitions) {
         if (!EndsWith(partition, gsi::kDsuPostfix)) {
             continue;
         }
-        // userdata has been handled
-        if (partition == android::gsi::kDsuUserdata) {
-            continue;
-        }
         // scratch is handled by fs_mgr_overlayfs
         if (partition == android::gsi::kDsuScratch) {
             continue;
         }
+        // Convert userdata partition.
+        if (partition == android::gsi::kDsuUserdata) {
+            for (auto&& entry : GetEntriesForMountPoint(fstab, "/data")) {
+                entry->blk_device = android::gsi::kDsuUserdata;
+                entry->fs_mgr_flags.logical = true;
+                entry->fs_mgr_flags.formattable = true;
+                if (!entry->metadata_key_dir.empty()) {
+                    entry->metadata_key_dir = android::gsi::GetDsuMetadataKeyDir(dsu_slot);
+                }
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+        // Convert RO partitions.
+        //
         // dsu_partition_name = corresponding_partition_name + kDsuPostfix
         // e.g.
         //    system_gsi for system
@@ -696,11 +667,6 @@
             }
         }
     }
-
-    // Always append userdata last for stable ordering.
-    if (EraseFstabEntry(fstab, "/data")) {
-        fstab->emplace_back(userdata);
-    }
 }
 
 void EnableMandatoryFlags(Fstab* fstab) {
@@ -742,22 +708,13 @@
     }
     if (!is_proc_mounts) {
         if (!access(android::gsi::kGsiBootedIndicatorFile, F_OK)) {
-            // This is expected to fail if host is android Q, since Q doesn't
-            // support DSU slotting. The DSU "active" indicator file would be
-            // non-existent or empty if DSU is enabled within the guest system.
-            // In that case, just use the default slot name "dsu".
             std::string dsu_slot;
-            if (!android::gsi::GetActiveDsu(&dsu_slot) && errno != ENOENT) {
+            if (!android::gsi::GetActiveDsu(&dsu_slot)) {
                 PERROR << __FUNCTION__ << "(): failed to get active DSU slot";
                 return false;
             }
-            if (dsu_slot.empty()) {
-                dsu_slot = "dsu";
-                LWARNING << __FUNCTION__ << "(): assuming default DSU slot: " << dsu_slot;
-            }
-            // This file is non-existent on Q vendor.
             std::string lp_names;
-            if (!ReadFileToString(gsi::kGsiLpNamesFile, &lp_names) && errno != ENOENT) {
+            if (!ReadFileToString(gsi::kGsiLpNamesFile, &lp_names)) {
                 PERROR << __FUNCTION__ << "(): failed to read DSU LP names";
                 return false;
             }
@@ -797,10 +754,11 @@
 }
 
 #ifdef NO_SKIP_MOUNT
-bool SkipMountingPartitions(Fstab*, bool) {
-    return true;
-}
+static constexpr bool kNoSkipMount = true;
 #else
+static constexpr bool kNoSkipMount = false;
+#endif
+
 // For GSI to skip mounting /product and /system_ext, until there are well-defined interfaces
 // between them and /system. Otherwise, the GSI flashed on /system might not be able to work with
 // device-specific /product and /system_ext. skip_mount.cfg belongs to system_ext partition because
@@ -808,17 +766,24 @@
 // /system/system_ext because GSI is a single system.img that includes the contents of system_ext
 // partition and product partition under /system/system_ext and /system/product, respectively.
 bool SkipMountingPartitions(Fstab* fstab, bool verbose) {
-    static constexpr char kSkipMountConfig[] = "/system/system_ext/etc/init/config/skip_mount.cfg";
-
-    std::string skip_config;
-    auto save_errno = errno;
-    if (!ReadFileToString(kSkipMountConfig, &skip_config)) {
-        errno = save_errno;  // missing file is expected
+    if (kNoSkipMount) {
         return true;
     }
 
+    static constexpr char kSkipMountConfig[] = "/system/system_ext/etc/init/config/skip_mount.cfg";
+
+    std::string skip_mount_config;
+    auto save_errno = errno;
+    if (!ReadFileToString(kSkipMountConfig, &skip_mount_config)) {
+        errno = save_errno;  // missing file is expected
+        return true;
+    }
+    return SkipMountWithConfig(skip_mount_config, fstab, verbose);
+}
+
+bool SkipMountWithConfig(const std::string& skip_mount_config, Fstab* fstab, bool verbose) {
     std::vector<std::string> skip_mount_patterns;
-    for (const auto& line : Split(skip_config, "\n")) {
+    for (const auto& line : Split(skip_mount_config, "\n")) {
         if (line.empty() || StartsWith(line, "#")) {
             continue;
         }
@@ -844,7 +809,6 @@
     fstab->erase(remove_from, fstab->end());
     return true;
 }
-#endif
 
 // Loads the fstab file and combines with fstab entries passed in from device tree.
 bool ReadDefaultFstab(Fstab* fstab) {
@@ -853,7 +817,7 @@
 
     std::string default_fstab_path;
     // Use different fstab paths for normal boot and recovery boot, respectively
-    if (access("/system/bin/recovery", F_OK) == 0) {
+    if ((access("/sbin/recovery", F_OK) == 0) || (access("/system/bin/recovery", F_OK) == 0)) {
         default_fstab_path = "/etc/recovery.fstab";
     } else {  // normal boot
         default_fstab_path = GetFstabPath();
@@ -886,18 +850,8 @@
 }
 
 std::vector<FstabEntry*> GetEntriesForMountPoint(Fstab* fstab, const std::string& path) {
-    std::vector<FstabEntry*> entries;
-    if (fstab == nullptr) {
-        return entries;
-    }
-
-    for (auto& entry : *fstab) {
-        if (entry.mount_point == path) {
-            entries.emplace_back(&entry);
-        }
-    }
-
-    return entries;
+    return GetEntriesByPred(fstab,
+                            [&path](const FstabEntry& entry) { return entry.mount_point == path; });
 }
 
 std::set<std::string> GetBootDevices() {
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_overlayfs.cpp b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_overlayfs.cpp
index 82b5275..6290057 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_overlayfs.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_overlayfs.cpp
@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@
 #include <storage_literals/storage_literals.h>
 
 #include "fs_mgr_priv.h"
+#include "fs_mgr_priv_overlayfs.h"
 #include "libfiemap/utility.h"
 
 using namespace std::literals;
@@ -67,62 +68,14 @@
 
 namespace {
 
+constexpr char kDataScratchSizeMbProp[] = "fs_mgr.overlayfs.data_scratch_size_mb";
+
 bool fs_mgr_access(const std::string& path) {
-    auto save_errno = errno;
-    auto ret = access(path.c_str(), F_OK) == 0;
-    errno = save_errno;
-    return ret;
+    return access(path.c_str(), F_OK) == 0;
 }
 
-// determine if a filesystem is available
-bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_filesystem_available(const std::string& filesystem) {
-    std::string filesystems;
-    if (!android::base::ReadFileToString("/proc/filesystems", &filesystems)) return false;
-    return filesystems.find("\t" + filesystem + "\n") != std::string::npos;
-}
-
-}  // namespace
-
-#if ALLOW_ADBD_DISABLE_VERITY == 0  // If we are a user build, provide stubs
-
-Fstab fs_mgr_overlayfs_candidate_list(const Fstab&) {
-    return {};
-}
-
-bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_mount_all(Fstab*) {
-    return false;
-}
-
-bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_setup(const char*, const char*, bool* change, bool) {
-    if (change) *change = false;
-    return false;
-}
-
-bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_teardown(const char*, bool* change) {
-    if (change) *change = false;
-    return false;
-}
-
-bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_is_setup() {
-    return false;
-}
-
-namespace android {
-namespace fs_mgr {
-
-void MapScratchPartitionIfNeeded(Fstab*, const std::function<bool(const std::set<std::string>&)>&) {
-}
-
-void CleanupOldScratchFiles() {}
-
-void TeardownAllOverlayForMountPoint(const std::string&) {}
-
-}  // namespace fs_mgr
-}  // namespace android
-
-#else  // ALLOW_ADBD_DISABLE_VERITY == 0
-
-namespace {
+const auto kLowerdirOption = "lowerdir="s;
+const auto kUpperdirOption = "upperdir="s;
 
 bool fs_mgr_in_recovery() {
     // Check the existence of recovery binary instead of using the compile time
@@ -141,10 +94,7 @@
     // is not well-defined. In this case, just return false as being in recovery
     // implies not running a DSU system.
     if (fs_mgr_in_recovery()) return false;
-    auto saved_errno = errno;
-    auto ret = android::gsi::IsGsiRunning();
-    errno = saved_errno;
-    return ret;
+    return android::gsi::IsGsiRunning();
 }
 
 // list of acceptable overlayfs backing storage
@@ -172,13 +122,9 @@
     return !stat(path.c_str(), &st) && S_ISDIR(st.st_mode);
 }
 
-// Similar test as overlayfs workdir= validation in the kernel for read-write
-// validation, except we use fs_mgr_work.  Covers space and storage issues.
-bool fs_mgr_dir_is_writable(const std::string& path) {
-    auto test_directory = path + "/fs_mgr_work";
-    rmdir(test_directory.c_str());
-    auto ret = !mkdir(test_directory.c_str(), 0700);
-    return ret | !rmdir(test_directory.c_str());
+bool fs_mgr_rw_access(const std::string& path) {
+    if (path.empty()) return false;
+    return access(path.c_str(), R_OK | W_OK) == 0;
 }
 
 // At less than 1% or 8MB of free space return value of false,
@@ -187,9 +133,8 @@
     // If we have access issues to find out space remaining, return true
     // to prevent us trying to override with overlayfs.
     struct statvfs vst;
-    auto save_errno = errno;
     if (statvfs(mount_point.c_str(), &vst)) {
-        errno = save_errno;
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "statvfs " << mount_point;
         return true;
     }
 
@@ -235,6 +180,46 @@
     return true;
 }
 
+bool fs_mgr_has_shared_blocks(const std::string& mount_point, const std::string& dev) {
+    struct statfs fs;
+    if ((statfs((mount_point + "/lost+found").c_str(), &fs) == -1) ||
+        (fs.f_type != EXT4_SUPER_MAGIC)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    android::base::unique_fd fd(open(dev.c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC));
+    if (fd < 0) return false;
+
+    struct ext4_super_block sb;
+    if ((TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(lseek64(fd, 1024, SEEK_SET)) < 0) ||
+        (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(fd, &sb, sizeof(sb))) < 0)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    struct fs_info info;
+    if (ext4_parse_sb(&sb, &info) < 0) return false;
+
+    return (info.feat_ro_compat & EXT4_FEATURE_RO_COMPAT_SHARED_BLOCKS) != 0;
+}
+
+#define F2FS_SUPER_OFFSET 1024
+#define F2FS_FEATURE_OFFSET 2180
+#define F2FS_FEATURE_RO 0x4000
+bool fs_mgr_is_read_only_f2fs(const std::string& dev) {
+    if (!fs_mgr_is_f2fs(dev)) return false;
+
+    android::base::unique_fd fd(open(dev.c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC));
+    if (fd < 0) return false;
+
+    __le32 feat;
+    if ((TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(lseek64(fd, F2FS_SUPER_OFFSET + F2FS_FEATURE_OFFSET, SEEK_SET)) < 0) ||
+        (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(fd, &feat, sizeof(feat))) < 0)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    return (feat & cpu_to_le32(F2FS_FEATURE_RO)) != 0;
+}
+
 bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_enabled(FstabEntry* entry) {
     // readonly filesystem, can not be mount -o remount,rw
     // for squashfs, erofs or if free space is (near) zero making such a remount
@@ -249,27 +234,27 @@
         return true;
     }
 
+    // f2fs read-only mode doesn't support remount,rw
+    if (fs_mgr_is_read_only_f2fs(entry->blk_device)) {
+        return true;
+    }
+
     // check if ext4 de-dupe
-    auto save_errno = errno;
     auto has_shared_blocks = fs_mgr_has_shared_blocks(entry->mount_point, entry->blk_device);
     if (!has_shared_blocks && (entry->mount_point == "/system")) {
         has_shared_blocks = fs_mgr_has_shared_blocks("/", entry->blk_device);
     }
-    errno = save_errno;
     return has_shared_blocks;
 }
 
 bool fs_mgr_rm_all(const std::string& path, bool* change = nullptr, int level = 0) {
-    auto save_errno = errno;
     std::unique_ptr<DIR, decltype(&closedir)> dir(opendir(path.c_str()), closedir);
     if (!dir) {
         if (errno == ENOENT) {
-            errno = save_errno;
             return true;
         }
         PERROR << "opendir " << path << " depth=" << level;
         if ((errno == EPERM) && (level != 0)) {
-            errno = save_errno;
             return true;
         }
         return false;
@@ -281,9 +266,7 @@
         auto file = path + "/" + entry->d_name;
         if (entry->d_type == DT_UNKNOWN) {
             struct stat st;
-            save_errno = errno;
             if (!lstat(file.c_str(), &st) && (st.st_mode & S_IFDIR)) entry->d_type = DT_DIR;
-            errno = save_errno;
         }
         if (entry->d_type == DT_DIR) {
             ret &= fs_mgr_rm_all(file, change, level + 1);
@@ -318,15 +301,12 @@
         if (!fs_mgr_is_dir(upper)) continue;
         auto work = dir + kWorkName;
         if (!fs_mgr_is_dir(work)) continue;
-        if (!fs_mgr_dir_is_writable(work)) continue;
+        if (!fs_mgr_rw_access(work)) continue;
         return dir;
     }
     return "";
 }
 
-const auto kLowerdirOption = "lowerdir="s;
-const auto kUpperdirOption = "upperdir="s;
-
 static inline bool KernelSupportsUserXattrs() {
     struct utsname uts;
     uname(&uts);
@@ -358,129 +338,99 @@
     return "/system";
 }
 
-bool fs_mgr_rw_access(const std::string& path) {
-    if (path.empty()) return false;
-    auto save_errno = errno;
-    auto ret = access(path.c_str(), R_OK | W_OK) == 0;
-    errno = save_errno;
-    return ret;
-}
-
-bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_already_mounted(const std::string& mount_point, bool overlay_only = true) {
-    Fstab fstab;
-    auto save_errno = errno;
-    if (!ReadFstabFromFile("/proc/mounts", &fstab)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    errno = save_errno;
-    const auto lowerdir = kLowerdirOption + mount_point;
-    for (const auto& entry : fstab) {
-        if (overlay_only && "overlay" != entry.fs_type && "overlayfs" != entry.fs_type) continue;
-        if (mount_point != entry.mount_point) continue;
-        if (!overlay_only) return true;
-        const auto options = android::base::Split(entry.fs_options, ",");
-        for (const auto& opt : options) {
-            if (opt == lowerdir) {
-                return true;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    return false;
-}
-
-bool fs_mgr_wants_overlayfs(FstabEntry* entry) {
-    // Don't check entries that are managed by vold.
-    if (entry->fs_mgr_flags.vold_managed || entry->fs_mgr_flags.recovery_only) return false;
-
-    // *_other doesn't want overlayfs.
-    if (entry->fs_mgr_flags.slot_select_other) return false;
-
-    // Only concerned with readonly partitions.
-    if (!(entry->flags & MS_RDONLY)) return false;
-
-    // If unbindable, do not allow overlayfs as this could expose us to
-    // security issues.  On Android, this could also be used to turn off
-    // the ability to overlay an otherwise acceptable filesystem since
-    // /system and /vendor are never bound(sic) to.
-    if (entry->flags & MS_UNBINDABLE) return false;
-
-    if (!fs_mgr_overlayfs_enabled(entry)) return false;
-
-    return true;
-}
 constexpr char kOverlayfsFileContext[] = "u:object_r:overlayfs_file:s0";
 
-bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_setup_dir(const std::string& dir, std::string* overlay, bool* change) {
-    auto ret = true;
-    auto top = dir + kOverlayTopDir;
-    if (setfscreatecon(kOverlayfsFileContext)) {
-        ret = false;
-        PERROR << "setfscreatecon " << kOverlayfsFileContext;
-    }
-    auto save_errno = errno;
-    if (!mkdir(top.c_str(), 0755)) {
-        if (change) *change = true;
-    } else if (errno != EEXIST) {
-        ret = false;
-        PERROR << "mkdir " << top;
-    } else {
-        errno = save_errno;
-    }
-    setfscreatecon(nullptr);
+class AutoSetFsCreateCon final {
+  public:
+    AutoSetFsCreateCon() {}
+    AutoSetFsCreateCon(const std::string& context) { Set(context); }
+    ~AutoSetFsCreateCon() { Restore(); }
 
-    if (overlay) *overlay = std::move(top);
-    return ret;
+    bool Ok() const { return ok_; }
+    bool Set(const std::string& context) {
+        if (setfscreatecon(context.c_str())) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "setfscreatecon " << context;
+            return false;
+        }
+        ok_ = true;
+        return true;
+    }
+    bool Restore() {
+        if (restored_ || !ok_) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        if (setfscreatecon(nullptr)) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "setfscreatecon null";
+            return false;
+        }
+        restored_ = true;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+  private:
+    bool ok_ = false;
+    bool restored_ = false;
+};
+
+std::string fs_mgr_overlayfs_setup_dir(const std::string& dir) {
+    auto top = dir + kOverlayTopDir;
+
+    AutoSetFsCreateCon createcon(kOverlayfsFileContext);
+    if (!createcon.Ok()) {
+        return {};
+    }
+    if (mkdir(top.c_str(), 0755) != 0 && errno != EEXIST) {
+        PERROR << "mkdir " << top;
+        return {};
+    }
+    if (!createcon.Restore()) {
+        return {};
+    }
+    return top;
 }
 
 bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_setup_one(const std::string& overlay, const std::string& mount_point,
-                                bool* change) {
-    auto ret = true;
-    if (fs_mgr_overlayfs_already_mounted(mount_point)) return ret;
+                                bool* want_reboot) {
+    if (fs_mgr_overlayfs_already_mounted(mount_point)) {
+        return true;
+    }
     auto fsrec_mount_point = overlay + "/" + android::base::Basename(mount_point) + "/";
 
-    if (setfscreatecon(kOverlayfsFileContext)) {
-        ret = false;
-        PERROR << "setfscreatecon " << kOverlayfsFileContext;
+    AutoSetFsCreateCon createcon(kOverlayfsFileContext);
+    if (!createcon.Ok()) {
+        return false;
     }
-    auto save_errno = errno;
-    if (!mkdir(fsrec_mount_point.c_str(), 0755)) {
-        if (change) *change = true;
-    } else if (errno != EEXIST) {
-        ret = false;
+    if (mkdir(fsrec_mount_point.c_str(), 0755) != 0 && errno != EEXIST) {
         PERROR << "mkdir " << fsrec_mount_point;
-    } else {
-        errno = save_errno;
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (mkdir((fsrec_mount_point + kWorkName).c_str(), 0755) != 0 && errno != EEXIST) {
+        PERROR << "mkdir " << fsrec_mount_point << kWorkName;
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (!createcon.Restore()) {
+        return false;
     }
 
-    save_errno = errno;
-    if (!mkdir((fsrec_mount_point + kWorkName).c_str(), 0755)) {
-        if (change) *change = true;
-    } else if (errno != EEXIST) {
-        ret = false;
-        PERROR << "mkdir " << fsrec_mount_point << kWorkName;
-    } else {
-        errno = save_errno;
-    }
-    setfscreatecon(nullptr);
+    createcon = {};
 
     auto new_context = fs_mgr_get_context(mount_point);
-    if (!new_context.empty() && setfscreatecon(new_context.c_str())) {
-        ret = false;
-        PERROR << "setfscreatecon " << new_context;
+    if (new_context.empty() || !createcon.Set(new_context)) {
+        return false;
     }
-    auto upper = fsrec_mount_point + kUpperName;
-    save_errno = errno;
-    if (!mkdir(upper.c_str(), 0755)) {
-        if (change) *change = true;
-    } else if (errno != EEXIST) {
-        ret = false;
-        PERROR << "mkdir " << upper;
-    } else {
-        errno = save_errno;
-    }
-    if (!new_context.empty()) setfscreatecon(nullptr);
 
-    return ret;
+    auto upper = fsrec_mount_point + kUpperName;
+    if (mkdir(upper.c_str(), 0755) != 0 && errno != EEXIST) {
+        PERROR << "mkdir " << upper;
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (!createcon.Restore()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (want_reboot) *want_reboot = true;
+
+    return true;
 }
 
 uint32_t fs_mgr_overlayfs_slot_number() {
@@ -500,30 +450,33 @@
     return false;
 }
 
-void fs_mgr_overlayfs_umount_scratch() {
-    // Lazy umount will allow us to move on and possibly later
-    // establish a new fresh mount without requiring a reboot should
-    // the developer wish to restart.  Old references should melt
-    // away or have no data.  Main goal is to shut the door on the
-    // current overrides with an expectation of a subsequent reboot,
-    // thus any errors here are ignored.
-    umount2(kScratchMountPoint.c_str(), MNT_DETACH);
-    LINFO << "umount(" << kScratchMountPoint << ")";
-    rmdir(kScratchMountPoint.c_str());
+// Returns true if immediate unmount succeeded and the scratch mount point was
+// removed.
+bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_umount_scratch() {
+    if (umount(kScratchMountPoint.c_str()) != 0) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (rmdir(kScratchMountPoint.c_str()) != 0 && errno != ENOENT) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "rmdir " << kScratchMountPoint;
+    }
+    return true;
 }
 
-bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_teardown_scratch(const std::string& overlay, bool* change) {
+OverlayfsTeardownResult fs_mgr_overlayfs_teardown_scratch(const std::string& overlay,
+                                                          bool* change) {
     // umount and delete kScratchMountPoint storage if we have logical partitions
-    if (overlay != kScratchMountPoint) return true;
+    if (overlay != kScratchMountPoint) {
+        return OverlayfsTeardownResult::Ok;
+    }
 
     // Validation check.
     if (fs_mgr_is_dsu_running()) {
         LERROR << "Destroying DSU scratch is not allowed.";
-        return false;
+        return OverlayfsTeardownResult::Error;
     }
 
-    auto save_errno = errno;
-    if (fs_mgr_overlayfs_already_mounted(kScratchMountPoint, false)) {
+    bool was_mounted = fs_mgr_overlayfs_already_mounted(kScratchMountPoint, false);
+    if (was_mounted) {
         fs_mgr_overlayfs_umount_scratch();
     }
 
@@ -531,42 +484,55 @@
 
     auto images = IImageManager::Open("remount", 10s);
     if (images && images->BackingImageExists(partition_name)) {
-#if defined __ANDROID_RECOVERY__
         if (!images->DisableImage(partition_name)) {
-            return false;
+            return OverlayfsTeardownResult::Error;
         }
-#else
-        if (!images->UnmapImageIfExists(partition_name) ||
-            !images->DeleteBackingImage(partition_name)) {
-            return false;
+        if (was_mounted) {
+            // If overlayfs was mounted, don't bother trying to unmap since
+            // it'll fail and create error spam.
+            return OverlayfsTeardownResult::Busy;
         }
-#endif
+        if (!images->UnmapImageIfExists(partition_name)) {
+            return OverlayfsTeardownResult::Busy;
+        }
+        if (!images->DeleteBackingImage(partition_name)) {
+            return OverlayfsTeardownResult::Busy;
+        }
+
+        // No need to check super partition, if we knew we had a scratch device
+        // in /data.
+        return OverlayfsTeardownResult::Ok;
     }
 
     auto slot_number = fs_mgr_overlayfs_slot_number();
     auto super_device = fs_mgr_overlayfs_super_device(slot_number);
-    if (!fs_mgr_rw_access(super_device)) return true;
+    if (!fs_mgr_rw_access(super_device)) {
+        return OverlayfsTeardownResult::Ok;
+    }
 
     auto builder = MetadataBuilder::New(super_device, slot_number);
     if (!builder) {
-        errno = save_errno;
-        return true;
+        return OverlayfsTeardownResult::Ok;
     }
     if (builder->FindPartition(partition_name) == nullptr) {
-        errno = save_errno;
-        return true;
+        return OverlayfsTeardownResult::Ok;
     }
     builder->RemovePartition(partition_name);
     auto metadata = builder->Export();
     if (metadata && UpdatePartitionTable(super_device, *metadata.get(), slot_number)) {
         if (change) *change = true;
-        if (!DestroyLogicalPartition(partition_name)) return false;
+        if (!DestroyLogicalPartition(partition_name)) {
+            return OverlayfsTeardownResult::Error;
+        }
     } else {
         LERROR << "delete partition " << overlay;
-        return false;
+        return OverlayfsTeardownResult::Error;
     }
-    errno = save_errno;
-    return true;
+
+    if (was_mounted) {
+        return OverlayfsTeardownResult::Busy;
+    }
+    return OverlayfsTeardownResult::Ok;
 }
 
 bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_teardown_one(const std::string& overlay, const std::string& mount_point,
@@ -584,27 +550,20 @@
     const auto newpath = cleanup_all ? overlay + "/." + kOverlayTopDir.substr(1) + ".teardown"
                                      : top + "/." + partition_name + ".teardown";
     auto ret = fs_mgr_rm_all(newpath);
-    auto save_errno = errno;
     if (!rename(oldpath.c_str(), newpath.c_str())) {
         if (change) *change = true;
     } else if (errno != ENOENT) {
         ret = false;
         PERROR << "mv " << oldpath << " " << newpath;
-    } else {
-        errno = save_errno;
     }
     ret &= fs_mgr_rm_all(newpath, change);
-    save_errno = errno;
     if (!rmdir(newpath.c_str())) {
         if (change) *change = true;
     } else if (errno != ENOENT) {
         ret = false;
         PERROR << "rmdir " << newpath;
-    } else {
-        errno = save_errno;
     }
     if (!cleanup_all) {
-        save_errno = errno;
         if (!rmdir(top.c_str())) {
             if (change) *change = true;
             cleanup_all = true;
@@ -623,10 +582,8 @@
                     }
                 }
             }
-            errno = save_errno;
         } else if (errno == ENOENT) {
             cleanup_all = true;
-            errno = save_errno;
         } else {
             ret = false;
             PERROR << "rmdir " << top;
@@ -642,6 +599,10 @@
     if (ret) {
         PERROR << "__mount(target=" << mount_point
                << ",flag=" << (shared_flag ? "MS_SHARED" : "MS_PRIVATE") << ")=" << ret;
+        // If "/system" doesn't look like a mountpoint, retry with "/".
+        if (errno == EINVAL && mount_point == "/system") {
+            return fs_mgr_overlayfs_set_shared_mount("/", shared_flag);
+        }
         return false;
     }
     return true;
@@ -733,7 +694,6 @@
     if (options.empty()) return false;
 
     auto retval = true;
-    auto save_errno = errno;
 
     struct move_entry {
         std::string mount_point;
@@ -763,21 +723,22 @@
         }
 
         // use as the bound directory in /dev.
+        AutoSetFsCreateCon createcon;
         auto new_context = fs_mgr_get_context(entry.mount_point);
-        if (!new_context.empty() && setfscreatecon(new_context.c_str())) {
-            PERROR << "setfscreatecon " << new_context;
+        if (new_context.empty() || !createcon.Set(new_context)) {
+            continue;
         }
         move_entry new_entry = {std::move(entry.mount_point), "/dev/TemporaryDir-XXXXXX",
                                 entry.shared_flag};
         const auto target = mkdtemp(new_entry.dir.data());
+        if (!createcon.Restore()) {
+            return false;
+        }
         if (!target) {
             retval = false;
-            save_errno = errno;
             PERROR << "temporary directory for MS_BIND";
-            setfscreatecon(nullptr);
             continue;
         }
-        setfscreatecon(nullptr);
 
         if (!parent_private && !parent_made_private) {
             parent_made_private = fs_mgr_overlayfs_set_shared_mount(mount_point, false);
@@ -787,7 +748,6 @@
         }
         if (!fs_mgr_overlayfs_move_mount(new_entry.mount_point, new_entry.dir)) {
             retval = false;
-            save_errno = errno;
             if (new_entry.shared_flag) {
                 fs_mgr_overlayfs_set_shared_mount(new_entry.mount_point, true);
             }
@@ -811,7 +771,6 @@
                      options.c_str());
     if (ret) {
         retval = false;
-        save_errno = errno;
         PERROR << report << ret;
     } else {
         LINFO << report << ret;
@@ -825,11 +784,9 @@
 
         if (!fs_mgr_overlayfs_move_mount(entry.dir, entry.mount_point)) {
             retval = false;
-            save_errno = errno;
         } else if (entry.shared_flag &&
                    !fs_mgr_overlayfs_set_shared_mount(entry.mount_point, true)) {
             retval = false;
-            save_errno = errno;
         }
         rmdir(entry.dir.c_str());
     }
@@ -840,50 +797,45 @@
         fs_mgr_overlayfs_set_shared_mount(mount_point, true);
     }
 
-    errno = save_errno;
     return retval;
 }
 
 // Mount kScratchMountPoint
-bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_mount_scratch(const std::string& device_path, const std::string mnt_type,
-                                    bool readonly = false) {
+bool MountScratch(const std::string& device_path, bool readonly = false) {
     if (readonly) {
-        if (!fs_mgr_access(device_path)) return false;
-    } else {
-        if (!fs_mgr_rw_access(device_path)) return false;
+        if (!fs_mgr_access(device_path)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Path does not exist: " << device_path;
+            return false;
+        }
+    } else if (!fs_mgr_rw_access(device_path)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Path does not exist or is not readwrite: " << device_path;
+        return false;
     }
 
-    auto f2fs = fs_mgr_is_f2fs(device_path);
-    auto ext4 = fs_mgr_is_ext4(device_path);
-    if (!f2fs && !ext4) return false;
+    std::vector<const char*> filesystem_candidates;
+    if (fs_mgr_is_f2fs(device_path)) {
+        filesystem_candidates = {"f2fs", "ext4"};
+    } else if (fs_mgr_is_ext4(device_path)) {
+        filesystem_candidates = {"ext4", "f2fs"};
+    } else {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Scratch partition is not f2fs or ext4";
+        return false;
+    }
 
-    if (setfscreatecon(kOverlayfsFileContext)) {
-        PERROR << "setfscreatecon " << kOverlayfsFileContext;
+    AutoSetFsCreateCon createcon(kOverlayfsFileContext);
+    if (!createcon.Ok()) {
+        return false;
     }
     if (mkdir(kScratchMountPoint.c_str(), 0755) && (errno != EEXIST)) {
         PERROR << "create " << kScratchMountPoint;
+        return false;
     }
 
     FstabEntry entry;
     entry.blk_device = device_path;
     entry.mount_point = kScratchMountPoint;
-    entry.fs_type = mnt_type;
-    if ((mnt_type == "f2fs") && !f2fs) entry.fs_type = "ext4";
-    if ((mnt_type == "ext4") && !ext4) entry.fs_type = "f2fs";
     entry.flags = MS_NOATIME | MS_RDONLY;
-    auto mounted = true;
     if (!readonly) {
-        if (entry.fs_type == "ext4") {
-            // check if ext4 de-dupe
-            entry.flags |= MS_RDONLY;
-            auto save_errno = errno;
-            mounted = fs_mgr_do_mount_one(entry) == 0;
-            if (mounted) {
-                mounted = !fs_mgr_has_shared_blocks(entry.mount_point, entry.blk_device);
-                fs_mgr_overlayfs_umount_scratch();
-            }
-            errno = save_errno;
-        }
         entry.flags &= ~MS_RDONLY;
         entry.flags |= MS_SYNCHRONOUS;
         entry.fs_options = "nodiscard";
@@ -893,60 +845,27 @@
     if (fs_mgr_overlayfs_already_mounted("/data", false)) {
         entry.fs_mgr_flags.check = true;
     }
-    auto save_errno = errno;
-    if (mounted) mounted = fs_mgr_do_mount_one(entry) == 0;
-    if (!mounted) {
-        if ((entry.fs_type == "f2fs") && ext4) {
-            entry.fs_type = "ext4";
-            mounted = fs_mgr_do_mount_one(entry) == 0;
-        } else if ((entry.fs_type == "ext4") && f2fs) {
-            entry.fs_type = "f2fs";
-            mounted = fs_mgr_do_mount_one(entry) == 0;
+    bool mounted = false;
+    for (auto fs_type : filesystem_candidates) {
+        entry.fs_type = fs_type;
+        if (fs_mgr_do_mount_one(entry) == 0) {
+            mounted = true;
+            break;
         }
-        if (!mounted) save_errno = errno;
     }
-    setfscreatecon(nullptr);
-    if (!mounted) rmdir(kScratchMountPoint.c_str());
-    errno = save_errno;
-    return mounted;
+    if (!createcon.Restore()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (!mounted) {
+        rmdir(kScratchMountPoint.c_str());
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
 }
 
 const std::string kMkF2fs("/system/bin/make_f2fs");
 const std::string kMkExt4("/system/bin/mke2fs");
 
-// Only a suggestion for _first_ try during mounting
-std::string fs_mgr_overlayfs_scratch_mount_type() {
-    if (!access(kMkF2fs.c_str(), X_OK) && fs_mgr_overlayfs_filesystem_available("f2fs")) {
-        return "f2fs";
-    }
-    if (!access(kMkExt4.c_str(), X_OK) && fs_mgr_overlayfs_filesystem_available("ext4")) {
-        return "ext4";
-    }
-    return "auto";
-}
-
-// Note: we do not check access() here except for the super partition, since
-// in first-stage init we wouldn't have registed by-name symlinks for "other"
-// partitions that won't be mounted.
-static std::string GetPhysicalScratchDevice() {
-    auto slot_number = fs_mgr_overlayfs_slot_number();
-    auto super_device = fs_mgr_overlayfs_super_device(slot_number);
-    auto path = fs_mgr_overlayfs_super_device(slot_number == 0);
-    if (super_device != path) {
-        return path;
-    }
-    if (fs_mgr_access(super_device)) {
-        // Do not try to use system_other on a DAP device.
-        return "";
-    }
-
-    auto other_slot = fs_mgr_get_other_slot_suffix();
-    if (!other_slot.empty()) {
-        return kPhysicalDevice + "system" + other_slot;
-    }
-    return "";
-}
-
 // Note: The scratch partition of DSU is managed by gsid, and should be initialized during
 // first-stage-mount. Just check if the DM device for DSU scratch partition is created or not.
 static std::string GetDsuScratchDevice() {
@@ -983,28 +902,30 @@
         return device;
     }
 
-    // There is no dynamic scratch, so try and find a physical one.
-    return GetPhysicalScratchDevice();
+    return "";
 }
 
-bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_make_scratch(const std::string& scratch_device, const std::string& mnt_type) {
+bool MakeScratchFilesystem(const std::string& scratch_device) {
     // Force mkfs by design for overlay support of adb remount, simplify and
     // thus do not rely on fsck to correct problems that could creep in.
+    auto fs_type = ""s;
     auto command = ""s;
-    if (mnt_type == "f2fs") {
+    if (!access(kMkF2fs.c_str(), X_OK) && fs_mgr_filesystem_available("f2fs")) {
+        fs_type = "f2fs";
         command = kMkF2fs + " -w 4096 -f -d1 -l" + android::base::Basename(kScratchMountPoint);
-    } else if (mnt_type == "ext4") {
+    } else if (!access(kMkExt4.c_str(), X_OK) && fs_mgr_filesystem_available("ext4")) {
+        fs_type = "ext4";
         command = kMkExt4 + " -F -b 4096 -t ext4 -m 0 -O has_journal -M " + kScratchMountPoint;
     } else {
-        errno = ESRCH;
-        LERROR << mnt_type << " has no mkfs cookbook";
+        LERROR << "No supported mkfs command or filesystem driver available, supported filesystems "
+                  "are: f2fs, ext4";
         return false;
     }
     command += " " + scratch_device + " >/dev/null 2>/dev/null </dev/null";
     fs_mgr_set_blk_ro(scratch_device, false);
     auto ret = system(command.c_str());
     if (ret) {
-        LERROR << "make " << mnt_type << " filesystem on " << scratch_device << " return=" << ret;
+        LERROR << "make " << fs_type << " filesystem on " << scratch_device << " return=" << ret;
         return false;
     }
     return true;
@@ -1029,8 +950,7 @@
 }
 
 // Create or update a scratch partition within super.
-static bool CreateDynamicScratch(std::string* scratch_device, bool* partition_exists,
-                                 bool* change) {
+static bool CreateDynamicScratch(std::string* scratch_device, bool* partition_exists) {
     const auto partition_name = android::base::Basename(kScratchMountPoint);
 
     auto& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
@@ -1103,8 +1023,6 @@
             LERROR << "add partition " << partition_name;
             return false;
         }
-
-        if (change) *change = true;
     }
 
     if (changed || partition_create) {
@@ -1118,8 +1036,6 @@
         if (!CreateLogicalPartition(params, scratch_device)) {
             return false;
         }
-
-        if (change) *change = true;
     } else if (scratch_device->empty()) {
         *scratch_device = GetBootScratchDevice();
     }
@@ -1140,12 +1056,17 @@
         return 0;
     }
 
-    return std::min(super_info.size, (uint64_t(s.f_frsize) * s.f_bfree) / 2);
+    auto ideal_size = std::min(super_info.size, (uint64_t(s.f_frsize) * s.f_bfree) / 2);
+
+    // Align up to the filesystem block size.
+    if (auto remainder = ideal_size % s.f_bsize; remainder > 0) {
+        ideal_size += s.f_bsize - remainder;
+    }
+    return ideal_size;
 }
 
-static bool CreateScratchOnData(std::string* scratch_device, bool* partition_exists, bool* change) {
+static bool CreateScratchOnData(std::string* scratch_device, bool* partition_exists) {
     *partition_exists = false;
-    if (change) *change = false;
 
     auto images = IImageManager::Open("remount", 10s);
     if (!images) {
@@ -1158,8 +1079,6 @@
         return true;
     }
 
-    if (change) *change = true;
-
     // Note: calling RemoveDisabledImages here ensures that we do not race with
     // clean_scratch_files and accidentally try to map an image that will be
     // deleted.
@@ -1167,7 +1086,10 @@
         return false;
     }
     if (!images->BackingImageExists(partition_name)) {
-        uint64_t size = GetIdealDataScratchSize();
+        auto size = android::base::GetUintProperty<uint64_t>(kDataScratchSizeMbProp, 0) * 1_MiB;
+        if (!size) {
+            size = GetIdealDataScratchSize();
+        }
         if (!size) {
             size = 2_GiB;
         }
@@ -1186,7 +1108,7 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool CanUseSuperPartition(const Fstab& fstab, bool* is_virtual_ab) {
+static bool CanUseSuperPartition(const Fstab& fstab) {
     auto slot_number = fs_mgr_overlayfs_slot_number();
     auto super_device = fs_mgr_overlayfs_super_device(slot_number);
     if (!fs_mgr_rw_access(super_device) || !fs_mgr_overlayfs_has_logical(fstab)) {
@@ -1196,87 +1118,146 @@
     if (!metadata) {
         return false;
     }
-    *is_virtual_ab = !!(metadata->header.flags & LP_HEADER_FLAG_VIRTUAL_AB_DEVICE);
     return true;
 }
 
 bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_create_scratch(const Fstab& fstab, std::string* scratch_device,
-                                     bool* partition_exists, bool* change) {
+                                     bool* partition_exists) {
     // Use the DSU scratch device managed by gsid if within a DSU system.
     if (fs_mgr_is_dsu_running()) {
         *scratch_device = GetDsuScratchDevice();
         *partition_exists = !scratch_device->empty();
-        *change = false;
         return *partition_exists;
     }
 
-    // Try a physical partition first.
-    *scratch_device = GetPhysicalScratchDevice();
-    if (!scratch_device->empty() && fs_mgr_rw_access(*scratch_device)) {
-        *partition_exists = true;
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    // If that fails, see if we can land on super.
-    bool is_virtual_ab;
-    if (CanUseSuperPartition(fstab, &is_virtual_ab)) {
-        bool can_use_data = false;
-        if (is_virtual_ab && FilesystemHasReliablePinning("/data", &can_use_data) && can_use_data) {
-            return CreateScratchOnData(scratch_device, partition_exists, change);
+    // Try ImageManager on /data first.
+    bool can_use_data = false;
+    if (FilesystemHasReliablePinning("/data", &can_use_data) && can_use_data) {
+        if (CreateScratchOnData(scratch_device, partition_exists)) {
+            return true;
         }
-        return CreateDynamicScratch(scratch_device, partition_exists, change);
     }
-
-    errno = ENXIO;
+    // If that fails, see if we can land on super.
+    if (CanUseSuperPartition(fstab)) {
+        return CreateDynamicScratch(scratch_device, partition_exists);
+    }
     return false;
 }
 
 // Create and mount kScratchMountPoint storage if we have logical partitions
-bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_setup_scratch(const Fstab& fstab, bool* change) {
-    if (fs_mgr_overlayfs_already_mounted(kScratchMountPoint, false)) return true;
+bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_setup_scratch(const Fstab& fstab) {
+    if (fs_mgr_overlayfs_already_mounted(kScratchMountPoint, false)) {
+        return true;
+    }
 
     std::string scratch_device;
     bool partition_exists;
-    if (!fs_mgr_overlayfs_create_scratch(fstab, &scratch_device, &partition_exists, change)) {
+    if (!fs_mgr_overlayfs_create_scratch(fstab, &scratch_device, &partition_exists)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to create scratch partition";
         return false;
     }
 
     // If the partition exists, assume first that it can be mounted.
-    auto mnt_type = fs_mgr_overlayfs_scratch_mount_type();
     if (partition_exists) {
-        if (fs_mgr_overlayfs_mount_scratch(scratch_device, mnt_type)) {
-            if (!fs_mgr_access(kScratchMountPoint + kOverlayTopDir) &&
-                !fs_mgr_filesystem_has_space(kScratchMountPoint)) {
-                // declare it useless, no overrides and no free space
-                fs_mgr_overlayfs_umount_scratch();
-            } else {
-                if (change) *change = true;
+        if (MountScratch(scratch_device)) {
+            if (fs_mgr_access(kScratchMountPoint + kOverlayTopDir) ||
+                fs_mgr_filesystem_has_space(kScratchMountPoint)) {
                 return true;
             }
+            // declare it useless, no overrides and no free space
+            if (!fs_mgr_overlayfs_umount_scratch()) {
+                LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to unmount scratch partition";
+                return false;
+            }
         }
-        // partition existed, but was not initialized; fall through to make it.
-        errno = 0;
     }
 
-    if (!fs_mgr_overlayfs_make_scratch(scratch_device, mnt_type)) return false;
+    if (!MakeScratchFilesystem(scratch_device)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to format scratch partition";
+        return false;
+    }
 
-    if (change) *change = true;
-
-    return fs_mgr_overlayfs_mount_scratch(scratch_device, mnt_type);
+    return MountScratch(scratch_device);
 }
 
-bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_invalid() {
-    if (fs_mgr_overlayfs_valid() == OverlayfsValidResult::kNotSupported) return true;
+#if ALLOW_ADBD_DISABLE_VERITY
+constexpr bool kAllowOverlayfs = true;
+#else
+constexpr bool kAllowOverlayfs = false;
+#endif
 
+// NOTE: OverlayfsSetupAllowed() must be "stricter" than OverlayfsTeardownAllowed().
+// Setup is allowed only if teardown is also allowed.
+bool OverlayfsSetupAllowed(bool verbose = false) {
+    if (!kAllowOverlayfs) {
+        if (verbose) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Overlayfs remounts can only be used in debuggable builds";
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+    // Check mandatory kernel patches.
+    if (fs_mgr_overlayfs_valid() == OverlayfsValidResult::kNotSupported) {
+        if (verbose) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Kernel does not support overlayfs";
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
     // in recovery or fastbootd, not allowed!
-    return fs_mgr_in_recovery();
+    if (fs_mgr_in_recovery()) {
+        if (verbose) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Unsupported overlayfs setup from recovery";
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+constexpr bool OverlayfsTeardownAllowed() {
+    // Never allow on non-debuggable build.
+    return kAllowOverlayfs;
 }
 
 }  // namespace
 
+bool fs_mgr_wants_overlayfs(FstabEntry* entry) {
+    // Don't check entries that are managed by vold.
+    if (entry->fs_mgr_flags.vold_managed || entry->fs_mgr_flags.recovery_only) return false;
+
+    // *_other doesn't want overlayfs.
+    if (entry->fs_mgr_flags.slot_select_other) return false;
+
+    // Only concerned with readonly partitions.
+    if (!(entry->flags & MS_RDONLY)) return false;
+
+    // If unbindable, do not allow overlayfs as this could expose us to
+    // security issues.  On Android, this could also be used to turn off
+    // the ability to overlay an otherwise acceptable filesystem since
+    // /system and /vendor are never bound(sic) to.
+    if (entry->flags & MS_UNBINDABLE) return false;
+
+    if (!fs_mgr_overlayfs_enabled(entry)) return false;
+
+    return true;
+}
+
 Fstab fs_mgr_overlayfs_candidate_list(const Fstab& fstab) {
+    android::fs_mgr::Fstab mounts;
+    if (!android::fs_mgr::ReadFstabFromFile("/proc/mounts", &mounts)) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to read /proc/mounts";
+        return {};
+    }
+
     Fstab candidates;
     for (const auto& entry : fstab) {
+        // Filter out partitions whose type doesn't match what's mounted.
+        // This avoids spammy behavior on devices which can mount different
+        // filesystems for each partition.
+        auto proc_mount_point = (entry.mount_point == "/system") ? "/" : entry.mount_point;
+        auto mounted = GetEntryForMountPoint(&mounts, proc_mount_point);
+        if (!mounted || mounted->fs_type != entry.fs_type) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
         FstabEntry new_entry = entry;
         if (!fs_mgr_overlayfs_already_mounted(entry.mount_point) &&
             !fs_mgr_wants_overlayfs(&new_entry)) {
@@ -1315,57 +1296,53 @@
     if (!WaitForFile(scratch_device, 10s)) {
         return;
     }
-    const auto mount_type = fs_mgr_overlayfs_scratch_mount_type();
-    if (!fs_mgr_overlayfs_mount_scratch(scratch_device, mount_type, true /* readonly */)) {
+    if (!MountScratch(scratch_device, true /* readonly */)) {
         return;
     }
     auto has_overlayfs_dir = fs_mgr_access(kScratchMountPoint + kOverlayTopDir);
     fs_mgr_overlayfs_umount_scratch();
     if (has_overlayfs_dir) {
-        fs_mgr_overlayfs_mount_scratch(scratch_device, mount_type);
+        MountScratch(scratch_device);
     }
 }
 
 bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_mount_all(Fstab* fstab) {
-    auto ret = false;
-    if (fs_mgr_overlayfs_invalid()) return ret;
-
+    if (!OverlayfsSetupAllowed()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    auto ret = true;
     auto scratch_can_be_mounted = true;
     for (const auto& entry : fs_mgr_overlayfs_candidate_list(*fstab)) {
         if (fs_mgr_is_verity_enabled(entry)) continue;
         auto mount_point = fs_mgr_mount_point(entry.mount_point);
         if (fs_mgr_overlayfs_already_mounted(mount_point)) {
-            ret = true;
             continue;
         }
         if (scratch_can_be_mounted) {
             scratch_can_be_mounted = false;
             TryMountScratch();
         }
-        if (fs_mgr_overlayfs_mount(mount_point)) ret = true;
+        ret &= fs_mgr_overlayfs_mount(mount_point);
     }
     return ret;
 }
 
-// Returns false if setup not permitted, errno set to last error.
-// If something is altered, set *change.
-bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_setup(const char* backing, const char* mount_point, bool* change,
-                            bool force) {
-    if (change) *change = false;
-    auto ret = false;
-    if (fs_mgr_overlayfs_valid() == OverlayfsValidResult::kNotSupported) return ret;
-    if (!fs_mgr_boot_completed()) {
-        errno = EBUSY;
-        PERROR << "setup";
-        return ret;
-    }
-
-    auto save_errno = errno;
-    Fstab fstab;
-    if (!ReadDefaultFstab(&fstab)) {
+bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_setup(const char* mount_point, bool* want_reboot, bool just_disabled_verity) {
+    if (!OverlayfsSetupAllowed(/*verbose=*/true)) {
         return false;
     }
-    errno = save_errno;
+
+    if (!fs_mgr_boot_completed()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Cannot setup overlayfs before persistent properties are ready";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    Fstab fstab;
+    if (!ReadDefaultFstab(&fstab)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Could not read fstab";
+        return false;
+    }
+
     auto candidates = fs_mgr_overlayfs_candidate_list(fstab);
     for (auto it = candidates.begin(); it != candidates.end();) {
         if (mount_point &&
@@ -1373,9 +1350,8 @@
             it = candidates.erase(it);
             continue;
         }
-        save_errno = errno;
-        auto verity_enabled = !force && fs_mgr_is_verity_enabled(*it);
-        if (errno == ENOENT || errno == ENXIO) errno = save_errno;
+
+        auto verity_enabled = !just_disabled_verity && fs_mgr_is_verity_enabled(*it);
         if (verity_enabled) {
             it = candidates.erase(it);
             continue;
@@ -1383,13 +1359,20 @@
         ++it;
     }
 
-    if (candidates.empty()) return ret;
+    if (candidates.empty()) {
+        if (mount_point) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "No overlayfs candidate was found for " << mount_point;
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
 
     std::string dir;
     for (const auto& overlay_mount_point : OverlayMountPoints()) {
-        if (backing && backing[0] && (overlay_mount_point != backing)) continue;
         if (overlay_mount_point == kScratchMountPoint) {
-            if (!fs_mgr_overlayfs_setup_scratch(fstab, change)) continue;
+            if (!fs_mgr_overlayfs_setup_scratch(fstab)) {
+                continue;
+            }
         } else {
             if (GetEntryForMountPoint(&fstab, overlay_mount_point) == nullptr) {
                 continue;
@@ -1399,17 +1382,21 @@
         break;
     }
     if (dir.empty()) {
-        if (change && *change) errno = ESRCH;
-        if (errno == EPERM) errno = save_errno;
-        return ret;
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Could not allocate backing storage for overlays";
+        return false;
     }
 
-    std::string overlay;
-    ret |= fs_mgr_overlayfs_setup_dir(dir, &overlay, change);
-    for (const auto& entry : candidates) {
-        ret |= fs_mgr_overlayfs_setup_one(overlay, fs_mgr_mount_point(entry.mount_point), change);
+    const auto overlay = fs_mgr_overlayfs_setup_dir(dir);
+    if (overlay.empty()) {
+        return false;
     }
-    return ret;
+
+    bool ok = true;
+    for (const auto& entry : candidates) {
+        auto fstab_mount_point = fs_mgr_mount_point(entry.mount_point);
+        ok &= fs_mgr_overlayfs_setup_one(overlay, fstab_mount_point, want_reboot);
+    }
+    return ok;
 }
 
 struct MapInfo {
@@ -1511,59 +1498,72 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-// Returns false if teardown not permitted, errno set to last error.
-// If something is altered, set *change.
-bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_teardown(const char* mount_point, bool* change) {
-    if (change) *change = false;
-    auto ret = true;
+static OverlayfsTeardownResult TeardownMountsAndScratch(const char* mount_point,
+                                                        bool* want_reboot) {
+    bool should_destroy_scratch = false;
+    auto rv = OverlayfsTeardownResult::Ok;
+    for (const auto& overlay_mount_point : OverlayMountPoints()) {
+        auto ok = fs_mgr_overlayfs_teardown_one(
+                overlay_mount_point, mount_point ? fs_mgr_mount_point(mount_point) : "",
+                want_reboot,
+                overlay_mount_point == kScratchMountPoint ? &should_destroy_scratch : nullptr);
+        if (!ok) {
+            rv = OverlayfsTeardownResult::Error;
+        }
+    }
 
+    // Do not attempt to destroy DSU scratch if within a DSU system,
+    // because DSU scratch partition is managed by gsid.
+    if (should_destroy_scratch && !fs_mgr_is_dsu_running()) {
+        auto rv = fs_mgr_overlayfs_teardown_scratch(kScratchMountPoint, want_reboot);
+        if (rv != OverlayfsTeardownResult::Ok) {
+            return rv;
+        }
+    }
+    // And now that we did what we could, lets inform
+    // caller that there may still be more to do.
+    if (!fs_mgr_boot_completed()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Cannot teardown overlayfs before persistent properties are ready";
+        return OverlayfsTeardownResult::Error;
+    }
+    return rv;
+}
+
+// Returns false if teardown not permitted. If something is altered, set *want_reboot.
+OverlayfsTeardownResult fs_mgr_overlayfs_teardown(const char* mount_point, bool* want_reboot) {
+    if (!OverlayfsTeardownAllowed()) {
+        // Nothing to teardown.
+        return OverlayfsTeardownResult::Ok;
+    }
     // If scratch exists, but is not mounted, lets gain access to clean
     // specific override entries.
     auto mount_scratch = false;
     if ((mount_point != nullptr) && !fs_mgr_overlayfs_already_mounted(kScratchMountPoint, false)) {
         std::string scratch_device = GetBootScratchDevice();
         if (!scratch_device.empty()) {
-            mount_scratch = fs_mgr_overlayfs_mount_scratch(scratch_device,
-                                                           fs_mgr_overlayfs_scratch_mount_type());
+            mount_scratch = MountScratch(scratch_device);
         }
     }
-    bool should_destroy_scratch = false;
-    for (const auto& overlay_mount_point : OverlayMountPoints()) {
-        ret &= fs_mgr_overlayfs_teardown_one(
-                overlay_mount_point, mount_point ? fs_mgr_mount_point(mount_point) : "", change,
-                overlay_mount_point == kScratchMountPoint ? &should_destroy_scratch : nullptr);
-    }
-    // Do not attempt to destroy DSU scratch if within a DSU system,
-    // because DSU scratch partition is managed by gsid.
-    if (should_destroy_scratch && !fs_mgr_is_dsu_running()) {
-        ret &= fs_mgr_overlayfs_teardown_scratch(kScratchMountPoint, change);
-    }
-    if (fs_mgr_overlayfs_valid() == OverlayfsValidResult::kNotSupported) {
-        // After obligatory teardown to make sure everything is clean, but if
-        // we didn't want overlayfs in the first place, we do not want to
-        // waste time on a reboot (or reboot request message).
-        if (change) *change = false;
-    }
-    // And now that we did what we could, lets inform
-    // caller that there may still be more to do.
-    if (!fs_mgr_boot_completed()) {
-        errno = EBUSY;
-        PERROR << "teardown";
-        ret = false;
-    }
+
+    auto rv = TeardownMountsAndScratch(mount_point, want_reboot);
+
     if (mount_scratch) {
-        fs_mgr_overlayfs_umount_scratch();
+        if (!fs_mgr_overlayfs_umount_scratch()) {
+            return OverlayfsTeardownResult::Busy;
+        }
     }
-    return ret;
+    return rv;
 }
 
 bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_is_setup() {
+    if (!OverlayfsSetupAllowed()) {
+        return false;
+    }
     if (fs_mgr_overlayfs_already_mounted(kScratchMountPoint, false)) return true;
     Fstab fstab;
     if (!ReadDefaultFstab(&fstab)) {
         return false;
     }
-    if (fs_mgr_overlayfs_invalid()) return false;
     for (const auto& entry : fs_mgr_overlayfs_candidate_list(fstab)) {
         if (fs_mgr_is_verity_enabled(entry)) continue;
         if (fs_mgr_overlayfs_already_mounted(fs_mgr_mount_point(entry.mount_point))) return true;
@@ -1576,7 +1576,7 @@
 
 void MapScratchPartitionIfNeeded(Fstab* fstab,
                                  const std::function<bool(const std::set<std::string>&)>& init) {
-    if (fs_mgr_overlayfs_invalid()) {
+    if (!OverlayfsSetupAllowed()) {
         return;
     }
     if (GetEntryForMountPoint(fstab, kScratchMountPoint) != nullptr) {
@@ -1613,6 +1613,9 @@
 }
 
 void CleanupOldScratchFiles() {
+    if (!OverlayfsTeardownAllowed()) {
+        return;
+    }
     if (!ScratchIsOnData()) {
         return;
     }
@@ -1622,6 +1625,9 @@
 }
 
 void TeardownAllOverlayForMountPoint(const std::string& mount_point) {
+    if (!OverlayfsTeardownAllowed()) {
+        return;
+    }
     if (!fs_mgr_in_recovery()) {
         LERROR << __FUNCTION__ << "(): must be called within recovery.";
         return;
@@ -1652,10 +1658,11 @@
         }
     }
 
+    // Note if we just disabled scratch, this mount will fail.
     if (auto info = EnsureScratchMapped(); info.has_value()) {
         // Map scratch device, mount kScratchMountPoint and teardown kScratchMountPoint.
         fs_mgr_overlayfs_umount_scratch();
-        if (fs_mgr_overlayfs_mount_scratch(info->device, fs_mgr_overlayfs_scratch_mount_type())) {
+        if (MountScratch(info->device)) {
             bool should_destroy_scratch = false;
             fs_mgr_overlayfs_teardown_one(kScratchMountPoint, teardown_dir, ignore_change,
                                           &should_destroy_scratch);
@@ -1670,7 +1677,7 @@
     std::string scratch_device;
     if (MapDsuScratchDevice(&scratch_device)) {
         fs_mgr_overlayfs_umount_scratch();
-        if (fs_mgr_overlayfs_mount_scratch(scratch_device, fs_mgr_overlayfs_scratch_mount_type())) {
+        if (MountScratch(scratch_device)) {
             fs_mgr_overlayfs_teardown_one(kScratchMountPoint, teardown_dir, ignore_change);
             fs_mgr_overlayfs_umount_scratch();
         }
@@ -1681,65 +1688,22 @@
 }  // namespace fs_mgr
 }  // namespace android
 
-#endif  // ALLOW_ADBD_DISABLE_VERITY != 0
-
-bool fs_mgr_has_shared_blocks(const std::string& mount_point, const std::string& dev) {
-    struct statfs fs;
-    if ((statfs((mount_point + "/lost+found").c_str(), &fs) == -1) ||
-        (fs.f_type != EXT4_SUPER_MAGIC)) {
+bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_already_mounted(const std::string& mount_point, bool overlay_only) {
+    Fstab fstab;
+    if (!ReadFstabFromFile("/proc/mounts", &fstab)) {
         return false;
     }
-
-    android::base::unique_fd fd(open(dev.c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC));
-    if (fd < 0) return false;
-
-    struct ext4_super_block sb;
-    if ((TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(lseek64(fd, 1024, SEEK_SET)) < 0) ||
-        (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(fd, &sb, sizeof(sb))) < 0)) {
-        return false;
+    const auto lowerdir = kLowerdirOption + mount_point;
+    for (const auto& entry : fstab) {
+        if (overlay_only && "overlay" != entry.fs_type && "overlayfs" != entry.fs_type) continue;
+        if (mount_point != entry.mount_point) continue;
+        if (!overlay_only) return true;
+        const auto options = android::base::Split(entry.fs_options, ",");
+        for (const auto& opt : options) {
+            if (opt == lowerdir) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
     }
-
-    struct fs_info info;
-    if (ext4_parse_sb(&sb, &info) < 0) return false;
-
-    return (info.feat_ro_compat & EXT4_FEATURE_RO_COMPAT_SHARED_BLOCKS) != 0;
-}
-
-std::string fs_mgr_get_context(const std::string& mount_point) {
-    char* ctx = nullptr;
-    if (getfilecon(mount_point.c_str(), &ctx) == -1) {
-        return "";
-    }
-
-    std::string context(ctx);
-    free(ctx);
-    return context;
-}
-
-OverlayfsValidResult fs_mgr_overlayfs_valid() {
-    // Overlayfs available in the kernel, and patched for override_creds?
-    if (fs_mgr_access("/sys/module/overlay/parameters/override_creds")) {
-        return OverlayfsValidResult::kOverrideCredsRequired;
-    }
-    if (!fs_mgr_overlayfs_filesystem_available("overlay")) {
-        return OverlayfsValidResult::kNotSupported;
-    }
-    struct utsname uts;
-    if (uname(&uts) == -1) {
-        return OverlayfsValidResult::kNotSupported;
-    }
-    int major, minor;
-    if (sscanf(uts.release, "%d.%d", &major, &minor) != 2) {
-        return OverlayfsValidResult::kNotSupported;
-    }
-    if (major < 4) {
-        return OverlayfsValidResult::kOk;
-    }
-    if (major > 4) {
-        return OverlayfsValidResult::kNotSupported;
-    }
-    if (minor > 3) {
-        return OverlayfsValidResult::kNotSupported;
-    }
-    return OverlayfsValidResult::kOk;
+    return false;
 }
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_priv.h b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_priv.h
index c5e477c..46f54cc 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_priv.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_priv.h
@@ -99,6 +99,16 @@
 
 bool fs_mgr_teardown_verity(android::fs_mgr::FstabEntry* fstab);
 
+bool fs_mgr_filesystem_available(const std::string& filesystem);
+std::string fs_mgr_get_context(const std::string& mount_point);
+
+enum class OverlayfsValidResult {
+    kNotSupported = 0,
+    kOk,
+    kOverrideCredsRequired,
+};
+OverlayfsValidResult fs_mgr_overlayfs_valid();
+
 namespace android {
 namespace fs_mgr {
 bool UnmapDevice(const std::string& name);
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_priv_overlayfs.h b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_priv_overlayfs.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..45b954d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_priv_overlayfs.h
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <string>
+
+#include <fstab/fstab.h>
+
+bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_already_mounted(const std::string& mount_point, bool overlay_only = true);
+bool fs_mgr_wants_overlayfs(android::fs_mgr::FstabEntry* entry);
+android::fs_mgr::Fstab fs_mgr_overlayfs_candidate_list(const android::fs_mgr::Fstab& fstab);
+
+// If "mount_point" is non-null, set up exactly one overlay.
+// If "mount_point" is null, setup any overlays.
+//
+// If |want_reboot| is non-null, and a reboot is needed to apply overlays, then
+// it will be true on return. The caller is responsible for initializing it.
+bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_setup(const char* mount_point = nullptr, bool* want_reboot = nullptr,
+                            bool just_disabled_verity = true);
+
+enum class OverlayfsTeardownResult {
+    Ok,
+    Busy,  // Indicates that overlays are still in use.
+    Error
+};
+OverlayfsTeardownResult fs_mgr_overlayfs_teardown(const char* mount_point = nullptr,
+                                                  bool* want_reboot = nullptr);
+
+namespace android {
+namespace fs_mgr {
+
+void CleanupOldScratchFiles();
+
+}  // namespace fs_mgr
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_remount.cpp b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_remount.cpp
index deaf5f7..2edaaad 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_remount.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_remount.cpp
@@ -35,18 +35,21 @@
 #include <binder/IServiceManager.h>
 #include <bootloader_message/bootloader_message.h>
 #include <cutils/android_reboot.h>
-#include <fec/io.h>
 #include <fs_mgr_overlayfs.h>
 #include <fs_mgr_priv.h>
 #include <fstab/fstab.h>
 #include <libavb_user/libavb_user.h>
 #include <libgsi/libgsid.h>
 
+#include "fs_mgr_priv_overlayfs.h"
+
 using namespace std::literals;
+using android::fs_mgr::Fstab;
+using android::fs_mgr::FstabEntry;
 
 namespace {
 
-[[noreturn]] void usage(int exit_status) {
+void usage() {
     LOG(INFO) << getprogname()
               << " [-h] [-R] [-T fstab_file] [partition]...\n"
                  "\t-h --help\tthis help\n"
@@ -58,17 +61,6 @@
                  "-R notwithstanding, verity must be disabled on partition(s).\n"
                  "-R within a DSU guest system reboots into the DSU instead of the host system,\n"
                  "this command would enable DSU (one-shot) if not already enabled.";
-
-    ::exit(exit_status);
-}
-
-bool remountable_partition(const android::fs_mgr::FstabEntry& entry) {
-    if (entry.fs_mgr_flags.vold_managed) return false;
-    if (entry.fs_mgr_flags.recovery_only) return false;
-    if (entry.fs_mgr_flags.slot_select_other) return false;
-    if (!(entry.flags & MS_RDONLY)) return false;
-    if (entry.fs_type == "vfat") return false;
-    return true;
 }
 
 const std::string system_mount_point(const android::fs_mgr::FstabEntry& entry) {
@@ -76,8 +68,7 @@
     return entry.mount_point;
 }
 
-const android::fs_mgr::FstabEntry* is_wrapped(const android::fs_mgr::Fstab& overlayfs_candidates,
-                                              const android::fs_mgr::FstabEntry& entry) {
+const FstabEntry* GetWrappedEntry(const Fstab& overlayfs_candidates, const FstabEntry& entry) {
     auto mount_point = system_mount_point(entry);
     auto it = std::find_if(overlayfs_candidates.begin(), overlayfs_candidates.end(),
                            [&mount_point](const auto& entry) {
@@ -99,12 +90,8 @@
     logd(id, severity, tag, file, line, message);
 }
 
-[[noreturn]] void reboot(bool overlayfs = false) {
-    if (overlayfs) {
-        LOG(INFO) << "Successfully setup overlayfs\nrebooting device";
-    } else {
-        LOG(INFO) << "Successfully disabled verity\nrebooting device";
-    }
+[[noreturn]] void reboot() {
+    LOG(INFO) << "Rebooting device for new settings to take effect";
     ::sync();
     android::base::SetProperty(ANDROID_RB_PROPERTY, "reboot,remount");
     ::sleep(60);
@@ -126,380 +113,461 @@
 
 }  // namespace
 
-using namespace std::chrono_literals;
-
 enum RemountStatus {
     REMOUNT_SUCCESS = 0,
-    NOT_USERDEBUG,
-    BADARG,
-    NOT_ROOT,
-    NO_FSTAB,
-    UNKNOWN_PARTITION,
+    UNKNOWN_PARTITION = 5,
     INVALID_PARTITION,
     VERITY_PARTITION,
     BAD_OVERLAY,
     NO_MOUNTS,
     REMOUNT_FAILED,
-    MUST_REBOOT,
     BINDER_ERROR,
     CHECKPOINTING,
     GSID_ERROR,
-    CLEAN_SCRATCH_FILES,
 };
 
-static int do_remount(int argc, char* argv[]) {
-    RemountStatus retval = REMOUNT_SUCCESS;
-
-    // If somehow this executable is delivered on a "user" build, it can
-    // not function, so providing a clear message to the caller rather than
-    // letting if fall through and provide a lot of confusing failure messages.
-    if (!ALLOW_ADBD_DISABLE_VERITY || (android::base::GetProperty("ro.debuggable", "0") != "1")) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "only functions on userdebug or eng builds";
-        return NOT_USERDEBUG;
-    }
-
-    const char* fstab_file = nullptr;
-    auto can_reboot = false;
-
-    struct option longopts[] = {
-            {"fstab", required_argument, nullptr, 'T'},
-            {"help", no_argument, nullptr, 'h'},
-            {"reboot", no_argument, nullptr, 'R'},
-            {"verbose", no_argument, nullptr, 'v'},
-            {"clean_scratch_files", no_argument, nullptr, 'C'},
-            {0, 0, nullptr, 0},
-    };
-    for (int opt; (opt = ::getopt_long(argc, argv, "hRT:v", longopts, nullptr)) != -1;) {
-        switch (opt) {
-            case 'h':
-                usage(SUCCESS);
-                break;
-            case 'R':
-                can_reboot = true;
-                break;
-            case 'T':
-                if (fstab_file) {
-                    LOG(ERROR) << "Cannot supply two fstabs: -T " << fstab_file << " -T" << optarg;
-                    usage(BADARG);
-                }
-                fstab_file = optarg;
-                break;
-            case 'v':
-                verbose = true;
-                break;
-            case 'C':
-                return CLEAN_SCRATCH_FILES;
-            default:
-                LOG(ERROR) << "Bad Argument -" << char(opt);
-                usage(BADARG);
-                break;
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Make sure we are root.
-    if (::getuid() != 0) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Not running as root. Try \"adb root\" first.";
-        return NOT_ROOT;
-    }
-
-    // Read the selected fstab.
-    android::fs_mgr::Fstab fstab;
-    auto fstab_read = false;
+static bool ReadFstab(const char* fstab_file, android::fs_mgr::Fstab* fstab) {
     if (fstab_file) {
-        fstab_read = android::fs_mgr::ReadFstabFromFile(fstab_file, &fstab);
-    } else {
-        fstab_read = android::fs_mgr::ReadDefaultFstab(&fstab);
-        // Manufacture a / entry from /proc/mounts if missing.
-        if (!GetEntryForMountPoint(&fstab, "/system") && !GetEntryForMountPoint(&fstab, "/")) {
-            android::fs_mgr::Fstab mounts;
-            if (android::fs_mgr::ReadFstabFromFile("/proc/mounts", &mounts)) {
-                if (auto entry = GetEntryForMountPoint(&mounts, "/")) {
-                    if (entry->fs_type != "rootfs") fstab.emplace_back(*entry);
-                }
+        return android::fs_mgr::ReadFstabFromFile(fstab_file, fstab);
+    }
+    if (!android::fs_mgr::ReadDefaultFstab(fstab)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // Manufacture a / entry from /proc/mounts if missing.
+    if (!GetEntryForMountPoint(fstab, "/system") && !GetEntryForMountPoint(fstab, "/")) {
+        android::fs_mgr::Fstab mounts;
+        if (android::fs_mgr::ReadFstabFromFile("/proc/mounts", &mounts)) {
+            if (auto entry = GetEntryForMountPoint(&mounts, "/")) {
+                if (entry->fs_type != "rootfs") fstab->emplace_back(*entry);
             }
         }
     }
-    if (!fstab_read || fstab.empty()) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to read fstab";
-        return NO_FSTAB;
+    return true;
+}
+
+static RemountStatus VerifyCheckpointing() {
+    if (!android::base::GetBoolProperty("ro.virtual_ab.enabled", false) &&
+        !android::base::GetBoolProperty("ro.virtual_ab.retrofit", false)) {
+        return REMOUNT_SUCCESS;
     }
 
-    if (android::base::GetBoolProperty("ro.virtual_ab.enabled", false) &&
-        !android::base::GetBoolProperty("ro.virtual_ab.retrofit", false)) {
-        // Virtual A/B devices can use /data as backing storage; make sure we're
-        // not checkpointing.
-        auto vold = GetVold();
-        bool checkpointing = false;
-        if (!vold->isCheckpointing(&checkpointing).isOk()) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Could not determine checkpointing status.";
+    // Virtual A/B devices can use /data as backing storage; make sure we're
+    // not checkpointing.
+    auto vold = GetVold();
+    bool checkpointing = false;
+    if (!vold->isCheckpointing(&checkpointing).isOk()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Could not determine checkpointing status.";
+        return BINDER_ERROR;
+    }
+    if (checkpointing) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Cannot use remount when a checkpoint is in progress.";
+        return CHECKPOINTING;
+    }
+    return REMOUNT_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static bool IsRemountable(Fstab& candidates, const FstabEntry& entry) {
+    if (entry.fs_mgr_flags.vold_managed || entry.fs_mgr_flags.recovery_only ||
+        entry.fs_mgr_flags.slot_select_other) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (!(entry.flags & MS_RDONLY)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (entry.fs_type == "vfat") {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (auto candidate_entry = GetEntryForMountPoint(&candidates, entry.mount_point)) {
+        return candidate_entry->fs_type == entry.fs_type;
+    }
+    if (GetWrappedEntry(candidates, entry)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+static Fstab::const_iterator FindPartition(const Fstab& fstab, const std::string& partition) {
+    Fstab mounts;
+    if (!android::fs_mgr::ReadFstabFromFile("/proc/mounts", &mounts)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to read /proc/mounts";
+        return fstab.end();
+    }
+
+    for (auto iter = fstab.begin(); iter != fstab.end(); iter++) {
+        const auto mount_point = system_mount_point(*iter);
+        if (partition == mount_point || partition == android::base::Basename(mount_point)) {
+            // In case fstab has multiple entries, pick the one that matches the
+            // actual mounted filesystem type.
+            auto proc_mount_point = (iter->mount_point == "/system") ? "/" : iter->mount_point;
+            auto mounted = GetEntryForMountPoint(&mounts, proc_mount_point);
+            if (mounted && mounted->fs_type == iter->fs_type) {
+                return iter;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return fstab.end();
+}
+
+static Fstab GetAllRemountablePartitions(Fstab& fstab) {
+    auto candidates = fs_mgr_overlayfs_candidate_list(fstab);
+
+    Fstab partitions;
+    for (const auto& entry : fstab) {
+        if (IsRemountable(candidates, entry)) {
+            partitions.emplace_back(entry);
+        }
+    }
+    return partitions;
+}
+
+static RemountStatus GetRemountList(const Fstab& fstab, const std::vector<std::string>& argv,
+                                    Fstab* partitions) {
+    auto candidates = fs_mgr_overlayfs_candidate_list(fstab);
+
+    for (const auto& arg : argv) {
+        std::string partition = arg;
+        if (partition == "/") {
+            partition = "/system";
+        }
+
+        auto it = FindPartition(fstab, partition);
+        if (it == fstab.end()) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Unknown partition " << arg;
+            return UNKNOWN_PARTITION;
+        }
+
+        const FstabEntry* entry = &*it;
+        if (auto wrap = GetWrappedEntry(candidates, *entry); wrap != nullptr) {
+            LOG(INFO) << "partition " << arg << " covered by overlayfs for " << wrap->mount_point
+                      << ", switching";
+            entry = wrap;
+        }
+
+        // If it's already remounted, include it so it gets gracefully skipped
+        // later on.
+        if (!fs_mgr_overlayfs_already_mounted(entry->mount_point) &&
+            !IsRemountable(candidates, *entry)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Invalid partition " << arg;
+            return INVALID_PARTITION;
+        }
+        if (GetEntryForMountPoint(partitions, entry->mount_point) != nullptr) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        partitions->emplace_back(*entry);
+    }
+
+    return REMOUNT_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+struct RemountCheckResult {
+    bool reboot_later = false;
+    bool setup_overlayfs = false;
+    bool disabled_verity = false;
+    bool verity_error = false;
+    bool remounted_anything = false;
+};
+
+static RemountStatus CheckVerity(const FstabEntry& entry, RemountCheckResult* result) {
+    if (!fs_mgr_is_verity_enabled(entry)) {
+        return REMOUNT_SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    std::unique_ptr<AvbOps, decltype(&::avb_ops_user_free)> ops(avb_ops_user_new(),
+                                                                &::avb_ops_user_free);
+    if (!ops) {
+        return VERITY_PARTITION;
+    }
+    if (!avb_user_verity_set(ops.get(), fs_mgr_get_slot_suffix().c_str(), false)) {
+        return VERITY_PARTITION;
+    }
+    result->disabled_verity = true;
+    result->reboot_later = true;
+    return REMOUNT_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static RemountStatus CheckVerityAndOverlayfs(Fstab* partitions, RemountCheckResult* result) {
+    RemountStatus status = REMOUNT_SUCCESS;
+    for (auto it = partitions->begin(); it != partitions->end();) {
+        auto& entry = *it;
+        const auto& mount_point = entry.mount_point;
+
+        if (auto rv = CheckVerity(entry, result); rv != REMOUNT_SUCCESS) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Skipping verified partition " << mount_point << " for remount";
+            status = rv;
+            it = partitions->erase(it);
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if (fs_mgr_wants_overlayfs(&entry)) {
+            bool want_reboot = false;
+            bool force = result->disabled_verity;
+            if (!fs_mgr_overlayfs_setup(mount_point.c_str(), &want_reboot, force)) {
+                LOG(ERROR) << "Overlayfs setup for " << mount_point << " failed, skipping";
+                status = BAD_OVERLAY;
+                it = partitions->erase(it);
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (want_reboot) {
+                LOG(INFO) << "Using overlayfs for " << mount_point;
+                result->reboot_later = true;
+                result->setup_overlayfs = true;
+            }
+        }
+        it++;
+    }
+    return status;
+}
+
+static RemountStatus EnableDsuIfNeeded() {
+    auto gsid = android::gsi::GetGsiService();
+    if (!gsid) {
+        return REMOUNT_SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    auto dsu_running = false;
+    if (auto status = gsid->isGsiRunning(&dsu_running); !status.isOk()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to get DSU running state: " << status;
+        return BINDER_ERROR;
+    }
+    auto dsu_enabled = false;
+    if (auto status = gsid->isGsiEnabled(&dsu_enabled); !status.isOk()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to get DSU enabled state: " << status;
+        return BINDER_ERROR;
+    }
+    if (dsu_running && !dsu_enabled) {
+        std::string dsu_slot;
+        if (auto status = gsid->getActiveDsuSlot(&dsu_slot); !status.isOk()) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to get active DSU slot: " << status;
             return BINDER_ERROR;
         }
-        if (checkpointing) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Cannot use remount when a checkpoint is in progress.";
-            return CHECKPOINTING;
+        LOG(INFO) << "DSU is running but disabled, enable DSU so that we stay within the "
+                     "DSU guest system after reboot";
+        int error = 0;
+        if (auto status = gsid->enableGsi(/* oneShot = */ true, dsu_slot, &error);
+            !status.isOk() || error != android::gsi::IGsiService::INSTALL_OK) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to enable DSU: " << status << ", error code: " << error;
+            return !status.isOk() ? BINDER_ERROR : GSID_ERROR;
+        }
+        LOG(INFO) << "Successfully enabled DSU (one-shot mode)";
+    }
+    return REMOUNT_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static RemountStatus RemountPartition(Fstab& fstab, Fstab& mounts, FstabEntry& entry) {
+    // unlock the r/o key for the mount point device
+    if (entry.fs_mgr_flags.logical) {
+        fs_mgr_update_logical_partition(&entry);
+    }
+    auto blk_device = entry.blk_device;
+    auto mount_point = entry.mount_point;
+
+    auto found = false;
+    for (auto it = mounts.rbegin(); it != mounts.rend(); ++it) {
+        auto& rentry = *it;
+        if (mount_point == rentry.mount_point) {
+            blk_device = rentry.blk_device;
+            found = true;
+            break;
+        }
+        // Find overlayfs mount point?
+        if ((mount_point == "/" && rentry.mount_point == "/system") ||
+            (mount_point == "/system" && rentry.mount_point == "/")) {
+            blk_device = rentry.blk_device;
+            mount_point = "/system";
+            found = true;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    if (!found) {
+        PLOG(INFO) << "skip unmounted partition dev:" << blk_device << " mnt:" << mount_point;
+        return REMOUNT_SUCCESS;
+    }
+    if (blk_device == "/dev/root") {
+        auto from_fstab = GetEntryForMountPoint(&fstab, mount_point);
+        if (from_fstab) blk_device = from_fstab->blk_device;
+    }
+    fs_mgr_set_blk_ro(blk_device, false);
+
+    // Find system-as-root mount point?
+    if ((mount_point == "/system") && !GetEntryForMountPoint(&mounts, mount_point) &&
+        GetEntryForMountPoint(&mounts, "/")) {
+        mount_point = "/";
+    }
+
+    // Now remount!
+    if (::mount(blk_device.c_str(), mount_point.c_str(), entry.fs_type.c_str(), MS_REMOUNT,
+                nullptr) == 0) {
+        return REMOUNT_SUCCESS;
+    }
+    if ((errno == EINVAL) && (mount_point != entry.mount_point)) {
+        mount_point = entry.mount_point;
+        if (::mount(blk_device.c_str(), mount_point.c_str(), entry.fs_type.c_str(), MS_REMOUNT,
+                    nullptr) == 0) {
+            return REMOUNT_SUCCESS;
         }
     }
 
