diff --git a/adb/adb.h b/adb/adb.h
index 8064c17..faeab8d 100644
--- a/adb/adb.h
+++ b/adb/adb.h
@@ -139,8 +139,10 @@
 int  init_socket_transport(atransport *t, int s, int port, int local);
 void init_usb_transport(atransport *t, usb_handle *usb, ConnectionState state);
 
+std::string getEmulatorSerialString(int console_port);
 #if ADB_HOST
 atransport* find_emulator_transport_by_adb_port(int adb_port);
+atransport* find_emulator_transport_by_console_port(int console_port);
 #endif
 
 int service_to_fd(const char* name, const atransport* transport);
diff --git a/adb/transport_local.cpp b/adb/transport_local.cpp
index a94b41e..ea2bf77 100644
--- a/adb/transport_local.cpp
+++ b/adb/transport_local.cpp
@@ -103,7 +103,8 @@
     int fd = -1;
 
 #if ADB_HOST
-    if (find_emulator_transport_by_adb_port(adb_port) != nullptr) {
+    if (find_emulator_transport_by_adb_port(adb_port) != nullptr ||
+        find_emulator_transport_by_console_port(console_port) != nullptr) {
         return -1;
     }
 
@@ -120,7 +121,7 @@
         D("client: connected on remote on fd %d", fd);
         close_on_exec(fd);
         disable_tcp_nagle(fd);
-        std::string serial = android::base::StringPrintf("emulator-%d", console_port);
+        std::string serial = getEmulatorSerialString(console_port);
         if (register_socket_transport(fd, serial.c_str(), adb_port, 1) == 0) {
             return 0;
         }
@@ -431,6 +432,11 @@
     return NULL;
 }
 
+std::string getEmulatorSerialString(int console_port)
+{
+    return android::base::StringPrintf("emulator-%d", console_port);
+}
+
 atransport* find_emulator_transport_by_adb_port(int adb_port)
 {
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(local_transports_lock);
@@ -438,6 +444,12 @@
     return result;
 }
 
+atransport* find_emulator_transport_by_console_port(int console_port)
+{
+    return find_transport(getEmulatorSerialString(console_port).c_str());
+}
+
+
 /* Only call this function if you already hold local_transports_lock. */
 int get_available_local_transport_index_locked()
 {
diff --git a/include/utils/SortedVector.h b/include/utils/SortedVector.h
index 9f2ec02..96dfcca 100644
--- a/include/utils/SortedVector.h
+++ b/include/utils/SortedVector.h
@@ -37,18 +37,18 @@
 
 public:
             typedef TYPE    value_type;
-    
-    /*! 
+
+    /*!
      * Constructors and destructors
      */
-    
+
                             SortedVector();
                             SortedVector(const SortedVector<TYPE>& rhs);
     virtual                 ~SortedVector();
 
     /*! copy operator */
-    const SortedVector<TYPE>&   operator = (const SortedVector<TYPE>& rhs) const;    
-    SortedVector<TYPE>&         operator = (const SortedVector<TYPE>& rhs);    
+    const SortedVector<TYPE>&   operator = (const SortedVector<TYPE>& rhs) const;
+    SortedVector<TYPE>&         operator = (const SortedVector<TYPE>& rhs);
 
     /*
      * empty the vector
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@
 
     inline  void            clear()             { VectorImpl::clear(); }
 
-    /*! 
+    /*!
      * vector stats
      */
 
@@ -69,11 +69,11 @@
     //! sets the capacity. capacity can never be reduced less than size()
     inline  ssize_t         setCapacity(size_t size)    { return VectorImpl::setCapacity(size); }
 
-    /*! 
+    /*!
      * C-style array access
      */
-     
-    //! read-only C-style access 
+
+    //! read-only C-style access
     inline  const TYPE*     array() const;
 
     //! read-write C-style access. BE VERY CAREFUL when modifying the array
@@ -82,12 +82,12 @@
 
             //! finds the index of an item
             ssize_t         indexOf(const TYPE& item) const;
-            
+
             //! finds where this item should be inserted
             size_t          orderOf(const TYPE& item) const;
-            
-    
-    /*! 
+
+
+    /*!
      * accessors
      */
 
