diff --git a/debuggerd/Android.bp b/debuggerd/Android.bp
index c365cac..3257a2c 100644
--- a/debuggerd/Android.bp
+++ b/debuggerd/Android.bp
@@ -200,22 +200,18 @@
     ramdisk_available: true,
     recovery_available: true,
     vendor_ramdisk_available: true,
+    host_supported: true,
 
     local_include_dirs: ["libdebuggerd/include"],
     export_include_dirs: ["libdebuggerd/include"],
 
     srcs: [
         "libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto_to_text.cpp",
-    ],
-
-    header_libs: [
-        "bionic_libc_platform_headers",
+        "libdebuggerd/utility_host.cpp",
     ],
 
     static_libs: [
         "libbase",
-        "liblog_for_runtime_apex",
-        "libunwindstack",
     ],
 
     whole_static_libs: [
@@ -223,6 +219,10 @@
         "libprotobuf-cpp-lite",
     ],
 
+    shared_libs: [
+        "liblog",
+    ],
+
     apex_available: [
         "//apex_available:platform",
         "com.android.runtime",
@@ -331,15 +331,18 @@
 
 cc_binary {
     name: "pbtombstone",
+    host_supported: true,
     defaults: ["debuggerd_defaults"],
-    srcs: ["pbtombstone.cpp"],
+    srcs: [
+        "pbtombstone.cpp",
+        "tombstone_symbolize.cpp",
+    ],
     static_libs: [
         "libbase",
-        "libdebuggerd",
+        "libdebuggerd_tombstone_proto_to_text",
         "liblog",
         "libprotobuf-cpp-lite",
         "libtombstone_proto",
-        "libunwindstack",
     ],
 }
 
diff --git a/debuggerd/debuggerd_test.cpp b/debuggerd/debuggerd_test.cpp
index e33cea5..13c8d70 100644
--- a/debuggerd/debuggerd_test.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/debuggerd_test.cpp
@@ -70,6 +70,7 @@
 #include "crash_test.h"
 #include "debuggerd/handler.h"
 #include "gtest/gtest.h"
+#include "libdebuggerd/utility_host.h"
 #include "protocol.h"
 #include "tombstoned/tombstoned.h"
 #include "util.h"
@@ -741,8 +742,6 @@
 }
 
 #if defined(__aarch64__)
-constexpr size_t kTagGranuleSize = 16;
-
 static uintptr_t CreateTagMapping() {
   // Some of the MTE tag dump tests assert that there is an inaccessible page to the left and right
   // of the PROT_MTE page, so map three pages and set the two guard pages to PROT_NONE.
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/tombstone.h b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/tombstone.h
index 074b095..39989c3 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/tombstone.h
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/tombstone.h
@@ -67,10 +67,6 @@
                              const Architecture* guest_arch,
                              unwindstack::AndroidUnwinder* guest_unwinder);
 
-bool tombstone_proto_to_text(
-    const Tombstone& tombstone,
-    std::function<void(const std::string& line, bool should_log)> callback);
-
 void fill_in_backtrace_frame(BacktraceFrame* f, const unwindstack::FrameData& frame);
 void set_human_readable_cause(Cause* cause, uint64_t fault_addr);
 #if defined(__aarch64__)
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto_to_text.h b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto_to_text.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2de9723
--- /dev/null
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto_to_text.h
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <functional>
+#include <string>
+
+class BacktraceFrame;
+class Tombstone;
+
+bool tombstone_proto_to_text(
+    const Tombstone& tombstone,
+    std::function<void(const std::string& line, bool should_log)> callback,
+    std::function<void(const BacktraceFrame& frame)> symbolize);
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/utility.h b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/utility.h
index 26c2cd4..b86c13d 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/utility.h
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/utility.h
@@ -91,10 +91,3 @@
 void get_signal_sender(char* buf, size_t n, const siginfo_t*);
 const char* get_signame(const siginfo_t*);
 const char* get_sigcode(const siginfo_t*);
-
-// Number of bytes per MTE granule.
-constexpr size_t kTagGranuleSize = 16;
-
-// Number of rows and columns to display in an MTE tag dump.
-constexpr size_t kNumTagColumns = 16;
-constexpr size_t kNumTagRows = 16;
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/utility_host.h b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/utility_host.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..43fb8bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/utility_host.h
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2024, The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <string>
+
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+std::string describe_tagged_addr_ctrl(long ctrl);
+std::string describe_pac_enabled_keys(long keys);
+
+// Number of bytes per MTE granule.
+constexpr size_t kTagGranuleSize = 16;
+
+// Number of rows and columns to display in an MTE tag dump.
+constexpr size_t kNumTagColumns = 16;
+constexpr size_t kNumTagRows = 16;
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/scudo.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/scudo.cpp
index 4ee87c8..71d5fcf 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/scudo.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/scudo.cpp
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 
 #include "libdebuggerd/scudo.h"
 #include "libdebuggerd/tombstone.h"
+#include "libdebuggerd/utility_host.h"
 
 #include "unwindstack/AndroidUnwinder.h"
 #include "unwindstack/Memory.h"
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/test/tombstone_proto_to_text_test.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/test/tombstone_proto_to_text_test.cpp
index 4fd2643..aad209a 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/test/tombstone_proto_to_text_test.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/test/tombstone_proto_to_text_test.cpp
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include <android-base/test_utils.h>
 
 #include "libdebuggerd/tombstone.h"
+#include "libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto_to_text.h"
 #include "tombstone.pb.h"
 
 using CallbackType = std::function<void(const std::string& line, bool should_log)>;
@@ -60,12 +61,16 @@
 
   void ProtoToString() {
     text_ = "";
-    EXPECT_TRUE(
-        tombstone_proto_to_text(*tombstone_, [this](const std::string& line, bool should_log) {
+    EXPECT_TRUE(tombstone_proto_to_text(
+        *tombstone_,
+        [this](const std::string& line, bool should_log) {
           if (should_log) {
             text_ += "LOG ";
           }
           text_ += line + '\n';
+        },
+        [&](const BacktraceFrame& frame) {
+          text_ += "SYMBOLIZE " + frame.build_id() + " " + std::to_string(frame.pc()) + "\n";
         }));
   }
 
@@ -162,3 +167,11 @@
   EXPECT_MATCH(text_, "stack_record fp:0x1 tag:0xb pc:foo\\.so\\+0x567 \\(BuildId: ABC123\\)");
   EXPECT_MATCH(text_, "stack_record fp:0x2 tag:0xc pc:bar\\.so\\+0x678");
 }
+
+TEST_F(TombstoneProtoToTextTest, symbolize) {
+  BacktraceFrame* frame = main_thread_->add_current_backtrace();
+  frame->set_pc(12345);
+  frame->set_build_id("0123456789abcdef");
+  ProtoToString();
+  EXPECT_MATCH(text_, "\\(BuildId: 0123456789abcdef\\)\\nSYMBOLIZE 0123456789abcdef 12345\\n");
+}
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone.cpp
index 0ce5573..30c6fe4 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone.cpp
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #define LOG_TAG "DEBUG"
 
 #include "libdebuggerd/tombstone.h"
+#include "libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto_to_text.h"
 
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <signal.h>
@@ -145,7 +146,10 @@
   log.tfd = output_fd.get();
   log.amfd_data = amfd_data;
 
-  tombstone_proto_to_text(tombstone, [&log](const std::string& line, bool should_log) {
-    _LOG(&log, should_log ? logtype::HEADER : logtype::LOGS, "%s\n", line.c_str());
-  });
+  tombstone_proto_to_text(
+      tombstone,
+      [&log](const std::string& line, bool should_log) {
+        _LOG(&log, should_log ? logtype::HEADER : logtype::LOGS, "%s\n", line.c_str());
+      },
+      [](const BacktraceFrame&) {});
 }
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto.cpp
index ed4fd53..d59358c 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto.cpp
@@ -69,6 +69,7 @@
 
 #include "libdebuggerd/open_files_list.h"
 #include "libdebuggerd/utility.h"
+#include "libdebuggerd/utility_host.h"
 #include "util.h"
 
 #include "tombstone.pb.h"
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto_to_text.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto_to_text.cpp
index c3f9470..fedafc0 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto_to_text.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto_to_text.cpp
@@ -14,7 +14,8 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#include <libdebuggerd/tombstone.h>
+#include <libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto_to_text.h>
+#include <libdebuggerd/utility_host.h>
 
 #include <inttypes.h>
 
@@ -30,8 +31,6 @@
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
-#include <bionic/macros.h>
-#include <sys/prctl.h>
 
 #include "tombstone.pb.h"
 
@@ -42,6 +41,7 @@
 #define CBL(...) CB(true, __VA_ARGS__)
 #define CBS(...) CB(false, __VA_ARGS__)
 using CallbackType = std::function<void(const std::string& line, bool should_log)>;
+using SymbolizeCallbackType = std::function<void(const BacktraceFrame& frame)>;
 
 #define DESCRIBE_FLAG(flag) \
   if (value & flag) {       \
@@ -57,28 +57,6 @@
   return desc.empty() ? "" : " (" + desc.substr(2) + ")";
 }
 
-static std::string describe_tagged_addr_ctrl(long value) {
-  std::string desc;
-  DESCRIBE_FLAG(PR_TAGGED_ADDR_ENABLE);
-  DESCRIBE_FLAG(PR_MTE_TCF_SYNC);
-  DESCRIBE_FLAG(PR_MTE_TCF_ASYNC);
-  if (value & PR_MTE_TAG_MASK) {
-    desc += StringPrintf(", mask 0x%04lx", (value & PR_MTE_TAG_MASK) >> PR_MTE_TAG_SHIFT);
-    value &= ~PR_MTE_TAG_MASK;
-  }
-  return describe_end(value, desc);
-}
-
-static std::string describe_pac_enabled_keys(long value) {
-  std::string desc;
-  DESCRIBE_FLAG(PR_PAC_APIAKEY);
-  DESCRIBE_FLAG(PR_PAC_APIBKEY);
-  DESCRIBE_FLAG(PR_PAC_APDAKEY);
-  DESCRIBE_FLAG(PR_PAC_APDBKEY);
-  DESCRIBE_FLAG(PR_PAC_APGAKEY);
-  return describe_end(value, desc);
-}
-
 static const char* abi_string(const Architecture& arch) {
   switch (arch) {
     case Architecture::ARM32:
@@ -113,6 +91,13 @@
   }
 }
 
+static uint64_t untag_address(Architecture arch, uint64_t addr) {
+  if (arch == Architecture::ARM64) {
+    return addr & ((1ULL << 56) - 1);
+  }
+  return addr;
+}
+
 static void print_thread_header(CallbackType callback, const Tombstone& tombstone,
                                 const Thread& thread, bool should_log) {
   const char* process_name = "<unknown>";
@@ -200,7 +185,8 @@
   print_register_row(callback, word_size, special_row, should_log);
 }
 
-static void print_backtrace(CallbackType callback, const Tombstone& tombstone,
+static void print_backtrace(CallbackType callback, SymbolizeCallbackType symbolize,
+                            const Tombstone& tombstone,
                             const google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField<BacktraceFrame>& backtrace,
                             bool should_log) {
   int index = 0;
@@ -225,11 +211,14 @@
     }
     line += function + build_id;
     CB(should_log, "%s", line.c_str());
+
+    symbolize(frame);
   }
 }
 
-static void print_thread_backtrace(CallbackType callback, const Tombstone& tombstone,
-                                   const Thread& thread, bool should_log) {
+static void print_thread_backtrace(CallbackType callback, SymbolizeCallbackType symbolize,
+                                   const Tombstone& tombstone, const Thread& thread,
+                                   bool should_log) {
   CBS("");
   CB(should_log, "%d total frames", thread.current_backtrace().size());
   CB(should_log, "backtrace:");
@@ -237,7 +226,7 @@
     CB(should_log, "  NOTE: %s",
        android::base::Join(thread.backtrace_note(), "\n  NOTE: ").c_str());
   }
-  print_backtrace(callback, tombstone, thread.current_backtrace(), should_log);
+  print_backtrace(callback, symbolize, tombstone, thread.current_backtrace(), should_log);
 }
 
 static void print_thread_memory_dump(CallbackType callback, const Tombstone& tombstone,
@@ -290,10 +279,11 @@
   }
 }
 
-static void print_thread(CallbackType callback, const Tombstone& tombstone, const Thread& thread) {
+static void print_thread(CallbackType callback, SymbolizeCallbackType symbolize,
+                         const Tombstone& tombstone, const Thread& thread) {
   print_thread_header(callback, tombstone, thread, false);
   print_thread_registers(callback, tombstone, thread, false);
-  print_thread_backtrace(callback, tombstone, thread, false);
+  print_thread_backtrace(callback, symbolize, tombstone, thread, false);
   print_thread_memory_dump(callback, tombstone, thread);
 }
 
@@ -321,7 +311,8 @@
 
   size_t tag_index = 0;
   size_t num_tags = tags.length();
-  uintptr_t fault_granule = untag_address(signal.fault_address()) & ~(kTagGranuleSize - 1);
+  uintptr_t fault_granule =
+      untag_address(tombstone.arch(), signal.fault_address()) & ~(kTagGranuleSize - 1);
   for (size_t row = 0; tag_index < num_tags; ++row) {
     uintptr_t row_addr =
         (memory_dump.begin_address() + row * kNumTagColumns * kTagGranuleSize) & kRowStartMask;
@@ -369,7 +360,7 @@
 
   const Signal& signal_info = tombstone.signal_info();
   bool has_fault_address = signal_info.has_fault_address();
-  uint64_t fault_address = untag_address(signal_info.fault_address());
+  uint64_t fault_address = untag_address(tombstone.arch(), signal_info.fault_address());
   bool preamble_printed = false;
   bool printed_fault_address_marker = false;
   for (const auto& map : tombstone.memory_mappings()) {
@@ -448,8 +439,8 @@
   return oct_encoded;
 }
 
-static void print_main_thread(CallbackType callback, const Tombstone& tombstone,
-                              const Thread& thread) {
+static void print_main_thread(CallbackType callback, SymbolizeCallbackType symbolize,
+                              const Tombstone& tombstone, const Thread& thread) {
   print_thread_header(callback, tombstone, thread, true);
 
   const Signal& signal_info = tombstone.signal_info();
@@ -503,7 +494,7 @@
     CBL("      in this process. The stack trace below is the first system call or context");
     CBL("      switch that was executed after the memory corruption happened.");
   }
-  print_thread_backtrace(callback, tombstone, thread, true);
+  print_thread_backtrace(callback, symbolize, tombstone, thread, true);
 
   if (tombstone.causes_size() > 1) {
     CBS("");
@@ -536,13 +527,13 @@
       if (heap_object.deallocation_backtrace_size() != 0) {
         CBS("");
         CBL("deallocated by thread %" PRIu64 ":", heap_object.deallocation_tid());
-        print_backtrace(callback, tombstone, heap_object.deallocation_backtrace(), true);
+        print_backtrace(callback, symbolize, tombstone, heap_object.deallocation_backtrace(), true);
       }
 
       if (heap_object.allocation_backtrace_size() != 0) {
         CBS("");
         CBL("allocated by thread %" PRIu64 ":", heap_object.allocation_tid());
-        print_backtrace(callback, tombstone, heap_object.allocation_backtrace(), true);
+        print_backtrace(callback, symbolize, tombstone, heap_object.allocation_backtrace(), true);
       }
     }
   }
@@ -591,8 +582,9 @@
   }
 }
 