-    // Generate the list of supported overlayfs mount points.
-    auto overlayfs_candidates = fs_mgr_overlayfs_candidate_list(fstab);
+    PLOG(ERROR) << "failed to remount partition dev:" << blk_device << " mnt:" << mount_point;
+    return REMOUNT_FAILED;
+}
 
-    // Generate the all remountable partitions sub-list
-    android::fs_mgr::Fstab all;
-    for (auto const& entry : fstab) {
-        if (!remountable_partition(entry)) continue;
-        if (overlayfs_candidates.empty() ||
-            GetEntryForMountPoint(&overlayfs_candidates, entry.mount_point) ||
-            (is_wrapped(overlayfs_candidates, entry) == nullptr)) {
-            all.emplace_back(entry);
+static int do_remount(Fstab& fstab, const std::vector<std::string>& partition_args,
+                      RemountCheckResult* check_result) {
+    Fstab partitions;
+    if (partition_args.empty()) {
+        partitions = GetAllRemountablePartitions(fstab);
+    } else {
+        if (auto rv = GetRemountList(fstab, partition_args, &partitions); rv != REMOUNT_SUCCESS) {
+            return rv;
         }
     }
 
-    // Parse the unique list of valid partition arguments.
-    android::fs_mgr::Fstab partitions;
-    for (; argc > optind; ++optind) {
-        auto partition = std::string(argv[optind]);
-        if (partition.empty()) continue;
-        if (partition == "/") partition = "/system";
-        auto find_part = [&partition](const auto& entry) {
-            const auto mount_point = system_mount_point(entry);
-            if (partition == mount_point) return true;
-            if (partition == android::base::Basename(mount_point)) return true;
-            return false;
-        };
-        // Do we know about the partition?
-        auto it = std::find_if(fstab.begin(), fstab.end(), find_part);
-        if (it == fstab.end()) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Unknown partition " << argv[optind] << ", skipping";
-            retval = UNKNOWN_PARTITION;
-            continue;
-        }
-        // Is that one covered by an existing overlayfs?
-        auto wrap = is_wrapped(overlayfs_candidates, *it);
-        if (wrap) {
-            LOG(INFO) << "partition " << argv[optind] << " covered by overlayfs for "
-                      << wrap->mount_point << ", switching";
-            partition = system_mount_point(*wrap);
-        }
-        // Is it a remountable partition?
-        it = std::find_if(all.begin(), all.end(), find_part);
-        if (it == all.end()) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Invalid partition " << argv[optind] << ", skipping";
-            retval = INVALID_PARTITION;
-            continue;
-        }
-        if (GetEntryForMountPoint(&partitions, it->mount_point) == nullptr) {
-            partitions.emplace_back(*it);
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (partitions.empty() && !retval) {
-        partitions = all;
-    }
-
     // Check verity and optionally setup overlayfs backing.
-    auto reboot_later = false;
-    auto user_please_reboot_later = false;
-    auto setup_overlayfs = false;
-    auto just_disabled_verity = false;
-    for (auto it = partitions.begin(); it != partitions.end();) {
-        auto& entry = *it;
-        auto& mount_point = entry.mount_point;
-        if (fs_mgr_is_verity_enabled(entry)) {
-            retval = VERITY_PARTITION;
-            auto ret = false;
-            if (android::base::GetProperty("ro.boot.vbmeta.device_state", "") != "locked") {
-                if (AvbOps* ops = avb_ops_user_new()) {
-                    ret = avb_user_verity_set(
-                            ops, android::base::GetProperty("ro.boot.slot_suffix", "").c_str(),
-                            false);
-                    avb_ops_user_free(ops);
-                }
-                if (!ret && fs_mgr_set_blk_ro(entry.blk_device, false)) {
-                    fec::io fh(entry.blk_device.c_str(), O_RDWR);
-                    ret = fh && fh.set_verity_status(false);
-                }
-                if (ret) {
-                    LOG(WARNING) << "Disabling verity for " << mount_point;
-                    just_disabled_verity = true;
-                    reboot_later = can_reboot;
-                    user_please_reboot_later = true;
-                }
-            }
-            if (!ret) {
-                LOG(ERROR) << "Skipping " << mount_point << " for remount";
-                it = partitions.erase(it);
-                continue;
-            }
-        }
+    auto retval = CheckVerityAndOverlayfs(&partitions, check_result);
 
-        auto change = false;
-        errno = 0;
-        if (fs_mgr_overlayfs_setup(nullptr, mount_point.c_str(), &change, just_disabled_verity)) {
-            if (change) {
-                LOG(INFO) << "Using overlayfs for " << mount_point;
-                reboot_later = can_reboot;
-                user_please_reboot_later = true;
-                setup_overlayfs = true;
-            }
-        } else if (errno) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "Overlayfs setup for " << mount_point << " failed, skipping";
-            retval = BAD_OVERLAY;
-            it = partitions.erase(it);
-            continue;
+    if (partitions.empty() || check_result->disabled_verity) {
+        if (partitions.empty()) {
+            LOG(WARNING) << "No remountable partitions were found.";
         }
-        ++it;
-    }
-
-    // If (1) remount requires a reboot to take effect, (2) system is currently
-    // running a DSU guest and (3) DSU is disabled, then enable DSU so that the
-    // next reboot would not take us back to the host system but stay within
-    // the guest system.
-    if (reboot_later) {
-        if (auto gsid = android::gsi::GetGsiService()) {
-            auto dsu_running = false;
-            if (auto status = gsid->isGsiRunning(&dsu_running); !status.isOk()) {
-                LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to get DSU running state: " << status;
-                return BINDER_ERROR;
-            }
-            auto dsu_enabled = false;
-            if (auto status = gsid->isGsiEnabled(&dsu_enabled); !status.isOk()) {
-                LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to get DSU enabled state: " << status;
-                return BINDER_ERROR;
-            }
-            if (dsu_running && !dsu_enabled) {
-                std::string dsu_slot;
-                if (auto status = gsid->getActiveDsuSlot(&dsu_slot); !status.isOk()) {
-                    LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to get active DSU slot: " << status;
-                    return BINDER_ERROR;
-                }
-                LOG(INFO) << "DSU is running but disabled, enable DSU so that we stay within the "
-                             "DSU guest system after reboot";
-                int error = 0;
-                if (auto status = gsid->enableGsi(/* oneShot = */ true, dsu_slot, &error);
-                    !status.isOk() || error != android::gsi::IGsiService::INSTALL_OK) {
-                    LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to enable DSU: " << status << ", error code: " << error;
-                    return !status.isOk() ? BINDER_ERROR : GSID_ERROR;
-                }
-                LOG(INFO) << "Successfully enabled DSU (one-shot mode)";
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (partitions.empty() || just_disabled_verity) {
-        if (reboot_later) reboot(setup_overlayfs);
-        if (user_please_reboot_later) {
-            return MUST_REBOOT;
-        }
-        LOG(WARNING) << "No partitions to remount";
         return retval;
     }
 
     // Mount overlayfs.
-    errno = 0;
-    if (!fs_mgr_overlayfs_mount_all(&partitions) && errno) {
-        retval = BAD_OVERLAY;
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Can not mount overlayfs for partitions";
+    if (!fs_mgr_overlayfs_mount_all(&partitions)) {
+        LOG(WARNING) << "Cannot mount overlayfs for some partitions";
+        // Continue regardless to handle raw remount case.
     }
 
     // Get actual mounts _after_ overlayfs has been added.
     android::fs_mgr::Fstab mounts;
     if (!android::fs_mgr::ReadFstabFromFile("/proc/mounts", &mounts) || mounts.empty()) {
         PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to read /proc/mounts";
-        retval = NO_MOUNTS;
+        return NO_MOUNTS;
     }
 
     // Remount selected partitions.
     for (auto& entry : partitions) {
-        // unlock the r/o key for the mount point device
-        if (entry.fs_mgr_flags.logical) {
-            fs_mgr_update_logical_partition(&entry);
+        if (auto rv = RemountPartition(fstab, mounts, entry); rv != REMOUNT_SUCCESS) {
+            retval = rv;
+        } else {
+            check_result->remounted_anything = true;
         }
-        auto blk_device = entry.blk_device;
-        auto mount_point = entry.mount_point;
-
-        auto found = false;
-        for (auto it = mounts.rbegin(); it != mounts.rend(); ++it) {
-            auto& rentry = *it;
-            if (mount_point == rentry.mount_point) {
-                blk_device = rentry.blk_device;
-                found = true;
-                break;
-            }
-            // Find overlayfs mount point?
-            if ((mount_point == "/" && rentry.mount_point == "/system")  ||
-                (mount_point == "/system" && rentry.mount_point == "/")) {
-                blk_device = rentry.blk_device;
-                mount_point = "/system";
-                found = true;
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-        if (!found) {
-            PLOG(INFO) << "skip unmounted partition dev:" << blk_device << " mnt:" << mount_point;
-            continue;
-        }
-        if (blk_device == "/dev/root") {
-            auto from_fstab = GetEntryForMountPoint(&fstab, mount_point);
-            if (from_fstab) blk_device = from_fstab->blk_device;
-        }
-        fs_mgr_set_blk_ro(blk_device, false);
-
-        // Find system-as-root mount point?
-        if ((mount_point == "/system") && !GetEntryForMountPoint(&mounts, mount_point) &&
-            GetEntryForMountPoint(&mounts, "/")) {
-            mount_point = "/";
-        }
-
-        // Now remount!
-        if (::mount(blk_device.c_str(), mount_point.c_str(), entry.fs_type.c_str(), MS_REMOUNT,
-                    nullptr) == 0) {
-            continue;
-        }
-        if ((errno == EINVAL) && (mount_point != entry.mount_point)) {
-            mount_point = entry.mount_point;
-            if (::mount(blk_device.c_str(), mount_point.c_str(), entry.fs_type.c_str(), MS_REMOUNT,
-                        nullptr) == 0) {
-                continue;
-            }
-        }
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "failed to remount partition dev:" << blk_device << " mnt:" << mount_point;
-        // If errno is EROFS at this point, we are dealing with r/o
-        // filesystem types like squashfs, erofs or ext4 dedupe. We will
-        // consider such a device that does not have CONFIG_OVERLAY_FS
-        // in the kernel as a misconfigured.
-        if (errno == EROFS) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Consider providing all the dependencies to enable overlayfs";
-        }
-        retval = REMOUNT_FAILED;
     }
-
-    if (reboot_later) reboot(setup_overlayfs);
-    if (user_please_reboot_later) {
-        LOG(INFO) << "Now reboot your device for settings to take effect";
-        return 0;
-    }
-
     return retval;
 }
 
-static int do_clean_scratch_files() {
-    android::fs_mgr::CleanupOldScratchFiles();
-    return 0;
-}
-
 int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
-    android::base::InitLogging(argv, MyLogger);
+    // Do not use MyLogger() when running as clean_scratch_files, as stdout/stderr of daemon process
+    // are discarded.
     if (argc > 0 && android::base::Basename(argv[0]) == "clean_scratch_files"s) {
-        return do_clean_scratch_files();
+        android::fs_mgr::CleanupOldScratchFiles();
+        return 0;
     }
-    int result = do_remount(argc, argv);
-    if (result == MUST_REBOOT) {
-        LOG(INFO) << "Now reboot your device for settings to take effect";
-        result = 0;
-    } else if (result == REMOUNT_SUCCESS) {
+
+    android::base::InitLogging(argv, MyLogger);
+
+    // Make sure we are root.
+    if (::getuid() != 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Not running as root. Try \"adb root\" first.";
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    // If somehow this executable is delivered on a "user" build, it can
+    // not function, so providing a clear message to the caller rather than
+    // letting if fall through and provide a lot of confusing failure messages.
+    if (!ALLOW_ADBD_DISABLE_VERITY || !android::base::GetBoolProperty("ro.debuggable", false)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Device must be userdebug build";
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    if (android::base::GetProperty("ro.boot.vbmeta.device_state", "") == "locked") {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Device must be bootloader unlocked";
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    const char* fstab_file = nullptr;
+    auto auto_reboot = false;
+    std::vector<std::string> partition_args;
+
+    struct option longopts[] = {
+            {"fstab", required_argument, nullptr, 'T'},
+            {"help", no_argument, nullptr, 'h'},
+            {"reboot", no_argument, nullptr, 'R'},
+            {"verbose", no_argument, nullptr, 'v'},
+            {0, 0, nullptr, 0},
+    };
+    for (int opt; (opt = ::getopt_long(argc, argv, "hRT:v", longopts, nullptr)) != -1;) {
+        switch (opt) {
+            case 'h':
+                usage();
+                return 0;
+            case 'R':
+                auto_reboot = true;
+                break;
+            case 'T':
+                if (fstab_file) {
+                    LOG(ERROR) << "Cannot supply two fstabs: -T " << fstab_file << " -T" << optarg;
+                    usage();
+                    return 1;
+                }
+                fstab_file = optarg;
+                break;
+            case 'v':
+                verbose = true;
+                break;
+            default:
+                LOG(ERROR) << "Bad Argument -" << char(opt);
+                usage();
+                return 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (; argc > optind; ++optind) {
+        partition_args.emplace_back(argv[optind]);
+    }
+
+    // Make sure checkpointing is disabled if necessary.
+    if (auto rv = VerifyCheckpointing(); rv != REMOUNT_SUCCESS) {
+        return rv;
+    }
+
+    // Read the selected fstab.
+    Fstab fstab;
+    if (!ReadFstab(fstab_file, &fstab) || fstab.empty()) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to read fstab";
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    RemountCheckResult check_result;
+    int result = do_remount(fstab, partition_args, &check_result);
+
+    if (check_result.disabled_verity && check_result.setup_overlayfs) {
+        LOG(INFO) << "Verity disabled; overlayfs enabled.";
+    } else if (check_result.disabled_verity) {
+        LOG(INFO) << "Verity disabled.";
+    } else if (check_result.setup_overlayfs) {
+        LOG(INFO) << "Overlayfs enabled.";
+    }
+
+    if (check_result.reboot_later) {
+        if (auto_reboot) {
+            // If (1) remount requires a reboot to take effect, (2) system is currently
+            // running a DSU guest and (3) DSU is disabled, then enable DSU so that the
+            // next reboot would not take us back to the host system but stay within
+            // the guest system.
+            if (auto rv = EnableDsuIfNeeded(); rv != REMOUNT_SUCCESS) {
+                LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to automatically enable DSU";
+                return rv;
+            }
+            reboot();
+        } else {
+            LOG(INFO) << "Now reboot your device for settings to take effect";
+        }
+        return REMOUNT_SUCCESS;
+    }
+    if (result == REMOUNT_SUCCESS) {
         printf("remount succeeded\n");
-    } else if (result == CLEAN_SCRATCH_FILES) {
-        return do_clean_scratch_files();
     } else {
         printf("remount failed\n");
     }
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_vendor_overlay.cpp b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_vendor_overlay.cpp
index 1372511..6b32b4d 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_vendor_overlay.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_vendor_overlay.cpp
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@
 
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
-#include <fs_mgr_overlayfs.h>
 #include <fs_mgr_vendor_overlay.h>
 #include <fstab/fstab.h>
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fuzz/fs_mgr_fstab_fuzzer.cpp b/fs_mgr/fuzz/fs_mgr_fstab_fuzzer.cpp
index 6a8a191..b5fdad4 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/fuzz/fs_mgr_fstab_fuzzer.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/fuzz/fs_mgr_fstab_fuzzer.cpp
@@ -14,13 +14,27 @@
 // limitations under the License.
 //
 
-#include <cstdio>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
 
 #include <fstab/fstab.h>
+#include <fuzzer/FuzzedDataProvider.h>
 
 extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const uint8_t* data, size_t size) {
-    std::string make_fstab_str(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(data), size);
+    FuzzedDataProvider fdp(data, size);
+
+    std::string make_fstab_str = fdp.ConsumeRandomLengthString();
+    std::string dsu_slot = fdp.ConsumeRandomLengthString(30);
+    std::vector<std::string> dsu_partitions = {
+            fdp.ConsumeRandomLengthString(30),
+            fdp.ConsumeRandomLengthString(30),
+    };
+    std::string skip_mount_config = fdp.ConsumeRemainingBytesAsString();
+
     android::fs_mgr::Fstab fstab;
     android::fs_mgr::ParseFstabFromString(make_fstab_str, /* proc_mounts = */ false, &fstab);
+    android::fs_mgr::TransformFstabForDsu(&fstab, dsu_slot, dsu_partitions);
+    android::fs_mgr::SkipMountWithConfig(skip_mount_config, &fstab, /* verbose = */ false);
+
     return 0;
 }
diff --git a/fs_mgr/include/fs_mgr.h b/fs_mgr/include/fs_mgr.h
index 29a5e60..43de6d8 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/include/fs_mgr.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/include/fs_mgr.h
@@ -71,6 +71,8 @@
     std::string algorithm;
     // The root digest of the merkle tree.
     std::string root_digest;
+    // If check_at_most_once is enabled.
+    bool check_at_most_once;
 };
 
 // fs_mgr_mount_all() updates fstab entries that reference device-mapper.
diff --git a/fs_mgr/include/fs_mgr_overlayfs.h b/fs_mgr/include/fs_mgr_overlayfs.h
index 6caab1f..bdaabbf 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/include/fs_mgr_overlayfs.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/include/fs_mgr_overlayfs.h
@@ -17,36 +17,21 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <functional>
+#include <set>
+#include <string>
 
 #include <fstab/fstab.h>
 
-#include <set>
-#include <string>
-#include <vector>
-
-android::fs_mgr::Fstab fs_mgr_overlayfs_candidate_list(const android::fs_mgr::Fstab& fstab);
+// Keep the list short and only add interfaces that must be exported public.
 
 bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_mount_all(android::fs_mgr::Fstab* fstab);
-bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_setup(const char* backing = nullptr, const char* mount_point = nullptr,
-                            bool* change = nullptr, bool force = true);
-bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_teardown(const char* mount_point = nullptr, bool* change = nullptr);
 bool fs_mgr_overlayfs_is_setup();
-bool fs_mgr_has_shared_blocks(const std::string& mount_point, const std::string& dev);
-std::string fs_mgr_get_context(const std::string& mount_point);
-
-enum class OverlayfsValidResult {
-    kNotSupported = 0,
-    kOk,
-    kOverrideCredsRequired,
-};
-OverlayfsValidResult fs_mgr_overlayfs_valid();
 
 namespace android {
 namespace fs_mgr {
 
 void MapScratchPartitionIfNeeded(Fstab* fstab,
                                  const std::function<bool(const std::set<std::string>&)>& init);
-void CleanupOldScratchFiles();
 
 // Teardown overlays of all sources (cache dir, scratch device, DSU) for |mount_point|.
 // Teardown all overlays if |mount_point| is empty.
diff --git a/fs_mgr/include_fstab/fstab/fstab.h b/fs_mgr/include_fstab/fstab/fstab.h
index 8f200a8..124f070 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/include_fstab/fstab/fstab.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/include_fstab/fstab/fstab.h
@@ -95,6 +95,10 @@
 
 // Exported for testability. Regular users should use ReadFstabFromFile().
 bool ParseFstabFromString(const std::string& fstab_str, bool proc_mounts, Fstab* fstab_out);
+// Exported for testability. Regular users should use ReadDefaultFstab().
+std::string GetFstabPath();
+// Exported for testability.
+bool SkipMountWithConfig(const std::string& skip_config, Fstab* fstab, bool verbose);
 
 bool ReadFstabFromFile(const std::string& path, Fstab* fstab);
 bool ReadFstabFromDt(Fstab* fstab, bool verbose = true);
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfiemap/binder.cpp b/fs_mgr/libfiemap/binder.cpp
index 003e6ed..41e534a 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfiemap/binder.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfiemap/binder.cpp
@@ -195,9 +195,14 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-bool ImageManagerBinder::DisableImage(const std::string&) {
-    LOG(ERROR) << __PRETTY_FUNCTION__ << " is not available over binder";
-    return false;
+bool ImageManagerBinder::DisableImage(const std::string& name) {
+    auto status = manager_->disableImage(name);
+    if (!status.isOk()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << __PRETTY_FUNCTION__
+                   << " binder returned: " << status.exceptionMessage().string();
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
 }
 
 bool ImageManagerBinder::RemoveDisabledImages() {
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfiemap/image_test.cpp b/fs_mgr/libfiemap/image_test.cpp
index 7472949..fb104b7 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfiemap/image_test.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfiemap/image_test.cpp
@@ -14,11 +14,13 @@
 // limitations under the License.
 //
 
+#include <inttypes.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
 #include <sys/mount.h>
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/vfs.h>
 
 #include <chrono>
 #include <iostream>
@@ -26,12 +28,14 @@
 
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
+#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 #include <ext4_utils/ext4_utils.h>
 #include <fs_mgr/file_wait.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <libdm/dm.h>
+#include <libdm/loop_control.h>
 #include <libfiemap/image_manager.h>
 
 #include "utility.h"
@@ -46,7 +50,7 @@
 using android::fs_mgr::WaitForFile;
 
 static std::string gDataPath;
-static std::string gDataMountPath;
+static std::string gTestDir;
 static constexpr char kMetadataPath[] = "/metadata/gsi/test";
 
 static constexpr uint64_t kTestImageSize = 1024 * 1024;
@@ -178,6 +182,119 @@
 
 INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(IsSubdirTest, IsSubdirTest, ::testing::ValuesIn(IsSubdirTestValues()));
 
+// This allows test cases for filesystems with larger than 4KiB alignment.
+// It creates a loop device, formats it with a FAT filesystem, and then
+// creates an ImageManager so backing images can be created on that filesystem.
+class VfatTest : public ::testing::Test {
+  protected:
+    // 64MB Filesystem and 32k block size by default
+    static constexpr uint64_t kBlockSize = 32768;
+    static constexpr uint64_t kFilesystemSize = 64 * 1024 * 1024;
+
+    void SetUp() override {
+        const ::testing::TestInfo* tinfo = ::testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->current_test_info();
+        base_name_ = tinfo->name();
+
+        fs_path_ = gTestDir + "/vfat.img";
+        uint64_t count = kFilesystemSize / kBlockSize;
+        std::string dd_cmd =
+                ::android::base::StringPrintf("/system/bin/dd if=/dev/zero of=%s bs=%" PRIu64
+                                              " count=%" PRIu64 " > /dev/null 2>&1",
+                                              fs_path_.c_str(), kBlockSize, count);
+        // create mount point
+        mntpoint_ = std::string(getenv("TMPDIR")) + "/fiemap_mnt";
+        if (mkdir(mntpoint_.c_str(), S_IRWXU) < 0) {
+            ASSERT_EQ(errno, EEXIST) << strerror(errno);
+        }
+
+        // create file for the file system
+        int ret = system(dd_cmd.c_str());
+        ASSERT_EQ(ret, 0);
+
+        // Get and attach a loop device to the filesystem we created
+        loop_device_.emplace(fs_path_, 10s);
+        ASSERT_TRUE(loop_device_->valid());
+
+        // create file system
+        uint64_t sectors = kFilesystemSize / 512;
+        std::string mkfs_cmd =
+                ::android::base::StringPrintf("/system/bin/newfs_msdos -A -O Android -s %" PRIu64
+                                              " -b %" PRIu64 " %s > /dev/null 2>&1",
+                                              sectors, kBlockSize, loop_device_->device().c_str());
+        ret = system(mkfs_cmd.c_str());
+        ASSERT_EQ(ret, 0);
+
+        // Create a wrapping DM device to prevent gsid taking the loopback path.
+        auto& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
+        DmTable table;
+        table.Emplace<DmTargetLinear>(0, kFilesystemSize / 512, loop_device_->device(), 0);
+
+        dm_name_ = android::base::Basename(loop_device_->device()) + "-wrapper";
+        ASSERT_TRUE(dm.CreateDevice(dm_name_, table, &dm_path_, 10s));
+
+        // mount the file system
+        ASSERT_EQ(mount(dm_path_.c_str(), mntpoint_.c_str(), "vfat", 0, nullptr), 0)
+                << strerror(errno);
+    }
+
+    void TearDown() override {
+        // Clear up anything backed on the temporary FS.
+        if (manager_) {
+            manager_->UnmapImageIfExists(base_name_);
+            manager_->DeleteBackingImage(base_name_);
+        }
+
+        // Unmount temporary FS.
+        if (umount(mntpoint_.c_str()) < 0) {
+            ASSERT_EQ(errno, EINVAL) << strerror(errno);
+        }
+
+        // Destroy the dm wrapper.
+        auto& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
+        ASSERT_TRUE(dm.DeleteDeviceIfExists(dm_name_));
+
+        // Destroy the loop device.
+        loop_device_ = {};
+
+        // Destroy the temporary FS.
+        if (rmdir(mntpoint_.c_str()) < 0) {
+            ASSERT_EQ(errno, ENOENT) << strerror(errno);
+        }
+        if (unlink(fs_path_.c_str()) < 0) {
+            ASSERT_EQ(errno, ENOENT) << strerror(errno);
+        }
+    }
+
+    std::string base_name_;
+    std::string mntpoint_;
+    std::string fs_path_;
+    std::optional<LoopDevice> loop_device_;
+    std::string dm_name_;
+    std::string dm_path_;
+    std::unique_ptr<ImageManager> manager_;
+};
+
+// The actual size of the block device should be the requested size. For
+// example, a 16KB image should be mapped as a 16KB device, even if the
+// underlying filesystem requires 32KB to be fallocated.
+TEST_F(VfatTest, DeviceIsRequestedSize) {
+    manager_ = ImageManager::Open(kMetadataPath, mntpoint_);
+    ASSERT_NE(manager_, nullptr);
+
+    manager_->set_partition_opener(std::make_unique<TestPartitionOpener>());
+
+    // Create something not aligned to the backing fs block size.
+    constexpr uint64_t kTestSize = (kBlockSize * 64) - (kBlockSize / 2);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(manager_->CreateBackingImage(base_name_, kTestSize, false, nullptr));
+
+    std::string path;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(manager_->MapImageDevice(base_name_, 10s, &path));
+
+    unique_fd fd(open(path.c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC));
+    ASSERT_GE(fd, 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(get_block_device_size(fd.get()), kTestSize);
+}
+
 }  // namespace
 
 bool Mkdir(const std::string& path) {
@@ -194,13 +311,27 @@
     if (argc >= 2) {
         gDataPath = argv[1];
     } else {
-        gDataPath = "/data/gsi/test";
+        gDataPath = "/data/local/tmp";
     }
-    gDataMountPath = gDataPath + "/mnt"s;
 
-    if (!Mkdir(gDataPath) || !Mkdir(kMetadataPath) || !Mkdir(gDataMountPath) ||
-        !Mkdir(kMetadataPath + "/mnt"s)) {
+    if (!Mkdir(gDataPath) || !Mkdir(kMetadataPath) || !Mkdir(kMetadataPath + "/mnt"s)) {
         return 1;
     }
-    return RUN_ALL_TESTS();
+
+    std::string tempdir = gDataPath + "/XXXXXX";
+    if (!mkdtemp(tempdir.data())) {
+        std::cerr << "unable to create tempdir on " << tempdir << "\n";
+        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+    }
+    if (!android::base::Realpath(tempdir, &gTestDir)) {
+        std::cerr << "unable to find realpath for " << tempdir;
+        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+    }
+
+    auto rv = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
+
+    std::string cmd = "rm -rf " + gTestDir;
+    system(cmd.c_str());
+
+    return rv;
 }
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfiemap/include/libfiemap/image_manager.h b/fs_mgr/libfiemap/include/libfiemap/image_manager.h
index 00dd661..0619c96 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfiemap/include/libfiemap/image_manager.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfiemap/include/libfiemap/image_manager.h
@@ -112,9 +112,6 @@
 
     // Mark an image as disabled. This is useful for marking an image as
     // will-be-deleted in recovery, since recovery cannot mount /data.
-    //
-    // This is not available in binder, since it is intended for recovery.
-    // When binder is available, images can simply be removed.
     virtual bool DisableImage(const std::string& name) = 0;
 
     // Remove all images that been marked as disabled.
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/Android.bp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/Android.bp
index dffb2e7..8e4b556 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/Android.bp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/Android.bp
@@ -74,6 +74,8 @@
     shared_libs: [
         "android.hardware.boot@1.0",
         "android.hardware.boot@1.1",
+        "android.hardware.boot-V1-ndk",
+        "libboot_control_client",
     ],
 }
 
@@ -171,10 +173,11 @@
         "libsnapshot_cow_defaults",
     ],
     srcs: [
-        "cow_decompress.cpp",
-        "cow_reader.cpp",
-        "cow_writer.cpp",
-        "cow_format.cpp",
+        "libsnapshot_cow/cow_decompress.cpp",
+        "libsnapshot_cow/cow_reader.cpp",
+        "libsnapshot_cow/cow_writer.cpp",
+        "libsnapshot_cow/cow_format.cpp",
+        "libsnapshot_cow/cow_compress.cpp",
     ],
     host_supported: true,
     recovery_available: true,
@@ -233,6 +236,7 @@
     static_libs: [
         "android.hardware.boot@1.0",
         "android.hardware.boot@1.1",
+        "android.hardware.boot-V1-ndk",
         "libbrotli",
         "libc++fs",
         "libfs_mgr_binder",
@@ -261,7 +265,7 @@
 
 cc_test {
     name: "vts_libsnapshot_test",
-    defaults: ["libsnapshot_test_defaults"],
+    defaults: ["libsnapshot_test_defaults", "libsnapshot_hal_deps"],
 }
 
 sh_test {
@@ -309,8 +313,6 @@
         "update_metadata-protos",
     ],
     shared_libs: [
-        "android.hardware.boot@1.0",
-        "android.hardware.boot@1.1",
         "libbase",
         "libext2_uuid",
         "libext4_utils",
@@ -322,6 +324,22 @@
         "libstatslog",
         "libutils",
     ],
+    header_libs: [
+        "libstorage_literals_headers",
+    ],
+    product_variables: {
+        debuggable: {
+            cppflags: [
+                "-DSNAPSHOTCTL_USERDEBUG_OR_ENG",
+            ],
+            shared_libs: [
+                "android.hardware.boot@1.0",
+                "android.hardware.boot@1.1",
+                "android.hardware.boot-V1-ndk",
+                "libboot_control_client",
+            ],
+        },
+    },
 }
 
 cc_test {
@@ -423,7 +441,7 @@
         "libsnapshot_cow_defaults",
     ],
     srcs: [
-        "cow_api_test.cpp",
+        "libsnapshot_cow/cow_api_test.cpp",
     ],
     cflags: [
         "-D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64",
@@ -545,7 +563,7 @@
     shared_libs: [
     ],
     srcs: [
-        "inspect_cow.cpp",
+        "libsnapshot_cow/inspect_cow.cpp",
     ],
 }
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/android/snapshot/snapshot.proto b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/android/snapshot/snapshot.proto
index 6ee8d4a..b3763ae 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/android/snapshot/snapshot.proto
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/android/snapshot/snapshot.proto
@@ -97,8 +97,8 @@
     // This is non-zero when |state| == MERGING or MERGE_COMPLETED.
     uint64 metadata_sectors = 8;
 
-    // True if compression is enabled, false otherwise.
-    bool compression_enabled = 9;
+    // True if using snapuserd, false otherwise.
+    bool using_snapuserd = 9;
 
     // The old partition size (if none existed, this will be zero).
     uint64 old_partition_size = 10;
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@
     uint64 metadata_sectors = 4;
 
     // Whether compression/dm-user was used for any snapshots.
-    bool compression_enabled = 5;
+    bool using_snapuserd = 5;
 
     // Merge phase (if state == MERGING).
     MergePhase merge_phase = 6;
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/device_info.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/device_info.cpp
index a6d96ed..0ab6103 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/device_info.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/device_info.cpp
@@ -23,8 +23,9 @@
 namespace snapshot {
 
 #ifdef LIBSNAPSHOT_USE_HAL
-using android::hardware::boot::V1_0::BoolResult;
-using android::hardware::boot::V1_0::CommandResult;
+using android::hal::BootControlClient;
+using android::hal::BootControlVersion;
+using android::hal::CommandResult;
 #endif
 
 using namespace std::chrono_literals;
@@ -63,16 +64,16 @@
 #ifdef LIBSNAPSHOT_USE_HAL
 bool DeviceInfo::EnsureBootHal() {
     if (!boot_control_) {
-        auto hal = android::hardware::boot::V1_0::IBootControl::getService();
+        auto hal = BootControlClient::WaitForService();
         if (!hal) {
             LOG(ERROR) << "Could not find IBootControl HAL";
             return false;
         }
-        boot_control_ = android::hardware::boot::V1_1::IBootControl::castFrom(hal);
-        if (!boot_control_) {
+        if (hal->GetVersion() < BootControlVersion::BOOTCTL_V1_1) {
             LOG(ERROR) << "Could not find IBootControl 1.1 HAL";
             return false;
         }
+        boot_control_ = std::move(hal);
     }
     return true;
 }
@@ -83,8 +84,9 @@
     if (!EnsureBootHal()) {
         return false;
     }
-    if (!boot_control_->setSnapshotMergeStatus(status)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to set the snapshot merge status";
+    const auto ret = boot_control_->SetSnapshotMergeStatus(status);
+    if (!ret.IsOk()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to set the snapshot merge status " << ret.errMsg;
         return false;
     }
     return true;
@@ -108,9 +110,7 @@
         return false;
     }
 
-    CommandResult result = {};
-    auto cb = [&](CommandResult r) -> void { result = r; };
-    boot_control_->setSlotAsUnbootable(slot, cb);
+    CommandResult result = boot_control_->MarkSlotUnbootable(slot);
     if (!result.success) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Error setting slot " << slot << " unbootable: " << result.errMsg;
         return false;
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/device_info.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/device_info.h
index 8aefb85..d06f1be 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/device_info.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/device_info.h
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 #include <string>
 
 #ifdef LIBSNAPSHOT_USE_HAL
-#include <android/hardware/boot/1.1/IBootControl.h>
+#include <BootControlClient.h>
 #endif
 #include <liblp/partition_opener.h>
 #include <libsnapshot/snapshot.h>
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 namespace snapshot {
 
 class DeviceInfo final : public SnapshotManager::IDeviceInfo {
-    using MergeStatus = android::hardware::boot::V1_1::MergeStatus;
+    using MergeStatus = ::aidl::android::hardware::boot::MergeStatus;
 
   public:
     std::string GetMetadataDir() const override;
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
     android::fs_mgr::PartitionOpener opener_;
     bool first_stage_init_ = false;
 #ifdef LIBSNAPSHOT_USE_HAL
-    android::sp<android::hardware::boot::V1_1::IBootControl> boot_control_;
+    std::unique_ptr<::android::hal::BootControlClient> boot_control_;
 #endif
 };
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/cow_reader.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/cow_reader.h
index f4d5c72..e8e4d72 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/cow_reader.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/cow_reader.h
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@
     virtual bool GetLastLabel(uint64_t* label) = 0;
 
     // Return an iterator for retrieving CowOperation entries.
-    virtual std::unique_ptr<ICowOpIter> GetOpIter() = 0;
+    virtual std::unique_ptr<ICowOpIter> GetOpIter(bool merge_progress) = 0;
 
     // Return an iterator for retrieving CowOperation entries in reverse merge order
     virtual std::unique_ptr<ICowOpIter> GetRevMergeOpIter(bool ignore_progress) = 0;
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@
         USERSPACE_MERGE = 1,
     };
 
-    CowReader(ReaderFlags reader_flag = ReaderFlags::DEFAULT);
+    CowReader(ReaderFlags reader_flag = ReaderFlags::DEFAULT, bool is_merge = false);
     ~CowReader() { owned_fd_ = {}; }
 
     // Parse the COW, optionally, up to the given label. If no label is
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@
     // CowOperation objects. Get() returns a unique CowOperation object
     // whose lifetime depends on the CowOpIter object; the return
     // value of these will never be null.
-    std::unique_ptr<ICowOpIter> GetOpIter() override;
+    std::unique_ptr<ICowOpIter> GetOpIter(bool merge_progress = false) override;
     std::unique_ptr<ICowOpIter> GetRevMergeOpIter(bool ignore_progress = false) override;
     std::unique_ptr<ICowOpIter> GetMergeOpIter(bool ignore_progress = false) override;
 
@@ -170,14 +170,14 @@
     uint64_t fd_size_;
     std::optional<uint64_t> last_label_;
     std::shared_ptr<std::vector<CowOperation>> ops_;
-    std::shared_ptr<std::vector<uint32_t>> merge_op_blocks_;
     uint64_t merge_op_start_{};
-    std::shared_ptr<std::unordered_map<uint32_t, int>> block_map_;
+    std::shared_ptr<std::vector<int>> block_pos_index_;
     uint64_t num_total_data_ops_{};
     uint64_t num_ordered_ops_to_merge_{};
     bool has_seq_ops_{};
     std::shared_ptr<std::unordered_map<uint64_t, uint64_t>> data_loc_;
     ReaderFlags reader_flag_;
+    bool is_merge_{};
 };
 
 }  // namespace snapshot
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/cow_writer.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/cow_writer.h
index e7a2f02..b93fd32 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/cow_writer.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/cow_writer.h
@@ -52,8 +52,9 @@
     virtual ~ICowWriter() {}
 
     // Encode an operation that copies the contents of |old_block| to the
-    // location of |new_block|.
-    bool AddCopy(uint64_t new_block, uint64_t old_block);
+    // location of |new_block|. 'num_blocks' is the number of contiguous
+    // COPY operations from |old_block| to |new_block|.
+    bool AddCopy(uint64_t new_block, uint64_t old_block, uint64_t num_blocks = 1);
 
     // Encode a sequence of raw blocks. |size| must be a multiple of the block size.
     bool AddRawBlocks(uint64_t new_block_start, const void* data, size_t size);
@@ -84,7 +85,7 @@
     const CowOptions& options() { return options_; }
 
   protected:
-    virtual bool EmitCopy(uint64_t new_block, uint64_t old_block) = 0;
+    virtual bool EmitCopy(uint64_t new_block, uint64_t old_block, uint64_t num_blocks = 1) = 0;
     virtual bool EmitRawBlocks(uint64_t new_block_start, const void* data, size_t size) = 0;
     virtual bool EmitXorBlocks(uint32_t new_block_start, const void* data, size_t size,
                                uint32_t old_block, uint16_t offset) = 0;
@@ -122,7 +123,7 @@
     uint32_t GetCowVersion() { return header_.major_version; }
 
   protected:
-    virtual bool EmitCopy(uint64_t new_block, uint64_t old_block) override;
+    virtual bool EmitCopy(uint64_t new_block, uint64_t old_block, uint64_t num_blocks = 1) override;
     virtual bool EmitRawBlocks(uint64_t new_block_start, const void* data, size_t size) override;
     virtual bool EmitXorBlocks(uint32_t new_block_start, const void* data, size_t size,
                                uint32_t old_block, uint16_t offset) override;
@@ -164,10 +165,6 @@
     bool is_dev_null_ = false;
     bool merge_in_progress_ = false;
     bool is_block_device_ = false;
-
-    // :TODO: this is not efficient, but stringstream ubsan aborts because some
-    // bytes overflow a signed char.
-    std::basic_string<uint8_t> ops_;
 };
 
 }  // namespace snapshot
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/mock_snapshot_writer.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/mock_snapshot_writer.h
index b0be5a5..29828bc 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/mock_snapshot_writer.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/mock_snapshot_writer.h
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
     // Returns true if AddCopy() operations are supported.
     MOCK_METHOD(bool, SupportsCopyOperation, (), (const override));
 
-    MOCK_METHOD(bool, EmitCopy, (uint64_t, uint64_t), (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(bool, EmitCopy, (uint64_t, uint64_t, uint64_t), (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(bool, EmitRawBlocks, (uint64_t, const void*, size_t), (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(bool, EmitXorBlocks, (uint32_t, const void*, size_t, uint32_t, uint16_t),
                 (override));
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot.h
index 5fe5280..cdff06e 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot.h
@@ -46,6 +46,10 @@
 #define DEFINED_FRIEND_TEST
 #endif
 
+namespace aidl::android::hardware::boot {
+enum class MergeStatus;
+}
+
 namespace android {
 
 namespace fiemap {
@@ -59,13 +63,6 @@
 
 // Forward declare IBootControl types since we cannot include only the headers
 // with Soong. Note: keep the enum width in sync.
-namespace hardware {
-namespace boot {
-namespace V1_1 {
-enum class MergeStatus : int32_t;
-}  // namespace V1_1
-}  // namespace boot
-}  // namespace hardware
 
 namespace snapshot {
 
@@ -95,6 +92,7 @@
     class IDeviceInfo {
       public:
         using IImageManager = android::fiemap::IImageManager;
+        using MergeStatus = aidl::android::hardware::boot::MergeStatus;
 
         virtual ~IDeviceInfo() {}
         virtual std::string GetMetadataDir() const = 0;
@@ -103,8 +101,7 @@
         virtual std::string GetSuperDevice(uint32_t slot) const = 0;
         virtual const android::fs_mgr::IPartitionOpener& GetPartitionOpener() const = 0;
         virtual bool IsOverlayfsSetup() const = 0;
-        virtual bool SetBootControlMergeStatus(
-                android::hardware::boot::V1_1::MergeStatus status) = 0;
+        virtual bool SetBootControlMergeStatus(MergeStatus status) = 0;
         virtual bool SetSlotAsUnbootable(unsigned int slot) = 0;
         virtual bool IsRecovery() const = 0;
         virtual bool IsTestDevice() const { return false; }
@@ -311,7 +308,7 @@
     using LpMetadata = android::fs_mgr::LpMetadata;
     using MetadataBuilder = android::fs_mgr::MetadataBuilder;
     using DeltaArchiveManifest = chromeos_update_engine::DeltaArchiveManifest;
-    using MergeStatus = android::hardware::boot::V1_1::MergeStatus;
+    using MergeStatus = aidl::android::hardware::boot::MergeStatus;
     using FiemapStatus = android::fiemap::FiemapStatus;
 
     friend class SnapshotMergeStats;
@@ -335,10 +332,13 @@
     // Helper function for second stage init to restorecon on the rollback indicator.
     static std::string GetGlobalRollbackIndicatorPath();
 
-    // Detach dm-user devices from the current snapuserd, and populate
-    // |snapuserd_argv| with the necessary arguments to restart snapuserd
-    // and reattach them.
-    bool DetachSnapuserdForSelinux(std::vector<std::string>* snapuserd_argv);
+    // Populate |snapuserd_argv| with the necessary arguments to restart snapuserd
+    // after loading selinux policy.
+    bool PrepareSnapuserdArgsForSelinux(std::vector<std::string>* snapuserd_argv);
+
+    // Detach dm-user devices from the first stage snapuserd. Load
+    // new dm-user tables after loading selinux policy.
+    bool DetachFirstStageSnapuserdForSelinux();
 
     // Perform the transition from the selinux stage of snapuserd into the
     // second-stage of snapuserd. This process involves re-creating the dm-user
@@ -644,6 +644,7 @@
     MergeFailureCode CheckMergeConsistency(LockedFile* lock, const std::string& name,
                                            const SnapshotStatus& update_status);
 
+    auto UpdateStateToStr(enum UpdateState state);
     // Get status or table information about a device-mapper node with a single target.
     enum class TableQuery {
         Table,
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot_writer.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot_writer.h
index 545f117..0e3b1db 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot_writer.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot_writer.h
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@
     bool VerifyMergeOps() const noexcept;
 
   protected:
-    bool EmitCopy(uint64_t new_block, uint64_t old_block) override;
+    bool EmitCopy(uint64_t new_block, uint64_t old_block, uint64_t num_blocks = 1) override;
     bool EmitRawBlocks(uint64_t new_block_start, const void* data, size_t size) override;
     bool EmitXorBlocks(uint32_t new_block_start, const void* data, size_t size, uint32_t old_block,
                        uint16_t offset) override;
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@
     bool EmitZeroBlocks(uint64_t new_block_start, uint64_t num_blocks) override;
     bool EmitXorBlocks(uint32_t new_block_start, const void* data, size_t size, uint32_t old_block,
                        uint16_t offset) override;
-    bool EmitCopy(uint64_t new_block, uint64_t old_block) override;
+    bool EmitCopy(uint64_t new_block, uint64_t old_block, uint64_t num_blocks = 1) override;
     bool EmitLabel(uint64_t label) override;
     bool EmitSequenceData(size_t num_ops, const uint32_t* data) override;
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include_test/libsnapshot/test_helpers.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include_test/libsnapshot/test_helpers.h
index c3b40dc..f850b94 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include_test/libsnapshot/test_helpers.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include_test/libsnapshot/test_helpers.h
@@ -17,10 +17,10 @@
 #include <memory>
 #include <optional>
 #include <string>
+#include <unordered_map>
 #include <unordered_set>
 
 #include <android-base/file.h>
-#include <android/hardware/boot/1.1/IBootControl.h>
 #include <gmock/gmock.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <libfiemap/image_manager.h>
@@ -33,10 +33,10 @@
 namespace android {
 namespace snapshot {
 
+using aidl::android::hardware::boot::MergeStatus;
 using android::fs_mgr::IPropertyFetcher;
 using android::fs_mgr::MetadataBuilder;
 using android::fs_mgr::testing::MockPropertyFetcher;
-using android::hardware::boot::V1_1::MergeStatus;
 using chromeos_update_engine::DeltaArchiveManifest;
 using chromeos_update_engine::PartitionUpdate;
 using testing::_;
@@ -166,27 +166,25 @@
     android::dm::IDeviceMapper& impl_;
 };
 
-class SnapshotTestPropertyFetcher : public android::fs_mgr::testing::MockPropertyFetcher {
+class SnapshotTestPropertyFetcher : public android::fs_mgr::IPropertyFetcher {
   public:
-    SnapshotTestPropertyFetcher(const std::string& slot_suffix) {
-        using testing::Return;
-        ON_CALL(*this, GetProperty("ro.boot.slot_suffix", _)).WillByDefault(Return(slot_suffix));
-        ON_CALL(*this, GetBoolProperty("ro.boot.dynamic_partitions", _))
-                .WillByDefault(Return(true));
-        ON_CALL(*this, GetBoolProperty("ro.boot.dynamic_partitions_retrofit", _))
-                .WillByDefault(Return(false));
-        ON_CALL(*this, GetBoolProperty("ro.virtual_ab.enabled", _)).WillByDefault(Return(true));
-    }
+    explicit SnapshotTestPropertyFetcher(const std::string& slot_suffix,
+                                         std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string>&& props = {});
+
+    std::string GetProperty(const std::string& key, const std::string& defaultValue) override;
+    bool GetBoolProperty(const std::string& key, bool defaultValue) override;
 
     static void SetUp(const std::string& slot_suffix = "_a") { Reset(slot_suffix); }
-
     static void TearDown() { Reset("_a"); }
 
   private:
     static void Reset(const std::string& slot_suffix) {
         IPropertyFetcher::OverrideForTesting(
-                std::make_unique<NiceMock<SnapshotTestPropertyFetcher>>(slot_suffix));
+                std::make_unique<SnapshotTestPropertyFetcher>(slot_suffix));
     }
+
+  private:
+    std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> properties_;
 };
 
 // Helper for error-spam-free cleanup.
@@ -197,9 +195,10 @@
 // Expect space of |path| is multiple of 4K.
 bool WriteRandomData(const std::string& path, std::optional<size_t> expect_size = std::nullopt,
                      std::string* hash = nullptr);
-bool WriteRandomData(ICowWriter* writer, std::string* hash = nullptr);
 std::string HashSnapshot(ISnapshotWriter* writer);
 
+std::string ToHexString(const uint8_t* buf, size_t len);
+
 std::optional<std::string> GetHash(const std::string& path);
 
 // Add partitions and groups described by |manifest|.
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/cow_api_test.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_api_test.cpp
similarity index 96%
rename from fs_mgr/libsnapshot/cow_api_test.cpp
rename to fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_api_test.cpp
index ba4044f..2c1187f 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/cow_api_test.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_api_test.cpp
@@ -62,6 +62,48 @@
     std::string stream_;
 };
 
+TEST_F(CowTest, CopyContiguous) {
+    CowOptions options;
+    options.cluster_ops = 0;
+    CowWriter writer(options);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Initialize(cow_->fd));
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(10, 1000, 100));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Finalize());
+    ASSERT_EQ(lseek(cow_->fd, 0, SEEK_SET), 0);
+
+    CowReader reader;
+    CowHeader header;
+    CowFooter footer;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(reader.Parse(cow_->fd));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(reader.GetHeader(&header));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(reader.GetFooter(&footer));
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.magic, kCowMagicNumber);
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.major_version, kCowVersionMajor);
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.minor_version, kCowVersionMinor);
+    ASSERT_EQ(header.block_size, options.block_size);
+    ASSERT_EQ(footer.op.num_ops, 100);
+
+    auto iter = reader.GetOpIter();
+    ASSERT_NE(iter, nullptr);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(iter->Done());
+
+    size_t i = 0;
+    while (!iter->Done()) {
+        auto op = &iter->Get();
+        ASSERT_EQ(op->type, kCowCopyOp);
+        ASSERT_EQ(op->compression, kCowCompressNone);
+        ASSERT_EQ(op->data_length, 0);
+        ASSERT_EQ(op->new_block, 10 + i);
+        ASSERT_EQ(op->source, 1000 + i);
+        iter->Next();
+        i += 1;
+    }
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(i, 100);
+}
+
 TEST_F(CowTest, ReadWrite) {
     CowOptions options;
     options.cluster_ops = 0;
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_compress.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_compress.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e58f45a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_compress.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+//
+// Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <limits>
+#include <queue>
+
+#include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
+#include <brotli/encode.h>
+#include <libsnapshot/cow_format.h>
+#include <libsnapshot/cow_reader.h>
+#include <libsnapshot/cow_writer.h>
+#include <lz4.h>
+#include <zlib.h>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace snapshot {
+
+std::basic_string<uint8_t> CowWriter::Compress(const void* data, size_t length) {
+    switch (compression_) {
+        case kCowCompressGz: {
+            const auto bound = compressBound(length);
+            std::basic_string<uint8_t> buffer(bound, '\0');
+
+            uLongf dest_len = bound;
+            auto rv = compress2(buffer.data(), &dest_len, reinterpret_cast<const Bytef*>(data),
+                                length, Z_BEST_COMPRESSION);
+            if (rv != Z_OK) {
+                LOG(ERROR) << "compress2 returned: " << rv;
+                return {};
+            }
+            buffer.resize(dest_len);
+            return buffer;
+        }
+        case kCowCompressBrotli: {
+            const auto bound = BrotliEncoderMaxCompressedSize(length);
+            if (!bound) {
+                LOG(ERROR) << "BrotliEncoderMaxCompressedSize returned 0";
+                return {};
+            }
+            std::basic_string<uint8_t> buffer(bound, '\0');
+
+            size_t encoded_size = bound;
+            auto rv = BrotliEncoderCompress(
+                    BROTLI_DEFAULT_QUALITY, BROTLI_DEFAULT_WINDOW, BROTLI_DEFAULT_MODE, length,
+                    reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(data), &encoded_size, buffer.data());
+            if (!rv) {
+                LOG(ERROR) << "BrotliEncoderCompress failed";
+                return {};
+            }
+            buffer.resize(encoded_size);
+            return buffer;
+        }
+        case kCowCompressLz4: {
+            const auto bound = LZ4_compressBound(length);
+            if (!bound) {
+                LOG(ERROR) << "LZ4_compressBound returned 0";
+                return {};
+            }
+            std::basic_string<uint8_t> buffer(bound, '\0');
+
+            const auto compressed_size = LZ4_compress_default(
+                    static_cast<const char*>(data), reinterpret_cast<char*>(buffer.data()), length,
+                    buffer.size());
+            if (compressed_size <= 0) {
+                LOG(ERROR) << "LZ4_compress_default failed, input size: " << length
+                           << ", compression bound: " << bound << ", ret: " << compressed_size;
+                return {};
+            }
+            buffer.resize(compressed_size);
+            return buffer;
+        }
+        default:
+            LOG(ERROR) << "unhandled compression type: " << compression_;
+            break;
+    }
+    return {};
+}
+
+}  // namespace snapshot
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/cow_decompress.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_decompress.cpp
similarity index 100%
rename from fs_mgr/libsnapshot/cow_decompress.cpp
rename to fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_decompress.cpp
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/cow_decompress.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_decompress.h
similarity index 100%
rename from fs_mgr/libsnapshot/cow_decompress.h
rename to fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_decompress.h
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/cow_format.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_format.cpp
similarity index 100%
rename from fs_mgr/libsnapshot/cow_format.cpp
rename to fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_format.cpp
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/cow_reader.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_reader.cpp
similarity index 90%
rename from fs_mgr/libsnapshot/cow_reader.cpp
rename to fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_reader.cpp
index 653492c..45be191 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/cow_reader.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_reader.cpp
@@ -34,12 +34,13 @@
 namespace android {
 namespace snapshot {
 
-CowReader::CowReader(ReaderFlags reader_flag)
+CowReader::CowReader(ReaderFlags reader_flag, bool is_merge)
     : fd_(-1),
       header_(),
       fd_size_(0),
-      merge_op_blocks_(std::make_shared<std::vector<uint32_t>>()),
-      reader_flag_(reader_flag) {}
+      block_pos_index_(std::make_shared<std::vector<int>>()),
+      reader_flag_(reader_flag),
+      is_merge_(is_merge) {}
 
 static void SHA256(const void*, size_t, uint8_t[]) {
 #if 0
@@ -58,13 +59,13 @@
     cow->fd_size_ = fd_size_;
     cow->last_label_ = last_label_;
     cow->ops_ = ops_;
-    cow->merge_op_blocks_ = merge_op_blocks_;
     cow->merge_op_start_ = merge_op_start_;
-    cow->block_map_ = block_map_;
     cow->num_total_data_ops_ = num_total_data_ops_;
     cow->num_ordered_ops_to_merge_ = num_ordered_ops_to_merge_;
     cow->has_seq_ops_ = has_seq_ops_;
     cow->data_loc_ = data_loc_;
+    cow->block_pos_index_ = block_pos_index_;
+    cow->is_merge_ = is_merge_;
     return cow;
 }
 
@@ -415,10 +416,10 @@
 //                        Replace-op-4, Zero-op-9, Replace-op-5 }
 //==============================================================
 bool CowReader::PrepMergeOps() {
-    auto merge_op_blocks = std::make_shared<std::vector<uint32_t>>();
+    auto merge_op_blocks = std::make_unique<std::vector<uint32_t>>();
     std::vector<int> other_ops;
     auto seq_ops_set = std::unordered_set<uint32_t>();
-    auto block_map = std::make_shared<std::unordered_map<uint32_t, int>>();
+    auto block_map = std::make_unique<std::unordered_map<uint32_t, int>>();
     size_t num_seqs = 0;
     size_t read;
 
@@ -482,8 +483,26 @@
         merge_op_start_ = header_.num_merge_ops;
     }
 
-    block_map_ = block_map;
-    merge_op_blocks_ = merge_op_blocks;
+    if (is_merge_) {
+        // Metadata ops are not required for merge. Thus, just re-arrange
+        // the ops vector as required for merge operations.
+        auto merge_ops_buffer = std::make_shared<std::vector<CowOperation>>();
+        merge_ops_buffer->reserve(num_total_data_ops_);
+        for (auto block : *merge_op_blocks) {
+            merge_ops_buffer->emplace_back(ops_->data()[block_map->at(block)]);
+        }
+        ops_->clear();
+        ops_ = merge_ops_buffer;
+        ops_->shrink_to_fit();
+    } else {
+        for (auto block : *merge_op_blocks) {
+            block_pos_index_->push_back(block_map->at(block));
+        }
+    }
+
+    block_map->clear();
+    merge_op_blocks->clear();
+
     return true;
 }
 
@@ -544,7 +563,7 @@
 
 class CowOpIter final : public ICowOpIter {
   public:
-    CowOpIter(std::shared_ptr<std::vector<CowOperation>>& ops);
+    CowOpIter(std::shared_ptr<std::vector<CowOperation>>& ops, uint64_t start);
 
     bool Done() override;
     const CowOperation& Get() override;
@@ -558,9 +577,9 @@
     std::vector<CowOperation>::iterator op_iter_;
 };
 
-CowOpIter::CowOpIter(std::shared_ptr<std::vector<CowOperation>>& ops) {
+CowOpIter::CowOpIter(std::shared_ptr<std::vector<CowOperation>>& ops, uint64_t start) {
     ops_ = ops;
-    op_iter_ = ops_->begin();
+    op_iter_ = ops_->begin() + start;
 }
 
 bool CowOpIter::RDone() {
@@ -589,9 +608,7 @@
 class CowRevMergeOpIter final : public ICowOpIter {
   public:
     explicit CowRevMergeOpIter(std::shared_ptr<std::vector<CowOperation>> ops,
-                               std::shared_ptr<std::vector<uint32_t>> merge_op_blocks,
-                               std::shared_ptr<std::unordered_map<uint32_t, int>> map,
-                               uint64_t start);
+                               std::shared_ptr<std::vector<int>> block_pos_index, uint64_t start);
 
     bool Done() override;
     const CowOperation& Get() override;
@@ -602,17 +619,15 @@
 
   private:
     std::shared_ptr<std::vector<CowOperation>> ops_;
-    std::shared_ptr<std::vector<uint32_t>> merge_op_blocks_;
-    std::shared_ptr<std::unordered_map<uint32_t, int>> map_;
-    std::vector<uint32_t>::reverse_iterator block_riter_;
+    std::vector<int>::reverse_iterator block_riter_;
+    std::shared_ptr<std::vector<int>> cow_op_index_vec_;
     uint64_t start_;
 };
 
 class CowMergeOpIter final : public ICowOpIter {
   public:
     explicit CowMergeOpIter(std::shared_ptr<std::vector<CowOperation>> ops,
-                            std::shared_ptr<std::vector<uint32_t>> merge_op_blocks,
-                            std::shared_ptr<std::unordered_map<uint32_t, int>> map, uint64_t start);
+                            std::shared_ptr<std::vector<int>> block_pos_index, uint64_t start);
 
     bool Done() override;
     const CowOperation& Get() override;
@@ -623,26 +638,21 @@
 
   private:
     std::shared_ptr<std::vector<CowOperation>> ops_;
-    std::shared_ptr<std::vector<uint32_t>> merge_op_blocks_;
-    std::shared_ptr<std::unordered_map<uint32_t, int>> map_;
-    std::vector<uint32_t>::iterator block_iter_;
+    std::vector<int>::iterator block_iter_;
+    std::shared_ptr<std::vector<int>> cow_op_index_vec_;
     uint64_t start_;
 };
 
 CowMergeOpIter::CowMergeOpIter(std::shared_ptr<std::vector<CowOperation>> ops,
-                               std::shared_ptr<std::vector<uint32_t>> merge_op_blocks,
-                               std::shared_ptr<std::unordered_map<uint32_t, int>> map,
-                               uint64_t start) {
+                               std::shared_ptr<std::vector<int>> block_pos_index, uint64_t start) {
     ops_ = ops;
-    merge_op_blocks_ = merge_op_blocks;
-    map_ = map;
     start_ = start;
-
-    block_iter_ = merge_op_blocks->begin() + start;
+    cow_op_index_vec_ = block_pos_index;
+    block_iter_ = cow_op_index_vec_->begin() + start;
 }
 
 bool CowMergeOpIter::RDone() {
-    return block_iter_ == merge_op_blocks_->begin();
+    return block_iter_ == cow_op_index_vec_->begin();
 }
 
 void CowMergeOpIter::Prev() {
@@ -651,7 +661,7 @@
 }
 
 bool CowMergeOpIter::Done() {
-    return block_iter_ == merge_op_blocks_->end();
+    return block_iter_ == cow_op_index_vec_->end();
 }
 
 void CowMergeOpIter::Next() {
@@ -661,23 +671,20 @@
 
 const CowOperation& CowMergeOpIter::Get() {
     CHECK(!Done());
-    return ops_->data()[map_->at(*block_iter_)];
+    return ops_->data()[*block_iter_];
 }
 
 CowRevMergeOpIter::CowRevMergeOpIter(std::shared_ptr<std::vector<CowOperation>> ops,
-                                     std::shared_ptr<std::vector<uint32_t>> merge_op_blocks,
-                                     std::shared_ptr<std::unordered_map<uint32_t, int>> map,
+                                     std::shared_ptr<std::vector<int>> block_pos_index,
                                      uint64_t start) {
     ops_ = ops;
-    merge_op_blocks_ = merge_op_blocks;
-    map_ = map;
     start_ = start;
-
-    block_riter_ = merge_op_blocks->rbegin();
+    cow_op_index_vec_ = block_pos_index;
+    block_riter_ = cow_op_index_vec_->rbegin();
 }
 
 bool CowRevMergeOpIter::RDone() {
-    return block_riter_ == merge_op_blocks_->rbegin();
+    return block_riter_ == cow_op_index_vec_->rbegin();
 }
 
 void CowRevMergeOpIter::Prev() {
@@ -686,7 +693,7 @@
 }
 
 bool CowRevMergeOpIter::Done() {
-    return block_riter_ == merge_op_blocks_->rend() - start_;
+    return block_riter_ == cow_op_index_vec_->rend() - start_;
 }
 
 void CowRevMergeOpIter::Next() {
@@ -696,20 +703,20 @@
 
 const CowOperation& CowRevMergeOpIter::Get() {
     CHECK(!Done());
-    return ops_->data()[map_->at(*block_riter_)];
+    return ops_->data()[*block_riter_];
 }
 
-std::unique_ptr<ICowOpIter> CowReader::GetOpIter() {
-    return std::make_unique<CowOpIter>(ops_);
+std::unique_ptr<ICowOpIter> CowReader::GetOpIter(bool merge_progress) {
+    return std::make_unique<CowOpIter>(ops_, merge_progress ? merge_op_start_ : 0);
 }
 
 std::unique_ptr<ICowOpIter> CowReader::GetRevMergeOpIter(bool ignore_progress) {
-    return std::make_unique<CowRevMergeOpIter>(ops_, merge_op_blocks_, block_map_,
+    return std::make_unique<CowRevMergeOpIter>(ops_, block_pos_index_,
                                                ignore_progress ? 0 : merge_op_start_);
 }
 
 std::unique_ptr<ICowOpIter> CowReader::GetMergeOpIter(bool ignore_progress) {
-    return std::make_unique<CowMergeOpIter>(ops_, merge_op_blocks_, block_map_,
+    return std::make_unique<CowMergeOpIter>(ops_, block_pos_index_,
                                             ignore_progress ? 0 : merge_op_start_);
 }
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/cow_writer.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_writer.cpp
similarity index 84%
rename from fs_mgr/libsnapshot/cow_writer.cpp
rename to fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_writer.cpp
index 7281fc2..5f5d1fb 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/cow_writer.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/cow_writer.cpp
@@ -38,11 +38,16 @@
 using android::base::borrowed_fd;
 using android::base::unique_fd;
 
-bool ICowWriter::AddCopy(uint64_t new_block, uint64_t old_block) {
-    if (!ValidateNewBlock(new_block)) {
-        return false;
+bool ICowWriter::AddCopy(uint64_t new_block, uint64_t old_block, uint64_t num_blocks) {
+    CHECK(num_blocks != 0);
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < num_blocks; i++) {
+        if (!ValidateNewBlock(new_block + i)) {
+            return false;
+        }
     }
-    return EmitCopy(new_block, old_block);
+
+    return EmitCopy(new_block, old_block, num_blocks);
 }
 
 bool ICowWriter::AddRawBlocks(uint64_t new_block_start, const void* data, size_t size) {
@@ -202,7 +207,6 @@
     } else {
         next_data_pos_ = next_op_pos_ + sizeof(CowOperation);
     }
-    ops_.clear();
     current_cluster_size_ = 0;
     current_data_size_ = 0;
 }
@@ -286,13 +290,20 @@
     return EmitClusterIfNeeded();
 }
 
-bool CowWriter::EmitCopy(uint64_t new_block, uint64_t old_block) {
+bool CowWriter::EmitCopy(uint64_t new_block, uint64_t old_block, uint64_t num_blocks) {
     CHECK(!merge_in_progress_);
-    CowOperation op = {};
-    op.type = kCowCopyOp;
-    op.new_block = new_block;
-    op.source = old_block;
-    return WriteOperation(op);
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < num_blocks; i++) {
+        CowOperation op = {};
+        op.type = kCowCopyOp;
+        op.new_block = new_block + i;
+        op.source = old_block + i;
+        if (!WriteOperation(op)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return true;
 }
 
 bool CowWriter::EmitRawBlocks(uint64_t new_block_start, const void* data, size_t size) {
@@ -404,67 +415,6 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-std::basic_string<uint8_t> CowWriter::Compress(const void* data, size_t length) {
-    switch (compression_) {
-        case kCowCompressGz: {
-            const auto bound = compressBound(length);
-            std::basic_string<uint8_t> buffer(bound, '\0');
-
-            uLongf dest_len = bound;
-            auto rv = compress2(buffer.data(), &dest_len, reinterpret_cast<const Bytef*>(data),
-                                length, Z_BEST_COMPRESSION);
-            if (rv != Z_OK) {
-                LOG(ERROR) << "compress2 returned: " << rv;
-                return {};
-            }
-            buffer.resize(dest_len);
-            return buffer;
-        }
-        case kCowCompressBrotli: {
-            const auto bound = BrotliEncoderMaxCompressedSize(length);
-            if (!bound) {
-                LOG(ERROR) << "BrotliEncoderMaxCompressedSize returned 0";
-                return {};
-            }
-            std::basic_string<uint8_t> buffer(bound, '\0');
-
-            size_t encoded_size = bound;
-            auto rv = BrotliEncoderCompress(
-                    BROTLI_DEFAULT_QUALITY, BROTLI_DEFAULT_WINDOW, BROTLI_DEFAULT_MODE, length,
-                    reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(data), &encoded_size, buffer.data());
-            if (!rv) {
-                LOG(ERROR) << "BrotliEncoderCompress failed";
-                return {};
-            }
-            buffer.resize(encoded_size);
-            return buffer;
-        }
-        case kCowCompressLz4: {
-            const auto bound = LZ4_compressBound(length);
-            if (!bound) {
-                LOG(ERROR) << "LZ4_compressBound returned 0";
-                return {};
-            }
-            std::basic_string<uint8_t> buffer(bound, '\0');
-
-            const auto compressed_size = LZ4_compress_default(
-                    static_cast<const char*>(data), reinterpret_cast<char*>(buffer.data()), length,
-                    buffer.size());
-            if (compressed_size <= 0) {
-                LOG(ERROR) << "LZ4_compress_default failed, input size: " << length
-                           << ", compression bound: " << bound << ", ret: " << compressed_size;
-                return {};
-            }
-            buffer.resize(compressed_size);
-            return buffer;
-        }
-        default:
-            LOG(ERROR) << "unhandled compression type: " << compression_;
-            break;
-    }
-    return {};
-}
-
 // TODO: Fix compilation issues when linking libcrypto library
 // when snapuserd is compiled as part of ramdisk.
 static void SHA256(const void*, size_t, uint8_t[]) {
@@ -481,7 +431,6 @@
     auto continue_data_size = current_data_size_;
     auto continue_data_pos = next_data_pos_;
     auto continue_op_pos = next_op_pos_;
-    auto continue_size = ops_.size();
     auto continue_num_ops = footer_.op.num_ops;
     bool extra_cluster = false;
 
@@ -507,7 +456,7 @@
         extra_cluster = true;
     }
 
-    footer_.op.ops_size = ops_.size();
+    footer_.op.ops_size = footer_.op.num_ops * sizeof(CowOperation);
     if (lseek(fd_.get(), next_op_pos_, SEEK_SET) < 0) {
         PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to seek to footer position.";
         return false;
@@ -515,7 +464,6 @@
     memset(&footer_.data.ops_checksum, 0, sizeof(uint8_t) * 32);
     memset(&footer_.data.footer_checksum, 0, sizeof(uint8_t) * 32);
 
-    SHA256(ops_.data(), ops_.size(), footer_.data.ops_checksum);
     SHA256(&footer_.op, sizeof(footer_.op), footer_.data.footer_checksum);
     // Write out footer at end of file
     if (!android::base::WriteFully(fd_, reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(&footer_),
@@ -542,7 +490,6 @@
         next_data_pos_ = continue_data_pos;
         next_op_pos_ = continue_op_pos;
         footer_.op.num_ops = continue_num_ops;
-        ops_.resize(continue_size);
     }
     return Sync();
 }
@@ -593,7 +540,6 @@
 
     next_data_pos_ += op.data_length + GetNextDataOffset(op, header_.cluster_ops);
     next_op_pos_ += sizeof(CowOperation) + GetNextOpOffset(op, header_.cluster_ops);
-    ops_.insert(ops_.size(), reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(&op), sizeof(op));
 }
 
 bool CowWriter::WriteRawData(const void* data, size_t size) {
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/inspect_cow.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/inspect_cow.cpp
similarity index 100%
rename from fs_mgr/libsnapshot/inspect_cow.cpp
rename to fs_mgr/libsnapshot/libsnapshot_cow/inspect_cow.cpp
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/partition_cow_creator.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/partition_cow_creator.cpp
index 5569da0..7057223 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/partition_cow_creator.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/partition_cow_creator.cpp
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@
 }
 
 std::optional<uint64_t> PartitionCowCreator::GetCowSize() {
-    if (compression_enabled) {
+    if (using_snapuserd) {
         if (update == nullptr || !update->has_estimate_cow_size()) {
             LOG(ERROR) << "Update manifest does not include a COW size";
             return std::nullopt;
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/partition_cow_creator.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/partition_cow_creator.h
index 34b39ca..949e6c5 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/partition_cow_creator.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/partition_cow_creator.h
@@ -56,8 +56,8 @@
     // Extra extents that are going to be invalidated during the update
     // process.
     std::vector<ChromeOSExtent> extra_extents = {};
-    // True if compression is enabled.
-    bool compression_enabled = false;
+    // True if snapuserd COWs are enabled.
+    bool using_snapuserd = false;
     std::string compression_algorithm;
 
     struct Return {
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/partition_cow_creator_test.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/partition_cow_creator_test.cpp
index de35c13..cf26a16 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/partition_cow_creator_test.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/partition_cow_creator_test.cpp
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@
                                 .target_partition = system_b,
                                 .current_metadata = builder_a.get(),
                                 .current_suffix = "_a",
-                                .compression_enabled = true,
+                                .using_snapuserd = true,
                                 .update = &update};
 
     auto ret = creator.Run();
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@
                                 .target_partition = system_b,
                                 .current_metadata = builder_a.get(),
                                 .current_suffix = "_a",
-                                .compression_enabled = true,
+                                .using_snapuserd = true,
                                 .update = nullptr};
 
     auto ret = creator.Run();
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot.cpp
index c8684a2..6fed09c 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot.cpp
@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@
 namespace android {
 namespace snapshot {
 
+using aidl::android::hardware::boot::MergeStatus;
 using android::base::unique_fd;
 using android::dm::DeviceMapper;
 using android::dm::DmDeviceState;
@@ -72,7 +73,6 @@
 using android::fs_mgr::LpMetadata;
 using android::fs_mgr::MetadataBuilder;
 using android::fs_mgr::SlotNumberForSlotSuffix;
-using android::hardware::boot::V1_1::MergeStatus;
 using chromeos_update_engine::DeltaArchiveManifest;
 using chromeos_update_engine::Extent;
 using chromeos_update_engine::FileDescriptor;
@@ -398,7 +398,7 @@
     status->set_state(SnapshotState::CREATED);
     status->set_sectors_allocated(0);
     status->set_metadata_sectors(0);
-    status->set_compression_enabled(cow_creator->compression_enabled);
+    status->set_using_snapuserd(cow_creator->using_snapuserd);
     status->set_compression_algorithm(cow_creator->compression_algorithm);
 
     if (!WriteSnapshotStatus(lock, *status)) {
@@ -788,7 +788,7 @@
         }
     }
 
-    bool compression_enabled = false;
+    bool using_snapuserd = false;
 
     std::vector<std::string> first_merge_group;
 
@@ -809,7 +809,7 @@
             return false;
         }
 
-        compression_enabled |= snapshot_status.compression_enabled();
+        using_snapuserd |= snapshot_status.using_snapuserd();
         if (DecideMergePhase(snapshot_status) == MergePhase::FIRST_PHASE) {
             first_merge_group.emplace_back(snapshot);
         }
@@ -817,7 +817,7 @@
 
     SnapshotUpdateStatus initial_status = ReadSnapshotUpdateStatus(lock.get());
     initial_status.set_state(UpdateState::Merging);
-    initial_status.set_compression_enabled(compression_enabled);
+    initial_status.set_using_snapuserd(using_snapuserd);
 
     if (!UpdateUsesUserSnapshots(lock.get())) {
         initial_status.set_sectors_allocated(initial_target_values.sectors_allocated);
@@ -988,6 +988,29 @@
     return true;
 }
 
+auto SnapshotManager::UpdateStateToStr(const enum UpdateState state) {
+    switch (state) {
+        case None:
+            return "None";
+        case Initiated:
+            return "Initiated";
+        case Unverified:
+            return "Unverified";
+        case Merging:
+            return "Merging";
+        case MergeNeedsReboot:
+            return "MergeNeedsReboot";
+        case MergeCompleted:
+            return "MergeCompleted";
+        case MergeFailed:
+            return "MergeFailed";
+        case Cancelled:
+            return "Cancelled";
+        default:
+            return "Unknown";
+    }
+}
+
 bool SnapshotManager::QuerySnapshotStatus(const std::string& dm_name, std::string* target_type,
                                           DmTargetSnapshot::Status* status) {
     DeviceMapper::TargetInfo target;
@@ -1016,7 +1039,7 @@
                                                 const std::function<bool()>& before_cancel) {
     while (true) {
         auto result = CheckMergeState(before_cancel);
-        LOG(INFO) << "ProcessUpdateState handling state: " << result.state;
+        LOG(INFO) << "ProcessUpdateState handling state: " << UpdateStateToStr(result.state);
 
         if (result.state == UpdateState::MergeFailed) {
             AcknowledgeMergeFailure(result.failure_code);
@@ -1044,7 +1067,7 @@
     }
 
     auto result = CheckMergeState(lock.get(), before_cancel);
-    LOG(INFO) << "CheckMergeState for snapshots returned: " << result.state;
+    LOG(INFO) << "CheckMergeState for snapshots returned: " << UpdateStateToStr(result.state);
 
     if (result.state == UpdateState::MergeCompleted) {
         // Do this inside the same lock. Failures get acknowledged without the
@@ -1109,7 +1132,8 @@
         }
 
         auto result = CheckTargetMergeState(lock, snapshot, update_status);
-        LOG(INFO) << "CheckTargetMergeState for " << snapshot << " returned: " << result.state;
+        LOG(INFO) << "CheckTargetMergeState for " << snapshot
+                  << " returned: " << UpdateStateToStr(result.state);
 
         switch (result.state) {
             case UpdateState::MergeFailed:
@@ -1340,7 +1364,7 @@
 }
 