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@
 
             //! add an item in the right place (and replace the one that is there)
             ssize_t         add(const TYPE& item);
-            
+
             //! editItemAt() MUST NOT change the order of this item
             TYPE&           editItemAt(size_t index) {
                 return *( static_cast<TYPE *>(VectorImpl::editItemLocation(index)) );
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@
             //! merges a vector into this one
             ssize_t         merge(const Vector<TYPE>& vector);
             ssize_t         merge(const SortedVector<TYPE>& vector);
-            
+
             //! removes an item
             ssize_t         remove(const TYPE&);
 
@@ -121,7 +121,24 @@
     inline  ssize_t         removeItemsAt(size_t index, size_t count = 1);
     //! remove one item
     inline  ssize_t         removeAt(size_t index)  { return removeItemsAt(index); }
-            
+
+    /*
+     * these inlines add some level of compatibility with STL.
+     */
+    typedef TYPE* iterator;
+    typedef TYPE const* const_iterator;
+
+    inline iterator begin() { return editArray(); }
+    inline iterator end()   { return editArray() + size(); }
+    inline const_iterator begin() const { return array(); }
+    inline const_iterator end() const   { return array() + size(); }
+    inline void reserve(size_t n) { setCapacity(n); }
+    inline bool empty() const{ return isEmpty(); }
+    inline iterator erase(iterator pos) {
+        ssize_t index = removeItemsAt(pos-array());
+        return begin() + index;
+    }
+
 protected:
     virtual void    do_construct(void* storage, size_t num) const;
     virtual void    do_destroy(void* storage, size_t num) const;
@@ -159,13 +176,13 @@
 template<class TYPE> inline
 SortedVector<TYPE>& SortedVector<TYPE>::operator = (const SortedVector<TYPE>& rhs) {
     SortedVectorImpl::operator = (rhs);
-    return *this; 
+    return *this;
 }
 
 template<class TYPE> inline
 const SortedVector<TYPE>& SortedVector<TYPE>::operator = (const SortedVector<TYPE>& rhs) const {
     SortedVectorImpl::operator = (rhs);
-    return *this; 
+    return *this;
 }
 
 template<class TYPE> inline
diff --git a/init/init.cpp b/init/init.cpp
index 957527b..7a0e114 100644
--- a/init/init.cpp
+++ b/init/init.cpp
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include <dirent.h>
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
+#include <fstream>
 #include <libgen.h>
 #include <paths.h>
 #include <signal.h>
@@ -248,6 +249,113 @@
     return result;
 }
 