-static void print_guest_thread(CallbackType callback, const Tombstone& tombstone,
-                               const Thread& guest_thread, pid_t tid, bool should_log) {
+static void print_guest_thread(CallbackType callback, SymbolizeCallbackType symbolize,
+                               const Tombstone& tombstone, const Thread& guest_thread, pid_t tid,
+                               bool should_log) {
   CBS("--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---");
   CBS("Guest thread information for tid: %d", tid);
   print_thread_registers(callback, tombstone, guest_thread, should_log);
@@ -600,12 +592,13 @@
   CBS("");
   CB(true, "%d total frames", guest_thread.current_backtrace().size());
   CB(true, "backtrace:");
-  print_backtrace(callback, tombstone, guest_thread.current_backtrace(), should_log);
+  print_backtrace(callback, symbolize, tombstone, guest_thread.current_backtrace(), should_log);
 
   print_thread_memory_dump(callback, tombstone, guest_thread);
 }
 
-bool tombstone_proto_to_text(const Tombstone& tombstone, CallbackType callback) {
+bool tombstone_proto_to_text(const Tombstone& tombstone, CallbackType callback,
+                             SymbolizeCallbackType symbolize) {
   CBL("*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***");
   CBL("Build fingerprint: '%s'", tombstone.build_fingerprint().c_str());
   CBL("Revision: '%s'", tombstone.revision().c_str());
@@ -633,14 +626,15 @@
 
   const auto& main_thread = main_thread_it->second;
 
-  print_main_thread(callback, tombstone, main_thread);
+  print_main_thread(callback, symbolize, tombstone, main_thread);
 
   print_logs(callback, tombstone, 50);
 
   const auto& guest_threads = tombstone.guest_threads();
   auto main_guest_thread_it = guest_threads.find(tombstone.tid());
   if (main_guest_thread_it != threads.end()) {
-    print_guest_thread(callback, tombstone, main_guest_thread_it->second, tombstone.tid(), true);
+    print_guest_thread(callback, symbolize, tombstone, main_guest_thread_it->second,
+                       tombstone.tid(), true);
   }
 
   // protobuf's map is unordered, so sort the keys first.
@@ -653,10 +647,10 @@
 
   for (const auto& tid : thread_ids) {
     CBS("--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---");
-    print_thread(callback, tombstone, threads.find(tid)->second);
+    print_thread(callback, symbolize, tombstone, threads.find(tid)->second);
     auto guest_thread_it = guest_threads.find(tid);
     if (guest_thread_it != guest_threads.end()) {
-      print_guest_thread(callback, tombstone, guest_thread_it->second, tid, false);
+      print_guest_thread(callback, symbolize, tombstone, guest_thread_it->second, tid, false);
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/utility.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/utility.cpp
index 742ac7c..b5a93b7 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/utility.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/utility.cpp
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #define LOG_TAG "DEBUG"
 
 #include "libdebuggerd/utility.h"
+#include "libdebuggerd/utility_host.h"
 
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <signal.h>
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/utility_host.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/utility_host.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..72a560c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/utility_host.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2024, The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "libdebuggerd/utility_host.h"
+
+#include <sys/prctl.h>
+
+#include <string>
+
+#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
+
+using android::base::StringPrintf;
+
+#ifndef PR_MTE_TAG_SHIFT
+#define PR_MTE_TAG_SHIFT 3
+#endif
+
+#ifndef PR_MTE_TAG_MASK
+#define PR_MTE_TAG_MASK (0xffffUL << PR_MTE_TAG_SHIFT)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef PR_MTE_TCF_ASYNC
+#define PR_MTE_TCF_ASYNC (1UL << 2)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef PR_MTE_TCF_SYNC
+#define PR_MTE_TCF_SYNC (1UL << 1)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef PR_PAC_APIAKEY
+#define PR_PAC_APIAKEY (1UL << 0)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef PR_PAC_APIBKEY
+#define PR_PAC_APIBKEY (1UL << 1)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef PR_PAC_APDAKEY
+#define PR_PAC_APDAKEY (1UL << 2)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef PR_PAC_APDBKEY
+#define PR_PAC_APDBKEY (1UL << 3)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef PR_PAC_APGAKEY
+#define PR_PAC_APGAKEY (1UL << 4)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef PR_TAGGED_ADDR_ENABLE
+#define PR_TAGGED_ADDR_ENABLE (1UL << 0)
+#endif
+
+#define DESCRIBE_FLAG(flag) \
+  if (value & flag) {       \
+    desc += ", ";           \
+    desc += #flag;          \
+    value &= ~flag;         \
+  }
+
+static std::string describe_end(long value, std::string& desc) {
+  if (value) {
+    desc += StringPrintf(", unknown 0x%lx", value);
+  }
+  return desc.empty() ? "" : " (" + desc.substr(2) + ")";
+}
+
+std::string describe_tagged_addr_ctrl(long value) {
+  std::string desc;
+  DESCRIBE_FLAG(PR_TAGGED_ADDR_ENABLE);
+  DESCRIBE_FLAG(PR_MTE_TCF_SYNC);
+  DESCRIBE_FLAG(PR_MTE_TCF_ASYNC);
+  if (value & PR_MTE_TAG_MASK) {
+    desc += StringPrintf(", mask 0x%04lx", (value & PR_MTE_TAG_MASK) >> PR_MTE_TAG_SHIFT);
+    value &= ~PR_MTE_TAG_MASK;
+  }
+  return describe_end(value, desc);
+}
+
+std::string describe_pac_enabled_keys(long value) {
+  std::string desc;
+  DESCRIBE_FLAG(PR_PAC_APIAKEY);
+  DESCRIBE_FLAG(PR_PAC_APIBKEY);
+  DESCRIBE_FLAG(PR_PAC_APDAKEY);
+  DESCRIBE_FLAG(PR_PAC_APDBKEY);
+  DESCRIBE_FLAG(PR_PAC_APGAKEY);
+  return describe_end(value, desc);
+}
diff --git a/debuggerd/pbtombstone.cpp b/debuggerd/pbtombstone.cpp
index 7527e31..0902b38 100644
--- a/debuggerd/pbtombstone.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/pbtombstone.cpp
@@ -16,32 +16,55 @@
 
 #include <err.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
+#include <getopt.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
-#include <libdebuggerd/tombstone.h>
+#include <libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto_to_text.h>
 
 #include "tombstone.pb.h"
+#include "tombstone_symbolize.h"
 
 using android::base::unique_fd;
 
 [[noreturn]] void usage(bool error) {
-  fprintf(stderr, "usage: pbtombstone TOMBSTONE.PB\n");
+  fprintf(stderr, "usage: pbtombstone [OPTION] TOMBSTONE.PB\n");
   fprintf(stderr, "Convert a protobuf tombstone to text.\n");
+  fprintf(stderr, "Arguments:\n");
+  fprintf(stderr, "  -h, --help                   print this message\n");
+  fprintf(stderr, "  --debug-file-directory PATH  specify the path to a symbols directory\n");
   exit(error);
 }
 
-int main(int argc, const char* argv[]) {
-  if (argc != 2) {
+int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
+  std::vector<std::string> debug_file_directories;
+  static struct option long_options[] = {
+      {"debug-file-directory", required_argument, 0, 0},
+      {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
+      {},
+  };
+  int c;
+  while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "h", long_options, 0)) != -1) {
+    switch (c) {
+      case 0:
+        debug_file_directories.push_back(optarg);
+        break;
+
+      case 'h':
+        usage(false);
+        break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (optind != argc-1) {
     usage(true);
   }
 
-  if (strcmp("-h", argv[1]) == 0 || strcmp("--help", argv[1]) == 0) {
-    usage(false);
-  }
-
-  unique_fd fd(open(argv[1], O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC));
+  unique_fd fd(open(argv[optind], O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC));
   if (fd == -1) {
     err(1, "failed to open tombstone '%s'", argv[1]);
   }
@@ -51,8 +74,11 @@
     err(1, "failed to parse tombstone");
   }
 
+  Symbolizer sym;
+  sym.Start(debug_file_directories);
   bool result = tombstone_proto_to_text(
-      tombstone, [](const std::string& line, bool) { printf("%s\n", line.c_str()); });
+      tombstone, [](const std::string& line, bool) { printf("%s\n", line.c_str()); },
+      [&](const BacktraceFrame& frame) { symbolize_backtrace_frame(frame, sym); });
 
   if (!result) {
     errx(1, "tombstone was malformed");
diff --git a/debuggerd/proto/Android.bp b/debuggerd/proto/Android.bp
index 7b9e780..70deb3c 100644
--- a/debuggerd/proto/Android.bp
+++ b/debuggerd/proto/Android.bp
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@
     ramdisk_available: true,
     recovery_available: true,
     vendor_ramdisk_available: true,
+    host_supported: true,
 }
 
 java_library_static {
diff --git a/debuggerd/test_permissive_mte/Android.bp b/debuggerd/test_permissive_mte/Android.bp
index 0ad3243..f333242 100644
--- a/debuggerd/test_permissive_mte/Android.bp
+++ b/debuggerd/test_permissive_mte/Android.bp
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
         "src/**/PermissiveMteTest.java",
         ":libtombstone_proto-src",
     ],
-    data: [":mte_crash"],
+    device_first_data: [":mte_crash"],
     test_config: "AndroidTest.xml",
     test_suites: ["general-tests"],
 }
diff --git a/debuggerd/tombstone_symbolize.cpp b/debuggerd/tombstone_symbolize.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..07735d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/debuggerd/tombstone_symbolize.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "tombstone_symbolize.h"
+
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "android-base/stringprintf.h"
+#include "android-base/unique_fd.h"
+
+#include "tombstone.pb.h"
+
+using android::base::StringPrintf;
+using android::base::unique_fd;
+
+bool Symbolizer::Start(const std::vector<std::string>& debug_file_directories) {
+  unique_fd parent_in, parent_out, child_in, child_out;
+  if (!Pipe(&parent_in, &child_out) || !Pipe(&child_in, &parent_out)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  std::vector<const char *> args;
+  args.push_back("llvm-symbolizer");
+  for (const std::string &dir : debug_file_directories) {
+    args.push_back("--debug-file-directory");
+    args.push_back(dir.c_str());
+  }
+  args.push_back(0);
+
+  int pid = fork();
+  if (pid == -1) {
+    return false;
+  } else if (pid == 0) {
+    parent_in.reset();
+    parent_out.reset();
+
+    dup2(child_in.get(), STDIN_FILENO);
+    dup2(child_out.get(), STDOUT_FILENO);
+
+    execvp("llvm-symbolizer", const_cast<char *const *>(args.data()));
+
+    fprintf(stderr, "unable to start llvm-symbolizer: %s\n", strerror(errno));
+    _exit(1);
+  } else {
+    child_in.reset();
+    child_out.reset();
+
+    // TODO: Check that llvm-symbolizer started up successfully.
+    // There used to be an easy way to do this, but it was removed in:
+    // https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/commit/1792852f86dc75efa1f44d46b1a0daf386d64afa
+
+    in_fd = std::move(parent_in);
+    out_fd = std::move(parent_out);
+    return true;
+  }
+}
+
+std::string Symbolizer::read_response() {
+  std::string resp;
+
+  while (resp.size() < 2 || resp[resp.size() - 2] != '\n' || resp[resp.size() - 1] != '\n') {
+    char buf[4096];
+    ssize_t size = read(in_fd, buf, 4096);
+    if (size <= 0) {
+      return "";
+    }
+    resp.append(buf, size);
+  }
+
+  return resp;
+}
+
+std::vector<Symbolizer::Frame> Symbolizer::SymbolizeCode(std::string path, uint64_t rel_pc) {
+  std::string request = StringPrintf("CODE %s 0x%" PRIx64 "\n", path.c_str(), rel_pc);
+  if (write(out_fd, request.c_str(), request.size()) != static_cast<ssize_t>(request.size())) {
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  std::string response = read_response();
+  if (response.empty()) {
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  std::vector<Symbolizer::Frame> frames;
+
+  size_t frame_start = 0;
+  while (frame_start < response.size() - 1) {
+    Symbolizer::Frame frame;
+
+    size_t second_line_start = response.find('\n', frame_start) + 1;
+    if (second_line_start == std::string::npos + 1) {
+      return {};
+    }
+
+    size_t third_line_start = response.find('\n', second_line_start) + 1;
+    if (third_line_start == std::string::npos + 1) {
+      return {};
+    }
+
+    frame.function_name = response.substr(frame_start, second_line_start - frame_start - 1);
+
+    size_t column_number_start = response.rfind(':', third_line_start);
+    if (column_number_start == std::string::npos) {
+      return {};
+    }
+
+    size_t line_number_start = response.rfind(':', column_number_start - 1);
+    if (line_number_start == std::string::npos) {
+      return {};
+    }
+
+    frame.file = response.substr(second_line_start, line_number_start - second_line_start);
+
+    errno = 0;
+    frame.line = strtoull(response.c_str() + line_number_start + 1, 0, 10);
+    frame.column = strtoull(response.c_str() + column_number_start + 1, 0, 10);
+    if (errno != 0) {
+      return {};
+    }
+
+    frames.push_back(frame);
+
+    frame_start = third_line_start;
+  }
+
+  if (frames.size() == 1 && frames[0].file == "??") {
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  return frames;
+}
+
+void symbolize_backtrace_frame(const BacktraceFrame& frame, Symbolizer& sym) {
+  if (frame.build_id().empty()) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  for (Symbolizer::Frame f : sym.SymbolizeCode("BUILDID:" + frame.build_id(), frame.rel_pc())) {
+    printf("          %s:%" PRId64 ":%" PRId64 " (%s)\n", f.file.c_str(), f.line, f.column,
+           f.function_name.c_str());
+  }
+}
diff --git a/debuggerd/tombstone_symbolize.h b/debuggerd/tombstone_symbolize.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c22d677
--- /dev/null
+++ b/debuggerd/tombstone_symbolize.h
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "android-base/unique_fd.h"
+
+class BacktraceFrame;
+
+class Symbolizer {
+  android::base::unique_fd in_fd, out_fd;
+
+  std::string read_response();
+
+ public:
+  bool Start(const std::vector<std::string>& debug_file_directories);
+
+  struct Frame {
+    std::string function_name, file;
+    uint64_t line, column;
+  };
+
+  std::vector<Frame> SymbolizeCode(std::string path, uint64_t rel_pc);
+};
+
+void symbolize_backtrace_frame(const BacktraceFrame& frame, Symbolizer& sym);
diff --git a/fastboot/Android.bp b/fastboot/Android.bp
index bfe0768..b61fbd4 100644
--- a/fastboot/Android.bp
+++ b/fastboot/Android.bp
@@ -430,6 +430,7 @@
     ],
     data: [
         ":fastboot_test_dtb",
+        ":fastboot_test_dtb_replace",
         ":fastboot_test_bootconfig",
         ":fastboot_test_vendor_ramdisk_none",
         ":fastboot_test_vendor_ramdisk_platform",
diff --git a/fastboot/fastboot.cpp b/fastboot/fastboot.cpp
index 6b9e493..156dc3b 100644
--- a/fastboot/fastboot.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/fastboot.cpp
@@ -552,6 +552,12 @@
             "                            Secondary images may be flashed to inactive slot.\n"
             " flash PARTITION [FILENAME] Flash given partition, using the image from\n"
             "                            $ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT if no filename is given.\n"
+            " flash vendor_boot:RAMDISK [FILENAME]\n"
+            "                            Flash vendor_boot ramdisk, fetching the existing\n"
+            "                            vendor_boot image and repackaging it with the new\n"
+            "                            ramdisk.\n"
+            " --dtb DTB                  If set with flash vendor_boot:RAMDISK, then\n"
+            "                            update the vendor_boot image with provided DTB.\n"
             "\n"
             "basics:\n"
             " devices [-l]               List devices in bootloader (-l: with device paths).\n"
@@ -1020,6 +1026,8 @@
 }
 
 int64_t get_sparse_limit(int64_t size, const FlashingPlan* fp) {
+    if (!fp) return 0;
+
     int64_t limit = int64_t(fp->sparse_limit);
     if (limit == 0) {
         // Unlimited, so see what the target device's limit is.
@@ -1465,6 +1473,7 @@
 static std::string repack_ramdisk(const char* pname, struct fastboot_buffer* buf,
                                   fastboot::IFastBootDriver* fb) {
     std::string_view pname_sv{pname};
+    struct fastboot_buffer dtb_buf = {.sz = 0, .fd = unique_fd(-1)};
 
     if (!android::base::StartsWith(pname_sv, "vendor_boot:") &&
         !android::base::StartsWith(pname_sv, "vendor_boot_a:") &&
@@ -1480,10 +1489,25 @@
     std::string partition(pname_sv.substr(0, pname_sv.find(':')));
     std::string ramdisk(pname_sv.substr(pname_sv.find(':') + 1));
 