 MergeFailureCode CheckMergeConsistency(const std::string& name, const SnapshotStatus& status) {
-    if (!status.compression_enabled()) {
+    if (!status.using_snapuserd()) {
         // Do not try to verify old-style COWs yet.
         return MergeFailureCode::Ok;
     }
@@ -1474,7 +1498,6 @@
     if (UpdateUsesUserSnapshots(lock) && !device()->IsTestDevice()) {
         if (snapuserd_client_) {
             snapuserd_client_->DetachSnapuserd();
-            snapuserd_client_->CloseConnection();
             snapuserd_client_ = nullptr;
         }
     }
@@ -1601,7 +1624,7 @@
         // as unmap will fail since dm-user itself was a snapshot device prior
         // to switching of tables. Unmap will fail as the device will be mounted
         // by system partitions
-        if (status.compression_enabled()) {
+        if (status.using_snapuserd()) {
             auto dm_user_name = GetDmUserCowName(name, GetSnapshotDriver(lock));
             UnmapDmUserDevice(dm_user_name);
         }
@@ -1723,13 +1746,6 @@
 
         auto misc_name = user_cow_name;
 
-        DmTable table;
-        table.Emplace<DmTargetUser>(0, target.spec.length, misc_name);
-        if (!dm_.LoadTableAndActivate(user_cow_name, table)) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to swap tables for " << misc_name;
-            continue;
-        }
-
         std::string source_device_name;
         if (snapshot_status.old_partition_size() > 0) {
             source_device_name = GetSourceDeviceName(snapshot);
@@ -1757,13 +1773,6 @@
             continue;
         }
 
-        // Wait for ueventd to acknowledge and create the control device node.
-        std::string control_device = "/dev/dm-user/" + misc_name;
-        if (!WaitForDevice(control_device, 10s)) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "dm-user control device no found:  " << misc_name;
-            continue;
-        }
-
         if (transition == InitTransition::SELINUX_DETACH) {
             if (!UpdateUsesUserSnapshots(lock.get())) {
                 auto message = misc_name + "," + cow_image_device + "," + source_device;
@@ -1781,6 +1790,20 @@
             continue;
         }
 
+        DmTable table;
+        table.Emplace<DmTargetUser>(0, target.spec.length, misc_name);
+        if (!dm_.LoadTableAndActivate(user_cow_name, table)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to swap tables for " << misc_name;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // Wait for ueventd to acknowledge and create the control device node.
+        std::string control_device = "/dev/dm-user/" + misc_name;
+        if (!WaitForDevice(control_device, 10s)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "dm-user control device no found:  " << misc_name;
+            continue;
+        }
+
         uint64_t base_sectors;
         if (!UpdateUsesUserSnapshots(lock.get())) {
             base_sectors =
@@ -2091,8 +2114,10 @@
 }
 
 bool SnapshotManager::UpdateUsesCompression(LockedFile* lock) {
+    // This returns true even if compression is "none", since update_engine is
+    // really just trying to see if snapuserd is in use.
     SnapshotUpdateStatus update_status = ReadSnapshotUpdateStatus(lock);
-    return update_status.compression_enabled();
+    return update_status.using_snapuserd();
 }
 
 bool SnapshotManager::UpdateUsesIouring(LockedFile* lock) {
@@ -2151,8 +2176,17 @@
         if (!suffix.empty() && !android::base::EndsWith(name, suffix)) {
             continue;
         }
-        snapshots->emplace_back(std::move(name));
+
+        // Insert system and product partition at the beginning so that
+        // during snapshot-merge, these partitions are merged first.
+        if (name == "system_a" || name == "system_b" || name == "product_a" ||
+            name == "product_b") {
+            snapshots->insert(snapshots->begin(), std::move(name));
+        } else {
+            snapshots->emplace_back(std::move(name));
+        }
     }
+
     return true;
 }
 
@@ -2241,8 +2275,8 @@
                 .block_device = super_device,
                 .metadata = metadata.get(),
                 .partition = &partition,
-                .partition_opener = &opener,
                 .timeout_ms = timeout_ms,
+                .partition_opener = &opener,
         };
         if (!MapPartitionWithSnapshot(lock, std::move(params), SnapshotContext::Mount, nullptr)) {
             return false;
@@ -2403,13 +2437,13 @@
     remaining_time = GetRemainingTime(params.timeout_ms, begin);
     if (remaining_time.count() < 0) return false;
 
-    if (context == SnapshotContext::Update && live_snapshot_status->compression_enabled()) {
+    if (context == SnapshotContext::Update && live_snapshot_status->using_snapuserd()) {
         // Stop here, we can't run dm-user yet, the COW isn't built.
         created_devices.Release();
         return true;
     }
 
-    if (live_snapshot_status->compression_enabled()) {
+    if (live_snapshot_status->using_snapuserd()) {
         // Get the source device (eg the view of the partition from before it was resized).
         std::string source_device_path;
         if (live_snapshot_status->old_partition_size() > 0) {
@@ -2719,8 +2753,8 @@
                 .block_device = super_device,
                 .metadata = metadata.get(),
                 .partition_name = snapshot,
-                .partition_opener = &opener,
                 .timeout_ms = timeout_ms,
+                .partition_opener = &opener,
         };
         if (!MapPartitionWithSnapshot(lock.get(), std::move(params), SnapshotContext::Mount,
                                       nullptr)) {
@@ -2759,7 +2793,6 @@
     if (snapuserd_client_) {
         LOG(INFO) << "Shutdown snapuserd daemon";
         snapuserd_client_->DetachSnapuserd();
-        snapuserd_client_->CloseConnection();
         snapuserd_client_ = nullptr;
     }
 
@@ -2911,7 +2944,7 @@
     // build fingerprint.
     if (!(state == UpdateState::Initiated || state == UpdateState::None)) {
         SnapshotUpdateStatus old_status = ReadSnapshotUpdateStatus(lock);
-        status.set_compression_enabled(old_status.compression_enabled());
+        status.set_using_snapuserd(old_status.using_snapuserd());
         status.set_source_build_fingerprint(old_status.source_build_fingerprint());
         status.set_merge_phase(old_status.merge_phase());
         status.set_userspace_snapshots(old_status.userspace_snapshots());
@@ -3165,18 +3198,42 @@
     LOG(INFO) << " dap_metadata.cow_version(): " << dap_metadata.cow_version()
               << " writer.GetCowVersion(): " << writer.GetCowVersion();
 
-    bool use_compression = IsCompressionEnabled() && dap_metadata.vabc_enabled() &&
-                           !device_->IsRecovery() && cow_format_support;
+    // Deduce supported features.
+    bool userspace_snapshots = CanUseUserspaceSnapshots();
+    bool legacy_compression = GetLegacyCompressionEnabledProperty();
+
+    std::string vabc_disable_reason;
+    if (!dap_metadata.vabc_enabled()) {
+        vabc_disable_reason = "not enabled metadata";
+    } else if (device_->IsRecovery()) {
+        vabc_disable_reason = "recovery";
+    } else if (!cow_format_support) {
+        vabc_disable_reason = "cow format not supported";
+    }
+
+    if (!vabc_disable_reason.empty()) {
+        if (userspace_snapshots) {
+            LOG(INFO) << "Userspace snapshots disabled: " << vabc_disable_reason;
+        }
+        if (legacy_compression) {
+            LOG(INFO) << "Compression disabled: " << vabc_disable_reason;
+        }
+        userspace_snapshots = false;
+        legacy_compression = false;
+    }
+
+    const bool using_snapuserd = userspace_snapshots || legacy_compression;
+    if (!using_snapuserd) {
+        LOG(INFO) << "Using legacy Virtual A/B (dm-snapshot)";
+    }
 
     std::string compression_algorithm;
-    if (use_compression) {
+    if (using_snapuserd) {
         compression_algorithm = dap_metadata.vabc_compression_param();
         if (compression_algorithm.empty()) {
             // Older OTAs don't set an explicit compression type, so default to gz.
             compression_algorithm = "gz";
         }
-    } else {
-        compression_algorithm = "none";
     }
 
     PartitionCowCreator cow_creator{
@@ -3187,7 +3244,7 @@
             .current_suffix = current_suffix,
             .update = nullptr,
             .extra_extents = {},
-            .compression_enabled = use_compression,
+            .using_snapuserd = using_snapuserd,
             .compression_algorithm = compression_algorithm,
     };
 
@@ -3212,11 +3269,11 @@
         return Return::Error();
     }
 
-    // If compression is enabled, we need to retain a copy of the old metadata
+    // If snapuserd is enabled, we need to retain a copy of the old metadata
     // so we can access original blocks in case they are moved around. We do
     // not want to rely on the old super metadata slot because we don't
     // guarantee its validity after the slot switch is successful.
-    if (cow_creator.compression_enabled) {
+    if (using_snapuserd) {
         auto metadata = current_metadata->Export();
         if (!metadata) {
             LOG(ERROR) << "Could not export current metadata";
@@ -3232,70 +3289,36 @@
 
     SnapshotUpdateStatus status = ReadSnapshotUpdateStatus(lock.get());
     status.set_state(update_state);
-    status.set_compression_enabled(cow_creator.compression_enabled);
-    if (cow_creator.compression_enabled) {
-        if (!device()->IsTestDevice()) {
-            bool userSnapshotsEnabled = IsUserspaceSnapshotsEnabled();
-            const std::string UNKNOWN = "unknown";
-            const std::string vendor_release = android::base::GetProperty(
-                    "ro.vendor.build.version.release_or_codename", UNKNOWN);
+    status.set_using_snapuserd(using_snapuserd);
 
-            // No user-space snapshots if vendor partition is on Android 12
-            if (vendor_release.find("12") != std::string::npos) {
-                LOG(INFO) << "Userspace snapshots disabled as vendor partition is on Android: "
-                          << vendor_release;
-                userSnapshotsEnabled = false;
-            }
+    if (userspace_snapshots) {
+        status.set_userspace_snapshots(true);
+        LOG(INFO) << "Virtual A/B using userspace snapshots";
 
-            // Userspace snapshots is enabled only if compression is enabled
-            status.set_userspace_snapshots(userSnapshotsEnabled);
-            if (userSnapshotsEnabled) {
-                is_snapshot_userspace_ = true;
-                status.set_io_uring_enabled(IsIouringEnabled());
-                LOG(INFO) << "Userspace snapshots enabled";
-            } else {
-                is_snapshot_userspace_ = false;
-                LOG(INFO) << "Userspace snapshots disabled";
-            }
+        if (GetIouringEnabledProperty()) {
+            status.set_io_uring_enabled(true);
+            LOG(INFO) << "io_uring for snapshots enabled";
+        }
+    } else if (legacy_compression) {
+        LOG(INFO) << "Virtual A/B using legacy snapuserd";
+    } else {
+        LOG(INFO) << "Virtual A/B using dm-snapshot";
+    }
 
-            // Terminate stale daemon if any
-            std::unique_ptr<SnapuserdClient> snapuserd_client =
-                    SnapuserdClient::Connect(kSnapuserdSocket, 5s);
-            if (snapuserd_client) {
-                snapuserd_client->DetachSnapuserd();
-                snapuserd_client->CloseConnection();
-                snapuserd_client = nullptr;
-            }
+    is_snapshot_userspace_.emplace(userspace_snapshots);
 
-            // Clear the cached client if any
-            if (snapuserd_client_) {
-                snapuserd_client_->CloseConnection();
-                snapuserd_client_ = nullptr;
-            }
-        } else {
-            bool userSnapshotsEnabled = true;
-            const std::string UNKNOWN = "unknown";
-            const std::string vendor_release = android::base::GetProperty(
-                    "ro.vendor.build.version.release_or_codename", UNKNOWN);
-
-            // No user-space snapshots if vendor partition is on Android 12
-            if (vendor_release.find("12") != std::string::npos) {
-                LOG(INFO) << "Userspace snapshots disabled as vendor partition is on Android: "
-                          << vendor_release;
-                userSnapshotsEnabled = false;
-            }
-
-            userSnapshotsEnabled = (userSnapshotsEnabled && !IsDmSnapshotTestingEnabled());
-            status.set_userspace_snapshots(userSnapshotsEnabled);
-            if (!userSnapshotsEnabled) {
-                is_snapshot_userspace_ = false;
-                LOG(INFO) << "User-space snapshots disabled for testing";
-            } else {
-                is_snapshot_userspace_ = true;
-                LOG(INFO) << "User-space snapshots enabled for testing";
-            }
+    if (!device()->IsTestDevice() && using_snapuserd) {
+        // Terminate stale daemon if any
+        std::unique_ptr<SnapuserdClient> snapuserd_client = std::move(snapuserd_client_);
+        if (!snapuserd_client) {
+            snapuserd_client = SnapuserdClient::Connect(kSnapuserdSocket, 5s);
+        }
+        if (snapuserd_client) {
+            snapuserd_client->DetachSnapuserd();
+            snapuserd_client = nullptr;
         }
     }
+
     if (!WriteSnapshotUpdateStatus(lock.get(), status)) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to write new update state";
         return Return::Error();
@@ -3488,7 +3511,7 @@
             return Return::Error();
         }
 
-        if (it->second.compression_enabled()) {
+        if (it->second.using_snapuserd()) {
             unique_fd fd(open(cow_path.c_str(), O_RDWR | O_CLOEXEC));
             if (fd < 0) {
                 PLOG(ERROR) << "open " << cow_path << " failed for snapshot "
@@ -3534,8 +3557,8 @@
     if (!ReadSnapshotStatus(lock.get(), params.GetPartitionName(), &status)) {
         return false;
     }
-    if (status.compression_enabled()) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Cannot use MapUpdateSnapshot with compressed snapshots";
+    if (status.using_snapuserd()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Cannot use MapUpdateSnapshot with snapuserd";
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -3592,7 +3615,7 @@
         return nullptr;
     }
 
-    if (status.compression_enabled()) {
+    if (status.using_snapuserd()) {
         return OpenCompressedSnapshotWriter(lock.get(), source_device, params.GetPartitionName(),
                                             status, paths);
     }
@@ -3722,7 +3745,10 @@
     auto update_status = ReadSnapshotUpdateStatus(file.get());
 
     ss << "Update state: " << ReadUpdateState(file.get()) << std::endl;
-    ss << "Compression: " << update_status.compression_enabled() << std::endl;
+    ss << "Using snapuserd: " << update_status.using_snapuserd() << std::endl;
+    ss << "Using userspace snapshots: " << update_status.userspace_snapshots() << std::endl;
+    ss << "Using io_uring: " << update_status.io_uring_enabled() << std::endl;
+    ss << "Using XOR compression: " << GetXorCompressionEnabledProperty() << std::endl;
     ss << "Current slot: " << device_->GetSlotSuffix() << std::endl;
     ss << "Boot indicator: booting from " << GetCurrentSlot() << " slot" << std::endl;
     ss << "Rollback indicator: "
@@ -3943,7 +3969,7 @@
         if (!ReadSnapshotStatus(lock, snapshot, &status)) {
             return false;
         }
-        if (status.compression_enabled()) {
+        if (status.using_snapuserd()) {
             continue;
         }
 
@@ -4107,13 +4133,74 @@
     if (!lock) return false;
 
     auto status = ReadSnapshotUpdateStatus(lock.get());
-    return status.state() != UpdateState::None && status.compression_enabled();
+    return status.state() != UpdateState::None && status.using_snapuserd();
 }
 
-bool SnapshotManager::DetachSnapuserdForSelinux(std::vector<std::string>* snapuserd_argv) {
+bool SnapshotManager::PrepareSnapuserdArgsForSelinux(std::vector<std::string>* snapuserd_argv) {
     return PerformInitTransition(InitTransition::SELINUX_DETACH, snapuserd_argv);
 }
 
+bool SnapshotManager::DetachFirstStageSnapuserdForSelinux() {
+    LOG(INFO) << "Detaching first stage snapuserd";
+
+    auto lock = LockExclusive();
+    if (!lock) return false;
+
+    std::vector<std::string> snapshots;
+    if (!ListSnapshots(lock.get(), &snapshots)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to list snapshots.";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    size_t num_cows = 0;
+    size_t ok_cows = 0;
+    for (const auto& snapshot : snapshots) {
+        std::string user_cow_name = GetDmUserCowName(snapshot, GetSnapshotDriver(lock.get()));
+
+        if (dm_.GetState(user_cow_name) == DmDeviceState::INVALID) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        DeviceMapper::TargetInfo target;
+        if (!GetSingleTarget(user_cow_name, TableQuery::Table, &target)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        auto target_type = DeviceMapper::GetTargetType(target.spec);
+        if (target_type != "user") {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Unexpected target type for " << user_cow_name << ": " << target_type;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        num_cows++;
+        auto misc_name = user_cow_name;
+
+        DmTable table;
+        table.Emplace<DmTargetUser>(0, target.spec.length, misc_name);
+        if (!dm_.LoadTableAndActivate(user_cow_name, table)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to swap tables for " << misc_name;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // Wait for ueventd to acknowledge and create the control device node.
+        std::string control_device = "/dev/dm-user/" + misc_name;
+        if (!WaitForDevice(control_device, 10s)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "dm-user control device no found:  " << misc_name;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        ok_cows++;
+        LOG(INFO) << "control device is ready: " << control_device;
+    }
+
+    if (ok_cows != num_cows) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Could not transition all snapuserd consumers.";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
 bool SnapshotManager::PerformSecondStageInitTransition() {
     return PerformInitTransition(InitTransition::SECOND_STAGE);
 }
@@ -4133,7 +4220,7 @@
 }
 
 MergePhase SnapshotManager::DecideMergePhase(const SnapshotStatus& status) {
-    if (status.compression_enabled() && status.device_size() < status.old_partition_size()) {
+    if (status.using_snapuserd() && status.device_size() < status.old_partition_size()) {
         return MergePhase::FIRST_PHASE;
     }
     return MergePhase::SECOND_PHASE;
@@ -4175,8 +4262,7 @@
     SnapshotUpdateStatus update_status = ReadSnapshotUpdateStatus(lock.get());
     stats->report()->set_iouring_used(update_status.io_uring_enabled());
     stats->report()->set_userspace_snapshots_used(update_status.userspace_snapshots());
-    stats->report()->set_xor_compression_used(
-            android::base::GetBoolProperty("ro.virtual_ab.compression.xor.enabled", false));
+    stats->report()->set_xor_compression_used(GetXorCompressionEnabledProperty());
 }
 
 bool SnapshotManager::DeleteDeviceIfExists(const std::string& name,
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_fuzz_utils.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_fuzz_utils.h
index a648384..eb8246a 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_fuzz_utils.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_fuzz_utils.h
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
 // by SnapshotManager.
 
 #include "android/snapshot/snapshot_fuzz.pb.h"
+#include "libsnapshot/snapshot.h"
 
 namespace android::snapshot {
 
@@ -94,6 +95,7 @@
 
 class SnapshotFuzzDeviceInfo : public ISnapshotManager::IDeviceInfo {
   public:
+    using MergeStatus = ISnapshotManager::IDeviceInfo::MergeStatus;
     // Client is responsible for maintaining the lifetime of |data|.
     SnapshotFuzzDeviceInfo(SnapshotFuzzEnv* env, const FuzzDeviceInfoData& data,
                            std::unique_ptr<TestPartitionOpener>&& partition_opener,
@@ -118,7 +120,7 @@
     std::string GetSlotSuffix() const override { return CurrentSlotIsA() ? "_a" : "_b"; }
     std::string GetOtherSlotSuffix() const override { return CurrentSlotIsA() ? "_b" : "_a"; }
     bool IsOverlayfsSetup() const override { return data_->is_overlayfs_setup(); }
-    bool SetBootControlMergeStatus(android::hardware::boot::V1_1::MergeStatus) override {
+    bool SetBootControlMergeStatus(MergeStatus) override {
         return data_->allow_set_boot_control_merge_status();
     }
     bool SetSlotAsUnbootable(unsigned int) override {
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_test.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_test.cpp
index 6a348b4..2c01cf6 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_test.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_test.cpp
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 #include <future>
 #include <iostream>
 
+#include <aidl/android/hardware/boot/MergeStatus.h>
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
@@ -39,6 +40,7 @@
 #include <libdm/dm.h>
 #include <libfiemap/image_manager.h>
 #include <liblp/builder.h>
+#include <openssl/sha.h>
 #include <storage_literals/storage_literals.h>
 
 #include <android/snapshot/snapshot.pb.h>
@@ -51,9 +53,11 @@
 #include <libsnapshot/mock_device_info.h>
 #include <libsnapshot/mock_snapshot.h>
 
-DEFINE_string(force_config, "", "Force testing mode (dmsnap, vab, vabc) ignoring device config.");
+DEFINE_string(force_mode, "",
+              "Force testing older modes (vab-legacy, vabc-legacy) ignoring device config.");
 DEFINE_string(force_iouring_disable, "",
               "Force testing mode (iouring_disabled) - disable io_uring");
+DEFINE_string(compression_method, "gz", "Default compression algorithm.");
 
 namespace android {
 namespace snapshot {
@@ -90,8 +94,6 @@
 std::string fake_super;
 
 void MountMetadata();
-bool ShouldUseCompression();
-bool IsDaemonRequired();
 
 class SnapshotTest : public ::testing::Test {
   public:
@@ -105,9 +107,15 @@
 
   protected:
     void SetUp() override {
+        const testing::TestInfo* const test_info =
+                testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->current_test_info();
+        test_name_ = test_info->test_suite_name() + "/"s + test_info->name();
+
+        LOG(INFO) << "Starting test: " << test_name_;
+
         SKIP_IF_NON_VIRTUAL_AB();
 
-        SnapshotTestPropertyFetcher::SetUp();
+        SetupProperties();
         InitializeState();
         CleanupTestArtifacts();
         FormatFakeSuper();
@@ -115,13 +123,49 @@
         ASSERT_TRUE(sm->BeginUpdate());
     }
 
+    void SetupProperties() {
+        std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> properties;
+
+        ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::SetProperty("snapuserd.test.dm.snapshots", "0"))
+                << "Failed to disable property: virtual_ab.userspace.snapshots.enabled";
+        ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::SetProperty("snapuserd.test.io_uring.force_disable", "0"))
+                << "Failed to set property: snapuserd.test.io_uring.disabled";
+
+        if (FLAGS_force_mode == "vabc-legacy") {
+            ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::SetProperty("snapuserd.test.dm.snapshots", "1"))
+                    << "Failed to disable property: virtual_ab.userspace.snapshots.enabled";
+            properties["ro.virtual_ab.compression.enabled"] = "true";
+            properties["ro.virtual_ab.userspace.snapshots.enabled"] = "false";
+        } else if (FLAGS_force_mode == "vab-legacy") {
+            properties["ro.virtual_ab.compression.enabled"] = "false";
+            properties["ro.virtual_ab.userspace.snapshots.enabled"] = "false";
+        }
+
+        if (FLAGS_force_iouring_disable == "iouring_disabled") {
+            ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::SetProperty("snapuserd.test.io_uring.force_disable", "1"))
+                    << "Failed to set property: snapuserd.test.io_uring.disabled";
+            properties["ro.virtual_ab.io_uring.enabled"] = "false";
+        }
+
+        auto fetcher = std::make_unique<SnapshotTestPropertyFetcher>("_a", std::move(properties));
+        IPropertyFetcher::OverrideForTesting(std::move(fetcher));
+
+        if (GetLegacyCompressionEnabledProperty() || CanUseUserspaceSnapshots()) {
+            snapuserd_required_ = true;
+        }
+    }
+
     void TearDown() override {
         RETURN_IF_NON_VIRTUAL_AB();
 
+        LOG(INFO) << "Tearing down SnapshotTest test: " << test_name_;
+
         lock_ = nullptr;
 
         CleanupTestArtifacts();
         SnapshotTestPropertyFetcher::TearDown();
+
+        LOG(INFO) << "Teardown complete for test: " << test_name_;
     }
 
     void InitializeState() {
@@ -315,7 +359,7 @@
     }
 
     AssertionResult DeleteDevice(const std::string& device) {
-        if (!dm_.DeleteDeviceIfExists(device)) {
+        if (!sm->DeleteDeviceIfExists(device, 1s)) {
             return AssertionFailure() << "Can't delete " << device;
         }
         return AssertionSuccess();
@@ -357,8 +401,11 @@
         DeltaArchiveManifest manifest;
 
         auto dynamic_partition_metadata = manifest.mutable_dynamic_partition_metadata();
-        dynamic_partition_metadata->set_vabc_enabled(IsCompressionEnabled());
+        dynamic_partition_metadata->set_vabc_enabled(snapuserd_required_);
         dynamic_partition_metadata->set_cow_version(android::snapshot::kCowVersionMajor);
+        if (snapuserd_required_) {
+            dynamic_partition_metadata->set_vabc_compression_param(FLAGS_compression_method);
+        }
 
         auto group = dynamic_partition_metadata->add_groups();
         group->set_name("group");
@@ -396,7 +443,7 @@
             if (!res) {
                 return res;
             }
-        } else if (!IsCompressionEnabled()) {
+        } else if (!snapuserd_required_) {
             std::string ignore;
             if (!MapUpdateSnapshot("test_partition_b", &ignore)) {
                 return AssertionFailure() << "Failed to map test_partition_b";
@@ -449,15 +496,17 @@
     std::unique_ptr<SnapshotManager::LockedFile> lock_;
     android::fiemap::IImageManager* image_manager_ = nullptr;
     std::string fake_super_;
+    bool snapuserd_required_ = false;
+    std::string test_name_;
 };
 
 TEST_F(SnapshotTest, CreateSnapshot) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(AcquireLock());
 
     PartitionCowCreator cow_creator;
-    cow_creator.compression_enabled = ShouldUseCompression();
-    if (cow_creator.compression_enabled) {
-        cow_creator.compression_algorithm = "gz";
+    cow_creator.using_snapuserd = snapuserd_required_;
+    if (cow_creator.using_snapuserd) {
+        cow_creator.compression_algorithm = FLAGS_compression_method;
     } else {
         cow_creator.compression_algorithm = "none";
     }
@@ -483,7 +532,7 @@
         ASSERT_EQ(status.state(), SnapshotState::CREATED);
         ASSERT_EQ(status.device_size(), kDeviceSize);
         ASSERT_EQ(status.snapshot_size(), kDeviceSize);
-        ASSERT_EQ(status.compression_enabled(), cow_creator.compression_enabled);
+        ASSERT_EQ(status.using_snapuserd(), cow_creator.using_snapuserd);
         ASSERT_EQ(status.compression_algorithm(), cow_creator.compression_algorithm);
     }
 
@@ -496,7 +545,7 @@
     ASSERT_TRUE(AcquireLock());
 
     PartitionCowCreator cow_creator;
-    cow_creator.compression_enabled = ShouldUseCompression();
+    cow_creator.using_snapuserd = snapuserd_required_;
 
     static const uint64_t kDeviceSize = 1024 * 1024;
     SnapshotStatus status;
@@ -623,10 +672,10 @@
     SnapshotStatus status;
     ASSERT_TRUE(init->ReadSnapshotStatus(lock_.get(), "test_partition_b", &status));
     ASSERT_EQ(status.state(), SnapshotState::CREATED);
-    if (ShouldUseCompression()) {
-        ASSERT_EQ(status.compression_algorithm(), "gz");
+    if (snapuserd_required_) {
+        ASSERT_EQ(status.compression_algorithm(), FLAGS_compression_method);
     } else {
-        ASSERT_EQ(status.compression_algorithm(), "none");
+        ASSERT_EQ(status.compression_algorithm(), "");
     }
 
     DeviceMapper::TargetInfo target;
@@ -897,8 +946,11 @@
         opener_ = std::make_unique<TestPartitionOpener>(fake_super);
 
         auto dynamic_partition_metadata = manifest_.mutable_dynamic_partition_metadata();
-        dynamic_partition_metadata->set_vabc_enabled(ShouldUseCompression());
+        dynamic_partition_metadata->set_vabc_enabled(snapuserd_required_);
         dynamic_partition_metadata->set_cow_version(android::snapshot::kCowVersionMajor);
+        if (snapuserd_required_) {
+            dynamic_partition_metadata->set_vabc_compression_param(FLAGS_compression_method);
+        }
 
         // Create a fake update package metadata.
         // Not using full name "system", "vendor", "product" because these names collide with the
@@ -962,6 +1014,8 @@
     void TearDown() override {
         RETURN_IF_NON_VIRTUAL_AB();
 
+        LOG(INFO) << "Tearing down SnapshotUpdateTest test: " << test_name_;
+
         Cleanup();
         SnapshotTest::TearDown();
     }
@@ -1030,7 +1084,7 @@
     }
 
     AssertionResult MapOneUpdateSnapshot(const std::string& name) {
-        if (ShouldUseCompression()) {
+        if (snapuserd_required_) {
             std::unique_ptr<ISnapshotWriter> writer;
             return MapUpdateSnapshot(name, &writer);
         } else {
@@ -1039,14 +1093,25 @@
         }
     }
 
-    AssertionResult WriteSnapshotAndHash(const std::string& name) {
-        if (ShouldUseCompression()) {
+    AssertionResult WriteSnapshots() {
+        for (const auto& partition : {sys_, vnd_, prd_}) {
+            auto res = WriteSnapshotAndHash(partition);
+            if (!res) {
+                return res;
+            }
+        }
+        return AssertionSuccess();
+    }
+
+    AssertionResult WriteSnapshotAndHash(PartitionUpdate* partition) {
+        std::string name = partition->partition_name() + "_b";
+        if (snapuserd_required_) {
             std::unique_ptr<ISnapshotWriter> writer;
             auto res = MapUpdateSnapshot(name, &writer);
             if (!res) {
                 return res;
             }
-            if (!WriteRandomData(writer.get(), &hashes_[name])) {
+            if (!WriteRandomSnapshotData(writer.get(), &hashes_[name])) {
                 return AssertionFailure() << "Unable to write random data to snapshot " << name;
             }
             if (!writer->Finalize()) {
@@ -1070,6 +1135,42 @@
                                   << ", hash: " << hashes_[name];
     }
 
+    bool WriteRandomSnapshotData(ICowWriter* writer, std::string* hash) {
+        unique_fd rand(open("/dev/urandom", O_RDONLY));
+        if (rand < 0) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "open /dev/urandom";
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        SHA256_CTX ctx;
+        SHA256_Init(&ctx);
+
+        if (!writer->options().max_blocks) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "CowWriter must specify maximum number of blocks";
+            return false;
+        }
+        const auto num_blocks = writer->options().max_blocks.value();
+
+        const auto block_size = writer->options().block_size;
+        std::string block(block_size, '\0');
+        for (uint64_t i = 0; i < num_blocks; i++) {
+            if (!ReadFully(rand, block.data(), block.size())) {
+                PLOG(ERROR) << "read /dev/urandom";
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (!writer->AddRawBlocks(i, block.data(), block.size())) {
+                LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to add raw block " << i;
+                return false;
+            }
+            SHA256_Update(&ctx, block.data(), block.size());
+        }
+
+        uint8_t out[32];
+        SHA256_Final(out, &ctx);
+        *hash = ToHexString(out, sizeof(out));
+        return true;
+    }
+
     // Generate a snapshot that moves all the upper blocks down to the start.
     // It doesn't really matter the order, we just want copies that reference
     // blocks that won't exist if the partition shrinks.
@@ -1178,9 +1279,7 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(nullptr, tgt->FindPartition("prd_b-cow"));
 
     // Write some data to target partitions.
-    for (const auto& name : {"sys_b", "vnd_b", "prd_b"}) {
-        ASSERT_TRUE(WriteSnapshotAndHash(name));
-    }
+    ASSERT_TRUE(WriteSnapshots());
 
     // Assert that source partitions aren't affected.
     for (const auto& name : {"sys_a", "vnd_a", "prd_a"}) {
@@ -1208,7 +1307,7 @@
 
     // Initiate the merge and wait for it to be completed.
     ASSERT_TRUE(init->InitiateMerge());
-    ASSERT_EQ(init->IsSnapuserdRequired(), IsDaemonRequired());
+    ASSERT_EQ(init->IsSnapuserdRequired(), snapuserd_required_);
     {
         // We should have started in SECOND_PHASE since nothing shrinks.
         ASSERT_TRUE(AcquireLock());
@@ -1235,8 +1334,8 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(SnapshotUpdateTest, DuplicateOps) {
-    if (!ShouldUseCompression()) {
-        GTEST_SKIP() << "Compression-only test";
+    if (!snapuserd_required_) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "snapuserd-only test";
     }
 
     // Execute the update.
@@ -1244,9 +1343,7 @@
     ASSERT_TRUE(sm->CreateUpdateSnapshots(manifest_));
 
     // Write some data to target partitions.
-    for (const auto& name : {"sys_b", "vnd_b", "prd_b"}) {
-        ASSERT_TRUE(WriteSnapshotAndHash(name));
-    }
+    ASSERT_TRUE(WriteSnapshots());
 
     std::vector<PartitionUpdate*> partitions = {sys_, vnd_, prd_};
     for (auto* partition : partitions) {
@@ -1279,9 +1376,9 @@
 // Test that shrinking and growing partitions at the same time is handled
 // correctly in VABC.
 TEST_F(SnapshotUpdateTest, SpaceSwapUpdate) {
-    if (!ShouldUseCompression()) {
+    if (!snapuserd_required_) {
         // b/179111359
-        GTEST_SKIP() << "Skipping Virtual A/B Compression test";
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "Skipping snapuserd test";
     }
 
     auto old_sys_size = GetSize(sys_);
@@ -1310,8 +1407,8 @@
         ASSERT_EQ(status.old_partition_size(), 3145728);
     }
 
-    ASSERT_TRUE(WriteSnapshotAndHash("sys_b"));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(WriteSnapshotAndHash("vnd_b"));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(WriteSnapshotAndHash(sys_));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(WriteSnapshotAndHash(vnd_));
     ASSERT_TRUE(ShiftAllSnapshotBlocks("prd_b", old_prd_size));
 
     sync();
@@ -1342,7 +1439,7 @@
 
     // Initiate the merge and wait for it to be completed.
     ASSERT_TRUE(init->InitiateMerge());
-    ASSERT_EQ(init->IsSnapuserdRequired(), IsDaemonRequired());
+    ASSERT_EQ(init->IsSnapuserdRequired(), snapuserd_required_);
     {
         // Check that the merge phase is FIRST_PHASE until at least one call
         // to ProcessUpdateState() occurs.
@@ -1396,9 +1493,9 @@
 
 // Test that a transient merge consistency check failure can resume properly.
 TEST_F(SnapshotUpdateTest, ConsistencyCheckResume) {
-    if (!ShouldUseCompression()) {
+    if (!snapuserd_required_) {
         // b/179111359
-        GTEST_SKIP() << "Skipping Virtual A/B Compression test";
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "Skipping snapuserd test";
     }
 
     auto old_sys_size = GetSize(sys_);
@@ -1414,8 +1511,8 @@
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(sm->BeginUpdate());
     ASSERT_TRUE(sm->CreateUpdateSnapshots(manifest_));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(WriteSnapshotAndHash("sys_b"));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(WriteSnapshotAndHash("vnd_b"));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(WriteSnapshotAndHash(sys_));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(WriteSnapshotAndHash(vnd_));
     ASSERT_TRUE(ShiftAllSnapshotBlocks("prd_b", old_prd_size));
 
     sync();
@@ -1450,7 +1547,7 @@
 
     // Initiate the merge and wait for it to be completed.
     ASSERT_TRUE(init->InitiateMerge());
-    ASSERT_EQ(init->IsSnapuserdRequired(), IsDaemonRequired());
+    ASSERT_EQ(init->IsSnapuserdRequired(), snapuserd_required_);
     {
         // Check that the merge phase is FIRST_PHASE until at least one call
         // to ProcessUpdateState() occurs.
@@ -1576,9 +1673,7 @@
     ASSERT_TRUE(sm->CreateUpdateSnapshots(manifest_));
 
     // Write some data to target partitions.
-    for (const auto& name : {"sys_b", "vnd_b", "prd_b"}) {
-        ASSERT_TRUE(WriteSnapshotAndHash(name));
-    }
+    ASSERT_TRUE(WriteSnapshots());
 
     // Assert that source partitions aren't affected.
     for (const auto& name : {"sys_a", "vnd_a", "prd_a"}) {
@@ -1737,9 +1832,7 @@
     ASSERT_FALSE(image_manager_->BackingImageExists("prd_b-cow-img"));
 
     // Write some data to target partitions.
-    for (const auto& name : {"sys_b", "vnd_b", "prd_b"}) {
-        ASSERT_TRUE(WriteSnapshotAndHash(name));
-    }
+    ASSERT_TRUE(WriteSnapshots());
 
     // Assert that source partitions aren't affected.
     for (const auto& name : {"sys_a", "vnd_a", "prd_a"}) {
@@ -2011,9 +2104,7 @@
     ASSERT_TRUE(sm->CreateUpdateSnapshots(manifest_));
 
     // Write some data to target partitions.
-    for (const auto& name : {"sys_b", "vnd_b", "prd_b"}) {
-        ASSERT_TRUE(WriteSnapshotAndHash(name)) << name;
-    }
+    ASSERT_TRUE(WriteSnapshots());
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(sm->FinishedSnapshotWrites(true /* wipe */));
 
@@ -2053,17 +2144,15 @@
     ASSERT_TRUE(sm->CreateUpdateSnapshots(manifest_));
 
     // Write some data to target partitions.
-    for (const auto& name : {"sys_b", "vnd_b", "prd_b"}) {
-        ASSERT_TRUE(WriteSnapshotAndHash(name)) << name;
-    }
+    ASSERT_TRUE(WriteSnapshots());
 
     // Create a stale snapshot that should not exist.
     {
         ASSERT_TRUE(AcquireLock());
 
         PartitionCowCreator cow_creator = {
-                .compression_enabled = ShouldUseCompression(),
-                .compression_algorithm = ShouldUseCompression() ? "gz" : "none",
+                .using_snapuserd = snapuserd_required_,
+                .compression_algorithm = snapuserd_required_ ? FLAGS_compression_method : "",
         };
         SnapshotStatus status;
         status.set_name("sys_a");
@@ -2138,7 +2227,7 @@
 
     // Map and write some data to target partition.
     ASSERT_TRUE(MapUpdateSnapshots({"vnd_b", "prd_b"}));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(WriteSnapshotAndHash("sys_b"));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(WriteSnapshotAndHash(sys_));
 
     // Finish update.
     ASSERT_TRUE(sm->FinishedSnapshotWrites(false));
@@ -2159,8 +2248,8 @@
 
 // Test for overflow bit after update
 TEST_F(SnapshotUpdateTest, Overflow) {
-    if (ShouldUseCompression()) {
-        GTEST_SKIP() << "No overflow bit set for userspace COWs";
+    if (snapuserd_required_) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "No overflow bit set for snapuserd COWs";
     }
 
     const auto actual_write_size = GetSize(sys_);
@@ -2174,7 +2263,7 @@
 
     // Map and write some data to target partitions.
     ASSERT_TRUE(MapUpdateSnapshots({"vnd_b", "prd_b"}));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(WriteSnapshotAndHash("sys_b"));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(WriteSnapshotAndHash(sys_));
 
     std::vector<android::dm::DeviceMapper::TargetInfo> table;
     ASSERT_TRUE(DeviceMapper::Instance().GetTableStatus("sys_b", &table));
@@ -2234,8 +2323,8 @@
     ASSERT_TRUE(sm->CreateUpdateSnapshots(manifest_));
 
     // Write some data to target partitions.
-    for (const auto& name : {"sys_b", "vnd_b", "prd_b", "dlkm_b"}) {
-        ASSERT_TRUE(WriteSnapshotAndHash(name));
+    for (const auto& partition : {sys_, vnd_, prd_, dlkm}) {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(WriteSnapshotAndHash(partition));
     }
 
     // Assert that source partitions aren't affected.
@@ -2294,8 +2383,8 @@
 };
 
 TEST_F(SnapshotUpdateTest, DaemonTransition) {
-    if (!ShouldUseCompression()) {
-        GTEST_SKIP() << "Skipping Virtual A/B Compression test";
+    if (!snapuserd_required_) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "Skipping snapuserd test";
     }
 
     // Ensure a connection to the second-stage daemon, but use the first-stage
@@ -2359,9 +2448,7 @@
     // Execute the update.
     ASSERT_TRUE(sm->BeginUpdate());
     ASSERT_TRUE(sm->CreateUpdateSnapshots(manifest_));
-    for (const auto& name : {"sys_b", "vnd_b", "prd_b"}) {
-        ASSERT_TRUE(WriteSnapshotAndHash(name));
-    }
+    ASSERT_TRUE(WriteSnapshots());
     ASSERT_TRUE(sm->FinishedSnapshotWrites(false));
     ASSERT_TRUE(sm->MapAllSnapshots(10s));
 
@@ -2411,13 +2498,6 @@
     // fit in super, but not |prd|.
     constexpr uint64_t partition_size = 3788_KiB;
     SetSize(sys_, partition_size);
-    SetSize(vnd_, partition_size);
-    SetSize(prd_, 18_MiB);
-
-    // Make sure |prd| does not fit in super at all. On VABC, this means we
-    // fake an extra large COW for |vnd| to fill up super.
-    vnd_->set_estimate_cow_size(30_MiB);
-    prd_->set_estimate_cow_size(30_MiB);
 
     AddOperationForPartitions();
 
@@ -2429,23 +2509,7 @@
         GTEST_SKIP() << "Test does not apply to userspace snapshots";
     }
 
-    // Test that partitions prioritize using space in super.
-    auto tgt = MetadataBuilder::New(*opener_, "super", 1);
-    ASSERT_NE(tgt, nullptr);
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, tgt->FindPartition("sys_b-cow"));
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, tgt->FindPartition("vnd_b-cow"));
-    ASSERT_EQ(nullptr, tgt->FindPartition("prd_b-cow"));
-
-    // Write some data to target partitions.
-    for (const auto& name : {"sys_b", "vnd_b", "prd_b"}) {
-        ASSERT_TRUE(WriteSnapshotAndHash(name));
-    }
-
-    // Assert that source partitions aren't affected.
-    for (const auto& name : {"sys_a", "vnd_a", "prd_a"}) {
-        ASSERT_TRUE(IsPartitionUnchanged(name));
-    }
-
+    ASSERT_TRUE(WriteSnapshots());
     ASSERT_TRUE(sm->FinishedSnapshotWrites(false));
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(UnmapAll());
@@ -2609,7 +2673,6 @@
     }
     void TearDown() override {
         RETURN_IF_NON_VIRTUAL_AB();
-        return;  // BUG(149738928)
 
         EXPECT_TRUE(!image_manager_->BackingImageExists(kImageName) ||
                     image_manager_->DeleteBackingImage(kImageName));
@@ -2618,19 +2681,6 @@
     std::unique_ptr<LowSpaceUserdata> userdata_;
 };
 
-TEST_P(ImageManagerTest, CreateImageEnoughAvailSpace) {
-    if (userdata_->available_space() == 0) {
-        GTEST_SKIP() << "/data is full (" << userdata_->available_space()
-                     << " bytes available), skipping";
-    }
-    ASSERT_TRUE(image_manager_->CreateBackingImage(kImageName, userdata_->available_space(),
-                                                   IImageManager::CREATE_IMAGE_DEFAULT))
-            << "Should be able to create image with size = " << userdata_->available_space()
-            << " bytes";
-    ASSERT_TRUE(image_manager_->DeleteBackingImage(kImageName))
-            << "Should be able to delete created image";
-}
-
 TEST_P(ImageManagerTest, CreateImageNoSpace) {
     uint64_t to_allocate = userdata_->free_space() + userdata_->bsize();
     auto res = image_manager_->CreateBackingImage(kImageName, to_allocate,
@@ -2750,37 +2800,16 @@
     }
 }
 
-bool IsDaemonRequired() {
-    if (FLAGS_force_config == "dmsnap") {
-        return false;
+void KillSnapuserd() {
+    auto status = android::base::GetProperty("init.svc.snapuserd", "stopped");
+    if (status == "stopped") {
+        return;
     }
-
-    const std::string UNKNOWN = "unknown";
-    const std::string vendor_release =
-            android::base::GetProperty("ro.vendor.build.version.release_or_codename", UNKNOWN);
-
-    // No userspace snapshots if vendor partition is on Android 12
-    // However, for GRF devices, snapuserd daemon will be on
-    // vendor ramdisk in Android 12.
-    if (vendor_release.find("12") != std::string::npos) {
-        return true;
+    auto snapuserd_client = SnapuserdClient::Connect(kSnapuserdSocket, 5s);
+    if (!snapuserd_client) {
+        return;
     }
-
-    if (!FLAGS_force_config.empty()) {
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    return IsUserspaceSnapshotsEnabled();
-}
-
-bool ShouldUseCompression() {
-    if (FLAGS_force_config == "vab" || FLAGS_force_config == "dmsnap") {
-        return false;
-    }
-    if (FLAGS_force_config == "vabc") {
-        return true;
-    }
-    return IsCompressionEnabled();
+    snapuserd_client->DetachSnapuserd();
 }
 
 }  // namespace snapshot
@@ -2793,35 +2822,20 @@
 
     android::base::SetProperty("ctl.stop", "snapuserd");
 
-    std::unordered_set<std::string> configs = {"", "dmsnap", "vab", "vabc"};
-    if (configs.count(FLAGS_force_config) == 0) {
+    std::unordered_set<std::string> modes = {"", "vab-legacy", "vabc-legacy"};
+    if (modes.count(FLAGS_force_mode) == 0) {
         std::cerr << "Unexpected force_config argument\n";
         return 1;
     }
 
-    if (FLAGS_force_config == "dmsnap") {
-        if (!android::base::SetProperty("snapuserd.test.dm.snapshots", "1")) {
-            return testing::AssertionFailure()
-                   << "Failed to disable property: virtual_ab.userspace.snapshots.enabled";
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (FLAGS_force_iouring_disable == "iouring_disabled") {
-        if (!android::base::SetProperty("snapuserd.test.io_uring.force_disable", "1")) {
-            return testing::AssertionFailure()
-                   << "Failed to disable property: snapuserd.test.io_uring.disabled";
-        }
-    }
+    // This is necessary if the configuration we're testing doesn't match the device.
+    android::snapshot::KillSnapuserd();
 
     int ret = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
 
-    if (FLAGS_force_config == "dmsnap") {
-        android::base::SetProperty("snapuserd.test.dm.snapshots", "0");
-    }
+    android::base::SetProperty("snapuserd.test.dm.snapshots", "0");
+    android::base::SetProperty("snapuserd.test.io_uring.force_disable", "0");
 
-    if (FLAGS_force_iouring_disable == "iouring_disabled") {
-        android::base::SetProperty("snapuserd.test.io_uring.force_disable", "0");
-    }
-
+    android::snapshot::KillSnapuserd();
     return ret;
 }
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_writer.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_writer.cpp
index 48b7d80..6aad3d1 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_writer.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_writer.cpp
@@ -111,8 +111,9 @@
     return reader;
 }
 
-bool CompressedSnapshotWriter::EmitCopy(uint64_t new_block, uint64_t old_block) {
-    return cow_->AddCopy(new_block, old_block);
+bool CompressedSnapshotWriter::EmitCopy(uint64_t new_block, uint64_t old_block,
+                                        uint64_t num_blocks) {
+    return cow_->AddCopy(new_block, old_block, num_blocks);
 }
 
 bool CompressedSnapshotWriter::EmitRawBlocks(uint64_t new_block_start, const void* data,
@@ -191,19 +192,29 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-bool OnlineKernelSnapshotWriter::EmitCopy(uint64_t new_block, uint64_t old_block) {
+bool OnlineKernelSnapshotWriter::EmitCopy(uint64_t new_block, uint64_t old_block,
+                                          uint64_t num_blocks) {
     auto source_fd = GetSourceFd();
     if (source_fd < 0) {
         return false;
     }
 
-    std::string buffer(options_.block_size, 0);
-    uint64_t offset = old_block * options_.block_size;
-    if (!android::base::ReadFullyAtOffset(source_fd, buffer.data(), buffer.size(), offset)) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "EmitCopy read";
-        return false;
+    CHECK(num_blocks != 0);
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < num_blocks; i++) {
+        std::string buffer(options_.block_size, 0);
+        uint64_t offset = (old_block + i) * options_.block_size;
+        if (!android::base::ReadFullyAtOffset(source_fd, buffer.data(), buffer.size(), offset)) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "EmitCopy read";
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (!EmitRawBlocks(new_block + i, buffer.data(), buffer.size())) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "EmitRawBlocks failed";
+            return false;
+        }
     }
-    return EmitRawBlocks(new_block, buffer.data(), buffer.size());
+
+    return true;
 }
 
 bool OnlineKernelSnapshotWriter::EmitLabel(uint64_t) {
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshotctl.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshotctl.cpp
index 67189d4..ad3f83c 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshotctl.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshotctl.cpp
@@ -25,9 +25,27 @@
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 
+#include <fs_mgr.h>
+#include <fs_mgr_dm_linear.h>
+#include <fstab/fstab.h>
+#include <liblp/builder.h>
+#include <libsnapshot/cow_format.h>
 #include <libsnapshot/snapshot.h>
+#include <storage_literals/storage_literals.h>
 
+#ifdef SNAPSHOTCTL_USERDEBUG_OR_ENG
+#include <BootControlClient.h>
+#endif
+
+using namespace std::chrono_literals;
 using namespace std::string_literals;
+using namespace android::storage_literals;
+using android::fs_mgr::CreateLogicalPartitionParams;
+using android::fs_mgr::FindPartition;
+using android::fs_mgr::GetPartitionSize;
+using android::fs_mgr::PartitionOpener;
+using android::fs_mgr::ReadMetadata;
+using android::fs_mgr::SlotNumberForSlotSuffix;
 
 int Usage() {
     std::cerr << "snapshotctl: Control snapshots.\n"
@@ -67,11 +85,136 @@
     return false;
 }
 
+#ifdef SNAPSHOTCTL_USERDEBUG_OR_ENG
+bool CreateTestUpdate(SnapshotManager* sm) {
+    chromeos_update_engine::DeltaArchiveManifest manifest;
+
+    // We only copy system, to simplify things.
+    manifest.set_partial_update(true);
+
+    auto dap = manifest.mutable_dynamic_partition_metadata();
+    dap->set_snapshot_enabled(true);
+    dap->set_vabc_enabled(true);
+    dap->set_vabc_compression_param("none");
+    dap->set_cow_version(kCowVersionMajor);
+
+    auto source_slot = fs_mgr_get_slot_suffix();
+    auto source_slot_number = SlotNumberForSlotSuffix(source_slot);
+    auto target_slot = fs_mgr_get_other_slot_suffix();
+    auto target_slot_number = SlotNumberForSlotSuffix(target_slot);
+    auto super_source = fs_mgr_get_super_partition_name(source_slot_number);
+
+    // Get current partition information.
+    PartitionOpener opener;
+    auto source_metadata = ReadMetadata(opener, super_source, source_slot_number);
+    if (!source_metadata) {
+        std::cerr << "Could not read source partition metadata.\n";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    auto system_source_name = "system" + source_slot;
+    auto system_source = FindPartition(*source_metadata.get(), system_source_name);
+    if (!system_source) {
+        std::cerr << "Could not find system partition: " << system_source_name << ".\n";
+        return false;
+    }
+    auto system_source_size = GetPartitionSize(*source_metadata.get(), *system_source);
+
+    // Since we only add copy operations, 64MB should be enough.
+    auto system_update = manifest.mutable_partitions()->Add();
+    system_update->set_partition_name("system");
+    system_update->set_estimate_cow_size(64_MiB);
+    system_update->mutable_new_partition_info()->set_size(system_source_size);
+
+    if (!sm->CreateUpdateSnapshots(manifest)) {
+        std::cerr << "Could not create update snapshots.\n";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // Write the "new" system partition.
+    auto system_target_name = "system" + target_slot;
+    auto source_device = "/dev/block/mapper/" + system_source_name;
+    CreateLogicalPartitionParams clpp = {
+            .block_device = fs_mgr_get_super_partition_name(target_slot_number),
+            .metadata_slot = {target_slot_number},
+            .partition_name = system_target_name,
+            .partition_opener = &opener,
+            .timeout_ms = 10s,
+    };
+    auto writer = sm->OpenSnapshotWriter(clpp, {source_device});
+    if (!writer) {
+        std::cerr << "Could not open snapshot writer.\n";
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (!writer->Initialize()) {
+        std::cerr << "Could not initialize snapshot for writing.\n";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    for (uint64_t block = 0; block < system_source_size / 4096; block++) {
+        if (!writer->AddCopy(block, block)) {
+            std::cerr << "Unable to add copy operation for block " << block << ".\n";
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+    if (!writer->Finalize()) {
+        std::cerr << "Could not finalize COW for " << system_target_name << ".\n";
+        return false;
+    }
+    writer = nullptr;
+
+    // Finished writing this partition, unmap.
+    if (!sm->UnmapUpdateSnapshot(system_target_name)) {
+        std::cerr << "Could not unmap snapshot for " << system_target_name << ".\n";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // All snapshots have been written.
+    if (!sm->FinishedSnapshotWrites(false /* wipe */)) {
+        std::cerr << "Could not finalize snapshot writes.\n";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    auto hal = hal::BootControlClient::WaitForService();
+    if (!hal) {
+        std::cerr << "Could not find IBootControl HAL.\n";
+        return false;
+    }
+    auto cr = hal->SetActiveBootSlot(target_slot_number);
+    if (!cr.IsOk()) {
+        std::cerr << "Could not set active boot slot: " << cr.errMsg;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    std::cerr << "It is now safe to reboot your device. If using a physical device, make\n"
+              << "sure that all physical partitions are flashed to both A and B slots.\n";
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool TestOtaHandler(int /* argc */, char** /* argv */) {
+    auto sm = SnapshotManager::New();
+
+    if (!sm->BeginUpdate()) {
+        std::cerr << "Error starting update.\n";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (!CreateTestUpdate(sm.get())) {
+        sm->CancelUpdate();
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+#endif
+
 static std::map<std::string, std::function<bool(int, char**)>> kCmdMap = {
         // clang-format off
         {"dump", DumpCmdHandler},
         {"merge", MergeCmdHandler},
         {"map", MapCmdHandler},
+#ifdef SNAPSHOTCTL_USERDEBUG_OR_ENG
+        {"test-blank-ota", TestOtaHandler},
+#endif
         {"unmap", UnmapCmdHandler},
         // clang-format on
 };
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/include/snapuserd/snapuserd_client.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/include/snapuserd/snapuserd_client.h
index 9a69d58..4b62b20 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/include/snapuserd/snapuserd_client.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/include/snapuserd/snapuserd_client.h
@@ -71,8 +71,6 @@
     // must ONLY be called if the control device has already been deleted.
     bool WaitForDeviceDelete(const std::string& control_device);
 
-    void CloseConnection() { sockfd_ = {}; }
-
     // Detach snapuserd. This shuts down the listener socket, and will cause
     // snapuserd to gracefully exit once all handler threads have terminated.
     // This should only be used on first-stage instances of snapuserd.
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/snapuserd.rc b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/snapuserd.rc
index 2750096..522fe08 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/snapuserd.rc
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/snapuserd.rc
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
     disabled
     user root
     group root system
+    task_profiles OtaProfiles
     seclabel u:r:snapuserd:s0
 
 service snapuserd_proxy /system/bin/snapuserd -socket-handoff
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_core.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_core.cpp
index afc653f..492c43f 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_core.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_core.cpp
@@ -147,21 +147,22 @@
     NotifyRAForMergeReady();
 }
 
-void SnapshotHandler::CheckMergeCompletionStatus() {
+bool SnapshotHandler::CheckMergeCompletionStatus() {
     if (!merge_initiated_) {
         SNAP_LOG(INFO) << "Merge was not initiated. Total-data-ops: "
                        << reader_->get_num_total_data_ops();
-        return;
+        return false;
     }
 
     struct CowHeader* ch = reinterpret_cast<struct CowHeader*>(mapped_addr_);
 
     SNAP_LOG(INFO) << "Merge-status: Total-Merged-ops: " << ch->num_merge_ops
                    << " Total-data-ops: " << reader_->get_num_total_data_ops();
+    return true;
 }
 
 bool SnapshotHandler::ReadMetadata() {
-    reader_ = std::make_unique<CowReader>(CowReader::ReaderFlags::USERSPACE_MERGE);
+    reader_ = std::make_unique<CowReader>(CowReader::ReaderFlags::USERSPACE_MERGE, true);
     CowHeader header;
     CowOptions options;
 
@@ -192,7 +193,7 @@
     UpdateMergeCompletionPercentage();
 
     // Initialize the iterator for reading metadata
-    std::unique_ptr<ICowOpIter> cowop_iter = reader_->GetMergeOpIter();
+    std::unique_ptr<ICowOpIter> cowop_iter = reader_->GetOpIter(true);
 
     int num_ra_ops_per_iter = ((GetBufferDataSize()) / BLOCK_SZ);
     int ra_index = 0;
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_core.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_core.h
index 90fba75..42237ef 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_core.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_core.h
@@ -18,6 +18,9 @@
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <sys/mman.h>
+#include <sys/resource.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
 
 #include <condition_variable>
 #include <cstring>
@@ -56,6 +59,8 @@
 
 static constexpr int kNumWorkerThreads = 4;
 
+static constexpr int kNiceValueForMergeThreads = -5;
+
 #define SNAP_LOG(level) LOG(level) << misc_name_ << ": "
 #define SNAP_PLOG(level) PLOG(level) << misc_name_ << ": "
 
@@ -306,7 +311,7 @@
     const bool& IsAttached() const { return attached_; }
     void AttachControlDevice() { attached_ = true; }
 
-    void CheckMergeCompletionStatus();
+    bool CheckMergeCompletionStatus();
     bool CommitMerge(int num_merge_ops);
 
     void CloseFds() { cow_fd_ = {}; }
@@ -337,6 +342,8 @@
 
     // State transitions for merge
     void InitiateMerge();
+    void MonitorMerge();
+    void WakeupMonitorMergeThread();
     void WaitForMergeComplete();
     bool WaitForMergeBegin();
     void NotifyRAForMergeReady();
@@ -365,6 +372,7 @@
     void SetSocketPresent(bool socket) { is_socket_present_ = socket; }
     void SetIouringEnabled(bool io_uring_enabled) { is_io_uring_enabled_ = io_uring_enabled; }
     bool MergeInitiated() { return merge_initiated_; }
+    bool MergeMonitored() { return merge_monitored_; }
     double GetMergePercentage() { return merge_completion_percentage_; }
 
     // Merge Block State Transitions
@@ -431,6 +439,7 @@
     double merge_completion_percentage_;
 
     bool merge_initiated_ = false;
+    bool merge_monitored_ = false;
     bool attached_ = false;
     bool is_socket_present_;
     bool is_io_uring_enabled_ = false;
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_dm_user.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_dm_user.cpp
index 1e300d2..0d0f711 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_dm_user.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_dm_user.cpp
@@ -253,6 +253,11 @@
 
 bool Worker::RunThread() {
     SNAP_LOG(INFO) << "Processing snapshot I/O requests....";
+
+    if (setpriority(PRIO_PROCESS, gettid(), kNiceValueForMergeThreads)) {
+        SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to set priority for TID: " << gettid();
+    }
+
     // Start serving IO
     while (true) {
         if (!ProcessIORequest()) {
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_merge.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_merge.cpp
index c26a2cd..d57f434 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_merge.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_merge.cpp
@@ -71,16 +71,16 @@
 }
 
 bool Worker::MergeReplaceZeroOps() {
-    // Flush every 8192 ops. Since all ops are independent and there is no
+    // Flush after merging 2MB. Since all ops are independent and there is no
     // dependency between COW ops, we will flush the data and the number
-    // of ops merged in COW file for every 8192 ops. If there is a crash,
-    // we will end up replaying some of the COW ops which were already merged.
-    // That is ok.
+    // of ops merged in COW block device. If there is a crash, we will
+    // end up replaying some of the COW ops which were already merged. That is
+    // ok.
     //
-    // Why 8192 ops ? Increasing this may improve merge time 3-4 seconds but
-    // we need to make sure that we checkpoint; 8k ops seems optimal. In-case
-    // if there is a crash merge should always make forward progress.
-    int total_ops_merged_per_commit = (PAYLOAD_BUFFER_SZ / BLOCK_SZ) * 32;
+    // Although increasing this greater than 2MB may help in improving merge
+    // times; however, on devices with low memory, this can be problematic
+    // when there are multiple merge threads in parallel.
+    int total_ops_merged_per_commit = (PAYLOAD_BUFFER_SZ / BLOCK_SZ) * 2;
     int num_ops_merged = 0;
 
     SNAP_LOG(INFO) << "MergeReplaceZeroOps started....";
@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@
 }
 
 bool Worker::Merge() {
-    cowop_iter_ = reader_->GetMergeOpIter();
+    cowop_iter_ = reader_->GetOpIter(true);
 
     bool retry = false;
     bool ordered_ops_merge_status;
@@ -543,6 +543,10 @@
         return true;
     }
 
+    if (setpriority(PRIO_PROCESS, gettid(), kNiceValueForMergeThreads)) {
+        SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to set priority for TID: " << gettid();
+    }
+
     SNAP_LOG(INFO) << "Merge starting..";
 
     if (!Init()) {
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_readahead.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_readahead.cpp
index fa2866f..fbe57d2 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_readahead.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_readahead.cpp
@@ -727,6 +727,10 @@
 
     InitializeIouring();
 
+    if (setpriority(PRIO_PROCESS, gettid(), kNiceValueForMergeThreads)) {
+        SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to set priority for TID: " << gettid();
+    }
+
     while (!RAIterDone()) {
         if (!ReadAheadIOStart()) {
             break;
@@ -768,7 +772,7 @@
 }
 
 void ReadAhead::InitializeRAIter() {
-    cowop_iter_ = reader_->GetMergeOpIter();
+    cowop_iter_ = reader_->GetOpIter(true);
 }
 
 bool ReadAhead::RAIterDone() {
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_server.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_server.cpp
index b7f7f54..d437d32 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_server.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_server.cpp
@@ -60,6 +60,14 @@
     return DaemonOps::INVALID;
 }
 
+UserSnapshotServer::UserSnapshotServer() {
+    monitor_merge_event_fd_.reset(eventfd(0, EFD_CLOEXEC));
+    if (monitor_merge_event_fd_ == -1) {
+        PLOG(FATAL) << "monitor_merge_event_fd_: failed to create eventfd";
+    }
+    terminating_ = false;
+}
+
 UserSnapshotServer::~UserSnapshotServer() {
     // Close any client sockets that were added via AcceptClient().
     for (size_t i = 1; i < watched_fds_.size(); i++) {
@@ -250,7 +258,7 @@
                     return Sendmsg(fd, "fail");
                 }
 
-                if (!StartMerge(*iter)) {
+                if (!StartMerge(&lock, *iter)) {
                     return Sendmsg(fd, "fail");
                 }
 
@@ -307,7 +315,7 @@
     }
 
     handler->snapuserd()->CloseFds();
-    handler->snapuserd()->CheckMergeCompletionStatus();
+    bool merge_completed = handler->snapuserd()->CheckMergeCompletionStatus();
     handler->snapuserd()->UnmapBufferRegion();
 
     auto misc_name = handler->misc_name();
@@ -315,7 +323,11 @@
 
     {
         std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(lock_);
-        num_partitions_merge_complete_ += 1;
+        if (merge_completed) {
+            num_partitions_merge_complete_ += 1;
+            active_merge_threads_ -= 1;
+            WakeupMonitorMergeThread();
+        }
         handler->SetThreadTerminated();
         auto iter = FindHandler(&lock, handler->misc_name());
         if (iter == dm_users_.end()) {
@@ -427,6 +439,9 @@
 
         if (th.joinable()) th.join();
     }
+
+    stop_monitor_merge_thread_ = true;
+    WakeupMonitorMergeThread();
 }
 
 void UserSnapshotServer::AddWatchedFd(android::base::borrowed_fd fd, int events) {
@@ -447,15 +462,14 @@
 }
 
 bool UserSnapshotServer::HandleClient(android::base::borrowed_fd fd, int revents) {
-    if (revents & POLLHUP) {
-        LOG(DEBUG) << "Snapuserd client disconnected";
-        return false;
-    }
-
     std::string str;
     if (!Recv(fd, &str)) {
         return false;
     }
+    if (str.empty() && (revents & POLLHUP)) {
+        LOG(DEBUG) << "Snapuserd client disconnected";
+        return false;
+    }
     if (!Receivemsg(fd, str)) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Encountered error handling client message, revents: " << revents;
         return false;
@@ -511,13 +525,24 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-bool UserSnapshotServer::StartMerge(const std::shared_ptr<UserSnapshotDmUserHandler>& handler) {
+bool UserSnapshotServer::StartMerge(std::lock_guard<std::mutex>* proof_of_lock,
+                                    const std::shared_ptr<UserSnapshotDmUserHandler>& handler) {
+    CHECK(proof_of_lock);
+
     if (!handler->snapuserd()->IsAttached()) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Handler not attached to dm-user - Merge thread cannot be started";
         return false;
     }
 
-    handler->snapuserd()->InitiateMerge();
+    handler->snapuserd()->MonitorMerge();
+
+    if (!is_merge_monitor_started_.has_value()) {
+        std::thread(&UserSnapshotServer::MonitorMerge, this).detach();
+        is_merge_monitor_started_ = true;
+    }
+
+    merge_handlers_.push(handler);
+    WakeupMonitorMergeThread();
     return true;
 }
 
@@ -599,6 +624,48 @@
     return true;
 }
 
+void UserSnapshotServer::WakeupMonitorMergeThread() {
+    uint64_t notify = 1;
+    ssize_t rc = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(write(monitor_merge_event_fd_.get(), &notify, sizeof(notify)));
+    if (rc < 0) {
+        PLOG(FATAL) << "failed to notify monitor merge thread";
+    }
+}
+
+void UserSnapshotServer::MonitorMerge() {
+    while (!stop_monitor_merge_thread_) {
+        uint64_t testVal;
+        ssize_t ret =
+                TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(monitor_merge_event_fd_.get(), &testVal, sizeof(testVal)));
+        if (ret == -1) {
+            PLOG(FATAL) << "Failed to read from eventfd";
+        } else if (ret == 0) {
+            LOG(FATAL) << "Hit EOF on eventfd";
+        }
+
+        LOG(INFO) << "MonitorMerge: active-merge-threads: " << active_merge_threads_;
+        {
+            std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(lock_);
+            while (active_merge_threads_ < kMaxMergeThreads && merge_handlers_.size() > 0) {
+                auto handler = merge_handlers_.front();
+                merge_handlers_.pop();
+
+                if (!handler->snapuserd()) {
+                    LOG(INFO) << "MonitorMerge: skipping deleted handler: " << handler->misc_name();
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                LOG(INFO) << "Starting merge for partition: "
+                          << handler->snapuserd()->GetMiscName();
+                handler->snapuserd()->InitiateMerge();
+                active_merge_threads_ += 1;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    LOG(INFO) << "Exiting MonitorMerge: size: " << merge_handlers_.size();
+}
+
 bool UserSnapshotServer::WaitForSocket() {
     auto scope_guard = android::base::make_scope_guard([this]() -> void { JoinAllThreads(); });
 
@@ -655,6 +722,7 @@
     if (!StartWithSocket(true)) {
         return false;
     }
+
     return Run();
 }
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_server.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_server.h
index 00734a9..c2af61f 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_server.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_server.h
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <poll.h>
+#include <sys/eventfd.h>
 
 #include <cstdio>
 #include <cstring>
@@ -22,6 +23,8 @@
 #include <future>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <mutex>
+#include <optional>
+#include <queue>
 #include <sstream>
 #include <string>
 #include <thread>
@@ -34,6 +37,7 @@
 namespace snapshot {
 
 static constexpr uint32_t kMaxPacketSize = 512;
+static constexpr uint8_t kMaxMergeThreads = 2;
 
 enum class DaemonOps {
     INIT,
@@ -85,13 +89,19 @@
     std::vector<struct pollfd> watched_fds_;
     bool is_socket_present_ = false;
     int num_partitions_merge_complete_ = 0;
+    int active_merge_threads_ = 0;
+    bool stop_monitor_merge_thread_ = false;
     bool is_server_running_ = false;
     bool io_uring_enabled_ = false;
+    std::optional<bool> is_merge_monitor_started_;
+
+    android::base::unique_fd monitor_merge_event_fd_;
 
     std::mutex lock_;
 
     using HandlerList = std::vector<std::shared_ptr<UserSnapshotDmUserHandler>>;
     HandlerList dm_users_;
+    std::queue<std::shared_ptr<UserSnapshotDmUserHandler>> merge_handlers_;
 
     void AddWatchedFd(android::base::borrowed_fd fd, int events);
     void AcceptClient();
@@ -109,6 +119,8 @@
     bool IsTerminating() { return terminating_; }
 
     void RunThread(std::shared_ptr<UserSnapshotDmUserHandler> handler);
+    void MonitorMerge();
+
     void JoinAllThreads();
     bool StartWithSocket(bool start_listening);
 
@@ -122,7 +134,7 @@
     bool UpdateVerification(std::lock_guard<std::mutex>* proof_of_lock);
 
   public:
-    UserSnapshotServer() { terminating_ = false; }
+    UserSnapshotServer();
     ~UserSnapshotServer();
 
     bool Start(const std::string& socketname);
@@ -136,9 +148,11 @@
                                                           const std::string& backing_device,
                                                           const std::string& base_path_merge);
     bool StartHandler(const std::shared_ptr<UserSnapshotDmUserHandler>& handler);
-    bool StartMerge(const std::shared_ptr<UserSnapshotDmUserHandler>& handler);
+    bool StartMerge(std::lock_guard<std::mutex>* proof_of_lock,
+                    const std::shared_ptr<UserSnapshotDmUserHandler>& handler);
     std::string GetMergeStatus(const std::shared_ptr<UserSnapshotDmUserHandler>& handler);
 
+    void WakeupMonitorMergeThread();
     void SetTerminating() { terminating_ = true; }
     void ReceivedSocketSignal() { received_socket_signal_ = true; }
     void SetServerRunning() { is_server_running_ = true; }
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_transitions.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_transitions.cpp
index d4e1d7c..28c9f68 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_transitions.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_transitions.cpp
@@ -165,6 +165,13 @@
 using namespace android::dm;
 using android::base::unique_fd;
 
+void SnapshotHandler::MonitorMerge() {
+    {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(lock_);
+        merge_monitored_ = true;
+    }
+}
+
 // This is invoked once primarily by update-engine to initiate
 // the merge
 void SnapshotHandler::InitiateMerge() {
@@ -361,10 +368,16 @@
 
 std::string SnapshotHandler::GetMergeStatus() {
     bool merge_not_initiated = false;
+    bool merge_monitored = false;
     bool merge_failed = false;
 
     {
         std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(lock_);
+
+        if (MergeMonitored()) {
+            merge_monitored = true;
+        }
+
         if (!MergeInitiated()) {
             merge_not_initiated = true;
         }
@@ -387,6 +400,12 @@
             return "snapshot-merge-complete";
         }
 
+        // Merge monitor thread is tracking the merge but the merge thread
+        // is not started yet.
+        if (merge_monitored) {
+            return "snapshot-merge";
+        }
+
         // Return the state as "snapshot". If the device was rebooted during
         // merge, we will return the status as "snapshot". This is ok, as
         // libsnapshot will explicitly resume the merge. This is slightly
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/test_helpers.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/test_helpers.cpp
index 71fe124..b05123a 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/test_helpers.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/test_helpers.cpp
@@ -18,10 +18,12 @@
 
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android-base/parsebool.h>
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <liblp/property_fetcher.h>
 #include <openssl/sha.h>
 #include <payload_consumer/file_descriptor.h>
 
@@ -128,48 +130,6 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-bool WriteRandomData(ICowWriter* writer, std::string* hash) {
-    unique_fd rand(open("/dev/urandom", O_RDONLY));
-    if (rand < 0) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "open /dev/urandom";
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    SHA256_CTX ctx;
-    if (hash) {
-        SHA256_Init(&ctx);
-    }
-
-    if (!writer->options().max_blocks) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "CowWriter must specify maximum number of blocks";
-        return false;
-    }
-    uint64_t num_blocks = writer->options().max_blocks.value();
-
-    size_t block_size = writer->options().block_size;
-    std::string block(block_size, '\0');
-    for (uint64_t i = 0; i < num_blocks; i++) {
-        if (!ReadFully(rand, block.data(), block.size())) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "read /dev/urandom";
-            return false;
-        }
-        if (!writer->AddRawBlocks(i, block.data(), block.size())) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to add raw block " << i;
-            return false;
-        }
-        if (hash) {
-            SHA256_Update(&ctx, block.data(), block.size());
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (hash) {
-        uint8_t out[32];
-        SHA256_Final(out, &ctx);
-        *hash = ToHexString(out, sizeof(out));
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
 std::string HashSnapshot(ISnapshotWriter* writer) {
     auto reader = writer->OpenReader();
     if (!reader) {
@@ -320,5 +280,38 @@
     return android::base::GetBoolProperty("ro.virtual_ab.enabled", false);
 }
 
+SnapshotTestPropertyFetcher::SnapshotTestPropertyFetcher(
+        const std::string& slot_suffix, std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string>&& props)
+    : properties_(std::move(props)) {
+    properties_["ro.boot.slot_suffix"] = slot_suffix;
+    properties_["ro.boot.dynamic_partitions"] = "true";
+    properties_["ro.boot.dynamic_partitions_retrofit"] = "false";
+    properties_["ro.virtual_ab.enabled"] = "true";
+}
+
+std::string SnapshotTestPropertyFetcher::GetProperty(const std::string& key,
+                                                     const std::string& defaultValue) {
+    auto iter = properties_.find(key);
+    if (iter == properties_.end()) {
+        return android::base::GetProperty(key, defaultValue);
+    }
+    return iter->second;
+}
+
+bool SnapshotTestPropertyFetcher::GetBoolProperty(const std::string& key, bool defaultValue) {
+    auto iter = properties_.find(key);
+    if (iter == properties_.end()) {
+        return android::base::GetBoolProperty(key, defaultValue);
+    }
+    switch (android::base::ParseBool(iter->second)) {
+        case android::base::ParseBoolResult::kTrue:
+            return true;
+        case android::base::ParseBoolResult::kFalse:
+            return false;
+        default:
+            return defaultValue;
+    }
+}
+
 }  // namespace snapshot
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/utility.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/utility.cpp
index f01bec9..cadd24d 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/utility.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/utility.cpp
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <fs_mgr/roots.h>
+#include <liblp/property_fetcher.h>
 
 using android::dm::kSectorSize;
 using android::fiemap::FiemapStatus;
@@ -33,6 +34,7 @@
 using android::fs_mgr::EnsurePathUnmounted;
 using android::fs_mgr::Fstab;
 using android::fs_mgr::GetEntryForPath;
+using android::fs_mgr::IPropertyFetcher;
 using android::fs_mgr::MetadataBuilder;
 using android::fs_mgr::Partition;
 using android::fs_mgr::ReadDefaultFstab;
@@ -151,9 +153,23 @@
 }
 
 bool WriteStringToFileAtomic(const std::string& content, const std::string& path) {
-    std::string tmp_path = path + ".tmp";
-    if (!android::base::WriteStringToFile(content, tmp_path)) {
-        return false;
+    const std::string tmp_path = path + ".tmp";
+    {
+        const int flags = O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC | O_CLOEXEC | O_BINARY;
+        android::base::unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(tmp_path.c_str(), flags, 0666)));
+        if (fd == -1) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open " << path;
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (!android::base::WriteStringToFd(content, fd)) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to write to fd " << fd;
+            return false;
+        }
+        // rename() without fsync() is not safe. Data could still be living on page cache. To ensure
+        // atomiticity, call fsync()
+        if (fsync(fd) != 0) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to fsync " << tmp_path;
+        }
     }
     if (rename(tmp_path.c_str(), path.c_str()) == -1) {
         PLOG(ERROR) << "rename failed from " << tmp_path << " to " << path;
@@ -184,16 +200,50 @@
     new_extent->set_num_blocks(num_blocks);
 }
 
-bool IsCompressionEnabled() {
-    return android::base::GetBoolProperty("ro.virtual_ab.compression.enabled", false);
+bool GetLegacyCompressionEnabledProperty() {
+    auto fetcher = IPropertyFetcher::GetInstance();
+    return fetcher->GetBoolProperty("ro.virtual_ab.compression.enabled", false);
 }
 