+static void security_failure() {
+    LOG(ERROR) << "Security failure; rebooting into recovery mode...";
+    android_reboot(ANDROID_RB_RESTART2, 0, "recovery");
+    while (true) { pause(); }  // never reached
+}
+
+#define MMAP_RND_PATH "/proc/sys/vm/mmap_rnd_bits"
+#define MMAP_RND_COMPAT_PATH "/proc/sys/vm/mmap_rnd_compat_bits"
+
+/* __attribute__((unused)) due to lack of mips support: see mips block
+ * in set_mmap_rnd_bits_action */
+static bool __attribute__((unused)) set_mmap_rnd_bits_min(int start, int min, bool compat) {
+    std::string path;
+    if (compat) {
+        path = MMAP_RND_COMPAT_PATH;
+    } else {
+        path = MMAP_RND_PATH;
+    }
+    std::ifstream inf(path, std::fstream::in);
+    if (!inf) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Cannot open for reading: " << path;
+        return false;
+    }
+    while (start >= min) {
+        // try to write out new value
+        std::string str_val = std::to_string(start);
+        std::ofstream of(path, std::fstream::out);
+        if (!of) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Cannot open for writing: " << path;
+            return false;
+        }
+        of << str_val << std::endl;
+        of.close();
+
+        // check to make sure it was recorded
+        inf.seekg(0);
+        std::string str_rec;
+        inf >> str_rec;
+        if (str_val.compare(str_rec) == 0) {
+            break;
+        }
+        start--;
+    }
+    inf.close();
+    if (start < min) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to set minimum required entropy " << min << " in " << path;
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Set /proc/sys/vm/mmap_rnd_bits and potentially
+ * /proc/sys/vm/mmap_rnd_compat_bits to the maximum supported values.
+ * Returns -1 if unable to set these to an acceptable value.
+ *
+ * To support this sysctl, the following upstream commits are needed:
+ *
+ * d07e22597d1d mm: mmap: add new /proc tunable for mmap_base ASLR
+ * e0c25d958f78 arm: mm: support ARCH_MMAP_RND_BITS
+ * 8f0d3aa9de57 arm64: mm: support ARCH_MMAP_RND_BITS
+ * 9e08f57d684a x86: mm: support ARCH_MMAP_RND_BITS
+ * ec9ee4acd97c drivers: char: random: add get_random_long()
+ * 5ef11c35ce86 mm: ASLR: use get_random_long()
+ */
+static int set_mmap_rnd_bits_action(const std::vector<std::string>& args)
+{
+    int ret = -1;
+
+    /* values are arch-dependent */
+#if defined(__aarch64__)
+    /* arm64 supports 18 - 33 bits depending on pagesize and VA_SIZE */
+    if (set_mmap_rnd_bits_min(33, 24, false)
+            && set_mmap_rnd_bits_min(16, 16, true)) {
+        ret = 0;
+    }
+#elif defined(__x86_64__)
+    /* x86_64 supports 28 - 32 bits */
+    if (set_mmap_rnd_bits_min(32, 32, false)
+            && set_mmap_rnd_bits_min(16, 16, true)) {
+        ret = 0;
+    }
+#elif defined(__arm__) || defined(__i386__)
+    /* check to see if we're running on 64-bit kernel */
+    bool h64 = !access(MMAP_RND_COMPAT_PATH, F_OK);
+    /* supported 32-bit architecture must have 16 bits set */
+    if (set_mmap_rnd_bits_min(16, 16, h64)) {
+        ret = 0;
+    }
+#elif defined(__mips__) || defined(__mips64__)
+    // TODO: add mips support b/27788820
+    ret = 0;
+#else
+    ERROR("Unknown architecture\n");
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __BRILLO__
+    // TODO: b/27794137
+    ret = 0;
+#endif
+    if (ret == -1) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to set adequate mmap entropy value!";
+        security_failure();
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
 static int keychord_init_action(const std::vector<std::string>& args)
 {
     keychord_init();
@@ -401,12 +509,6 @@
     return 0;
 }
 
-static void security_failure() {
-    LOG(ERROR) << "Security failure; rebooting into recovery mode...";
-    android_reboot(ANDROID_RB_RESTART2, 0, "recovery");
-    while (true) { pause(); }  // never reached
-}
-
 static void selinux_initialize(bool in_kernel_domain) {
     Timer t;
 
@@ -674,6 +776,7 @@
     am.QueueBuiltinAction(wait_for_coldboot_done_action, "wait_for_coldboot_done");
     // ... so that we can start queuing up actions that require stuff from /dev.
     am.QueueBuiltinAction(mix_hwrng_into_linux_rng_action, "mix_hwrng_into_linux_rng");
+    am.QueueBuiltinAction(set_mmap_rnd_bits_action, "set_mmap_rnd_bits");
     am.QueueBuiltinAction(keychord_init_action, "keychord_init");
     am.QueueBuiltinAction(console_init_action, "console_init");
 
diff --git a/libsparse/simg_dump.py b/libsparse/simg_dump.py
index c70d45f..82a03ad 100755
--- a/libsparse/simg_dump.py
+++ b/libsparse/simg_dump.py
@@ -15,43 +15,64 @@
 # limitations under the License.
 
 from __future__ import print_function
-import getopt, posixpath, signal, struct, sys
+import csv
+import getopt
+import hashlib
+import posixpath
+import signal
+import struct
+import sys
+
 
 def usage(argv0):
   print("""
-Usage: %s [-v] sparse_image_file ...
+Usage: %s [-v] [-s] [-c <filename>] sparse_image_file ...
  -v             verbose output
-""" % ( argv0 ))
+ -s             show sha1sum of data blocks
+ -c <filename>  save .csv file of blocks
+""" % (argv0))
   sys.exit(2)
 