+    if (!g_dtb_path.empty()) {
+        if (!load_buf(g_dtb_path.c_str(), &dtb_buf, nullptr)) {
+            die("cannot load '%s': %s", g_dtb_path.c_str(), strerror(errno));
+        }
+
+        if (dtb_buf.type != FB_BUFFER_FD) {
+            die("Flashing sparse vendor ramdisk image with dtb is not supported.");
+        }
+        if (dtb_buf.sz <= 0) {
+            die("repack_ramdisk() sees invalid dtb size: %" PRId64, buf->sz);
+        }
+        verbose("Updating DTB with %s", pname_sv.data());
+    }
+
     unique_fd vendor_boot(make_temporary_fd("vendor boot repack"));
     uint64_t vendor_boot_size = fetch_partition(partition, vendor_boot, fb);
     auto repack_res = replace_vendor_ramdisk(vendor_boot, vendor_boot_size, ramdisk, buf->fd,
-                                             static_cast<uint64_t>(buf->sz));
+                                             static_cast<uint64_t>(buf->sz), dtb_buf.fd,
+                                             static_cast<uint64_t>(dtb_buf.sz));
     if (!repack_res.ok()) {
         die("%s", repack_res.error().message().c_str());
     }
diff --git a/fastboot/fuzzer/fastboot_fuzzer.cpp b/fastboot/fuzzer/fastboot_fuzzer.cpp
index 60940fe..4594a8a 100644
--- a/fastboot/fuzzer/fastboot_fuzzer.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/fuzzer/fastboot_fuzzer.cpp
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
  *
  */
 #include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 #include "fastboot.h"
 #include "socket.h"
 #include "socket_mock_fuzz.h"
@@ -25,6 +26,7 @@
 #include <fuzzer/FuzzedDataProvider.h>
 
 using namespace std;
+using android::base::unique_fd;
 
 const size_t kYearMin = 2000;
 const size_t kYearMax = 2127;
@@ -255,7 +257,7 @@
     uint64_t ramdisk_size =
             fdp_->ConsumeBool() ? content_ramdisk_fd.size() : fdp_->ConsumeIntegral<uint64_t>();
     (void)replace_vendor_ramdisk(vendor_boot_fd, vendor_boot_size, ramdisk_name, ramdisk_fd,
-                                 ramdisk_size);
+                                 ramdisk_size, unique_fd(-1), 0);
     close(vendor_boot_fd);
     close(ramdisk_fd);
 }
diff --git a/fastboot/testdata/Android.bp b/fastboot/testdata/Android.bp
index a490fe2..47bf095 100644
--- a/fastboot/testdata/Android.bp
+++ b/fastboot/testdata/Android.bp
@@ -40,6 +40,14 @@
     cmd: "$(location fastboot_gen_rand) --seed dtb --length 1024 > $(out)",
 }
 
+// Fake dtb image for replacement.
+genrule {
+    name: "fastboot_test_dtb_replace",
+    defaults: ["fastboot_test_data_gen_defaults"],
+    out: ["dtb_replace.img"],
+    cmd: "$(location fastboot_gen_rand) --seed dtb --length 2048 > $(out)",
+}
+
 // Fake bootconfig image.
 genrule {
     name: "fastboot_test_bootconfig",
diff --git a/fastboot/vendor_boot_img_utils.cpp b/fastboot/vendor_boot_img_utils.cpp
index 9f05253..da547f1 100644
--- a/fastboot/vendor_boot_img_utils.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/vendor_boot_img_utils.cpp
@@ -209,7 +209,8 @@
 
 // Replace the vendor ramdisk as a whole.
 [[nodiscard]] Result<std::string> replace_default_vendor_ramdisk(const std::string& vendor_boot,
-                                                                 const std::string& new_ramdisk) {
+                                                                 const std::string& new_ramdisk,
+                                                                 const std::string& new_dtb) {
     if (auto res = check_vendor_boot_hdr(vendor_boot, 3); !res.ok()) return res.error();
     auto hdr = reinterpret_cast<const vendor_boot_img_hdr_v3*>(vendor_boot.data());
     auto hdr_size = get_vendor_boot_header_size(hdr);
@@ -244,8 +245,19 @@
         return res.error();
     if (auto res = updater.CheckOffset(o + p, o + new_p); !res.ok()) return res.error();
 
-    // Copy DTB (Q bytes).
-    if (auto res = updater.Copy(q); !res.ok()) return res.error();
+    // Copy DTB (Q bytes). Replace if a new one was provided.
+    new_hdr->dtb_size = !new_dtb.empty() ? new_dtb.size() : hdr->dtb_size;
+    const uint32_t new_q = round_up(new_hdr->dtb_size, new_hdr->page_size);
+    if (new_dtb.empty()) {
+        if (auto res = updater.Copy(q); !res.ok()) return res.error();
+    } else {
+        if (auto res = updater.Replace(hdr->dtb_size, new_dtb); !res.ok()) return res.error();
+        if (auto res = updater.Skip(q - hdr->dtb_size, new_q - new_hdr->dtb_size); !res.ok())
+            return res.error();
+    }
+    if (auto res = updater.CheckOffset(o + p + q, o + new_p + new_q); !res.ok()) {
+        return res.error();
+    }
 
     if (new_hdr->header_version >= 4) {
         auto hdr_v4 = static_cast<const vendor_boot_img_hdr_v4*>(hdr);
@@ -256,7 +268,7 @@
         auto new_hdr_v4 = static_cast<const vendor_boot_img_hdr_v4*>(new_hdr);
         auto new_r = round_up(new_hdr_v4->vendor_ramdisk_table_size, new_hdr->page_size);
         if (auto res = updater.Skip(r, new_r); !res.ok()) return res.error();
-        if (auto res = updater.CheckOffset(o + p + q + r, o + new_p + q + new_r); !res.ok())
+        if (auto res = updater.CheckOffset(o + p + q + r, o + new_p + new_q + new_r); !res.ok())
             return res.error();
 
         // Replace table with single entry representing the full ramdisk.
@@ -303,7 +315,8 @@
 // replace it with the content of |new_ramdisk|.
 [[nodiscard]] Result<std::string> replace_vendor_ramdisk_fragment(const std::string& ramdisk_name,
                                                                   const std::string& vendor_boot,
-                                                                  const std::string& new_ramdisk) {
+                                                                  const std::string& new_ramdisk,
+                                                                  const std::string& new_dtb) {
     if (auto res = check_vendor_boot_hdr(vendor_boot, 4); !res.ok()) return res.error();
     auto hdr = reinterpret_cast<const vendor_boot_img_hdr_v4*>(vendor_boot.data());
     auto hdr_size = get_vendor_boot_header_size(hdr);
@@ -368,8 +381,19 @@
         return res.error();
     if (auto res = updater.CheckOffset(o + p, o + new_p); !res.ok()) return res.error();
 
-    // Copy DTB (Q bytes).
-    if (auto res = updater.Copy(q); !res.ok()) return res.error();
+    // Copy DTB (Q bytes). Replace if a new one was provided.
+    new_hdr->dtb_size = !new_dtb.empty() ? new_dtb.size() : hdr->dtb_size;
+    const uint32_t new_q = round_up(new_hdr->dtb_size, new_hdr->page_size);
+    if (new_dtb.empty()) {
+        if (auto res = updater.Copy(q); !res.ok()) return res.error();
+    } else {
+        if (auto res = updater.Replace(hdr->dtb_size, new_dtb); !res.ok()) return res.error();
+        if (auto res = updater.Skip(q - hdr->dtb_size, new_q - new_hdr->dtb_size); !res.ok())
+            return res.error();
+    }
+    if (auto res = updater.CheckOffset(o + p + q, o + new_p + new_q); !res.ok()) {
+        return res.error();
+    }
 
     // Copy table, but with corresponding entries modified, including:
     // - ramdisk_size of the entry replaced
@@ -392,7 +416,7 @@
                                             hdr->vendor_ramdisk_table_entry_size);
         !res.ok())
         return res.error();
-    if (auto res = updater.CheckOffset(o + p + q + r, o + new_p + q + r); !res.ok())
+    if (auto res = updater.CheckOffset(o + p + q + r, o + new_p + new_q + r); !res.ok())
         return res.error();
 
     // Copy bootconfig (S bytes).
@@ -404,11 +428,11 @@
 
 }  // namespace
 
-[[nodiscard]] Result<void> replace_vendor_ramdisk(android::base::borrowed_fd vendor_boot_fd,
-                                                  uint64_t vendor_boot_size,
-                                                  const std::string& ramdisk_name,
-                                                  android::base::borrowed_fd new_ramdisk_fd,
-                                                  uint64_t new_ramdisk_size) {
+[[nodiscard]] Result<void> replace_vendor_ramdisk(
+        android::base::borrowed_fd vendor_boot_fd, uint64_t vendor_boot_size,
+        const std::string& ramdisk_name, android::base::borrowed_fd new_ramdisk_fd,
+        uint64_t new_ramdisk_size, android::base::borrowed_fd new_dtb_fd, uint64_t new_dtb_size) {
+    Result<std::string> new_dtb = {""};
     if (new_ramdisk_size > std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max()) {
         return Errorf("New vendor ramdisk is too big");
     }
@@ -417,12 +441,17 @@
     if (!vendor_boot.ok()) return vendor_boot.error();
     auto new_ramdisk = load_file(new_ramdisk_fd, new_ramdisk_size, "new vendor ramdisk");
     if (!new_ramdisk.ok()) return new_ramdisk.error();
+    if (new_dtb_size > 0 && new_dtb_fd >= 0) {
+        new_dtb = load_file(new_dtb_fd, new_dtb_size, "new dtb");
+        if (!new_dtb.ok()) return new_dtb.error();
+    }
 
     Result<std::string> new_vendor_boot;
     if (ramdisk_name == "default") {
-        new_vendor_boot = replace_default_vendor_ramdisk(*vendor_boot, *new_ramdisk);
+        new_vendor_boot = replace_default_vendor_ramdisk(*vendor_boot, *new_ramdisk, *new_dtb);
     } else {
-        new_vendor_boot = replace_vendor_ramdisk_fragment(ramdisk_name, *vendor_boot, *new_ramdisk);
+        new_vendor_boot =
+                replace_vendor_ramdisk_fragment(ramdisk_name, *vendor_boot, *new_ramdisk, *new_dtb);
     }
     if (!new_vendor_boot.ok()) return new_vendor_boot.error();
     if (auto res = store_file(vendor_boot_fd, *new_vendor_boot, "new vendor boot image"); !res.ok())
diff --git a/fastboot/vendor_boot_img_utils.h b/fastboot/vendor_boot_img_utils.h
index 0b702bc..0ca78da 100644
--- a/fastboot/vendor_boot_img_utils.h
+++ b/fastboot/vendor_boot_img_utils.h
@@ -31,4 +31,4 @@
 [[nodiscard]] android::base::Result<void> replace_vendor_ramdisk(
         android::base::borrowed_fd vendor_boot_fd, uint64_t vendor_boot_size,
         const std::string& ramdisk_name, android::base::borrowed_fd new_ramdisk_fd,
-        uint64_t new_ramdisk_size);
+        uint64_t new_ramdisk_size, android::base::borrowed_fd new_dtb_fd, uint64_t new_dtb_size);
diff --git a/fastboot/vendor_boot_img_utils_test.cpp b/fastboot/vendor_boot_img_utils_test.cpp
index 8107270..841e532 100644
--- a/fastboot/vendor_boot_img_utils_test.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/vendor_boot_img_utils_test.cpp
@@ -241,6 +241,7 @@
 
 struct RepackVendorBootImgTestParam {
     std::string vendor_boot_file_name;
+    std::string dtb_file_name;
     uint32_t expected_header_version;
     friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const RepackVendorBootImgTestParam& param) {
         return os << param.vendor_boot_file_name;
@@ -252,22 +253,50 @@
     virtual void SetUp() {
         vboot = std::make_unique<ReadWriteTestFileHandle>(GetParam().vendor_boot_file_name);
         ASSERT_RESULT_OK(vboot->Open());
+
+        if (!GetParam().dtb_file_name.empty()) {
+            dtb_replacement = std::make_unique<ReadOnlyTestFileHandle>(GetParam().dtb_file_name);
+            ASSERT_RESULT_OK(dtb_replacement->Open());
+        }
     }
     std::unique_ptr<TestFileHandle> vboot;
+    std::unique_ptr<TestFileHandle> dtb_replacement;
 };
 
 TEST_P(RepackVendorBootImgTest, InvalidSize) {
-    EXPECT_ERROR(replace_vendor_ramdisk(vboot->fd(), vboot->size() + 1, "default",
-                                        env->replace->fd(), env->replace->size()),
-                 HasSubstr("Size of vendor boot does not match"));
-    EXPECT_ERROR(replace_vendor_ramdisk(vboot->fd(), vboot->size(), "default", env->replace->fd(),
-                                        env->replace->size() + 1),
-                 HasSubstr("Size of new vendor ramdisk does not match"));
+    EXPECT_ERROR(
+            replace_vendor_ramdisk(vboot->fd(), vboot->size() + 1, "default", env->replace->fd(),
+                                   env->replace->size(),
+                                   !GetParam().dtb_file_name.empty() ? dtb_replacement->fd()
+                                                                     : android::base::unique_fd(-1),
+                                   !GetParam().dtb_file_name.empty() ? dtb_replacement->size() : 0),
+            HasSubstr("Size of vendor boot does not match"));
+    EXPECT_ERROR(
+            replace_vendor_ramdisk(vboot->fd(), vboot->size(), "default", env->replace->fd(),
+                                   env->replace->size() + 1,
+                                   !GetParam().dtb_file_name.empty() ? dtb_replacement->fd()
+                                                                     : android::base::unique_fd(-1),
+                                   !GetParam().dtb_file_name.empty() ? dtb_replacement->size() : 0),
+            HasSubstr("Size of new vendor ramdisk does not match"));
+    if (!GetParam().dtb_file_name.empty()) {
+        EXPECT_ERROR(replace_vendor_ramdisk(vboot->fd(), vboot->size(), "default",
+                                            env->replace->fd(), env->replace->size(),
+                                            dtb_replacement->fd(), dtb_replacement->size() + 1),
+                     HasSubstr("Size of new dtb does not match"));
+    }
+    EXPECT_ERROR(
+            replace_vendor_ramdisk(
+                    vboot->fd(), vboot->size(), "default", env->replace->fd(), env->replace->size(),
+                    android::base::unique_fd(std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max()), 1),
+            HasSubstr("Can't seek to the beginning of new dtb image"));
 }
 