-bool IsUserspaceSnapshotsEnabled() {
-    return android::base::GetBoolProperty("ro.virtual_ab.userspace.snapshots.enabled", false);
+bool GetUserspaceSnapshotsEnabledProperty() {
+    auto fetcher = IPropertyFetcher::GetInstance();
+    return fetcher->GetBoolProperty("ro.virtual_ab.userspace.snapshots.enabled", false);
 }
 
-bool IsIouringEnabled() {
-    return android::base::GetBoolProperty("ro.virtual_ab.io_uring.enabled", false);
+bool CanUseUserspaceSnapshots() {
+    if (!GetUserspaceSnapshotsEnabledProperty()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    auto fetcher = IPropertyFetcher::GetInstance();
+
+    const std::string UNKNOWN = "unknown";
+    const std::string vendor_release =
+            fetcher->GetProperty("ro.vendor.build.version.release_or_codename", UNKNOWN);
+
+    // No user-space snapshots if vendor partition is on Android 12
+    if (vendor_release.find("12") != std::string::npos) {
+        LOG(INFO) << "Userspace snapshots disabled as vendor partition is on Android: "
+                  << vendor_release;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (IsDmSnapshotTestingEnabled()) {
+        LOG(INFO) << "Userspace snapshots disabled for testing";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool GetIouringEnabledProperty() {
+    auto fetcher = IPropertyFetcher::GetInstance();
+    return fetcher->GetBoolProperty("ro.virtual_ab.io_uring.enabled", false);
+}
+
+bool GetXorCompressionEnabledProperty() {
+    auto fetcher = IPropertyFetcher::GetInstance();
+    return fetcher->GetBoolProperty("ro.virtual_ab.compression.xor.enabled", false);
 }
 
 std::string GetOtherPartitionName(const std::string& name) {
@@ -205,7 +255,8 @@
 }
 
 bool IsDmSnapshotTestingEnabled() {
-    return android::base::GetBoolProperty("snapuserd.test.dm.snapshots", false);
+    auto fetcher = IPropertyFetcher::GetInstance();
+    return fetcher->GetBoolProperty("snapuserd.test.dm.snapshots", false);
 }
 
 }  // namespace snapshot
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/utility.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/utility.h
index 0ef3234..eff6f10 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/utility.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/utility.h
@@ -59,7 +59,6 @@
     // On destruct, delete |name| from device mapper.
     AutoUnmapDevice(android::dm::IDeviceMapper* dm, const std::string& name)
         : AutoDevice(name), dm_(dm) {}
-    AutoUnmapDevice(AutoUnmapDevice&& other) = default;
     ~AutoUnmapDevice();
 
   private:
@@ -72,7 +71,6 @@
     // On destruct, delete |name| from image manager.
     AutoUnmapImage(android::fiemap::IImageManager* images, const std::string& name)
         : AutoDevice(name), images_(images) {}
-    AutoUnmapImage(AutoUnmapImage&& other) = default;
     ~AutoUnmapImage();
 
   private:
@@ -86,7 +84,6 @@
     AutoDeleteSnapshot(SnapshotManager* manager, SnapshotManager::LockedFile* lock,
                        const std::string& name)
         : AutoDevice(name), manager_(manager), lock_(lock) {}
-    AutoDeleteSnapshot(AutoDeleteSnapshot&& other);
     ~AutoDeleteSnapshot();
 
   private:
@@ -129,15 +126,16 @@
 void AppendExtent(google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField<chromeos_update_engine::Extent>* extents,
                   uint64_t start_block, uint64_t num_blocks);
 
-bool IsCompressionEnabled();
+bool GetLegacyCompressionEnabledProperty();
+bool GetUserspaceSnapshotsEnabledProperty();
+bool GetIouringEnabledProperty();
+bool GetXorCompressionEnabledProperty();
 
-bool IsUserspaceSnapshotsEnabled();
-
+bool CanUseUserspaceSnapshots();
 bool IsDmSnapshotTestingEnabled();
 
-bool IsIouringEnabled();
-
 // Swap the suffix of a partition name.
 std::string GetOtherPartitionName(const std::string& name);
+
 }  // namespace snapshot
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/vts_ota_config_test.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/vts_ota_config_test.cpp
old mode 100644
new mode 100755
index afc2d81..d387eb3
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/vts_ota_config_test.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/vts_ota_config_test.cpp
@@ -17,7 +17,17 @@
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
+static int GetVsrLevel() {
+    return android::base::GetIntProperty("ro.vendor.api_level", -1);
+}
+
 TEST(VAB, Enabled) {
+    if (!android::base::GetBoolProperty("ro.build.ab_update", false) && (GetVsrLevel() < __ANDROID_API_T__)) {
+        GTEST_SKIP();
+    }
     ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::GetBoolProperty("ro.virtual_ab.enabled", false));
+    if (GetVsrLevel() < __ANDROID_API_T__) {
+        GTEST_SKIP();
+    }
     ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::GetBoolProperty("ro.virtual_ab.userspace.snapshots.enabled", false));
 }
diff --git a/fs_mgr/set-verity-state.cpp b/fs_mgr/set-verity-state.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..84ee01f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/set-verity-state.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,258 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <getopt.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+#include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android-base/properties.h>
+#include <binder/ProcessState.h>
+#include <cutils/android_reboot.h>
+#include <fs_mgr_overlayfs.h>
+#include <libavb_user/libavb_user.h>
+
+#include "fs_mgr_priv_overlayfs.h"
+
+using namespace std::string_literals;
+
+namespace {
+
+void print_usage() {
+    printf("Usage:\n"
+           "\tdisable-verity\n"
+           "\tenable-verity\n"
+           "\tset-verity-state [0|1]\n"
+           "Options:\n"
+           "\t-h --help\tthis help\n"
+           "\t-R --reboot\tautomatic reboot if needed for new settings to take effect\n"
+           "\t-v --verbose\tbe noisy\n");
+}
+
+#ifdef ALLOW_DISABLE_VERITY
+const bool kAllowDisableVerity = true;
+#else
+const bool kAllowDisableVerity = false;
+#endif
+
+static bool SetupOrTeardownOverlayfs(bool enable) {
+    bool want_reboot = false;
+    if (enable) {
+        if (!fs_mgr_overlayfs_setup(nullptr, &want_reboot)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Overlayfs setup failed.";
+            return want_reboot;
+        }
+        if (want_reboot) {
+            printf("enabling overlayfs\n");
+        }
+    } else {
+        auto rv = fs_mgr_overlayfs_teardown(nullptr, &want_reboot);
+        if (rv == OverlayfsTeardownResult::Error) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Overlayfs teardown failed.";
+            return want_reboot;
+        }
+        if (rv == OverlayfsTeardownResult::Busy) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Overlayfs is still active until reboot.";
+            return true;
+        }
+        if (want_reboot) {
+            printf("disabling overlayfs\n");
+        }
+    }
+    return want_reboot;
+}
+
+/* Helper function to get A/B suffix, if any. If the device isn't
+ * using A/B the empty string is returned. Otherwise either "_a",
+ * "_b", ... is returned.
+ */
+std::string get_ab_suffix() {
+    return android::base::GetProperty("ro.boot.slot_suffix", "");
+}
+
+bool is_avb_device_locked() {
+    return android::base::GetProperty("ro.boot.vbmeta.device_state", "") == "locked";
+}
+
+bool is_debuggable() {
+    return android::base::GetBoolProperty("ro.debuggable", false);
+}
+
+bool is_using_avb() {
+    // Figure out if we're using VB1.0 or VB2.0 (aka AVB) - by
+    // contract, androidboot.vbmeta.digest is set by the bootloader
+    // when using AVB).
+    return !android::base::GetProperty("ro.boot.vbmeta.digest", "").empty();
+}
+
+[[noreturn]] void reboot(const std::string& name) {
+    LOG(INFO) << "Rebooting device for new settings to take effect";
+    ::sync();
+    android::base::SetProperty(ANDROID_RB_PROPERTY, "reboot," + name);
+    ::sleep(60);
+    LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to reboot";
+    ::exit(1);
+}
+
+struct SetVerityStateResult {
+    bool success = false;
+    bool want_reboot = false;
+};
+
+/* Use AVB to turn verity on/off */
+SetVerityStateResult SetVerityState(bool enable_verity) {
+    std::string ab_suffix = get_ab_suffix();
+    bool verity_enabled = false;
+
+    if (is_avb_device_locked()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Device must be bootloader unlocked to change verity state";
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    std::unique_ptr<AvbOps, decltype(&avb_ops_user_free)> ops(avb_ops_user_new(),
+                                                              &avb_ops_user_free);
+    if (!ops) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Error getting AVB ops";
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    if (!avb_user_verity_get(ops.get(), ab_suffix.c_str(), &verity_enabled)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Error getting verity state";
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    if ((verity_enabled && enable_verity) || (!verity_enabled && !enable_verity)) {
+        LOG(INFO) << "Verity is already " << (verity_enabled ? "enabled" : "disabled");
+        return {.success = true, .want_reboot = false};
+    }
+
+    if (!avb_user_verity_set(ops.get(), ab_suffix.c_str(), enable_verity)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Error setting verity state";
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    LOG(INFO) << "Successfully " << (enable_verity ? "enabled" : "disabled") << " verity";
+    return {.success = true, .want_reboot = true};
+}
+
+class MyLogger {
+  public:
+    explicit MyLogger(bool verbose) : verbose_(verbose) {}
+
+    void operator()(android::base::LogId id, android::base::LogSeverity severity, const char* tag,
+                    const char* file, unsigned int line, const char* message) {
+        // Hide log starting with '[fs_mgr]' unless it's an error.
+        if (verbose_ || severity >= android::base::ERROR || message[0] != '[') {
+            fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", message);
+        }
+        logd_(id, severity, tag, file, line, message);
+    }
+
+  private:
+    android::base::LogdLogger logd_;
+    bool verbose_;
+};
+
+}  // namespace
+
+int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
+    bool auto_reboot = false;
+    bool verbose = false;
+
+    struct option longopts[] = {
+            {"help", no_argument, nullptr, 'h'},
+            {"reboot", no_argument, nullptr, 'R'},
+            {"verbose", no_argument, nullptr, 'v'},
+            {0, 0, nullptr, 0},
+    };
+    for (int opt; (opt = ::getopt_long(argc, argv, "hRv", longopts, nullptr)) != -1;) {
+        switch (opt) {
+            case 'h':
+                print_usage();
+                return 0;
+            case 'R':
+                auto_reboot = true;
+                break;
+            case 'v':
+                verbose = true;
+                break;
+            default:
+                print_usage();
+                return 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    android::base::InitLogging(argv, MyLogger(verbose));
+
+    bool enable_verity = false;
+    const std::string progname = getprogname();
+    if (progname == "enable-verity") {
+        enable_verity = true;
+    } else if (progname == "disable-verity") {
+        enable_verity = false;
+    } else if (optind < argc && (argv[optind] == "1"s || argv[optind] == "0"s)) {
+        // progname "set-verity-state"
+        enable_verity = (argv[optind] == "1"s);
+    } else {
+        print_usage();
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    if (!kAllowDisableVerity || !is_debuggable()) {
+        errno = EPERM;
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Cannot disable/enable verity on user build";
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    if (getuid() != 0) {
+        errno = EACCES;
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Must be running as root (adb root)";
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    if (!is_using_avb()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Expected AVB device, VB1.0 is no longer supported";
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    int exit_code = 0;
+    bool want_reboot = false;
+
+    auto ret = SetVerityState(enable_verity);
+    if (ret.success) {
+        want_reboot |= ret.want_reboot;
+    } else {
+        exit_code = 1;
+    }
+
+    // Disable any overlayfs unconditionally if we want verity enabled.
+    // Enable overlayfs only if verity is successfully disabled or is already disabled.
+    if (enable_verity || ret.success) {
+        // Start a threadpool to service waitForService() callbacks as
+        // fs_mgr_overlayfs_* might call waitForService() to get the image service.
+        android::ProcessState::self()->startThreadPool();
+        want_reboot |= SetupOrTeardownOverlayfs(!enable_verity);
+    }
+
+    if (want_reboot) {
+        if (auto_reboot) {
+            reboot(progname);
+        }
+        printf("Reboot the device for new settings to take effect\n");
+    }
+
+    return exit_code;
+}
diff --git a/fs_mgr/tests/Android.bp b/fs_mgr/tests/Android.bp
index fdc0d8e..b9bae25 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/tests/Android.bp
+++ b/fs_mgr/tests/Android.bp
@@ -53,8 +53,9 @@
 }
 
 sh_binary_host {
-    name: "adb-remount-test.sh",
+    name: "adb-remount-test",
     src: "adb-remount-test.sh",
+    filename_from_src: true,
     target: {
         darwin: {
             enabled: false,
@@ -68,7 +69,7 @@
 sh_test {
     name: "adb-remount-sh",
     src: "adb-remount-test.sh",
-    filename: "adb-remount-test.sh",
+    filename_from_src: true,
     test_suites: ["general-tests"],
     test_config: "adb-remount-sh.xml",
 }
diff --git a/fs_mgr/tests/adb-remount-test.sh b/fs_mgr/tests/adb-remount-test.sh
index 9542bc1..68f8152 100755
--- a/fs_mgr/tests/adb-remount-test.sh
+++ b/fs_mgr/tests/adb-remount-test.sh
@@ -50,15 +50,18 @@
 ESCAPE="`echo | tr '\n' '\033'`"
 # A _real_ embedded carriage return character
 CR="`echo | tr '\n' '\r'`"
-GREEN="${ESCAPE}[32m"
-RED="${ESCAPE}[31m"
-YELLOW="${ESCAPE}[33m"
-BLUE="${ESCAPE}[34m"
-NORMAL="${ESCAPE}[0m"
-TMPDIR=${TMPDIR:-/tmp}
-print_time=false
+RED=
+GREEN=
+YELLOW=
+BLUE=
+NORMAL=
+color=false
+# Assume support color if stdout is terminal.
+[ -t 1 ] && color=true
+print_time=true
 start_time=`date +%s`
 ACTIVE_SLOT=
+OVERLAYFS_BACKING="cache mnt/scratch"
 
 ADB_WAIT=4m
 FASTBOOT_WAIT=2m
@@ -68,6 +71,46 @@
 ##  Helper Functions
 ##
 
+[ "USAGE: LOG [RUN|OK|PASSED|WARNING|ERROR|FAILED|INFO] [message]..." ]
+LOG() {
+  if ${print_time}; then
+    echo -n "$(date '+%m-%d %T') "
+  fi >&2
+  case "${1}" in
+    R*)
+      shift
+      echo "${GREEN}[ RUN      ]${NORMAL}" "${@}"
+      ;;
+    OK)
+      shift
+      echo "${GREEN}[       OK ]${NORMAL}" "${@}"
+      ;;
+    P*)
+      shift
+      echo "${GREEN}[  PASSED  ]${NORMAL}" "${@}"
+      ;;
+    W*)
+      shift
+      echo "${YELLOW}[  WARNING ]${NORMAL}" "${@}"
+      ;;
+    E*)
+      shift
+      echo "${RED}[    ERROR ]${NORMAL}" "${@}"
+      ;;
+    F*)
+      shift
+      echo "${RED}[  FAILED  ]${NORMAL}" "${@}"
+      ;;
+    I*)
+      shift
+      echo "${BLUE}[     INFO ]${NORMAL}" "${@}"
+      ;;
+    *)
+      echo "${BLUE}[     INFO ]${NORMAL}" "${@}"
+      ;;
+  esac >&2
+}
+
 [ "USAGE: inFastboot
 
 Returns: true if device is in fastboot mode" ]
@@ -143,7 +186,7 @@
 
 Returns: the logcat output" ]
 adb_logcat() {
-  echo "${RED}[     INFO ]${NORMAL} logcat ${@}" >&2 &&
+  LOG INFO "logcat ${*}"
   adb logcat "${@}" </dev/null |
     tr -d '\r' |
     grep -v 'logd    : logdr: UID=' |
@@ -154,7 +197,7 @@
 
 Returns: worrisome avc violations" ]
 avc_check() {
-  if ! ${overlayfs_supported:-false}; then
+  if ! ${overlayfs_needed:-false}; then
     return
   fi
   local L=`adb_logcat -b all -v brief -d \
@@ -164,7 +207,7 @@
   if [ -z "${L}" ]; then
     return
   fi
-  echo "${YELLOW}[  WARNING ]${NORMAL} unlabeled sepolicy violations:" >&2
+  LOG WARNING "unlabeled sepolicy violations:"
   echo "${L}" | sed "s/^/${INDENT}/" >&2
 }
 
@@ -175,15 +218,6 @@
   adb_sh getprop ${1} </dev/null
 }
 
-[ "USAGE: isDebuggable
-
-Returns: true if device is (likely) a debug build" ]
-isDebuggable() {
-  if inAdb && [ 1 != "`get_property ro.debuggable`" ]; then
-    false
-  fi
-}
-
 [ "USAGE: adb_su <commands> </dev/stdin >/dev/stdout 2>/dev/stderr
 
 Returns: true if the command running as root succeeded" ]
@@ -202,17 +236,6 @@
     return ${ret}
 }
 
-[ "USAGE: adb_ls <dirfile> >stdout
-
-Returns: filename or directoru content to stdout with carriage returns skipped,
-         true if the ls had no errors" ]
-adb_ls() {
-    local OUTPUT="`adb_sh ls ${1} </dev/null 2>/dev/null`"
-    local ret=${?}
-    echo "${OUTPUT}" | tr -d '\r'
-    return ${ret}
-}
-
 [ "USAGE: adb_test <expression>
 
 Returns: exit status of the test expression" ]
@@ -227,6 +250,7 @@
   avc_check
   adb reboot remount-test </dev/null || true
   sleep 2
+  adb_wait "${ADB_WAIT}"
 }
 
 [ "USAGE: format_duration [<seconds>|<seconds>s|<minutes>m|<hours>h|<days>d]
@@ -241,15 +265,15 @@
   if [ X"${duration}" != X"${duration%s}" ]; then
     duration=${duration%s}
   elif [ X"${duration}" != X"${duration%m}" ]; then
-    duration=`expr ${duration%m} \* 60`
+    duration=$(( ${duration%m} * 60 ))
   elif [ X"${duration}" != X"${duration%h}" ]; then
-    duration=`expr ${duration%h} \* 3600`
+    duration=$(( ${duration%h} * 3600 ))
   elif [ X"${duration}" != X"${duration%d}" ]; then
-    duration=`expr ${duration%d} \* 86400`
+    duration=$(( ${duration%d} * 86400 ))
   fi
-  local seconds=`expr ${duration} % 60`
-  local minutes=`expr \( ${duration} / 60 \) % 60`
-  local hours=`expr ${duration} / 3600`
+  local seconds=$(( ${duration} % 60 ))
+  local minutes=$(( ( ${duration} / 60 ) % 60 ))
+  local hours=$(( ${duration} / 3600 ))
   if [ 0 -eq ${minutes} -a 0 -eq ${hours} ]; then
     if [ 1 -eq ${duration} ]; then
       echo 1 second
@@ -265,10 +289,10 @@
     return
   fi
   if [ 0 -eq ${hours} ]; then
-    echo ${minutes}:`expr ${seconds} / 10``expr ${seconds} % 10`
+    echo ${minutes}:$(( ${seconds} / 10 ))$(( ${seconds} % 10 ))
     return
   fi
-  echo ${hours}:`expr ${minutes} / 10``expr ${minutes} % 10`:`expr ${seconds} / 10``expr ${seconds} % 10`
+  echo ${hours}:$(( ${minutes} / 10 ))$(( ${minutes} % 10 )):$(( ${seconds} / 10 ))$(( ${seconds} % 10))
 }
 
 [ "USAGE: USB_DEVICE=\`usb_devnum [--next]\`
@@ -282,7 +306,7 @@
     if [ -n "${usb_device}" ]; then
       USB_DEVICE=dev${usb_device}
     elif [ -n "${USB_DEVICE}" -a "${1}" ]; then
-      USB_DEVICE=dev`expr ${USB_DEVICE#dev} + 1`
+      USB_DEVICE=dev$(( ${USB_DEVICE#dev} + 1 ))
     fi
     echo "${USB_DEVICE}"
   fi
@@ -298,10 +322,10 @@
   if [ -n "${1}" -a -n "`which timeout`" ]; then
     USB_DEVICE=`usb_devnum --next`
     duration=`format_duration ${1}`
-    echo -n ". . . waiting ${duration}" ${ANDROID_SERIAL} ${USB_ADDRESS} ${USB_DEVICE} "${CR}"
+    echo -n ". . . waiting ${duration}" ${ANDROID_SERIAL} ${USB_ADDRESS} ${USB_DEVICE} "${CR}" >&2
     timeout --preserve-status --signal=KILL ${1} adb wait-for-device 2>/dev/null
     ret=${?}
-    echo -n "                                                                             ${CR}"
+    echo -n "                                                                             ${CR}" >&2
   else
     adb wait-for-device
     ret=${?}
@@ -310,11 +334,11 @@
   if [ 0 = ${ret} -a -n "${ACTIVE_SLOT}" ]; then
     local active_slot=`get_active_slot`
     if [ X"${ACTIVE_SLOT}" != X"${active_slot}" ]; then
-      echo "${YELLOW}[  WARNING ]${NORMAL} Active slot changed from ${ACTIVE_SLOT} to ${active_slot}" >&2
+      LOG WARNING "Active slot changed from ${ACTIVE_SLOT} to ${active_slot}"
     fi
   fi
   local end=`date +%s`
-  local diff_time=`expr ${end} - ${start}`
+  local diff_time=$(( ${end} - ${start} ))
   local _print_time=${print_time}
   if [ ${diff_time} -lt 15 ]; then
     _print_time=false
@@ -339,8 +363,8 @@
       ;;
   esac
   if ${_print_time} || [ -n "${reason}" ]; then
-    echo "${BLUE}[     INFO ]${NORMAL} adb wait duration ${diff_time}${reason}"
-  fi >&2
+    LOG INFO "adb wait duration ${diff_time}${reason}"
+  fi
 
   return ${ret}
 }
@@ -413,8 +437,8 @@
   if [ 0 = ${ret} -a -n "${ACTIVE_SLOT}" ]; then
     local active_slot=`get_active_slot`
     if [ X"${ACTIVE_SLOT}" != X"${active_slot}" ]; then
-      echo "${YELLOW}[  WARNING ]${NORMAL} Active slot changed from ${ACTIVE_SLOT} to ${active_slot}"
-    fi >&2
+      LOG WARNING "Active slot changed from ${ACTIVE_SLOT} to ${active_slot}"
+    fi
   fi
   return ${ret}
 }
@@ -438,8 +462,8 @@
   if [ 0 = ${ret} -a -n "${ACTIVE_SLOT}" ]; then
     local active_slot=`get_active_slot`
     if [ X"${ACTIVE_SLOT}" != X"${active_slot}" ]; then
-      echo "${YELLOW}[  WARNING ]${NORMAL} Active slot changed from ${ACTIVE_SLOT} to ${active_slot}"
-    fi >&2
+      LOG WARNING "Active slot changed from ${ACTIVE_SLOT} to ${active_slot}"
+    fi
   fi
   return ${ret}
 }
@@ -494,10 +518,10 @@
         break
       fi
     fi
-    counter=`expr ${counter} + 1`
+    counter=$(( ${counter} + 1 ))
     if [ ${counter} -gt ${timeout} ]; then
       ${exit_function}
-      echo "ERROR: wait_for_screen() timed out (`format_duration ${timeout}`)" >&2
+      LOG ERROR "wait_for_screen() timed out ($(format_duration ${timeout}))"
       return 1
     fi
     sleep 1
@@ -570,22 +594,13 @@
 
 [ "USAGE: restore
 
-Do nothing: should be redefined when necessary.  Called after cleanup.
+Do nothing: should be redefined when necessary.
 
 Returns: reverses configurations" ]
 restore() {
   true
 }
 
-[ "USAGE: cleanup
-
-Do nothing: should be redefined when necessary
-
-Returns: cleans up any latent resources" ]
-cleanup() {
-  true
-}
-
 [ "USAGE: test_duration >/dev/stderr
 
 Prints the duration of the test
@@ -593,12 +608,12 @@
 Returns: reports duration" ]
 test_duration() {
   if ${print_time}; then
-    echo "${BLUE}[     INFO ]${NORMAL} end `date`"
+    LOG INFO "end $(date)"
     [ -n "${start_time}" ] || return
     end_time=`date +%s`
-    local diff_time=`expr ${end_time} - ${start_time}`
-    echo "${BLUE}[     INFO ]${NORMAL} duration `format_duration ${diff_time}`"
-  fi >&2
+    local diff_time=$(( ${end_time} - ${start_time} ))
+    LOG INFO "duration $(format_duration ${diff_time})"
+  fi
 }
 
 [ "USAGE: die [-d|-t <epoch>] [message] >/dev/stderr
@@ -618,121 +633,65 @@
     fi
     shift 2
   fi >&2
-  echo "${RED}[  FAILED  ]${NORMAL} ${@}" >&2
-  cleanup
-  restore
-  test_duration
+  LOG FAILED "${@}"
   exit 1
 }
 
-[ "USAGE: EXPECT_EQ <lval> <rval> [--warning [message]]
-
-Returns true if (regex) lval matches rval" ]
-EXPECT_EQ() {
-  local lval="${1}"
-  local rval="${2}"
-  shift 2
-  local error=1
-  local prefix="${RED}[    ERROR ]${NORMAL}"
-  if [ X"${1}" = X"--warning" ]; then
-      prefix="${RED}[  WARNING ]${NORMAL}"
-      error=0
-      shift 1
-  fi
-  if ! ( echo X"${rval}" | grep '^X'"${lval}"'$' >/dev/null 2>/dev/null ); then
-    if [ `echo ${lval}${rval}${*} | wc -c` -gt 50 -o "${rval}" != "${rval%
-*}" ]; then
-      echo "${prefix} expected \"${lval}\""
-      echo "${prefix} got \"${rval}\"" |
-        sed ": again
-             N
-             s/\(\n\)\([^ ]\)/\1${INDENT}\2/
-             t again"
-      if [ -n "${*}" ] ; then
-        echo "${prefix} ${*}"
-      fi
-    else
-      echo "${prefix} expected \"${lval}\" got \"${rval}\" ${*}"
-    fi >&2
-    return ${error}
-  fi
-  if [ -n "${*}" ] ; then
-    prefix="${GREEN}[     INFO ]${NORMAL}"
-    if [ X"${lval}" != X"${rval}" ]; then  # we were supplied a regex?
-      if [ `echo ${lval}${rval}${*} | wc -c` -gt 60 -o "${rval}" != "${rval% *}" ]; then
-        echo "${prefix} ok \"${lval}\""
-        echo "       = \"${rval}\"" |
-          sed ": again
-               N
-               s/\(\n\)\([^ ]\)/\1${INDENT}\2/
-               t again"
-        if [ -n "${*}" ] ; then
-          echo "${prefix} ${*}"
-        fi
-      else
-        echo "${prefix} ok \"${lval}\" = \"${rval}\" ${*}"
-      fi
-    else
-      echo "${prefix} ok \"${lval}\" ${*}"
-    fi >&2
-  fi
-  return 0
-}
-
-[ "USAGE: EXPECT_NE <lval> <rval> [--warning [message]]
-
-Returns true if lval matches rval" ]
-EXPECT_NE() {
-  local lval="${1}"
-  local rval="${2}"
-  shift 2
-  local error=1
-  local prefix="${RED}[    ERROR ]${NORMAL}"
-  if [ X"${1}" = X"--warning" ]; then
-      prefix="${RED}[  WARNING ]${NORMAL}"
-      error=0
-      shift 1
-  fi
-  if [ X"${rval}" = X"${lval}" ]; then
-    echo "${prefix} did not expect \"${lval}\" ${*}" >&2
-    return ${error}
-  fi
-  if [ -n "${*}" ] ; then
-    echo "${prefix} ok \"${lval}\" not \"${rval}\" ${*}" >&2
-  fi
-  return 0
-}
-
 [ "USAGE: check_eq <lval> <rval> [--warning [message]]
 
-Exits if (regex) lval mismatches rval" ]
+Exits if (regex) lval mismatches rval.
+
+Returns: true if lval matches rval" ]
 check_eq() {
   local lval="${1}"
   local rval="${2}"
   shift 2
+  if [[ "${rval}" =~ ^${lval}$ ]]; then
+    return 0
+  fi
+
+  local error=true
+  local logt=ERROR
   if [ X"${1}" = X"--warning" ]; then
-      EXPECT_EQ "${lval}" "${rval}" ${*}
-      return
+    shift 1
+    error=false
+    logt=WARNING
   fi
-  if ! EXPECT_EQ "${lval}" "${rval}"; then
-    die "${@}"
+  if [ $(( ${#lval} + ${#rval} )) -gt 40 ]; then
+    LOG "${logt}" "expected \"${lval}\"
+${INDENT}got      \"${rval}\""
+  else
+    LOG "${logt}" "expected \"${lval}\" got \"${rval}\""
   fi
+  ${error} && die "${*}"
+  [ -n "${*}" ] && LOG "${logt}" "${*}"
+  return 1
 }
 
 [ "USAGE: check_ne <lval> <rval> [--warning [message]]
 
-Exits if lval matches rval" ]
+Exits if (regex) lval matches rval.
+
+Returns: true if lval mismatches rval" ]
 check_ne() {
   local lval="${1}"
   local rval="${2}"
   shift 2
+  if ! [[ "${rval}" =~ ^${lval}$ ]]; then
+    return 0
+  fi
+
+  local error=true
+  local logt=ERROR
   if [ X"${1}" = X"--warning" ]; then
-      EXPECT_NE "${lval}" "${rval}" ${*}
-      return
+      shift 1
+      error=false
+      logt=WARNING
   fi
-  if ! EXPECT_NE "${lval}" "${rval}"; then
-    die "${@}"
-  fi
+  LOG "${logt}" "unexpected \"${rval}\""
+  ${error} && die "${*}"
+  [ -n "${*}" ] && LOG "${logt}" "${*}"
+  return 1
 }
 
 [ "USAGE: join_with <delimiter> <strings>
@@ -752,40 +711,68 @@
   echo "${result}"
 }
 
-[ "USAGE: skip_administrative_mounts [data] < /proc/mounts
+[ "USAGE: skip_administrative_mounts < /proc/mounts
 
 Filters out all administrative (eg: sysfs) mounts uninteresting to the test" ]
 skip_administrative_mounts() {
   local exclude_filesystems=(
     "overlay" "tmpfs" "none" "sysfs" "proc" "selinuxfs" "debugfs" "bpf"
     "binfmt_misc" "cg2_bpf" "pstore" "tracefs" "adb" "mtp" "ptp" "devpts"
-    "ramdumpfs" "binder" "securityfs" "functionfs" "rootfs"
+    "ramdumpfs" "binder" "securityfs" "functionfs" "rootfs" "fuse"
   )
   local exclude_devices=(
     "\/sys\/kernel\/debug" "\/data\/media" "\/dev\/block\/loop[0-9]*"
+    "\/dev\/block\/vold\/[^ ]+"
     "${exclude_filesystems[@]}"
   )
   local exclude_mount_points=(
     "\/cache" "\/mnt\/scratch" "\/mnt\/vendor\/persist" "\/persist"
-    "\/metadata"
+    "\/metadata" "\/apex\/[^ ]+"
   )
-  if [ "data" = "${1}" ]; then
-    exclude_mount_points+=("\/data")
-  fi
   awk '$1 !~ /^('"$(join_with "|" "${exclude_devices[@]}")"')$/ &&
       $2 !~ /^('"$(join_with "|" "${exclude_mount_points[@]}")"')$/ &&
       $3 !~ /^('"$(join_with "|" "${exclude_filesystems[@]}")"')$/'
 }
 
-[ "USAGE: skip_unrelated_mounts < /proc/mounts
+[ "USAGE: surgically_wipe_overlayfs
 
-or output from df
+Surgically wipe any mounted overlayfs scratch files.
 
-Filters out all apex and vendor override administrative overlay mounts
-uninteresting to the test" ]
-skip_unrelated_mounts() {
-    grep -v "^overlay.* /\(apex\|bionic\|system\|vendor\)/[^ ]" |
-      grep -v "[%] /\(data_mirror\|apex\|bionic\|system\|vendor\)/[^ ][^ ]*$"
+Returns: true if wiped anything" ]
+surgically_wipe_overlayfs() {
+  local wiped_anything=false
+  for d in ${OVERLAYFS_BACKING}; do
+    if adb_su test -d "/${d}/overlay" </dev/null; then
+      LOG INFO "/${d}/overlay is setup, surgically wiping"
+      adb_su rm -rf "/${d}/overlay" </dev/null
+      wiped_anything=true
+    fi
+  done
+  ${wiped_anything}
+}
+
+[ "USAGE: is_overlayfs_mounted [mountpoint]
+
+Diagnostic output of overlayfs df lines to stderr.
+
+Returns: true if overlayfs is mounted [on mountpoint]" ]
+is_overlayfs_mounted() {
+  local df_output=$(adb_su df -k </dev/null)
+  local df_header_line=$(echo "${df_output}" | head -1)
+  # KISS (we do not support sub-mounts for system partitions currently)
+  local overlay_mounts=$(echo "${df_output}" | tail +2 |
+                         grep -vE "[%] /(apex|system|vendor)/[^ ]+$" |
+                         awk '$1 == "overlay" || $6 == "/mnt/scratch"')
+  if ! echo "${overlay_mounts}" | grep -q '^overlay '; then
+    return 1
+  fi >/dev/null 2>/dev/null
+  ( echo "${df_header_line}"
+    echo "${overlay_mounts}"
+  ) >&2
+  if [ "${#}" -gt 0 ] && ! ( echo "${overlay_mounts}" | grep -qE " ${1}\$" ); then
+    return 1
+  fi >/dev/null 2>/dev/null
+  return 0
 }
 
 ##
@@ -798,7 +785,7 @@
          --longoptions wait-adb:,wait-fastboot:
          --longoptions wait-screen,wait-display
          --longoptions no-wait-screen,no-wait-display
-         --longoptions gtest_print_time,print-time
+         --longoptions gtest_print_time,print-time,no-print-time
          --"
 if [ "Darwin" = "${HOSTOS}" ]; then
   GETOPTS=
@@ -813,12 +800,11 @@
                  s/--wait-adb/          /g
                  s/--wait-fastboot/               /g'`"
 fi
-OPTIONS=`getopt ${GETOPTS} "?a:cCdDf:hs:t" ${*}` ||
+OPTIONS=`getopt ${GETOPTS} "?a:cCdDf:hs:tT" ${*}` ||
   ( echo "${USAGE}" >&2 ; false ) ||
   die "getopt failure"
 set -- ${OPTIONS}
 
-color=false
 while [ ${#} -gt 0 ]; do
   case ${1} in
     -h | --help | -\?)
@@ -844,6 +830,9 @@
     -t | --print-time | --gtest_print_time)
       print_time=true
       ;;
+    -T | --no-print-time)
+      print_time=false
+      ;;
     -a | --wait-adb)
       ADB_WAIT=${2}
       shift
@@ -866,42 +855,68 @@
   esac
   shift
 done
-if ! ${color}; then
-  GREEN=""
-  RED=""
-  YELLOW=""
-  BLUE=""
-  NORMAL=""
+
+if ${color}; then
+  RED="${ESCAPE}[31m"
+  GREEN="${ESCAPE}[32m"
+  YELLOW="${ESCAPE}[33m"
+  BLUE="${ESCAPE}[34m"
+  NORMAL="${ESCAPE}[0m"
 fi
 
-# Set an ERR trap handler to report any unhandled error
-trap 'die "line ${LINENO}: unhandled error"' ERR
+TMPDIR=
+
+exit_handler() {
+  [ -n "${TMPDIR}" ] && rm -rf "${TMPDIR}"
+  local err=0
+  if ! restore; then
+    LOG ERROR "restore failed"
+    err=1
+  fi >&2
+  test_duration || true
+  if [ "${err}" != 0 ]; then
+    exit "${err}"
+  fi
+}
+trap 'exit_handler' EXIT
+
+TMPDIR=$(mktemp -d)
 
 if ${print_time}; then
-  echo "${BLUE}[     INFO ]${NORMAL}" start `date` >&2
+  LOG INFO "start $(date)"
 fi
 
+if [ -z "${ANDROID_SERIAL}" ]; then
+  inAdb || die "no device or more than one device in adb mode"
+  D=$(adb devices | awk '$2 == "device" { print $1; exit }')
+  [ -n "${D}" ] || die "cannot get device serial"
+  ANDROID_SERIAL="${D}"
+fi
+export ANDROID_SERIAL
+
 inFastboot && die "device in fastboot mode"
 inRecovery && die "device in recovery mode"
 if ! inAdb; then
-  echo "${YELLOW}[  WARNING ]${NORMAL} device not in adb mode" >&2
+  LOG WARNING "device not in adb mode"
   adb_wait ${ADB_WAIT}
 fi
 inAdb || die "specified device not in adb mode"
-isDebuggable || die "device not a debug build"
+[ "1" = "$(get_property ro.debuggable)" ] || die "device not a debug build"
+[ "orange" = "$(get_property ro.boot.verifiedbootstate)" ] || die "device not bootloader unlocked"
+
+################################################################################
+# Collect characteristics of the device and report.
+can_restore_verity=true
+if [ "2" != "$(get_property partition.system.verified)" ]; then
+  LOG WARNING "device might not support verity"
+  can_restore_verity=false
+fi
 enforcing=true
 if ! adb_su getenforce </dev/null | grep 'Enforcing' >/dev/null; then
-  echo "${YELLOW}[  WARNING ]${NORMAL} device does not have sepolicy in enforcing mode" >&2
+  LOG WARNING "device does not have sepolicy in enforcing mode"
   enforcing=false
 fi
 
-# Do something.
-
-# Collect characteristics of the device and report.
-
-D=`get_property ro.serialno`
-[ -n "${D}" ] || D=`get_property ro.boot.serialno`
-[ -z "${D}" -o -n "${ANDROID_SERIAL}" ] || ANDROID_SERIAL=${D}
 USB_SERIAL=
 if [ -n "${ANDROID_SERIAL}" -a "Darwin" != "${HOSTOS}" ]; then
   USB_SERIAL="`find /sys/devices -name serial | grep usb || true`"
@@ -915,35 +930,47 @@
   USB_ADDRESS=${USB_SERIAL%/serial}
   USB_ADDRESS=usb${USB_ADDRESS##*/}
 fi
-[ -z "${ANDROID_SERIAL}${USB_ADDRESS}" ] ||
-  USB_DEVICE=`usb_devnum`
-  echo "${BLUE}[     INFO ]${NORMAL}" ${ANDROID_SERIAL} ${USB_ADDRESS} ${USB_DEVICE} >&2
+USB_DEVICE=$(usb_devnum)
+[ -z "${ANDROID_SERIAL}${USB_ADDRESS}${USB_DEVICE}" ] ||
+  LOG INFO "${ANDROID_SERIAL} ${USB_ADDRESS} ${USB_DEVICE}"
 BUILD_DESCRIPTION=`get_property ro.build.description`
 [ -z "${BUILD_DESCRIPTION}" ] ||
-  echo "${BLUE}[     INFO ]${NORMAL} ${BUILD_DESCRIPTION}" >&2
+  LOG INFO "${BUILD_DESCRIPTION}"
 KERNEL_VERSION="`adb_su cat /proc/version </dev/null 2>/dev/null`"
 [ -z "${KERNEL_VERSION}" ] ||
-  echo "${BLUE}[     INFO ]${NORMAL} ${KERNEL_VERSION}" >&2
+  LOG INFO "${KERNEL_VERSION}"
 ACTIVE_SLOT=`get_active_slot`
 [ -z "${ACTIVE_SLOT}" ] ||
-  echo "${BLUE}[     INFO ]${NORMAL} active slot is ${ACTIVE_SLOT}" >&2
+  LOG INFO "active slot is ${ACTIVE_SLOT}"
 
 # Acquire list of system partitions
+FSTAB_SUFFIXES=(
+  "$(get_property ro.boot.fstab_suffix)"
+  "$(get_property ro.boot.hardware)"
+  "$(get_property ro.boot.hardware.platform)"
+)
+FSTAB_PATTERN='\.('"$(join_with "|" "${FSTAB_SUFFIXES[@]}")"')$'
+FSTAB_FILE=$(adb_su ls -1 '/vendor/etc/fstab*' </dev/null |
+             grep -E "${FSTAB_PATTERN}" |
+             head -1)
 
 # KISS (assume system partition mount point is "/<partition name>")
-PARTITIONS=`adb_su cat /vendor/etc/fstab* </dev/null |
-              grep -v "^[#${SPACE}${TAB}]" |
-              skip_administrative_mounts |
-              awk '$1 ~ /^[^\/]+$/ && "/"$1 == $2 && $4 ~ /(^|,)ro(,|$)/ { print $1 }' |
-              sort -u |
-              tr '\n' ' '`
-PARTITIONS="${PARTITIONS:-system vendor}"
+if [ -n "${FSTAB_FILE}" ]; then
+  PARTITIONS=$(adb_su grep -v "^[#${SPACE}${TAB}]" "${FSTAB_FILE}" |
+               skip_administrative_mounts |
+               awk '$1 ~ /^[^\/]+$/ && "/"$1 == $2 && $4 ~ /(^|,)ro(,|$)/ { print $1 }' |
+               sort -u |
+               tr '\n' ' ')
+else
+  PARTITIONS="system vendor"
+fi
+
 # KISS (we do not support sub-mounts for system partitions currently)
-MOUNTS="`for i in ${PARTITIONS}; do
-           echo /${i}
-         done |
-         tr '\n' ' '`"
-echo "${BLUE}[     INFO ]${NORMAL} System Partitions list: ${PARTITIONS}" >&2
+# Ensure /system and /vendor mountpoints are in mounts list
+MOUNTS=$(for i in system vendor ${PARTITIONS}; do
+           echo "/${i}"
+         done | sort -u | tr '\n' ' ')
+LOG INFO "System Partitions list: ${PARTITIONS}"
 
 # Report existing partition sizes
 adb_sh ls -l /dev/block/by-name/ /dev/block/mapper/ </dev/null 2>/dev/null |
@@ -964,425 +991,393 @@
         ;;
     esac
     size=`adb_su cat /sys/block/${device}/size 2>/dev/null </dev/null` &&
-      size=`expr ${size} / 2` &&
-      echo "${BLUE}[     INFO ]${NORMAL} partition ${name} device ${device} size ${size}K" >&2
+      size=$(( ${size} / 2 )) &&
+      LOG INFO "partition ${name} device ${device} size ${size}K"
   done
 
+restore() {
+  LOG INFO "restoring device"
+  inFastboot &&
+    fastboot reboot &&
+    adb_wait "${ADB_WAIT}" ||
+    true
+  if ! inAdb; then
+    LOG ERROR "expect adb device"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  adb_root || true
+  local reboot=false
+  if surgically_wipe_overlayfs; then
+    reboot=true
+  fi
+  if ${can_restore_verity}; then
+    if ! adb enable-verity; then
+      LOG ERROR "adb enable-verity"
+      return 1
+    fi
+    LOG INFO "restored verity"
+    reboot=true
+  fi >&2
+  if ${reboot}; then
+    adb_reboot
+  fi
+}
+
 # If reboot too soon after fresh flash, could trip device update failure logic
 if ${screen_wait}; then
-  echo "${YELLOW}[  WARNING ]${NORMAL} waiting for screen to come up. Consider --no-wait-screen option" >&2
+  LOG INFO "waiting for screen to come up. Consider --no-wait-screen option"
 fi
 if ! wait_for_screen && ${screen_wait}; then
   screen_wait=false
-  echo "${YELLOW}[  WARNING ]${NORMAL} not healthy, no launcher, skipping wait for screen" >&2
+  LOG WARNING "not healthy, no launcher, skipping wait for screen"
 fi
 
-# Can we test remount -R command?
-OVERLAYFS_BACKING="cache mnt/scratch"
-overlayfs_supported=true
-if [ "orange" != "`get_property ro.boot.verifiedbootstate`" -o \
-     "2" != "`get_property partition.system.verified`" ]; then
-  restore() {
-    ${overlayfs_supported} || return 0
-    inFastboot &&
-      fastboot reboot &&
-      adb_wait ${ADB_WAIT} ||
-      true
-    if inAdb; then
-      reboot=false
-      for d in ${OVERLAYFS_BACKING}; do
-        if adb_test -d /${d}/overlay; then
-          adb_su rm -rf /${d}/overlay </dev/null
-          reboot=true
-        fi
-      done
-      if ${reboot}; then
-        adb_reboot &&
-        adb_wait ${ADB_WAIT}
-      fi
-    fi
-  }
-else
-  restore() {
-    ${overlayfs_supported} || return 0
-    inFastboot &&
-      fastboot reboot &&
-      adb_wait ${ADB_WAIT} ||
-      true
-    inAdb &&
-      adb_root &&
-      adb enable-verity >/dev/null 2>/dev/null &&
-      adb_reboot &&
-      adb_wait ${ADB_WAIT}
-  }
-
-  echo "${GREEN}[ RUN      ]${NORMAL} Testing adb shell su root remount -R command" >&2
-
-  avc_check
-  T=`adb_date`
-  adb_su remount -R system </dev/null
-  err=${?}
-  if [ "${err}" != 0 ]; then
-    echo "${YELLOW}[  WARNING ]${NORMAL} adb shell su root remount -R system = ${err}, likely did not reboot!" >&2
-    T="-t ${T}"
-  else
-    # Rebooted, logcat will be meaningless, and last logcat will likely be clear
-    T=""
-  fi
-  sleep 2
-  adb_wait ${ADB_WAIT} ||
-    die "waiting for device after adb shell su root remount -R system `usb_status`"
-  if [ "orange" != "`get_property ro.boot.verifiedbootstate`" -o \
-       "2" = "`get_property partition.system.verified`" ]; then
-    die ${T} "remount -R command failed
-${INDENT}ro.boot.verifiedbootstate=\"`get_property ro.boot.verifiedbootstate`\"
-${INDENT}partition.system.verified=\"`get_property partition.system.verified`\""
-  fi
-
-  echo "${GREEN}[       OK ]${NORMAL} adb shell su root remount -R command" >&2
-fi
-
-echo "${GREEN}[ RUN      ]${NORMAL} Testing kernel support for overlayfs" >&2
+################################################################################
+LOG RUN "Checking current overlayfs status"
 
 adb_wait || die "wait for device failed"
-adb_root ||
-  die "initial setup"
-
-adb_test -d /sys/module/overlay ||
-  adb_sh grep "nodev${TAB}overlay" /proc/filesystems </dev/null >/dev/null 2>/dev/null &&
-  echo "${GREEN}[       OK ]${NORMAL} overlay module present" >&2 ||
-  (
-    echo "${YELLOW}[  WARNING ]${NORMAL} overlay module not present" >&2 &&
-      false
-  ) ||
-  overlayfs_supported=false
-if ${overlayfs_supported}; then
-  adb_test -f /sys/module/overlay/parameters/override_creds &&
-    echo "${GREEN}[       OK ]${NORMAL} overlay module supports override_creds" >&2 ||
-    case `adb_sh uname -r </dev/null` in
-      4.[456789].* | 4.[1-9][0-9]* | [56789].*)
-        echo "${YELLOW}[  WARNING ]${NORMAL} overlay module does not support override_creds" >&2 &&
-        overlayfs_supported=false
-        ;;
-      *)
-        echo "${GREEN}[       OK ]${NORMAL} overlay module uses caller's creds" >&2
-        ;;
-    esac
-fi
-
-echo "${GREEN}[ RUN      ]${NORMAL} Checking current overlayfs status" >&2
+adb_root || die "adb root failed"
 
 # We can not universally use adb enable-verity to ensure device is
 # in a overlayfs disabled state since it can prevent reboot on
 # devices that remount the physical content rather than overlayfs.
 # So lets do our best to surgically wipe the overlayfs state without
 # having to go through enable-verity transition.
-reboot=false
-for d in ${OVERLAYFS_BACKING}; do
-  if adb_test -d /${d}/overlay; then
-    echo "${YELLOW}[  WARNING ]${NORMAL} /${d}/overlay is setup, surgically wiping" >&2
-    adb_sh rm -rf /${d}/overlay </dev/null ||
-      die "/${d}/overlay wipe"
-    reboot=true
-  fi
-done
-if ${reboot}; then
-  echo "${YELLOW}[  WARNING ]${NORMAL} rebooting before test" >&2
-  adb_reboot &&
-    adb_wait ${ADB_WAIT} ||
-    die "lost device after reboot after wipe `usb_status`"
+if surgically_wipe_overlayfs; then
+  LOG WARNING "rebooting before test"
+  adb_reboot ||
+    die "lost device after reboot after overlay wipe $(usb_status)"
   adb_root ||
     die "lost device after elevation to root after wipe `usb_status`"
 fi
-D=`adb_sh df -k </dev/null` &&
-  H=`echo "${D}" | head -1` &&
-  D=`echo "${D}" | grep -v " /vendor/..*$" | grep "^overlay "` &&
-  echo "${H}" &&
-  echo "${D}" &&
-  echo "${YELLOW}[  WARNING ]${NORMAL} overlays present before setup" >&2 ||
-  echo "${GREEN}[       OK ]${NORMAL} no overlay present before setup" >&2
+is_overlayfs_mounted &&
+  die "overlay takeover unexpected at this phase"
+
 overlayfs_needed=true
-D=`adb_sh cat /proc/mounts </dev/null |
-   skip_administrative_mounts data`
-if echo "${D}" | grep /dev/root >/dev/null; then
-  D=`echo / /
-     echo "${D}" | grep -v /dev/root`
-fi
-D=`echo "${D}" | cut -s -d' ' -f1 | sort -u`
+data_device=$(adb_sh awk '$2 == "/data" { print $1; exit }' /proc/mounts)
+D=$(adb_sh grep " ro," /proc/mounts </dev/null |
+    grep -v "^${data_device}" |
+    skip_administrative_mounts |
+    awk '{ print $1 }' |
+    sed 's|/dev/root|/|' |
+    sort -u)
 no_dedupe=true
 for d in ${D}; do
   adb_sh tune2fs -l $d </dev/null 2>&1 |
     grep "Filesystem features:.*shared_blocks" >/dev/null &&
   no_dedupe=false
 done
-D=`adb_sh df -k ${D} </dev/null |
-   sed 's@\([%] /\)\(apex\|bionic\|system\|vendor\)/[^ ][^ ]*$@\1@'`
-echo "${D}"
+D=$(adb_sh df -k ${D} </dev/null)
+echo "${D}" >&2
 if [ X"${D}" = X"${D##* 100[%] }" ] && ${no_dedupe} ; then
   overlayfs_needed=false
   # if device does not need overlays, then adb enable-verity will brick device
-  restore() {
-    ${overlayfs_supported} || return 0
-    inFastboot &&
-      fastboot reboot &&
-      adb_wait ${ADB_WAIT}
-    inAdb &&
-      adb_wait ${ADB_WAIT}
-  }
-elif ! ${overlayfs_supported}; then
-  die "need overlayfs, but do not have it"
+  can_restore_verity=false
 fi
+LOG OK "no overlay present before setup"
 
-echo "${GREEN}[ RUN      ]${NORMAL} disable verity" >&2
+################################################################################
+# Precondition is overlayfs *not* setup.
+LOG RUN "Testing adb disable-verity -R"
 
-T=`adb_date`
-H=`adb disable-verity 2>&1`
-err=${?}
-L=
-D="${H%?Now reboot your device for settings to take effect*}"
-if [ X"${D}" != X"${D##*[Uu]sing overlayfs}" ]; then
-  echo "${GREEN}[       OK ]${NORMAL} using overlayfs" >&2
+T=$(adb_date)
+adb_su disable-verity -R >&2 ||
+  die -t "${T}" "disable-verity -R failed"
+sleep 2
+adb_wait "${ADB_WAIT}" ||
+  die "lost device after adb disable-verity -R $(usb_status)"
+
+if [ "2" = "$(get_property partition.system.verified)" ]; then
+  LOG ERROR "partition.system.verified=$(get_property partition.system.verified)"
+  die "verity not disabled after adb disable-verity -R"
 fi
-if [ ${err} != 0 ]; then
-  echo "${H}"
-  ( [ -n "${L}" ] && echo "${L}" && false ) ||
-  die -t "${T}" "disable-verity"
+if ${overlayfs_needed}; then
+  is_overlayfs_mounted ||
+    die -d "no overlay takeover after adb disable-verity -R"
+  LOG OK "overlay takeover after adb disable-verity -R"
 fi
-rebooted=false
-if [ X"${D}" != X"${H}" ]; then
-  echo "${H}"
-  if [ X"${D}" != X"${D##*setup failed}" ]; then
-    echo "${YELLOW}[  WARNING ]${NORMAL} overlayfs setup whined" >&2
-  fi
-  D=`adb_sh df -k </dev/null` &&
-    H=`echo "${D}" | head -1` &&
-    D=`echo "${D}" | grep -v " /vendor/..*$" | grep "^overlay " || true` &&
-    [ -z "${D}" ] ||
-    ( echo "${H}" && echo "${D}" && false ) ||
-    die -t ${T} "overlay takeover unexpected at this phase"
-  echo "${GREEN}[     INFO ]${NORMAL} rebooting as requested" >&2
-  L=`adb_logcat -b all -v nsec -t ${T} 2>&1`
-  adb_reboot &&
-    adb_wait ${ADB_WAIT} ||
-    die "lost device after reboot requested `usb_status`"
-  adb_root ||
-    die "lost device after elevation to root `usb_status`"
-  rebooted=true
-  # re-disable verity to see the setup remarks expected
-  T=`adb_date`
-  H=`adb disable-verity 2>&1`
-  err=${?}
-  D="${H%?Now reboot your device for settings to take effect*}"
-  if [ X"${D}" != X"${D##*[Uu]sing overlayfs}" ]; then
-    echo "${GREEN}[       OK ]${NORMAL} using overlayfs" >&2
-  fi
-  if [ ${err} != 0 ]; then
-    T=
-  fi
-fi
-if ${overlayfs_supported} && ${overlayfs_needed} && [ X"${D}" != X"${D##*setup failed}" ]; then
-  echo "${D}"
-  ( [ -n "${L}" ] && echo "${L}" && false ) ||
-  die -t "${T}" "setup for overlay"
-fi
-if [ X"${D}" != X"${D##*Successfully disabled verity}" ]; then
-  echo "${H}"
-  D=`adb_sh df -k </dev/null` &&
-    H=`echo "${D}" | head -1` &&
-    D=`echo "${D}" | grep -v " /vendor/..*$" | grep "^overlay " || true` &&
-    [ -z "${D}" ] ||
-    ( echo "${H}" && echo "${D}" && false ) ||
-    ( [ -n "${L}" ] && echo "${L}" && false ) ||
-    die -t "${T}" "overlay takeover unexpected"
-  [ -n "${L}" ] && echo "${L}"
-  die -t "${T}" "unexpected report of verity being disabled a second time"
-elif ${rebooted}; then
-  echo "${GREEN}[       OK ]${NORMAL} verity already disabled" >&2
+LOG OK "adb disable-verity -R"
+
+################################################################################
+LOG RUN "Checking kernel has overlayfs required patches"
+
+adb_root || die "adb root"
+if adb_test -d /sys/module/overlay ||
+    adb_sh grep -q "nodev${TAB}overlay" /proc/filesystems; then
+  LOG OK "overlay module present"
 else
-  echo "${YELLOW}[  WARNING ]${NORMAL} verity already disabled" >&2
+  LOG INFO "overlay module not present"
+fi
+if is_overlayfs_mounted 2>/dev/null; then
+  if adb_test -f /sys/module/overlay/parameters/override_creds; then
+    LOG OK "overlay module supports override_creds"
+  else
+    case "$(adb_sh uname -r </dev/null)" in
+      4.[456789].* | 4.[1-9][0-9]* | [56789].*)
+        die "overlay module does not support override_creds"
+        ;;
+      *)
+        LOG OK "overlay module uses caller's creds"
+        ;;
+    esac
+  fi
 fi
 
-echo "${GREEN}[ RUN      ]${NORMAL} remount" >&2
+################################################################################
+# Precondition is a verity-disabled device with overlayfs already setup.
+LOG RUN "Testing raw remount commands"
+
+adb_sh grep -qE " (/system|/) [^ ]* rw," /proc/mounts </dev/null &&
+  die "/system is not RO"
+adb_sh grep -q " /vendor [^ ]* rw," /proc/mounts </dev/null &&
+  die "/vendor is not RO"
+
+T=$(adb_date)
+adb_su mount -o remount,rw /vendor ||
+  die -t "${T}" "mount -o remount,rw /vendor"
+adb_sh grep -q " /vendor [^ ]* rw," /proc/mounts </dev/null ||
+  die "/vendor is not RW after mount -o remount,rw"
+LOG OK "mount -o remount,rw"
+
+T=$(adb_date)
+adb_su mount -o remount,ro /vendor ||
+  die -t "${T}" "mount -o remount,ro /vendor"
+adb_sh grep -q " /vendor [^ ]* rw," /proc/mounts </dev/null &&
+  die "/vendor is not RO after mount -o remount,ro"
+LOG OK "mount -o remount,ro"
+
+T=$(adb_date)
+adb_su remount vendor >&2 ||
+  die -t "${T}" "adb remount vendor"
+adb_sh grep -q " /vendor [^ ]* rw," /proc/mounts </dev/null ||
+  die -t "${T}" "/vendor is not RW after adb remount vendor"
+adb_sh grep -qE " (/system|/) [^ ]* rw," /proc/mounts </dev/null &&
+  die -t "${T}" "/system is not RO after adb remount vendor"
+LOG OK "adb remount vendor"
+
+LOG INFO "Restoring device RO state and destroying overlayfs"
+T=$(adb_date)
+adb_su mount -o remount,ro /vendor ||
+  die -t "${T}" "mount -o remount,ro /vendor"
+if surgically_wipe_overlayfs; then
+  adb_reboot ||
+    die "lost device after reboot after overlay wipe $(usb_status)"
+fi
+is_overlayfs_mounted &&
+  die "overlay takeover unexpected at this phase"
+
+################################################################################
+# Precondition is a verity-disabled device with overlayfs *not* setup.
+LOG RUN "Testing adb remount performs overlayfs setup from scratch"
+
+adb_sh grep -q " /vendor [^ ]* rw," /proc/mounts </dev/null &&
+  die "/vendor is not RO"
+T=$(adb_date)
+adb_su remount vendor >&2 ||
+  die -t "${T}" "adb remount vendor from scratch"
+if ${overlayfs_needed}; then
+  is_overlayfs_mounted /vendor ||
+    die -t "${T}" "expected overlay takeover /vendor"
+  is_overlayfs_mounted /system 2>/dev/null &&
+    die -t "${T}" "unexpected overlay takeover /system"
+fi
+adb_sh grep -q " /vendor [^ ]* rw," /proc/mounts </dev/null ||
+  die -t "${T}" "/vendor is not RW after adb remount vendor"
+adb_sh grep -qE " (/system|/) [^ ]* rw," /proc/mounts </dev/null &&
+  die -t "${T}" "/system is not RO after adb remount vendor"
+LOG OK "adb remount from scratch"
+
+################################################################################
+# Precondition is overlayfs partially setup by previous test.
+LOG RUN "Testing adb remount -R"
+
+T=$(adb_date)
+adb_su remount -R </dev/null >&2 ||
+  die -t "${T}" "adb remount -R failed"
+sleep 2
+adb_wait "${ADB_WAIT}" ||
+  die "lost device after adb remount -R $(usb_status)"
+
+if [ "2" = "$(get_property partition.system.verified)" ]; then
+  LOG ERROR "partition.system.verified=$(get_property partition.system.verified)"
+  die "verity not disabled after adb remount -R"
+fi
+if ${overlayfs_needed}; then
+  is_overlayfs_mounted /system ||
+    die -d "expected overlay takeover /system"
+  is_overlayfs_mounted /vendor 2>/dev/null ||
+    die -d "expected overlay takeover /vendor"
+  LOG OK "overlay takeover after adb remount -R"
+fi
+LOG OK "adb remount -R"
+
+# For devices using overlayfs, remount -R should reboot after overlayfs setup.
+# For legacy device, manual reboot to ensure device clean state.
+if ! ${overlayfs_needed}; then
+  LOG WARNING "Reboot to RO (device doesn't use overlayfs)"
+  adb_reboot ||
+    die "lost device after reboot to RO $(usb_status)"
+fi
+
+################################################################################
+# Precondition is a verity-disabled device with overlayfs already setup.
+LOG RUN "Testing adb remount RW"
 
 # Feed log with selinux denials as baseline before overlays
 adb_unroot
 adb_sh find ${MOUNTS} </dev/null >/dev/null 2>/dev/null || true
 adb_root
 
-D=`adb remount 2>&1`
-ret=${?}
-echo "${D}"
-[ ${ret} != 0 ] ||
-  [ X"${D}" = X"${D##*remount failed}" ] ||
-  ( [ -n "${L}" ] && echo "${L}" && false ) ||
-  die -t "${T}" "adb remount failed"
-D=`adb_sh df -k </dev/null` &&
-  H=`echo "${D}" | head -1` &&
-  D=`echo "${D}" | skip_unrelated_mounts | grep "^overlay "` ||
-  ( [ -n "${L}" ] && echo "${L}" && false )
-ret=${?}
-uses_dynamic_scratch=false
-scratch_partition=
-virtual_ab=`get_property ro.virtual_ab.enabled`
+adb_sh grep -qE " (/system|/) [^ ]* rw," /proc/mounts </dev/null &&
+  die "/system is not RO"
+adb_sh grep -q " /vendor [^ ]* rw," /proc/mounts </dev/null &&
+  die "/vendor is not RO"
+
+T=$(adb_date)
+adb remount >&2 ||
+  die -t "${T}" "adb remount"
+adb_sh grep -qE " (/system|/) [^ ]* rw," /proc/mounts </dev/null ||
+  die -t "${T}" "/system is not RW"
+adb_sh grep -q " /vendor [^ ]* rw," /proc/mounts </dev/null ||
+  die -t "${T}" "/vendor is not RW"
+
+scratch_on_super=false
 if ${overlayfs_needed}; then
-  if [ ${ret} != 0 ]; then
-    die -t ${T} "overlay takeover failed"
+  is_overlayfs_mounted /system ||
+    die -t "${T}" "expected overlay to takeover /system after remount"
+
+  # Collect information about the scratch device if we have one
+  M=$(adb_sh cat /proc/mounts </dev/null |
+      awk '$2 == "/mnt/scratch" { print $1, $3; exit }')
+  if [ -n "${M}" ]; then
+    scratch_device=$(echo "${M}" | awk '{ print $1 }')
+    scratch_filesystem=$(echo "${M}" | awk '{ print $2 }')
+    scratch_size=$(adb_sh df -k "${scratch_device}" </dev/null |
+                  tail +2 | head -1 | awk '{ print $2 }')
+    [ -z "${scratch_size}" ] && die "cannot get size of scratch device (${scratch_device})"
+
+    # Detect scratch partition backed by super?
+    for b in "/dev/block/by-name/super"{,_${ACTIVE_SLOT}}; do
+      if adb_test -e "${b}"; then
+        device=$(adb_su realpath "${b}")
+        D=$(adb_su stat -c '0x%t 0x%T' "${device}")
+        major=$(echo "${D}" | awk '{ print $1 }')
+        minor=$(echo "${D}" | awk '{ print $2 }')
+        super_devt=$(( major )):$(( minor ))
+        if adb_su dmctl table scratch | tail +2 | grep -q -w "${super_devt}"; then
+          scratch_on_super=true
+        fi
+        break
+      fi
+    done
+
+    if ${scratch_on_super}; then
+      LOG INFO "using dynamic scratch partition on super"
+    else
+      LOG INFO "using dynamic scratch partition on /data (VAB device)"
+    fi
+    LOG INFO "scratch device ${scratch_device} filesystem ${scratch_filesystem} size ${scratch_size}KiB"
+  else
+    LOG INFO "cannot find any scratch device mounted on /mnt/scratch, using scratch on /cache"
   fi
-  echo "${D}" | grep "^overlay .* /system\$" >/dev/null ||
-   echo "${YELLOW}[  WARNING ]${NORMAL} overlay takeover not complete" >&2
-  if [ -z "${virtual_ab}" ]; then
-    scratch_partition=scratch
-  fi
-  if echo "${D}" | grep " /mnt/scratch" >/dev/null; then
-    echo "${BLUE}[     INFO ]${NORMAL} using ${scratch_partition} dynamic partition for overrides" >&2
-  fi
-  M=`adb_sh cat /proc/mounts </dev/null |
-     sed -n 's@\([^ ]*\) /mnt/scratch \([^ ]*\) .*@\2 on \1@p'`
-  [ -n "${M}" ] &&
-    echo "${BLUE}[     INFO ]${NORMAL} scratch filesystem ${M}"
-  uses_dynamic_scratch=true
-  if [ "${M}" != "${M##*/dev/block/by-name/}" ]; then
-    uses_dynamic_scratch=false
-    scratch_partition="${M##*/dev/block/by-name/}"
-  fi
-  scratch_size=`adb_sh df -k /mnt/scratch </dev/null 2>/dev/null |
-                while read device kblocks used available use mounted on; do
-                  if [ "/mnt/scratch" = "\${mounted}" ]; then
-                    echo \${kblocks}
-                  fi
-                done` &&
-    [ -n "${scratch_size}" ] ||
-    die "scratch size"
-  echo "${BLUE}[     INFO ]${NORMAL} scratch size ${scratch_size}KB" >&2
+
   for d in ${OVERLAYFS_BACKING}; do
     if adb_test -d /${d}/overlay/system/upper; then
-      echo "${BLUE}[     INFO ]${NORMAL} /${d}/overlay is setup" >&2
+      LOG INFO "/${d}/overlay is setup"
     fi
   done
 
-  echo "${H}" &&
-    echo "${D}" &&
-    echo "${D}" | grep "^overlay .* /system\$" >/dev/null ||
-    die  "overlay takeover after remount"
-  !(adb_sh grep "^overlay " /proc/mounts </dev/null |
-    skip_unrelated_mounts |
-    grep " overlay ro,") ||
-    die "remount overlayfs missed a spot (ro)"
-  !(adb_sh grep -v noatime /proc/mounts </dev/null |
-    skip_administrative_mounts data |
-    skip_unrelated_mounts |
-    grep -v ' ro,') ||
+  data_device=$(adb_sh awk '$2 == "/data" { print $1; exit }' /proc/mounts)
+  # KISS (we do not support sub-mounts for system partitions currently)
+  adb_sh grep "^overlay " /proc/mounts </dev/null |
+    grep -vE "^overlay.* /(apex|system|vendor)/[^ ]" |
+    grep " overlay ro," &&
+    die "expected overlay to be RW after remount"
+  adb_sh grep -v noatime /proc/mounts </dev/null |
+    grep -v "^${data_device}" |
+    skip_administrative_mounts |
+    grep -v ' ro,' &&
     die "mounts are not noatime"
-  D=`adb_sh grep " rw," /proc/mounts </dev/null |
-     skip_administrative_mounts data`
-  if echo "${D}" | grep /dev/root >/dev/null; then
-    D=`echo / /
-       echo "${D}" | grep -v /dev/root`
-  fi
-  D=`echo "${D}" | cut -s -d' ' -f1 | sort -u`
-  bad_rw=false
+
+  D=$(adb_sh grep " rw," /proc/mounts </dev/null |
+      grep -v "^${data_device}" |
+      skip_administrative_mounts |
+      awk '{ print $1 }' |
+      sed 's|/dev/root|/|' |
+      sort -u)
+  if [ -n "${D}" ]; then
+    adb_sh df -k ${D} </dev/null |
+      sed -e 's/^Filesystem      /Filesystem (rw) /'
+  fi >&2
   for d in ${D}; do
-    if adb_sh tune2fs -l $d </dev/null 2>&1 |
-       grep "Filesystem features:.*shared_blocks" >/dev/null; then
-      bad_rw=true
-    else
-      d=`adb_sh df -k ${D} </dev/null |
-       sed 's@\([%] /\)\(apex\|bionic\|system\|vendor\)/[^ ][^ ]*$@\1@'`
-      [ X"${d}" = X"${d##* 100[%] }" ] ||
-        bad_rw=true
+    if adb_sh tune2fs -l "${d}" </dev/null 2>&1 | grep -q "Filesystem features:.*shared_blocks" ||
+        adb_sh df -k "${d}" | grep -q " 100% "; then
+      die "remount overlayfs missed a spot (rw)"
     fi
   done
-  [ -z "${D}" ] ||
-    D=`adb_sh df -k ${D} </dev/null |
-       sed -e 's@\([%] /\)\(apex\|bionic\|system\|vendor\)/[^ ][^ ]*$@\1@' \
-           -e 's/^Filesystem      /Filesystem (rw) /'`
-  [ -z "${D}" ] || echo "${D}"
-  ${bad_rw} && die "remount overlayfs missed a spot (rw)"
 else
-  if [ ${ret} = 0 ]; then
-    die -t ${T} "unexpected overlay takeover"
-  fi
+  is_overlayfs_mounted && die -t "${T}" "unexpected overlay takeover"
 fi
 
-# Check something.
+LOG OK "adb remount RW"
 
-echo "${GREEN}[ RUN      ]${NORMAL} push content to ${MOUNTS}" >&2
+################################################################################
+LOG RUN "push content to ${MOUNTS}"
 
+adb_root || die "adb root"
 A="Hello World! $(date)"
-for i in ${MOUNTS}; do
+for i in ${MOUNTS} /system/priv-app; do
   echo "${A}" | adb_sh cat - ">${i}/hello"
   B="`adb_cat ${i}/hello`" ||
     die "${i#/} hello"
   check_eq "${A}" "${B}" ${i} before reboot
 done
-echo "${A}" | adb_sh cat - ">/system/priv-app/hello"
-B="`adb_cat /system/priv-app/hello`" ||
-  die "system priv-app hello"
-check_eq "${A}" "${B}" /system/priv-app before reboot
-SYSTEM_DEVT=`adb_sh stat --format=%D /system/hello </dev/null`
-VENDOR_DEVT=`adb_sh stat --format=%D /vendor/hello </dev/null`
 SYSTEM_INO=`adb_sh stat --format=%i /system/hello </dev/null`
 VENDOR_INO=`adb_sh stat --format=%i /vendor/hello </dev/null`
-BASE_SYSTEM_DEVT=`adb_sh stat --format=%D /system/bin/stat </dev/null`
-BASE_VENDOR_DEVT=`adb_sh stat --format=%D /vendor/bin/stat </dev/null`
-check_eq "${SYSTEM_DEVT%[0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F]}" "${VENDOR_DEVT%[0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F]}" vendor and system devt
 check_ne "${SYSTEM_INO}" "${VENDOR_INO}" vendor and system inode
-if ${overlayfs_needed}; then
-  check_ne "${SYSTEM_DEVT}" "${BASE_SYSTEM_DEVT}" system devt
-  check_ne "${VENDOR_DEVT}" "${BASE_VENDOR_DEVT}" vendor devt
-else
-  check_eq "${SYSTEM_DEVT}" "${BASE_SYSTEM_DEVT}" system devt
-  check_eq "${VENDOR_DEVT}" "${BASE_VENDOR_DEVT}" vendor devt
-fi
-check_ne "${BASE_SYSTEM_DEVT}" "${BASE_VENDOR_DEVT}" --warning system/vendor devt
-[ -n "${SYSTEM_DEVT%[0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F]}" ] ||
-  echo "${YELLOW}[  WARNING ]${NORMAL} system devt ${SYSTEM_DEVT} major 0" >&2
-[ -n "${VENDOR_DEVT%[0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F]}" ] ||
-  echo "${YELLOW}[  WARNING ]${NORMAL} vendor devt ${VENDOR_DEVT} major 0" >&2
 
-# Download libc.so, append some garbage, push back, and check if the file
-# is updated.
-tempdir="`mktemp -d`"
-cleanup() {
-  rm -rf ${tempdir}
-}
-adb pull /system/lib/bootstrap/libc.so ${tempdir} >/dev/null ||
-  die "pull libc.so from device"
-garbage="D105225BBFCB1EB8AB8EBDB7094646F0"
-echo "${garbage}" >> ${tempdir}/libc.so
-adb push ${tempdir}/libc.so /system/lib/bootstrap/libc.so >/dev/null ||
-  die "push libc.so to device"
-adb pull /system/lib/bootstrap/libc.so ${tempdir}/libc.so.fromdevice >/dev/null ||
-  die "pull libc.so from device"
-diff ${tempdir}/libc.so ${tempdir}/libc.so.fromdevice > /dev/null ||
-  die "libc.so differ"
+# Edit build.prop and check if properties are updated.
+system_build_prop_original="${TMPDIR}/system_build.prop.original"
+system_build_prop_modified="${TMPDIR}/system_build.prop.modified"
+system_build_prop_fromdevice="${TMPDIR}/system_build.prop.fromdevice"
+adb pull /system/build.prop "${system_build_prop_original}" >/dev/null ||
+  die "adb pull /system/build.prop"
+# Prepend with extra newline in case the original file doesn't end with a newline.
+cat "${system_build_prop_original}" - <<EOF >"${system_build_prop_modified}"
 
-echo "${GREEN}[ RUN      ]${NORMAL} reboot to confirm content persistent" >&2
+# Properties added by adb remount test
+test.adb.remount.system.build.prop=true
+EOF
+adb push "${system_build_prop_modified}" /system/build.prop >/dev/null ||
+  die "adb push /system/build.prop"
+adb pull /system/build.prop "${system_build_prop_fromdevice}" >/dev/null ||
+  die "adb pull /system/build.prop"
+diff "${system_build_prop_modified}" "${system_build_prop_fromdevice}" >/dev/null ||
+  die "/system/build.prop differs from pushed content"
+
+################################################################################
+LOG RUN "reboot to confirm content persistent"
 
 fixup_from_recovery() {
   inRecovery || return 1
-  echo "${YELLOW}[    ERROR ]${NORMAL} Device in recovery" >&2
+  LOG ERROR "Device in recovery"
   adb reboot </dev/null
   adb_wait ${ADB_WAIT}
 }
 
-adb_reboot &&
-  adb_wait ${ADB_WAIT} ||
+adb_reboot ||
   fixup_from_recovery ||
   die "reboot after override content added failed `usb_status`"
 
 if ${overlayfs_needed}; then
-  D=`adb_su df -k </dev/null` &&
-    H=`echo "${D}" | head -1` &&
-    D=`echo "${D}" | grep -v " /vendor/..*$" | grep "^overlay "` ||
-    ( echo "${L}" && false ) ||
+  is_overlayfs_mounted ||
     die -d "overlay takeover failed after reboot"
 
   adb_su sed -n '1,/overlay \/system/p' /proc/mounts </dev/null |
     skip_administrative_mounts |
     grep -v ' \(erofs\|squashfs\|ext4\|f2fs\|vfat\) ' &&
-    echo "${YELLOW}[  WARNING ]${NORMAL} overlay takeover after first stage init" >&2 ||
-    echo "${GREEN}[       OK ]${NORMAL} overlay takeover in first stage init" >&2
+    LOG WARNING "overlay takeover after first stage init" ||
+    LOG OK "overlay takeover in first stage init"
 fi
 
 if ${enforcing}; then
@@ -1390,235 +1385,179 @@
     die "device not in unroot'd state"
   B="`adb_cat /vendor/hello 2>&1`"
   check_eq "cat: /vendor/hello: Permission denied" "${B}" vendor after reboot w/o root
-  echo "${GREEN}[       OK ]${NORMAL} /vendor content correct MAC after reboot" >&2
+  LOG OK "/vendor content correct MAC after reboot"
   # Feed unprivileged log with selinux denials as a result of overlays
   wait_for_screen
   adb_sh find ${MOUNTS} </dev/null >/dev/null 2>/dev/null || true
 fi
 # If overlayfs has a nested security problem, this will fail.
-B="`adb_ls /system/`" ||
-  die "adb ls /system"
-[ X"${B}" != X"${B#*priv-app}" ] ||
-  die "adb ls /system/priv-app"
+adb_sh ls /system >/dev/null || die "ls /system"
+adb_test -d /system/priv-app || die "[ -d /system/priv-app ]"
 B="`adb_cat /system/priv-app/hello`"
 check_eq "${A}" "${B}" /system/priv-app after reboot
+
 # Only root can read vendor if sepolicy permissions are as expected.
-adb_root ||
-  die "adb root"
+adb_root || die "adb root"
 for i in ${MOUNTS}; do
   B="`adb_cat ${i}/hello`"
   check_eq "${A}" "${B}" ${i#/} after reboot
-  echo "${GREEN}[       OK ]${NORMAL} ${i} content remains after reboot" >&2
+  LOG OK "${i} content remains after reboot"
 done
 