-def main():
 
+def main():
   signal.signal(signal.SIGPIPE, signal.SIG_DFL)
 
   me = posixpath.basename(sys.argv[0])
 
   # Parse the command line
-  verbose = 0			# -v
+  verbose = 0                   # -v
+  showhash = 0                  # -s
+  csvfilename = None            # -c
   try:
     opts, args = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:],
-                               "v",
-                               ["verbose"])
+                               "vsc:",
+                               ["verbose", "showhash", "csvfile"])
   except getopt.GetoptError, e:
     print(e)
     usage(me)
   for o, a in opts:
     if o in ("-v", "--verbose"):
       verbose += 1
+    elif o in ("-s", "--showhash"):
+      showhash = True
+    elif o in ("-c", "--csvfile"):
+      csvfilename = a
     else:
       print("Unrecognized option \"%s\"" % (o))
       usage(me)
 
-  if len(args) == 0:
+  if not args:
     print("No sparse_image_file specified")
     usage(me)
 
+  if csvfilename:
+    csvfile = open(csvfilename, "wb")
+    csvwriter = csv.writer(csvfile)
+
+  output = verbose or csvfilename or showhash
+
   for path in args:
-    FH = open(path, 'rb')
+    FH = open(path, "rb")
     header_bin = FH.read(28)
     header = struct.unpack("<I4H4I", header_bin)
 
@@ -88,71 +109,99 @@
     if image_checksum != 0:
       print("checksum=0x%08X" % (image_checksum))
 
-    if not verbose:
+    if not output:
       continue
-    print("            input_bytes      output_blocks")
-    print("chunk    offset     number  offset  number")
+
+    if verbose > 0:
+      print("            input_bytes      output_blocks")
+      print("chunk    offset     number  offset  number")
+
+    if csvfilename:
+      csvwriter.writerow(["chunk", "input offset", "input bytes",
+                          "output offset", "output blocks", "type", "hash"])
+
     offset = 0
-    for i in xrange(1,total_chunks+1):
+    for i in xrange(1, total_chunks + 1):
       header_bin = FH.read(12)
       header = struct.unpack("<2H2I", header_bin)
       chunk_type = header[0]
-      reserved1 = header[1]
       chunk_sz = header[2]
       total_sz = header[3]
       data_sz = total_sz - 12
+      curhash = ""
+      curtype = ""
+      curpos = FH.tell()
 
-      print("%4u %10u %10u %7u %7u" % (i, FH.tell(), data_sz, offset, chunk_sz),
-            end=" ")
+      if verbose > 0:
+        print("%4u %10u %10u %7u %7u" % (i, curpos, data_sz, offset, chunk_sz),
+              end=" ")
 
       if chunk_type == 0xCAC1:
         if data_sz != (chunk_sz * blk_sz):
           print("Raw chunk input size (%u) does not match output size (%u)"
                 % (data_sz, chunk_sz * blk_sz))
-          break;
+          break
         else:
-          print("Raw data", end="")
-          FH.read(data_sz)
+          curtype = "Raw data"
+          data = FH.read(data_sz)
+          if showhash:
+            h = hashlib.sha1()
+            h.update(data)
+            curhash = h.hexdigest()
       elif chunk_type == 0xCAC2:
         if data_sz != 4:
           print("Fill chunk should have 4 bytes of fill, but this has %u"
-                % (data_sz), end="")
-          break;
+                % (data_sz))
+          break
         else:
           fill_bin = FH.read(4)
           fill = struct.unpack("<I", fill_bin)
-          print("Fill with 0x%08X" % (fill))
+          curtype = format("Fill with 0x%08X" % (fill))
+          if showhash:
+            h = hashlib.sha1()
+            data = fill_bin * (blk_sz / 4);
+            for block in xrange(chunk_sz):
+              h.update(data)
+            curhash = h.hexdigest()
       elif chunk_type == 0xCAC3:
         if data_sz != 0:
           print("Don't care chunk input size is non-zero (%u)" % (data_sz))
-          break;
+          break
         else:
-          print("Don't care", end="")
+          curtype = "Don't care"
       elif chunk_type == 0xCAC4:
         if data_sz != 4:
           print("CRC32 chunk should have 4 bytes of CRC, but this has %u"
-                % (data_sz), end="")
-          break;
+                % (data_sz))
+          break
         else:
           crc_bin = FH.read(4)
           crc = struct.unpack("<I", crc_bin)
-          print("Unverified CRC32 0x%08X" % (crc))
+          curtype = format("Unverified CRC32 0x%08X" % (crc))
       else:
-          print("Unknown chunk type 0x%04X" % (chunk_type), end="")
-          break;
+        print("Unknown chunk type 0x%04X" % (chunk_type))
+        break
 