 TEST_P(RepackVendorBootImgTest, ReplaceUnknown) {
-    auto res = replace_vendor_ramdisk(vboot->fd(), vboot->size(), "unknown", env->replace->fd(),
-                                      env->replace->size());
+    auto res = replace_vendor_ramdisk(
+            vboot->fd(), vboot->size(), "unknown", env->replace->fd(), env->replace->size(),
+            !GetParam().dtb_file_name.empty() ? dtb_replacement->fd()
+                                              : android::base::unique_fd(-1),
+            !GetParam().dtb_file_name.empty() ? dtb_replacement->size() : 0);
     if (GetParam().expected_header_version == 3) {
         EXPECT_ERROR(res, Eq("Require vendor boot header V4 but is V3"));
     } else if (GetParam().expected_header_version == 4) {
@@ -279,8 +308,11 @@
     auto old_content = vboot->Read();
     ASSERT_RESULT_OK(old_content);
 
-    ASSERT_RESULT_OK(replace_vendor_ramdisk(vboot->fd(), vboot->size(), "default",
-                                            env->replace->fd(), env->replace->size()));
+    ASSERT_RESULT_OK(replace_vendor_ramdisk(
+            vboot->fd(), vboot->size(), "default", env->replace->fd(), env->replace->size(),
+            !GetParam().dtb_file_name.empty() ? dtb_replacement->fd()
+                                              : android::base::unique_fd(-1),
+            !GetParam().dtb_file_name.empty() ? dtb_replacement->size() : 0));
     EXPECT_RESULT(vboot->fsize(), vboot->size()) << "File size should not change after repack";
 
     auto new_content_res = vboot->Read();
@@ -291,14 +323,23 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(0, memcmp(VENDOR_BOOT_MAGIC, hdr->magic, VENDOR_BOOT_MAGIC_SIZE));
     ASSERT_EQ(GetParam().expected_header_version, hdr->header_version);
     EXPECT_EQ(hdr->vendor_ramdisk_size, env->replace->size());
-    EXPECT_EQ(hdr->dtb_size, env->dtb->size());
+    if (GetParam().dtb_file_name.empty()) {
+        EXPECT_EQ(hdr->dtb_size, env->dtb->size());
+    } else {
+        EXPECT_EQ(hdr->dtb_size, dtb_replacement->size());
+    }
 
     auto o = round_up(sizeof(vendor_boot_img_hdr_v3), hdr->page_size);
     auto p = round_up(hdr->vendor_ramdisk_size, hdr->page_size);
     auto q = round_up(hdr->dtb_size, hdr->page_size);
 
     EXPECT_THAT(new_content.substr(o, p), IsPadded(env->replace_content));
-    EXPECT_THAT(new_content.substr(o + p, q), IsPadded(env->dtb_content));
+    if (GetParam().dtb_file_name.empty()) {
+        EXPECT_THAT(new_content.substr(o + p, q), IsPadded(env->dtb_content));
+    } else {
+        auto dtb_content_res = dtb_replacement->Read();
+        EXPECT_THAT(new_content.substr(o + p, q), IsPadded(*dtb_content_res));
+    }
 
     if (hdr->header_version < 4) return;
 
@@ -321,11 +362,17 @@
 
 INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
         RepackVendorBootImgTest, RepackVendorBootImgTest,
-        ::testing::Values(RepackVendorBootImgTestParam{"vendor_boot_v3.img", 3},
-                          RepackVendorBootImgTestParam{"vendor_boot_v4_with_frag.img", 4},
-                          RepackVendorBootImgTestParam{"vendor_boot_v4_without_frag.img", 4}),
+        ::testing::Values(RepackVendorBootImgTestParam{"vendor_boot_v3.img", "", 3},
+                          RepackVendorBootImgTestParam{"vendor_boot_v4_with_frag.img", "", 4},
+                          RepackVendorBootImgTestParam{"vendor_boot_v4_without_frag.img", "", 4},
+                          RepackVendorBootImgTestParam{"vendor_boot_v4_with_frag.img",
+                                                       "dtb_replace.img", 4},
+                          RepackVendorBootImgTestParam{"vendor_boot_v4_without_frag.img",
+                                                       "dtb_replace.img", 4}),
         [](const auto& info) {
-            return android::base::StringReplace(info.param.vendor_boot_file_name, ".", "_", false);
+            std::string test_name =
+                    android::base::StringReplace(info.param.vendor_boot_file_name, ".", "_", false);
+            return test_name + (!info.param.dtb_file_name.empty() ? "_replace_dtb" : "");
         });
 
 std::string_view GetRamdiskName(const vendor_ramdisk_table_entry_v4* entry) {
@@ -368,7 +415,8 @@
     ASSERT_RESULT_OK(old_content);
 
     ASSERT_RESULT_OK(replace_vendor_ramdisk(vboot->fd(), vboot->size(), replace_ramdisk_name,
-                                            env->replace->fd(), env->replace->size()));
+                                            env->replace->fd(), env->replace->size(),
+                                            android::base::unique_fd(-1), 0));
     EXPECT_RESULT(vboot->fsize(), vboot->size()) << "File size should not change after repack";
 
     auto new_content_res = vboot->Read();
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr.cpp b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr.cpp
index fbd990b..9f52f44 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr.cpp
@@ -1603,7 +1603,8 @@
                                    attempted_entry.fs_type,
                                    attempted_entry.fs_mgr_flags.is_zoned ? "true" : "false",
                                    std::to_string(attempted_entry.length),
-                                   android::base::Join(attempted_entry.user_devices, ' ')},
+                                   android::base::Join(attempted_entry.user_devices, ' '),
+                                   android::base::Join(attempted_entry.device_aliased, ' ')},
                                   nullptr)) {
                         LERROR << "Encryption failed";
                         set_type_property(encryptable);
@@ -1655,7 +1656,8 @@
                                formattable_entry->fs_type,
                                formattable_entry->fs_mgr_flags.is_zoned ? "true" : "false",
                                std::to_string(formattable_entry->length),
-                               android::base::Join(formattable_entry->user_devices, ' ')},
+                               android::base::Join(formattable_entry->user_devices, ' '),
+                               android::base::Join(formattable_entry->device_aliased, ' ')},
                               nullptr)) {
                     LERROR << "Encryption failed";
                 } else {
@@ -2213,11 +2215,11 @@
 
 #if ALLOW_ADBD_DISABLE_VERITY == 0
     // Allowlist the mount point if user build.
-    static const std::vector<const std::string> kAllowedPaths = {
+    static const std::vector<std::string> kAllowedPaths = {
             "/odm",         "/odm_dlkm",   "/oem",    "/product",
             "/system_dlkm", "/system_ext", "/vendor", "/vendor_dlkm",
     };
-    static const std::vector<const std::string> kAllowedPrefixes = {
+    static const std::vector<std::string> kAllowedPrefixes = {
             "/mnt/product/",
             "/mnt/vendor/",
     };
@@ -2314,6 +2316,14 @@
     return context;
 }
 
+int fs_mgr_f2fs_ideal_block_size() {
+#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__)
+    return 4096;
+#else
+    return getpagesize();
+#endif
+}
+
 namespace android {
 namespace fs_mgr {
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_format.cpp b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_format.cpp
index 0dde1d3..57e35a2 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_format.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_format.cpp
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 #include <selinux/android.h>
 #include <selinux/label.h>
 #include <selinux/selinux.h>
+#include <filesystem>
 #include <string>
 
 #include "fs_mgr_priv.h"
@@ -126,7 +127,8 @@
 
 static int format_f2fs(const std::string& fs_blkdev, uint64_t dev_sz, bool needs_projid,
                        bool needs_casefold, bool fs_compress, bool is_zoned,
-                       const std::vector<std::string>& user_devices) {
+                       const std::vector<std::string>& user_devices,
+                       const std::vector<int>& device_aliased) {
     if (!dev_sz) {
         int rc = get_dev_sz(fs_blkdev, &dev_sz);
         if (rc) {
@@ -164,9 +166,15 @@
     if (is_zoned) {
         args.push_back("-m");
     }
-    for (auto& device : user_devices) {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < user_devices.size(); i++) {
+        std::string device_name = user_devices[i];
+
         args.push_back("-c");
-        args.push_back(device.c_str());
+        if (device_aliased[i]) {
+            std::filesystem::path path = device_name;
+            device_name += "@" + path.filename().string();
+        }
+        args.push_back(device_name.c_str());
     }
 
     if (user_devices.empty()) {
@@ -191,7 +199,7 @@
     if (entry.fs_type == "f2fs") {
         return format_f2fs(entry.blk_device, entry.length, needs_projid, needs_casefold,
                            entry.fs_mgr_flags.fs_compress, entry.fs_mgr_flags.is_zoned,
-                           entry.user_devices);
+                           entry.user_devices, entry.device_aliased);
     } else if (entry.fs_type == "ext4") {
         return format_ext4(entry.blk_device, entry.mount_point, needs_projid,
                            entry.fs_mgr_flags.ext_meta_csum);
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_overlayfs_control.cpp b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_overlayfs_control.cpp
index 08ad80c..489b32e 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_overlayfs_control.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_overlayfs_control.cpp
@@ -387,10 +387,8 @@
     auto command = ""s;
     if (!access(kMkF2fs, X_OK) && fs_mgr_filesystem_available("f2fs")) {
         fs_type = "f2fs";
-        command = kMkF2fs + " -w "s;
-        command += std::to_string(getpagesize());
         command = kMkF2fs + " -b "s;
-        command += std::to_string(getpagesize());
+        command += std::to_string(fs_mgr_f2fs_ideal_block_size());
         command += " -f -d1 -l" + android::base::Basename(kScratchMountPoint);
     } else if (!access(kMkExt4, X_OK) && fs_mgr_filesystem_available("ext4")) {
         fs_type = "ext4";
diff --git a/fs_mgr/include/fs_mgr.h b/fs_mgr/include/fs_mgr.h
index 9cfa93f..7969087 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/include/fs_mgr.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/include/fs_mgr.h
@@ -137,3 +137,6 @@
 // File name used to track if encryption was interrupted, leading to a known bad fs state
 std::string fs_mgr_metadata_encryption_in_progress_file_name(
         const android::fs_mgr::FstabEntry& entry);
+
+// Returns the ideal block size for make_f2fs. Returns -1 on failure.
+int fs_mgr_f2fs_ideal_block_size();
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfstab/fstab.cpp b/fs_mgr/libfstab/fstab.cpp
index d344b2d..6e4cae1 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfstab/fstab.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfstab/fstab.cpp
@@ -173,6 +173,7 @@
         entry->fs_mgr_flags.is_zoned = true;
     }
     entry->user_devices.push_back(param[1]);
+    entry->device_aliased.push_back(param[0] == "exp_alias" ? 1 : 0);
 }
 
 bool ParseFsMgrFlags(const std::string& flags, FstabEntry* entry) {
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfstab/include/fstab/fstab.h b/fs_mgr/libfstab/include/fstab/fstab.h
index 21fe017..070dd91 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfstab/include/fstab/fstab.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfstab/include/fstab/fstab.h
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
 struct FstabEntry {
     std::string blk_device;
     std::vector<std::string> user_devices;
+    std::vector<int> device_aliased;
     std::string logical_partition_name;
     std::string mount_point;
     std::string fs_type;
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/scripts/apply-update.sh b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/scripts/apply-update.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..90b0119
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/scripts/apply-update.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# This is a debug script to quicky test end-to-end flow
+# of snapshot updates without going through update-engine.
+#
+# Usage:
+#
+#  To update both dynamic and static partitions:
+#
+# ./system/core/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/apply_update.sh [--update-static-partitions] [--wipe]
+#
+# --update-static-partitions: This will update bootloader and static A/B
+# partitions
+# --wipe: Allows data wipe as part of update flow
+#
+#  To update dynamic partitions only (this should be used when static
+#  partitions are present in both the slots):
+#
+#  ./system/core/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/apply_update.sh
+#
+#
+
+rm -f $OUT/*.patch
+
+# Compare images and create snapshot patches. Currently, this
+# just compares two identical images in $OUT. In general, any source
+# and target images could be passed to create snapshot patches. However,
+# care must be taken to ensure source images are already present on the device.
+#
+# create_snapshot is a host side binary. Build it with `m create_snapshot`
+create_snapshot --source=$OUT/system.img --target=$OUT/system.img &
+create_snapshot --source=$OUT/product.img --target=$OUT/product.img &
+create_snapshot --source=$OUT/vendor.img --target=$OUT/vendor.img &
+create_snapshot --source=$OUT/system_ext.img --target=$OUT/system_ext.img &
+create_snapshot --source=$OUT/vendor_dlkm.img --target=$OUT/vendor_dlkm.img &
+create_snapshot --source=$OUT/system_dlkm.img --target=$OUT/system_dlkm.img &
+
+echo "Waiting for snapshot patch creation"
+wait $(jobs -p)
+echo "Snapshot patch creation completed"
+
+mv *.patch $OUT/
+
+adb root
+adb wait-for-device
+adb shell mkdir -p /data/update/
+adb push $OUT/*.patch /data/update/
+
+if [[ "$2" == "--wipe" ]]; then
+  adb shell snapshotctl apply-update /data/update/ -w
+else
+  adb shell snapshotctl apply-update /data/update/
+fi
+
+# Check if the --update-static-partitions option is provided.
+# For quick developer workflow, there is no need to repeatedly
+# apply static partitions.
+if [[ "$1" == "--update-static-partitions" ]]; then
+  adb reboot bootloader
+  sleep 5
+  if [[ "$2" == "--wipe" ]]; then
+      fastboot -w
+  fi
+  fastboot flash bootloader $OUT/bootloader.img
+  sleep 1
+  fastboot reboot bootloader
+  sleep 1
+  fastboot flash radio $OUT/radio.img
+  sleep 1
+  fastboot reboot bootloader
+  sleep 1
+  fastboot flashall --exclude-dynamic-partitions --disable-super-optimization
+else
+  adb reboot
+fi
+
+echo "Update completed"
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_test.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_test.cpp
index 3e5ae2a..1a0d559 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_test.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_test.cpp
@@ -2658,9 +2658,6 @@
     // Remove the indicators
     ASSERT_TRUE(sm->PrepareDeviceToBootWithoutSnapshot());
 
-    // Ensure snapshots are still mounted
-    ASSERT_TRUE(sm->IsUserspaceSnapshotUpdateInProgress());
-
     // Cleanup snapshots
     ASSERT_TRUE(sm->UnmapAllSnapshots());
 }
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/Android.bp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/Android.bp
index 0314d25..e4d2d04 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/Android.bp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/Android.bp
@@ -86,9 +86,9 @@
         "libsnapshot_cow",
         "liburing",
         "libprocessgroup",
+        "libprocessgroup_util",
         "libjsoncpp",
         "libcgrouprc",
-        "libcgrouprc_format",
     ],
     include_dirs: ["bionic/libc/kernel"],
     export_include_dirs: ["include"],
@@ -130,9 +130,9 @@
         "libsnapshot_cow",
         "libsnapuserd",
         "libprocessgroup",
+        "libprocessgroup_util",
         "libjsoncpp",
         "libcgrouprc",
-        "libcgrouprc_format",
         "libsnapuserd_client",
         "libz",
         "liblz4",
@@ -222,9 +222,9 @@
         "libsnapshot_cow",
         "libsnapuserd",
         "libprocessgroup",
+        "libprocessgroup_util",
         "libjsoncpp",
         "libcgrouprc",
-        "libcgrouprc_format",
         "liburing",
         "libz",
     ],
@@ -320,7 +320,6 @@
         "libprocessgroup",
         "libjsoncpp",
         "libcgrouprc",
-        "libcgrouprc_format",
         "liburing",
         "libz",
     ],
diff --git a/init/Android.bp b/init/Android.bp
index 5e06000..4025a6b 100644
--- a/init/Android.bp
+++ b/init/Android.bp
@@ -163,7 +163,6 @@
         "libavb",
         "libavf_cc_flags",
         "libbootloader_message",
-        "libcgrouprc_format",
         "liblmkd_utils",
         "liblz4",
         "libzstd",
diff --git a/init/apex_init_util.cpp b/init/apex_init_util.cpp
index e5a7fbc..809c805 100644
--- a/init/apex_init_util.cpp
+++ b/init/apex_init_util.cpp
@@ -101,14 +101,21 @@
     return apex_list;
 }
 