-check_eq "${SYSTEM_DEVT}" "`adb_sh stat --format=%D /system/hello </dev/null`" system devt after reboot
-check_eq "${VENDOR_DEVT}" "`adb_sh stat --format=%D /vendor/hello </dev/null`" vendor devt after reboot
 check_eq "${SYSTEM_INO}" "`adb_sh stat --format=%i /system/hello </dev/null`" system inode after reboot
 check_eq "${VENDOR_INO}" "`adb_sh stat --format=%i /vendor/hello </dev/null`" vendor inode after reboot
-check_eq "${BASE_SYSTEM_DEVT}" "`adb_sh stat --format=%D /system/bin/stat </dev/null`" --warning base system devt after reboot
-check_eq "${BASE_VENDOR_DEVT}" "`adb_sh stat --format=%D /vendor/bin/stat </dev/null`" --warning base vendor devt after reboot
-check_eq "${BASE_SYSTEM_DEVT}" "`adb_sh stat --format=%D /system/xbin/su </dev/null`" --warning devt for su after reboot
 
 # Feed log with selinux denials as a result of overlays
 adb_sh find ${MOUNTS} </dev/null >/dev/null 2>/dev/null || true
 
-# Check if the updated libc.so is persistent after reboot.
-adb_root &&
-  adb pull /system/lib/bootstrap/libc.so ${tempdir}/libc.so.fromdevice >/dev/null ||
-  die "pull libc.so from device"
-diff ${tempdir}/libc.so ${tempdir}/libc.so.fromdevice > /dev/null || die "libc.so differ"
-rm -rf ${tempdir}
-cleanup() {
-  true
-}
-echo "${GREEN}[       OK ]${NORMAL} /system/lib/bootstrap/libc.so content remains after reboot" >&2
+# Check if the updated build.prop is persistent after reboot.
+check_eq "true" "$(get_property 'test.adb.remount.system.build.prop')" "load modified build.prop"
+adb pull /system/build.prop "${system_build_prop_fromdevice}" >/dev/null ||
+  die "adb pull /system/build.prop"
+diff "${system_build_prop_modified}" "${system_build_prop_fromdevice}" >/dev/null ||
+  die "/system/build.prop differs from pushed content"
+LOG OK "/system/build.prop content remains after reboot"
 
-echo "${GREEN}[ RUN      ]${NORMAL} flash vendor, confirm its content disappears" >&2
+################################################################################
+LOG RUN "flash vendor, and confirm vendor override disappears"
 
-H=`adb_sh echo '${HOSTNAME}' </dev/null 2>/dev/null`
-is_bootloader_fastboot=false
+is_bootloader_fastboot=true
 # cuttlefish?
-[ X"${H}" != X"${H#vsoc}" ] || is_bootloader_fastboot=true
+[[ "$(get_property ro.product.vendor.device)" == vsoc_* ]] &&
+  is_bootloader_fastboot=false
 is_userspace_fastboot=false
 
 if ! ${is_bootloader_fastboot}; then
-  echo "${YELLOW}[  WARNING ]${NORMAL} does not support fastboot, skipping"
-elif [ -z "${ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT}" ]; then
-  echo "${YELLOW}[  WARNING ]${NORMAL} build tree not setup, skipping"
-elif [ ! -s "${ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT}/vendor.img" ]; then
-  echo "${YELLOW}[  WARNING ]${NORMAL} vendor image missing, skipping"
-elif [ "${ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT}" = "${ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT%*/${H}}" ]; then
-  echo "${YELLOW}[  WARNING ]${NORMAL} wrong vendor image, skipping"
-elif [ -z "${ANDROID_HOST_OUT}" ]; then
-  echo "${YELLOW}[  WARNING ]${NORMAL} please run lunch, skipping"
-elif ! (
-          adb_cat /vendor/build.prop |
-          cmp -s ${ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT}/vendor/build.prop
-       ) >/dev/null 2>/dev/null; then
-  echo "${YELLOW}[  WARNING ]${NORMAL} vendor image signature mismatch, skipping"
+  LOG WARNING "does not support fastboot flash, skipping"
 else
   wait_for_screen
+  adb_root || die "adb root"
+
+  VENDOR_DEVICE_CANDIDATES=(
+    "/dev/block/mapper/vendor"{_${ACTIVE_SLOT},}
+    "/dev/block/by-name/vendor"{_${ACTIVE_SLOT},}
+  )
+  for b in "${VENDOR_DEVICE_CANDIDATES[@]}"; do
+    if adb_test -e "${b}"; then
+      adb pull "${b}" "${TMPDIR}/vendor.img" || die "adb pull ${b}"
+      LOG INFO "pulled ${b} from device as vendor.img"
+      break
+    fi
+  done
+  [ -f "${TMPDIR}/vendor.img" ] ||
+    die "cannot find block device of vendor partition"
+
   avc_check
   adb reboot fastboot </dev/null ||
     die "fastbootd not supported (wrong adb in path?)"
   any_wait ${ADB_WAIT} &&
     inFastboot ||
     die "reboot into fastboot to flash vendor `usb_status` (bad bootloader?)"
-  fastboot flash vendor ||
+  fastboot flash vendor "${TMPDIR}/vendor.img" ||
     ( fastboot reboot && false) ||
     die "fastboot flash vendor"
+  LOG OK "flashed vendor"
+
   fastboot_getvar is-userspace yes &&
     is_userspace_fastboot=true
-  if [ -n "${scratch_paritition}" ]; then
-    fastboot_getvar partition-type:${scratch_partition} raw ||
-      ( fastboot reboot && false) ||
-      die "fastboot can not see ${scratch_partition} parameters"
-    if ${uses_dynamic_scratch}; then
-      # check ${scratch_partition} via fastboot
-      fastboot_getvar has-slot:${scratch_partition} no &&
-        fastboot_getvar is-logical:${scratch_partition} yes ||
-        ( fastboot reboot && false) ||
-        die "fastboot can not see ${scratch_partition} parameters"
-    else
-      fastboot_getvar is-logical:${scratch_partition} no ||
-        ( fastboot reboot && false) ||
-        die "fastboot can not see ${scratch_partition} parameters"
-    fi
-    if ! ${uses_dynamic_scratch}; then
-      fastboot reboot-bootloader ||
-        die "Reboot into fastboot"
-    fi
-    if ${uses_dynamic_scratch}; then
-      echo "${BLUE}[     INFO ]${NORMAL} expect fastboot erase ${scratch_partition} to fail" >&2
-      fastboot erase ${scratch_partition} &&
-        ( fastboot reboot || true) &&
-        die "fastboot can erase ${scratch_partition}"
-    fi
-    echo "${BLUE}[     INFO ]${NORMAL} expect fastboot format ${scratch_partition} to fail" >&2
-    fastboot format ${scratch_partition} &&
-      ( fastboot reboot || true) &&
-      die "fastboot can format ${scratch_partition}"
+
+  if ${scratch_on_super}; then
+    fastboot_getvar partition-type:scratch raw ||
+      die "fastboot cannot see parameter partition-type:scratch"
+    fastboot_getvar has-slot:scratch no ||
+      die "fastboot cannot see parameter has-slot:scratch"
+    fastboot_getvar is-logical:scratch yes ||
+      die "fastboot cannot see parameter is-logical:scratch"
+    LOG INFO "expect fastboot erase scratch to fail"
+    fastboot erase scratch && die "fastboot can erase scratch"
+    LOG INFO "expect fastboot format scratch to fail"
+    fastboot format scratch && die "fastboot can format scratch"
   fi
-  fastboot reboot ||
-    die "can not reboot out of fastboot"
-  echo "${YELLOW}[  WARNING ]${NORMAL} adb after fastboot"
+
+  fastboot reboot || die "cannot reboot out of fastboot"
+  LOG INFO "reboot from fastboot"
   adb_wait ${ADB_WAIT} ||
     fixup_from_recovery ||
-    die "did not reboot after formatting ${scratch_partition} `usb_status`"
+    die "cannot reboot after flash vendor $(usb_status)"
   if ${overlayfs_needed}; then
-    adb_root &&
-      D=`adb_sh df -k </dev/null` &&
-      H=`echo "${D}" | head -1` &&
-      D=`echo "${D}" | skip_unrelated_mounts | grep "^overlay "` &&
-      echo "${H}" &&
-      echo "${D}" &&
-      echo "${D}" | grep "^overlay .* /system\$" >/dev/null ||
+    is_overlayfs_mounted /system ||
       die  "overlay /system takeover after flash vendor"
-    echo "${D}" | grep "^overlay .* /vendor\$" >/dev/null &&
+    if is_overlayfs_mounted /vendor 2>/dev/null; then
       if ${is_userspace_fastboot}; then
         die  "overlay supposed to be minus /vendor takeover after flash vendor"
       else
-        echo "${YELLOW}[  WARNING ]${NORMAL} user fastboot missing required to invalidate, ignoring a failure" >&2
-        echo "${YELLOW}[  WARNING ]${NORMAL} overlay supposed to be minus /vendor takeover after flash vendor" >&2
+        LOG WARNING "fastbootd missing required to invalidate, ignoring a failure"
+        LOG WARNING "overlay supposed to be minus /vendor takeover after flash vendor"
       fi
+    fi
   fi
-  B="`adb_cat /system/hello`"
-  check_eq "${A}" "${B}" system after flash vendor
-  B="`adb_ls /system/`" ||
-    die "adb ls /system"
-  [ X"${B}" != X"${B#*priv-app}" ] ||
-    die "adb ls /system/priv-app"
-  B="`adb_cat /system/priv-app/hello`"
-  check_eq "${A}" "${B}" system/priv-app after flash vendor
-  adb_root ||
-    die "adb root"
-  B="`adb_cat /vendor/hello`"
-  if ${is_userspace_fastboot} || ! ${overlayfs_needed}; then
-    check_eq "cat: /vendor/hello: No such file or directory" "${B}" \
-             vendor content after flash vendor
-  else
-    echo "${YELLOW}[  WARNING ]${NORMAL} user fastboot missing required to invalidate, ignoring a failure" >&2
-    check_eq "cat: /vendor/hello: No such file or directory" "${B}" \
-             --warning vendor content after flash vendor
+  check_eq "${A}" "$(adb_cat /system/hello)" "/system content after flash vendor"
+  check_eq "${SYSTEM_INO}" "$(adb_sh stat --format=%i /system/hello </dev/null)" "system inode after flash vendor"
+  adb_sh ls /system >/dev/null || die "ls /system"
+  adb_test -d /system/priv-app || die "[ -d /system/priv-app ]"
+  check_eq "${A}" "$(adb_cat /system/priv-app/hello)" "/system/priv-app content after flash vendor"
+  adb_root || die "adb root"
+  if adb_test -e /vendor/hello; then
+    if ${is_userspace_fastboot} || ! ${overlayfs_needed}; then
+      die "vendor content after flash vendor"
+    else
+      LOG WARNING "fastbootd missing required to invalidate, ignoring a failure"
+      LOG WARNING "vendor content after flash vendor"
+    fi
   fi
-
-  check_eq "${SYSTEM_DEVT}" "`adb_sh stat --format=%D /system/hello </dev/null`" system devt after reboot
-  check_eq "${SYSTEM_INO}" "`adb_sh stat --format=%i /system/hello </dev/null`" system inode after reboot
-  check_eq "${BASE_SYSTEM_DEVT}" "`adb_sh stat --format=%D /system/bin/stat </dev/null`" --warning base system devt after reboot
-  check_eq "${BASE_SYSTEM_DEVT}" "`adb_sh stat --format=%D /system/xbin/su </dev/null`" --warning devt for su after reboot
-
-fi
+  LOG OK "vendor override destroyed after flash verdor"
+fi >&2
 
 wait_for_screen
-echo "${GREEN}[ RUN      ]${NORMAL} remove test content (cleanup)" >&2
 
-T=`adb_date`
-H=`adb remount 2>&1`
-err=${?}
-L=
-D="${H%?Now reboot your device for settings to take effect*}"
-if [ X"${H}" != X"${D}" ]; then
-  echo "${YELLOW}[  WARNING ]${NORMAL} adb remount requires a reboot after partial flash (legacy avb)"
-  L=`adb_logcat -b all -v nsec -t ${T} 2>&1`
-  adb_reboot &&
-    adb_wait ${ADB_WAIT} &&
-    adb_root ||
-    die "failed to reboot"
-  T=`adb_date`
-  H=`adb remount 2>&1`
-  err=${?}
+################################################################################
+LOG RUN "Clean up test content"
+
+adb_root || die "adb root"
+T=$(adb_date)
+D=$(adb remount 2>&1) ||
+  die -t "${T}" "adb remount"
+echo "${D}" >&2
+if [[ "${D}" =~ [Rr]eboot ]]; then
+  LOG OK "adb remount calls for a reboot after partial flash"
+  # but we don't really want to, since rebooting just recreates the already tore
+  # down vendor overlay.
 fi
-echo "${H}"
-[ ${err} = 0 ] &&
-  ( adb_sh rm /vendor/hello </dev/null 2>/dev/null || true ) &&
-  adb_sh rm /system/hello /system/priv-app/hello </dev/null ||
-  ( [ -n "${L}" ] && echo "${L}" && false ) ||
-  die -t ${T} "cleanup hello"
-B="`adb_cat /system/hello`"
-check_eq "cat: /system/hello: No such file or directory" "${B}" after rm
-B="`adb_cat /system/priv-app/hello`"
-check_eq "cat: /system/priv-app/hello: No such file or directory" "${B}" after rm
-B="`adb_cat /vendor/hello`"
-check_eq "cat: /vendor/hello: No such file or directory" "${B}" after rm
-for i in ${MOUNTS}; do
-  adb_sh rm ${i}/hello </dev/null 2>/dev/null || true
+
+for i in ${MOUNTS} /system/priv-app; do
+  adb_sh rm "${i}/hello" 2>/dev/null || true
+  adb_test -e "${i}/hello" &&
+    die -t "${T}" "/${i}/hello lingers after rm"
 done
 
-if ${is_bootloader_fastboot} && [ -n "${scratch_partition}" ]; then
+################################################################################
+if ${is_bootloader_fastboot} && ${scratch_on_super}; then
 
-  echo "${GREEN}[ RUN      ]${NORMAL} test fastboot flash to ${scratch_partition} recovery" >&2
+  LOG RUN "test fastboot flash to scratch recovery"
 
   avc_check
   adb reboot fastboot </dev/null ||
     die "Reboot into fastbootd"
-  img=${TMPDIR}/adb-remount-test-${$}.img
-  cleanup() {
-    rm ${img}
-  }
+  img="${TMPDIR}/adb-remount-test-${$}.img"
   dd if=/dev/zero of=${img} bs=4096 count=16 2>/dev/null &&
     fastboot_wait ${FASTBOOT_WAIT} ||
     die "reboot into fastboot to flash scratch `usb_status`"
-  fastboot flash --force ${scratch_partition} ${img}
+  fastboot flash --force scratch ${img}
   err=${?}
-  cleanup
-  cleanup() {
-    true
-  }
   fastboot reboot ||
     die "can not reboot out of fastboot"
   [ 0 -eq ${err} ] ||
-    die "fastboot flash ${scratch_partition}"
+    die "fastboot flash scratch"
   adb_wait ${ADB_WAIT} &&
     adb_root ||
-    die "did not reboot after flashing empty ${scratch_partition} `usb_status`"
+    die "did not reboot after flashing empty scratch $(usb_status)"
   T=`adb_date`
   D=`adb disable-verity 2>&1`
   err=${?}
   if [ X"${D}" != "${D%?Now reboot your device for settings to take effect*}" ]
   then
-    echo "${YELLOW}[  WARNING ]${NORMAL} adb disable-verity requires a reboot after partial flash"
+    LOG WARNING "adb disable-verity requires a reboot after partial flash"
     adb_reboot &&
-      adb_wait ${ADB_WAIT} &&
       adb_root ||
       die "failed to reboot"
     T=`adb_date`
@@ -1627,135 +1566,15 @@
     err=${?}
   fi
 
-  echo "${D}"
+  echo "${D}" >&2
   [ ${err} = 0 ] &&
     [ X"${D}" = X"${D##*setup failed}" ] &&
     [ X"${D}" != X"${D##*[Uu]sing overlayfs}" ] &&
-    echo "${GREEN}[       OK ]${NORMAL} ${scratch_partition} recreated" >&2 ||
+    LOG OK "recreated scratch" ||
     die -t ${T} "setup for overlayfs"
-  D=`adb remount 2>&1`
-  err=${?}
-  echo "${D}"
-  [ ${err} != 0 ] ||
-    [ X"${D}" = X"${D##*remount failed}" ] ||
-    ( echo "${D}" && false ) ||
+  adb remount >&2 ||
     die -t ${T} "remount failed"
 fi
 
-echo "${GREEN}[ RUN      ]${NORMAL} test raw remount commands" >&2
 
-fixup_from_fastboot() {
-  inFastboot || return 1
-  if [ -n "${ACTIVE_SLOT}" ]; then
-    local active_slot=`get_active_slot`
-    if [ X"${ACTIVE_SLOT}" != X"${active_slot}" ]; then
-      echo "${YELLOW}[    ERROR ]${NORMAL} Active slot changed from ${ACTIVE_SLOT} to ${active_slot}"
-    else
-      echo "${YELLOW}[    ERROR ]${NORMAL} Active slot to be set to ${ACTIVE_SLOT}"
-    fi >&2
-    fastboot --set-active=${ACTIVE_SLOT}
-  fi
-  fastboot reboot
-  adb_wait ${ADB_WAIT}
-}
-
-# Prerequisite is a prepped device from above.
-adb_reboot &&
-  adb_wait ${ADB_WAIT} ||
-  fixup_from_fastboot ||
-  die "lost device after reboot to ro state `usb_status`"
-adb_sh grep " /vendor .* rw," /proc/mounts >/dev/null </dev/null &&
-  die "/vendor is not read-only"
-adb_su mount -o rw,remount /vendor </dev/null ||
-  die "remount command"
-adb_sh grep " /vendor .* rw," /proc/mounts >/dev/null </dev/null ||
-  die "/vendor is not read-write"
-echo "${GREEN}[       OK ]${NORMAL} mount -o rw,remount command works" >&2
-
-# Prerequisite is a prepped device from above.
-adb_reboot &&
-  adb_wait ${ADB_WAIT} ||
-  fixup_from_fastboot ||
-  die "lost device after reboot to ro state `usb_status`"
-adb_sh grep " /vendor .* rw," /proc/mounts >/dev/null </dev/null &&
-  die "/vendor is not read-only"
-adb_su remount vendor </dev/null ||
-  die "remount command"
-adb_sh grep " /vendor .* rw," /proc/mounts >/dev/null </dev/null ||
-  die "/vendor is not read-write"
-adb_sh grep " /system .* rw," /proc/mounts >/dev/null </dev/null &&
-  die "/vendor is not read-only"
-echo "${GREEN}[       OK ]${NORMAL} remount command works from setup" >&2
-
-# Prerequisite is an overlayfs deconstructed device but with verity disabled.
-# This also saves a lot of 'noise' from the command doing a mkfs on backing
-# storage and all the related tuning and adjustment.
-for d in ${OVERLAYFS_BACKING}; do
-  if adb_test -d /${d}/overlay; then
-    adb_su rm -rf /${d}/overlay </dev/null ||
-      die "/${d}/overlay wipe"
-  fi
-done
-adb_reboot &&
-  adb_wait ${ADB_WAIT} ||
-  fixup_from_fastboot ||
-  die "lost device after reboot after wipe `usb_status`"
-adb_sh grep " /vendor .* rw," /proc/mounts >/dev/null </dev/null &&
-  die "/vendor is not read-only"
-adb_su remount vendor </dev/null ||
-  die "remount command"
-adb_su df -k </dev/null | skip_unrelated_mounts
-adb_sh grep " /vendor .* rw," /proc/mounts >/dev/null </dev/null ||
-  die "/vendor is not read-write"
-adb_sh grep " \(/system\|/\) .* rw," /proc/mounts >/dev/null </dev/null &&
-  die "/system is not read-only"
-echo "${GREEN}[       OK ]${NORMAL} remount command works from scratch" >&2
-
-if ! restore; then
-  restore() {
-    true
-  }
-  die "failed to restore verity after remount from scratch test"
-fi
-
-err=0
-
-if ${overlayfs_supported}; then
-  echo "${GREEN}[ RUN      ]${NORMAL} test 'adb remount -R'" >&2
-  avc_check
-  adb_root ||
-    die "adb root in preparation for adb remount -R"
-  T=`adb_date`
-  adb remount -R
-  err=${?}
-  if [ "${err}" != 0 ]; then
-    die -t ${T} "adb remount -R = ${err}"
-  fi
-  sleep 2
-  adb_wait ${ADB_WAIT} ||
-    die "waiting for device after adb remount -R `usb_status`"
-  if [ "orange" != "`get_property ro.boot.verifiedbootstate`" -o \
-       "2" = "`get_property partition.system.verified`" ] &&
-     [ -n "`get_property ro.boot.verifiedbootstate`" -o \
-       -n "`get_property partition.system.verified`" ]; then
-    die "remount -R command failed to disable verity
-${INDENT}ro.boot.verifiedbootstate=\"`get_property ro.boot.verifiedbootstate`\"
-${INDENT}partition.system.verified=\"`get_property partition.system.verified`\""
-  fi
-
-  echo "${GREEN}[       OK ]${NORMAL} 'adb remount -R' command" >&2
-
-  restore
-  err=${?}
-fi
-
-restore() {
-  true
-}
-
-[ ${err} = 0 ] ||
-  die "failed to restore verity"
-
-echo "${GREEN}[  PASSED  ]${NORMAL} adb remount" >&2
-
-test_duration
+LOG PASSED "adb remount test"
diff --git a/fs_mgr/tests/fs_mgr_test.cpp b/fs_mgr/tests/fs_mgr_test.cpp
index e34e06e..e33681c 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/tests/fs_mgr_test.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/tests/fs_mgr_test.cpp
@@ -1127,6 +1127,10 @@
 
     auto entry = fstab.begin();
 
+    EXPECT_EQ("/data", entry->mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ("userdata_gsi", entry->blk_device);
+    entry++;
+
     EXPECT_EQ("/system", entry->mount_point);
     EXPECT_EQ("system_gsi", entry->blk_device);
     EXPECT_EQ("erofs", entry->fs_type);
@@ -1140,10 +1144,6 @@
     EXPECT_EQ("/vendor", entry->mount_point);
     EXPECT_EQ("vendor", entry->blk_device);
     entry++;
-
-    EXPECT_EQ("/data", entry->mount_point);
-    EXPECT_EQ("userdata_gsi", entry->blk_device);
-    entry++;
 }
 
 TEST(fs_mgr, TransformFstabForDsu_synthesisExt4Entry) {
@@ -1200,6 +1200,10 @@
 
     auto entry = fstab.begin();
 
+    EXPECT_EQ("/data", entry->mount_point);
+    EXPECT_EQ("userdata_gsi", entry->blk_device);
+    entry++;
+
     EXPECT_EQ("/vendor", entry->mount_point);
     EXPECT_EQ("vendor", entry->blk_device);
     entry++;
@@ -1213,8 +1217,4 @@
     EXPECT_EQ("system_gsi", entry->blk_device);
     EXPECT_EQ("erofs", entry->fs_type);
     entry++;
-
-    EXPECT_EQ("/data", entry->mount_point);
-    EXPECT_EQ("userdata_gsi", entry->blk_device);
-    entry++;
 }
diff --git a/fs_mgr/tests/vts_fs_test.cpp b/fs_mgr/tests/vts_fs_test.cpp
index aac2cfd..b8b34e2 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/tests/vts_fs_test.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/tests/vts_fs_test.cpp
@@ -23,13 +23,16 @@
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <libdm/dm.h>
 
+using testing::Contains;
+using testing::Not;
+
 static int GetVsrLevel() {
     return android::base::GetIntProperty("ro.vendor.api_level", -1);
 }
 
 TEST(fs, ErofsSupported) {
-    // S and higher for this test.
-    if (GetVsrLevel() < __ANDROID_API_S__) {
+    // T-launch GKI kernels and higher must support EROFS.
+    if (GetVsrLevel() < __ANDROID_API_T__) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
 
@@ -117,3 +120,30 @@
     android::fs_mgr::Fstab fstab;
     EXPECT_FALSE(android::fs_mgr::ReadFstabFromDt(&fstab, false));
 }
+
+TEST(fs, NoLegacyVerifiedBoot) {
+    if (GetVsrLevel() < __ANDROID_API_T__) {
+        GTEST_SKIP();
+    }
+
+    const auto& default_fstab_path = android::fs_mgr::GetFstabPath();
+    EXPECT_FALSE(default_fstab_path.empty());
+
+    std::string fstab_str;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(android::base::ReadFileToString(default_fstab_path, &fstab_str,
+                                                /* follow_symlinks = */ true));
+
+    for (const auto& line : android::base::Split(fstab_str, "\n")) {
+        auto fields = android::base::Tokenize(line, " \t");
+        // Ignores empty lines and comments.
+        if (fields.empty() || android::base::StartsWith(fields.front(), '#')) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        // Each line in a fstab should have at least five entries.
+        //   <src> <mnt_point> <type> <mnt_flags and options> <fs_mgr_flags>
+        ASSERT_GE(fields.size(), 5);
+        EXPECT_THAT(android::base::Split(fields[4], ","), Not(Contains("verify")))
+                << "AVB 1.0 isn't supported now, but the 'verify' flag is found:\n"
+                << "  " << line;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/gatekeeperd/Android.bp b/gatekeeperd/Android.bp
index 0aedc58..838f734 100644
--- a/gatekeeperd/Android.bp
+++ b/gatekeeperd/Android.bp
@@ -43,6 +43,8 @@
         "libutils",
         "libcrypto",
         "libhidlbase",
+        "lib_android_keymaster_keymint_utils",
+        "android.hardware.gatekeeper-V1-ndk",
         "android.hardware.gatekeeper@1.0",
         "libgatekeeper_aidl",
         "android.security.authorization-ndk",
diff --git a/gatekeeperd/gatekeeperd.cpp b/gatekeeperd/gatekeeperd.cpp
index 8792c83..76fcd55 100644
--- a/gatekeeperd/gatekeeperd.cpp
+++ b/gatekeeperd/gatekeeperd.cpp
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 #include <unistd.h>
 #include <memory>
 
+#include <KeyMintUtils.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
 #include <android/binder_ibinder.h>
@@ -38,6 +39,7 @@
 #include <log/log.h>
 #include <utils/String16.h>
 
+#include <aidl/android/hardware/gatekeeper/IGatekeeper.h>
 #include <aidl/android/hardware/security/keymint/HardwareAuthToken.h>
 #include <aidl/android/security/authorization/IKeystoreAuthorization.h>
 #include <android/hardware/gatekeeper/1.0/IGatekeeper.h>
@@ -49,27 +51,35 @@
 using android::hardware::gatekeeper::V1_0::GatekeeperStatusCode;
 using android::hardware::gatekeeper::V1_0::IGatekeeper;
 
+using AidlGatekeeperEnrollResp = aidl::android::hardware::gatekeeper::GatekeeperEnrollResponse;
+using AidlGatekeeperVerifyResp = aidl::android::hardware::gatekeeper::GatekeeperVerifyResponse;
+using AidlIGatekeeper = aidl::android::hardware::gatekeeper::IGatekeeper;
+
 using ::android::binder::Status;
 using ::android::service::gatekeeper::BnGateKeeperService;
 using GKResponse = ::android::service::gatekeeper::GateKeeperResponse;
 using GKResponseCode = ::android::service::gatekeeper::ResponseCode;
 using ::aidl::android::hardware::security::keymint::HardwareAuthenticatorType;
 using ::aidl::android::hardware::security::keymint::HardwareAuthToken;
+using ::aidl::android::hardware::security::keymint::km_utils::authToken2AidlVec;
 using ::aidl::android::security::authorization::IKeystoreAuthorization;
 
 namespace android {
 
 static const String16 KEYGUARD_PERMISSION("android.permission.ACCESS_KEYGUARD_SECURE_STORAGE");
 static const String16 DUMP_PERMISSION("android.permission.DUMP");
+constexpr const char gatekeeperServiceName[] = "android.hardware.gatekeeper.IGatekeeper/default";
 
 class GateKeeperProxy : public BnGateKeeperService {
   public:
     GateKeeperProxy() {
         clear_state_if_needed_done = false;
         hw_device = IGatekeeper::getService();
+        ::ndk::SpAIBinder ks2Binder(AServiceManager_getService(gatekeeperServiceName));
+        aidl_hw_device = AidlIGatekeeper::fromBinder(ks2Binder);
         is_running_gsi = android::base::GetBoolProperty(android::gsi::kGsiBootedProp, false);
 
-        if (!hw_device) {
+        if (!aidl_hw_device && !hw_device) {
             LOG(ERROR) << "Could not find Gatekeeper device, which makes me very sad.";
         }
     }
@@ -95,7 +105,9 @@
 
         if (mark_cold_boot() && !is_running_gsi) {
             ALOGI("cold boot: clearing state");
-            if (hw_device) {
+            if (aidl_hw_device) {
+                aidl_hw_device->deleteAllUsers();
+            } else if (hw_device) {
                 hw_device->deleteAllUsers([](const GatekeeperResponse&) {});
             }
         }
@@ -150,7 +162,7 @@
     uint32_t adjust_userId(uint32_t userId) {
         static constexpr uint32_t kGsiOffset = 1000000;
         CHECK(userId < kGsiOffset);
-        CHECK(hw_device != nullptr);
+        CHECK((aidl_hw_device != nullptr) || (hw_device != nullptr));
         if (is_running_gsi) {
             return userId + kGsiOffset;
         }
@@ -176,7 +188,7 @@
         // need a desired password to enroll
         if (desiredPassword.size() == 0) return GK_ERROR;
 
-        if (!hw_device) {
+        if (!aidl_hw_device && !hw_device) {
             LOG(ERROR) << "has no HAL to talk to";
             return GK_ERROR;
         }
@@ -185,9 +197,13 @@
         android::hardware::hidl_vec<uint8_t> curPwd;
 
         if (currentPasswordHandle && currentPassword) {
-            if (currentPasswordHandle->size() != sizeof(gatekeeper::password_handle_t)) {
-                LOG(INFO) << "Password handle has wrong length";
-                return GK_ERROR;
+            if (hw_device) {
+                // Hidl Implementations expects passwordHandle to be in
+                // gatekeeper::password_handle_t format.
+                if (currentPasswordHandle->size() != sizeof(gatekeeper::password_handle_t)) {
+                    LOG(INFO) << "Password handle has wrong length";
+                    return GK_ERROR;
+                }
             }
             curPwdHandle.setToExternal(const_cast<uint8_t*>(currentPasswordHandle->data()),
                                        currentPasswordHandle->size());
@@ -199,7 +215,27 @@
         newPwd.setToExternal(const_cast<uint8_t*>(desiredPassword.data()), desiredPassword.size());
 
         uint32_t hw_userId = adjust_userId(userId);
-        Return<void> hwRes = hw_device->enroll(
+        uint64_t secureUserId = 0;
+        if (aidl_hw_device) {
+            // AIDL gatekeeper service
+            AidlGatekeeperEnrollResp rsp;
+            auto result = aidl_hw_device->enroll(hw_userId, curPwdHandle, curPwd, newPwd, &rsp);
+            if (!result.isOk()) {
+                LOG(ERROR) << "enroll transaction failed";
+                return GK_ERROR;
+            }
+            if (rsp.statusCode >= AidlIGatekeeper::STATUS_OK) {
+                *gkResponse = GKResponse::ok({rsp.data.begin(), rsp.data.end()});
+                secureUserId = static_cast<uint64_t>(rsp.secureUserId);
+            } else if (rsp.statusCode == AidlIGatekeeper::ERROR_RETRY_TIMEOUT &&
+                       rsp.timeoutMs > 0) {
+                *gkResponse = GKResponse::retry(rsp.timeoutMs);
+            } else {
+                *gkResponse = GKResponse::error();
+            }
+        } else if (hw_device) {
+            // HIDL gatekeeper service
+            Return<void> hwRes = hw_device->enroll(
                 hw_userId, curPwdHandle, curPwd, newPwd,
                 [&gkResponse](const GatekeeperResponse& rsp) {
                     if (rsp.code >= GatekeeperStatusCode::STATUS_OK) {
@@ -211,22 +247,26 @@
                         *gkResponse = GKResponse::error();
                     }
                 });
-        if (!hwRes.isOk()) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "enroll transaction failed";
-            return GK_ERROR;
+            if (!hwRes.isOk()) {
+                LOG(ERROR) << "enroll transaction failed";
+                return GK_ERROR;
+            }
+            if (gkResponse->response_code() == GKResponseCode::OK) {
+                if (gkResponse->payload().size() != sizeof(gatekeeper::password_handle_t)) {
+                    LOG(ERROR) << "HAL returned password handle of invalid length "
+                               << gkResponse->payload().size();
+                    return GK_ERROR;
+                }
+
+                const gatekeeper::password_handle_t* handle =
+                    reinterpret_cast<const gatekeeper::password_handle_t*>(
+                        gkResponse->payload().data());
+                secureUserId = handle->user_id;
+            }
         }
 
         if (gkResponse->response_code() == GKResponseCode::OK && !gkResponse->should_reenroll()) {
-            if (gkResponse->payload().size() != sizeof(gatekeeper::password_handle_t)) {
-                LOG(ERROR) << "HAL returned password handle of invalid length "
-                           << gkResponse->payload().size();
-                return GK_ERROR;
-            }
-
-            const gatekeeper::password_handle_t* handle =
-                    reinterpret_cast<const gatekeeper::password_handle_t*>(
-                            gkResponse->payload().data());
-            store_sid(userId, handle->user_id);
+            store_sid(userId, secureUserId);
 
             GKResponse verifyResponse;
             // immediately verify this password so we don't ask the user to enter it again
@@ -260,15 +300,18 @@
         // can't verify if we're missing either param
         if (enrolledPasswordHandle.size() == 0 || providedPassword.size() == 0) return GK_ERROR;
 
-        if (!hw_device) return GK_ERROR;
-
-        if (enrolledPasswordHandle.size() != sizeof(gatekeeper::password_handle_t)) {
-            LOG(INFO) << "Password handle has wrong length";
+        if (!aidl_hw_device && !hw_device) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "has no HAL to talk to";
             return GK_ERROR;
         }
-        const gatekeeper::password_handle_t* handle =
-                reinterpret_cast<const gatekeeper::password_handle_t*>(
-                        enrolledPasswordHandle.data());
+
+        if (hw_device) {
+            // Hidl Implementations expects passwordHandle to be in gatekeeper::password_handle_t
+            if (enrolledPasswordHandle.size() != sizeof(gatekeeper::password_handle_t)) {
+                LOG(INFO) << "Password handle has wrong length";
+                return GK_ERROR;
+            }
+        }
 
         uint32_t hw_userId = adjust_userId(userId);
         android::hardware::hidl_vec<uint8_t> curPwdHandle;
@@ -278,13 +321,36 @@
         enteredPwd.setToExternal(const_cast<uint8_t*>(providedPassword.data()),
                                  providedPassword.size());
 
-        Return<void> hwRes = hw_device->verify(
+        uint64_t secureUserId = 0;
+        if (aidl_hw_device) {
+            // AIDL gatekeeper service
+            AidlGatekeeperVerifyResp rsp;
+            auto result =
+                aidl_hw_device->verify(hw_userId, challenge, curPwdHandle, enteredPwd, &rsp);
+            if (!result.isOk()) {
+                LOG(ERROR) << "verify transaction failed";
+                return GK_ERROR;
+            }
+            if (rsp.statusCode >= AidlIGatekeeper::STATUS_OK) {
+                secureUserId = rsp.hardwareAuthToken.userId;
+                // Serialize HardwareAuthToken to a vector as hw_auth_token_t.
+                *gkResponse = GKResponse::ok(authToken2AidlVec(rsp.hardwareAuthToken),
+                                             rsp.statusCode ==
+                                                 AidlIGatekeeper::STATUS_REENROLL /* reenroll */);
+            } else if (rsp.statusCode == AidlIGatekeeper::ERROR_RETRY_TIMEOUT) {
+                *gkResponse = GKResponse::retry(rsp.timeoutMs);
+            } else {
+                *gkResponse = GKResponse::error();
+            }
+        } else if (hw_device) {
+            // HIDL gatekeeper service
+            Return<void> hwRes = hw_device->verify(
                 hw_userId, challenge, curPwdHandle, enteredPwd,
                 [&gkResponse](const GatekeeperResponse& rsp) {
                     if (rsp.code >= GatekeeperStatusCode::STATUS_OK) {
                         *gkResponse = GKResponse::ok(
-                                {rsp.data.begin(), rsp.data.end()},
-                                rsp.code == GatekeeperStatusCode::STATUS_REENROLL /* reenroll */);
+                            {rsp.data.begin(), rsp.data.end()},
+                            rsp.code == GatekeeperStatusCode::STATUS_REENROLL /* reenroll */);
                     } else if (rsp.code == GatekeeperStatusCode::ERROR_RETRY_TIMEOUT) {
                         *gkResponse = GKResponse::retry(rsp.timeout);
                     } else {
@@ -292,9 +358,14 @@
                     }
                 });
 
-        if (!hwRes.isOk()) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "verify transaction failed";
-            return GK_ERROR;
+            if (!hwRes.isOk()) {
+                LOG(ERROR) << "verify transaction failed";
+                return GK_ERROR;
+            }
+            const gatekeeper::password_handle_t* handle =
+                reinterpret_cast<const gatekeeper::password_handle_t*>(
+                    enrolledPasswordHandle.data());
+            secureUserId = handle->user_id;
         }
 
         if (gkResponse->response_code() == GKResponseCode::OK) {
@@ -333,7 +404,7 @@
                 }
             }
 
-            maybe_store_sid(userId, handle->user_id);
+            maybe_store_sid(userId, secureUserId);
         }
 
         return Status::ok();
@@ -354,8 +425,10 @@
         }
         clear_sid(userId);
 
-        if (hw_device) {
-            uint32_t hw_userId = adjust_userId(userId);
+        uint32_t hw_userId = adjust_userId(userId);
+        if (aidl_hw_device) {
+            aidl_hw_device->deleteUser(hw_userId);
+        } else if (hw_device) {
             hw_device->deleteUser(hw_userId, [](const GatekeeperResponse&) {});
         }
         return Status::ok();
@@ -382,7 +455,7 @@
             return PERMISSION_DENIED;
         }
 
-        if (hw_device == NULL) {
+        if (aidl_hw_device == nullptr && hw_device == nullptr) {
             const char* result = "Device not available";
             write(fd, result, strlen(result) + 1);
         } else {
@@ -394,6 +467,9 @@
     }
 
   private:
+    // AIDL gatekeeper service.
+    std::shared_ptr<AidlIGatekeeper> aidl_hw_device;
+    // HIDL gatekeeper service.
     sp<IGatekeeper> hw_device;
 
     bool clear_state_if_needed_done;
@@ -414,8 +490,8 @@
 
     android::sp<android::IServiceManager> sm = android::defaultServiceManager();
     android::sp<android::GateKeeperProxy> proxy = new android::GateKeeperProxy();
-    android::status_t ret = sm->addService(
-            android::String16("android.service.gatekeeper.IGateKeeperService"), proxy);
+    android::status_t ret =
+        sm->addService(android::String16("android.service.gatekeeper.IGateKeeperService"), proxy);
     if (ret != android::OK) {
         ALOGE("Couldn't register binder service!");
         return -1;
diff --git a/healthd/Android.bp b/healthd/Android.bp
index e4ea151..a090b74 100644
--- a/healthd/Android.bp
+++ b/healthd/Android.bp
@@ -342,7 +342,7 @@
     ],
 }
 
-// /vendor/etc/res/images/charger/battery_fail.png
+// /vendor/etc/res/images/default/charger/battery_fail.png
 prebuilt_etc {
     name: "system_core_charger_res_images_battery_fail.png_default_vendor",
     src: "images/battery_fail.png",
@@ -351,7 +351,7 @@
     filename: "battery_fail.png",
 }
 
-// /vendor/etc/res/images/charger/battery_scale.png
+// /vendor/etc/res/images/default/charger/battery_scale.png
 prebuilt_etc {
     name: "system_core_charger_res_images_battery_scale.png_default_vendor",
     src: "images/battery_scale.png",
diff --git a/healthd/healthd_draw.cpp b/healthd/healthd_draw.cpp
index 3e73fcd..7c79319 100644
--- a/healthd/healthd_draw.cpp
+++ b/healthd/healthd_draw.cpp
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@
     gr_fb_blank(blank, drm);
 }
 
-/* support screen rotation for foldable phone */
+// support screen rotation for foldable phone
 void HealthdDraw::rotate_screen(int drm) {
     if (!graphics_available) return;
     if (drm == 0)
@@ -108,6 +108,11 @@
         gr_rotate(GRRotation::NONE /* Portrait mode */);
 }
 
+// detect dual display
+bool HealthdDraw::has_multiple_connectors() {
+    return graphics_available && gr_has_multiple_connectors();
+}
+
 void HealthdDraw::clear_screen(void) {
     if (!graphics_available) return;
     gr_color(0, 0, 0, 255);
diff --git a/healthd/healthd_draw.h b/healthd/healthd_draw.h
index 3d4abbd..016db8e 100644
--- a/healthd/healthd_draw.h
+++ b/healthd/healthd_draw.h
@@ -38,6 +38,9 @@
   // Rotate screen.
   virtual void rotate_screen(int drm);
 
+  // Detect dual display
+  virtual bool has_multiple_connectors();
+
   static std::unique_ptr<HealthdDraw> Create(animation *anim);
 
  protected:
diff --git a/healthd/healthd_mode_charger.cpp b/healthd/healthd_mode_charger.cpp
index e305a86..1ce174b 100644
--- a/healthd/healthd_mode_charger.cpp
+++ b/healthd/healthd_mode_charger.cpp
@@ -289,6 +289,18 @@
     anim->run = false;
 }
 
+void Charger::BlankSecScreen() {
+    int drm = drm_ == DRM_INNER ? 1 : 0;
+
+    if (!init_screen_) {
+        /* blank the secondary screen */
+        healthd_draw_->blank_screen(false, drm);
+        healthd_draw_->redraw_screen(&batt_anim_, surf_unknown_);
+        healthd_draw_->blank_screen(true, drm);
+        init_screen_ = true;
+    }
+}
+
 void Charger::UpdateScreenState(int64_t now) {
     int disp_time;
 
@@ -315,6 +327,9 @@
         reset_animation(&batt_anim_);
         next_screen_transition_ = -1;
         healthd_draw_->blank_screen(true, static_cast<int>(drm_));
+        if (healthd_draw_->has_multiple_connectors()) {
+            BlankSecScreen();
+        }
         screen_blanked_ = true;
         LOGV("[%" PRId64 "] animation done\n", now);
         if (configuration_->ChargerIsOnline()) {
diff --git a/healthd/include_charger/charger/healthd_mode_charger.h b/healthd/include_charger/charger/healthd_mode_charger.h
index 82e4ddf..c463b92 100644
--- a/healthd/include_charger/charger/healthd_mode_charger.h
+++ b/healthd/include_charger/charger/healthd_mode_charger.h
@@ -108,9 +108,11 @@
     void InitAnimation();
     int RequestEnableSuspend();
     int RequestDisableSuspend();
+    void BlankSecScreen();
 
     bool have_battery_state_ = false;
     bool screen_blanked_ = false;
+    bool init_screen_ = false;
     int64_t next_screen_transition_ = 0;
     int64_t next_key_check_ = 0;
     int64_t next_pwr_check_ = 0;
diff --git a/init/Android.bp b/init/Android.bp
index 2dd9683..06f696e 100644
--- a/init/Android.bp
+++ b/init/Android.bp
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@
     "epoll.cpp",
     "import_parser.cpp",
     "interface_utils.cpp",
+    "interprocess_fifo.cpp",
     "keychords.cpp",
     "parser.cpp",
     "property_type.cpp",
@@ -53,6 +54,7 @@
     "util.cpp",
 ]
 init_device_sources = [
+    "apex_init_util.cpp",
     "block_dev_initializer.cpp",
     "bootchart.cpp",
     "builtins.cpp",
@@ -160,6 +162,7 @@
     },
     static_libs: [
         "libavb",
+        "libbootloader_message",
         "libc++fs",
         "libcgrouprc_format",
         "libfsverity_init",
@@ -180,7 +183,6 @@
     ],
     shared_libs: [
         "libbase",
-        "libbootloader_message",
         "libcrypto",
         "libcutils",
         "libdl",
@@ -199,6 +201,7 @@
         "libutils",
         "libziparchive",
     ],
+    header_libs: ["bionic_libc_platform_headers"],
     bootstrap: true,
     visibility: [":__subpackages__"],
 }
@@ -217,13 +220,14 @@
         "selinux_policy_version",
     ],
     srcs: init_common_sources + init_device_sources,
+    export_include_dirs: ["."],
     generated_sources: [
         "apex-info-list",
     ],
     whole_static_libs: [
         "libcap",
-        "com.android.sysprop.apex",
-        "com.android.sysprop.init",
+        "libcom.android.sysprop.apex",
+        "libcom.android.sysprop.init",
     ],
     header_libs: ["bootimg_headers"],
     proto: {
@@ -246,6 +250,10 @@
             ],
         },
     },
+    visibility: [
+        "//system/apex/apexd",
+        "//frameworks/native/cmds/installd",
+    ],
 }
 
 phony {
@@ -269,7 +277,7 @@
                 "init.rc",
                 "ueventd.rc",
                 "e2fsdroid",
-                "extra_free_kbytes.sh",
+                "extra_free_kbytes",
                 "make_f2fs",
                 "mke2fs",
                 "sload_f2fs",
@@ -301,7 +309,7 @@
     name: "init_first_stage_cc_defaults",
     module_type: "cc_defaults",
     config_namespace: "ANDROID",
-    bool_variables: ["BOARD_BUILD_SYSTEM_ROOT_IMAGE", "BOARD_USES_RECOVERY_AS_BOOT"],
+    bool_variables: ["BOARD_USES_RECOVERY_AS_BOOT"],
     properties: ["installable"],
 }
 
@@ -310,9 +318,6 @@
 init_first_stage_cc_defaults {
     name: "init_first_stage_defaults",
     soong_config_variables: {
-        BOARD_BUILD_SYSTEM_ROOT_IMAGE: {
-            installable: false,
-        },
         BOARD_USES_RECOVERY_AS_BOOT: {
             installable: false,
         },
@@ -463,6 +468,7 @@
         "epoll_test.cpp",
         "firmware_handler_test.cpp",
         "init_test.cpp",
+        "interprocess_fifo_test.cpp",
         "keychords_test.cpp",
         "oneshot_on_test.cpp",
         "persistent_properties_test.cpp",
@@ -477,7 +483,10 @@
         "ueventd_test.cpp",
         "util_test.cpp",
     ],
-    static_libs: ["libinit"],
+    static_libs: [
+        "libgmock",
+        "libinit",
+    ],
 
     test_suites: [
         "cts",
@@ -523,6 +532,7 @@
         "libcap",
     ],
     export_include_dirs: ["test_utils/include"], // for tests
+    header_libs: ["bionic_libc_platform_headers"],
 }
 
 // Host Verifier
@@ -601,6 +611,7 @@
 }
 
 sh_binary {
-    name: "extra_free_kbytes.sh",
+    name: "extra_free_kbytes",
     src: "extra_free_kbytes.sh",
+    filename_from_src: true,
 }
diff --git a/init/Android.mk b/init/Android.mk
index c08fe03..4b85c15 100644
--- a/init/Android.mk
+++ b/init/Android.mk
@@ -8,11 +8,9 @@
 LOCAL_LICENSE_KINDS := SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
 LOCAL_LICENSE_CONDITIONS := notice
 LOCAL_NOTICE_FILE := $(LOCAL_PATH)/NOTICE
-ifneq ($(BOARD_BUILD_SYSTEM_ROOT_IMAGE),true)
 ifneq ($(BOARD_USES_RECOVERY_AS_BOOT),true)
 LOCAL_REQUIRED_MODULES := \
    init_first_stage \
 
 endif  # BOARD_USES_RECOVERY_AS_BOOT
-endif  # BOARD_BUILD_SYSTEM_ROOT_IMAGE
 include $(BUILD_PHONY_PACKAGE)
diff --git a/init/README.md b/init/README.md
index fed81db..6596528 100644
--- a/init/README.md
+++ b/init/README.md
@@ -352,9 +352,10 @@
 
 `socket <name> <type> <perm> [ <user> [ <group> [ <seclabel> ] ] ]`
 > Create a UNIX domain socket named /dev/socket/_name_ and pass its fd to the
-  launched process.  _type_ must be "dgram", "stream" or "seqpacket".  _type_
-  may end with "+passcred" to enable SO_PASSCRED on the socket. User and
-  group default to 0.  'seclabel' is the SELinux security context for the
+  launched process.  The socket is created synchronously when the service starts.
+  _type_ must be "dgram", "stream" or "seqpacket".  _type_ may end with "+passcred"
+  to enable SO_PASSCRED on the socket or "+listen" to synchronously make it a listening socket.
+  User and group default to 0.  'seclabel' is the SELinux security context for the
   socket.  It defaults to the service security context, as specified by
   seclabel or computed based on the service executable file security context.
   For native executables see libcutils android\_get\_control\_socket().
@@ -367,8 +368,9 @@
   given console.
 
 `task_profiles <profile> [ <profile>\* ]`
-> Set task profiles for the process when it forks. This is designed to replace the use of
-  writepid option for moving a process into a cgroup.
+> Set task profiles. Before Android U, the profiles are applied to the main thread of the service.
+  For Android U and later, the profiles are applied to the entire service process. This is designed
+  to replace the use of writepid option for moving a process into a cgroup.
 
 `timeout_period <seconds>`
 > Provide a timeout after which point the service will be killed. The oneshot keyword is respected
diff --git a/init/TEST_MAPPING b/init/TEST_MAPPING
index 36ca379..402b501 100644
--- a/init/TEST_MAPPING
+++ b/init/TEST_MAPPING
@@ -8,6 +8,14 @@
     },
     {
       "name": "MicrodroidHostTestCases"
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "CtsSecurityHostTestCases",
+      "options": [
+        {
+          "include-filter": "android.security.cts.SeamendcHostTest"
+        }
+      ]
     }
   ],
   "hwasan-presubmit": [
@@ -19,6 +27,14 @@
     },
     {
       "name": "MicrodroidHostTestCases"
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "CtsSecurityHostTestCases",
+      "options": [
+        {
+          "include-filter": "android.security.cts.SeamendcHostTest"
+        }
+      ]
     }
   ]
 }
diff --git a/init/action_manager.h b/init/action_manager.h
index 2746a7c..68912a8 100644
--- a/init/action_manager.h
+++ b/init/action_manager.h
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@
     bool HasMoreCommands() const;
     void DumpState() const;
     void ClearQueue();
+    auto size() const { return actions_.size(); }
 
   private:
     ActionManager(ActionManager const&) = delete;
diff --git a/init/apex_init_util.cpp b/init/apex_init_util.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d618a6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/apex_init_util.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "apex_init_util.h"
+
+#include <glob.h>
+
+#include <map>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android-base/result.h>
+#include <android-base/properties.h>
+#include <android-base/strings.h>
+
+#include "action_manager.h"
+#include "init.h"
+#include "parser.h"
+#include "service_list.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
+static Result<std::vector<std::string>> CollectApexConfigs(const std::string& apex_name) {
+    glob_t glob_result;
+    std::string glob_pattern = apex_name.empty() ?
+            "/apex/*/etc/*rc" : "/apex/" + apex_name + "/etc/*rc";
+
+    const int ret = glob(glob_pattern.c_str(), GLOB_MARK, nullptr, &glob_result);
+    if (ret != 0 && ret != GLOB_NOMATCH) {
+        globfree(&glob_result);
+        return Error() << "Glob pattern '" << glob_pattern << "' failed";
+    }
+    std::vector<std::string> configs;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < glob_result.gl_pathc; i++) {
+        std::string path = glob_result.gl_pathv[i];
+        // Filter-out /apex/<name>@<ver> paths. The paths are bind-mounted to
+        // /apex/<name> paths, so unless we filter them out, we will parse the
+        // same file twice.
+        std::vector<std::string> paths = android::base::Split(path, "/");
+        if (paths.size() >= 3 && paths[2].find('@') != std::string::npos) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        // Filter directories
+        if (path.back() == '/') {
+            continue;
+        }
+        configs.push_back(path);
+    }
+    globfree(&glob_result);
+    return configs;
+}
+
+static Result<void> ParseConfigs(const std::vector<std::string>& configs) {
+    Parser parser = CreateApexConfigParser(ActionManager::GetInstance(),
+                     ServiceList::GetInstance());
+    bool success = true;
+    for (const auto& c : configs) {
+        success &= parser.ParseConfigFile(c);
+    }
+
+    if (success) {
+        return {};
+    } else {
+        return Error() << "Unable to parse apex configs";
+    }
+}
+
+Result<void> ParseApexConfigs(const std::string& apex_name) {
+    auto configs = OR_RETURN(CollectApexConfigs(apex_name));
+
+    if (configs.empty()) {
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    auto filtered_configs = FilterVersionedConfigs(configs,
+                                    android::base::GetIntProperty("ro.build.version.sdk", INT_MAX));
+    return ParseConfigs(filtered_configs);
+}
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/apex_init_util.h b/init/apex_init_util.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..43f8ad5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/apex_init_util.h
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "result.h"
+
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
+// Parse all config files for a given apex.
+// If apex name is empty(""), config files for all apexes will be parsed.
+Result<void> ParseApexConfigs(const std::string& apex_name);
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/builtins.cpp b/init/builtins.cpp
index 38f6f39..7cb8b11 100644
--- a/init/builtins.cpp
+++ b/init/builtins.cpp
@@ -69,6 +69,7 @@
 #include <system/thread_defs.h>
 
 #include "action_manager.h"
+#include "apex_init_util.h"
 #include "bootchart.h"
 #include "builtin_arguments.h"
 #include "fscrypt_init_extensions.h"
@@ -878,6 +879,8 @@
             SetProperty("partition." + partition + ".verified.hash_alg", hashtree_info->algorithm);
             SetProperty("partition." + partition + ".verified.root_digest",
                         hashtree_info->root_digest);
+            SetProperty("partition." + partition + ".verified.check_at_most_once",
+                        hashtree_info->check_at_most_once ? "1" : "0");
         }
     }
 
@@ -1279,48 +1282,6 @@
     return GenerateLinkerConfiguration();
 }
 
-static Result<void> parse_apex_configs() {
-    glob_t glob_result;
-    static constexpr char glob_pattern[] = "/apex/*/etc/*rc";
-    const int ret = glob(glob_pattern, GLOB_MARK, nullptr, &glob_result);
-    if (ret != 0 && ret != GLOB_NOMATCH) {
-        globfree(&glob_result);
-        return Error() << "glob pattern '" << glob_pattern << "' failed";
-    }
-    std::vector<std::string> configs;
-    Parser parser =
-            CreateApexConfigParser(ActionManager::GetInstance(), ServiceList::GetInstance());
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < glob_result.gl_pathc; i++) {
-        std::string path = glob_result.gl_pathv[i];
-        // Filter-out /apex/<name>@<ver> paths. The paths are bind-mounted to
-        // /apex/<name> paths, so unless we filter them out, we will parse the
-        // same file twice.
-        std::vector<std::string> paths = android::base::Split(path, "/");
-        if (paths.size() >= 3 && paths[2].find('@') != std::string::npos) {
-            continue;
-        }
-        // Filter directories
-        if (path.back() == '/') {
-            continue;
-        }
-        configs.push_back(path);
-    }
-    globfree(&glob_result);
-
-    int active_sdk = android::base::GetIntProperty("ro.build.version.sdk", INT_MAX);
-
-    bool success = true;
-    for (const auto& c : parser.FilterVersionedConfigs(configs, active_sdk)) {
-        success &= parser.ParseConfigFile(c);
-    }
-    ServiceList::GetInstance().MarkServicesUpdate();
-    if (success) {
-        return {};
-    } else {
-        return Error() << "Could not parse apex configs";
-    }
-}
-
 /*
  * Creates a directory under /data/misc/apexdata/ for each APEX.
  */
@@ -1351,7 +1312,8 @@
     if (!create_dirs.ok()) {
         return create_dirs.error();
     }
-    auto parse_configs = parse_apex_configs();
+    auto parse_configs = ParseApexConfigs(/*apex_name=*/"");
+    ServiceList::GetInstance().MarkServicesUpdate();
     if (!parse_configs.ok()) {
         return parse_configs.error();
     }
diff --git a/init/epoll.cpp b/init/epoll.cpp
index 74d8aac..fd1af4f 100644
--- a/init/epoll.cpp
+++ b/init/epoll.cpp
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@
 #include <functional>
 #include <map>
 
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+
 namespace android {
 namespace init {
 
@@ -42,16 +44,19 @@
     if (!events) {
         return Error() << "Must specify events";
     }
-    auto sp = std::make_shared<decltype(handler)>(std::move(handler));
-    auto [it, inserted] = epoll_handlers_.emplace(fd, std::move(sp));
+
+    auto [it, inserted] = epoll_handlers_.emplace(
+            fd, Info{
+                        .events = events,
+                        .handler = std::move(handler),
+                });
     if (!inserted) {
         return Error() << "Cannot specify two epoll handlers for a given FD";
     }
-    epoll_event ev;
-    ev.events = events;
-    // std::map's iterators do not get invalidated until erased, so we use the
-    // pointer to the std::function in the map directly for epoll_ctl.
-    ev.data.ptr = reinterpret_cast<void*>(&it->second);
+    epoll_event ev = {
+            .events = events,
+            .data.fd = fd,
+    };
     if (epoll_ctl(epoll_fd_, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, fd, &ev) == -1) {
         Result<void> result = ErrnoError() << "epoll_ctl failed to add fd";
         epoll_handlers_.erase(fd);
@@ -64,14 +69,19 @@
     if (epoll_ctl(epoll_fd_, EPOLL_CTL_DEL, fd, nullptr) == -1) {
         return ErrnoError() << "epoll_ctl failed to remove fd";
     }
-    if (epoll_handlers_.erase(fd) != 1) {
+    auto it = epoll_handlers_.find(fd);
+    if (it == epoll_handlers_.end()) {
         return Error() << "Attempting to remove epoll handler for FD without an existing handler";
     }
+    to_remove_.insert(it->first);
     return {};
 }
 
-Result<std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Epoll::Handler>>> Epoll::Wait(
-        std::optional<std::chrono::milliseconds> timeout) {
+void Epoll::SetFirstCallback(std::function<void()> first_callback) {
+    first_callback_ = std::move(first_callback);
+}
+
+Result<int> Epoll::Wait(std::optional<std::chrono::milliseconds> timeout) {
     int timeout_ms = -1;
     if (timeout && timeout->count() < INT_MAX) {
         timeout_ms = timeout->count();
@@ -82,13 +92,28 @@
     if (num_events == -1) {
         return ErrnoError() << "epoll_wait failed";
     }
-    std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Handler>> pending_functions;
-    for (int i = 0; i < num_events; ++i) {
-        auto sp = *reinterpret_cast<std::shared_ptr<Handler>*>(ev[i].data.ptr);
-        pending_functions.emplace_back(std::move(sp));
+    if (num_events > 0 && first_callback_) {
+        first_callback_();
     }
-
-    return pending_functions;
+    for (int i = 0; i < num_events; ++i) {
+        const auto it = epoll_handlers_.find(ev[i].data.fd);
+        if (it == epoll_handlers_.end()) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        const Info& info = it->second;
+        if ((info.events & (EPOLLIN | EPOLLPRI)) == (EPOLLIN | EPOLLPRI) &&
+            (ev[i].events & EPOLLIN) != ev[i].events) {
+            // This handler wants to know about exception events, and just got one.
+            // Log something informational.
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Received unexpected epoll event set: " << ev[i].events;
+        }
+        info.handler();
+        for (auto fd : to_remove_) {
+            epoll_handlers_.erase(fd);
+        }
+        to_remove_.clear();
+    }
+    return num_events;
 }
 
 }  // namespace init
diff --git a/init/epoll.h b/init/epoll.h
index 0df5289..1e71803 100644
--- a/init/epoll.h
+++ b/init/epoll.h
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 #include <map>
 #include <memory>
 #include <optional>
+#include <unordered_set>
 #include <vector>
 
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
@@ -42,12 +43,19 @@
     Result<void> Open();
     Result<void> RegisterHandler(int fd, Handler handler, uint32_t events = EPOLLIN);
     Result<void> UnregisterHandler(int fd);
-    Result<std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Handler>>> Wait(
-            std::optional<std::chrono::milliseconds> timeout);
+    void SetFirstCallback(std::function<void()> first_callback);
+    Result<int> Wait(std::optional<std::chrono::milliseconds> timeout);
 
   private:
+    struct Info {
+        Handler handler;
+        uint32_t events;
+    };
+
     android::base::unique_fd epoll_fd_;
-    std::map<int, std::shared_ptr<Handler>> epoll_handlers_;
+    std::map<int, Info> epoll_handlers_;
+    std::function<void()> first_callback_;
+    std::unordered_set<int> to_remove_;
 };
 
 }  // namespace init
diff --git a/init/epoll_test.cpp b/init/epoll_test.cpp
index 9236cd5..7105a68 100644
--- a/init/epoll_test.cpp
+++ b/init/epoll_test.cpp
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include <unordered_set>
 
 #include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
 namespace android {
@@ -30,14 +31,10 @@
 
 class CatchDtor final {
   public:
-    CatchDtor() { sValidObjects.emplace(this); }
-    CatchDtor(const CatchDtor&) { sValidObjects.emplace(this); }
-    ~CatchDtor() {
-        auto iter = sValidObjects.find(this);
-        if (iter != sValidObjects.end()) {
-            sValidObjects.erase(iter);
-        }
-    }
+    CatchDtor() { CHECK(sValidObjects.emplace(this).second); }
+    CatchDtor(const CatchDtor&) { CHECK(sValidObjects.emplace(this).second); }
+    CatchDtor(const CatchDtor&&) { CHECK(sValidObjects.emplace(this).second); }
+    ~CatchDtor() { CHECK_EQ(sValidObjects.erase(this), size_t{1}); }
 };
 
 TEST(epoll, UnregisterHandler) {
@@ -48,11 +45,13 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(pipe(fds), 0);
 
     CatchDtor catch_dtor;
-    bool handler_invoked;
+    bool handler_invoked = false;
     auto handler = [&, catch_dtor]() -> void {
         auto result = epoll.UnregisterHandler(fds[0]);
         ASSERT_EQ(result.ok(), !handler_invoked);
         handler_invoked = true;
+        // The assert statement below verifies that the UnregisterHandler() call
+        // above did not destroy the current std::function<> instance.
         ASSERT_NE(sValidObjects.find((void*)&catch_dtor), sValidObjects.end());
     };
 
@@ -61,14 +60,9 @@
     uint8_t byte = 0xee;
     ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteFully(fds[1], &byte, sizeof(byte)));
 
-    auto results = epoll.Wait({});
-    ASSERT_RESULT_OK(results);
-    ASSERT_EQ(results->size(), size_t(1));
-
-    for (const auto& function : *results) {
-        (*function)();
-        (*function)();
-    }
+    auto epoll_result = epoll.Wait({});
+    ASSERT_RESULT_OK(epoll_result);
+    ASSERT_EQ(*epoll_result, 1);
     ASSERT_TRUE(handler_invoked);
 }
 
diff --git a/init/extra_free_kbytes.sh b/init/extra_free_kbytes.sh
index aeaa912..a0141be 100755
--- a/init/extra_free_kbytes.sh
+++ b/init/extra_free_kbytes.sh
@@ -77,7 +77,19 @@
     exit
 fi
 
-watermark_scale=`cat /proc/sys/vm/watermark_scale_factor`
+# record the original watermark_scale_factor value
+watermark_scale=$(getprop "ro.kernel.watermark_scale_factor")
+if [ -z "$watermark_scale" ]
+then
+    watermark_scale=$(cat /proc/sys/vm/watermark_scale_factor)
+    setprop "ro.kernel.watermark_scale_factor" "$watermark_scale"
+    # On older distributions with no policies configured setprop may fail.
+    # If that happens, use the kernel default of 10.
+    if [ -z $(getprop "ro.kernel.watermark_scale_factor") ]
+    then
+        watermark_scale=10
+    fi
+fi
 
 # convert extra_free_kbytes to pages
 page_size=$(getconf PAGESIZE)
diff --git a/init/first_stage_init.cpp b/init/first_stage_init.cpp
index 202a86a..107e99a 100644
--- a/init/first_stage_init.cpp
+++ b/init/first_stage_init.cpp
@@ -295,9 +295,6 @@
     // stage init
     CHECKCALL(mount("tmpfs", kSecondStageRes, "tmpfs", MS_NOEXEC | MS_NOSUID | MS_NODEV,
                     "mode=0755,uid=0,gid=0"))
-
-    // First stage init stores Mainline sepolicy here.
-    CHECKCALL(mkdir("/dev/selinux", 0744));
 #undef CHECKCALL
 
     SetStdioToDevNull(argv);
diff --git a/init/first_stage_mount.cpp b/init/first_stage_mount.cpp
index 4bbbc20..07ce458 100644
--- a/init/first_stage_mount.cpp
+++ b/init/first_stage_mount.cpp
@@ -507,16 +507,16 @@
         SaveRamdiskPathToSnapuserd();
     }
 
-    if (MountPartition(system_partition, false /* erase_same_mounts */)) {
-        if (dsu_not_on_userdata_ && fs_mgr_verity_is_check_at_most_once(*system_partition)) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "check_most_at_once forbidden on external media";
-            return false;
-        }
-        SwitchRoot("/system");
-    } else {
+    if (!MountPartition(system_partition, false /* erase_same_mounts */)) {
         PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to mount /system";
         return false;
     }
+    if (dsu_not_on_userdata_ && fs_mgr_verity_is_check_at_most_once(*system_partition)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "check_at_most_once forbidden on external media";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    SwitchRoot("/system");
 
     return true;
 }
diff --git a/init/fuzzer/Android.bp b/init/fuzzer/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c21a196
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/fuzzer/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package {
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["system_core_init_license"],
+}
+
+cc_defaults {
+    name: "libinit_defaults",
+    static_libs: [
+        "libc++fs",
+        "liblmkd_utils",
+        "libmodprobe",
+        "libprotobuf-cpp-lite",
+        "libpropertyinfoparser",
+        "libsnapshot_init",
+        "libinit",
+    ],
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libbase",
+        "libfs_mgr",
+        "libhidl-gen-utils",
+        "libkeyutils",
+        "liblog",
+        "libprocessgroup",
+        "libselinux",
+    ],
+    header_libs: ["libinit_headers"],
+    fuzz_config: {
+        cc: [
+            "android-media-fuzzing-reports@google.com",
+        ],
+        componentid: 155276,
+    },
+}
+
+cc_fuzz {
+    name: "init_parser_fuzzer",
+    srcs: [
+        "init_parser_fuzzer.cpp",
+    ],
+    shared_libs: ["libhidlmetadata",],
+    defaults: [
+        "libinit_defaults",
+    ],
+}
+
+cc_fuzz {
+    name: "init_property_fuzzer",
+    srcs: [
+        "init_property_fuzzer.cpp",
+    ],
+    defaults: ["libinit_defaults"],
+}
+
+cc_fuzz {
+    name: "init_ueventHandler_fuzzer",
+    srcs: [
+        "init_ueventHandler_fuzzer.cpp",
+    ],
+    defaults: [
+        "libinit_defaults",
+    ],
+}
diff --git a/init/fuzzer/README.md b/init/fuzzer/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fc9a6a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/fuzzer/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+# Fuzzers for libinit
+
+## Table of contents
++ [init_parser_fuzzer](#InitParser)
++ [init_property_fuzzer](#InitProperty)
++ [init_ueventHandler_fuzzer](#InitUeventHandler)
+
+# <a name="InitParser"></a> Fuzzer for InitParser
+
+InitParser supports the following parameters:
+1. ValidPathNames (parameter name: "kValidPaths")
+2. ValidParseInputs (parameter name: "kValidInputs")
+
+| Parameter| Valid Values| Configured Value|
+|------------- |-------------| ----- |
+|`kValidPaths`| 0.`/system/etc/init/hw/init.rc`,<br/> 1.`/system/etc/init` |Value obtained from FuzzedDataProvider|
+|`kValidInputs`| 0.`{"","cpu", "10", "10"}`,<br/> 1.`{"","RLIM_CPU", "10", "10"}`,<br/> 2.`{"","12", "unlimited", "10"}`,<br/> 3.`{"","13", "-1", "10"}`,<br/> 4.`{"","14", "10", "unlimited"}`,<br/> 5.`{"","15", "10", "-1"}` |Value obtained from FuzzedDataProvider|
+
+#### Steps to run
+1. Build the fuzzer
+```
+  $ mm -j$(nproc) init_parser_fuzzer
+```
+2. Run on device
+```
+  $ adb sync data
+  $ adb shell /data/fuzz/arm64/init_parser_fuzzer/init_parser_fuzzer
+```
+
+# <a name="InitProperty"></a> Fuzzer for InitProperty
+
+InitProperty supports the following parameters:
+  PropertyType (parameter name: "PropertyType")
+
+| Parameter| Valid Values |Configured Value|
+|-------------|----------|----- |
+|`PropertyType`| 0.`STRING`,<br/> 1.`BOOL`,<br/> 2.`INT`,<br/> 3.`UINT`,<br/> 4.`DOUBLE`,<br/> 5.`SIZE`,<br/>6.`ENUM`,<br/>7.`RANDOM`|Value obtained from FuzzedDataProvider|
+
+#### Steps to run
+1. Build the fuzzer
+```
+  $ mm -j$(nproc) init_property_fuzzer
+```
+2. Run on device
+```
+  $ adb sync data
+  $ adb shell /data/fuzz/arm64/init_property_fuzzer/init_property_fuzzer
+```
+
+# <a name="InitUeventHandler"></a> Fuzzer for InitUeventHandler
+
+##### Maximize code coverage
+The configuration parameters are not hardcoded, but instead selected based on
+incoming data. This ensures more code paths are reached by the fuzzer.
+
+InitUeventHandler supports the following parameters:
+1. Major (parameter name: `major`)
+2. Minor (parameter name: `minor`)
+3. PartitionNum (parameter name: `partition_num`)
+4. Uid (parameter name: `uid`)
+5. Gid (parameter name: `gid`)
+6. Action (parameter name: `action`)
+7. Path (parameter name: `path`)
+8. Subsystem (parameter name: `subsystem`)
+9. PartitionName (parameter name: `partition_name`)
+10. DeviceName (parameter name: `device_name`)
+11. Modalias (parameter name: `modalias`)
+12. DevPath (parameter name: `devPath`)
+13. HandlerPath (parameter name: `handlerPath`)
+
+| Parameter| Valid Values| Configured Value|
+|------------- |-------------| ----- |
+| `major` | `UINT32_MIN` to `UINT32_MAX` | Value obtained from FuzzedDataProvider|
+| `minor` | `UINT32_MIN` to `UINT32_MAX` | Value obtained from FuzzedDataProvider|
+| `partition_num ` | `UINT32_MIN` to `UINT32_MAX` | Value obtained from FuzzedDataProvider|
+| `uid` | `UINT32_MIN` to `UINT32_MAX` | Value obtained from FuzzedDataProvider|
+| `gid` | `UINT32_MIN` to `UINT32_MAX` | Value obtained from FuzzedDataProvider|
+| `action` | `String` | Value obtained from FuzzedDataProvider|
+| `path` | `String` | Value obtained from FuzzedDataProvider|
+| `subsystem` | `String` | Value obtained from FuzzedDataProvider|
+| `partition_name` | `String` | Value obtained from FuzzedDataProvider|
+| `device_name` | `String` | Value obtained from FuzzedDataProvider|
+| `modalias` | `String` | Value obtained from FuzzedDataProvider|
+| `devPath` | `String` | Value obtained from FuzzedDataProvider|
+| `handlerPath` | `String` | Value obtained from FuzzedDataProvider|
+
+This also ensures that the plugin is always deterministic for any given input.
+
+#### Steps to run
+1. Build the fuzzer
+```
+$ mm -j$(nproc) init_ueventHandler_fuzzer
+```
+2. Run on device
+```
+$ adb sync data
+$ adb shell /data/fuzz/arm64/init_ueventHandler_fuzzer/init_ueventHandler_fuzzer
+```
diff --git a/init/fuzzer/init_parser_fuzzer.cpp b/init/fuzzer/init_parser_fuzzer.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e6a78a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/fuzzer/init_parser_fuzzer.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <fuzzer/FuzzedDataProvider.h>
+#include <hidl/metadata.h>
+#include <import_parser.h>
+#include <interface_utils.h>
+#include <rlimit_parser.h>
+
+using namespace android;
+using namespace android::init;
+
+const std::vector<std::string> kValidInputs[] = {
+        {"", "cpu", "10", "10"}, {"", "RLIM_CPU", "10", "10"},  {"", "12", "unlimited", "10"},
+        {"", "13", "-1", "10"},  {"", "14", "10", "unlimited"}, {"", "15", "10", "-1"},
+};
+
+const std::string kValidPaths[] = {
+        "/system/etc/init/hw/init.rc",
+        "/system/etc/init",
+};
+
+const int32_t kMaxBytes = 256;
+const std::string kValidInterfaces = "android.frameworks.vr.composer@2.0::IVrComposerClient";
+
+class InitParserFuzzer {
+  public:
+    InitParserFuzzer(const uint8_t* data, size_t size) : fdp_(data, size){};
+    void Process();
+
+  private:
+    void InvokeParser();
+    void InvokeLimitParser();
+    void InvokeInterfaceUtils();
+    InterfaceInheritanceHierarchyMap GenerateHierarchyMap();
+    std::vector<HidlInterfaceMetadata> GenerateInterfaceMetadata();
+
+    FuzzedDataProvider fdp_;
+};
+
+void InitParserFuzzer::InvokeLimitParser() {
+    if (fdp_.ConsumeBool()) {
+        std::vector<std::string> input;
+        input.push_back("");
+        input.push_back(fdp_.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxBytes));
+        input.push_back(fdp_.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxBytes));
+        input.push_back(fdp_.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxBytes));
+        ParseRlimit(input);
+    } else {
+        ParseRlimit(fdp_.PickValueInArray(kValidInputs));
+    }
+}
+
+std::vector<HidlInterfaceMetadata> InitParserFuzzer::GenerateInterfaceMetadata() {
+    std::vector<HidlInterfaceMetadata> random_interface;
+    for (size_t idx = 0; idx < fdp_.ConsumeIntegral<size_t>(); ++idx) {
+        HidlInterfaceMetadata metadata;
+        metadata.name = fdp_.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxBytes);
+        for (size_t idx1 = 0; idx1 < fdp_.ConsumeIntegral<size_t>(); ++idx1) {
+            metadata.inherited.push_back(fdp_.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxBytes));
+        }
+        random_interface.push_back(metadata);
+    }
+    return random_interface;
+}
+
+InterfaceInheritanceHierarchyMap InitParserFuzzer::GenerateHierarchyMap() {
+    InterfaceInheritanceHierarchyMap result;
+    std::vector<HidlInterfaceMetadata> random_interface;
+    if (fdp_.ConsumeBool()) {
+        random_interface = GenerateInterfaceMetadata();
+    } else {
+        random_interface = HidlInterfaceMetadata::all();
+    }
+
+    for (const HidlInterfaceMetadata& iface : random_interface) {
+        std::set<FQName> inherited_interfaces;
+        for (const std::string& intf : iface.inherited) {
+            FQName fqname;
+            (void)fqname.setTo(intf);
+            inherited_interfaces.insert(fqname);
+        }
+        FQName fqname;
+        (void)fqname.setTo(iface.name);
+        result[fqname] = inherited_interfaces;
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+void InitParserFuzzer::InvokeInterfaceUtils() {
+    InterfaceInheritanceHierarchyMap hierarchy_map = GenerateHierarchyMap();
+    SetKnownInterfaces(hierarchy_map);
+    IsKnownInterface(fdp_.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxBytes));
+    std::set<std::string> interface_set;
+    for (size_t idx = 0; idx < fdp_.ConsumeIntegral<size_t>(); ++idx) {
+        auto set_interface_values = fdp_.PickValueInArray<const std::function<void()>>({
+                [&]() {
+                    interface_set.insert(("aidl/" + fdp_.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxBytes)));
+                },
+                [&]() { interface_set.insert(fdp_.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxBytes)); },
+                [&]() { interface_set.insert(kValidInterfaces); },
+        });
+        set_interface_values();
+    }
+    CheckInterfaceInheritanceHierarchy(interface_set, hierarchy_map);
+}
+
+void InitParserFuzzer::InvokeParser() {
+    Parser parser;
+    std::string name = fdp_.ConsumeBool() ? fdp_.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxBytes) : "import";
+    parser.AddSectionParser(name, std::make_unique<ImportParser>(&parser));
+    std::string path = fdp_.ConsumeBool() ? fdp_.PickValueInArray(kValidPaths)
+                                          : fdp_.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxBytes);
+    parser.ParseConfig(path);
+    parser.ParseConfigFileInsecure(path);
+}
+
+void InitParserFuzzer::Process() {
+    while (fdp_.remaining_bytes()) {
+        auto invoke_parser_fuzzer = fdp_.PickValueInArray<const std::function<void()>>({
+                [&]() { InvokeParser(); },
+                [&]() { InvokeInterfaceUtils(); },
+                [&]() { InvokeLimitParser(); },
+        });
+        invoke_parser_fuzzer();
+    }
+}
+
+extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const uint8_t* data, size_t size) {
+    InitParserFuzzer init_parser_fuzzer(data, size);
+    init_parser_fuzzer.Process();
+    return 0;
+}
diff --git a/init/fuzzer/init_property_fuzzer.cpp b/init/fuzzer/init_property_fuzzer.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..22df375
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/fuzzer/init_property_fuzzer.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+#include <persistent_properties.h>
+#include <property_type.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <fstream>
+#include "fuzzer/FuzzedDataProvider.h"
+
+using namespace android;
+using namespace android::init;
+using android::init::persistent_property_filename;
+
+const std::string kTempDir = "/data/local/tmp/";
+const std::string kFuzzerPropertyFile = kTempDir + "persistent_properties";
+constexpr int32_t kMaxPropertyLength = 10;
+const std::string kPrefix = "persist.";
+const std::string kPropertyName = kPrefix + "sys.timezone";
+const std::string kPropertyValue = "America/Los_Angeles";
+const std::string kLegacyPropertyFile = "/data/property/persist.properties";
+const std::string kSizeSuffix[3] = {"g", "k", "m"};
+constexpr int32_t kMinNumStrings = 1;
+constexpr int32_t kMaxNumStrings = 10;
+
+enum PropertyType { STRING, BOOL, INT, UINT, DOUBLE, SIZE, ENUM, RANDOM, kMaxValue = RANDOM };
+
+class InitPropertyFuzzer {
+  public:
+    InitPropertyFuzzer(const uint8_t* data, size_t size) : fdp_(data, size){};
+    void process();
+
+  private:
+    void InvokeCheckType();
+    void InvokeWritePersistentProperty();
+    void RemoveFiles();
+    void CreateFuzzerPropertyFile(const std::string property_file);
+    FuzzedDataProvider fdp_;
+};
+
+void InitPropertyFuzzer::InvokeCheckType() {
+    std::string property_type;
+    std::string value;
+    int type = fdp_.ConsumeEnum<PropertyType>();
+    switch (type) {
+        case STRING:
+            value = fdp_.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxPropertyLength);
+            property_type = "string";
+            break;
+        case BOOL:
+            value = fdp_.ConsumeBool();
+            property_type = "bool";
+            break;
+        case INT:
+            value = fdp_.ConsumeIntegral<int>();
+            property_type = "int";
+            break;
+        case UINT:
+            value = fdp_.ConsumeIntegral<uint_t>();
+            property_type = "uint";
+            break;
+        case DOUBLE:
+            value = fdp_.ConsumeFloatingPoint<double>();
+            property_type = "double";
+            break;
+        case SIZE:
+            value = fdp_.ConsumeIntegral<uint_t>();
+            value = value.append(fdp_.PickValueInArray(kSizeSuffix));
+            property_type = "size";
+            break;
+        case ENUM:
+            value = fdp_.ConsumeIntegral<uint_t>();
+            property_type = "enum";
+            break;
+        case RANDOM:
+            value = fdp_.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxPropertyLength);
+            property_type = fdp_.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxPropertyLength);
+            break;
+    }
+
+    CheckType(property_type, value);
+}
+
+void InitPropertyFuzzer::InvokeWritePersistentProperty() {
+    if (fdp_.ConsumeBool()) {
+        WritePersistentProperty(kPropertyName, kPropertyValue);
+    } else {
+        WritePersistentProperty((kPrefix + fdp_.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxPropertyLength)),
+                                fdp_.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxPropertyLength));
+    }
+}
+
+void InitPropertyFuzzer::RemoveFiles() {
+    remove(kFuzzerPropertyFile.c_str());
+    remove(kLegacyPropertyFile.c_str());
+}
+
+void InitPropertyFuzzer::CreateFuzzerPropertyFile(const std::string property_file) {
+    std::ofstream out;
+    out.open(property_file, std::ios::binary | std::ofstream::trunc);
+    chmod(property_file.c_str(), S_IRWXU);
+    const int32_t numStrings = fdp_.ConsumeIntegralInRange(kMinNumStrings, kMaxNumStrings);
+    for (int32_t i = 0; i < numStrings; ++i) {
+        out << fdp_.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxPropertyLength) << "\n";
+    }
+    out.close();
+}
+
+void InitPropertyFuzzer::process() {
+    persistent_property_filename = kFuzzerPropertyFile;
+    /* Property and legacy files are created using createFuzzerPropertyFile() and */
+    /* are used in the below APIs. Hence createFuzzerPropertyFile() is not a part */
+    /* of the lambda construct. */
+    CreateFuzzerPropertyFile(kFuzzerPropertyFile);
+    CreateFuzzerPropertyFile(kLegacyPropertyFile);
+    auto property_type = fdp_.PickValueInArray<const std::function<void()>>({
+            [&]() { InvokeCheckType(); },
+            [&]() { InvokeWritePersistentProperty(); },
+            [&]() { LoadPersistentProperties(); },
+    });
+    property_type();
+    RemoveFiles();
+}
+
+extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const uint8_t* data, size_t size) {
+    InitPropertyFuzzer initPropertyFuzzer(data, size);
+    initPropertyFuzzer.process();
+    return 0;
+}
diff --git a/init/fuzzer/init_ueventHandler_fuzzer.cpp b/init/fuzzer/init_ueventHandler_fuzzer.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b6d5f8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/fuzzer/init_ueventHandler_fuzzer.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <devices.h>
+#include <firmware_handler.h>
+#include <fuzzer/FuzzedDataProvider.h>
+#include <modalias_handler.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <util.h>
+#include <fstream>
+
+using namespace android;
+using namespace android::init;
+constexpr int32_t kMaxBytes = 100;
+constexpr int32_t kMaxSize = 1000;
+constexpr int32_t kMinSize = 1;
+
+/*'HandleUevent' prefixes the path with '/sys' and hence this is required to point
+ * to'/data/local/tmp' dir.*/
+const std::string kPath = "/../data/local/tmp/";
+const std::string kPathPrefix = "/..";
+
+void MakeFile(FuzzedDataProvider* fdp, std::string s) {
+    std::ofstream out;
+    out.open(s, std::ios::binary | std::ofstream::trunc);
+    for (int32_t idx = 0; idx < fdp->ConsumeIntegralInRange(kMinSize, kMaxSize); ++idx) {
+        out << fdp->ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxBytes) << "\n";
+    }
+    out.close();
+}
+
+void CreateDir(std::string Directory, FuzzedDataProvider* fdp) {
+    std::string tmp = Directory.substr(kPathPrefix.length());
+    mkdir_recursive(android::base::Dirname(tmp.c_str()),
+                    S_IRWXU | S_IRGRP | S_IXGRP | S_IROTH | S_IXOTH);
+    MakeFile(fdp, tmp + "/data");
+    MakeFile(fdp, tmp + "/loading");
+}
+
+std::string SelectRandomString(FuzzedDataProvider* fdp, std::string s) {
+    if (fdp->ConsumeBool()) {
+        if (fdp->ConsumeBool()) {
+            return fdp->ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxBytes);
+        } else {
+            return s;
+        }
+    }
+    return "";
+}
+
+Uevent CreateUevent(FuzzedDataProvider* fdp) {
+    Uevent uevent;
+    uevent.action = SelectRandomString(fdp, "add");
+    uevent.subsystem = SelectRandomString(fdp, "firmware");
+    uevent.path = SelectRandomString(fdp, kPath + fdp->ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxBytes));
+    uevent.firmware = fdp->ConsumeBool() ? fdp->ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxBytes) : "";
+    uevent.partition_name = fdp->ConsumeBool() ? fdp->ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxBytes) : "";
+    uevent.device_name = fdp->ConsumeBool() ? fdp->ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxBytes) : "";
+    uevent.modalias = fdp->ConsumeBool() ? fdp->ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxBytes) : "";
+    uevent.partition_num = fdp->ConsumeIntegral<int32_t>();
+    uevent.major = fdp->ConsumeIntegral<int32_t>();
+    uevent.minor = fdp->ConsumeIntegral<int32_t>();
+    return uevent;
+}
+
+extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const uint8_t* data, size_t size) {
+    FuzzedDataProvider fdp(data, size);
+    while (fdp.remaining_bytes()) {
+        auto invoke_uevent_handler_fuzzer = fdp.PickValueInArray<const std::function<void()>>({
+                [&]() {
+                    std::vector<std::string> modalias_vector;
+                    for (size_t idx = 0;
+                         idx < fdp.ConsumeIntegralInRange<size_t>(kMinSize, kMaxSize); ++idx) {
+                        modalias_vector.push_back(fdp.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxBytes));
+                    }
+                    ModaliasHandler modalias_handler = ModaliasHandler(modalias_vector);
+                    modalias_handler.HandleUevent(CreateUevent(&fdp));
+                },
+                [&]() {
+                    std::vector<ExternalFirmwareHandler> external_handlers;
+                    std::vector<std::string> firmware_directories;
+                    for (size_t idx = 0;
+                         idx < fdp.ConsumeIntegralInRange<size_t>(kMinSize, kMaxSize); ++idx) {
+                        std::string devPath = fdp.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxBytes);
+                        uid_t uid = fdp.ConsumeIntegral<uid_t>();
+                        gid_t gid = fdp.ConsumeIntegral<gid_t>();
+                        std::string handlerPath = fdp.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxBytes);
+                        ExternalFirmwareHandler externalFirmwareHandler =
+                                ExternalFirmwareHandler(devPath, uid, gid, handlerPath);
+                        external_handlers.push_back(externalFirmwareHandler);
+                        firmware_directories.push_back(fdp.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxBytes));
+                    }
+                    FirmwareHandler firmware_handler =
+                            FirmwareHandler(firmware_directories, external_handlers);
+                    Uevent uevent = CreateUevent(&fdp);
+                    if (fdp.ConsumeBool() && uevent.path.size() != 0 &&
+                        uevent.path.find(kPath) == 0) {
+                        CreateDir(uevent.path, &fdp);
+                        firmware_handler.HandleUevent(uevent);
+                        std::string s = uevent.path.substr(kPathPrefix.length());
+                        remove(s.c_str());
+                    } else {
+                        firmware_handler.HandleUevent(uevent);
+                    }
+                },
+        });
+        invoke_uevent_handler_fuzzer();
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
diff --git a/init/host_init_stubs.h b/init/host_init_stubs.h
index 2a8bf6c..753ed6b 100644
--- a/init/host_init_stubs.h
+++ b/init/host_init_stubs.h
@@ -29,6 +29,9 @@
 #define __ANDROID_API_P__ 28
 #define __ANDROID_API_Q__ 29
 #define __ANDROID_API_R__ 30
+#define __ANDROID_API_S__ 31
+#define __ANDROID_API_T__ 33
+#define __ANDROID_API_U__ 34
 