-      if verbose > 1:
-        header = struct.unpack("<12B", header_bin)
-        print(" (%02X%02X %02X%02X %02X%02X%02X%02X %02X%02X%02X%02X)"
-              % (header[0], header[1], header[2], header[3],
-                 header[4], header[5], header[6], header[7],
-                 header[8], header[9], header[10], header[11]))
-      else:
-        print()
+      if verbose > 0:
+        print("%-18s" % (curtype), end=" ")
+
+        if verbose > 1:
+          header = struct.unpack("<12B", header_bin)
+          print(" (%02X%02X %02X%02X %02X%02X%02X%02X %02X%02X%02X%02X)"
+                % (header[0], header[1], header[2], header[3],
+                   header[4], header[5], header[6], header[7],
+                   header[8], header[9], header[10], header[11]), end=" ")
+
+        print(curhash)
+
+      if csvfilename:
+        csvwriter.writerow([i, curpos, data_sz, offset, chunk_sz, curtype,
+                            curhash])
 
       offset += chunk_sz
 
-    print("     %10u            %7u         End" % (FH.tell(), offset))
+    if verbose > 0:
+      print("     %10u            %7u         End" % (FH.tell(), offset))
 
     if total_blks != offset:
       print("The header said we should have %u output blocks, but we saw %u"
@@ -163,6 +212,9 @@
       print("There were %u bytes of extra data at the end of the file."
             % (junk_len))
 
+  if csvfilename:
+    csvfile.close()
+
   sys.exit(0)
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
diff --git a/libutils/Looper.cpp b/libutils/Looper.cpp
index 26e27cf..3edc536 100644
--- a/libutils/Looper.cpp
+++ b/libutils/Looper.cpp
@@ -83,6 +83,7 @@
 
 Looper::~Looper() {
     close(mWakeEventFd);
+    mWakeEventFd = -1;
     if (mEpollFd >= 0) {
         close(mEpollFd);
     }
@@ -412,7 +413,8 @@
     ssize_t nWrite = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(write(mWakeEventFd, &inc, sizeof(uint64_t)));
     if (nWrite != sizeof(uint64_t)) {
         if (errno != EAGAIN) {
-            ALOGW("Could not write wake signal: %s", strerror(errno));
+            LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("Could not write wake signal to fd %d: %s",
+                    mWakeEventFd, strerror(errno));
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/libutils/SharedBuffer.cpp b/libutils/SharedBuffer.cpp
index 2b3690c..1aa761a 100644
--- a/libutils/SharedBuffer.cpp
+++ b/libutils/SharedBuffer.cpp
@@ -111,16 +111,26 @@
 
 int32_t SharedBuffer::release(uint32_t flags) const
 {
-    int32_t prev = 1;
-    if (onlyOwner()
-            || (((prev = mRefs.fetch_sub(1, std::memory_order_release)) == 1)
-                && (atomic_thread_fence(std::memory_order_acquire), true))) {
+    const bool useDealloc = ((flags & eKeepStorage) == 0);
+    if (onlyOwner()) {
+        // Since we're the only owner, our reference count goes to zero.
         mRefs.store(0, std::memory_order_relaxed);
-        if ((flags & eKeepStorage) == 0) {
-            free(const_cast<SharedBuffer*>(this));
+        if (useDealloc) {
+            dealloc(this);
+        }
+        // As the only owner, our previous reference count was 1.
+        return 1;
+    }
+    // There's multiple owners, we need to use an atomic decrement.
+    int32_t prevRefCount = mRefs.fetch_sub(1, std::memory_order_release);
+    if (prevRefCount == 1) {
+        // We're the last reference, we need the acquire fence.
+        atomic_thread_fence(std::memory_order_acquire);
+        if (useDealloc) {
+            dealloc(this);
         }
     }
-    return prev;
+    return prevRefCount;
 }
 