+static int GetCurrentSdk() {
+    bool is_preview = base::GetProperty("ro.build.version.codename", "") != "REL";
+    if (is_preview) {
+        return __ANDROID_API_FUTURE__;
+    }
+    return android::base::GetIntProperty("ro.build.version.sdk", __ANDROID_API_FUTURE__);
+}
+
 static Result<void> ParseRcScripts(const std::vector<std::string>& files) {
     if (files.empty()) {
         return {};
     }
     // APEXes can have versioned RC files. These should be filtered based on
     // SDK version.
-    int sdk = android::base::GetIntProperty("ro.build.version.sdk", INT_MAX);
-    if (sdk < 35) sdk = 35;  // aosp/main merges only into sdk=35+ (ie. __ANDROID_API_V__+)
+    static int sdk = GetCurrentSdk();
     auto filtered = FilterVersionedConfigs(files, sdk);
     if (filtered.empty()) {
         return {};
diff --git a/init/init.cpp b/init/init.cpp
index 6c80899..17498da 100644
--- a/init/init.cpp
+++ b/init/init.cpp
@@ -636,9 +636,6 @@
         LOG(INFO) << "Cgroups support in kernel is not enabled";
         return {};
     }
-    // Have to create <CGROUPS_RC_DIR> using make_dir function
-    // for appropriate sepolicy to be set for it
-    make_dir(android::base::Dirname(CGROUPS_RC_PATH), 0711);
     if (!CgroupSetup()) {
         return ErrnoError() << "Failed to setup cgroups";
     }
diff --git a/init/test_upgrade_mte/Android.bp b/init/test_upgrade_mte/Android.bp
index 1bfc76c..dfea325 100644
--- a/init/test_upgrade_mte/Android.bp
+++ b/init/test_upgrade_mte/Android.bp
@@ -17,25 +17,34 @@
 }
 
 cc_binary {
-  name: "mte_upgrade_test_helper",
-  srcs: ["mte_upgrade_test_helper.cpp"],
-  sanitize: {
-    memtag_heap: true,
-    diag: {
-      memtag_heap: false,
+    name: "mte_upgrade_test_helper",
+    srcs: ["mte_upgrade_test_helper.cpp"],
+    sanitize: {
+        memtag_heap: true,
+        diag: {
+            memtag_heap: false,
+        },
     },
-  },
-  init_rc: [
-    "mte_upgrade_test.rc",
-  ],
+    init_rc: [
+        "mte_upgrade_test.rc",
+    ],
 }
 
 java_test_host {
     name: "mte_upgrade_test",
     libs: ["tradefed"],
-    static_libs: ["frameworks-base-hostutils", "cts-install-lib-host"],
-    srcs:  ["src/**/MteUpgradeTest.java", ":libtombstone_proto-src"],
-    data: [":mte_upgrade_test_helper", "mte_upgrade_test.rc" ],
+    static_libs: [
+        "frameworks-base-hostutils",
+        "cts-install-lib-host",
+    ],
+    srcs: [
+        "src/**/MteUpgradeTest.java",
+        ":libtombstone_proto-src",
+    ],
+    device_first_data: [
+        ":mte_upgrade_test_helper",
+        "mte_upgrade_test.rc",
+    ],
     test_config: "AndroidTest.xml",
     test_suites: ["general-tests"],
 }
diff --git a/libcutils/Android.bp b/libcutils/Android.bp
index 3c3eeb6..fc4c571 100644
--- a/libcutils/Android.bp
+++ b/libcutils/Android.bp
@@ -301,7 +301,7 @@
         android: {
             static_executable: true,
             static_libs: [
-                "libcgrouprc_format",
+                "libprocessgroup_util",
             ] + test_libraries + always_static_test_libraries,
         },
         not_windows: {
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/Android.bp b/libprocessgroup/Android.bp
index a60bfe9..8448a39 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/Android.bp
+++ b/libprocessgroup/Android.bp
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 
 libprocessgroup_flag_aware_cc_defaults {
     name: "libprocessgroup_build_flags_cc",
-    cpp_std: "gnu++20",
+    cpp_std: "gnu++23",
     soong_config_variables: {
         memcg_v2_force_enabled: {
             cflags: [
@@ -75,7 +75,6 @@
     double_loadable: true,
     shared_libs: [
         "libbase",
-        "libcgrouprc",
     ],
     static_libs: [
         "libjsoncpp",
@@ -116,5 +115,6 @@
     ],
     static_libs: [
         "libgmock",
+        "libprocessgroup_util",
     ],
 }
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/cgroup_map.cpp b/libprocessgroup/cgroup_map.cpp
index fb01cfd..32bef13 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/cgroup_map.cpp
+++ b/libprocessgroup/cgroup_map.cpp
@@ -25,12 +25,10 @@
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
-#include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <cgroup_map.h>
 #include <processgroup/processgroup.h>
 #include <processgroup/util.h>
 
-using android::base::StartsWith;
 using android::base::StringPrintf;
 using android::base::WriteStringToFile;
 
@@ -40,17 +38,17 @@
 
 uint32_t CgroupControllerWrapper::version() const {
     CHECK(HasValue());
-    return ACgroupController_getVersion(controller_);
+    return controller_->version();
 }
 
 const char* CgroupControllerWrapper::name() const {
     CHECK(HasValue());
-    return ACgroupController_getName(controller_);
+    return controller_->name();
 }
 
 const char* CgroupControllerWrapper::path() const {
     CHECK(HasValue());
-    return ACgroupController_getPath(controller_);
+    return controller_->path();
 }
 
 bool CgroupControllerWrapper::HasValue() const {
@@ -62,7 +60,7 @@
 
     if (state_ == UNKNOWN) {
         if (__builtin_available(android 30, *)) {
-            uint32_t flags = ACgroupController_getFlags(controller_);
+            uint32_t flags = controller_->flags();
             state_ = (flags & CGROUPRC_CONTROLLER_FLAG_MOUNTED) != 0 ? USABLE : MISSING;
         } else {
             state_ = access(GetProcsFilePath("", 0, 0).c_str(), F_OK) == 0 ? USABLE : MISSING;
@@ -129,8 +127,8 @@
 }
 
 CgroupMap::CgroupMap() {
-    if (!LoadRcFile()) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "CgroupMap::LoadRcFile called for [" << getpid() << "] failed";
+    if (!LoadDescriptors()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "CgroupMap::LoadDescriptors called for [" << getpid() << "] failed";
     }
 }
 
@@ -141,9 +139,9 @@
     return *instance;
 }
 
-bool CgroupMap::LoadRcFile() {
+bool CgroupMap::LoadDescriptors() {
     if (!loaded_) {
-        loaded_ = (ACgroupFile_getVersion() != 0);
+        loaded_ = ReadDescriptors(&descriptors_);
     }
     return loaded_;
 }
@@ -151,43 +149,30 @@
 void CgroupMap::Print() const {
     if (!loaded_) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "CgroupMap::Print called for [" << getpid()
-                   << "] failed, RC file was not initialized properly";
+                   << "] failed, cgroups were not initialized properly";
         return;
     }
-    LOG(INFO) << "File version = " << ACgroupFile_getVersion();
-    LOG(INFO) << "File controller count = " << ACgroupFile_getControllerCount();
+    LOG(INFO) << "Controller count = " << descriptors_.size();
 
     LOG(INFO) << "Mounted cgroups:";
 
-    auto controller_count = ACgroupFile_getControllerCount();
-    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < controller_count; ++i) {
-        const ACgroupController* controller = ACgroupFile_getController(i);
-        if (__builtin_available(android 30, *)) {
-            LOG(INFO) << "\t" << ACgroupController_getName(controller) << " ver "
-                      << ACgroupController_getVersion(controller) << " path "
-                      << ACgroupController_getPath(controller) << " flags "
-                      << ACgroupController_getFlags(controller);
-        } else {
-            LOG(INFO) << "\t" << ACgroupController_getName(controller) << " ver "
-                      << ACgroupController_getVersion(controller) << " path "
-                      << ACgroupController_getPath(controller);
-        }
+    for (const auto& [name, descriptor] : descriptors_) {
+        LOG(INFO) << "\t" << descriptor.controller()->name() << " ver "
+                  << descriptor.controller()->version() << " path "
+                  << descriptor.controller()->path() << " flags "
+                  << descriptor.controller()->flags();
     }
 }
 
 CgroupControllerWrapper CgroupMap::FindController(const std::string& name) const {
     if (!loaded_) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "CgroupMap::FindController called for [" << getpid()
-                   << "] failed, RC file was not initialized properly";
+                   << "] failed, cgroups were not initialized properly";
         return CgroupControllerWrapper(nullptr);
     }
 
-    auto controller_count = ACgroupFile_getControllerCount();
-    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < controller_count; ++i) {
-        const ACgroupController* controller = ACgroupFile_getController(i);
-        if (name == ACgroupController_getName(controller)) {
-            return CgroupControllerWrapper(controller);
-        }
+    if (const auto it = descriptors_.find(name); it != descriptors_.end()) {
+        return CgroupControllerWrapper(it->second.controller());
     }
 
     return CgroupControllerWrapper(nullptr);
@@ -196,47 +181,19 @@
 CgroupControllerWrapper CgroupMap::FindControllerByPath(const std::string& path) const {
     if (!loaded_) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "CgroupMap::FindControllerByPath called for [" << getpid()
-                   << "] failed, RC file was not initialized properly";
+                   << "] failed, cgroups were not initialized properly";
         return CgroupControllerWrapper(nullptr);
     }
 
-    auto controller_count = ACgroupFile_getControllerCount();
-    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < controller_count; ++i) {
-        const ACgroupController* controller = ACgroupFile_getController(i);
-        if (StartsWith(path, ACgroupController_getPath(controller))) {
-            return CgroupControllerWrapper(controller);
+    for (const auto& [name, descriptor] : descriptors_) {
+        if (path.starts_with(descriptor.controller()->path())) {
+            return CgroupControllerWrapper(descriptor.controller());
         }
     }
 
     return CgroupControllerWrapper(nullptr);
 }
 
-int CgroupMap::ActivateControllers(const std::string& path) const {
-    if (__builtin_available(android 30, *)) {
-        auto controller_count = ACgroupFile_getControllerCount();
-        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < controller_count; ++i) {
-            const ACgroupController* controller = ACgroupFile_getController(i);
-            const uint32_t flags = ACgroupController_getFlags(controller);
-            uint32_t max_activation_depth = UINT32_MAX;
-            if (__builtin_available(android 36, *)) {
-                max_activation_depth = ACgroupController_getMaxActivationDepth(controller);
-            }
-            const int depth = util::GetCgroupDepth(ACgroupController_getPath(controller), path);
-
-            if (flags & CGROUPRC_CONTROLLER_FLAG_NEEDS_ACTIVATION && depth < max_activation_depth) {
-                std::string str("+");
-                str.append(ACgroupController_getName(controller));
-                if (!WriteStringToFile(str, path + "/cgroup.subtree_control")) {
-                    if (flags & CGROUPRC_CONTROLLER_FLAG_OPTIONAL) {
-                        PLOG(WARNING) << "Activation of cgroup controller " << str
-                                      << " failed in path " << path;
-                    } else {
-                        return -errno;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return 0;
-    }
-    return -ENOSYS;
+bool CgroupMap::ActivateControllers(const std::string& path) const {
+    return ::ActivateControllers(path, descriptors_);
 }
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/cgroup_map.h b/libprocessgroup/cgroup_map.h
index 3642794..fb99076 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/cgroup_map.h
+++ b/libprocessgroup/cgroup_map.h
@@ -18,15 +18,17 @@
 
 #include <sys/types.h>
 
+#include <cstdint>
 #include <string>
 
-#include <android/cgrouprc.h>
+#include <processgroup/cgroup_controller.h>
+#include <processgroup/util.h>
 
-// Convenient wrapper of an ACgroupController pointer.
+// Convenient wrapper of a CgroupController pointer.
 class CgroupControllerWrapper {
   public:
     // Does not own controller
-    explicit CgroupControllerWrapper(const ACgroupController* controller)
+    explicit CgroupControllerWrapper(const CgroupController* controller)
         : controller_(controller) {}
 
     uint32_t version() const;
@@ -47,7 +49,7 @@
         MISSING = 2,
     };
 
-    const ACgroupController* controller_ = nullptr;
+    const CgroupController* controller_ = nullptr; // CgroupMap owns the object behind this pointer
     ControllerState state_ = ControllerState::UNKNOWN;
 };
 
@@ -56,11 +58,12 @@
     static CgroupMap& GetInstance();
     CgroupControllerWrapper FindController(const std::string& name) const;
     CgroupControllerWrapper FindControllerByPath(const std::string& path) const;
-    int ActivateControllers(const std::string& path) const;
+    bool ActivateControllers(const std::string& path) const;
 
   private:
     bool loaded_ = false;
+    CgroupDescriptorMap descriptors_;
     CgroupMap();
-    bool LoadRcFile();
+    bool LoadDescriptors();
     void Print() const;
 };
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/Android.bp b/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/Android.bp
index cb91247..38b2fa3 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/Android.bp
+++ b/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/Android.bp
@@ -49,7 +49,8 @@
         "libbase",
     ],
     static_libs: [
-        "libcgrouprc_format",
+        "libjsoncpp",
+        "libprocessgroup_util",
     ],
     stubs: {
         symbol_file: "libcgrouprc.map.txt",
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/a_cgroup_controller.cpp b/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/a_cgroup_controller.cpp
index 889b3be..5a326e5 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/a_cgroup_controller.cpp
+++ b/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/a_cgroup_controller.cpp
@@ -32,11 +32,6 @@
     return controller->flags();
 }
 
-uint32_t ACgroupController_getMaxActivationDepth(const ACgroupController* controller) {
-    CHECK(controller != nullptr);
-    return controller->max_activation_depth();
-}
-
 const char* ACgroupController_getName(const ACgroupController* controller) {
     CHECK(controller != nullptr);
     return controller->name();
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/a_cgroup_file.cpp b/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/a_cgroup_file.cpp
index e26d841..33c8376 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/a_cgroup_file.cpp
+++ b/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/a_cgroup_file.cpp
@@ -14,93 +14,51 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#include <sys/mman.h>
-#include <sys/stat.h>
-
-#include <memory>
+#include <iterator>
 
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
-#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
-#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 #include <android/cgrouprc.h>
-#include <processgroup/processgroup.h>
+#include <processgroup/util.h>
 
 #include "cgrouprc_internal.h"
 
-using android::base::StringPrintf;
-using android::base::unique_fd;
-
-using android::cgrouprc::format::CgroupController;
-using android::cgrouprc::format::CgroupFile;
-
-static CgroupFile* LoadRcFile() {
-    struct stat sb;
-
-    unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(CGROUPS_RC_PATH, O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC)));
-    if (fd < 0) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "open() failed for " << CGROUPS_RC_PATH;
+static CgroupDescriptorMap* LoadDescriptors() {
+    CgroupDescriptorMap* descriptors = new CgroupDescriptorMap;
+    if (!ReadDescriptors(descriptors)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to load cgroup description file";
         return nullptr;
     }
-
-    if (fstat(fd, &sb) < 0) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "fstat() failed for " << CGROUPS_RC_PATH;
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    size_t file_size = sb.st_size;
-    if (file_size < sizeof(CgroupFile)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Invalid file format " << CGROUPS_RC_PATH;
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    CgroupFile* file_data = (CgroupFile*)mmap(nullptr, file_size, PROT_READ, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0);
-    if (file_data == MAP_FAILED) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to mmap " << CGROUPS_RC_PATH;
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    if (file_data->version_ != CgroupFile::FILE_CURR_VERSION) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << CGROUPS_RC_PATH << " file version mismatch";
-        munmap(file_data, file_size);
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    auto expected = sizeof(CgroupFile) + file_data->controller_count_ * sizeof(CgroupController);
-    if (file_size != expected) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << CGROUPS_RC_PATH << " file has invalid size, expected " << expected
-                   << ", actual " << file_size;
-        munmap(file_data, file_size);
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    return file_data;
+    return descriptors;
 }
 