 // sys/system_properties.h
 #define PROP_VALUE_MAX 92
diff --git a/init/init.cpp b/init/init.cpp
index 4955bc5..57397b5 100644
--- a/init/init.cpp
+++ b/init/init.cpp
@@ -33,7 +33,10 @@
 #define _REALLY_INCLUDE_SYS__SYSTEM_PROPERTIES_H_
 #include <sys/_system_properties.h>
 
+#include <filesystem>
+#include <fstream>
 #include <functional>
+#include <iostream>
 #include <map>
 #include <memory>
 #include <mutex>
@@ -54,13 +57,16 @@
 #include <libavb/libavb.h>
 #include <libgsi/libgsi.h>
 #include <libsnapshot/snapshot.h>
+#include <logwrap/logwrap.h>
 #include <processgroup/processgroup.h>
 #include <processgroup/setup.h>
 #include <selinux/android.h>
 #include <unwindstack/AndroidUnwinder.h>
 
+#include "action.h"
+#include "action_manager.h"
 #include "action_parser.h"
-#include "builtins.h"
+#include "apex_init_util.h"
 #include "epoll.h"
 #include "first_stage_init.h"
 #include "first_stage_mount.h"
@@ -78,6 +84,7 @@
 #include "selabel.h"
 #include "selinux.h"
 #include "service.h"
+#include "service_list.h"
 #include "service_parser.h"
 #include "sigchld_handler.h"
 #include "snapuserd_transition.h"
@@ -346,8 +353,8 @@
     }
 #endif  // RECOVERY
     parser.AddSectionParser("service",
-                            std::make_unique<ServiceParser>(&service_list, subcontext, std::nullopt,
-                                                            /*from_apex=*/true));
+                            std::make_unique<ServiceParser>(&service_list, subcontext,
+                            std::nullopt));
     parser.AddSectionParser("on", std::make_unique<ActionParser>(&action_manager, subcontext));
 
     return parser;
@@ -442,6 +449,81 @@
     return {};
 }
 
+int StopServicesFromApex(const std::string& apex_name) {
+    auto services = ServiceList::GetInstance().FindServicesByApexName(apex_name);
+    if (services.empty()) {
+        LOG(INFO) << "No service found for APEX: " << apex_name;
+        return 0;
+    }
+    std::set<std::string> service_names;
+    for (const auto& service : services) {
+        service_names.emplace(service->name());
+    }
+    constexpr std::chrono::milliseconds kServiceStopTimeout = 10s;
+    int still_running = StopServicesAndLogViolations(service_names, kServiceStopTimeout,
+                        true /*SIGTERM*/);
+    // Send SIGKILL to ones that didn't terminate cleanly.
+    if (still_running > 0) {
+        still_running = StopServicesAndLogViolations(service_names, 0ms, false /*SIGKILL*/);
+    }
+    return still_running;
+}
+
+void RemoveServiceAndActionFromApex(const std::string& apex_name) {
+    // Remove services and actions that match apex name
+    ActionManager::GetInstance().RemoveActionIf([&](const std::unique_ptr<Action>& action) -> bool {
+        if (GetApexNameFromFileName(action->filename()) == apex_name) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    });
+    ServiceList::GetInstance().RemoveServiceIf([&](const std::unique_ptr<Service>& s) -> bool {
+        if (GetApexNameFromFileName(s->filename()) == apex_name) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    });
+}
+
+static Result<void> DoUnloadApex(const std::string& apex_name) {
+    if (StopServicesFromApex(apex_name) > 0) {
+        return Error() << "Unable to stop all service from " << apex_name;
+    }
+    RemoveServiceAndActionFromApex(apex_name);
+    return {};
+}
+
+static Result<void> UpdateApexLinkerConfig(const std::string& apex_name) {
+    // Do not invoke linkerconfig when there's no bin/ in the apex.
+    const std::string bin_path = "/apex/" + apex_name + "/bin";
+    if (access(bin_path.c_str(), R_OK) != 0) {
+        return {};
+    }
+    const char* linkerconfig_binary = "/apex/com.android.runtime/bin/linkerconfig";
+    const char* linkerconfig_target = "/linkerconfig";
+    const char* arguments[] = {linkerconfig_binary, "--target", linkerconfig_target, "--apex",
+                               apex_name.c_str(),   "--strict"};
+
+    if (logwrap_fork_execvp(arraysize(arguments), arguments, nullptr, false, LOG_KLOG, false,
+                            nullptr) != 0) {
+        return ErrnoError() << "failed to execute linkerconfig";
+    }
+    LOG(INFO) << "Generated linker configuration for " << apex_name;
+    return {};
+}
+
+static Result<void> DoLoadApex(const std::string& apex_name) {
+    if(auto result = ParseApexConfigs(apex_name); !result.ok()) {
+        return result.error();
+    }
+
+    if (auto result = UpdateApexLinkerConfig(apex_name); !result.ok()) {
+        return result.error();
+    }
+
+    return {};
+}
+
 enum class ControlTarget {
     SERVICE,    // function gets called for the named service
     INTERFACE,  // action gets called for every service that holds this interface
@@ -465,6 +547,17 @@
     return control_message_functions;
 }
 
+static Result<void> HandleApexControlMessage(std::string_view action, const std::string& name,
+                                             std::string_view message) {
+    if (action == "load") {
+        return DoLoadApex(name);
+    } else if (action == "unload") {
+        return DoUnloadApex(name);
+    } else {
+        return Error() << "Unknown control msg '" << message << "'";
+    }
+}
+
 static bool HandleControlMessage(std::string_view message, const std::string& name,
                                  pid_t from_pid) {
     std::string cmdline_path = StringPrintf("proc/%d/cmdline", from_pid);
@@ -476,8 +569,20 @@
         process_cmdline = "unknown process";
     }
 
-    Service* service = nullptr;
     auto action = message;
+    if (ConsumePrefix(&action, "apex_")) {
+        if (auto result = HandleApexControlMessage(action, name, message); !result.ok()) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Control message: Could not ctl." << message << " for '" << name
+                       << "' from pid: " << from_pid << " (" << process_cmdline
+                       << "): " << result.error();
+            return false;
+        }
+        LOG(INFO) << "Control message: Processed ctl." << message << " for '" << name
+                  << "' from pid: " << from_pid << " (" << process_cmdline << ")";
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    Service* service = nullptr;
     if (ConsumePrefix(&action, "interface_")) {
         service = ServiceList::GetInstance().FindInterface(name);
     } else {
@@ -557,6 +662,10 @@
 }
 
 static Result<void> SetupCgroupsAction(const BuiltinArguments&) {
+    if (!CgroupsAvailable()) {
+        LOG(INFO) << "Cgroups support in kernel is not enabled";
+        return {};
+    }
     // Have to create <CGROUPS_RC_DIR> using make_dir function
     // for appropriate sepolicy to be set for it
     make_dir(android::base::Dirname(CGROUPS_RC_PATH), 0711);
@@ -632,12 +741,15 @@
 
 static constexpr std::chrono::milliseconds kDiagnosticTimeout = 10s;
 
-static void HandleSignalFd() {
+static void HandleSignalFd(bool one_off) {
     signalfd_siginfo siginfo;
     auto started = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
-    for (;;) {
+    do {
         ssize_t bytes_read = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(signal_fd, &siginfo, sizeof(siginfo)));
         if (bytes_read < 0 && errno == EAGAIN) {
+            if (one_off) {
+                return;
+            }
             auto now = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
             std::chrono::duration<double> waited = now - started;
             if (waited >= kDiagnosticTimeout) {
@@ -653,7 +765,7 @@
             return;
         }
         break;
-    }
+    } while (!one_off);
 
     switch (siginfo.ssi_signo) {
         case SIGCHLD:
@@ -663,7 +775,7 @@
             HandleSigtermSignal(siginfo);
             break;
         default:
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "signal_fd: received unexpected signal " << siginfo.ssi_signo;
+            LOG(ERROR) << "signal_fd: received unexpected signal " << siginfo.ssi_signo;
             break;
     }
 }
@@ -713,7 +825,9 @@
         PLOG(FATAL) << "failed to create signalfd";
     }
 
-    if (auto result = epoll->RegisterHandler(signal_fd, HandleSignalFd); !result.ok()) {
+    constexpr int flags = EPOLLIN | EPOLLPRI;
+    auto handler = std::bind(HandleSignalFd, false);
+    if (auto result = epoll->RegisterHandler(signal_fd, handler, flags); !result.ok()) {
         LOG(FATAL) << result.error();
     }
 }
@@ -842,6 +956,32 @@
     return {};
 }
 
+static void DumpPidFds(const std::string& prefix, pid_t pid) {
+    std::error_code ec;
+    std::string proc_dir = "/proc/" + std::to_string(pid) + "/fd";
+    for (const auto& entry : std::filesystem::directory_iterator(proc_dir)) {
+        std::string target;
+        if (android::base::Readlink(entry.path(), &target)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << prefix << target;
+        } else {
+            LOG(ERROR) << prefix << entry.path();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static void DumpFile(const std::string& prefix, const std::string& file) {
+    std::ifstream fp(file);
+    if (!fp) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Could not open " << file;
+        return;
+    }
+
+    std::string line;
+    while (std::getline(fp, line)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << prefix << line;
+    }
+}
+
 int SecondStageMain(int argc, char** argv) {
     if (REBOOT_BOOTLOADER_ON_PANIC) {
         InstallRebootSignalHandlers();
@@ -928,6 +1068,11 @@
         PLOG(FATAL) << result.error();
     }
 
+    // We always reap children before responding to the other pending functions. This is to
+    // prevent a race where other daemons see that a service has exited and ask init to
+    // start it again via ctl.start before init has reaped it.
+    epoll.SetFirstCallback(ReapAnyOutstandingChildren);
+
     InstallSignalFdHandler(&epoll);
     InstallInitNotifier(&epoll);
     StartPropertyService(&property_fd);
@@ -1010,7 +1155,7 @@
     setpriority(PRIO_PROCESS, 0, 0);
     while (true) {
         // By default, sleep until something happens.
-        auto epoll_timeout = std::optional<std::chrono::milliseconds>{kDiagnosticTimeout};
+        std::chrono::milliseconds epoll_timeout{kDiagnosticTimeout};
 
         auto shutdown_command = shutdown_state.CheckShutdown();
         if (shutdown_command) {
@@ -1030,7 +1175,7 @@
             if (next_process_action_time) {
                 epoll_timeout = std::chrono::ceil<std::chrono::milliseconds>(
                         *next_process_action_time - boot_clock::now());
-                if (*epoll_timeout < 0ms) epoll_timeout = 0ms;
+                if (epoll_timeout < 0ms) epoll_timeout = 0ms;
             }
         }
 
@@ -1039,23 +1184,27 @@
             if (am.HasMoreCommands()) epoll_timeout = 0ms;
         }
 
-        auto pending_functions = epoll.Wait(epoll_timeout);
-        if (!pending_functions.ok()) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << pending_functions.error();
-        } else if (!pending_functions->empty()) {
-            // We always reap children before responding to the other pending functions. This is to
-            // prevent a race where other daemons see that a service has exited and ask init to
-            // start it again via ctl.start before init has reaped it.
-            ReapAnyOutstandingChildren();
-            for (const auto& function : *pending_functions) {
-                (*function)();
-            }
-        } else if (Service::is_exec_service_running()) {
+        auto epoll_result = epoll.Wait(epoll_timeout);
+        if (!epoll_result.ok()) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << epoll_result.error();
+        } else if (*epoll_result <= 0 && Service::is_exec_service_running()) {
+            static bool dumped_diagnostics = false;
             std::chrono::duration<double> waited =
                     std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - Service::exec_service_started();
             if (waited >= kDiagnosticTimeout) {
                 LOG(ERROR) << "Exec service is hung? Waited " << waited.count()
                            << " without SIGCHLD";
+                if (!dumped_diagnostics) {
+                    DumpPidFds("exec service opened: ", Service::exec_service_pid());
+
+                    std::string status_file =
+                            "/proc/" + std::to_string(Service::exec_service_pid()) + "/status";
+                    DumpFile("exec service: ", status_file);
+                    dumped_diagnostics = true;
+
+                    LOG(INFO) << "Attempting to handle any stuck SIGCHLDs...";
+                    HandleSignalFd(true);
+                }
             }
         }
         if (!IsShuttingDown()) {
diff --git a/init/init.h b/init/init.h
index 5220535..063632a 100644
--- a/init/init.h
+++ b/init/init.h
@@ -46,5 +46,9 @@
 
 int SecondStageMain(int argc, char** argv);
 
+int StopServicesFromApex(const std::string& apex_name);
+
+void RemoveServiceAndActionFromApex(const std::string& apex_name);
+
 }  // namespace init
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/init_test.cpp b/init/init_test.cpp
index 0dc6ff6..5c1e9ef 100644
--- a/init/init_test.cpp
+++ b/init/init_test.cpp
@@ -15,11 +15,14 @@
  */
 
 #include <functional>
+#include <string_view>
+#include <type_traits>
 
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <selinux/selinux.h>
 
 #include "action.h"
 #include "action_manager.h"
@@ -27,6 +30,7 @@
 #include "builtin_arguments.h"
 #include "builtins.h"
 #include "import_parser.h"
+#include "init.h"
 #include "keyword_map.h"
 #include "parser.h"
 #include "service.h"
@@ -35,6 +39,11 @@
 #include "util.h"
 
 using android::base::GetIntProperty;
+using android::base::GetProperty;
+using android::base::SetProperty;
+using android::base::StringReplace;
+using android::base::WaitForProperty;
+using namespace std::literals;
 
 namespace android {
 namespace init {
@@ -184,6 +193,233 @@
     EXPECT_TRUE(service->is_override());
 }
 
+static std::string GetSecurityContext() {
+    char* ctx;
+    if (getcon(&ctx) == -1) {
+        ADD_FAILURE() << "Failed to call getcon : " << strerror(errno);
+    }
+    std::string result = std::string(ctx);
+    freecon(ctx);
+    return result;
+}
+
+void TestStartApexServices(const std::vector<std::string>& service_names,
+        const std::string& apex_name) {
+    for (auto const& svc : service_names) {
+        auto service = ServiceList::GetInstance().FindService(svc);
+        ASSERT_NE(nullptr, service);
+        ASSERT_RESULT_OK(service->Start());
+        ASSERT_TRUE(service->IsRunning());
+        LOG(INFO) << "Service " << svc << " is running";
+        if (!apex_name.empty()) {
+            service->set_filename("/apex/" + apex_name + "/init_test.rc");
+        } else {
+            service->set_filename("");
+        }
+    }
+    if (!apex_name.empty()) {
+        auto apex_services = ServiceList::GetInstance().FindServicesByApexName(apex_name);
+        EXPECT_EQ(service_names.size(), apex_services.size());
+    }
+}
+
+void TestStopApexServices(const std::vector<std::string>& service_names, bool expect_to_run) {
+    for (auto const& svc : service_names) {
+        auto service = ServiceList::GetInstance().FindService(svc);
+        ASSERT_NE(nullptr, service);
+        EXPECT_EQ(expect_to_run, service->IsRunning());
+    }
+}
+
+void TestRemoveApexService(const std::vector<std::string>& service_names, bool exist) {
+    for (auto const& svc : service_names) {
+        auto service = ServiceList::GetInstance().FindService(svc);
+        ASSERT_EQ(exist, service != nullptr);
+    }
+}
+
+void InitApexService(const std::string_view& init_template) {
+    std::string init_script = StringReplace(init_template, "$selabel",
+                                    GetSecurityContext(), true);
+
+    TestInitText(init_script, BuiltinFunctionMap(), {}, &ActionManager::GetInstance(),
+            &ServiceList::GetInstance());
+}
+
+void CleanupApexServices() {
+    std::vector<std::string> names;
+    for (const auto& s : ServiceList::GetInstance()) {
+        names.push_back(s->name());
+    }
+
+    for (const auto& name : names) {
+        auto s = ServiceList::GetInstance().FindService(name);
+        auto pid = s->pid();
+        ServiceList::GetInstance().RemoveService(*s);
+        if (pid > 0) {
+            kill(pid, SIGTERM);
+            kill(pid, SIGKILL);
+        }
+    }
+
+    ActionManager::GetInstance().RemoveActionIf([&](const std::unique_ptr<Action>& s) -> bool {
+        return true;
+    });
+}
+
+void TestApexServicesInit(const std::vector<std::string>& apex_services,
+            const std::vector<std::string>& other_apex_services,
+            const std::vector<std::string> non_apex_services) {
+    auto num_svc = apex_services.size() + other_apex_services.size() + non_apex_services.size();
+    ASSERT_EQ(num_svc, ServiceList::GetInstance().size());
+
+    TestStartApexServices(apex_services, "com.android.apex.test_service");
+    TestStartApexServices(other_apex_services, "com.android.other_apex.test_service");
+    TestStartApexServices(non_apex_services, /*apex_anme=*/ "");
+
+    StopServicesFromApex("com.android.apex.test_service");
+    TestStopApexServices(apex_services, /*expect_to_run=*/ false);
+    TestStopApexServices(other_apex_services, /*expect_to_run=*/ true);
+    TestStopApexServices(non_apex_services, /*expect_to_run=*/ true);
+
+    RemoveServiceAndActionFromApex("com.android.apex.test_service");
+    ASSERT_EQ(other_apex_services.size() + non_apex_services.size(),
+        ServiceList::GetInstance().size());
+
+    // TODO(b/244232142): Add test to check if actions are removed
+    TestRemoveApexService(apex_services, /*exist*/ false);
+    TestRemoveApexService(other_apex_services, /*exist*/ true);
+    TestRemoveApexService(non_apex_services, /*exist*/ true);
+
+    CleanupApexServices();
+}
+
+TEST(init, StopServiceByApexName) {
+    if (getuid() != 0) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "Must be run as root.";
+        return;
+    }
+    std::string_view script_template = R"init(
+service apex_test_service /system/bin/yes
+    user shell
+    group shell
+    seclabel $selabel
+)init";
+    InitApexService(script_template);
+    TestApexServicesInit({"apex_test_service"}, {}, {});
+}
+
+TEST(init, StopMultipleServicesByApexName) {
+    if (getuid() != 0) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "Must be run as root.";
+        return;
+    }
+    std::string_view script_template = R"init(
+service apex_test_service_multiple_a /system/bin/yes
+    user shell
+    group shell
+    seclabel $selabel
+service apex_test_service_multiple_b /system/bin/id
+    user shell
+    group shell
+    seclabel $selabel
+)init";
+    InitApexService(script_template);
+    TestApexServicesInit({"apex_test_service_multiple_a",
+            "apex_test_service_multiple_b"}, {}, {});
+}
+
+TEST(init, StopServicesFromMultipleApexes) {
+    if (getuid() != 0) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "Must be run as root.";
+        return;
+    }
+    std::string_view apex_script_template = R"init(
+service apex_test_service_multi_apex_a /system/bin/yes
+    user shell
+    group shell
+    seclabel $selabel
+service apex_test_service_multi_apex_b /system/bin/id
+    user shell
+    group shell
+    seclabel $selabel
+)init";
+    InitApexService(apex_script_template);
+
+    std::string_view other_apex_script_template = R"init(
+service apex_test_service_multi_apex_c /system/bin/yes
+    user shell
+    group shell
+    seclabel $selabel
+)init";
+    InitApexService(other_apex_script_template);
+
+    TestApexServicesInit({"apex_test_service_multi_apex_a",
+            "apex_test_service_multi_apex_b"}, {"apex_test_service_multi_apex_c"}, {});
+}
+
+TEST(init, StopServicesFromApexAndNonApex) {
+    if (getuid() != 0) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "Must be run as root.";
+        return;
+    }
+    std::string_view apex_script_template = R"init(
+service apex_test_service_apex_a /system/bin/yes
+    user shell
+    group shell
+    seclabel $selabel
+service apex_test_service_apex_b /system/bin/id
+    user shell
+    group shell
+    seclabel $selabel
+)init";
+    InitApexService(apex_script_template);
+
+    std::string_view non_apex_script_template = R"init(
+service apex_test_service_non_apex /system/bin/yes
+    user shell
+    group shell
+    seclabel $selabel
+)init";
+    InitApexService(non_apex_script_template);
+
+    TestApexServicesInit({"apex_test_service_apex_a",
+            "apex_test_service_apex_b"}, {}, {"apex_test_service_non_apex"});
+}
+
+TEST(init, StopServicesFromApexMixed) {
+    if (getuid() != 0) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "Must be run as root.";
+        return;
+    }
+    std::string_view script_template = R"init(
+service apex_test_service_mixed_a /system/bin/yes
+    user shell
+    group shell
+    seclabel $selabel
+)init";
+    InitApexService(script_template);
+
+    std::string_view other_apex_script_template = R"init(
+service apex_test_service_mixed_b /system/bin/yes
+    user shell
+    group shell
+    seclabel $selabel
+)init";
+    InitApexService(other_apex_script_template);
+
+    std::string_view non_apex_script_template = R"init(
+service apex_test_service_mixed_c /system/bin/yes
+    user shell
+    group shell
+    seclabel $selabel
+)init";
+    InitApexService(non_apex_script_template);
+
+    TestApexServicesInit({"apex_test_service_mixed_a"},
+            {"apex_test_service_mixed_b"}, {"apex_test_service_mixed_c"});
+}
+
 TEST(init, EventTriggerOrderMultipleFiles) {
     // 6 total files, which should have their triggers executed in the following order:
     // 1: start - original script parsed
diff --git a/init/interprocess_fifo.cpp b/init/interprocess_fifo.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6e0d031
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/interprocess_fifo.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "interprocess_fifo.h"
+
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+using ::android::base::ErrnoError;
+using ::android::base::Error;
+using ::android::base::Result;
+
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
+InterprocessFifo::InterprocessFifo() noexcept : fds_({-1, -1}) {}
+
+InterprocessFifo::InterprocessFifo(InterprocessFifo&& orig) noexcept : fds_({-1, -1}) {
+    std::swap(fds_, orig.fds_);
+}
+
+InterprocessFifo::~InterprocessFifo() noexcept {
+    Close();
+}
+
+void InterprocessFifo::CloseFd(int& fd) noexcept {
+    if (fd >= 0) {
+        close(fd);
+        fd = -1;
+    }
+}
+
+void InterprocessFifo::CloseReadFd() noexcept {
+    CloseFd(fds_[0]);
+}
+
+void InterprocessFifo::CloseWriteFd() noexcept {
+    CloseFd(fds_[1]);
+}
+
+void InterprocessFifo::Close() noexcept {
+    CloseReadFd();
+    CloseWriteFd();
+}
+
+Result<void> InterprocessFifo::Initialize() noexcept {
+    if (fds_[0] >= 0) {
+        return Error() << "already initialized";
+    }
+    if (pipe(fds_.data()) < 0) {  // NOLINT(android-cloexec-pipe)
+        return ErrnoError() << "pipe()";
+    }
+    return {};
+}
+
+Result<uint8_t> InterprocessFifo::Read() noexcept {
+    uint8_t byte;
+    ssize_t count = read(fds_[0], &byte, 1);
+    if (count < 0) {
+        return ErrnoError() << "read()";
+    }
+    if (count == 0) {
+        return Error() << "read() EOF";
+    }
+    DCHECK_EQ(count, 1);
+    return byte;
+}
+
+Result<void> InterprocessFifo::Write(uint8_t byte) noexcept {
+    ssize_t written = write(fds_[1], &byte, 1);
+    if (written < 0) {
+        return ErrnoError() << "write()";
+    }
+    if (written == 0) {
+        return Error() << "write() EOF";
+    }
+    DCHECK_EQ(written, 1);
+    return {};
+}
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/interprocess_fifo.h b/init/interprocess_fifo.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cdaac86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/interprocess_fifo.h
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <array>
+
+#include <android-base/result.h>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
+// A FIFO for inter-process communication that uses a Unix pipe internally.
+class InterprocessFifo {
+  public:
+    template <typename T>
+    using Result = ::android::base::Result<T>;
+
+    InterprocessFifo() noexcept;
+    InterprocessFifo(const InterprocessFifo& orig) noexcept = delete;
+    InterprocessFifo(InterprocessFifo&& orig) noexcept;
+    InterprocessFifo& operator=(const InterprocessFifo& orig) noexcept = delete;
+    InterprocessFifo& operator=(InterprocessFifo&& orig) noexcept = delete;
+    ~InterprocessFifo() noexcept;
+    void CloseReadFd() noexcept;
+    void CloseWriteFd() noexcept;
+    void Close() noexcept;
+    Result<void> Initialize() noexcept;
+    Result<void> Write(uint8_t byte) noexcept;
+    Result<uint8_t> Read() noexcept;
+
+  private:
+    static void CloseFd(int& fd) noexcept;
+
+    std::array<int, 2> fds_;
+};
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/interprocess_fifo_test.cpp b/init/interprocess_fifo_test.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..81cfbac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/interprocess_fifo_test.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "interprocess_fifo.h"
+
+#include <android-base/result-gmock.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+#define ASSERT_OK(e) ASSERT_THAT(e, Ok())
+#define ASSERT_NOT_OK(e) ASSERT_THAT(e, Not(Ok()))
+
+using ::android::base::Result;
+using ::android::base::testing::Ok;
+using ::testing::Not;
+
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
+TEST(FifoTest, WriteAndRead) {
+    InterprocessFifo fifo;
+    ASSERT_OK(fifo.Initialize());
+    ASSERT_OK(fifo.Write('a'));
+    ASSERT_OK(fifo.Write('b'));
+    Result<uint8_t> result = fifo.Read();
+    ASSERT_OK(result);
+    EXPECT_EQ(*result, 'a');
+    result = fifo.Read();
+    ASSERT_OK(result);
+    EXPECT_EQ(*result, 'b');
+    InterprocessFifo fifo2 = std::move(fifo);
+    ASSERT_NOT_OK(fifo.Write('c'));
+    ASSERT_NOT_OK(fifo.Read());
+    ASSERT_OK(fifo2.Write('d'));
+    result = fifo2.Read();
+    ASSERT_OK(result);
+    EXPECT_EQ(*result, 'd');
+}
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/keychords_test.cpp b/init/keychords_test.cpp
index 8a333a2..5789bf5 100644
--- a/init/keychords_test.cpp
+++ b/init/keychords_test.cpp
@@ -212,11 +212,8 @@
 }
 
 void TestFrame::RelaxForMs(std::chrono::milliseconds wait) {
-    auto pending_functions = epoll_.Wait(wait);
-    ASSERT_RESULT_OK(pending_functions);
-    for (const auto& function : *pending_functions) {
-        (*function)();
-    }
+    auto epoll_result = epoll_.Wait(wait);
+    ASSERT_RESULT_OK(epoll_result);
 }
 
 void TestFrame::SetChord(int key, bool value) {
diff --git a/init/mount_namespace.cpp b/init/mount_namespace.cpp
index bce1cc3..fead371 100644
--- a/init/mount_namespace.cpp
+++ b/init/mount_namespace.cpp
@@ -190,15 +190,33 @@
     return success;
 }
 
+// Switch the mount namespace of the current process from bootstrap to default OR from default to
+// bootstrap. If the current mount namespace is neither bootstrap nor default, keep it that way.
 Result<void> SwitchToMountNamespaceIfNeeded(MountNamespace target_mount_namespace) {
     if (IsRecoveryMode() || !IsApexUpdatable()) {
         // we don't have multiple namespaces in recovery mode or if apex is not updatable
         return {};
     }
-    const auto& ns_id = target_mount_namespace == NS_BOOTSTRAP ? bootstrap_ns_id : default_ns_id;
+
+    const std::string current_namespace_id = GetMountNamespaceId();
+    MountNamespace current_mount_namespace;
+    if (current_namespace_id == bootstrap_ns_id) {
+        current_mount_namespace = NS_BOOTSTRAP;
+    } else if (current_namespace_id == default_ns_id) {
+        current_mount_namespace = NS_DEFAULT;
+    } else {
+        // services with `namespace mnt` start in its own mount namespace. So we need to keep it.
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    // We're already in the target mount namespace.
+    if (current_mount_namespace == target_mount_namespace) {
+        return {};
+    }
+
     const auto& ns_fd = target_mount_namespace == NS_BOOTSTRAP ? bootstrap_ns_fd : default_ns_fd;
     const auto& ns_name = target_mount_namespace == NS_BOOTSTRAP ? "bootstrap" : "default";
-    if (ns_id != GetMountNamespaceId() && ns_fd.get() != -1) {
+    if (ns_fd.get() != -1) {
         if (setns(ns_fd.get(), CLONE_NEWNS) == -1) {
             return ErrnoError() << "Failed to switch to " << ns_name << " mount namespace.";
         }
diff --git a/init/parser.cpp b/init/parser.cpp
index abc2017..0a388db 100644
--- a/init/parser.cpp
+++ b/init/parser.cpp
@@ -156,58 +156,6 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-std::vector<std::string> Parser::FilterVersionedConfigs(const std::vector<std::string>& configs,
-                                                        int active_sdk) {
-    std::vector<std::string> filtered_configs;
-
-    std::map<std::string, std::pair<std::string, int>> script_map;
-    for (const auto& c : configs) {
-        int sdk = 0;
-        const std::vector<std::string> parts = android::base::Split(c, ".");
-        std::string base;
-        if (parts.size() < 2) {
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        // parts[size()-1], aka the suffix, should be "rc" or "#rc"
-        // any other pattern gets discarded
-
-        const auto& suffix = parts[parts.size() - 1];
-        if (suffix == "rc") {
-            sdk = 0;
-        } else {
-            char trailer[9] = {0};
-            int r = sscanf(suffix.c_str(), "%d%8s", &sdk, trailer);
-            if (r != 2) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            if (strlen(trailer) > 2 || strcmp(trailer, "rc") != 0) {
-                continue;
-            }
-        }
-
-        if (sdk < 0 || sdk > active_sdk) {
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        base = parts[0];
-        for (unsigned int i = 1; i < parts.size() - 1; i++) {
-            base = base + "." + parts[i];
-        }
-
-        // is this preferred over what we already have
-        auto it = script_map.find(base);
-        if (it == script_map.end() || it->second.second < sdk) {
-            script_map[base] = std::make_pair(c, sdk);
-        }
-    }
-
-    for (const auto& m : script_map) {
-        filtered_configs.push_back(m.second.first);
-    }
-    return filtered_configs;
-}
-
 bool Parser::ParseConfigDir(const std::string& path) {
     LOG(INFO) << "Parsing directory " << path << "...";
     std::unique_ptr<DIR, decltype(&closedir)> config_dir(opendir(path.c_str()), closedir);
diff --git a/init/parser.h b/init/parser.h
index 2f4108f..95b0cd7 100644
--- a/init/parser.h
+++ b/init/parser.h
@@ -76,12 +76,6 @@
     void AddSectionParser(const std::string& name, std::unique_ptr<SectionParser> parser);
     void AddSingleLineParser(const std::string& prefix, LineCallback callback);
 
-    // Compare all files */path.#rc and */path.rc with the same path prefix.
-    // Keep the one with the highest # that doesn't exceed the system's SDK.
-    // (.rc == .0rc for ranking purposes)
-    std::vector<std::string> FilterVersionedConfigs(const std::vector<std::string>& configs,
-                                                    int active_sdk);
-
     // Host init verifier check file permissions.
     bool ParseConfigFileInsecure(const std::string& path);
 
diff --git a/init/persistent_properties.cpp b/init/persistent_properties.cpp
index 716f62e..d33a6b8 100644
--- a/init/persistent_properties.cpp
+++ b/init/persistent_properties.cpp
@@ -155,19 +155,33 @@
     return *file_contents;
 }
 
+Result<PersistentProperties> ParsePersistentPropertyFile(const std::string& file_contents) {
+    PersistentProperties persistent_properties;
+    if (!persistent_properties.ParseFromString(file_contents)) {
+        return Error() << "Unable to parse persistent property file: Could not parse protobuf";
+    }
+    for (auto& prop : persistent_properties.properties()) {
+        if (!StartsWith(prop.name(), "persist.")) {
+            return Error() << "Unable to load persistent property file: property '" << prop.name()
+                           << "' doesn't start with 'persist.'";
+        }
+    }
+    return persistent_properties;
+}
+
 }  // namespace
 
 Result<PersistentProperties> LoadPersistentPropertyFile() {
     auto file_contents = ReadPersistentPropertyFile();
     if (!file_contents.ok()) return file_contents.error();
 
-    PersistentProperties persistent_properties;
-    if (persistent_properties.ParseFromString(*file_contents)) return persistent_properties;
-
-    // If the file cannot be parsed in either format, then we don't have any recovery
-    // mechanisms, so we delete it to allow for future writes to take place successfully.
-    unlink(persistent_property_filename.c_str());
-    return Error() << "Unable to parse persistent property file: Could not parse protobuf";
+    auto persistent_properties = ParsePersistentPropertyFile(*file_contents);
+    if (!persistent_properties.ok()) {
+        // If the file cannot be parsed in either format, then we don't have any recovery
+        // mechanisms, so we delete it to allow for future writes to take place successfully.
+        unlink(persistent_property_filename.c_str());
+    }
+    return persistent_properties;
 }
 
 Result<void> WritePersistentPropertyFile(const PersistentProperties& persistent_properties) {
diff --git a/init/persistent_properties_test.cpp b/init/persistent_properties_test.cpp
index 60cecde..e5d26db 100644
--- a/init/persistent_properties_test.cpp
+++ b/init/persistent_properties_test.cpp
@@ -155,5 +155,28 @@
     EXPECT_FALSE(it == read_back_properties.properties().end());
 }
 
+TEST(persistent_properties, RejectNonPersistProperty) {
+    TemporaryFile tf;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(tf.fd != -1);
+    persistent_property_filename = tf.path;
+
+    WritePersistentProperty("notpersist.sys.locale", "pt-BR");
+
+    auto read_back_properties = LoadPersistentProperties();
+    EXPECT_EQ(read_back_properties.properties().size(), 0);
+
+    WritePersistentProperty("persist.sys.locale", "pt-BR");
+
+    read_back_properties = LoadPersistentProperties();
+    EXPECT_GT(read_back_properties.properties().size(), 0);
+
+    auto it = std::find_if(read_back_properties.properties().begin(),
+                           read_back_properties.properties().end(), [](const auto& entry) {
+                               return entry.name() == "persist.sys.locale" &&
+                                      entry.value() == "pt-BR";
+                           });
+    EXPECT_FALSE(it == read_back_properties.properties().end());
+}
+
 }  // namespace init
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/property_service.cpp b/init/property_service.cpp
index 7e92538..f3550a1 100644
--- a/init/property_service.cpp
+++ b/init/property_service.cpp
@@ -1381,13 +1381,9 @@
     }
 
     while (true) {
-        auto pending_functions = epoll.Wait(std::nullopt);
-        if (!pending_functions.ok()) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << pending_functions.error();
-        } else {
-            for (const auto& function : *pending_functions) {
-                (*function)();
-            }
+        auto epoll_result = epoll.Wait(std::nullopt);
+        if (!epoll_result.ok()) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << epoll_result.error();
         }
     }
 }
@@ -1404,7 +1400,8 @@
     StartSendingMessages();
 
     if (auto result = CreateSocket(PROP_SERVICE_NAME, SOCK_STREAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC | SOCK_NONBLOCK,
-                                   false, 0666, 0, 0, {});
+                                   /*passcred=*/false, /*should_listen=*/false, 0666, /*uid=*/0,
+                                   /*gid=*/0, /*socketcon=*/{});
         result.ok()) {
         property_set_fd = *result;
     } else {
diff --git a/init/reboot.cpp b/init/reboot.cpp
index 4e4bfd8..4c27a56 100644
--- a/init/reboot.cpp
+++ b/init/reboot.cpp
@@ -491,7 +491,7 @@
         return ErrnoError() << "zram_backing_dev: swapoff (" << backing_dev << ")"
                             << " failed";
     }
-    LOG(INFO) << "swapoff() took " << swap_timer;;
+    LOG(INFO) << "swapoff() took " << swap_timer;
 
     if (!WriteStringToFile("1", ZRAM_RESET)) {
         return Error() << "zram_backing_dev: reset (" << backing_dev << ")"
@@ -608,7 +608,7 @@
     if (sem_init(&reboot_semaphore, false, 0) == -1) {
         // These should never fail, but if they do, skip the graceful reboot and reboot immediately.
         LOG(ERROR) << "sem_init() fail and RebootSystem() return!";
-        RebootSystem(cmd, reboot_target);
+        RebootSystem(cmd, reboot_target, reason);
     }
 
     // Start a thread to monitor init shutdown process
@@ -636,7 +636,7 @@
     // worry about unmounting it.
     if (!IsDataMounted("*")) {
         sync();
-        RebootSystem(cmd, reboot_target);
+        RebootSystem(cmd, reboot_target, reason);
         abort();
     }
 
@@ -769,7 +769,7 @@
             LOG(INFO) << "Shutdown /data";
         }
     }
-    RebootSystem(cmd, reboot_target);
+    RebootSystem(cmd, reboot_target, reason);
     abort();
 }
 
diff --git a/init/reboot_utils.cpp b/init/reboot_utils.cpp
index f8e1de0..e6b868e 100644
--- a/init/reboot_utils.cpp
+++ b/init/reboot_utils.cpp
@@ -106,7 +106,8 @@
     return value == CAP_SET;
 }
 
-void __attribute__((noreturn)) RebootSystem(unsigned int cmd, const std::string& rebootTarget) {
+void __attribute__((noreturn))
+RebootSystem(unsigned int cmd, const std::string& rebootTarget, const std::string& reboot_reason) {
     LOG(INFO) << "Reboot ending, jumping to kernel";
 
     if (!IsRebootCapable()) {
@@ -127,10 +128,12 @@
 
         case ANDROID_RB_THERMOFF:
             if (android::base::GetBoolProperty("ro.thermal_warmreset", false)) {
+                std::string reason = "shutdown,thermal";
+                if (!reboot_reason.empty()) reason = reboot_reason;
+
                 LOG(INFO) << "Try to trigger a warm reset for thermal shutdown";
-                static constexpr const char kThermalShutdownTarget[] = "shutdown,thermal";
                 syscall(__NR_reboot, LINUX_REBOOT_MAGIC1, LINUX_REBOOT_MAGIC2,
-                        LINUX_REBOOT_CMD_RESTART2, kThermalShutdownTarget);
+                        LINUX_REBOOT_CMD_RESTART2, reason.c_str());
             } else {
                 reboot(RB_POWER_OFF);
             }
diff --git a/init/reboot_utils.h b/init/reboot_utils.h
index a0023b9..09e87ef 100644
--- a/init/reboot_utils.h
+++ b/init/reboot_utils.h
@@ -29,7 +29,8 @@
 // so if any of the attempts to determine this fail, it will still return true.
 bool IsRebootCapable();
 // This is a wrapper around the actual reboot calls.
-void __attribute__((noreturn)) RebootSystem(unsigned int cmd, const std::string& reboot_target);
+void __attribute__((noreturn)) RebootSystem(unsigned int cmd, const std::string& reboot_target,
+                                            const std::string& reboot_reason = "");
 void __attribute__((noreturn)) InitFatalReboot(int signal_number);
 void InstallRebootSignalHandlers();
 
diff --git a/init/security.cpp b/init/security.cpp
index 970696e..2ecf687 100644
--- a/init/security.cpp
+++ b/init/security.cpp
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
  */
 
 #include "security.h"
+#include "util.h"
 
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
@@ -89,7 +90,7 @@
 
 // Set /proc/sys/vm/mmap_rnd_bits and potentially
 // /proc/sys/vm/mmap_rnd_compat_bits to the maximum supported values.
-// Returns -1 if unable to set these to an acceptable value.
+// Returns an error if unable to set these to an acceptable value.
 //
 // To support this sysctl, the following upstream commits are needed:
 //
@@ -105,13 +106,27 @@
     // uml does not support mmap_rnd_bits
     return {};
 #elif defined(__aarch64__)
-    // arm64 supports 18 - 33 bits depending on pagesize and VA_SIZE
-    if (SetMmapRndBitsMin(33, 24, false) && SetMmapRndBitsMin(16, 16, true)) {
+    // arm64 architecture supports 18 - 33 rnd bits depending on pagesize and
+    // VA_SIZE. However the kernel might have been compiled with a narrower
+    // range using CONFIG_ARCH_MMAP_RND_BITS_MIN/MAX. To use the maximum
+    // supported number of bits, we start from the theoretical maximum of 33
+    // bits and try smaller values until we reach 24 bits which is the
+    // Android-specific minimum. Don't go lower even if the configured maximum
+    // is smaller than 24.
+    if (SetMmapRndBitsMin(33, 24, false) && (!Has32BitAbi() || SetMmapRndBitsMin(16, 16, true))) {
+        return {};
+    }
+#elif defined(__riscv)
+    // TODO: sv48 and sv57 were both added to the kernel this year, so we
+    // probably just need some kernel fixes to enable higher ASLR randomization,
+    // but for now 24 is the maximum that the kernel supports.
+    if (SetMmapRndBitsMin(24, 18, false)) {
         return {};
     }
 #elif defined(__x86_64__)
-    // x86_64 supports 28 - 32 bits
-    if (SetMmapRndBitsMin(32, 32, false) && SetMmapRndBitsMin(16, 16, true)) {
+    // x86_64 supports 28 - 32 rnd bits, but Android wants to ensure that the
+    // theoretical maximum of 32 bits is always supported and used.
+    if (SetMmapRndBitsMin(32, 32, false) && (!Has32BitAbi() || SetMmapRndBitsMin(16, 16, true))) {
         return {};
     }
 #elif defined(__arm__) || defined(__i386__)
diff --git a/init/selinux.cpp b/init/selinux.cpp
index be8c554..ab5b0a0 100644
--- a/init/selinux.cpp
+++ b/init/selinux.cpp
@@ -237,9 +237,9 @@
     // If there is an odm partition, precompiled_sepolicy will be in
     // odm/etc/selinux. Otherwise it will be in vendor/etc/selinux.
     static constexpr const char vendor_precompiled_sepolicy[] =
-        "/vendor/etc/selinux/precompiled_sepolicy";
+            "/vendor/etc/selinux/precompiled_sepolicy";
     static constexpr const char odm_precompiled_sepolicy[] =
-        "/odm/etc/selinux/precompiled_sepolicy";
+            "/odm/etc/selinux/precompiled_sepolicy";
     if (access(odm_precompiled_sepolicy, R_OK) == 0) {
         precompiled_sepolicy = odm_precompiled_sepolicy;
     } else if (access(vendor_precompiled_sepolicy, R_OK) == 0) {
@@ -525,6 +525,32 @@
                                              "apex_service_contexts", "apex_seapp_contexts",
                                              "apex_test"};
 
+Result<void> CreateTmpfsDir() {
+    mode_t mode = 0744;
+    struct stat stat_data;
+    if (stat(kTmpfsDir.c_str(), &stat_data) != 0) {
+        if (errno != ENOENT) {
+            return ErrnoError() << "Could not stat " << kTmpfsDir;
+        }
+        if (mkdir(kTmpfsDir.c_str(), mode) != 0) {
+            return ErrnoError() << "Could not mkdir " << kTmpfsDir;
+        }
+    } else {
+        if (!S_ISDIR(stat_data.st_mode)) {
+            return Error() << kTmpfsDir << " exists and is not a directory.";
+        }
+        LOG(WARNING) << "Directory " << kTmpfsDir << " already exists";
+    }
+
+    // Need to manually call chmod because mkdir will create a folder with
+    // permissions mode & ~umask.
+    if (chmod(kTmpfsDir.c_str(), mode) != 0) {
+        return ErrnoError() << "Could not chmod " << kTmpfsDir;
+    }
+
+    return {};
+}
+
 Result<void> PutFileInTmpfs(ZipArchiveHandle archive, const std::string& fileName) {
     ZipEntry entry;
     std::string dstPath = kTmpfsDir + fileName;
@@ -538,7 +564,7 @@
     unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(
             open(dstPath.c_str(), O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC | O_CLOEXEC, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR)));
     if (fd == -1) {
-        return Error() << "Failed to open " << dstPath;
+        return ErrnoError() << "Failed to open " << dstPath;
     }
 
     ret = ExtractEntryToFile(archive, &entry, fd);
@@ -568,6 +594,11 @@
 
     auto handle_guard = android::base::make_scope_guard([&handle] { CloseArchive(handle); });
 
+    auto create = CreateTmpfsDir();
+    if (!create.ok()) {
+        return create.error();
+    }
+
     for (const auto& file : kApexSepolicy) {
         auto extract = PutFileInTmpfs(handle, file);
         if (!extract.ok()) {
diff --git a/init/service.cpp b/init/service.cpp
index 01dd685..caa9095 100644
--- a/init/service.cpp
+++ b/init/service.cpp
@@ -36,10 +36,17 @@
 #include <processgroup/processgroup.h>
 #include <selinux/selinux.h>
 
+#include <string>
+
+#include "interprocess_fifo.h"
 #include "lmkd_service.h"
 #include "service_list.h"
 #include "util.h"
 
+#if defined(__BIONIC__)
+#include <bionic/reserved_signals.h>
+#endif
+
 #ifdef INIT_FULL_SOURCES
 #include <ApexProperties.sysprop.h>
 #include <android/api-level.h>
@@ -53,6 +60,7 @@
 
 using android::base::boot_clock;
 using android::base::GetBoolProperty;
+using android::base::GetIntProperty;
 using android::base::GetProperty;
 using android::base::Join;
 using android::base::make_scope_guard;
@@ -127,16 +135,17 @@
 
 unsigned long Service::next_start_order_ = 1;
 bool Service::is_exec_service_running_ = false;
+pid_t Service::exec_service_pid_ = -1;
 std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::steady_clock> Service::exec_service_started_;
 
 Service::Service(const std::string& name, Subcontext* subcontext_for_restart_commands,
-                 const std::vector<std::string>& args, bool from_apex)
-    : Service(name, 0, 0, 0, {}, 0, "", subcontext_for_restart_commands, args, from_apex) {}
+                 const std::string& filename, const std::vector<std::string>& args)
+    : Service(name, 0, 0, 0, {}, 0, "", subcontext_for_restart_commands, filename, args) {}
 
 Service::Service(const std::string& name, unsigned flags, uid_t uid, gid_t gid,
                  const std::vector<gid_t>& supp_gids, int namespace_flags,
                  const std::string& seclabel, Subcontext* subcontext_for_restart_commands,
-                 const std::vector<std::string>& args, bool from_apex)
+                 const std::string& filename, const std::vector<std::string>& args)
     : name_(name),
       classnames_({"default"}),
       flags_(flags),
@@ -156,7 +165,7 @@
       oom_score_adjust_(DEFAULT_OOM_SCORE_ADJUST),
       start_order_(0),
       args_(args),
-      from_apex_(from_apex) {}
+      filename_(filename) {}
 
 void Service::NotifyStateChange(const std::string& new_state) const {
     if ((flags_ & SVC_TEMPORARY) != 0) {
@@ -315,7 +324,37 @@
 #else
     static bool is_apex_updatable = false;
 #endif
-    const bool is_process_updatable = !use_bootstrap_ns_ && is_apex_updatable;
+    const bool use_default_mount_ns =
+            mount_namespace_.has_value() && *mount_namespace_ == NS_DEFAULT;
+    const bool is_process_updatable = use_default_mount_ns && is_apex_updatable;
+
+#if defined(__BIONIC__) && defined(SEGV_MTEAERR)
+    // As a precaution, we only upgrade a service once per reboot, to limit
+    // the potential impact.
+    //
+    // BIONIC_SIGNAL_ART_PROFILER is a magic value used by deuggerd to signal
+    // that the process crashed with SIGSEGV and SEGV_MTEAERR. This signal will
+    // never be seen otherwise in a crash, because it always gets handled by the
+    // profiling signal handlers in bionic. See also
+    // debuggerd/handler/debuggerd_handler.cpp.
+    bool should_upgrade_mte = siginfo.si_code != CLD_EXITED &&
+                              siginfo.si_status == BIONIC_SIGNAL_ART_PROFILER && !upgraded_mte_;
+
+    if (should_upgrade_mte) {
+        constexpr int kDefaultUpgradeSecs = 60;
+        int secs = GetIntProperty("persist.device_config.memory_safety_native.upgrade_secs.default",
+                                  kDefaultUpgradeSecs);
+        secs = GetIntProperty(
+                "persist.device_config.memory_safety_native.upgrade_secs.service." + name_, secs);
+        if (secs > 0) {
+            LOG(INFO) << "Upgrading service " << name_ << " to sync MTE for " << secs << " seconds";
+            once_environment_vars_.emplace_back("BIONIC_MEMTAG_UPGRADE_SECS", std::to_string(secs));
+            upgraded_mte_ = true;
+        } else {
+            LOG(INFO) << "Not upgrading service " << name_ << " to sync MTE due to device config";
+        }
+    }
+#endif
 
     // If we crash > 4 times in 'fatal_crash_window_' minutes or before boot_completed,
     // reboot into bootloader or set crashing property
@@ -393,6 +432,7 @@
 
     flags_ |= SVC_EXEC;
     is_exec_service_running_ = true;
+    exec_service_pid_ = pid_;
     exec_service_started_ = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
 
     LOG(INFO) << "SVC_EXEC service '" << name_ << "' pid " << pid_ << " (uid " << proc_attr_.uid
@@ -403,14 +443,6 @@
     return {};
 }
 
-static void ClosePipe(const std::array<int, 2>* pipe) {
-    for (const auto fd : *pipe) {
-        if (fd >= 0) {
-            close(fd);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 Result<void> Service::CheckConsole() {
     if (!(flags_ & SVC_CONSOLE)) {
         return {};
@@ -474,13 +506,15 @@
 }
 
 // Enters namespaces, sets environment variables, writes PID files and runs the service executable.
-void Service::RunService(const std::optional<MountNamespace>& override_mount_namespace,
-                         const std::vector<Descriptor>& descriptors,
-                         std::unique_ptr<std::array<int, 2>, decltype(&ClosePipe)> pipefd) {
-    if (auto result = EnterNamespaces(namespaces_, name_, override_mount_namespace); !result.ok()) {
+void Service::RunService(const std::vector<Descriptor>& descriptors,
+                         InterprocessFifo cgroups_activated, InterprocessFifo setsid_finished) {
+    if (auto result = EnterNamespaces(namespaces_, name_, mount_namespace_); !result.ok()) {
         LOG(FATAL) << "Service '" << name_ << "' failed to set up namespaces: " << result.error();
     }
 
+    for (const auto& [key, value] : once_environment_vars_) {
+        setenv(key.c_str(), value.c_str(), 1);
+    }
     for (const auto& [key, value] : environment_vars_) {
         setenv(key.c_str(), value.c_str(), 1);
     }
@@ -495,24 +529,40 @@
 
     // Wait until the cgroups have been created and until the cgroup controllers have been
     // activated.
-    char byte = 0;
-    if (read((*pipefd)[0], &byte, 1) < 0) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "failed to read from notification channel";
+    Result<uint8_t> byte = cgroups_activated.Read();
+    if (!byte.ok()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << name_ << ": failed to read from notification channel: " << byte.error();
     }
-    pipefd.reset();
-    if (!byte) {
+    cgroups_activated.Close();
+    if (!*byte) {
         LOG(FATAL) << "Service '" << name_  << "' failed to start due to a fatal error";
         _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
     }
 
-    if (task_profiles_.size() > 0 && !SetTaskProfiles(getpid(), task_profiles_)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "failed to set task profiles";
+    if (task_profiles_.size() > 0) {
+        bool succeeded = SelinuxGetVendorAndroidVersion() < __ANDROID_API_U__
+                                 ?
+                                 // Compatibility mode: apply the task profiles to the current
+                                 // thread.
+                                 SetTaskProfiles(getpid(), task_profiles_)
+                                 :
+                                 // Apply the task profiles to the current process.
+                                 SetProcessProfiles(getuid(), getpid(), task_profiles_);
+        if (!succeeded) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "failed to set task profiles";
+        }
     }
 
     // As requested, set our gid, supplemental gids, uid, context, and
     // priority. Aborts on failure.
     SetProcessAttributesAndCaps();
 
+    // If SetProcessAttributes() called setsid(), report this to the parent.
+    if (!proc_attr_.console.empty()) {
+        setsid_finished.Write(2);
+    }
+    setsid_finished.Close();
+
     if (!ExpandArgsAndExecv(args_, sigstop_)) {
         PLOG(ERROR) << "cannot execv('" << args_[0]
                     << "'). See the 'Debugging init' section of init's README.md for tips";
@@ -554,16 +604,23 @@
         return {};
     }
 
-    std::unique_ptr<std::array<int, 2>, decltype(&ClosePipe)> pipefd(new std::array<int, 2>{-1, -1},
-                                                                     ClosePipe);
-    if (pipe(pipefd->data()) < 0) {
-        return ErrnoError() << "pipe()";
+    InterprocessFifo cgroups_activated, setsid_finished;
+
+    if (Result<void> result = cgroups_activated.Initialize(); !result.ok()) {
+        return result;
     }
 
     if (Result<void> result = CheckConsole(); !result.ok()) {
         return result;
     }
 
+    // Only check proc_attr_.console after the CheckConsole() call.
+    if (!proc_attr_.console.empty()) {
+        if (Result<void> result = setsid_finished.Initialize(); !result.ok()) {
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
     struct stat sb;
     if (stat(args_[0].c_str(), &sb) == -1) {
         flags_ |= SVC_DISABLED;
@@ -581,26 +638,9 @@
         scon = *result;
     }
 
-    // APEXd is always started in the "current" namespace because it is the process to set up
-    // the current namespace.
-    const bool is_apexd = args_[0] == "/system/bin/apexd";
-
-    if (!IsDefaultMountNamespaceReady() && !is_apexd) {
-        // If this service is started before APEXes and corresponding linker configuration
-        // get available, mark it as pre-apexd one. Note that this marking is
-        // permanent. So for example, if the service is re-launched (e.g., due
-        // to crash), it is still recognized as pre-apexd... for consistency.
-        use_bootstrap_ns_ = true;
-    }
-
-    // For pre-apexd services, override mount namespace as "bootstrap" one before starting.
-    // Note: "ueventd" is supposed to be run in "default" mount namespace even if it's pre-apexd
-    // to support loading firmwares from APEXes.
-    std::optional<MountNamespace> override_mount_namespace;
-    if (name_ == "ueventd") {
-        override_mount_namespace = NS_DEFAULT;
-    } else if (use_bootstrap_ns_) {
-        override_mount_namespace = NS_BOOTSTRAP;
+    if (!mount_namespace_.has_value()) {
+        // remember from which mount namespace the service should start
+        SetMountNamespace();
     }
 
     post_data_ = ServiceList::GetInstance().IsPostData();
@@ -633,8 +673,13 @@
 
     if (pid == 0) {
         umask(077);
-        RunService(override_mount_namespace, descriptors, std::move(pipefd));
+        cgroups_activated.CloseWriteFd();
+        setsid_finished.CloseReadFd();
+        RunService(descriptors, std::move(cgroups_activated), std::move(setsid_finished));
         _exit(127);
+    } else {
+        cgroups_activated.CloseReadFd();
+        setsid_finished.CloseWriteFd();
     }
 
     if (pid < 0) {
@@ -642,6 +687,8 @@
         return ErrnoError() << "Failed to fork";
     }
 
+    once_environment_vars_.clear();
+
     if (oom_score_adjust_ != DEFAULT_OOM_SCORE_ADJUST) {
         std::string oom_str = std::to_string(oom_score_adjust_);
         std::string oom_file = StringPrintf("/proc/%d/oom_score_adj", pid);
@@ -656,27 +703,54 @@
     start_order_ = next_start_order_++;
     process_cgroup_empty_ = false;
 
-    bool use_memcg = swappiness_ != -1 || soft_limit_in_bytes_ != -1 || limit_in_bytes_ != -1 ||
-                      limit_percent_ != -1 || !limit_property_.empty();
-    errno = -createProcessGroup(proc_attr_.uid, pid_, use_memcg);
-    if (errno != 0) {
-        if (char byte = 0; write((*pipefd)[1], &byte, 1) < 0) {
-            return ErrnoError() << "sending notification failed";
+    if (CgroupsAvailable()) {
+        bool use_memcg = swappiness_ != -1 || soft_limit_in_bytes_ != -1 || limit_in_bytes_ != -1 ||
+                         limit_percent_ != -1 || !limit_property_.empty();
+        errno = -createProcessGroup(proc_attr_.uid, pid_, use_memcg);
+        if (errno != 0) {
+            Result<void> result = cgroups_activated.Write(0);
+            if (!result.ok()) {
+                return Error() << "Sending notification failed: " << result.error();
+            }
+            return Error() << "createProcessGroup(" << proc_attr_.uid << ", " << pid_
+                           << ") failed for service '" << name_ << "'";
         }
-        return Error() << "createProcessGroup(" << proc_attr_.uid << ", " << pid_
-                       << ") failed for service '" << name_ << "'";
-    }
 
-    if (use_memcg) {
-        ConfigureMemcg();
+        // When the blkio controller is mounted in the v1 hierarchy, NormalIoPriority is
+        // the default (/dev/blkio). When the blkio controller is mounted in the v2 hierarchy, the
+        // NormalIoPriority profile has to be applied explicitly.
+        SetProcessProfiles(proc_attr_.uid, pid_, {"NormalIoPriority"});
+
+        if (use_memcg) {
+            ConfigureMemcg();
+        }
+    } else {
+        process_cgroup_empty_ = true;
     }
 
     if (oom_score_adjust_ != DEFAULT_OOM_SCORE_ADJUST) {
         LmkdRegister(name_, proc_attr_.uid, pid_, oom_score_adjust_);
     }
 
-    if (char byte = 1; write((*pipefd)[1], &byte, 1) < 0) {
-        return ErrnoError() << "sending notification failed";
+    if (Result<void> result = cgroups_activated.Write(1); !result.ok()) {
+        return Error() << "Sending cgroups activated notification failed: " << result.error();
+    }
+
+    // Call setpgid() from the parent process to make sure that this call has
+    // finished before the parent process calls kill(-pgid, ...).
+    if (proc_attr_.console.empty()) {
+        if (setpgid(pid, pid) == -1) {
+            return ErrnoError() << "setpgid failed";
+        }
+    } else {
+        // The Read() call below will return an error if the child is killed.
+        if (Result<uint8_t> result = setsid_finished.Read(); !result.ok() || *result != 2) {
+            if (!result.ok()) {
+                return Error() << "Waiting for setsid() failed: " << result.error();
+            } else {
+                return Error() << "Waiting for setsid() failed: " << *result << " <> 2";
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     NotifyStateChange("running");
@@ -684,6 +758,33 @@
     return {};
 }
 
+// Set mount namespace for the service.
+// The reason why remember the mount namespace:
+//   If this service is started before APEXes and corresponding linker configuration
+//   get available, mark it as pre-apexd one. Note that this marking is
+//   permanent. So for example, if the service is re-launched (e.g., due
+//   to crash), it is still recognized as pre-apexd... for consistency.
+void Service::SetMountNamespace() {
+    // APEXd is always started in the "current" namespace because it is the process to set up
+    // the current namespace. So, leave mount_namespace_ as empty.
+    if (args_[0] == "/system/bin/apexd") {
+        return;
+    }
+    // Services in the following list start in the "default" mount namespace.
+    // Note that they should use bootstrap bionic if they start before APEXes are ready.
+    static const std::set<std::string> kUseDefaultMountNamespace = {
+            "ueventd",           // load firmwares from APEXes
+            "hwservicemanager",  // load VINTF fragments from APEXes
+            "servicemanager",    // load VINTF fragments from APEXes
+    };
+    if (kUseDefaultMountNamespace.find(name_) != kUseDefaultMountNamespace.end()) {
+        mount_namespace_ = NS_DEFAULT;
+        return;
+    }
+    // Use the "default" mount namespace only if it's ready
+    mount_namespace_ = IsDefaultMountNamespaceReady() ? NS_DEFAULT : NS_BOOTSTRAP;
+}
+
 void Service::SetStartedInFirstStage(pid_t pid) {
     LOG(INFO) << "adding first-stage service '" << name_ << "'...";
 
@@ -849,7 +950,7 @@
     }
 
     return std::make_unique<Service>(name, flags, *uid, *gid, supp_gids, namespace_flags, seclabel,
-                                     nullptr, str_args, false);
+                                     nullptr, /*filename=*/"", str_args);
 }
 
 // This is used for snapuserd_proxy, which hands off a socket to snapuserd. It's
diff --git a/init/service.h b/init/service.h
index d233cbf..10a0790 100644
--- a/init/service.h
+++ b/init/service.h
@@ -31,7 +31,9 @@
 
 #include "action.h"
 #include "capabilities.h"
+#include "interprocess_fifo.h"
 #include "keyword_map.h"
+#include "mount_namespace.h"
 #include "parser.h"
 #include "service_utils.h"
 #include "subcontext.h"
@@ -65,12 +67,12 @@
 
   public:
     Service(const std::string& name, Subcontext* subcontext_for_restart_commands,
-            const std::vector<std::string>& args, bool from_apex = false);
+            const std::string& filename, const std::vector<std::string>& args);
 
     Service(const std::string& name, unsigned flags, uid_t uid, gid_t gid,
             const std::vector<gid_t>& supp_gids, int namespace_flags, const std::string& seclabel,
-            Subcontext* subcontext_for_restart_commands, const std::vector<std::string>& args,
-            bool from_apex = false);
+            Subcontext* subcontext_for_restart_commands, const std::string& filename,
+            const std::vector<std::string>& args);
 
     static Result<std::unique_ptr<Service>> MakeTemporaryOneshotService(
             const std::vector<std::string>& args);
@@ -102,6 +104,7 @@
     size_t CheckAllCommands() const { return onrestart_.CheckAllCommands(); }
 
     static bool is_exec_service_running() { return is_exec_service_running_; }
+    static pid_t exec_service_pid() { return exec_service_pid_; }
     static std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::steady_clock> exec_service_started() {
         return exec_service_started_;
     }
@@ -132,7 +135,7 @@
     const std::vector<std::string>& args() const { return args_; }
     bool is_updatable() const { return updatable_; }
     bool is_post_data() const { return post_data_; }
-    bool is_from_apex() const { return from_apex_; }
+    bool is_from_apex() const { return base::StartsWith(filename_, "/apex/"); }
     void set_oneshot(bool value) {
         if (value) {
             flags_ |= SVC_ONESHOT;
@@ -141,6 +144,8 @@
         }
     }
     Subcontext* subcontext() const { return subcontext_; }
+    const std::string& filename() const { return filename_; }
+    void set_filename(const std::string& name) { filename_ = name; }
 
   private:
     void NotifyStateChange(const std::string& new_state) const;
@@ -150,11 +155,9 @@
     void ResetFlagsForStart();
     Result<void> CheckConsole();
     void ConfigureMemcg();
-    void RunService(
-            const std::optional<MountNamespace>& override_mount_namespace,
-            const std::vector<Descriptor>& descriptors,
-            std::unique_ptr<std::array<int, 2>, void (*)(const std::array<int, 2>* pipe)> pipefd);
-
+    void RunService(const std::vector<Descriptor>& descriptors, InterprocessFifo cgroups_activated,
+                    InterprocessFifo setsid_finished);
+    void SetMountNamespace();
     static unsigned long next_start_order_;
     static bool is_exec_service_running_;
     static std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::steady_clock> exec_service_started_;
@@ -168,6 +171,7 @@
     android::base::boot_clock::time_point time_started_;  // time of last start
     android::base::boot_clock::time_point time_crashed_;  // first crash within inspection window
     int crash_count_;                     // number of times crashed within window
+    bool upgraded_mte_ = false;           // whether we upgraded async MTE -> sync MTE before
     std::chrono::minutes fatal_crash_window_ = 4min;  // fatal() when more than 4 crashes in it
     std::optional<std::string> fatal_reboot_target_;  // reboot target of fatal handler
 
@@ -180,6 +184,8 @@
     std::vector<SocketDescriptor> sockets_;
     std::vector<FileDescriptor> files_;
     std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> environment_vars_;
+    // Environment variables that only get applied to the next run.
+    std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> once_environment_vars_;
 
     Subcontext* subcontext_;
     Action onrestart_;  // Commands to execute on restart.
@@ -219,13 +225,13 @@
 
     std::vector<std::function<void(const siginfo_t& siginfo)>> reap_callbacks_;
 
-    bool use_bootstrap_ns_ = false;
+    std::optional<MountNamespace> mount_namespace_;
 
     bool post_data_ = false;
 
     std::optional<std::string> on_failure_reboot_target_;
 
-    bool from_apex_ = false;
+    std::string filename_;
 };
 
 }  // namespace init
diff --git a/init/service_list.h b/init/service_list.h
index 555da25..f858bc3 100644
--- a/init/service_list.h
+++ b/init/service_list.h
@@ -16,10 +16,14 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <iterator>
 #include <memory>
 #include <vector>
 
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+
 #include "service.h"
+#include "util.h"
 
 namespace android {
 namespace init {
@@ -52,6 +56,17 @@
         return nullptr;
     }
 
+    std::vector<Service*> FindServicesByApexName(const std::string& apex_name) const {
+        CHECK(!apex_name.empty()) << "APEX name cannot be empty";
+        std::vector<Service*> matches;
+        for (const auto& svc : services_) {
+            if (GetApexNameFromFileName(svc->filename()) == apex_name) {
+                matches.emplace_back(svc.get());
+            }
+        }
+        return matches;
+    }
+
     Service* FindInterface(const std::string& interface_name) {
         for (const auto& svc : services_) {
             if (svc->interfaces().count(interface_name) > 0) {
@@ -79,6 +94,8 @@
         services_update_finished_ = false;
     }
 
+    auto size() const { return services_.size(); }
+
   private:
     std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Service>> services_;
 
diff --git a/init/service_parser.cpp b/init/service_parser.cpp
index 9e914ee..24a2024 100644
--- a/init/service_parser.cpp
+++ b/init/service_parser.cpp
@@ -434,11 +434,14 @@
                        << "' instead.";
     }
 