 
diff --git a/libziparchive/testdata/crash.apk b/libziparchive/testdata/crash.apk
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d6dd52d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libziparchive/testdata/crash.apk
Binary files differ
diff --git a/libziparchive/zip_archive_test.cc b/libziparchive/zip_archive_test.cc
index 6aee1bb..42eb5ee 100644
--- a/libziparchive/zip_archive_test.cc
+++ b/libziparchive/zip_archive_test.cc
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 static const std::string kValidZip = "valid.zip";
 static const std::string kLargeZip = "large.zip";
 static const std::string kBadCrcZip = "bad_crc.zip";
+static const std::string kCrashApk = "crash.apk";
 
 static const std::vector<uint8_t> kATxtContents {
   'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h',
@@ -84,6 +85,12 @@
   CloseArchive(handle);
 }
 
+TEST(ziparchive, OutOfBound) {
+  ZipArchiveHandle handle;
+  ASSERT_EQ(-8, OpenArchiveWrapper(kCrashApk, &handle));
+  CloseArchive(handle);
+}
+
 TEST(ziparchive, OpenMissing) {
   ZipArchiveHandle handle;
   ASSERT_NE(0, OpenArchiveWrapper(kMissingZip, &handle));
diff --git a/rootdir/init.rc b/rootdir/init.rc
index 64151b7..31b1821 100644
--- a/rootdir/init.rc
+++ b/rootdir/init.rc
@@ -302,7 +302,8 @@
     # Mount shared so changes propagate into child namespaces
     mount rootfs rootfs / shared rec
     # Mount default storage into root namespace
-    mount none /mnt/runtime/default /storage slave bind rec
+    mount none /mnt/runtime/default /storage bind rec
+    mount none none /storage slave rec
 
     # Make sure /sys/kernel/debug (if present) is labeled properly
     restorecon_recursive /sys/kernel/debug
diff --git a/sdcard/fuse.cpp b/sdcard/fuse.cpp
index b24c0d4..f6dad8a 100644
--- a/sdcard/fuse.cpp
+++ b/sdcard/fuse.cpp
@@ -982,7 +982,7 @@
 {
     struct node* node;
     char path[PATH_MAX];
-    struct fuse_open_out out;
+    struct fuse_open_out out = {};
     struct handle *h;
 
     pthread_mutex_lock(&fuse->global->lock);
@@ -1011,13 +1011,6 @@
     }
     out.fh = ptr_to_id(h);
     out.open_flags = 0;
-
-#ifdef FUSE_SHORTCIRCUIT
-    out.lower_fd = h->fd;
-#else
-    out.padding = 0;
-#endif
-
     fuse_reply(fuse, hdr->unique, &out, sizeof(out));
     return NO_STATUS;
 }
@@ -1154,7 +1147,7 @@
 {
     struct node* node;
     char path[PATH_MAX];
-    struct fuse_open_out out;
+    struct fuse_open_out out = {};
     struct dirhandle *h;
 
     pthread_mutex_lock(&fuse->global->lock);
@@ -1181,13 +1174,6 @@
     }
     out.fh = ptr_to_id(h);
     out.open_flags = 0;
-
-#ifdef FUSE_SHORTCIRCUIT
-    out.lower_fd = -1;
-#else
-    out.padding = 0;
-#endif
-
     fuse_reply(fuse, hdr->unique, &out, sizeof(out));
     return NO_STATUS;
 }
@@ -1270,11 +1256,6 @@
     out.major = FUSE_KERNEL_VERSION;
     out.max_readahead = req->max_readahead;
     out.flags = FUSE_ATOMIC_O_TRUNC | FUSE_BIG_WRITES;
-
-#ifdef FUSE_SHORTCIRCUIT
-    out.flags |= FUSE_SHORTCIRCUIT;
-#endif
-
     out.max_background = 32;
     out.congestion_threshold = 32;
     out.max_write = MAX_WRITE;