-static CgroupFile* GetInstance() {
+static const CgroupDescriptorMap* GetInstance() {
     // Deliberately leak this object (not munmap) to avoid a race between destruction on
     // process exit and concurrent access from another thread.
-    static auto* file = LoadRcFile();
-    return file;
+    static const CgroupDescriptorMap* descriptors = LoadDescriptors();
+    return descriptors;
 }
 
 uint32_t ACgroupFile_getVersion() {
-    auto file = GetInstance();
-    if (file == nullptr) return 0;
-    return file->version_;
+    static constexpr uint32_t FILE_VERSION_1 = 1;
+    auto descriptors = GetInstance();
+    if (descriptors == nullptr) return 0;
+    // There has only ever been one version, and there will be no more since cgroup.rc is no more
+    return FILE_VERSION_1;
 }
 
 uint32_t ACgroupFile_getControllerCount() {
-    auto file = GetInstance();
-    if (file == nullptr) return 0;
-    return file->controller_count_;
+    auto descriptors = GetInstance();
+    if (descriptors == nullptr) return 0;
+    return descriptors->size();
 }
 
 const ACgroupController* ACgroupFile_getController(uint32_t index) {
-    auto file = GetInstance();
-    if (file == nullptr) return nullptr;
-    CHECK(index < file->controller_count_);
+    auto descriptors = GetInstance();
+    if (descriptors == nullptr) return nullptr;
+    CHECK(index < descriptors->size());
     // Although the object is not actually an ACgroupController object, all ACgroupController_*
     // functions implicitly convert ACgroupController* back to CgroupController* before invoking
     // member functions.
-    return static_cast<ACgroupController*>(&file->controllers_[index]);
+    const CgroupController* p = std::next(descriptors->begin(), index)->second.controller();
+    return static_cast<const ACgroupController*>(p);
 }
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/cgrouprc_internal.h b/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/cgrouprc_internal.h
index cd02f03..d517703 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/cgrouprc_internal.h
+++ b/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/cgrouprc_internal.h
@@ -16,9 +16,6 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <android/cgrouprc.h>
+#include <processgroup/cgroup_controller.h>
 
-#include <processgroup/format/cgroup_controller.h>
-#include <processgroup/format/cgroup_file.h>
-
-struct ACgroupController : android::cgrouprc::format::CgroupController {};
+struct ACgroupController : CgroupController {};
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/include/android/cgrouprc.h b/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/include/android/cgrouprc.h
index 3a57df5..e704a36 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/include/android/cgrouprc.h
+++ b/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/include/android/cgrouprc.h
@@ -79,14 +79,6 @@
         const ACgroupController*) __INTRODUCED_IN(30);
 
 /**
- * Returns the maximum activation depth of the given controller.
- * Only applicable to cgroup v2 controllers.
- * Returns UINT32_MAX if no maximum activation depth is set.
- */
-__attribute__((warn_unused_result, weak)) uint32_t ACgroupController_getMaxActivationDepth(
-        const ACgroupController* controller) __INTRODUCED_IN(36);
-
-/**
  * Returns the name of the given controller.
  * If the given controller is null, return nullptr.
  */
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/libcgrouprc.map.txt b/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/libcgrouprc.map.txt
index 30bd25f..b62b10f 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/libcgrouprc.map.txt
+++ b/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/libcgrouprc.map.txt
@@ -16,10 +16,3 @@
   local:
     *;
 };
-
-LIBCGROUPRC_36 { # introduced=36
-  global:
-    ACgroupController_getMaxActivationDepth; # llndk=202504 systemapi
-  local:
-    *;
-};
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc_format/Android.bp b/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc_format/Android.bp
index 0590924..6f9ab3e 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc_format/Android.bp
+++ b/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc_format/Android.bp
@@ -23,17 +23,4 @@
     vendor_ramdisk_available: true,
     recovery_available: true,
     native_bridge_supported: true,
-    srcs: [
-        "cgroup_controller.cpp",
-    ],
-    cflags: [
-        "-Wall",
-        "-Werror",
-    ],
-    export_include_dirs: [
-        "include",
-    ],
-    shared_libs: [
-        "libbase",
-    ],
 }
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc_format/include/processgroup/format/cgroup_file.h b/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc_format/include/processgroup/format/cgroup_file.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 2d9786f..0000000
--- a/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc_format/include/processgroup/format/cgroup_file.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#pragma once
-
-#include <cstdint>
-
-#include <processgroup/format/cgroup_controller.h>
-
-namespace android {
-namespace cgrouprc {
-namespace format {
-
-struct CgroupFile {
-    uint32_t version_;
-    uint32_t controller_count_;
-    CgroupController controllers_[];
-
-    static constexpr uint32_t FILE_VERSION_1 = 1;
-    static constexpr uint32_t FILE_CURR_VERSION = FILE_VERSION_1;
-};
-
-}  // namespace format
-}  // namespace cgrouprc
-}  // namespace android
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/include/processgroup/processgroup.h b/libprocessgroup/include/processgroup/processgroup.h
index ffffeb4..8057757 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/include/processgroup/processgroup.h
+++ b/libprocessgroup/include/processgroup/processgroup.h
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@
 
 bool SetProcessProfilesCached(uid_t uid, pid_t pid, const std::vector<std::string>& profiles);
 
-static constexpr const char* CGROUPS_RC_PATH = "/dev/cgroup_info/cgroup.rc";
+[[deprecated]] static constexpr const char* CGROUPS_RC_PATH = "/dev/cgroup_info/cgroup.rc";
 
 bool UsePerAppMemcg();
 
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/internal.h b/libprocessgroup/internal.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ef85579
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libprocessgroup/internal.h
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <string>
+
+static const std::string CGROUP_V2_ROOT_DEFAULT = "/sys/fs/cgroup";
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/processgroup.cpp b/libprocessgroup/processgroup.cpp
index 83a2258..9522159 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/processgroup.cpp
+++ b/libprocessgroup/processgroup.cpp
@@ -37,19 +37,18 @@
 #include <mutex>
 #include <set>
 #include <string>
+#include <string_view>
 #include <thread>
 
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
-#include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <cutils/android_filesystem_config.h>
 #include <processgroup/processgroup.h>
 #include <task_profiles.h>
 
 using android::base::GetBoolProperty;
-using android::base::StartsWith;
 using android::base::StringPrintf;
 using android::base::WriteStringToFile;
 
@@ -255,7 +254,7 @@
                 continue;
             }
 
-            if (!StartsWith(dir->d_name, "pid_")) {
+            if (!std::string_view(dir->d_name).starts_with("pid_")) {
                 continue;
             }
 
@@ -296,7 +295,7 @@
                     continue;
                 }
 
-                if (!StartsWith(dir->d_name, "uid_")) {
+                if (!std::string_view(dir->d_name).starts_with("uid_")) {
                     continue;
                 }
 
@@ -662,10 +661,9 @@
         return -errno;
     }
     if (activate_controllers) {
-        ret = CgroupMap::GetInstance().ActivateControllers(uid_path);
-        if (ret) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to activate controllers in " << uid_path;
-            return ret;
+        if (!CgroupMap::GetInstance().ActivateControllers(uid_path)) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to activate controllers in " << uid_path;
+            return -errno;
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/setup/Android.bp b/libprocessgroup/setup/Android.bp
index 1a4ad01..cc6c67c 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/setup/Android.bp
+++ b/libprocessgroup/setup/Android.bp
@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@
         "libjsoncpp",
     ],
     static_libs: [
-        "libcgrouprc_format",
         "libprocessgroup_util",
     ],
     header_libs: [
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/setup/cgroup_descriptor.h b/libprocessgroup/setup/cgroup_descriptor.h
index 06ce186..1afd2ee 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/setup/cgroup_descriptor.h
+++ b/libprocessgroup/setup/cgroup_descriptor.h
@@ -21,10 +21,7 @@
 
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 
-#include <processgroup/format/cgroup_controller.h>
-
-namespace android {
-namespace cgrouprc {
+#include <processgroup/cgroup_controller.h>
 
 // Complete controller description for mounting cgroups
 class CgroupDescriptor {
@@ -33,7 +30,7 @@
                      mode_t mode, const std::string& uid, const std::string& gid, uint32_t flags,
                      uint32_t max_activation_depth);
 
-    const format::CgroupController* controller() const { return &controller_; }
+    const CgroupController* controller() const { return &controller_; }
     mode_t mode() const { return mode_; }
     std::string uid() const { return uid_; }
     std::string gid() const { return gid_; }
@@ -41,11 +38,8 @@
     void set_mounted(bool mounted);
 
   private:
-    format::CgroupController controller_;
+    CgroupController controller_;
     mode_t mode_ = 0;
     std::string uid_;
     std::string gid_;
 };
-
-}  // namespace cgrouprc
-}  // namespace android
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/setup/cgroup_map_write.cpp b/libprocessgroup/setup/cgroup_map_write.cpp
index bd41874..d05bf24 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/setup/cgroup_map_write.cpp
+++ b/libprocessgroup/setup/cgroup_map_write.cpp
@@ -22,45 +22,28 @@
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <grp.h>
 #include <pwd.h>
-#include <sys/mman.h>
 #include <sys/mount.h>
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
-#include <time.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
 #include <optional>
 
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
-#include <android-base/properties.h>
-#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
-#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
-#include <android/cgrouprc.h>
-#include <json/reader.h>
-#include <json/value.h>
-#include <processgroup/format/cgroup_file.h>
+#include <processgroup/cgroup_descriptor.h>
 #include <processgroup/processgroup.h>
 #include <processgroup/setup.h>
 #include <processgroup/util.h>
 
 #include "../build_flags.h"
-#include "cgroup_descriptor.h"
-
-using android::base::GetUintProperty;
-using android::base::StringPrintf;
-using android::base::unique_fd;
-
-namespace android {
-namespace cgrouprc {
+#include "../internal.h"
 
 static constexpr const char* CGROUPS_DESC_FILE = "/etc/cgroups.json";
 static constexpr const char* CGROUPS_DESC_VENDOR_FILE = "/vendor/etc/cgroups.json";
 
 static constexpr const char* TEMPLATE_CGROUPS_DESC_API_FILE = "/etc/task_profiles/cgroups_%u.json";
 
-static const std::string CGROUP_V2_ROOT_DEFAULT = "/sys/fs/cgroup";
-
 static bool ChangeDirModeAndOwner(const std::string& path, mode_t mode, const std::string& uid,
                                   const std::string& gid, bool permissive_mode = false) {
     uid_t pw_uid = -1;
@@ -148,149 +131,15 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-static void MergeCgroupToDescriptors(std::map<std::string, CgroupDescriptor>* descriptors,
-                                     const Json::Value& cgroup, const std::string& name,
-                                     const std::string& root_path, int cgroups_version) {
-    const std::string cgroup_path = cgroup["Path"].asString();
-    std::string path;
-
-    if (!root_path.empty()) {
-        path = root_path;
-        if (cgroup_path != ".") {
-            path += "/";
-            path += cgroup_path;
-        }
-    } else {
-        path = cgroup_path;
-    }
-
-    uint32_t controller_flags = 0;
-
-    if (cgroup["NeedsActivation"].isBool() && cgroup["NeedsActivation"].asBool()) {
-        controller_flags |= CGROUPRC_CONTROLLER_FLAG_NEEDS_ACTIVATION;
-    }
-
-    if (cgroup["Optional"].isBool() && cgroup["Optional"].asBool()) {
-        controller_flags |= CGROUPRC_CONTROLLER_FLAG_OPTIONAL;
-    }
-
-    uint32_t max_activation_depth = UINT32_MAX;
-    if (cgroup.isMember("MaxActivationDepth")) {
-        max_activation_depth = cgroup["MaxActivationDepth"].asUInt();
-    }
-
-    CgroupDescriptor descriptor(
-            cgroups_version, name, path, std::strtoul(cgroup["Mode"].asString().c_str(), 0, 8),
-            cgroup["UID"].asString(), cgroup["GID"].asString(), controller_flags,
-            max_activation_depth);
-
-    auto iter = descriptors->find(name);
-    if (iter == descriptors->end()) {
-        descriptors->emplace(name, descriptor);
-    } else {
-        iter->second = descriptor;
-    }
-}
-
-static const bool force_memcg_v2 = android::libprocessgroup_flags::force_memcg_v2();
-
-static bool ReadDescriptorsFromFile(const std::string& file_name,
-                                    std::map<std::string, CgroupDescriptor>* descriptors) {
-    std::vector<CgroupDescriptor> result;
-    std::string json_doc;
-
-    if (!android::base::ReadFileToString(file_name, &json_doc)) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to read task profiles from " << file_name;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    Json::CharReaderBuilder builder;
-    std::unique_ptr<Json::CharReader> reader(builder.newCharReader());
-    Json::Value root;
-    std::string errorMessage;
-    if (!reader->parse(&*json_doc.begin(), &*json_doc.end(), &root, &errorMessage)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to parse cgroups description: " << errorMessage;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    if (root.isMember("Cgroups")) {
-        const Json::Value& cgroups = root["Cgroups"];
-        for (Json::Value::ArrayIndex i = 0; i < cgroups.size(); ++i) {
-            std::string name = cgroups[i]["Controller"].asString();
-
-            if (force_memcg_v2 && name == "memory") continue;
-
-            MergeCgroupToDescriptors(descriptors, cgroups[i], name, "", 1);
-        }
-    }
-
-    bool memcgv2_present = false;
-    std::string root_path;
-    if (root.isMember("Cgroups2")) {
-        const Json::Value& cgroups2 = root["Cgroups2"];
-        root_path = cgroups2["Path"].asString();
-        MergeCgroupToDescriptors(descriptors, cgroups2, CGROUPV2_HIERARCHY_NAME, "", 2);
-
-        const Json::Value& childGroups = cgroups2["Controllers"];
-        for (Json::Value::ArrayIndex i = 0; i < childGroups.size(); ++i) {
-            std::string name = childGroups[i]["Controller"].asString();
-
-            if (force_memcg_v2 && name == "memory") memcgv2_present = true;
-
-            MergeCgroupToDescriptors(descriptors, childGroups[i], name, root_path, 2);
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (force_memcg_v2 && !memcgv2_present) {
-        LOG(INFO) << "Forcing memcg to v2 hierarchy";
-        Json::Value memcgv2;
-        memcgv2["Controller"] = "memory";
-        memcgv2["NeedsActivation"] = true;
-        memcgv2["Path"] = ".";
-        memcgv2["Optional"] = true;  // In case of cgroup_disabled=memory, so we can still boot
-        MergeCgroupToDescriptors(descriptors, memcgv2, "memory",
-                                 root_path.empty() ? CGROUP_V2_ROOT_DEFAULT : root_path, 2);
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-static bool ReadDescriptors(std::map<std::string, CgroupDescriptor>* descriptors) {
-    // load system cgroup descriptors
-    if (!ReadDescriptorsFromFile(CGROUPS_DESC_FILE, descriptors)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    // load API-level specific system cgroups descriptors if available
-    unsigned int api_level = GetUintProperty<unsigned int>("ro.product.first_api_level", 0);
-    if (api_level > 0) {
-        std::string api_cgroups_path =
-                android::base::StringPrintf(TEMPLATE_CGROUPS_DESC_API_FILE, api_level);
-        if (!access(api_cgroups_path.c_str(), F_OK) || errno != ENOENT) {
-            if (!ReadDescriptorsFromFile(api_cgroups_path, descriptors)) {
-                return false;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    // load vendor cgroup descriptors if the file exists
-    if (!access(CGROUPS_DESC_VENDOR_FILE, F_OK) &&
-        !ReadDescriptorsFromFile(CGROUPS_DESC_VENDOR_FILE, descriptors)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}
-
 // To avoid issues in sdk_mac build
 #if defined(__ANDROID__)
 