-    if (types.size() > 1) {
-        if (types.size() == 2 && types[1] == "passcred") {
+    for (size_t i = 1; i < types.size(); i++) {
+        if (types[i] == "passcred") {
             socket.passcred = true;
+        } else if (types[i] == "listen") {
+            socket.listen = true;
         } else {
-            return Error() << "Only 'passcred' may be used to modify the socket type";
+            return Error() << "Unknown socket type decoration '" << types[i]
+                           << "'. Known values are ['passcred', 'listen']";
         }
     }
 
@@ -647,7 +650,7 @@
         }
     }
 
-    service_ = std::make_unique<Service>(name, restart_action_subcontext, str_args, from_apex_);
+    service_ = std::make_unique<Service>(name, restart_action_subcontext, filename, str_args);
     return {};
 }
 
diff --git a/init/service_parser.h b/init/service_parser.h
index 0fd2da5..54503dd 100644
--- a/init/service_parser.h
+++ b/init/service_parser.h
@@ -31,13 +31,11 @@
   public:
     ServiceParser(
             ServiceList* service_list, Subcontext* subcontext,
-            const std::optional<InterfaceInheritanceHierarchyMap>& interface_inheritance_hierarchy,
-            bool from_apex = false)
+            const std::optional<InterfaceInheritanceHierarchyMap>& interface_inheritance_hierarchy)
         : service_list_(service_list),
           subcontext_(subcontext),
           interface_inheritance_hierarchy_(interface_inheritance_hierarchy),
-          service_(nullptr),
-          from_apex_(from_apex) {}
+          service_(nullptr) {}
     Result<void> ParseSection(std::vector<std::string>&& args, const std::string& filename,
                               int line) override;
     Result<void> ParseLineSection(std::vector<std::string>&& args, int line) override;
@@ -92,7 +90,6 @@
     std::optional<InterfaceInheritanceHierarchyMap> interface_inheritance_hierarchy_;
     std::unique_ptr<Service> service_;
     std::string filename_;
-    bool from_apex_ = false;
 };
 
 }  // namespace init
diff --git a/init/service_test.cpp b/init/service_test.cpp
index 22ee844..87a2ce5 100644
--- a/init/service_test.cpp
+++ b/init/service_test.cpp
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
 
     std::vector<std::string> dummy_args{"/bin/test"};
     Service* service_in_old_memory =
-        new (old_memory) Service("test_old_memory", nullptr, dummy_args);
+        new (old_memory) Service("test_old_memory", nullptr, /*filename=*/"", dummy_args);
 
     EXPECT_EQ(0U, service_in_old_memory->flags());
     EXPECT_EQ(0, service_in_old_memory->pid());
@@ -58,7 +58,8 @@
     }
 
     Service* service_in_old_memory2 = new (old_memory) Service(
-            "test_old_memory", 0U, 0U, 0U, std::vector<gid_t>(), 0U, "", nullptr, dummy_args);
+            "test_old_memory", 0U, 0U, 0U, std::vector<gid_t>(), 0U, "",
+            nullptr, /*filename=*/"", dummy_args);
 
     EXPECT_EQ(0U, service_in_old_memory2->flags());
     EXPECT_EQ(0, service_in_old_memory2->pid());
diff --git a/init/service_utils.cpp b/init/service_utils.cpp
index eed5c65..56a80b5 100644
--- a/init/service_utils.cpp
+++ b/init/service_utils.cpp
@@ -168,7 +168,8 @@
 
 Result<Descriptor> SocketDescriptor::Create(const std::string& global_context) const {
     const auto& socket_context = context.empty() ? global_context : context;
-    auto result = CreateSocket(name, type | SOCK_CLOEXEC, passcred, perm, uid, gid, socket_context);
+    auto result = CreateSocket(name, type | SOCK_CLOEXEC, passcred, listen, perm, uid, gid,
+                               socket_context);
     if (!result.ok()) {
         return result.error();
     }
@@ -243,7 +244,11 @@
         setsid();
         OpenConsole(attr.console);
     } else {
-        if (setpgid(0, getpid()) == -1) {
+        // Without PID namespaces, this call duplicates the setpgid() call from
+        // the parent process. With PID namespaces, this setpgid() call sets the
+        // process group ID for a child of the init process in the PID
+        // namespace.
+        if (setpgid(0, 0) == -1) {
             return ErrnoError() << "setpgid failed";
         }
         SetupStdio(attr.stdio_to_kmsg);
@@ -279,6 +284,15 @@
 }
 
 Result<void> WritePidToFiles(std::vector<std::string>* files) {
+    if (files->empty()) {
+        // No files to write pid to, exit early.
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    if (!CgroupsAvailable()) {
+        return Error() << "cgroups are not available";
+    }
+
     // See if there were "writepid" instructions to write to files under cpuset path.
     std::string cpuset_path;
     if (CgroupGetControllerPath("cpuset", &cpuset_path)) {
diff --git a/init/service_utils.h b/init/service_utils.h
index 9b65dca..65a2012 100644
--- a/init/service_utils.h
+++ b/init/service_utils.h
@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@
     int perm = 0;
     std::string context;
     bool passcred = false;
+    bool listen = false;
     bool persist = false;
 
     // Create() creates the named unix domain socket in /dev/socket and returns a Descriptor object.
diff --git a/init/sigchld_handler.cpp b/init/sigchld_handler.cpp
index 9b2c7d9..f8c501f 100644
--- a/init/sigchld_handler.cpp
+++ b/init/sigchld_handler.cpp
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 #include <unistd.h>
 
 #include <android-base/chrono_utils.h>
+#include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/scopeguard.h>
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
@@ -36,6 +37,7 @@
 
 using android::base::boot_clock;
 using android::base::make_scope_guard;
+using android::base::ReadFileToString;
 using android::base::StringPrintf;
 using android::base::Timer;
 
@@ -51,8 +53,13 @@
         return 0;
     }
 
-    auto pid = siginfo.si_pid;
-    if (pid == 0) return 0;
+    const pid_t pid = siginfo.si_pid;
+    if (pid == 0) {
+        DCHECK_EQ(siginfo.si_signo, 0);
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    DCHECK_EQ(siginfo.si_signo, SIGCHLD);
 
     // At this point we know we have a zombie pid, so we use this scopeguard to reap the pid
     // whenever the function returns from this point forward.
@@ -95,7 +102,10 @@
         LOG(INFO) << name << " received signal " << siginfo.si_status << wait_string;
     }
 
-    if (!service) return pid;
+    if (!service) {
+        LOG(INFO) << name << " did not have an associated service entry and will not be reaped";
+        return pid;
+    }
 
     service->Reap(siginfo);
 
@@ -129,6 +139,11 @@
     }
     LOG(INFO) << "Waiting for " << pids.size() << " pids to be reaped took " << t << " with "
               << alive_pids.size() << " of them still running";
+    for (pid_t pid : pids) {
+        std::string status = "(no-such-pid)";
+        ReadFileToString(StringPrintf("/proc/%d/status", pid), &status);
+        LOG(INFO) << "Still running: " << pid << ' ' << status;
+    }
 }
 
 }  // namespace init
diff --git a/init/snapuserd_transition.cpp b/init/snapuserd_transition.cpp
index 5c821b0..6972f30 100644
--- a/init/snapuserd_transition.cpp
+++ b/init/snapuserd_transition.cpp
@@ -226,12 +226,9 @@
 
     argv_.emplace_back("snapuserd");
     argv_.emplace_back("-no_socket");
-    if (!sm_->DetachSnapuserdForSelinux(&argv_)) {
+    if (!sm_->PrepareSnapuserdArgsForSelinux(&argv_)) {
         LOG(FATAL) << "Could not perform selinux transition";
     }
-
-    // Make sure the process is gone so we don't have any selinux audits.
-    KillFirstStageSnapuserd(old_pid_);
 }
 
 void SnapuserdSelinuxHelper::FinishTransition() {
@@ -301,6 +298,12 @@
 }
 
 void SnapuserdSelinuxHelper::RelaunchFirstStageSnapuserd() {
+    if (!sm_->DetachFirstStageSnapuserdForSelinux()) {
+        LOG(FATAL) << "Could not perform selinux transition";
+    }
+
+    KillFirstStageSnapuserd(old_pid_);
+
     auto fd = GetRamdiskSnapuserdFd();
     if (!fd) {
         LOG(FATAL) << "Environment variable " << kSnapuserdFirstStageFdVar << " was not set!";
diff --git a/init/subcontext.cpp b/init/subcontext.cpp
index bb3967e..961e006 100644
--- a/init/subcontext.cpp
+++ b/init/subcontext.cpp
@@ -251,11 +251,8 @@
 }
 
 bool Subcontext::PathMatchesSubcontext(const std::string& path) const {
-    static const std::string kApexDir = "/apex/";
-    if (StartsWith(path, kApexDir)) {
-        auto begin = kApexDir.size();
-        auto end = path.find('/', begin);
-        auto apex_name = path.substr(begin, end - begin);
+    auto apex_name = GetApexNameFromFileName(path);
+    if (!apex_name.empty()) {
         return std::find(apex_list_.begin(), apex_list_.end(), apex_name) != apex_list_.end();
     }
     for (const auto& prefix : path_prefixes_) {
@@ -381,6 +378,9 @@
 }
 
 void SubcontextTerminate() {
+    if (!subcontext) {
+        return;
+    }
     subcontext_terminated_by_shutdown = true;
     kill(subcontext->pid(), SIGTERM);
 }
diff --git a/init/subcontext.h b/init/subcontext.h
index 8acc032..93ebace 100644
--- a/init/subcontext.h
+++ b/init/subcontext.h
@@ -36,8 +36,10 @@
 
 class Subcontext {
   public:
-    Subcontext(std::vector<std::string> path_prefixes, std::string context, bool host = false)
-        : path_prefixes_(std::move(path_prefixes)), context_(std::move(context)), pid_(0) {
+    Subcontext(std::vector<std::string> path_prefixes, std::string_view context, bool host = false)
+        : path_prefixes_(std::move(path_prefixes)),
+          context_(context.begin(), context.end()),
+          pid_(0) {
         if (!host) {
             Fork();
         }
diff --git a/init/test_upgrade_mte/Android.bp b/init/test_upgrade_mte/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1bfc76c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/test_upgrade_mte/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package {
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["system_core_init_license"],
+}
+
+cc_binary {
+  name: "mte_upgrade_test_helper",
+  srcs: ["mte_upgrade_test_helper.cpp"],
+  sanitize: {
+    memtag_heap: true,
+    diag: {
+      memtag_heap: false,
+    },
+  },
+  init_rc: [
+    "mte_upgrade_test.rc",
+  ],
+}
+
+java_test_host {
+    name: "mte_upgrade_test",
+    libs: ["tradefed"],
+    static_libs: ["frameworks-base-hostutils", "cts-install-lib-host"],
+    srcs:  ["src/**/MteUpgradeTest.java", ":libtombstone_proto-src"],
+    data: [":mte_upgrade_test_helper", "mte_upgrade_test.rc" ],
+    test_config: "AndroidTest.xml",
+    test_suites: ["general-tests"],
+}
diff --git a/init/test_upgrade_mte/AndroidTest.xml b/init/test_upgrade_mte/AndroidTest.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b89cde8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/test_upgrade_mte/AndroidTest.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!-- Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+
+     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+     You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+     limitations under the License.
+-->
+<configuration description="Runs the MTE upgrade tests">
+    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="init_test_upgrade_mte" />
+    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct" />
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.RootTargetPreparer"/>
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.PushFilePreparer">
+      <option name="cleanup" value="true" />
+      <option name="remount-system" value="true" />
+      <option name="push" value="mte_upgrade_test.rc->/system/etc/init/mte_upgrade_test.rc" />
+      <option name="push" value="mte_upgrade_test_helper->/system/bin/mte_upgrade_test_helper" />
+      <option name="push" value="mte_upgrade_test_helper->/data/local/tmp/app_process64" />
+    </target_preparer>
+    <test class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.HostTest" >
+        <option name="jar" value="mte_upgrade_test.jar" />
+    </test>
+</configuration>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/init/test_upgrade_mte/mte_upgrade_test.rc b/init/test_upgrade_mte/mte_upgrade_test.rc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a3e596c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/test_upgrade_mte/mte_upgrade_test.rc
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+service mte_upgrade_test_helper /system/bin/mte_upgrade_test_helper ${sys.mte_crash_test_uuid}
+  class late_start
+  disabled
+  seclabel u:r:su:s0
+
+service mte_upgrade_test_helper_overridden /system/bin/mte_upgrade_test_helper ${sys.mte_crash_test_uuid}
+  class late_start
+  disabled
+  seclabel u:r:su:s0
+  setenv BIONIC_MEMTAG_UPGRADE_SECS 0
diff --git a/init/test_upgrade_mte/mte_upgrade_test_helper.cpp b/init/test_upgrade_mte/mte_upgrade_test_helper.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..10af06b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/test_upgrade_mte/mte_upgrade_test_helper.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <linux/prctl.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/prctl.h>
+#include <time.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+int MaybeDowngrade() {
+    int res = prctl(PR_GET_TAGGED_ADDR_CTRL, 0, 0, 0, 0);
+    if (res == -1) return 1;
+    if (static_cast<unsigned long>(res) & PR_MTE_TCF_ASYNC) return 2;
+    time_t t = time(nullptr);
+    while (time(nullptr) - t < 100) {
+        res = prctl(PR_GET_TAGGED_ADDR_CTRL, 0, 0, 0, 0);
+        if (static_cast<unsigned long>(res) & PR_MTE_TCF_ASYNC) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        sleep(1);
+    }
+    return 3;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+    if (argc == 2 && strcmp(argv[1], "--check-downgrade") == 0) {
+        return MaybeDowngrade();
+    }
+    int res = prctl(PR_GET_TAGGED_ADDR_CTRL, 0, 0, 0, 0);
+    if (res == -1) abort();
+    if (argc == 2 && strcmp(argv[1], "--get-mode") == 0) {
+        if (res & PR_MTE_TCF_ASYNC) {
+            return 1;
+        }
+        if (res & PR_MTE_TCF_SYNC) {
+            return 2;
+        }
+        abort();
+    }
+
+    if (res & PR_MTE_TCF_ASYNC && res & PR_MTE_TCF_SYNC) {
+        // Disallow automatic upgrade from ASYNC mode.
+        if (prctl(PR_SET_TAGGED_ADDR_CTRL, res & ~PR_MTE_TCF_SYNC, 0, 0, 0) == -1) abort();
+    }
+    volatile char* f = (char*)malloc(1);
+    f[17] = 'x';
+    char buf[1];
+    read(1, buf, 1);
+    return 0;
+}
diff --git a/init/test_upgrade_mte/src/com/android/tests/init/MteUpgradeTest.java b/init/test_upgrade_mte/src/com/android/tests/init/MteUpgradeTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f4e4a9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/test_upgrade_mte/src/com/android/tests/init/MteUpgradeTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.tests.init;
+
+import static com.google.common.truth.Truth.assertThat;
+
+import static org.junit.Assume.assumeTrue;
+
+import com.android.server.os.TombstoneProtos.Tombstone;
+import com.android.tradefed.testtype.DeviceJUnit4ClassRunner;
+import com.android.tradefed.testtype.junit4.BaseHostJUnit4Test;
+import com.android.tradefed.util.CommandResult;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+
+@RunWith(DeviceJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
+public class MteUpgradeTest extends BaseHostJUnit4Test {
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
+        CommandResult result =
+                getDevice().executeShellV2Command("/system/bin/mte_upgrade_test_helper --checking");
+        assumeTrue("mte_upgrade_test_binary needs to segfault", result.getExitCode() == 139);
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() throws Exception {
+        // Easier here than in a finally in testCrash, and doesn't really hurt.
+        getDevice().executeShellV2Command("stop mte_upgrade_test_helper");
+        getDevice().executeShellV2Command("stop mte_upgrade_test_helper_overridden");
+        getDevice().setProperty("sys.mte_crash_test_uuid", "");
+    }
+
+    Tombstone parseTombstone(String tombstonePath) throws Exception {
+        File tombstoneFile = getDevice().pullFile(tombstonePath);
+        InputStream istr = new FileInputStream(tombstoneFile);
+        Tombstone tombstoneProto;
+        try {
+            tombstoneProto = Tombstone.parseFrom(istr);
+        } finally {
+            istr.close();
+        }
+        return tombstoneProto;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCrash() throws Exception {
+        String uuid = java.util.UUID.randomUUID().toString();
+        getDevice().reboot();
+        assertThat(getDevice().setProperty("sys.mte_crash_test_uuid", uuid)).isTrue();
+
+        CommandResult result = getDevice().executeShellV2Command("start mte_upgrade_test_helper");
+        assertThat(result.getExitCode()).isEqualTo(0);
+        java.lang.Thread.sleep(20000);
+        String[] tombstonesAfter = getDevice().getChildren("/data/tombstones");
+        ArrayList<String> segvCodeNames = new ArrayList<String>();
+        for (String tombstone : tombstonesAfter) {
+            if (!tombstone.endsWith(".pb")) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            String tombstoneFilename = "/data/tombstones/" + tombstone;
+            Tombstone tombstoneProto = parseTombstone(tombstoneFilename);
+            if (!tombstoneProto.getCommandLineList().stream().anyMatch(x -> x.contains(uuid))) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            assertThat(tombstoneProto.getSignalInfo().getName()).isEqualTo("SIGSEGV");
+            segvCodeNames.add(tombstoneProto.getSignalInfo().getCodeName());
+            getDevice().deleteFile(tombstoneFilename);
+            // remove the non .pb file as well.
+            getDevice().deleteFile(tombstoneFilename.substring(0, tombstoneFilename.length() - 3));
+        }
+        assertThat(segvCodeNames.size()).isAtLeast(3);
+        assertThat(segvCodeNames.get(0)).isEqualTo("SEGV_MTEAERR");
+        assertThat(segvCodeNames.get(1)).isEqualTo("SEGV_MTESERR");
+        assertThat(segvCodeNames.get(2)).isEqualTo("SEGV_MTEAERR");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCrashOverridden() throws Exception {
+        String uuid = java.util.UUID.randomUUID().toString();
+        getDevice().reboot();
+        assertThat(getDevice().setProperty("sys.mte_crash_test_uuid", uuid)).isTrue();
+
+        CommandResult result =
+                getDevice().executeShellV2Command("start mte_upgrade_test_helper_overridden");
+        assertThat(result.getExitCode()).isEqualTo(0);
+        java.lang.Thread.sleep(20000);
+        String[] tombstonesAfter = getDevice().getChildren("/data/tombstones");
+        ArrayList<String> segvCodeNames = new ArrayList<String>();
+        for (String tombstone : tombstonesAfter) {
+            if (!tombstone.endsWith(".pb")) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            String tombstoneFilename = "/data/tombstones/" + tombstone;
+            Tombstone tombstoneProto = parseTombstone(tombstoneFilename);
+            if (!tombstoneProto.getCommandLineList().stream().anyMatch(x -> x.contains(uuid))) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            assertThat(tombstoneProto.getSignalInfo().getName()).isEqualTo("SIGSEGV");
+            segvCodeNames.add(tombstoneProto.getSignalInfo().getCodeName());
+            getDevice().deleteFile(tombstoneFilename);
+            // remove the non .pb file as well.
+            getDevice().deleteFile(tombstoneFilename.substring(0, tombstoneFilename.length() - 3));
+        }
+        assertThat(segvCodeNames.size()).isAtLeast(3);
+        assertThat(segvCodeNames.get(0)).isEqualTo("SEGV_MTEAERR");
+        assertThat(segvCodeNames.get(1)).isEqualTo("SEGV_MTEAERR");
+        assertThat(segvCodeNames.get(2)).isEqualTo("SEGV_MTEAERR");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDowngrade() throws Exception {
+        CommandResult result =
+                getDevice()
+                        .executeShellV2Command(
+                                "MEMTAG_OPTIONS=async BIONIC_MEMTAG_UPGRADE_SECS=5"
+                                        + " /system/bin/mte_upgrade_test_helper --check-downgrade");
+        assertThat(result.getExitCode()).isEqualTo(0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAppProcess() throws Exception {
+        CommandResult result =
+                getDevice()
+                        .executeShellV2Command(
+                                "MEMTAG_OPTIONS=async BIONIC_MEMTAG_UPGRADE_SECS=5"
+                                        + " /data/local/tmp/app_process64 --get-mode");
+        assertThat(result.getExitCode()).isEqualTo(1);  // ASYNC
+    }
+}
diff --git a/init/util.cpp b/init/util.cpp
index 1801d17..3d42855 100644
--- a/init/util.cpp
+++ b/init/util.cpp
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@
 #include <time.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
+#include <map>
 #include <thread>
 
 #include <android-base/file.h>
@@ -88,8 +89,8 @@
  * daemon. We communicate the file descriptor's value via the environment
  * variable ANDROID_SOCKET_ENV_PREFIX<name> ("ANDROID_SOCKET_foo").
  */
-Result<int> CreateSocket(const std::string& name, int type, bool passcred, mode_t perm, uid_t uid,
-                         gid_t gid, const std::string& socketcon) {
+Result<int> CreateSocket(const std::string& name, int type, bool passcred, bool should_listen,
+                         mode_t perm, uid_t uid, gid_t gid, const std::string& socketcon) {
     if (!socketcon.empty()) {
         if (setsockcreatecon(socketcon.c_str()) == -1) {
             return ErrnoError() << "setsockcreatecon(\"" << socketcon << "\") failed";
@@ -144,6 +145,9 @@
     if (fchmodat(AT_FDCWD, addr.sun_path, perm, AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW)) {
         return ErrnoError() << "Failed to fchmodat socket '" << addr.sun_path << "'";
     }
+    if (should_listen && listen(fd, /* use OS maximum */ 1 << 30)) {
+        return ErrnoError() << "Failed to listen on socket '" << addr.sun_path << "'";
+    }
 
     LOG(INFO) << "Created socket '" << addr.sun_path << "'"
               << ", mode " << std::oct << perm << std::dec
@@ -733,5 +737,72 @@
     return is_microdroid;
 }
 
+bool Has32BitAbi() {
+    static bool has = !android::base::GetProperty("ro.product.cpu.abilist32", "").empty();
+    return has;
+}
+
+std::string GetApexNameFromFileName(const std::string& path) {
+    static const std::string kApexDir = "/apex/";
+    if (StartsWith(path, kApexDir)) {
+        auto begin = kApexDir.size();
+        auto end = path.find('/', begin);
+        return path.substr(begin, end - begin);
+    }
+    return "";
+}
+
+std::vector<std::string> FilterVersionedConfigs(const std::vector<std::string>& configs,
+                                                int active_sdk) {
+    std::vector<std::string> filtered_configs;
+
+    std::map<std::string, std::pair<std::string, int>> script_map;
+    for (const auto& c : configs) {
+        int sdk = 0;
+        const std::vector<std::string> parts = android::base::Split(c, ".");
+        std::string base;
+        if (parts.size() < 2) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // parts[size()-1], aka the suffix, should be "rc" or "#rc"
+        // any other pattern gets discarded
+
+        const auto& suffix = parts[parts.size() - 1];
+        if (suffix == "rc") {
+            sdk = 0;
+        } else {
+            char trailer[9] = {0};
+            int r = sscanf(suffix.c_str(), "%d%8s", &sdk, trailer);
+            if (r != 2) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (strlen(trailer) > 2 || strcmp(trailer, "rc") != 0) {
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (sdk < 0 || sdk > active_sdk) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        base = parts[0];
+        for (unsigned int i = 1; i < parts.size() - 1; i++) {
+            base = base + "." + parts[i];
+        }
+
+        // is this preferred over what we already have
+        auto it = script_map.find(base);
+        if (it == script_map.end() || it->second.second < sdk) {
+            script_map[base] = std::make_pair(c, sdk);
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (const auto& m : script_map) {
+        filtered_configs.push_back(m.second.first);
+    }
+    return filtered_configs;
+}
+
 }  // namespace init
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/util.h b/init/util.h
index 47d4ff5..e58e70e 100644
--- a/init/util.h
+++ b/init/util.h
@@ -44,8 +44,8 @@
 
 extern void (*trigger_shutdown)(const std::string& command);
 
-Result<int> CreateSocket(const std::string& name, int type, bool passcred, mode_t perm, uid_t uid,
-                         gid_t gid, const std::string& socketcon);
+Result<int> CreateSocket(const std::string& name, int type, bool passcred, bool should_listen,
+                         mode_t perm, uid_t uid, gid_t gid, const std::string& socketcon);
 
 Result<std::string> ReadFile(const std::string& path);
 Result<void> WriteFile(const std::string& path, const std::string& content);
@@ -106,5 +106,14 @@
 void SetDefaultMountNamespaceReady();
 
 bool IsMicrodroid();
+bool Has32BitAbi();
+
+std::string GetApexNameFromFileName(const std::string& path);
+
+// Compare all files */path.#rc and */path.rc with the same path prefix.
+// Keep the one with the highest # that doesn't exceed the system's SDK.
+// (.rc == .0rc for ranking purposes)
+std::vector<std::string> FilterVersionedConfigs(const std::vector<std::string>& configs,
+                                                  int active_sdk);
 }  // namespace init
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/janitors/OWNERS b/janitors/OWNERS
index 3e32c26..e132f0b 100644
--- a/janitors/OWNERS
+++ b/janitors/OWNERS
@@ -2,5 +2,5 @@
 ccross@google.com
 dwillemsen@google.com
 enh@google.com
-hhb@google.com
 narayan@google.com
+sadafebrahimi@google.com
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/libcutils/Android.bp b/libcutils/Android.bp
index c8bfb01..b135e57 100644
--- a/libcutils/Android.bp
+++ b/libcutils/Android.bp
@@ -168,6 +168,9 @@
     target: {
         linux_bionic: {
             enabled: true,
+            static_libs: [
+                "libasync_safe",
+            ],
         },
         not_windows: {
             srcs: libcutils_nonwindows_sources + [
@@ -190,6 +193,12 @@
             ],
         },
         android: {
+            sanitize: {
+                misc_undefined: ["integer"],
+            },
+            static_libs: [
+                "libasync_safe",
+            ],
             srcs: libcutils_nonwindows_sources + [
                 "android_reboot.cpp",
                 "ashmem-dev.cpp",
@@ -203,32 +212,6 @@
             ],
         },
 
-        android_arm: {
-            sanitize: {
-                misc_undefined: ["integer"],
-            },
-        },
-        android_arm64: {
-            sanitize: {
-                misc_undefined: ["integer"],
-            },
-        },
-
-        android_x86: {
-            // TODO: This is to work around b/29412086.
-            // Remove once __mulodi4 is available and move the "sanitize" block
-            // to the android target.
-            sanitize: {
-                misc_undefined: [],
-            },
-        },
-
-        android_x86_64: {
-            sanitize: {
-                misc_undefined: ["integer"],
-            },
-        },
-
         // qtaguid.cpp loads libnetd_client.so with dlopen().  Since
         // the interface of libnetd_client.so may vary between AOSP
         // releases, exclude qtaguid.cpp from the VNDK-SP variant.
diff --git a/libcutils/include/cutils/native_handle.h b/libcutils/include/cutils/native_handle.h
index 4f07456..e46e7cd 100644
--- a/libcutils/include/cutils/native_handle.h
+++ b/libcutils/include/cutils/native_handle.h
@@ -49,18 +49,28 @@
 typedef const native_handle_t* buffer_handle_t;
 
 /*
- * native_handle_close
- * 
- * closes the file descriptors contained in this native_handle_t
- * 
+ * Closes the file descriptors contained in this native_handle_t, which may
+ * either be untagged or tagged for ownership by this native_handle_t via
+ * native_handle_set_tag(). Mixing untagged and tagged fds in the same
+ * native_handle_t is not permitted and triggers an fdsan exception, but
+ * native_handle_set_fdsan_tag() can be used to bring consistency if this is
+ * intentional.
+ *
+ * If it's known that fds are tagged, prefer native_handle_close_with_tag() for
+ * better safety.
+ *
  * return 0 on success, or a negative error code on failure
- * 
  */
 int native_handle_close(const native_handle_t* h);
 
 /*
- * native_handle_init
- *
+ * Equivalent to native_handle_close(), but throws an fdsan exception if the fds
+ * are untagged. Use if it's known that the fds in this native_handle_t were
+ * previously tagged via native_handle_set_tag().
+ */
+int native_handle_close_with_tag(const native_handle_t* h);
+
+/*
  * Initializes a native_handle_t from storage.  storage must be declared with
  * NATIVE_HANDLE_DECLARE_STORAGE.  numFds and numInts must not respectively
  * exceed maxFds and maxInts used to declare the storage.
@@ -68,33 +78,42 @@
 native_handle_t* native_handle_init(char* storage, int numFds, int numInts);
 
 /*
- * native_handle_create
- *
- * creates a native_handle_t and initializes it. must be destroyed with
+ * Creates a native_handle_t and initializes it. Must be destroyed with
  * native_handle_delete(). Note that numFds must be <= NATIVE_HANDLE_MAX_FDS,
  * numInts must be <= NATIVE_HANDLE_MAX_INTS, and both must be >= 0.
- *
  */
 native_handle_t* native_handle_create(int numFds, int numInts);
 
 /*
- * native_handle_clone
- *
- * creates a native_handle_t and initializes it from another native_handle_t.
+ * Updates the fdsan tag for any file descriptors contained in the supplied
+ * handle to indicate that they are owned by this handle and should only be
+ * closed via native_handle_close()/native_handle_close_with_tag(). Each fd in
+ * the handle must have a tag of either 0 (unset) or the tag associated with
+ * this handle, otherwise an fdsan exception will be triggered.
+ */
+void native_handle_set_fdsan_tag(const native_handle_t* handle);
+
+/*
+ * Clears the fdsan tag for any file descriptors contained in the supplied
+ * native_handle_t. Use if this native_handle_t is giving up ownership of its
+ * fds, but the fdsan tags were previously set. Each fd in the handle must have
+ * a tag of either 0 (unset) or the tag associated with this handle, otherwise
+ * an fdsan exception will be triggered.
+ */
+void native_handle_unset_fdsan_tag(const native_handle_t* handle);
+
+/*
+ * Creates a native_handle_t and initializes it from another native_handle_t.
  * Must be destroyed with native_handle_delete().
- *
  */
 native_handle_t* native_handle_clone(const native_handle_t* handle);
 
 /*
- * native_handle_delete
- * 
- * frees a native_handle_t allocated with native_handle_create().
+ * Frees a native_handle_t allocated with native_handle_create().
  * This ONLY frees the memory allocated for the native_handle_t, but doesn't
  * close the file descriptors; which can be achieved with native_handle_close().
- * 
+ *
  * return 0 on success, or a negative error code on failure
- * 
  */
 int native_handle_delete(native_handle_t* h);
 
diff --git a/libcutils/include/private/android_filesystem_config.h b/libcutils/include/private/android_filesystem_config.h
index bdb8075..1e035bb 100644
--- a/libcutils/include/private/android_filesystem_config.h
+++ b/libcutils/include/private/android_filesystem_config.h
@@ -41,9 +41,11 @@
  */
 
 #define AID_ROOT 0 /* traditional unix root user */
-/* The following are for LTP and should only be used for testing */
-#define AID_DAEMON 1 /* traditional unix daemon owner */
-#define AID_BIN 2    /* traditional unix binaries owner */
+
+/* The following are for tests like LTP and should only be used for testing. */
+#define AID_DAEMON 1 /* Traditional unix daemon owner. */
+#define AID_BIN 2    /* Traditional unix binaries owner. */
+#define AID_SYS 3    /* A group with the same gid on Linux/macOS/Android. */
 
 #define AID_SYSTEM 1000 /* system server */
 
@@ -138,6 +140,7 @@
 #define AID_JC_IDENTITYCRED 1089  /* Javacard Identity Cred HAL - to manage omapi ARA rules */
 #define AID_SDK_SANDBOX 1090      /* SDK sandbox virtual UID */
 #define AID_SECURITY_LOG_WRITER 1091 /* write to security log */
+#define AID_PRNG_SEEDER 1092         /* PRNG seeder daemon */
 /* Changes to this file must be made in AOSP, *not* in internal branches. */
 
 #define AID_SHELL 2000 /* adb and debug shell user */
diff --git a/libcutils/native_handle.cpp b/libcutils/native_handle.cpp
index 5804ab1..b85c93b 100644
--- a/libcutils/native_handle.cpp
+++ b/libcutils/native_handle.cpp
@@ -22,13 +22,74 @@
 #include <string.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
+// Needs to come after stdlib includes to capture the __BIONIC__ definition
+#ifdef __BIONIC__
+#include <android/fdsan.h>
+#endif
+
+namespace {
+
+#if !defined(__BIONIC__)
+// fdsan stubs when not linked against bionic
+#define ANDROID_FDSAN_OWNER_TYPE_NATIVE_HANDLE 0
+
+uint64_t android_fdsan_create_owner_tag(int /*type*/, uint64_t /*tag*/) {
+    return 0;
+}
+uint64_t android_fdsan_get_owner_tag(int /*fd*/) {
+    return 0;
+}
+int android_fdsan_close_with_tag(int fd, uint64_t /*tag*/) {
+    return close(fd);
+}
+void android_fdsan_exchange_owner_tag(int /*fd*/, uint64_t /*expected_tag*/, uint64_t /*tag*/) {}
+#endif  // !__BIONIC__
+
+uint64_t get_fdsan_tag(const native_handle_t* handle) {
+    return android_fdsan_create_owner_tag(ANDROID_FDSAN_OWNER_TYPE_NATIVE_HANDLE,
+                                          reinterpret_cast<uint64_t>(handle));
+}
+
+int close_internal(const native_handle_t* h, bool allowUntagged) {
+    if (!h) return 0;
+
+    if (h->version != sizeof(native_handle_t)) return -EINVAL;
+
+    const int numFds = h->numFds;
+    uint64_t tag;
+    if (allowUntagged && numFds > 0 && android_fdsan_get_owner_tag(h->data[0]) == 0) {
+        tag = 0;
+    } else {
+        tag = get_fdsan_tag(h);
+    }
+    int saved_errno = errno;
+    for (int i = 0; i < numFds; ++i) {
+        android_fdsan_close_with_tag(h->data[i], tag);
+    }
+    errno = saved_errno;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void swap_fdsan_tags(const native_handle_t* handle, uint64_t expected_tag, uint64_t new_tag) {
+    if (!handle || handle->version != sizeof(native_handle_t)) return;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < handle->numFds; i++) {
+        // allow for idempotence to make the APIs easier to use
+        if (android_fdsan_get_owner_tag(handle->data[i]) != new_tag) {
+            android_fdsan_exchange_owner_tag(handle->data[i], expected_tag, new_tag);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+}  // anonymous namespace
+
 native_handle_t* native_handle_init(char* storage, int numFds, int numInts) {
-    if ((uintptr_t) storage % alignof(native_handle_t)) {
+    if ((uintptr_t)storage % alignof(native_handle_t)) {
         errno = EINVAL;
         return NULL;
     }
 
-    native_handle_t* handle = (native_handle_t*) storage;
+    native_handle_t* handle = (native_handle_t*)storage;
     handle->version = sizeof(native_handle_t);
     handle->numFds = numFds;
     handle->numInts = numInts;
@@ -52,6 +113,14 @@
     return h;
 }
 
+void native_handle_set_fdsan_tag(const native_handle_t* handle) {
+    swap_fdsan_tags(handle, 0, get_fdsan_tag(handle));
+}
+
+void native_handle_unset_fdsan_tag(const native_handle_t* handle) {
+    swap_fdsan_tags(handle, get_fdsan_tag(handle), 0);
+}
+
 native_handle_t* native_handle_clone(const native_handle_t* handle) {
     native_handle_t* clone = native_handle_create(handle->numFds, handle->numInts);
     if (clone == NULL) return NULL;
@@ -81,15 +150,9 @@
 }
 
 int native_handle_close(const native_handle_t* h) {
-    if (!h) return 0;
+    return close_internal(h, /*allowUntagged=*/true);
+}
 
-    if (h->version != sizeof(native_handle_t)) return -EINVAL;
-
-    int saved_errno = errno;
-    const int numFds = h->numFds;
-    for (int i = 0; i < numFds; ++i) {
-        close(h->data[i]);
-    }
-    errno = saved_errno;
-    return 0;
+int native_handle_close_with_tag(const native_handle_t* h) {
+    return close_internal(h, /*allowUntagged=*/false);
 }
diff --git a/libmodprobe/libmodprobe.cpp b/libmodprobe/libmodprobe.cpp
index 3054d2b..e071c96 100644
--- a/libmodprobe/libmodprobe.cpp
+++ b/libmodprobe/libmodprobe.cpp
@@ -440,12 +440,12 @@
 }
 
 // Another option to load kernel modules. load in independent modules in parallel
-// and then load modules which only have soft dependency, third update dependency list of other
-// remaining modules, repeat these steps until all modules are loaded.
+// and then update dependency list of other remaining modules, repeat these steps
+// until all modules are loaded.
 bool Modprobe::LoadModulesParallel(int num_threads) {
     bool ret = true;
+    int count = -1;
     std::map<std::string, std::set<std::string>> mod_with_deps;
-    std::map<std::string, std::set<std::string>> mod_with_softdeps;
 
     // Get dependencies
     for (const auto& module : module_load_) {
@@ -458,26 +458,36 @@
 
     // Get soft dependencies
     for (const auto& [it_mod, it_softdep] : module_pre_softdep_) {
-        mod_with_softdeps[MakeCanonical(it_mod)].emplace(it_softdep);
+        if (mod_with_deps.find(MakeCanonical(it_softdep)) != mod_with_deps.end()) {
+            mod_with_deps[MakeCanonical(it_mod)].emplace(
+                GetDependencies(MakeCanonical(it_softdep))[0]);
+        }
     }
 
     // Get soft post dependencies
     for (const auto& [it_mod, it_softdep] : module_post_softdep_) {
-        mod_with_softdeps[MakeCanonical(it_mod)].emplace(it_softdep);
+        if (mod_with_deps.find(MakeCanonical(it_softdep)) != mod_with_deps.end()) {
+            mod_with_deps[MakeCanonical(it_softdep)].emplace(
+                GetDependencies(MakeCanonical(it_mod))[0]);
+        }
     }
 
-    while (!mod_with_deps.empty()) {
+    while (!mod_with_deps.empty() &&  count != module_loaded_.size()) {
         std::vector<std::thread> threads;
         std::vector<std::string> mods_path_to_load;
-        std::vector<std::string> mods_with_softdep_to_load;
         std::mutex vector_lock;
+        count = module_loaded_.size();
 
-        // Find independent modules and modules only having soft dependencies
+        // Find independent modules
         for (const auto& [it_mod, it_dep] : mod_with_deps) {
-            if (it_dep.size() == 1 && mod_with_softdeps[it_mod].empty()) {
-                mods_path_to_load.emplace_back(*(it_dep.begin()));
-            } else if (it_dep.size() == 1) {
-                mods_with_softdep_to_load.emplace_back(it_mod);
+            if (it_dep.size() == 1) {
+                if (module_options_[it_mod].find("load_sequential=1") != std::string::npos) {
+                    if (!LoadWithAliases(it_mod, true) && !IsBlocklisted(it_mod)) {
+                      return false;
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    mods_path_to_load.emplace_back(it_mod);
+                }
             }
         }
 
@@ -485,12 +495,16 @@
         auto thread_function = [&] {
             std::unique_lock lk(vector_lock);
             while (!mods_path_to_load.empty()) {
-                auto mod_path_to_load = std::move(mods_path_to_load.back());
+                auto ret_load = true;
+                auto mod_to_load = std::move(mods_path_to_load.back());
                 mods_path_to_load.pop_back();
 
                 lk.unlock();
-                ret &= Insmod(mod_path_to_load, "");
+                ret_load &= LoadWithAliases(mod_to_load, true);
                 lk.lock();
+                if (!ret_load && !IsBlocklisted(mod_to_load)) {
+                    ret &= ret_load;
+                }
             }
         };
 
@@ -502,21 +516,12 @@
             thread.join();
         }
 
-        // Since we cannot assure if these soft dependencies tree are overlap,
-        // we loaded these modules one by one.
-        for (auto dep = mods_with_softdep_to_load.rbegin(); dep != mods_with_softdep_to_load.rend();
-             dep++) {
-            ret &= LoadWithAliases(*dep, true);
-        }
+        if (!ret) return ret;
 
         std::lock_guard guard(module_loaded_lock_);
         // Remove loaded module form mod_with_deps and soft dependencies of other modules
         for (const auto& module_loaded : module_loaded_) {
             mod_with_deps.erase(module_loaded);
-
-            for (auto& [mod, softdeps] : mod_with_softdeps) {
-                softdeps.erase(module_loaded);
-            }
         }
 
         // Remove loaded module form dependencies of other modules which are not loaded yet
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/Android.bp b/libprocessgroup/Android.bp
index 7b0e0d3..c6a0737 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/Android.bp
+++ b/libprocessgroup/Android.bp
@@ -2,6 +2,17 @@
     default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
 }
 
+cc_defaults {
+    name: "libprocessgroup_defaults",
+    cpp_std: "gnu++20",
+    cflags: [
+        "-Wall",
+        "-Werror",
+        "-Wexit-time-destructors",
+        "-Wno-unused-parameter",
+    ],
+}
+
 cc_library_headers {
     name: "libprocessgroup_headers",
     vendor_available: true,
@@ -62,11 +73,7 @@
     export_header_lib_headers: [
         "libprocessgroup_headers",
     ],
-    cflags: [
-        "-Wall",
-        "-Werror",
-        "-Wexit-time-destructors",
-    ],
+    defaults: ["libprocessgroup_defaults"],
     apex_available: [
         "//apex_available:platform",
         "//apex_available:anyapex",
@@ -77,12 +84,7 @@
 cc_test {
     name: "task_profiles_test",
     host_supported: true,
-    cflags: [
-        "-Wall",
-        "-Werror",
-        "-Wexit-time-destructors",
-        "-Wno-unused-parameter",
-    ],
+    defaults: ["libprocessgroup_defaults"],
     srcs: [
         "task_profiles_test.cpp",
     ],
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/libcgrouprc.map.txt b/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/libcgrouprc.map.txt
index ce5c419..b62b10f 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/libcgrouprc.map.txt
+++ b/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/libcgrouprc.map.txt
@@ -1,18 +1,18 @@
 LIBCGROUPRC { # introduced=29
   global:
-    ACgroupFile_getVersion;
-    ACgroupFile_getControllerCount;
-    ACgroupFile_getController;
-    ACgroupController_getVersion;
-    ACgroupController_getName;
-    ACgroupController_getPath;
+    ACgroupFile_getVersion; # llndk systemapi
+    ACgroupFile_getControllerCount; # llndk systemapi
+    ACgroupFile_getController; # llndk systemapi
+    ACgroupController_getVersion; # llndk systemapi
+    ACgroupController_getName; # llndk systemapi
+    ACgroupController_getPath; # llndk systemapi
   local:
     *;
 };
 
 LIBCGROUPRC_30 { # introduced=30
   global:
-    ACgroupController_getFlags;
+    ACgroupController_getFlags; # llndk systemapi
   local:
     *;
 };
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/include/processgroup/processgroup.h b/libprocessgroup/include/processgroup/processgroup.h
index 39b9f3f..9b2d775 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/include/processgroup/processgroup.h
+++ b/libprocessgroup/include/processgroup/processgroup.h
@@ -18,13 +18,17 @@
 
 #include <sys/cdefs.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
+#include <initializer_list>
+#include <span>
 #include <string>
+#include <string_view>
 #include <vector>
 
 __BEGIN_DECLS
 
 static constexpr const char* CGROUPV2_CONTROLLER_NAME = "cgroup2";
 
+bool CgroupsAvailable();
 bool CgroupGetControllerPath(const std::string& cgroup_name, std::string* path);
 bool CgroupGetControllerFromPath(const std::string& path, std::string* cgroup_name);
 bool CgroupGetAttributePath(const std::string& attr_name, std::string* path);
@@ -33,6 +37,19 @@
 bool SetTaskProfiles(int tid, const std::vector<std::string>& profiles, bool use_fd_cache = false);
 bool SetProcessProfiles(uid_t uid, pid_t pid, const std::vector<std::string>& profiles);
 
+__END_DECLS
+
+bool SetTaskProfiles(int tid, std::initializer_list<std::string_view> profiles,
+                     bool use_fd_cache = false);
+bool SetProcessProfiles(uid_t uid, pid_t pid, std::initializer_list<std::string_view> profiles);
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER > 17
+bool SetTaskProfiles(int tid, std::span<const std::string_view> profiles,
+                     bool use_fd_cache = false);
+bool SetProcessProfiles(uid_t uid, pid_t pid, std::span<const std::string_view> profiles);
+#endif
+
+__BEGIN_DECLS
+
 #ifndef __ANDROID_VNDK__
 
 bool SetProcessProfilesCached(uid_t uid, pid_t pid, const std::vector<std::string>& profiles);
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/processgroup.cpp b/libprocessgroup/processgroup.cpp
index 51c810e..3fac373 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/processgroup.cpp
+++ b/libprocessgroup/processgroup.cpp
@@ -55,6 +55,11 @@
 
 #define PROCESSGROUP_CGROUP_PROCS_FILE "/cgroup.procs"
 
+bool CgroupsAvailable() {
+    static bool cgroups_available = access("/proc/cgroups", F_OK) == 0;
+    return cgroups_available;
+}
+
 bool CgroupGetControllerPath(const std::string& cgroup_name, std::string* path) {
     auto controller = CgroupMap::GetInstance().FindController(cgroup_name);
 
@@ -148,14 +153,35 @@
 }
 
 bool SetProcessProfiles(uid_t uid, pid_t pid, const std::vector<std::string>& profiles) {
+    return TaskProfiles::GetInstance().SetProcessProfiles(
+            uid, pid, std::span<const std::string>(profiles), false);
+}
+
+bool SetProcessProfiles(uid_t uid, pid_t pid, std::initializer_list<std::string_view> profiles) {
+    return TaskProfiles::GetInstance().SetProcessProfiles(
+            uid, pid, std::span<const std::string_view>(profiles), false);
+}
+
+bool SetProcessProfiles(uid_t uid, pid_t pid, std::span<const std::string_view> profiles) {
     return TaskProfiles::GetInstance().SetProcessProfiles(uid, pid, profiles, false);
 }
 
 bool SetProcessProfilesCached(uid_t uid, pid_t pid, const std::vector<std::string>& profiles) {
-    return TaskProfiles::GetInstance().SetProcessProfiles(uid, pid, profiles, true);
+    return TaskProfiles::GetInstance().SetProcessProfiles(
+            uid, pid, std::span<const std::string>(profiles), true);
 }
 
 bool SetTaskProfiles(int tid, const std::vector<std::string>& profiles, bool use_fd_cache) {
+    return TaskProfiles::GetInstance().SetTaskProfiles(tid, std::span<const std::string>(profiles),
+                                                       use_fd_cache);
+}
+
+bool SetTaskProfiles(int tid, std::initializer_list<std::string_view> profiles, bool use_fd_cache) {
+    return TaskProfiles::GetInstance().SetTaskProfiles(
+            tid, std::span<const std::string_view>(profiles), use_fd_cache);
+}
+
+bool SetTaskProfiles(int tid, std::span<const std::string_view> profiles, bool use_fd_cache) {
     return TaskProfiles::GetInstance().SetTaskProfiles(tid, profiles, use_fd_cache);
 }
 
@@ -166,12 +192,12 @@
 // https://chromium-review.googlesource.com/c/chromiumos/platform/crosvm/+/3574427/5/src/linux/android.rs#12
 extern "C" bool android_set_process_profiles(uid_t uid, pid_t pid, size_t num_profiles,
                                              const char* profiles[]) {
-    std::vector<std::string> profiles_;
+    std::vector<std::string_view> profiles_;
     profiles_.reserve(num_profiles);
     for (size_t i = 0; i < num_profiles; i++) {
         profiles_.emplace_back(profiles[i]);
     }
-    return SetProcessProfiles(uid, pid, profiles_);
+    return SetProcessProfiles(uid, pid, std::span<const std::string_view>(profiles_));
 }
 
 static std::string ConvertUidToPath(const char* cgroup, uid_t uid) {
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/profiles/task_profiles.json b/libprocessgroup/profiles/task_profiles.json
index 8589a8d..15f95fc 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/profiles/task_profiles.json
+++ b/libprocessgroup/profiles/task_profiles.json
@@ -76,6 +76,21 @@
       "Name": "FreezerState",
       "Controller": "freezer",
       "File": "cgroup.freeze"
+    },
+    {
+      "Name": "BfqWeight",
+      "Controller": "io",
+      "File": "io.bfq.weight"
+    },
+    {
+      "Name": "CfqGroupIdle",
+      "Controller": "io",
+      "File": "io.group_idle"
+    },
+    {
+      "Name": "CfqWeight",
+      "Controller": "io",
+      "File": "io.weight"
     }
   ],
 
@@ -444,6 +459,33 @@
           {
             "Controller": "blkio",
             "Path": "background"
+	  }
+        },
+        {
+          "Name": "SetAttribute",
+          "Params":
+          {
+            "Name": "BfqWeight",
+            "Value": "10",
+            "Optional": "true"
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "Name": "SetAttribute",
+          "Params":
+          {
+            "Name": "CfqGroupIdle",
+            "Value": "0",
+            "Optional": "true"
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "Name": "SetAttribute",
+          "Params":
+          {
+            "Name": "CfqWeight",
+            "Value": "200",
+            "Optional": "true"
           }
         }
       ]
@@ -457,6 +499,33 @@
           {
             "Controller": "blkio",
             "Path": ""
+	  }
+        },
+        {
+          "Name": "SetAttribute",
+          "Params":
+          {
+            "Name": "BfqWeight",
+            "Value": "100",
+            "Optional": "true"
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "Name": "SetAttribute",
+          "Params":
+          {
+            "Name": "CfqGroupIdle",
+            "Value": "0",
+            "Optional": "true"
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "Name": "SetAttribute",
+          "Params":
+          {
+            "Name": "CfqWeight",
+            "Value": "1000",
+            "Optional": "true"
           }
         }
       ]
@@ -470,6 +539,33 @@
           {
             "Controller": "blkio",
             "Path": ""
+	  }
+        },
+        {
+          "Name": "SetAttribute",
+          "Params":
+          {
+            "Name": "BfqWeight",
+            "Value": "100",
+            "Optional": "true"
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "Name": "SetAttribute",
+          "Params":
+          {
+            "Name": "CfqGroupIdle",
+            "Value": "0",
+            "Optional": "true"
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "Name": "SetAttribute",
+          "Params":
+          {
+            "Name": "CfqWeight",
+            "Value": "1000",
+            "Optional": "true"
           }
         }
       ]
@@ -483,6 +579,33 @@
           {
             "Controller": "blkio",
             "Path": ""
+	  }
+        },
+        {
+          "Name": "SetAttribute",
+          "Params":
+          {
+            "Name": "BfqWeight",
+            "Value": "100",
+            "Optional": "true"
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "Name": "SetAttribute",
+          "Params":
+          {
+            "Name": "CfqGroupIdle",
+            "Value": "0",
+            "Optional": "true"
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "Name": "SetAttribute",
+          "Params":
+          {
+            "Name": "CfqWeight",
+            "Value": "1000",
+            "Optional": "true"
           }
         }
       ]
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/setup/cgroup_map_write.cpp b/libprocessgroup/setup/cgroup_map_write.cpp
index 3831ef2..304248a 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/setup/cgroup_map_write.cpp
+++ b/libprocessgroup/setup/cgroup_map_write.cpp
@@ -410,7 +410,7 @@
     // Make sure we do this only one time. No need for std::call_once because
     // init is a single-threaded process
     if (access(CGROUPS_RC_PATH, F_OK) == 0) {
-        LOG(WARNING) << "Attempt to call SetupCgroups more than once";
+        LOG(WARNING) << "Attempt to call CgroupSetup() more than once";
         return true;
     }
 
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/task_profiles.cpp b/libprocessgroup/task_profiles.cpp
index e1c5934..35adf36 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/task_profiles.cpp
+++ b/libprocessgroup/task_profiles.cpp
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@
     if (cache_type == ResourceCacheType::RCT_TASK &&
         fd_[cache_type] == FdCacheHelper::FDS_APP_DEPENDENT) {
         // application-dependent path can't be used with tid
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Application profile can't be applied to a thread";
+        LOG(ERROR) << Name() << ": application profile can't be applied to a thread";
         return ProfileAction::FAIL;
     }
 
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@
     std::string procs_path = controller()->GetProcsFilePath(path_, uid, pid);
     unique_fd tmp_fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(procs_path.c_str(), O_WRONLY | O_CLOEXEC)));
     if (tmp_fd < 0) {
-        PLOG(WARNING) << "Failed to open " << procs_path;
+        PLOG(WARNING) << Name() << "::" << __func__ << ": failed to open " << procs_path;
         return false;
     }
     if (!AddTidToCgroup(pid, tmp_fd, controller()->name())) {
@@ -325,7 +325,7 @@
     std::string tasks_path = controller()->GetTasksFilePath(path_);
     unique_fd tmp_fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(tasks_path.c_str(), O_WRONLY | O_CLOEXEC)));
     if (tmp_fd < 0) {
-        PLOG(WARNING) << "Failed to open " << tasks_path;
+        PLOG(WARNING) << Name() << "::" << __func__ << ": failed to open " << tasks_path;
         return false;
     }
     if (!AddTidToCgroup(tid, tmp_fd, controller()->name())) {
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@
     unique_fd tmp_fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(path.c_str(), O_WRONLY | O_CLOEXEC)));
 
     if (tmp_fd < 0) {
-        if (logfailures) PLOG(WARNING) << "Failed to open " << path;
+        if (logfailures) PLOG(WARNING) << Name() << "::" << __func__ << ": failed to open " << path;
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -431,7 +431,7 @@
     if (cache_type == ResourceCacheType::RCT_TASK &&
         fd_[cache_type] == FdCacheHelper::FDS_APP_DEPENDENT) {
         // application-dependent path can't be used with tid
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Application profile can't be applied to a thread";
+        LOG(ERROR) << Name() << ": application profile can't be applied to a thread";
         return ProfileAction::FAIL;
     }
     return ProfileAction::UNUSED;
@@ -786,7 +786,7 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-TaskProfile* TaskProfiles::GetProfile(const std::string& name) const {
+TaskProfile* TaskProfiles::GetProfile(std::string_view name) const {
     auto iter = profiles_.find(name);
 
     if (iter != profiles_.end()) {
@@ -795,7 +795,7 @@
     return nullptr;
 }
 
-const IProfileAttribute* TaskProfiles::GetAttribute(const std::string& name) const {
+const IProfileAttribute* TaskProfiles::GetAttribute(std::string_view name) const {
     auto iter = attributes_.find(name);
 
     if (iter != attributes_.end()) {
@@ -804,8 +804,9 @@
     return nullptr;
 }
 
-bool TaskProfiles::SetProcessProfiles(uid_t uid, pid_t pid,
-                                      const std::vector<std::string>& profiles, bool use_fd_cache) {
+template <typename T>
+bool TaskProfiles::SetProcessProfiles(uid_t uid, pid_t pid, std::span<const T> profiles,
+                                      bool use_fd_cache) {
     bool success = true;
     for (const auto& name : profiles) {
         TaskProfile* profile = GetProfile(name);
@@ -825,8 +826,8 @@
     return success;
 }
 
-bool TaskProfiles::SetTaskProfiles(int tid, const std::vector<std::string>& profiles,
-                                   bool use_fd_cache) {
+template <typename T>
+bool TaskProfiles::SetTaskProfiles(int tid, std::span<const T> profiles, bool use_fd_cache) {
     bool success = true;
     for (const auto& name : profiles) {
         TaskProfile* profile = GetProfile(name);
@@ -845,3 +846,14 @@
     }
     return success;
 }
+
+template bool TaskProfiles::SetProcessProfiles(uid_t uid, pid_t pid,
+                                               std::span<const std::string> profiles,
+                                               bool use_fd_cache);
+template bool TaskProfiles::SetProcessProfiles(uid_t uid, pid_t pid,
+                                               std::span<const std::string_view> profiles,
+                                               bool use_fd_cache);
+template bool TaskProfiles::SetTaskProfiles(int tid, std::span<const std::string> profiles,
+                                            bool use_fd_cache);
+template bool TaskProfiles::SetTaskProfiles(int tid, std::span<const std::string_view> profiles,
+                                            bool use_fd_cache);
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/task_profiles.h b/libprocessgroup/task_profiles.h
index df08f65..85b3f91 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/task_profiles.h
+++ b/libprocessgroup/task_profiles.h
@@ -18,9 +18,12 @@
 
 #include <sys/cdefs.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
+#include <functional>
 #include <map>
 #include <mutex>
+#include <span>
 #include <string>
+#include <string_view>
 #include <vector>
 
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
@@ -206,18 +209,19 @@
     // Should be used by all users
     static TaskProfiles& GetInstance();
 
-    TaskProfile* GetProfile(const std::string& name) const;
-    const IProfileAttribute* GetAttribute(const std::string& name) const;
+    TaskProfile* GetProfile(std::string_view name) const;
+    const IProfileAttribute* GetAttribute(std::string_view name) const;
     void DropResourceCaching(ProfileAction::ResourceCacheType cache_type) const;
-    bool SetProcessProfiles(uid_t uid, pid_t pid, const std::vector<std::string>& profiles,
-                            bool use_fd_cache);
-    bool SetTaskProfiles(int tid, const std::vector<std::string>& profiles, bool use_fd_cache);
+    template <typename T>
+    bool SetProcessProfiles(uid_t uid, pid_t pid, std::span<const T> profiles, bool use_fd_cache);
+    template <typename T>
+    bool SetTaskProfiles(int tid, std::span<const T> profiles, bool use_fd_cache);
 
   private:
-    std::map<std::string, std::shared_ptr<TaskProfile>> profiles_;
-    std::map<std::string, std::unique_ptr<IProfileAttribute>> attributes_;
-
     TaskProfiles();
 
     bool Load(const CgroupMap& cg_map, const std::string& file_name);
+
+    std::map<std::string, std::shared_ptr<TaskProfile>, std::less<>> profiles_;
+    std::map<std::string, std::unique_ptr<IProfileAttribute>, std::less<>> attributes_;
 };
diff --git a/libsparse/Android.bp b/libsparse/Android.bp
index 02bfee6..8e83e16 100644
--- a/libsparse/Android.bp
+++ b/libsparse/Android.bp
@@ -80,16 +80,12 @@
 }
 
 python_binary_host {
-    name: "simg_dump.py",
+    name: "simg_dump",
     main: "simg_dump.py",
     srcs: ["simg_dump.py"],
     version: {
-        py2: {
-            enabled: false,
-        },
         py3: {
             embedded_launcher: true,
-            enabled: true,
         },
     },
 }
diff --git a/libsparse/simg_dump.py b/libsparse/simg_dump.py
index 8811a52..47537ca 100755
--- a/libsparse/simg_dump.py
+++ b/libsparse/simg_dump.py
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@
           curtype = format("Fill with 0x%08X" % (fill))
           if showhash:
             h = hashlib.sha1()
-            data = fill_bin * (blk_sz / 4);
+            data = fill_bin * (blk_sz // 4);
             for block in range(chunk_sz):
               h.update(data)
             curhash = h.hexdigest()
diff --git a/libstats/pull_lazy/TEST_MAPPING b/libstats/pull_lazy/TEST_MAPPING
index 92f1e6a..0282a03 100644
--- a/libstats/pull_lazy/TEST_MAPPING
+++ b/libstats/pull_lazy/TEST_MAPPING
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
       "name" : "libstatspull_lazy_test"
     }
   ],
-  "hwasan-postsubmit" : [
+  "hwasan-presubmit" : [
     {
       "name" : "libstatspull_lazy_test"
     }
diff --git a/libstats/pull_rust/Android.bp b/libstats/pull_rust/Android.bp
index 4ffa98d..85a38f8 100644
--- a/libstats/pull_rust/Android.bp
+++ b/libstats/pull_rust/Android.bp
@@ -22,6 +22,10 @@
     name: "libstatspull_bindgen",
     wrapper_src: "statslog.h",
     crate_name: "statspull_bindgen",
+    visibility: [
+        "//frameworks/proto_logging/stats/stats_log_api_gen",
+        "//packages/modules/Virtualization/libs/statslog_virtualization",
+    ],
     source_stem: "bindings",
     bindgen_flags: [
         "--size_t-is-usize",
@@ -47,8 +51,9 @@
     min_sdk_version: "apex_inherit",
     apex_available: [
         "//apex_available:platform",
+        "com.android.resolv",
         "com.android.virt",
-    ]
+    ],
 }
 
 rust_library {
diff --git a/libsync/Android.bp b/libsync/Android.bp
index 99c88cf..b6b4a6e 100644
--- a/libsync/Android.bp
+++ b/libsync/Android.bp
@@ -27,6 +27,9 @@
     name: "libsync",
     symbol_file: "libsync.map.txt",
     first_version: "26",
+    export_header_libs: [
+        "libsync_headers",
+    ],
 }
 
 cc_defaults {
diff --git a/libsync/libsync.map.txt b/libsync/libsync.map.txt
index aac6b57..32df91e 100644
--- a/libsync/libsync.map.txt
+++ b/libsync/libsync.map.txt
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
     sync_merge; # introduced=26
     sync_file_info; # introduced=26
     sync_file_info_free; # introduced=26
-    sync_wait; # llndk apex
+    sync_wait; # llndk systemapi
     sync_fence_info; # llndk
     sync_pt_info; # llndk
     sync_fence_info_free; # llndk
diff --git a/libutils/Android.bp b/libutils/Android.bp
index f663671..26e1597 100644
--- a/libutils/Android.bp
+++ b/libutils/Android.bp
@@ -58,16 +58,13 @@
     vendor_available: true,
     product_available: true,
     recovery_available: true,
-    vndk: {
-        enabled: true,
-        support_system_process: true,
-    },
     host_supported: true,
 
     cflags: [
         "-Wall",
         "-Werror",
         "-Wno-exit-time-destructors",
+        "-DANDROID_UTILS_REF_BASE_DISABLE_IMPLICIT_CONSTRUCTION",
     ],
     header_libs: [
         "libbase_headers",
@@ -125,8 +122,8 @@
     },
 }
 
-cc_library {
-    name: "libutils",
+cc_defaults {
+    name: "libutils_impl_defaults",
     defaults: ["libutils_defaults"],
     native_bridge_supported: true,
 
@@ -173,6 +170,34 @@
     min_sdk_version: "apex_inherit",
 
     afdo: true,
+
+    header_abi_checker: {
+        diff_flags: ["-allow-adding-removing-weak-symbols"],
+    },
+}
+
+cc_library {
+    name: "libutils",
+    defaults: ["libutils_impl_defaults"],
+
+    vndk: {
+        enabled: true,
+        support_system_process: true,
+    },
+}
+
+cc_library {
+    name: "libutils_test_compile",
+    defaults: ["libutils_impl_defaults"],
+
+    cflags: [
+        "-DCALLSTACKS=1",
+        "-DDEBUG_POLL_AND_WAKE=1",
+        "-DDEBUG_REFS=1",
+        "-DDEBUG_TOKENIZER=1",
+    ],
+
+    visibility: [":__subpackages__"],
 }
 
 cc_library {
@@ -181,6 +206,10 @@
     // TODO(b/153609531): remove when no longer needed.
     native_bridge_supported: true,
     min_sdk_version: "29",
+    vndk: {
+        enabled: true,
+        support_system_process: true,
+    },
 
     srcs: [
         "CallStack.cpp",
@@ -294,6 +323,7 @@
 
     srcs: [
         "BitSet_test.cpp",
+        "CallStack_test.cpp",
         "Errors_test.cpp",
         "FileMap_test.cpp",
         "LruCache_test.cpp",
@@ -314,11 +344,14 @@
                 "SystemClock_test.cpp",
             ],
             shared_libs: [
-                "libz",
-                "liblog",
-                "libcutils",
-                "libutils",
                 "libbase",
+                "libcutils",
+                "liblog",
+                "liblzma",
+                "libunwindstack",
+                "libutils",
+                "libutilscallstack",
+                "libz",
             ],
         },
         linux: {
@@ -329,9 +362,12 @@
         },
         host: {
             static_libs: [
-                "libutils",
-                "liblog",
                 "libbase",
+                "liblog",
+                "liblzma",
+                "libunwindstack_no_dex",
+                "libutils",
+                "libutilscallstack",
             ],
         },
     },
diff --git a/libutils/CallStack.cpp b/libutils/CallStack.cpp
index f19ba6a..4dcb35b 100644
--- a/libutils/CallStack.cpp
+++ b/libutils/CallStack.cpp
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@
     unwindstack::AndroidUnwinderData data;
     std::optional<pid_t> tid_val;
     if (tid != -1) {
-        *tid_val = tid;
+        tid_val = tid;
     }
     if (!unwinder.Unwind(tid_val, data)) {
         ALOGW("%s: Failed to unwind callstack: %s", __FUNCTION__, data.GetErrorString().c_str());
diff --git a/libutils/CallStack_test.cpp b/libutils/CallStack_test.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2cfaf61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libutils/CallStack_test.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <thread>
+
+#include <android-base/threads.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <utils/CallStack.h>
+
+__attribute__((__noinline__)) extern "C" void CurrentCaller(android::String8& backtrace) {
+    android::CallStack cs;
+    cs.update();
+    backtrace = cs.toString();
+}
+
+TEST(CallStackTest, current_backtrace) {
+    android::String8 backtrace;
+    CurrentCaller(backtrace);
+
+    ASSERT_NE(-1, backtrace.find("(CurrentCaller")) << "Full backtrace:\n" << backtrace;
+}
+
+__attribute__((__noinline__)) extern "C" void ThreadBusyWait(std::atomic<pid_t>* tid,
+                                                             volatile bool* done) {
+    *tid = android::base::GetThreadId();
+    while (!*done) {
+    }
+}
+
+TEST(CallStackTest, thread_backtrace) {
+    // Use a volatile to avoid any problems unwinding since sometimes
+    // accessing a std::atomic does not include unwind data at every
+    // instruction and leads to failed unwinds.
+    volatile bool done = false;
+    std::atomic<pid_t> tid = -1;
+    std::thread thread([&tid, &done]() { ThreadBusyWait(&tid, &done); });
+
+    while (tid == -1) {
+    }
+
+    android::CallStack cs;
+    cs.update(0, tid);
+
+    done = true;
+    thread.join();
+
+    ASSERT_NE(-1, cs.toString().find("(ThreadBusyWait")) << "Full backtrace:\n" << cs.toString();
+}
diff --git a/libutils/Looper.cpp b/libutils/Looper.cpp
index 292425a..402e43c 100644
--- a/libutils/Looper.cpp
+++ b/libutils/Looper.cpp
@@ -8,10 +8,14 @@
 //#define LOG_NDEBUG 0
 
 // Debugs poll and wake interactions.
+#ifndef DEBUG_POLL_AND_WAKE
 #define DEBUG_POLL_AND_WAKE 0
+#endif
 
 // Debugs callback registration and invocation.
+#ifndef DEBUG_CALLBACKS
 #define DEBUG_CALLBACKS 0
+#endif
 
 #include <utils/Looper.h>
 
@@ -117,14 +121,15 @@
     int result = pthread_once(& gTLSOnce, initTLSKey);
     LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(result != 0, "pthread_once failed");
 
-    return (Looper*)pthread_getspecific(gTLSKey);
+    Looper* looper = (Looper*)pthread_getspecific(gTLSKey);
+    return sp<Looper>::fromExisting(looper);
 }
 
 sp<Looper> Looper::prepare(int opts) {
     bool allowNonCallbacks = opts & PREPARE_ALLOW_NON_CALLBACKS;
     sp<Looper> looper = Looper::getForThread();
     if (looper == nullptr) {
-        looper = new Looper(allowNonCallbacks);
+        looper = sp<Looper>::make(allowNonCallbacks);
         Looper::setForThread(looper);
     }
     if (looper->getAllowNonCallbacks() != allowNonCallbacks) {
@@ -425,7 +430,11 @@
 }
 
 int Looper::addFd(int fd, int ident, int events, Looper_callbackFunc callback, void* data) {
-    return addFd(fd, ident, events, callback ? new SimpleLooperCallback(callback) : nullptr, data);
+    sp<SimpleLooperCallback> looperCallback;
+    if (callback) {
+        looperCallback = sp<SimpleLooperCallback>::make(callback);
+    }
+    return addFd(fd, ident, events, looperCallback, data);
 }
 
 int Looper::addFd(int fd, int ident, int events, const sp<LooperCallback>& callback, void* data) {
diff --git a/libutils/NativeHandle.cpp b/libutils/NativeHandle.cpp
index d437a9f..819a603 100644
--- a/libutils/NativeHandle.cpp
+++ b/libutils/NativeHandle.cpp
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 namespace android {
 
 sp<NativeHandle> NativeHandle::create(native_handle_t* handle, bool ownsHandle) {
-    return handle ? new NativeHandle(handle, ownsHandle) : nullptr;
+    return handle ? sp<NativeHandle>::make(handle, ownsHandle) : nullptr;
 }
 
 NativeHandle::NativeHandle(native_handle_t* handle, bool ownsHandle)
diff --git a/libutils/RefBase.cpp b/libutils/RefBase.cpp
index 4ddac3d..ab122c7 100644
--- a/libutils/RefBase.cpp
+++ b/libutils/RefBase.cpp
@@ -21,9 +21,11 @@
 
 #include <android-base/macros.h>
 
+#include <fcntl.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
 
 #include <utils/RefBase.h>
+#include <utils/String8.h>
 
 #include <utils/Mutex.h>
 
@@ -32,7 +34,9 @@
 #endif
 
 // Compile with refcounting debugging enabled.
+#ifndef DEBUG_REFS
 #define DEBUG_REFS 0
+#endif
 
 // The following three are ignored unless DEBUG_REFS is set.
 
@@ -45,7 +49,11 @@
 
 // folder where stack traces are saved when DEBUG_REFS is enabled
 // this folder needs to exist and be writable
+#ifdef __ANDROID__
 #define DEBUG_REFS_CALLSTACK_PATH "/data/debug"
+#else
+#define DEBUG_REFS_CALLSTACK_PATH "."
+#endif
 
 // log all reference counting operations
 #define PRINT_REFS 0
@@ -149,6 +157,29 @@
 // Same for weak counts.
 #define BAD_WEAK(c) ((c) == 0 || ((c) & (~MAX_COUNT)) != 0)
 
+// name kept because prebuilts used to use it from inlining sp<> code
+void sp_report_stack_pointer() { LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("RefBase used with stack pointer argument"); }
+
+// Check whether address is definitely on the calling stack.  We actually check whether it is on
+// the same 4K page as the frame pointer.
+//
+// Assumptions:
+// - Pages are never smaller than 4K (MIN_PAGE_SIZE)
+// - Malloced memory never shares a page with a stack.
+//
+// It does not appear safe to broaden this check to include adjacent pages; apparently this code
+// is used in environments where there may not be a guard page below (at higher addresses than)
+// the bottom of the stack.
+static void check_not_on_stack(const void* ptr) {
+    static constexpr int MIN_PAGE_SIZE = 0x1000;  // 4K. Safer than including sys/user.h.
+    static constexpr uintptr_t MIN_PAGE_MASK = ~static_cast<uintptr_t>(MIN_PAGE_SIZE - 1);
+    uintptr_t my_frame_address =
+            reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(__builtin_frame_address(0 /* this frame */));
+    if (((reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(ptr) ^ my_frame_address) & MIN_PAGE_MASK) == 0) {
+        sp_report_stack_pointer();
+    }
+}
+
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 class RefBase::weakref_impl : public RefBase::weakref_type
@@ -297,11 +328,11 @@
             char name[100];
             snprintf(name, sizeof(name), DEBUG_REFS_CALLSTACK_PATH "/%p.stack",
                      this);
-            int rc = open(name, O_RDWR | O_CREAT | O_APPEND, 644);
+            int rc = open(name, O_RDWR | O_CREAT | O_APPEND, 0644);
             if (rc >= 0) {
                 (void)write(rc, text.string(), text.length());
                 close(rc);
-                ALOGD("STACK TRACE for %p saved in %s", this, name);
+                ALOGI("STACK TRACE for %p saved in %s", this, name);
             }
             else ALOGE("FAILED TO PRINT STACK TRACE for %p in %s: %s", this,
                       name, strerror(errno));
@@ -432,6 +463,8 @@
         return;
     }
 
+    check_not_on_stack(this);
+
     int32_t old __unused = refs->mStrong.fetch_sub(INITIAL_STRONG_VALUE, std::memory_order_relaxed);
     // A decStrong() must still happen after us.
     ALOG_ASSERT(old > INITIAL_STRONG_VALUE, "0x%x too small", old);
@@ -744,21 +777,27 @@
         if (mRefs->mWeak.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) == 0) {
             delete mRefs;
         }
-    } else if (mRefs->mStrong.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) == INITIAL_STRONG_VALUE) {
-        // We never acquired a strong reference on this object.
+    } else {
+        int32_t strongs = mRefs->mStrong.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
 
-        // TODO: make this fatal, but too much code in Android manages RefBase with
-        // new/delete manually (or using other mechanisms such as std::make_unique).
-        // However, this is dangerous because it's also common for code to use the
-        // sp<T>(T*) constructor, assuming that if the object is around, it is already
-        // owned by an sp<>.
-        ALOGW("RefBase: Explicit destruction, weak count = %d (in %p). Use sp<> to manage this "
-              "object.",
-              mRefs->mWeak.load(), this);
+        if (strongs == INITIAL_STRONG_VALUE) {
+            // We never acquired a strong reference on this object.
+
+            // It would be nice to make this fatal, but many places use RefBase on the stack.
+            // However, this is dangerous because it's also common for code to use the
+            // sp<T>(T*) constructor, assuming that if the object is around, it is already
+            // owned by an sp<>.
+            ALOGW("RefBase: Explicit destruction, weak count = %d (in %p). Use sp<> to manage this "
+                  "object.",
+                  mRefs->mWeak.load(), this);
 
 #if CALLSTACK_ENABLED
-        CallStack::logStack(LOG_TAG);
+            CallStack::logStack(LOG_TAG);
 #endif
+        } else if (strongs != 0) {
+            LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("RefBase: object %p with strong count %d deleted. Double owned?", this,
+                             strongs);
+        }
     }
     // For debugging purposes, clear mRefs.  Ineffective against outstanding wp's.
     const_cast<weakref_impl*&>(mRefs) = nullptr;
@@ -766,6 +805,8 @@
 
 void RefBase::extendObjectLifetime(int32_t mode)
 {
+    check_not_on_stack(this);
+
     // Must be happens-before ordered with respect to construction or any
     // operation that could destroy the object.
     mRefs->mFlags.fetch_or(mode, std::memory_order_relaxed);
diff --git a/libutils/RefBase_test.cpp b/libutils/RefBase_test.cpp
index 93f9654..aed3b9b 100644
--- a/libutils/RefBase_test.cpp
+++ b/libutils/RefBase_test.cpp
@@ -265,6 +265,21 @@
     delete foo;
 }
 
+TEST(RefBase, DoubleOwnershipDeath) {
+    bool isDeleted;
+    auto foo = sp<Foo>::make(&isDeleted);
+
+    // if something else thinks it owns foo, should die
+    EXPECT_DEATH(delete foo.get(), "");
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(isDeleted);
+}
+
+TEST(RefBase, StackOwnershipDeath) {
+    bool isDeleted;
+    EXPECT_DEATH({ Foo foo(&isDeleted); foo.incStrong(nullptr); }, "");
+}
+
 // Set up a situation in which we race with visit2AndRremove() to delete
 // 2 strong references.  Bar destructor checks that there are no early
 // deletions and prior updates are visible to destructor.
diff --git a/libutils/String8.cpp b/libutils/String8.cpp
index 3690389..82f5cb6 100644
--- a/libutils/String8.cpp
+++ b/libutils/String8.cpp
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 
 #include <ctype.h>
 
+#include <limits>
 #include <string>
 
 #include "SharedBuffer.h"
diff --git a/libutils/StrongPointer.cpp b/libutils/StrongPointer.cpp
index ef46723..ba52502 100644
--- a/libutils/StrongPointer.cpp
+++ b/libutils/StrongPointer.cpp
@@ -21,7 +21,4 @@
 namespace android {
 
 void sp_report_race() { LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("sp<> assignment detected data race"); }
-
-void sp_report_stack_pointer() { LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("sp<> constructed with stack pointer argument"); }
-
 }
diff --git a/libutils/Threads.cpp b/libutils/Threads.cpp
index 4dacdc6..e756fec 100644
--- a/libutils/Threads.cpp
+++ b/libutils/Threads.cpp
@@ -673,7 +673,7 @@
     mThread = thread_id_t(-1);
 
     // hold a strong reference on ourself
-    mHoldSelf = this;
+    mHoldSelf = sp<Thread>::fromExisting(this);
 
     mRunning = true;
 
diff --git a/libutils/Tokenizer.cpp b/libutils/Tokenizer.cpp
index 98dd2fd..c3ec165 100644
--- a/libutils/Tokenizer.cpp
+++ b/libutils/Tokenizer.cpp
@@ -21,9 +21,10 @@
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 #include <utils/Log.h>
 
+#ifndef DEBUG_TOKENIZER
 // Enables debug output for the tokenizer.
 #define DEBUG_TOKENIZER 0
-
+#endif
 
 namespace android {
 
diff --git a/libutils/include/utils/LruCache.h b/libutils/include/utils/LruCache.h
index 36775d0..b4243a3 100644
--- a/libutils/include/utils/LruCache.h
+++ b/libutils/include/utils/LruCache.h
@@ -84,13 +84,13 @@
         const TKey& getKey() const final { return key; }
     };
 
-    struct HashForEntry : public std::unary_function<KeyedEntry*, hash_t> {
+    struct HashForEntry {
         size_t operator() (const KeyedEntry* entry) const {
             return hash_type(entry->getKey());
         };
     };
 
-    struct EqualityForHashedEntries : public std::unary_function<KeyedEntry*, hash_t> {
+    struct EqualityForHashedEntries {
         bool operator() (const KeyedEntry* lhs, const KeyedEntry* rhs) const {
             return lhs->getKey() == rhs->getKey();
         };
diff --git a/libutils/include/utils/NativeHandle.h b/libutils/include/utils/NativeHandle.h
index 73fe804..f26a1a4 100644
--- a/libutils/include/utils/NativeHandle.h
+++ b/libutils/include/utils/NativeHandle.h
@@ -39,6 +39,8 @@
 private:
     // for access to the destructor
     friend class LightRefBase<NativeHandle>;
+    // for access to the constructor
+    friend class sp<NativeHandle>;
 
     NativeHandle(native_handle_t* handle, bool ownsHandle);
     ~NativeHandle();
diff --git a/libutils/include/utils/StrongPointer.h b/libutils/include/utils/StrongPointer.h
index bb1941b..54aa691 100644
--- a/libutils/include/utils/StrongPointer.h
+++ b/libutils/include/utils/StrongPointer.h
@@ -120,7 +120,6 @@
     template<typename Y> friend class sp;
     template<typename Y> friend class wp;
     void set_pointer(T* ptr);
-    static inline void check_not_on_stack(const void* ptr);
     T* m_ptr;
 };
 
@@ -185,32 +184,10 @@
 
 // For code size reasons, we do not want these inlined or templated.
 void sp_report_race();
-void sp_report_stack_pointer();
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // No user serviceable parts below here.
 
-// Check whether address is definitely on the calling stack.  We actually check whether it is on
-// the same 4K page as the frame pointer.
-//
-// Assumptions:
-// - Pages are never smaller than 4K (MIN_PAGE_SIZE)
-// - Malloced memory never shares a page with a stack.
-//
-// It does not appear safe to broaden this check to include adjacent pages; apparently this code
-// is used in environments where there may not be a guard page below (at higher addresses than)
-// the bottom of the stack.
-template <typename T>
-void sp<T>::check_not_on_stack(const void* ptr) {
-    static constexpr int MIN_PAGE_SIZE = 0x1000;  // 4K. Safer than including sys/user.h.
-    static constexpr uintptr_t MIN_PAGE_MASK = ~static_cast<uintptr_t>(MIN_PAGE_SIZE - 1);
-    uintptr_t my_frame_address =
-            reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(__builtin_frame_address(0 /* this frame */));
-    if (((reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(ptr) ^ my_frame_address) & MIN_PAGE_MASK) == 0) {
-        sp_report_stack_pointer();
-    }
-}
-
 // TODO: Ideally we should find a way to increment the reference count before running the
 // constructor, so that generating an sp<> to this in the constructor is no longer dangerous.
 template <typename T>
@@ -219,14 +196,13 @@
     T* t = new T(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
     sp<T> result;
     result.m_ptr = t;
-    t->incStrong(t);  // bypass check_not_on_stack for heap allocation
+    t->incStrong(t);
     return result;
 }
 
 template <typename T>
 sp<T> sp<T>::fromExisting(T* other) {
     if (other) {
-        check_not_on_stack(other);
         other->incStrongRequireStrong(other);
         sp<T> result;
         result.m_ptr = other;
@@ -240,7 +216,6 @@
 sp<T>::sp(T* other)
         : m_ptr(other) {
     if (other) {
-        check_not_on_stack(other);
         other->incStrong(this);
     }
 }
@@ -249,7 +224,6 @@
 template <typename U>
 sp<T>::sp(U* other) : m_ptr(other) {
     if (other) {
-        check_not_on_stack(other);
         (static_cast<T*>(other))->incStrong(this);
     }
 }
@@ -258,7 +232,6 @@
 sp<T>& sp<T>::operator=(T* other) {
     T* oldPtr(*const_cast<T* volatile*>(&m_ptr));
     if (other) {
-        check_not_on_stack(other);
         other->incStrong(this);
     }
     if (oldPtr) oldPtr->decStrong(this);
diff --git a/libvndksupport/libvndksupport.map.txt b/libvndksupport/libvndksupport.map.txt
index a44ed18..1d94b9d 100644
--- a/libvndksupport/libvndksupport.map.txt
+++ b/libvndksupport/libvndksupport.map.txt
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 LIBVNDKSUPPORT {
   global:
-    android_is_in_vendor_process; # llndk apex
-    android_load_sphal_library; # llndk apex
-    android_unload_sphal_library; # llndk apex
+    android_is_in_vendor_process; # llndk systemapi
+    android_load_sphal_library; # llndk systemapi
+    android_unload_sphal_library; # llndk systemapi
   local:
     *;
 };
diff --git a/mkbootfs/mkbootfs.c b/mkbootfs/mkbootfs.c
index 58153f3..05d1940 100644
--- a/mkbootfs/mkbootfs.c
+++ b/mkbootfs/mkbootfs.c
@@ -24,8 +24,7 @@
 ** - device notes, pipes, etc are not supported (error)
 */
 
-void die(const char *why, ...)
-{
+static void die(const char* why, ...) {
     va_list ap;
 
     va_start(ap, why);
@@ -42,7 +41,7 @@
 };
 
 static struct fs_config_entry* canned_config = NULL;
-static char *target_out_path = NULL;
+static const char* target_out_path = NULL;
 
 /* Each line in the canned file should be a path plus three ints (uid,
  * gid, mode). */
@@ -273,8 +272,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-void archive(const char *start, const char *prefix)
-{
+static void archive(const char* start, const char* prefix) {
     char in[8192];
     char out[8192];
 
@@ -294,7 +292,7 @@
 
     char line[CANNED_LINE_LENGTH];
     FILE* f = fopen(filename, "r");
-    if (f == NULL) die("failed to open canned file");
+    if (f == NULL) die("failed to open canned file '%s'", filename);
 
     while (fgets(line, CANNED_LINE_LENGTH, f) != NULL) {
         if (!line[0]) break;
@@ -332,6 +330,13 @@
 
 int main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
+    if (argc == 1) {
+        fprintf(stderr,
+                "usage: %s [-d TARGET_OUTPUT_PATH] [-f CANNED_CONFIGURATION_PATH] DIRECTORIES...\n",
+                argv[0]);
+        exit(1);
+    }
+
     argc--;
     argv++;
 
diff --git a/rootdir/etc/linker.config.json b/rootdir/etc/linker.config.json
index 780ace5..c88c7ff 100644
--- a/rootdir/etc/linker.config.json
+++ b/rootdir/etc/linker.config.json
@@ -31,5 +31,9 @@
     "libadb_pairing_auth.so",
     "libadb_pairing_connection.so",
     "libadb_pairing_server.so"
+  ],
+  "provideLibs": [
+    "libaptX_encoder.so",
+    "libaptXHD_encoder.so"
   ]
 }
diff --git a/rootdir/etc/public.libraries.wear.txt b/rootdir/etc/public.libraries.wear.txt
index 82196e4..ea1e234 100644
--- a/rootdir/etc/public.libraries.wear.txt
+++ b/rootdir/etc/public.libraries.wear.txt
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 libGLESv1_CM.so
 libGLESv2.so
 libGLESv3.so
+libicu.so
 libicui18n.so
 libicuuc.so
 libjnigraphics.so
diff --git a/rootdir/init.rc b/rootdir/init.rc
index 6d89f17..123148e 100644
--- a/rootdir/init.rc
+++ b/rootdir/init.rc
@@ -90,32 +90,6 @@
     # checker programs.
     mkdir /dev/fscklogs 0770 root system
 
-# Run boringssl self test for each ABI so that later processes can skip it. http://b/139348610
-on early-init && property:ro.product.cpu.abilist32=*
-    exec_start boringssl_self_test32
-on early-init && property:ro.product.cpu.abilist64=*
-    exec_start boringssl_self_test64
-on property:apexd.status=ready && property:ro.product.cpu.abilist32=*
-    exec_start boringssl_self_test_apex32
-on property:apexd.status=ready && property:ro.product.cpu.abilist64=*
-    exec_start boringssl_self_test_apex64
-
-service boringssl_self_test32 /system/bin/boringssl_self_test32
-    reboot_on_failure reboot,boringssl-self-check-failed
-    stdio_to_kmsg
-
-service boringssl_self_test64 /system/bin/boringssl_self_test64
-    reboot_on_failure reboot,boringssl-self-check-failed
-    stdio_to_kmsg
-
-service boringssl_self_test_apex32 /apex/com.android.conscrypt/bin/boringssl_self_test32
-    reboot_on_failure reboot,boringssl-self-check-failed
-    stdio_to_kmsg
-
-service boringssl_self_test_apex64 /apex/com.android.conscrypt/bin/boringssl_self_test64
-    reboot_on_failure reboot,boringssl-self-check-failed
-    stdio_to_kmsg
-
 on init
     sysclktz 0
 
@@ -502,6 +476,33 @@
     start hwservicemanager
     start vndservicemanager
 
+# Run boringssl self test for each ABI.  Any failures trigger reboot to firmware.
+on init && property:ro.product.cpu.abilist32=*
+    exec_start boringssl_self_test32
+on init && property:ro.product.cpu.abilist64=*
+    exec_start boringssl_self_test64
+on property:apexd.status=ready && property:ro.product.cpu.abilist32=*
+    exec_start boringssl_self_test_apex32
+on property:apexd.status=ready && property:ro.product.cpu.abilist64=*
+    exec_start boringssl_self_test_apex64
+
+service boringssl_self_test32 /system/bin/boringssl_self_test32
+    reboot_on_failure reboot,boringssl-self-check-failed
+    stdio_to_kmsg
+
+service boringssl_self_test64 /system/bin/boringssl_self_test64
+    reboot_on_failure reboot,boringssl-self-check-failed
+    stdio_to_kmsg
+
+service boringssl_self_test_apex32 /apex/com.android.conscrypt/bin/boringssl_self_test32
+    reboot_on_failure reboot,boringssl-self-check-failed
+    stdio_to_kmsg
+
+service boringssl_self_test_apex64 /apex/com.android.conscrypt/bin/boringssl_self_test64
+    reboot_on_failure reboot,boringssl-self-check-failed
+    stdio_to_kmsg
+
+
 # Healthd can trigger a full boot from charger mode by signaling this
 # property when the power button is held.
 on property:sys.boot_from_charger_mode=1
@@ -722,9 +723,13 @@
     # Multi-installed APEXes are selected using persist props.
     # Load persist properties and override properties (if enabled) from /data,
     # before starting apexd.
+    # /data/property should be created before `load_persist_props`
+    mkdir /data/property 0700 root root encryption=Require
     load_persist_props
+
     start logd
     start logd-reinit
+
     # Some existing vendor rc files use 'on load_persist_props_action' to know
     # when persist props are ready. These are difficult to change due to GRF,
     # so continue triggering this action here even though props are already loaded
@@ -791,6 +796,7 @@
     mkdir /data/misc/vpn 0770 system vpn
     mkdir /data/misc/shared_relro 0771 shared_relro shared_relro
     mkdir /data/misc/systemkeys 0700 system system
+    mkdir /data/misc/threadnetwork 0770 thread_network thread_network
     mkdir /data/misc/wifi 0770 wifi wifi
     mkdir /data/misc/wifi/sockets 0770 wifi wifi
     mkdir /data/misc/wifi/wpa_supplicant 0770 wifi wifi
@@ -851,7 +857,6 @@
     mkdir /data/app-asec 0700 root root encryption=Require
     mkdir /data/app-lib 0771 system system encryption=Require
     mkdir /data/app 0771 system system encryption=Require
-    mkdir /data/property 0700 root root encryption=Require
 
     # create directory for updated font files.
     mkdir /data/fonts/ 0771 root root encryption=Require
@@ -947,9 +952,10 @@
     mkdir /data_mirror/data_de/null 0700 root root
 
     # Bind mount CE and DE data directory to mirror's default volume directory.
-    # The 'slave' option (MS_SLAVE) is needed to cause the later bind mount of
-    # /data/data onto /data/user/0 to propagate to /data_mirror/data_ce/null/0.
-    mount none /data/user /data_mirror/data_ce/null bind rec slave
+    # Note that because the /data mount has the "shared" propagation type, the
+    # later bind mount of /data/data onto /data/user/0 will automatically
+    # propagate to /data_mirror/data_ce/null/0 as well.
+    mount none /data/user /data_mirror/data_ce/null bind rec
     mount none /data/user_de /data_mirror/data_de/null bind rec
 
     # Create mirror directory for jit profiles
@@ -1032,6 +1038,9 @@
     # Enable FUSE by default
     setprop persist.sys.fuse true
 
+    # Update dm-verity state and set partition.*.verified properties.
+    verity_update_state
+
 # It is recommended to put unnecessary data/ initialization from post-fs-data
 # to start-zygote in device's init.rc to unblock zygote start.
 on zygote-start && property:ro.crypto.state=unencrypted
@@ -1170,9 +1179,6 @@
     # Define default initial receive window size in segments.
     setprop net.tcp_def_init_rwnd 60
 
-    # Update dm-verity state and set partition.*.verified properties.
-    verity_update_state
-
     # Start standard binderized HAL daemons
     class_start hal
 
diff --git a/rootdir/init.zygote64.rc b/rootdir/init.zygote64.rc
index 5bde5f4..b6ca5c0 100644
--- a/rootdir/init.zygote64.rc
+++ b/rootdir/init.zygote64.rc
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-service zygote /system/bin/app_process64 -Xzygote /system/bin --zygote --start-system-server
+service zygote /system/bin/app_process64 -Xzygote /system/bin --zygote --start-system-server --socket-name=zygote
     class main
     priority -20
     user root
@@ -13,5 +13,5 @@
     onrestart restart media.tuner
     onrestart restart netd
     onrestart restart wificond
-    task_profiles ProcessCapacityHigh
+    task_profiles ProcessCapacityHigh MaxPerformance
     critical window=${zygote.critical_window.minute:-off} target=zygote-fatal
diff --git a/rootdir/init.zygote64_32.rc b/rootdir/init.zygote64_32.rc
index efb30d6..109bf6c 100644
--- a/rootdir/init.zygote64_32.rc
+++ b/rootdir/init.zygote64_32.rc
@@ -1,20 +1,4 @@
-service zygote /system/bin/app_process64 -Xzygote /system/bin --zygote --start-system-server --socket-name=zygote
-    class main
-    priority -20
-    user root
-    group root readproc reserved_disk
-    socket zygote stream 660 root system
-    socket usap_pool_primary stream 660 root system
-    onrestart exec_background - system system -- /system/bin/vdc volume abort_fuse
-    onrestart write /sys/power/state on
-    onrestart restart audioserver
-    onrestart restart cameraserver
-    onrestart restart media
-    onrestart restart media.tuner
-    onrestart restart netd
-    onrestart restart wificond
-    task_profiles ProcessCapacityHigh MaxPerformance
-    critical window=${zygote.critical_window.minute:-off} target=zygote-fatal
+import /system/etc/init/hw/init.zygote64.rc
 
 service zygote_secondary /system/bin/app_process32 -Xzygote /system/bin --zygote --socket-name=zygote_secondary --enable-lazy-preload
     class main
diff --git a/rootdir/ueventd.rc b/rootdir/ueventd.rc
index a140c8c..4ec59af 100644
--- a/rootdir/ueventd.rc
+++ b/rootdir/ueventd.rc
@@ -37,6 +37,8 @@
 /dev/tty                  0666   root       root
 /dev/random               0666   root       root
 /dev/urandom              0666   root       root
+# Aside from kernel threads, only prng_seeder needs access to HW RNG
+/dev/hw_random            0400   prng_seeder prng_seeder
 /dev/ashmem*              0666   root       root
 /dev/binder               0666   root       root
 /dev/hwbinder             0666   root       root
diff --git a/set-verity-state/.clang-format b/set-verity-state/.clang-format
deleted file mode 120000
index fd0645f..0000000
--- a/set-verity-state/.clang-format
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-../.clang-format-2
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/set-verity-state/Android.bp b/set-verity-state/Android.bp
deleted file mode 100644
index f0df350..0000000
--- a/set-verity-state/Android.bp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2019 The Android Open Source Project
-
-package {
-    default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
-}
-
-cc_binary {
-    name: "set-verity-state",
-    srcs: ["set-verity-state.cpp"],
-    shared_libs: [
-        "libbase",
-        "libcrypto",
-        "libcrypto_utils",
-        "libcutils",
-        "libfec",
-        "libfs_mgr_binder",
-        "liblog",
-        "libutils",
-    ],
-    static_libs: [
-        "libavb_user",
-    ],
-
-    cflags: ["-Werror"],
-    cppflags: [
-        "-DALLOW_DISABLE_VERITY=0",
-    ],
-    product_variables: {
-        debuggable: {
-            cppflags: [
-                "-UALLOW_DISABLE_VERITY",
-                "-DALLOW_DISABLE_VERITY=1",
-            ],
-        },
-    },
-    symlinks: [
-        "enable-verity",
-        "disable-verity",
-    ],
-}
diff --git a/set-verity-state/set-verity-state.cpp b/set-verity-state/set-verity-state.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 52a7f74..0000000
--- a/set-verity-state/set-verity-state.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,255 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include <errno.h>
-#include <fcntl.h>
-#include <inttypes.h>
-#include <libavb_user/libavb_user.h>
-#include <stdarg.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <sys/mount.h>
-#include <sys/stat.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-
-#include <android-base/file.h>
-#include <android-base/logging.h>
-#include <android-base/properties.h>
-#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
-#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
-#include <fs_mgr.h>
-#include <fs_mgr_overlayfs.h>
-#include <fstab/fstab.h>
-#include <log/log_properties.h>
-
-#include "fec/io.h"
-
-#ifdef ALLOW_DISABLE_VERITY
-static const bool kAllowDisableVerity = true;
-#else
-static const bool kAllowDisableVerity = false;
-#endif
-
-using android::base::unique_fd;
-
-static void suggest_run_adb_root() {
-  if (getuid() != 0) printf("Maybe run adb root?\n");
-}
-
-static bool make_block_device_writable(const std::string& dev) {
-  unique_fd fd(open(dev.c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC));
-  if (fd == -1) {
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  int OFF = 0;
-  bool result = (ioctl(fd.get(), BLKROSET, &OFF) != -1);
-  return result;
-}
-
-/* Turn verity on/off */
-static bool set_verity_enabled_state(const char* block_device, const char* mount_point,
-                                     bool enable) {
-  if (!make_block_device_writable(block_device)) {
-    printf("Could not make block device %s writable (%s).\n", block_device, strerror(errno));
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  fec::io fh(block_device, O_RDWR);
-
-  if (!fh) {
-    printf("Could not open block device %s (%s).\n", block_device, strerror(errno));
-    suggest_run_adb_root();
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  fec_verity_metadata metadata;
-
-  if (!fh.get_verity_metadata(metadata)) {
-    printf("Couldn't find verity metadata!\n");
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  if (!enable && metadata.disabled) {
-    printf("Verity already disabled on %s\n", mount_point);
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  if (enable && !metadata.disabled) {
-    printf("Verity already enabled on %s\n", mount_point);
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  if (!fh.set_verity_status(enable)) {
-    printf("Could not set verity %s flag on device %s with error %s\n",
-           enable ? "enabled" : "disabled", block_device, strerror(errno));
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  auto change = false;
-  errno = 0;
-  if (enable ? fs_mgr_overlayfs_teardown(mount_point, &change)
-             : fs_mgr_overlayfs_setup(nullptr, mount_point, &change)) {
-    if (change) {
-      printf("%s overlayfs for %s\n", enable ? "disabling" : "using", mount_point);
-    }
-  } else if (errno) {
-    int expected_errno = enable ? EBUSY : ENOENT;
-    if (errno != expected_errno) {
-      printf("Overlayfs %s for %s failed with error %s\n", enable ? "teardown" : "setup",
-             mount_point, strerror(errno));
-    }
-  }
-  printf("Verity %s on %s\n", enable ? "enabled" : "disabled", mount_point);
-  return true;
-}
-
-/* Helper function to get A/B suffix, if any. If the device isn't
- * using A/B the empty string is returned. Otherwise either "_a",
- * "_b", ... is returned.
- */
-static std::string get_ab_suffix() {
-  return android::base::GetProperty("ro.boot.slot_suffix", "");
-}
-
-static bool is_avb_device_locked() {
-  return android::base::GetProperty("ro.boot.vbmeta.device_state", "") == "locked";
-}
-
-static bool overlayfs_setup(bool enable) {
-  auto change = false;
-  errno = 0;
-  if (enable ? fs_mgr_overlayfs_teardown(nullptr, &change)
-             : fs_mgr_overlayfs_setup(nullptr, nullptr, &change)) {
-    if (change) {
-      printf("%s overlayfs\n", enable ? "disabling" : "using");
-    }
-  } else if (errno) {
-    printf("Overlayfs %s failed with error %s\n", enable ? "teardown" : "setup", strerror(errno));
-    suggest_run_adb_root();
-  }
-  return change;
-}
-
-/* Use AVB to turn verity on/off */
-static bool set_avb_verity_enabled_state(AvbOps* ops, bool enable_verity) {
-  std::string ab_suffix = get_ab_suffix();
-  bool verity_enabled;
-
-  if (is_avb_device_locked()) {
-    printf("Device is locked. Please unlock the device first\n");
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  if (!avb_user_verity_get(ops, ab_suffix.c_str(), &verity_enabled)) {
-    printf("Error getting verity state. Try adb root first?\n");
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  if ((verity_enabled && enable_verity) || (!verity_enabled && !enable_verity)) {
-    printf("verity is already %s\n", verity_enabled ? "enabled" : "disabled");
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  if (!avb_user_verity_set(ops, ab_suffix.c_str(), enable_verity)) {
-    printf("Error setting verity\n");
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  overlayfs_setup(enable_verity);
-  printf("Successfully %s verity\n", enable_verity ? "enabled" : "disabled");
-  return true;
-}
-
-int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
-  if (argc == 0) {
-    LOG(FATAL) << "set-verity-state called with empty argv";
-  }
-
-  std::optional<bool> enable_opt;
-  std::string procname = android::base::Basename(argv[0]);
-  if (procname == "enable-verity") {
-    enable_opt = true;
-  } else if (procname == "disable-verity") {
-    enable_opt = false;
-  }
-
-  if (!enable_opt.has_value()) {
-    if (argc != 2) {
-      printf("usage: %s [1|0]\n", argv[0]);
-      return 1;
-    }
-
-    if (strcmp(argv[1], "1") == 0) {
-      enable_opt = true;
-    } else if (strcmp(argv[1], "0") == 0) {
-      enable_opt = false;
-    } else {
-      printf("usage: %s [1|0]\n", argv[0]);
-      return 1;
-    }
-  }
-
-  bool enable = enable_opt.value();
-
-  bool any_changed = false;
-
-  // Figure out if we're using VB1.0 or VB2.0 (aka AVB) - by
-  // contract, androidboot.vbmeta.digest is set by the bootloader
-  // when using AVB).
-  bool using_avb = !android::base::GetProperty("ro.boot.vbmeta.digest", "").empty();
-
-  // If using AVB, dm-verity is used on any build so we want it to
-  // be possible to disable/enable on any build (except USER). For
-  // VB1.0 dm-verity is only enabled on certain builds.
-  if (!using_avb) {
-    if (!kAllowDisableVerity) {
-      printf("%s only works for userdebug builds\n", argv[0]);
-    }
-
-    if (!android::base::GetBoolProperty("ro.secure", false)) {
-      overlayfs_setup(enable);
-      printf("verity not enabled - ENG build\n");
-      return 0;
-    }
-  }
-
-  // Should never be possible to disable dm-verity on a USER build
-  // regardless of using AVB or VB1.0.
-  if (!__android_log_is_debuggable()) {
-    printf("verity cannot be disabled/enabled - USER build\n");
-    return 0;
-  }
-
-  if (using_avb) {
-    // Yep, the system is using AVB.
-    AvbOps* ops = avb_ops_user_new();
-    if (ops == nullptr) {
-      printf("Error getting AVB ops\n");
-      return 1;
-    }
-    if (set_avb_verity_enabled_state(ops, enable)) {
-      any_changed = true;
-    }
-    avb_ops_user_free(ops);
-  }
-  if (!any_changed) any_changed = overlayfs_setup(enable);
-
-  if (any_changed) {
-    printf("Now reboot your device for settings to take effect\n");
-  }
-
-  return 0;
-}
diff --git a/storaged/storaged.cpp b/storaged/storaged.cpp
index cefef6e..ba79ff7 100644
--- a/storaged/storaged.cpp
+++ b/storaged/storaged.cpp
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 #include <fstream>
 #include <sstream>
 #include <string>
+#include <utility>
 
 #include <aidl/android/hardware/health/BnHealthInfoCallback.h>
 #include <android-base/file.h>
@@ -62,7 +63,7 @@
 
 constexpr ssize_t benchmark_unit_size = 16 * 1024;  // 16KB
 
-constexpr ssize_t min_benchmark_size = 128 * 1024;  // 128KB
+constexpr size_t min_benchmark_size = 128 * 1024;  // 128KB
 
 }  // namespace
 
@@ -244,9 +245,10 @@
     proto.ParseFromString(ss.str());
 
     const UidIOUsage& uid_io_usage = proto.uid_io_usage();
-    uint32_t computed_crc = crc32(current_version,
-        reinterpret_cast<const Bytef*>(uid_io_usage.SerializeAsString().c_str()),
-        uid_io_usage.ByteSize());
+    uint32_t computed_crc =
+            crc32(current_version,
+                  reinterpret_cast<const Bytef*>(uid_io_usage.SerializeAsString().c_str()),
+                  uid_io_usage.ByteSizeLong());
     if (proto.crc() != computed_crc) {
         LOG(WARNING) << "CRC mismatch in " << proto_file;
         return;
@@ -264,31 +266,29 @@
 
     const UidIOUsage& uid_io_usage = proto->uid_io_usage();
     proto->set_crc(crc32(current_version,
-        reinterpret_cast<const Bytef*>(uid_io_usage.SerializeAsString().c_str()),
-        uid_io_usage.ByteSize()));
+                         reinterpret_cast<const Bytef*>(uid_io_usage.SerializeAsString().c_str()),
+                         uid_io_usage.ByteSizeLong()));
 
     uint32_t pagesize = sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE);
     if (user_id == USER_SYSTEM) {
         proto->set_padding("", 1);
         vector<char> padding;
-        ssize_t size = ROUND_UP(MAX(min_benchmark_size, proto->ByteSize()),
-                                pagesize);
-        padding = vector<char>(size - proto->ByteSize(), 0xFD);
+        ssize_t size = ROUND_UP(std::max(min_benchmark_size, proto->ByteSizeLong()), pagesize);
+        padding = vector<char>(size - proto->ByteSizeLong(), 0xFD);
         proto->set_padding(padding.data(), padding.size());
-        while (!IS_ALIGNED(proto->ByteSize(), pagesize)) {
+        while (!IS_ALIGNED(proto->ByteSizeLong(), pagesize)) {
             padding.push_back(0xFD);
             proto->set_padding(padding.data(), padding.size());
         }
     }
 
     char* data = nullptr;
-    if (posix_memalign(reinterpret_cast<void**>(&data),
-                       pagesize, proto->ByteSize())) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Faied to alloc aligned buffer (size: " << proto->ByteSize() << ")";
+    if (posix_memalign(reinterpret_cast<void**>(&data), pagesize, proto->ByteSizeLong())) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Faied to alloc aligned buffer (size: " << proto->ByteSizeLong() << ")";
         return data;
     }
 
-    proto->SerializeToArray(data, proto->ByteSize());
+    proto->SerializeToArray(data, proto->ByteSizeLong());
     return data;
 }
 
@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@
 
         while (size > 0) {
             start = steady_clock::now();
-            ret = write(fd, data, MIN(benchmark_unit_size, size));
+            ret = write(fd, data, std::min(benchmark_unit_size, size));
             if (ret <= 0) {
                 PLOG(ERROR) << "Faied to write tmp file: " << tmp_file;
                 return;
@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@
     unique_ptr<char> proto_data(prepare_proto(user_id, proto));
     if (proto_data == nullptr) return;
 
-    flush_proto_data(user_id, proto_data.get(), proto->ByteSize());
+    flush_proto_data(user_id, proto_data.get(), proto->ByteSizeLong());
 }
 
 void storaged_t::flush_protos(unordered_map<int, StoragedProto>* protos) {
diff --git a/trusty/OWNERS b/trusty/OWNERS
index 5c4e03a..61b97c6 100644
--- a/trusty/OWNERS
+++ b/trusty/OWNERS
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 armellel@google.com
 arve@android.com
+danielangell@google.com
 gmar@google.com
 marcone@google.com
 mmaurer@google.com
 ncbray@google.com
 swillden@google.com
+thurston@google.com
 trong@google.com
 wenhaowang@google.com
diff --git a/trusty/apploader/apploader.cpp b/trusty/apploader/apploader.cpp
index 278499f..17d083c 100644
--- a/trusty/apploader/apploader.cpp
+++ b/trusty/apploader/apploader.cpp
@@ -226,6 +226,9 @@
         case APPLOADER_ERR_POLICY_VIOLATION:
             LOG(ERROR) << "Error: loading denied by policy engine";
             break;
+        case APPLOADER_ERR_NOT_ENCRYPTED:
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Error: unmet application encryption requirement";
+            break;
         default:
             LOG(ERROR) << "Unrecognized error: " << resp.error;
             break;
diff --git a/trusty/apploader/apploader_ipc.h b/trusty/apploader/apploader_ipc.h
index 306596e..f037692 100644
--- a/trusty/apploader/apploader_ipc.h
+++ b/trusty/apploader/apploader_ipc.h
@@ -45,6 +45,10 @@
  * @APPLOADER_ERR_INTERNAL:             miscellaneous or internal apploader
  *                                      error not covered by the above
  * @APPLOADER_ERR_INVALID_VERSION:      invalid application version
+ * @APPLOADER_ERR_POLICY_VIOLATION:     signature verification succeeded but
+ *                                      key+manifest combination not allowed
+ *                                      by app loader policy engine
+ * @APPLOADER_ERR_NOT_ENCRYPTED:        unmet application encryption requirement
  */
 enum apploader_error : uint32_t {
     APPLOADER_NO_ERROR = 0,
@@ -57,6 +61,7 @@
     APPLOADER_ERR_INTERNAL,
     APPLOADER_ERR_INVALID_VERSION,
     APPLOADER_ERR_POLICY_VIOLATION,
+    APPLOADER_ERR_NOT_ENCRYPTED,
 };
 
 /**
diff --git a/trusty/confirmationui/Android.bp b/trusty/confirmationui/Android.bp
index 0922415..29ef3c0 100644
--- a/trusty/confirmationui/Android.bp
+++ b/trusty/confirmationui/Android.bp
@@ -24,21 +24,23 @@
 }
 
 cc_binary {
-    name: "android.hardware.confirmationui@1.0-service.trusty",
+    name: "android.hardware.confirmationui-service.trusty",
     relative_install_path: "hw",
     vendor: true,
     shared_libs: [
-        "android.hardware.confirmationui@1.0",
+        "android.hardware.confirmationui-V1-ndk",
         "android.hardware.confirmationui.not-so-secure-input",
-        "android.hardware.confirmationui@1.0-lib.trusty",
+        "android.hardware.confirmationui-lib.trusty",
+        "libbinder_ndk",
+        "libteeui_hal_support",
         "libbase",
         "libhidlbase",
         "libutils",
     ],
 
-    init_rc: ["android.hardware.confirmationui@1.0-service.trusty.rc"],
+    init_rc: ["android.hardware.confirmationui-service.trusty.rc"],
 
-    vintf_fragments: ["android.hardware.confirmationui@1.0-service.trusty.xml"],
+    vintf_fragments: ["android.hardware.confirmationui-service.trusty.xml"],
 
     srcs: [
         "service.cpp",
@@ -52,17 +54,20 @@
 }
 
 cc_library {
-    name: "android.hardware.confirmationui@1.0-lib.trusty",
+    name: "android.hardware.confirmationui-lib.trusty",
+    defaults: [
+        "keymint_use_latest_hal_aidl_ndk_shared",
+    ],
     vendor: true,
     shared_libs: [
-        "android.hardware.confirmationui@1.0",
-        "android.hardware.keymaster@4.0",
+        "android.hardware.confirmationui-V1-ndk",
         "libbase",
+        "libcutils",
         "libdmabufheap",
-        "libhidlbase",
         "libteeui_hal_support",
         "libtrusty",
         "libutils",
+        "libbinder_ndk",
     ],
 
     export_include_dirs: ["include"],
diff --git a/trusty/confirmationui/TrustyConfirmationUI.cpp b/trusty/confirmationui/TrustyConfirmationUI.cpp
index c6625e0..f01a4e1 100644
--- a/trusty/confirmationui/TrustyConfirmationUI.cpp
+++ b/trusty/confirmationui/TrustyConfirmationUI.cpp
@@ -18,8 +18,6 @@
 #include "TrustyConfirmationUI.h"
 
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
-#include <android/hardware/confirmationui/1.0/types.h>
-#include <android/hardware/keymaster/4.0/types.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <linux/input.h>
 #include <poll.h>
@@ -42,12 +40,7 @@
 #include <tuple>
 #include <vector>
 
-namespace android {
-namespace hardware {
-namespace confirmationui {
-namespace V1_0 {
-namespace implementation {
-
+namespace aidl::android::hardware::confirmationui {
 using namespace secure_input;
 
 using ::android::trusty::confirmationui::TrustyAppError;
@@ -64,8 +57,6 @@
 
 using ::secure_input::createSecureInput;
 
-using ::android::hardware::keymaster::V4_0::HardwareAuthToken;
-
 using ::std::tie;
 
 using TeeuiRc = ::teeui::ResponseCode;
@@ -87,46 +78,47 @@
     void release() { f_ = {}; }
 };
 
-ResponseCode convertRc(TeeuiRc trc) {
+int convertRc(TeeuiRc trc) {
     static_assert(
-        uint32_t(TeeuiRc::OK) == uint32_t(ResponseCode::OK) &&
-            uint32_t(TeeuiRc::Canceled) == uint32_t(ResponseCode::Canceled) &&
-            uint32_t(TeeuiRc::Aborted) == uint32_t(ResponseCode::Aborted) &&
-            uint32_t(TeeuiRc::OperationPending) == uint32_t(ResponseCode::OperationPending) &&
-            uint32_t(TeeuiRc::Ignored) == uint32_t(ResponseCode::Ignored) &&
-            uint32_t(TeeuiRc::SystemError) == uint32_t(ResponseCode::SystemError) &&
-            uint32_t(TeeuiRc::Unimplemented) == uint32_t(ResponseCode::Unimplemented) &&
-            uint32_t(TeeuiRc::Unexpected) == uint32_t(ResponseCode::Unexpected) &&
-            uint32_t(TeeuiRc::UIError) == uint32_t(ResponseCode::UIError) &&
-            uint32_t(TeeuiRc::UIErrorMissingGlyph) == uint32_t(ResponseCode::UIErrorMissingGlyph) &&
+        uint32_t(TeeuiRc::OK) == uint32_t(IConfirmationUI::OK) &&
+            uint32_t(TeeuiRc::Canceled) == uint32_t(IConfirmationUI::CANCELED) &&
+            uint32_t(TeeuiRc::Aborted) == uint32_t(IConfirmationUI::ABORTED) &&
+            uint32_t(TeeuiRc::OperationPending) == uint32_t(IConfirmationUI::OPERATION_PENDING) &&
+            uint32_t(TeeuiRc::Ignored) == uint32_t(IConfirmationUI::IGNORED) &&
+            uint32_t(TeeuiRc::SystemError) == uint32_t(IConfirmationUI::SYSTEM_ERROR) &&
+            uint32_t(TeeuiRc::Unimplemented) == uint32_t(IConfirmationUI::UNIMPLEMENTED) &&
+            uint32_t(TeeuiRc::Unexpected) == uint32_t(IConfirmationUI::UNEXPECTED) &&
+            uint32_t(TeeuiRc::UIError) == uint32_t(IConfirmationUI::UI_ERROR) &&
+            uint32_t(TeeuiRc::UIErrorMissingGlyph) ==
+                uint32_t(IConfirmationUI::UI_ERROR_MISSING_GLYPH) &&
             uint32_t(TeeuiRc::UIErrorMessageTooLong) ==
-                uint32_t(ResponseCode::UIErrorMessageTooLong) &&
+                uint32_t(IConfirmationUI::UI_ERROR_MESSAGE_TOO_LONG) &&
             uint32_t(TeeuiRc::UIErrorMalformedUTF8Encoding) ==
-                uint32_t(ResponseCode::UIErrorMalformedUTF8Encoding),
+                uint32_t(IConfirmationUI::UI_ERROR_MALFORMED_UTF8ENCODING),
         "teeui::ResponseCode and "
         "::android::hardware::confirmationui::V1_0::Responsecude are out of "
         "sync");
-    return ResponseCode(trc);
+    return static_cast<int>(trc);
 }
 
 teeui::UIOption convertUIOption(UIOption uio) {
-    static_assert(uint32_t(UIOption::AccessibilityInverted) ==
+    static_assert(uint32_t(UIOption::ACCESSIBILITY_INVERTED) ==
                           uint32_t(teeui::UIOption::AccessibilityInverted) &&
-                      uint32_t(UIOption::AccessibilityMagnified) ==
+                      uint32_t(UIOption::ACCESSIBILITY_MAGNIFIED) ==
                           uint32_t(teeui::UIOption::AccessibilityMagnified),
                   "teeui::UIOPtion and ::android::hardware::confirmationui::V1_0::UIOption "
-                  "anre out of sync");
+                  "are out of sync");
     return teeui::UIOption(uio);
 }
 
-inline MsgString hidl2MsgString(const hidl_string& s) {
+inline MsgString stdString2MsgString(const string& s) {
     return {s.c_str(), s.c_str() + s.size()};
 }
-template <typename T> inline MsgVector<T> hidl2MsgVector(const hidl_vec<T>& v) {
+template <typename T> inline MsgVector<T> stdVector2MsgVector(const vector<T>& v) {
     return {v};
 }
 
-inline MsgVector<teeui::UIOption> hidl2MsgVector(const hidl_vec<UIOption>& v) {
+inline MsgVector<teeui::UIOption> stdVector2MsgVector(const vector<UIOption>& v) {
     MsgVector<teeui::UIOption> result(v.size());
     for (unsigned int i = 0; i < v.size(); ++i) {
         result[i] = convertUIOption(v[i]);
@@ -137,7 +129,7 @@
 }  // namespace
 
 TrustyConfirmationUI::TrustyConfirmationUI()
-    : listener_state_(ListenerState::None), prompt_result_(ResponseCode::Ignored) {}
+    : listener_state_(ListenerState::None), prompt_result_(IConfirmationUI::IGNORED) {}
 
 TrustyConfirmationUI::~TrustyConfirmationUI() {
     ListenerState state = listener_state_;
@@ -385,15 +377,16 @@
     //  ############################## Start 4th Phase - cleanup ##################################
 }
 
-// Methods from ::android::hardware::confirmationui::V1_0::IConfirmationUI
+// Methods from ::aidl::android::hardware::confirmationui::IConfirmationUI
 // follow.
-Return<ResponseCode> TrustyConfirmationUI::promptUserConfirmation(
-    const sp<IConfirmationResultCallback>& resultCB, const hidl_string& promptText,
-    const hidl_vec<uint8_t>& extraData, const hidl_string& locale,
-    const hidl_vec<UIOption>& uiOptions) {
+::ndk::ScopedAStatus TrustyConfirmationUI::promptUserConfirmation(
+    const shared_ptr<IConfirmationResultCallback>& resultCB, const vector<uint8_t>& promptTextBytes,
+    const vector<uint8_t>& extraData, const string& locale, const vector<UIOption>& uiOptions) {
     std::unique_lock<std::mutex> stateLock(listener_state_lock_, std::defer_lock);
+    string promptText(promptTextBytes.begin(), promptTextBytes.end());
     if (!stateLock.try_lock()) {
-        return ResponseCode::OperationPending;
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus(
+            AStatus_fromServiceSpecificError(IConfirmationUI::OPERATION_PENDING));
     }
     switch (listener_state_) {
     case ListenerState::None:
@@ -401,23 +394,25 @@
     case ListenerState::Starting:
     case ListenerState::SetupDone:
     case ListenerState::Interactive:
-        return ResponseCode::OperationPending;
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus(
+            AStatus_fromServiceSpecificError(IConfirmationUI::OPERATION_PENDING));
     case ListenerState::Terminating:
         callback_thread_.join();
         listener_state_ = ListenerState::None;
         break;
     default:
-        return ResponseCode::Unexpected;
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus(AStatus_fromServiceSpecificError(IConfirmationUI::UNEXPECTED));
     }
 
     assert(listener_state_ == ListenerState::None);
 
     callback_thread_ = std::thread(
-        [this](sp<IConfirmationResultCallback> resultCB, hidl_string promptText,
-               hidl_vec<uint8_t> extraData, hidl_string locale, hidl_vec<UIOption> uiOptions) {
-            auto [trc, msg, token] =
-                promptUserConfirmation_(hidl2MsgString(promptText), hidl2MsgVector(extraData),
-                                        hidl2MsgString(locale), hidl2MsgVector(uiOptions));
+        [this](const shared_ptr<IConfirmationResultCallback>& resultCB, const string& promptText,
+               const vector<uint8_t>& extraData, const string& locale,
+               const vector<UIOption>& uiOptions) {
+            auto [trc, msg, token] = promptUserConfirmation_(
+                stdString2MsgString(promptText), stdVector2MsgVector(extraData),
+                stdString2MsgString(locale), stdVector2MsgVector(uiOptions));
             bool do_callback = (listener_state_ == ListenerState::Interactive ||
                                 listener_state_ == ListenerState::SetupDone) &&
                                resultCB;
@@ -426,7 +421,7 @@
             if (do_callback) {
                 auto error = resultCB->result(prompt_result_, msg, token);
                 if (!error.isOk()) {
-                    LOG(ERROR) << "Result callback failed " << error.description();
+                    LOG(ERROR) << "Result callback failed " << error.getDescription();
                 }
             } else {
                 listener_state_condv_.notify_all();
@@ -442,14 +437,14 @@
     if (listener_state_ == ListenerState::Terminating) {
         callback_thread_.join();
         listener_state_ = ListenerState::None;
-        return prompt_result_;
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus(AStatus_fromServiceSpecificError(prompt_result_));
     }
-    return ResponseCode::OK;
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
 }
 
-Return<ResponseCode>
+::ndk::ScopedAStatus
 TrustyConfirmationUI::deliverSecureInputEvent(const HardwareAuthToken& secureInputToken) {
-    ResponseCode rc = ResponseCode::Ignored;
+    int rc = IConfirmationUI::IGNORED;
     {
         /*
          * deliverSecureInputEvent is only used by the VTS test to mock human input. A correct
@@ -467,13 +462,17 @@
         listener_state_condv_.wait(stateLock,
                                    [this] { return listener_state_ != ListenerState::SetupDone; });
 
-        if (listener_state_ != ListenerState::Interactive) return ResponseCode::Ignored;
+        if (listener_state_ != ListenerState::Interactive)
+            return ndk::ScopedAStatus(AStatus_fromServiceSpecificError(IConfirmationUI::IGNORED));
         auto sapp = app_.lock();
-        if (!sapp) return ResponseCode::Ignored;
+        if (!sapp)
+            return ndk::ScopedAStatus(AStatus_fromServiceSpecificError(IConfirmationUI::IGNORED));
         auto [error, response] =
             sapp->issueCmd<DeliverTestCommandMessage, DeliverTestCommandResponse>(
                 static_cast<teeui::TestModeCommands>(secureInputToken.challenge));
-        if (error != TrustyAppError::OK) return ResponseCode::SystemError;
+        if (error != TrustyAppError::OK)
+            return ndk::ScopedAStatus(
+                AStatus_fromServiceSpecificError(IConfirmationUI::SYSTEM_ERROR));
         auto& [trc] = response;
         if (trc != TeeuiRc::Ignored) secureInputDelivered_ = true;
         rc = convertRc(trc);
@@ -484,11 +483,14 @@
     // Canceled into OK. Canceled is only returned if the delivered event canceled
     // the operation, which means that the event was successfully delivered. Thus
     // we return OK.
-    if (rc == ResponseCode::Canceled) return ResponseCode::OK;
-    return rc;
+    if (rc == IConfirmationUI::CANCELED) return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+    if (rc != IConfirmationUI::OK) {
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus(AStatus_fromServiceSpecificError(rc));
+    }
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
 }
 
-Return<void> TrustyConfirmationUI::abort() {
+::ndk::ScopedAStatus TrustyConfirmationUI::abort() {
     {
         std::unique_lock<std::mutex> stateLock(listener_state_lock_);
         if (listener_state_ == ListenerState::SetupDone ||
@@ -499,15 +501,11 @@
         }
     }
     listener_state_condv_.notify_all();
-    return Void();
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
 }
 
-android::sp<IConfirmationUI> createTrustyConfirmationUI() {
-    return new TrustyConfirmationUI();
+std::shared_ptr<IConfirmationUI> createTrustyConfirmationUI() {
+    return ndk::SharedRefBase::make<TrustyConfirmationUI>();
 }
 
-}  // namespace implementation
-}  // namespace V1_0
-}  // namespace confirmationui
-}  // namespace hardware
-}  // namespace android
+}  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::confirmationui
diff --git a/trusty/confirmationui/TrustyConfirmationUI.h b/trusty/confirmationui/TrustyConfirmationUI.h
index 0bd703c..6e85704 100644
--- a/trusty/confirmationui/TrustyConfirmationUI.h
+++ b/trusty/confirmationui/TrustyConfirmationUI.h
@@ -17,9 +17,11 @@
 #ifndef ANDROID_HARDWARE_CONFIRMATIONUI_V1_0_TRUSTY_CONFIRMATIONUI_H
 #define ANDROID_HARDWARE_CONFIRMATIONUI_V1_0_TRUSTY_CONFIRMATIONUI_H
 
-#include <android/hardware/confirmationui/1.0/IConfirmationUI.h>
-#include <android/hardware/keymaster/4.0/types.h>
-#include <hidl/Status.h>
+#include <aidl/android/hardware/confirmationui/BnConfirmationUI.h>
+#include <aidl/android/hardware/confirmationui/IConfirmationResultCallback.h>
+#include <aidl/android/hardware/confirmationui/UIOption.h>
+#include <aidl/android/hardware/security/keymint/HardwareAuthToken.h>
+#include <android/binder_manager.h>
 
 #include <atomic>
 #include <condition_variable>
@@ -30,35 +32,29 @@
 
 #include "TrustyApp.h"
 
-namespace android {
-namespace hardware {
-namespace confirmationui {
-namespace V1_0 {
-namespace implementation {
+namespace aidl::android::hardware::confirmationui {
 
-using ::android::sp;
-using ::android::hardware::hidl_array;
-using ::android::hardware::hidl_string;
-using ::android::hardware::hidl_vec;
-using ::android::hardware::Return;
-using ::android::hardware::Void;
+using std::shared_ptr;
+using std::string;
+using std::vector;
 
+using ::aidl::android::hardware::security::keymint::HardwareAuthToken;
 using ::android::trusty::confirmationui::TrustyApp;
 
-class TrustyConfirmationUI : public IConfirmationUI {
+class TrustyConfirmationUI : public BnConfirmationUI {
   public:
     TrustyConfirmationUI();
     virtual ~TrustyConfirmationUI();
-    // Methods from ::android::hardware::confirmationui::V1_0::IConfirmationUI
+    // Methods from ::aidl::android::hardware::confirmationui::IConfirmationUI
     // follow.
-    Return<ResponseCode> promptUserConfirmation(const sp<IConfirmationResultCallback>& resultCB,
-                                                const hidl_string& promptText,
-                                                const hidl_vec<uint8_t>& extraData,
-                                                const hidl_string& locale,
-                                                const hidl_vec<UIOption>& uiOptions) override;
-    Return<ResponseCode> deliverSecureInputEvent(
-        const ::android::hardware::keymaster::V4_0::HardwareAuthToken& secureInputToken) override;
-    Return<void> abort() override;
+    ::ndk::ScopedAStatus
+    promptUserConfirmation(const shared_ptr<IConfirmationResultCallback>& resultCB,
+                           const vector<uint8_t>& promptText, const vector<uint8_t>& extraData,
+                           const string& locale, const vector<UIOption>& uiOptions) override;
+    ::ndk::ScopedAStatus
+    deliverSecureInputEvent(const HardwareAuthToken& secureInputToken) override;
+
+    ::ndk::ScopedAStatus abort() override;
 
   private:
     std::weak_ptr<TrustyApp> app_;
@@ -85,7 +81,7 @@
     bool abort_called_;
     std::mutex listener_state_lock_;
     std::condition_variable listener_state_condv_;
-    ResponseCode prompt_result_;
+    int prompt_result_;
     bool secureInputDelivered_;
 
     std::tuple<teeui::ResponseCode, teeui::MsgVector<uint8_t>, teeui::MsgVector<uint8_t>>
@@ -95,10 +91,6 @@
                             const teeui::MsgVector<teeui::UIOption>& uiOptions);
 };
 
-}  // namespace implementation
-}  // namespace V1_0
-}  // namespace confirmationui
-}  // namespace hardware
-}  // namespace android
+}  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::confirmationui
 
 #endif  // ANDROID_HARDWARE_CONFIRMATIONUI_V1_0_TRUSTY_CONFIRMATIONUI_H
diff --git a/trusty/confirmationui/android.hardware.confirmationui-service.trusty.rc b/trusty/confirmationui/android.hardware.confirmationui-service.trusty.rc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b5c3159
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trusty/confirmationui/android.hardware.confirmationui-service.trusty.rc
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+service vendor.confirmationui_default /vendor/bin/hw/android.hardware.confirmationui-service.trusty
+    interface aidl android.hardware.confirmationui.IConfirmationUI/default
+    class hal
+    user system
+    group drmrpc input system
diff --git a/trusty/confirmationui/android.hardware.confirmationui@1.0-service.trusty.xml b/trusty/confirmationui/android.hardware.confirmationui-service.trusty.xml
similarity index 71%
rename from trusty/confirmationui/android.hardware.confirmationui@1.0-service.trusty.xml
rename to trusty/confirmationui/android.hardware.confirmationui-service.trusty.xml
index 9008b87..afa2e8e 100644
--- a/trusty/confirmationui/android.hardware.confirmationui@1.0-service.trusty.xml
+++ b/trusty/confirmationui/android.hardware.confirmationui-service.trusty.xml
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 <manifest version="1.0" type="device">
-    <hal format="hidl">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.confirmationui</name>
-        <transport>hwbinder</transport>
-        <version>1.0</version>
+        <version>1</version>
         <interface>
         <name>IConfirmationUI</name>
             <instance>default</instance>
diff --git a/trusty/confirmationui/android.hardware.confirmationui@1.0-service.trusty.rc b/trusty/confirmationui/android.hardware.confirmationui@1.0-service.trusty.rc
deleted file mode 100644
index 3ba6fc0..0000000
--- a/trusty/confirmationui/android.hardware.confirmationui@1.0-service.trusty.rc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-service confirmationui-1-0 /vendor/bin/hw/android.hardware.confirmationui@1.0-service.trusty
-    class hal
-    user system
-    group drmrpc input system
diff --git a/trusty/confirmationui/include/TrustyConfirmationuiHal.h b/trusty/confirmationui/include/TrustyConfirmationuiHal.h
index 2ab9389..8000ee2 100644
--- a/trusty/confirmationui/include/TrustyConfirmationuiHal.h
+++ b/trusty/confirmationui/include/TrustyConfirmationuiHal.h
@@ -16,18 +16,10 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <android/hardware/confirmationui/1.0/IConfirmationUI.h>
+#include <aidl/android/hardware/confirmationui/IConfirmationUI.h>
 
-namespace android {
-namespace hardware {
-namespace confirmationui {
-namespace V1_0 {
-namespace implementation {
+namespace aidl::android::hardware::confirmationui {
 
-android::sp<IConfirmationUI> createTrustyConfirmationUI();
+std::shared_ptr<IConfirmationUI> createTrustyConfirmationUI();
 
-}  // namespace implementation
-}  // namespace V1_0
-}  // namespace confirmationui
-}  // namespace hardware
-}  // namespace android
+}  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::confirmationui
diff --git a/trusty/confirmationui/service.cpp b/trusty/confirmationui/service.cpp
index dd7e84b..44fa3a6 100644
--- a/trusty/confirmationui/service.cpp
+++ b/trusty/confirmationui/service.cpp
@@ -15,21 +15,24 @@
  */
 
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
-#include <hidl/HidlTransportSupport.h>
+#include <android/binder_manager.h>
+#include <android/binder_process.h>
 
 #include <TrustyConfirmationuiHal.h>
 
-using android::sp;
-using android::hardware::confirmationui::V1_0::implementation::createTrustyConfirmationUI;
+using ::aidl::android::hardware::confirmationui::createTrustyConfirmationUI;
+using ::aidl::android::hardware::confirmationui::IConfirmationUI;
 
 int main() {
-    ::android::hardware::configureRpcThreadpool(1, true /*willJoinThreadpool*/);
-    auto service = createTrustyConfirmationUI();
-    auto status = service->registerAsService();
-    if (status != android::OK) {
-        LOG(FATAL) << "Could not register service for ConfirmationUI 1.0 (" << status << ")";
-        return -1;
-    }
-    ::android::hardware::joinRpcThreadpool();
-    return -1;
+    ABinderProcess_setThreadPoolMaxThreadCount(0);
+
+    auto confirmationui = createTrustyConfirmationUI();
+
+    const auto instance = std::string(IConfirmationUI::descriptor) + "/default";
+    binder_status_t status =
+        AServiceManager_addService(confirmationui->asBinder().get(), instance.c_str());
+    CHECK_EQ(status, STATUS_OK) << "Could not register " << instance;
+
+    ABinderProcess_joinThreadPool();
+    return EXIT_FAILURE;
 }
diff --git a/trusty/keymaster/Android.bp b/trusty/keymaster/Android.bp
index 0e916ef..adc9fdf 100644
--- a/trusty/keymaster/Android.bp
+++ b/trusty/keymaster/Android.bp
@@ -123,7 +123,6 @@
     ],
     required: [
         "android.hardware.hardware_keystore.xml",
-        "RemoteProvisioner",
     ],
 }
 
diff --git a/trusty/keymaster/TrustyKeymaster.cpp b/trusty/keymaster/TrustyKeymaster.cpp
index e77940a..ac98695 100644
--- a/trusty/keymaster/TrustyKeymaster.cpp
+++ b/trusty/keymaster/TrustyKeymaster.cpp
@@ -178,6 +178,11 @@
     ForwardCommand(KM_GENERATE_CSR, request, response);
 }
 
+void TrustyKeymaster::GenerateCsrV2(const GenerateCsrV2Request& request,
+                                    GenerateCsrV2Response* response) {
+    ForwardCommand(KM_GENERATE_CSR_V2, request, response);
+}
+
 void TrustyKeymaster::GetKeyCharacteristics(const GetKeyCharacteristicsRequest& request,
                                             GetKeyCharacteristicsResponse* response) {
     ForwardCommand(KM_GET_KEY_CHARACTERISTICS, request, response);
@@ -285,4 +290,10 @@
     return response;
 }
 
+GetHwInfoResponse TrustyKeymaster::GetHwInfo() {
+    GetHwInfoResponse response(message_version());
+    ForwardCommand(KM_GET_HW_INFO, GetHwInfoRequest(message_version()), &response);
+    return response;
+}
+
 }  // namespace keymaster
diff --git a/trusty/keymaster/include/trusty_keymaster/TrustyKeymaster.h b/trusty/keymaster/include/trusty_keymaster/TrustyKeymaster.h
index 9f4f39b..60d3f87 100644
--- a/trusty/keymaster/include/trusty_keymaster/TrustyKeymaster.h
+++ b/trusty/keymaster/include/trusty_keymaster/TrustyKeymaster.h
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@
     void GenerateKey(const GenerateKeyRequest& request, GenerateKeyResponse* response);
     void GenerateRkpKey(const GenerateRkpKeyRequest& request, GenerateRkpKeyResponse* response);
     void GenerateCsr(const GenerateCsrRequest& request, GenerateCsrResponse* response);
+    void GenerateCsrV2(const GenerateCsrV2Request& request, GenerateCsrV2Response* response);
     void GetKeyCharacteristics(const GetKeyCharacteristicsRequest& request,
                                GetKeyCharacteristicsResponse* response);
     void ImportKey(const ImportKeyRequest& request, ImportKeyResponse* response);
@@ -67,6 +68,7 @@
     ConfigureVendorPatchlevelResponse ConfigureVendorPatchlevel(
             const ConfigureVendorPatchlevelRequest& request);
     GetRootOfTrustResponse GetRootOfTrust(const GetRootOfTrustRequest& request);
+    GetHwInfoResponse GetHwInfo();
 
     uint32_t message_version() const { return message_version_; }
 
diff --git a/trusty/keymaster/include/trusty_keymaster/TrustyRemotelyProvisionedComponentDevice.h b/trusty/keymaster/include/trusty_keymaster/TrustyRemotelyProvisionedComponentDevice.h
index d544b51..dbb7fff 100644
--- a/trusty/keymaster/include/trusty_keymaster/TrustyRemotelyProvisionedComponentDevice.h
+++ b/trusty/keymaster/include/trusty_keymaster/TrustyRemotelyProvisionedComponentDevice.h
@@ -46,6 +46,10 @@
                                              DeviceInfo* deviceInfo, ProtectedData* protectedData,
                                              std::vector<uint8_t>* keysToSignMac) override;
 
+    ScopedAStatus generateCertificateRequestV2(const std::vector<MacedPublicKey>& keysToSign,
+                                               const std::vector<uint8_t>& challenge,
+                                               std::vector<uint8_t>* csr) override;
+
   private:
     std::shared_ptr<::keymaster::TrustyKeymaster> impl_;
 };
diff --git a/trusty/keymaster/include/trusty_keymaster/ipc/keymaster_ipc.h b/trusty/keymaster/include/trusty_keymaster/ipc/keymaster_ipc.h
index bf0cb70..f767d40 100644
--- a/trusty/keymaster/include/trusty_keymaster/ipc/keymaster_ipc.h
+++ b/trusty/keymaster/include/trusty_keymaster/ipc/keymaster_ipc.h
@@ -60,6 +60,8 @@
     KM_GENERATE_CSR                 = (32 << KEYMASTER_REQ_SHIFT),
     KM_CONFIGURE_VENDOR_PATCHLEVEL  = (33 << KEYMASTER_REQ_SHIFT),
     KM_GET_ROOT_OF_TRUST            = (34 << KEYMASTER_REQ_SHIFT),
+    KM_GET_HW_INFO                  = (35 << KEYMASTER_REQ_SHIFT),
+    KM_GENERATE_CSR_V2              = (36 << KEYMASTER_REQ_SHIFT),
 
     // Bootloader/provisioning calls.
     KM_SET_BOOT_PARAMS = (0x1000 << KEYMASTER_REQ_SHIFT),
diff --git a/trusty/keymaster/keymint/TrustyRemotelyProvisionedComponentDevice.cpp b/trusty/keymaster/keymint/TrustyRemotelyProvisionedComponentDevice.cpp
index 099f189..c6800cd 100644
--- a/trusty/keymaster/keymint/TrustyRemotelyProvisionedComponentDevice.cpp
+++ b/trusty/keymaster/keymint/TrustyRemotelyProvisionedComponentDevice.cpp
@@ -28,9 +28,14 @@
 
 using keymaster::GenerateCsrRequest;
 using keymaster::GenerateCsrResponse;
+using keymaster::GenerateCsrV2Request;
+using keymaster::GenerateCsrV2Response;
 using keymaster::GenerateRkpKeyRequest;
 using keymaster::GenerateRkpKeyResponse;
+using keymaster::GetHwInfoRequest;
+using keymaster::GetHwInfoResponse;
 using keymaster::KeymasterBlob;
+using km_utils::kmError2ScopedAStatus;
 using ::std::string;
 using ::std::unique_ptr;
 using ::std::vector;
@@ -71,10 +76,15 @@
 }  // namespace
 
 ScopedAStatus TrustyRemotelyProvisionedComponentDevice::getHardwareInfo(RpcHardwareInfo* info) {
-    info->versionNumber = 2;
-    info->rpcAuthorName = "Google";
-    info->supportedEekCurve = RpcHardwareInfo::CURVE_25519;
-    info->uniqueId = "Trusty: My password is ******";
+    GetHwInfoResponse response = impl_->GetHwInfo();
+    if (response.error != KM_ERROR_OK) {
+        return Status(-static_cast<int32_t>(response.error), "Failed to get hardware info.");
+    }
+
+    info->versionNumber = response.version;
+    info->rpcAuthorName = std::move(response.rpcAuthorName);
+    info->supportedEekCurve = response.supportedEekCurve;
+    info->uniqueId = std::move(response.uniqueId);
     return ScopedAStatus::ok();
 }
 
@@ -118,4 +128,25 @@
     return ScopedAStatus::ok();
 }
 
+ScopedAStatus TrustyRemotelyProvisionedComponentDevice::generateCertificateRequestV2(
+        const std::vector<MacedPublicKey>& keysToSign, const std::vector<uint8_t>& challenge,
+        std::vector<uint8_t>* csr) {
+    GenerateCsrV2Request request(impl_->message_version());
+    if (!request.InitKeysToSign(keysToSign.size())) {
+        return kmError2ScopedAStatus(static_cast<keymaster_error_t>(STATUS_FAILED));
+    }
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < keysToSign.size(); i++) {
+        request.SetKeyToSign(i, keysToSign[i].macedKey.data(), keysToSign[i].macedKey.size());
+    }
+    request.SetChallenge(challenge.data(), challenge.size());
+    GenerateCsrV2Response response(impl_->message_version());
+    impl_->GenerateCsrV2(request, &response);
+
+    if (response.error != KM_ERROR_OK) {
+        return Status(-static_cast<int32_t>(response.error), "Failure in CSR v2 generation.");
+    }
+    *csr = km_utils::kmBlob2vector(response.csr);
+    return ScopedAStatus::ok();
+}
+
 }  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::security::keymint::trusty
diff --git a/trusty/keymaster/keymint/android.hardware.security.keymint-service.trusty.xml b/trusty/keymaster/keymint/android.hardware.security.keymint-service.trusty.xml
index 0b995a2..77dc854 100644
--- a/trusty/keymaster/keymint/android.hardware.security.keymint-service.trusty.xml
+++ b/trusty/keymaster/keymint/android.hardware.security.keymint-service.trusty.xml
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
     </hal>
     <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.security.keymint</name>
-        <version>2</version>
+        <version>3</version>
         <fqname>IRemotelyProvisionedComponent/default</fqname>
     </hal>
 </manifest>
diff --git a/trusty/metrics/metrics_test.cpp b/trusty/metrics/metrics_test.cpp
index 9897950..0c6db7f 100644
--- a/trusty/metrics/metrics_test.cpp
+++ b/trusty/metrics/metrics_test.cpp
@@ -61,6 +61,18 @@
     virtual void SetUp() override {
         auto ret = Open();
         ASSERT_TRUE(ret.ok()) << ret.error();
+
+        /* Drain events (if any) and reset state */
+        DrainEvents();
+        crashed_app_.clear();
+        event_drop_count_ = 0;
+    }
+
+    void DrainEvents() {
+        while (WaitForEvent(1000 /* 1 second timeout */).ok()) {
+            auto ret = HandleEvent();
+            ASSERT_TRUE(ret.ok()) << ret.error();
+        }
     }
 
     void WaitForAndHandleEvent() {
@@ -79,6 +91,9 @@
     TriggerCrash();
     WaitForAndHandleEvent();
 
+    /* Check that no event was dropped. */
+    ASSERT_EQ(event_drop_count_, 0);
+
     /* Check that correct TA crashed. */
     ASSERT_EQ(crashed_app_, "36f5b435-5bd3-4526-8b76-200e3a7e79f3:crasher");
 }
@@ -110,6 +125,9 @@
     auto ret = HandleEvent();
     ASSERT_TRUE(ret.ok()) << ret.error();
 
+    /* Check that no event was dropped. */
+    ASSERT_EQ(event_drop_count_, 0);
+
     /* Check that correct TA crashed. */
     ASSERT_EQ(crashed_app_, "36f5b435-5bd3-4526-8b76-200e3a7e79f3:crasher");
 }
diff --git a/trusty/storage/interface/include/trusty/interface/storage.h b/trusty/storage/interface/include/trusty/interface/storage.h
index 3f1dcb8..3291607 100644
--- a/trusty/storage/interface/include/trusty/interface/storage.h
+++ b/trusty/storage/interface/include/trusty/interface/storage.h
@@ -53,6 +53,8 @@
 
 	/* transaction support */
 	STORAGE_END_TRANSACTION = 9 << STORAGE_REQ_SHIFT,
+
+	STORAGE_FILE_GET_MAX_SIZE = 12 << STORAGE_REQ_SHIFT,
 };
 
 /**
@@ -70,6 +72,9 @@
  * @STORAGE_ERR_TRANSACT        returned by various operations to indicate that current transaction
  *                              is in error state. Such state could be only cleared by sending
  *                              STORAGE_END_TRANSACTION message.
+ * @STORAGE_ERR_SYNC_FAILURE    indicates that the current operation failed to sync
+ *                              to disk. Only returned if STORAGE_MSG_FLAG_PRE_COMMIT or
+ *                              STORAGE_MSG_FLAG_POST_COMMIT was set for the request.
  */
 enum storage_err {
 	STORAGE_NO_ERROR          = 0,
@@ -80,6 +85,7 @@
 	STORAGE_ERR_NOT_FOUND     = 5,
 	STORAGE_ERR_EXIST         = 6,
 	STORAGE_ERR_TRANSACT      = 7,
+	STORAGE_ERR_SYNC_FAILURE  = 8,
 };
 
 /**
@@ -180,6 +186,24 @@
 };
 
 /**
+ * struct storage_file_get_max_size_req - request format for
+ *                                        STORAGE_FILE_GET_MAX_SIZE
+ * @handle: the handle for the file whose max size is requested
+ */
+struct storage_file_get_max_size_req {
+	uint32_t handle;
+};
+
+/**
+ * struct storage_file_get_max_size_resp - response format for
+ *                                         STORAGE_FILE_GET_MAX_SIZE
+ * @max_size:   the maximum size of the file
+ */
+struct storage_file_get_max_size_resp {
+	uint64_t max_size;
+};
+
+/**
  * struct storage_file_read_req - request format for STORAGE_FILE_READ
  * @handle: the handle for the file from which to read
  * @size:   the quantity of bytes to read from the file
diff --git a/trusty/storage/proxy/proxy.c b/trusty/storage/proxy/proxy.c
index 2620034..b970406 100644
--- a/trusty/storage/proxy/proxy.c
+++ b/trusty/storage/proxy/proxy.c
@@ -70,56 +70,14 @@
     exit(code);
 }
 
-static int drop_privs(void) {
-    struct __user_cap_header_struct capheader;
-    struct __user_cap_data_struct capdata[2];
-
-    if (prctl(PR_SET_KEEPCAPS, 1, 0, 0, 0) < 0) {
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * ensure we're running as the system user
-     */
-    if (setgid(AID_SYSTEM) != 0) {
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    if (setuid(AID_SYSTEM) != 0) {
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * drop all capabilities except SYS_RAWIO
-     */
-    memset(&capheader, 0, sizeof(capheader));
-    memset(&capdata, 0, sizeof(capdata));
-    capheader.version = _LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION_3;
-    capheader.pid = 0;
-
-    capdata[CAP_TO_INDEX(CAP_SYS_RAWIO)].permitted = CAP_TO_MASK(CAP_SYS_RAWIO);
-    capdata[CAP_TO_INDEX(CAP_SYS_RAWIO)].effective = CAP_TO_MASK(CAP_SYS_RAWIO);
-
-    if (capset(&capheader, &capdata[0]) < 0) {
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * No access for group and other. We need execute access for user to create
-     * an accessible directory.
-     */
-    umask(S_IRWXG | S_IRWXO);
-
-    return 0;
-}
-
 static int handle_req(struct storage_msg* msg, const void* req, size_t req_len) {
     int rc;
 
-    if ((msg->flags & STORAGE_MSG_FLAG_POST_COMMIT) && (msg->cmd != STORAGE_RPMB_SEND)) {
+    if ((msg->flags & STORAGE_MSG_FLAG_POST_COMMIT) && msg->cmd != STORAGE_RPMB_SEND &&
+        msg->cmd != STORAGE_FILE_WRITE) {
         /*
-         * handling post commit messages on non rpmb commands are not
-         * implemented as there is no use case for this yet.
+         * handling post commit messages on commands other than rpmb and write
+         * operations are not implemented as there is no use case for this yet.
          */
         ALOGE("cmd 0x%x: post commit option is not implemented\n", msg->cmd);
         msg->result = STORAGE_ERR_UNIMPLEMENTED;
@@ -129,7 +87,7 @@
     if (msg->flags & STORAGE_MSG_FLAG_PRE_COMMIT) {
         rc = storage_sync_checkpoint();
         if (rc < 0) {
-            msg->result = STORAGE_ERR_GENERIC;
+            msg->result = STORAGE_ERR_SYNC_FAILURE;
             return ipc_respond(msg, NULL, 0);
         }
     }
@@ -260,8 +218,11 @@
 int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
     int rc;
 
-    /* drop privileges */
-    if (drop_privs() < 0) return EXIT_FAILURE;
+    /*
+     * No access for group and other. We need execute access for user to create
+     * an accessible directory.
+     */
+    umask(S_IRWXG | S_IRWXO);
 
     /* parse arguments */
     parse_args(argc, argv);
diff --git a/trusty/storage/proxy/storage.c b/trusty/storage/proxy/storage.c
index c00c399..c531cfd 100644
--- a/trusty/storage/proxy/storage.c
+++ b/trusty/storage/proxy/storage.c
@@ -407,6 +407,14 @@
         goto err_response;
     }
 
+    if (msg->flags & STORAGE_MSG_FLAG_POST_COMMIT) {
+        rc = storage_sync_checkpoint();
+        if (rc < 0) {
+            msg->result = STORAGE_ERR_SYNC_FAILURE;
+            goto err_response;
+        }
+    }
+
     msg->result = STORAGE_NO_ERROR;
 
 err_response:
diff --git a/trusty/test/binder/aidl/ByteEnum.aidl b/trusty/test/binder/aidl/ByteEnum.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d3a13ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trusty/test/binder/aidl/ByteEnum.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Hello, world!
+ */
+@Backing(type="byte")
+enum ByteEnum {
+    // Comment about FOO.
+    FOO = 1,
+    BAR = 2,
+    BAZ,
+}
diff --git a/trusty/test/binder/aidl/ITestService.aidl b/trusty/test/binder/aidl/ITestService.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c6a99c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trusty/test/binder/aidl/ITestService.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+
+import ByteEnum;
+import IntEnum;
+import LongEnum;
+
+interface ITestService {
+    const @utf8InCpp String PORT = "com.android.trusty.binder.test.service";
+
+    const int TEST_CONSTANT = 42;
+    const int TEST_CONSTANT2 = -42;
+    const int TEST_CONSTANT3 = +42;
+    const int TEST_CONSTANT4 = +4;
+    const int TEST_CONSTANT5 = -4;
+    const int TEST_CONSTANT6 = -0;
+    const int TEST_CONSTANT7 = +0;
+    const int TEST_CONSTANT8 = 0;
+    const int TEST_CONSTANT9 = 0x56;
+    const int TEST_CONSTANT10 = 0xa5;
+    const int TEST_CONSTANT11 = 0xFA;
+    const int TEST_CONSTANT12 = 0xffffffff;
+
+    const byte BYTE_TEST_CONSTANT = 17;
+    const long LONG_TEST_CONSTANT = 1L << 40;
+
+    const String STRING_TEST_CONSTANT = "foo";
+    const String STRING_TEST_CONSTANT2 = "bar";
+
+    // Test that primitives work as parameters and return types.
+    boolean RepeatBoolean(boolean token);
+    byte RepeatByte(byte token);
+    char RepeatChar(char token);
+    int RepeatInt(int token);
+    long RepeatLong(long token);
+    float RepeatFloat(float token);
+    double RepeatDouble(double token);
+    String RepeatString(String token);
+    ByteEnum RepeatByteEnum(ByteEnum token);
+    IntEnum RepeatIntEnum(IntEnum token);
+    LongEnum RepeatLongEnum(LongEnum token);
+
+    // Test that arrays work as parameters and return types.
+    boolean[] ReverseBoolean(in boolean[] input, out boolean[] repeated);
+    byte[] ReverseByte(in byte[] input, out byte[] repeated);
+    char[] ReverseChar(in char[] input, out char[] repeated);
+    int[] ReverseInt(in int[] input, out int[] repeated);
+    long[] ReverseLong(in long[] input, out long[] repeated);
+    float[] ReverseFloat(in float[] input, out float[] repeated);
+    double[] ReverseDouble(in double[] input, out double[] repeated);
+    String[] ReverseString(in String[] input, out String[] repeated);
+    ByteEnum[] ReverseByteEnum(in ByteEnum[] input, out ByteEnum[] repeated);
+    IntEnum[] ReverseIntEnum(in IntEnum[] input, out IntEnum[] repeated);
+    LongEnum[] ReverseLongEnum(in LongEnum[] input, out LongEnum[] repeated);
+}
diff --git a/trusty/test/binder/aidl/IntEnum.aidl b/trusty/test/binder/aidl/IntEnum.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..120e44f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trusty/test/binder/aidl/IntEnum.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+@JavaDerive(toString=true)
+@Backing(type="int")
+enum IntEnum {
+    FOO = 1000,
+    BAR = 2000,
+    BAZ,
+    /** @deprecated do not use this */
+    QUX,
+}
diff --git a/trusty/test/binder/aidl/LongEnum.aidl b/trusty/test/binder/aidl/LongEnum.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0e9e933
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trusty/test/binder/aidl/LongEnum.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+@Backing(type="long")
+enum LongEnum {
+    FOO = 100000000000,
+    BAR = 200000000000,
+    BAZ,
+}
diff --git a/trusty/test/binder/aidl/rules.mk b/trusty/test/binder/aidl/rules.mk
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6154abb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trusty/test/binder/aidl/rules.mk
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+#
+
+LOCAL_DIR := $(GET_LOCAL_DIR)
+
+MODULE := $(LOCAL_DIR)
+
+MODULE_AIDLS := \
+	$(LOCAL_DIR)/ByteEnum.aidl \
+	$(LOCAL_DIR)/IntEnum.aidl \
+	$(LOCAL_DIR)/ITestService.aidl \
+	$(LOCAL_DIR)/LongEnum.aidl \
+
+include make/aidl.mk
diff --git a/trusty/trusty-base.mk b/trusty/trusty-base.mk
index d40a59e..0609709 100644
--- a/trusty/trusty-base.mk
+++ b/trusty/trusty-base.mk
@@ -25,7 +25,8 @@
 PRODUCT_PACKAGES += \
 	android.hardware.security.keymint-service.trusty \
 	android.hardware.gatekeeper@1.0-service.trusty \
-	trusty_apploader
+	trusty_apploader \
+	RemoteProvisioner
 
 PRODUCT_PROPERTY_OVERRIDES += \
 	ro.hardware.keystore_desede=true \
diff --git a/trusty/utils/acvp/acvp_ipc.h b/trusty/utils/acvp/acvp_ipc.h
index 300e05a..fc1c9d7 100644
--- a/trusty/utils/acvp/acvp_ipc.h
+++ b/trusty/utils/acvp/acvp_ipc.h
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@
  * This must be at least as long as the longest reply from the ACVP service
  * (currently the reply from getConfig()).
  */
-#define ACVP_MIN_SHARED_MEMORY 16384
+#define ACVP_MIN_SHARED_MEMORY 32768
 
 /**
  * acvp_req - Request for the Trusty ACVP app