-static bool IsOptionalController(const format::CgroupController* controller) {
+static bool IsOptionalController(const CgroupController* controller) {
     return controller->flags() & CGROUPRC_CONTROLLER_FLAG_OPTIONAL;
 }
 
 static bool MountV2CgroupController(const CgroupDescriptor& descriptor) {
-    const format::CgroupController* controller = descriptor.controller();
+    const CgroupController* controller = descriptor.controller();
 
     // /sys/fs/cgroup is created by cgroup2 with specific selinux permissions,
     // try to create again in case the mount point is changed
@@ -324,36 +173,18 @@
 }
 
 static bool ActivateV2CgroupController(const CgroupDescriptor& descriptor) {
-    const format::CgroupController* controller = descriptor.controller();
+    const CgroupController* controller = descriptor.controller();
 
     if (!Mkdir(controller->path(), descriptor.mode(), descriptor.uid(), descriptor.gid())) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to create directory for " << controller->name() << " cgroup";
         return false;
     }
 
-    if (controller->flags() & CGROUPRC_CONTROLLER_FLAG_NEEDS_ACTIVATION &&
-        controller->max_activation_depth() > 0) {
-        std::string str = "+";
-        str += controller->name();
-        std::string path = controller->path();
-        path += "/cgroup.subtree_control";
-
-        if (!base::WriteStringToFile(str, path)) {
-            if (IsOptionalController(controller)) {
-                PLOG(INFO) << "Failed to activate optional controller " << controller->name()
-                           << " at " << path;
-                return true;
-            }
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to activate controller " << controller->name();
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-
-    return true;
+    return ::ActivateControllers(controller->path(), {{controller->name(), descriptor}});
 }
 
 static bool MountV1CgroupController(const CgroupDescriptor& descriptor) {
-    const format::CgroupController* controller = descriptor.controller();
+    const CgroupController* controller = descriptor.controller();
 
     // mkdir <path> [mode] [owner] [group]
     if (!Mkdir(controller->path(), descriptor.mode(), descriptor.uid(), descriptor.gid())) {
@@ -388,7 +219,7 @@
 }
 
 static bool SetupCgroup(const CgroupDescriptor& descriptor) {
-    const format::CgroupController* controller = descriptor.controller();
+    const CgroupController* controller = descriptor.controller();
 
     if (controller->version() == 2) {
         if (!strcmp(controller->name(), CGROUPV2_HIERARCHY_NAME)) {
@@ -410,35 +241,6 @@
 
 #endif
 
-static bool WriteRcFile(const std::map<std::string, CgroupDescriptor>& descriptors) {
-    unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(CGROUPS_RC_PATH, O_CREAT | O_WRONLY | O_TRUNC | O_CLOEXEC,
-                                         S_IRUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IROTH)));
-    if (fd < 0) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "open() failed for " << CGROUPS_RC_PATH;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    format::CgroupFile fl;
-    fl.version_ = format::CgroupFile::FILE_CURR_VERSION;
-    fl.controller_count_ = descriptors.size();
-    int ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(write(fd, &fl, sizeof(fl)));
-    if (ret < 0) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "write() failed for " << CGROUPS_RC_PATH;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    for (const auto& [name, descriptor] : descriptors) {
-        ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(
-                write(fd, descriptor.controller(), sizeof(format::CgroupController)));
-        if (ret < 0) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "write() failed for " << CGROUPS_RC_PATH;
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}
-
 CgroupDescriptor::CgroupDescriptor(uint32_t version, const std::string& name,
                                    const std::string& path, mode_t mode, const std::string& uid,
                                    const std::string& gid, uint32_t flags,
@@ -458,9 +260,6 @@
     controller_.set_flags(flags);
 }
 
-}  // namespace cgrouprc
-}  // namespace android
-
 static std::optional<bool> MGLRUDisabled() {
     const std::string file_name = "/sys/kernel/mm/lru_gen/enabled";
     std::string content;
@@ -472,9 +271,8 @@
     return content == "0x0000";
 }
 
-static std::optional<bool> MEMCGDisabled(
-        const std::map<std::string, android::cgrouprc::CgroupDescriptor>& descriptors) {
-    std::string cgroup_v2_root = android::cgrouprc::CGROUP_V2_ROOT_DEFAULT;
+static std::optional<bool> MEMCGDisabled(const CgroupDescriptorMap& descriptors) {
+    std::string cgroup_v2_root = CGROUP_V2_ROOT_DEFAULT;
     const auto it = descriptors.find(CGROUPV2_HIERARCHY_NAME);
     if (it == descriptors.end()) {
         LOG(WARNING) << "No Cgroups2 path found in cgroups.json. Vendor has modified Android, and "
@@ -495,14 +293,10 @@
     return content.find("memory") == std::string::npos;
 }
 
-static bool CreateV2SubHierarchy(
-        const std::string& path,
-        const std::map<std::string, android::cgrouprc::CgroupDescriptor>& descriptors) {
-    using namespace android::cgrouprc;
-
+static bool CreateV2SubHierarchy(const std::string& path, const CgroupDescriptorMap& descriptors) {
     const auto cgv2_iter = descriptors.find(CGROUPV2_HIERARCHY_NAME);
     if (cgv2_iter == descriptors.end()) return false;
-    const android::cgrouprc::CgroupDescriptor cgv2_descriptor = cgv2_iter->second;
+    const CgroupDescriptor cgv2_descriptor = cgv2_iter->second;
 
     if (!Mkdir(path, cgv2_descriptor.mode(), cgv2_descriptor.uid(), cgv2_descriptor.gid())) {
         PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to create directory for " << path;
@@ -511,46 +305,17 @@
 
     // Activate all v2 controllers in path so they can be activated in
     // children as they are created.
-    for (const auto& [name, descriptor] : descriptors) {
-        const format::CgroupController* controller = descriptor.controller();
-        std::uint32_t flags = controller->flags();
-        std::uint32_t max_activation_depth = controller->max_activation_depth();
-        const int depth = util::GetCgroupDepth(controller->path(), path);
-
-        if (controller->version() == 2 && name != CGROUPV2_HIERARCHY_NAME &&
-            flags & CGROUPRC_CONTROLLER_FLAG_NEEDS_ACTIVATION && depth < max_activation_depth) {
-            std::string str("+");
-            str += controller->name();
-            if (!android::base::WriteStringToFile(str, path + "/cgroup.subtree_control")) {
-                if (flags & CGROUPRC_CONTROLLER_FLAG_OPTIONAL) {
-                    PLOG(WARNING) << "Activation of cgroup controller " << str << " failed in path "
-                                  << path;
-                } else {
-                    return false;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    return true;
+    return ::ActivateControllers(path, descriptors);
 }
 
 bool CgroupSetup() {
-    using namespace android::cgrouprc;
-
-    std::map<std::string, CgroupDescriptor> descriptors;
+    CgroupDescriptorMap descriptors;
 
     if (getpid() != 1) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Cgroup setup can be done only by init process";
         return false;
     }
 
-    // Make sure we do this only one time. No need for std::call_once because
-    // init is a single-threaded process
-    if (access(CGROUPS_RC_PATH, F_OK) == 0) {
-        LOG(WARNING) << "Attempt to call CgroupSetup() more than once";
-        return true;
-    }
-
     // load cgroups.json file
     if (!ReadDescriptors(&descriptors)) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to load cgroup description file";
@@ -559,15 +324,18 @@
 
     // setup cgroups
     for (auto& [name, descriptor] : descriptors) {
-        if (SetupCgroup(descriptor)) {
-            descriptor.set_mounted(true);
-        } else {
+        if (descriptor.controller()->flags() & CGROUPRC_CONTROLLER_FLAG_MOUNTED) {
+            LOG(WARNING) << "Attempt to call CgroupSetup() more than once";
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        if (!SetupCgroup(descriptor)) {
             // issue a warning and proceed with the next cgroup
             LOG(WARNING) << "Failed to setup " << name << " cgroup";
         }
     }
 
-    if (force_memcg_v2) {
+    if (android::libprocessgroup_flags::force_memcg_v2()) {
         if (MGLRUDisabled().value_or(false)) {
             LOG(WARNING) << "Memcg forced to v2 hierarchy with MGLRU disabled! "
                          << "Global reclaim performance will suffer.";
@@ -593,26 +361,5 @@
         }
     }
 
-    // mkdir <CGROUPS_RC_DIR> 0711 system system
-    if (!Mkdir(android::base::Dirname(CGROUPS_RC_PATH), 0711, "system", "system")) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to create directory for " << CGROUPS_RC_PATH << " file";
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    // Generate <CGROUPS_RC_FILE> file which can be directly mmapped into
-    // process memory. This optimizes performance, memory usage
-    // and limits infrormation shared with unprivileged processes
-    // to the minimum subset of information from cgroups.json
-    if (!WriteRcFile(descriptors)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to write " << CGROUPS_RC_PATH << " file";
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    // chmod 0644 <CGROUPS_RC_PATH>
-    if (fchmodat(AT_FDCWD, CGROUPS_RC_PATH, 0644, AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW) < 0) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "fchmodat() failed";
-        return false;
-    }
-
     return true;
 }
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/task_profiles.cpp b/libprocessgroup/task_profiles.cpp
index cc675b3..c96feb3 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/task_profiles.cpp
+++ b/libprocessgroup/task_profiles.cpp
@@ -188,9 +188,6 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-// To avoid issues in sdk_mac build
-#if defined(__ANDROID__)
-
 bool SetTimerSlackAction::ExecuteForTask(pid_t tid) const {
     const auto file = StringPrintf("/proc/%d/timerslack_ns", tid);
     if (!WriteStringToFile(std::to_string(slack_), file)) {
@@ -205,14 +202,6 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-#else
-
-bool SetTimerSlackAction::ExecuteForTask(int) const {
-    return true;
-};
-
-#endif
-
 bool SetAttributeAction::WriteValueToFile(const std::string& path) const {
     if (!WriteStringToFile(value_, path)) {
         if (access(path.c_str(), F_OK) < 0) {
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/util/Android.bp b/libprocessgroup/util/Android.bp
index 54ba69b..1c74d4e 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/util/Android.bp
+++ b/libprocessgroup/util/Android.bp
@@ -37,8 +37,16 @@
         "include",
     ],
     srcs: [
+        "cgroup_controller.cpp",
+        "cgroup_descriptor.cpp",
         "util.cpp",
     ],
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libbase",
+    ],
+    static_libs: [
+        "libjsoncpp",
+    ],
     defaults: ["libprocessgroup_build_flags_cc"],
 }
 
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc_format/cgroup_controller.cpp b/libprocessgroup/util/cgroup_controller.cpp
similarity index 89%
rename from libprocessgroup/cgrouprc_format/cgroup_controller.cpp
rename to libprocessgroup/util/cgroup_controller.cpp
index 0dd909a..fb41680 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc_format/cgroup_controller.cpp
+++ b/libprocessgroup/util/cgroup_controller.cpp
@@ -14,11 +14,9 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#include <processgroup/format/cgroup_controller.h>
+#include <processgroup/cgroup_controller.h>
 
-namespace android {
-namespace cgrouprc {
-namespace format {
+#include <cstring>
 
 CgroupController::CgroupController(uint32_t version, uint32_t flags, const std::string& name,
                                    const std::string& path, uint32_t max_activation_depth)
@@ -54,8 +52,4 @@
 
 void CgroupController::set_flags(uint32_t flags) {
     flags_ = flags;
-}
-
-}  // namespace format
-}  // namespace cgrouprc
-}  // namespace android
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/util/cgroup_descriptor.cpp b/libprocessgroup/util/cgroup_descriptor.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4d3347f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libprocessgroup/util/cgroup_descriptor.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <processgroup/cgroup_descriptor.h>
+
+#include <processgroup/util.h>  // For flag values
+
+CgroupDescriptor::CgroupDescriptor(uint32_t version, const std::string& name,
+                                   const std::string& path, mode_t mode, const std::string& uid,
+                                   const std::string& gid, uint32_t flags,
+                                   uint32_t max_activation_depth)
+    : controller_(version, flags, name, path, max_activation_depth),
+      mode_(mode),
+      uid_(uid),
+      gid_(gid) {}
+
+void CgroupDescriptor::set_mounted(bool mounted) {
+    uint32_t flags = controller_.flags();
+    if (mounted) {
+        flags |= CGROUPRC_CONTROLLER_FLAG_MOUNTED;
+    } else {
+        flags &= ~CGROUPRC_CONTROLLER_FLAG_MOUNTED;
+    }
+    controller_.set_flags(flags);
+}
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc_format/include/processgroup/format/cgroup_controller.h b/libprocessgroup/util/include/processgroup/cgroup_controller.h
similarity index 86%
rename from libprocessgroup/cgrouprc_format/include/processgroup/format/cgroup_controller.h
rename to libprocessgroup/util/include/processgroup/cgroup_controller.h
index c0c1f60..fe6a829 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc_format/include/processgroup/format/cgroup_controller.h
+++ b/libprocessgroup/util/include/processgroup/cgroup_controller.h
@@ -20,11 +20,7 @@
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <string>
 
-namespace android {
-namespace cgrouprc {
-namespace format {
-
-// Minimal controller description to be mmapped into process address space
+// Minimal controller description
 struct CgroupController {
   public:
     CgroupController() = default;
@@ -48,8 +44,4 @@
     uint32_t max_activation_depth_ = UINT32_MAX;
     char name_[CGROUP_NAME_BUF_SZ] = {};
     char path_[CGROUP_PATH_BUF_SZ] = {};
-};
-
-}  // namespace format
-}  // namespace cgrouprc
-}  // namespace android
+};
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/util/include/processgroup/cgroup_descriptor.h b/libprocessgroup/util/include/processgroup/cgroup_descriptor.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1afd2ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libprocessgroup/util/include/processgroup/cgroup_descriptor.h
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <string>
+
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+
+#include <processgroup/cgroup_controller.h>
+
+// Complete controller description for mounting cgroups
+class CgroupDescriptor {
+  public:
+    CgroupDescriptor(uint32_t version, const std::string& name, const std::string& path,
+                     mode_t mode, const std::string& uid, const std::string& gid, uint32_t flags,
+                     uint32_t max_activation_depth);
+
+    const CgroupController* controller() const { return &controller_; }
+    mode_t mode() const { return mode_; }
+    std::string uid() const { return uid_; }
+    std::string gid() const { return gid_; }
+
+    void set_mounted(bool mounted);
+
+  private:
+    CgroupController controller_;
+    mode_t mode_ = 0;
+    std::string uid_;
+    std::string gid_;
+};
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/util/include/processgroup/util.h b/libprocessgroup/util/include/processgroup/util.h
index 8d013af..2c7b329 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/util/include/processgroup/util.h
+++ b/libprocessgroup/util/include/processgroup/util.h
@@ -16,10 +16,20 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <map>
 #include <string>
 
-namespace util {
+#include "cgroup_descriptor.h"
+
+// Duplicated from cgrouprc.h. Don't depend on libcgrouprc here.
+#define CGROUPRC_CONTROLLER_FLAG_MOUNTED 0x1
+#define CGROUPRC_CONTROLLER_FLAG_NEEDS_ACTIVATION 0x2
+#define CGROUPRC_CONTROLLER_FLAG_OPTIONAL 0x4
 
 unsigned int GetCgroupDepth(const std::string& controller_root, const std::string& cgroup_path);
 
-}  // namespace util
+using CgroupControllerName = std::string;
+using CgroupDescriptorMap = std::map<CgroupControllerName, CgroupDescriptor>;
+bool ReadDescriptors(CgroupDescriptorMap* descriptors);
+
+bool ActivateControllers(const std::string& path, const CgroupDescriptorMap& descriptors);
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/util/tests/util.cpp b/libprocessgroup/util/tests/util.cpp
index 1de7d6f..6caef8e 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/util/tests/util.cpp
+++ b/libprocessgroup/util/tests/util.cpp
@@ -18,8 +18,6 @@
 
 #include "gtest/gtest.h"
 
-using util::GetCgroupDepth;
-
 TEST(EmptyInputs, bothEmpty) {
     EXPECT_EQ(GetCgroupDepth({}, {}), 0);
 }
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/util/util.cpp b/libprocessgroup/util/util.cpp
index 9b88a22..1401675 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/util/util.cpp
+++ b/libprocessgroup/util/util.cpp
@@ -18,9 +18,33 @@
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <iterator>
+#include <optional>
+#include <string_view>
+
+#include <mntent.h>
+
+#include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android-base/properties.h>
+#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
+#include <json/reader.h>
+#include <json/value.h>
+
+#include "../build_flags.h"
+#include "../internal.h"
+
+using android::base::GetUintProperty;
 
 namespace {
 
+constexpr const char* CGROUPS_DESC_FILE = "/etc/cgroups.json";
+constexpr const char* CGROUPS_DESC_VENDOR_FILE = "/vendor/etc/cgroups.json";
+constexpr const char* TEMPLATE_CGROUPS_DESC_API_FILE = "/etc/task_profiles/cgroups_%u.json";
+
+// This should match the publicly declared value in processgroup.h,
+// but we don't want this library to depend on libprocessgroup.
+constexpr std::string CGROUPV2_HIERARCHY_NAME_INTERNAL = "cgroup2";
+
 const char SEP = '/';
 
 std::string DeduplicateAndTrimSeparators(const std::string& path) {
@@ -42,9 +66,135 @@
     return ret;
 }
 
+void MergeCgroupToDescriptors(CgroupDescriptorMap* descriptors, const Json::Value& cgroup,
+                              const std::string& name, const std::string& root_path,
+                              int cgroups_version) {
+    const std::string cgroup_path = cgroup["Path"].asString();
+    std::string path;
+
+    if (!root_path.empty()) {
+        path = root_path;
+        if (cgroup_path != ".") {
+            path += "/";
+            path += cgroup_path;
+        }
+    } else {
+        path = cgroup_path;
+    }
+
+    uint32_t controller_flags = 0;
+
+    if (cgroup["NeedsActivation"].isBool() && cgroup["NeedsActivation"].asBool()) {
+        controller_flags |= CGROUPRC_CONTROLLER_FLAG_NEEDS_ACTIVATION;
+    }
+
+    if (cgroup["Optional"].isBool() && cgroup["Optional"].asBool()) {
+        controller_flags |= CGROUPRC_CONTROLLER_FLAG_OPTIONAL;
+    }
+
+    uint32_t max_activation_depth = UINT32_MAX;
+    if (cgroup.isMember("MaxActivationDepth")) {
+        max_activation_depth = cgroup["MaxActivationDepth"].asUInt();
+    }
+
+    CgroupDescriptor descriptor(
+            cgroups_version, name, path, std::strtoul(cgroup["Mode"].asString().c_str(), 0, 8),
+            cgroup["UID"].asString(), cgroup["GID"].asString(), controller_flags,
+            max_activation_depth);
+
+    auto iter = descriptors->find(name);
+    if (iter == descriptors->end()) {
+        descriptors->emplace(name, descriptor);
+    } else {
+        iter->second = descriptor;
+    }
+}
+
+bool ReadDescriptorsFromFile(const std::string& file_name, CgroupDescriptorMap* descriptors) {
+    static constexpr bool force_memcg_v2 = android::libprocessgroup_flags::force_memcg_v2();
+    std::vector<CgroupDescriptor> result;
+    std::string json_doc;
+
+    if (!android::base::ReadFileToString(file_name, &json_doc)) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to read task profiles from " << file_name;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    Json::CharReaderBuilder builder;
+    std::unique_ptr<Json::CharReader> reader(builder.newCharReader());
+    Json::Value root;
+    std::string errorMessage;
+    if (!reader->parse(&*json_doc.begin(), &*json_doc.end(), &root, &errorMessage)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to parse cgroups description: " << errorMessage;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (root.isMember("Cgroups")) {
+        const Json::Value& cgroups = root["Cgroups"];
+        for (Json::Value::ArrayIndex i = 0; i < cgroups.size(); ++i) {
+            std::string name = cgroups[i]["Controller"].asString();
+
+            if (force_memcg_v2 && name == "memory") continue;
+
+            MergeCgroupToDescriptors(descriptors, cgroups[i], name, "", 1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    bool memcgv2_present = false;
+    std::string root_path;
+    if (root.isMember("Cgroups2")) {
+        const Json::Value& cgroups2 = root["Cgroups2"];
+        root_path = cgroups2["Path"].asString();
+        MergeCgroupToDescriptors(descriptors, cgroups2, CGROUPV2_HIERARCHY_NAME_INTERNAL, "", 2);
+
+        const Json::Value& childGroups = cgroups2["Controllers"];
+        for (Json::Value::ArrayIndex i = 0; i < childGroups.size(); ++i) {
+            std::string name = childGroups[i]["Controller"].asString();
+
+            if (force_memcg_v2 && name == "memory") memcgv2_present = true;
+
+            MergeCgroupToDescriptors(descriptors, childGroups[i], name, root_path, 2);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (force_memcg_v2 && !memcgv2_present) {
+        LOG(INFO) << "Forcing memcg to v2 hierarchy";
+        Json::Value memcgv2;
+        memcgv2["Controller"] = "memory";
+        memcgv2["NeedsActivation"] = true;
+        memcgv2["Path"] = ".";
+        memcgv2["Optional"] = true;  // In case of cgroup_disabled=memory, so we can still boot
+        MergeCgroupToDescriptors(descriptors, memcgv2, "memory",
+                                 root_path.empty() ? CGROUP_V2_ROOT_DEFAULT : root_path, 2);
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+using MountDir = std::string;
+using MountOpts = std::string;
+static std::optional<std::map<MountDir, MountOpts>> ReadCgroupV1Mounts() {
+    FILE* fp = setmntent("/proc/mounts", "r");
+    if (fp == nullptr) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to read mounts";
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+
+    std::map<MountDir, MountOpts> mounts;
+    const std::string_view CGROUP_V1_TYPE = "cgroup";
+    for (mntent* mentry = getmntent(fp); mentry != nullptr; mentry = getmntent(fp)) {
+        if (mentry->mnt_type && CGROUP_V1_TYPE == mentry->mnt_type &&
+            mentry->mnt_dir && mentry->mnt_opts) {
+            mounts[mentry->mnt_dir] = mentry->mnt_opts;
+        }
+    }
+    endmntent(fp);
+
+    return mounts;
+}
+
 }  // anonymous namespace
 
-namespace util {
 
 unsigned int GetCgroupDepth(const std::string& controller_root, const std::string& cgroup_path) {
     const std::string deduped_root = DeduplicateAndTrimSeparators(controller_root);
@@ -56,4 +206,70 @@
     return std::count(deduped_path.begin() + deduped_root.size(), deduped_path.end(), SEP);
 }
 
-}  // namespace util
+bool ReadDescriptors(CgroupDescriptorMap* descriptors) {
+    // load system cgroup descriptors
+    if (!ReadDescriptorsFromFile(CGROUPS_DESC_FILE, descriptors)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // load API-level specific system cgroups descriptors if available
+    unsigned int api_level = GetUintProperty<unsigned int>("ro.product.first_api_level", 0);
+    if (api_level > 0) {
+        std::string api_cgroups_path =
+                android::base::StringPrintf(TEMPLATE_CGROUPS_DESC_API_FILE, api_level);
+        if (!access(api_cgroups_path.c_str(), F_OK) || errno != ENOENT) {
+            if (!ReadDescriptorsFromFile(api_cgroups_path, descriptors)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // load vendor cgroup descriptors if the file exists
+    if (!access(CGROUPS_DESC_VENDOR_FILE, F_OK) &&
+        !ReadDescriptorsFromFile(CGROUPS_DESC_VENDOR_FILE, descriptors)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // check for v1 mount/usability status
+    std::optional<std::map<MountDir, MountOpts>> v1Mounts;
+    for (auto& [name, descriptor] : *descriptors) {
+        const CgroupController* const controller = descriptor.controller();
+
+        if (controller->version() != 1) continue;
+
+        // Read only once, and only if we have at least one v1 controller
+        if (!v1Mounts) {
+            v1Mounts = ReadCgroupV1Mounts();
+            if (!v1Mounts) return false;
+        }
+
+        if (const auto it = v1Mounts->find(controller->path()); it != v1Mounts->end()) {
+            if (it->second.contains(controller->name())) descriptor.set_mounted(true);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool ActivateControllers(const std::string& path, const CgroupDescriptorMap& descriptors) {
+    for (const auto& [name, descriptor] : descriptors) {
+        const uint32_t flags = descriptor.controller()->flags();
+        const uint32_t max_activation_depth = descriptor.controller()->max_activation_depth();
+        const unsigned int depth = GetCgroupDepth(descriptor.controller()->path(), path);
+
+        if (flags & CGROUPRC_CONTROLLER_FLAG_NEEDS_ACTIVATION && depth < max_activation_depth) {
+            std::string str("+");
+            str.append(descriptor.controller()->name());
+            if (!android::base::WriteStringToFile(str, path + "/cgroup.subtree_control")) {
+                if (flags & CGROUPRC_CONTROLLER_FLAG_OPTIONAL) {
+                    PLOG(WARNING) << "Activation of cgroup controller " << str
+                                  << " failed in path " << path;
+                } else {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
diff --git a/mkbootfs/Android.bp b/mkbootfs/Android.bp
index cd2a624..e0191f0 100644
--- a/mkbootfs/Android.bp
+++ b/mkbootfs/Android.bp
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 
 cc_binary_host {
     name: "mkbootfs",
-    srcs: ["mkbootfs.c"],
+    srcs: ["mkbootfs.cpp"],
     cflags: ["-Werror"],
     static_libs: [
         "libbase",
diff --git a/mkbootfs/mkbootfs.c b/mkbootfs/mkbootfs.cpp
similarity index 93%
rename from mkbootfs/mkbootfs.c
rename to mkbootfs/mkbootfs.cpp
index 84a0a4e..a45c6a2 100644
--- a/mkbootfs/mkbootfs.c
+++ b/mkbootfs/mkbootfs.cpp
@@ -19,6 +19,9 @@
 #include <private/android_filesystem_config.h>
 #include <private/fs_config.h>
 
+#include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <string>
+
 /* NOTES
 **
 ** - see https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/early-userspace/buffer-format.txt
@@ -75,7 +78,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-static void _eject(struct stat *s, char *out, int olen, char *data, unsigned datasize)
+static void _eject(struct stat *s, const char *out, int olen, char *data, unsigned datasize)
 {
     // Nothing is special about this value, just picked something in the
     // approximate range that was being used already, and avoiding small
@@ -151,9 +154,10 @@
     DIR* d = opendir(in);
     if (d == NULL) err(1, "cannot open directory '%s'", in);
 
+    // TODO: switch to std::vector
     int size = 32;
     int entries = 0;
-    char** names = malloc(size * sizeof(char*));
+    char** names = (char**) malloc(size * sizeof(char*));
     if (names == NULL) {
       errx(1, "failed to allocate dir names array (size %d)", size);
     }
@@ -167,7 +171,7 @@
 
         if (entries >= size) {
           size *= 2;
-          names = realloc(names, size * sizeof(char*));
+          names = (char**) realloc(names, size * sizeof(char*));
           if (names == NULL) {
             errx(1, "failed to reallocate dir names array (size %d)", size);
           }
@@ -211,20 +215,12 @@
     if(lstat(in, &s)) err(1, "could not stat '%s'", in);
 
     if(S_ISREG(s.st_mode)){
-        int fd = open(in, O_RDONLY);
-        if(fd < 0) err(1, "cannot open '%s' for read", in);
-
-        char* tmp = (char*) malloc(s.st_size);
-        if(tmp == 0) errx(1, "cannot allocate %zd bytes", s.st_size);
-
-        if(read(fd, tmp, s.st_size) != s.st_size) {
-            err(1, "cannot read %zd bytes", s.st_size);
+        std::string content;
+        if (!android::base::ReadFileToString(in, &content)) {
+            err(1, "cannot read '%s'", in);
         }
 
-        _eject(&s, out, olen, tmp, s.st_size);
-
-        free(tmp);
-        close(fd);
+        _eject(&s, out, olen, content.data(), content.size());
     } else if(S_ISDIR(s.st_mode)) {
         _eject(&s, out, olen, 0, 0);
         _archive_dir(in, out, ilen, olen);
@@ -445,15 +441,12 @@
     int num_dirs = argc - optind;
     argv += optind;
 
-    while(num_dirs-- > 0){
+    while (num_dirs-- > 0){
         char *x = strchr(*argv, '=');
-        if(x != 0) {
-            *x++ = 0;
-        } else {
-            x = "";
+        if (x != nullptr) {
+            *x++ = '\0';
         }
-
-        archive(*argv, x);
+        archive(*argv, x ?: "");
 
         argv++;
     }
diff --git a/rootdir/init.rc b/rootdir/init.rc
index 12d9c43..5bb64cc 100644
--- a/rootdir/init.rc
+++ b/rootdir/init.rc
@@ -70,6 +70,9 @@
 
     start ueventd
 
+    # Mount tracefs (with GID=AID_READTRACEFS)
+    mount tracefs tracefs /sys/kernel/tracing gid=3012
+
     # Run apexd-bootstrap so that APEXes that provide critical libraries
     # become available. Note that this is executed as exec_start to ensure that
     # the libraries are available to the processes started after this statement.
@@ -80,9 +83,6 @@
     mkdir /dev/boringssl 0755 root root
     mkdir /dev/boringssl/selftest 0755 root root
 
-    # Mount tracefs (with GID=AID_READTRACEFS)
-    mount tracefs tracefs /sys/kernel/tracing gid=3012
-
     # create sys dirctory
     mkdir /dev/sys 0755 system system
     mkdir /dev/sys/fs 0755 system system
diff --git a/trusty/keymaster/Android.bp b/trusty/keymaster/Android.bp
index aca59b6..cb07829 100644
--- a/trusty/keymaster/Android.bp
+++ b/trusty/keymaster/Android.bp
@@ -105,19 +105,17 @@
         "keymint/TrustySharedSecret.cpp",
         "keymint/service.cpp",
     ],
-    defaults: [
-        "keymint_use_latest_hal_aidl_ndk_shared",
-    ],
     shared_libs: [
+        "android.hardware.security.keymint-V3-ndk",
         "android.hardware.security.rkp-V3-ndk",
         "android.hardware.security.secureclock-V1-ndk",
         "android.hardware.security.sharedsecret-V1-ndk",
-        "lib_android_keymaster_keymint_utils",
+        "lib_android_keymaster_keymint_utils_V3",
         "libbase",
         "libbinder_ndk",
         "libhardware",
         "libkeymaster_messages",
-        "libkeymint",
+        "libkeymasterconfig",
         "liblog",
         "libtrusty",
         "libutils",