diff --git a/NOTICE b/NOTICE
index 152be20..8e8a91c 100644
--- a/NOTICE
+++ b/NOTICE
@@ -1,324 +1,16 @@
-   =========================================================================
-   ==  NOTICE file corresponding to the section 4 d of                    ==
-   ==  the Apache License, Version 2.0,                                   ==
-   ==  in this case for the Android-specific code.                        ==
-   =========================================================================
+Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
 
-Android Code
-Copyright 2005-2008 The Android Open Source Project
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
 
-This product includes software developed as part of
-The Android Open Source Project (http://source.android.com).
+     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 
-   =========================================================================
-   ==  NOTICE file corresponding to the section 4 d of                    ==
-   ==  the Apache License, Version 2.0,                                   ==
-   ==  in this case for Apache Commons code.                              ==
-   =========================================================================
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License.
 
-Apache Commons
-Copyright 1999-2006 The Apache Software Foundation
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-This product includes software developed at
-The Apache Software Foundation (http://www.apache.org/).
-
-   =========================================================================
-   ==  NOTICE file corresponding to the section 4 d of                    ==
-   ==  the Apache License, Version 2.0,                                   ==
-   ==  in this case for Jakarta Commons Logging.                          ==
-   =========================================================================
-
-Jakarta Commons Logging (JCL)
-Copyright 2005,2006 The Apache Software Foundation.
-
-This product includes software developed at
-The Apache Software Foundation (http://www.apache.org/).
-
-   =========================================================================
-   ==  NOTICE file corresponding to the section 4 d of                    ==
-   ==  the Apache License, Version 2.0,                                   ==
-   ==  in this case for the Nuance code.                                  ==
-   =========================================================================
-
-These files are Copyright 2007 Nuance Communications, but released under
-the Apache2 License.
-
-   =========================================================================
-   ==  NOTICE file corresponding to the section 4 d of                    ==
-   ==  the Apache License, Version 2.0,                                   ==
-   ==  in this case for the Media Codecs code.                            ==
-   =========================================================================
-
-Media Codecs
-These files are Copyright 1998 - 2009 PacketVideo, but released under
-the Apache2 License.
-
-   =========================================================================
-   ==  NOTICE file corresponding to the section 4 d of                    ==
-   ==  the Apache License, Version 2.0,                                   ==
-   ==  in this case for the TagSoup code.                                 ==
-   =========================================================================
-
-This file is part of TagSoup and is Copyright 2002-2008 by John Cowan.
-
-TagSoup is licensed under the Apache License,
-Version 2.0.  You may obtain a copy of this license at
-http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 .  You may also have
-additional legal rights not granted by this license.
-
-TagSoup is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
-unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, TagSoup
-is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS
-OF ANY KIND, either express or implied; not even the implied warranty
-of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
-
-   =========================================================================
-   ==  NOTICE file corresponding to the section 4 d of                    ==
-   ==  the Apache License, Version 2.0,                                   ==
-   ==  in this case for Additional Codecs code.                           ==
-   =========================================================================
-
-Additional Codecs
-These files are Copyright 2003-2010 VisualOn, but released under
-the Apache2 License.
-
-  =========================================================================
-  ==  NOTICE file corresponding to the section 4 d of                    ==
-  ==  the Apache License, Version 2.0,                                   ==
-  ==  in this case for the Audio Effects code.                           ==
-  =========================================================================
-
-Audio Effects
-These files are Copyright (C) 2004-2010 NXP Software and
-Copyright (C) 2010 The Android Open Source Project, but released under
-the Apache2 License.
-
-
-                               Apache License
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-                        http://www.apache.org/licenses/
-
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-      or a Contribution incorporated within the Work constitutes direct
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-
-   4. Redistribution. You may reproduce and distribute copies of the
-      Work or Derivative Works thereof in any medium, with or without
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-      meet the following conditions:
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-      (a) You must give any other recipients of the Work or
-          Derivative Works a copy of this License; and
-
-      (b) You must cause any modified files to carry prominent notices
-          stating that You changed the files; and
-
-      (c) You must retain, in the Source form of any Derivative Works
-          that You distribute, all copyright, patent, trademark, and
-          attribution notices from the Source form of the Work,
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-      (d) If the Work includes a "NOTICE" text file as part of its
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-      the conditions stated in this License.
-
-   5. Submission of Contributions. Unless You explicitly state otherwise,
-      any Contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the Work
-      by You to the Licensor shall be under the terms and conditions of
-      this License, without any additional terms or conditions.
-      Notwithstanding the above, nothing herein shall supersede or modify
-      the terms of any separate license agreement you may have executed
-      with Licensor regarding such Contributions.
-
-   6. Trademarks. This License does not grant permission to use the trade
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diff --git a/bootstat/Android.bp b/bootstat/Android.bp
index edff26d..5192f5e 100644
--- a/bootstat/Android.bp
+++ b/bootstat/Android.bp
@@ -93,4 +93,7 @@
         "boot_event_record_store_test.cpp",
         "testrunner.cpp",
     ],
+    test_options: {
+        unit_test: true,
+    },
 }
diff --git a/bootstat/AndroidTest.xml b/bootstat/AndroidTest.xml
deleted file mode 100644
index f3783fa..0000000
--- a/bootstat/AndroidTest.xml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
-<!-- Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
-
-     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-     You may obtain a copy of the License at
-
-          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-
-     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-     limitations under the License.
--->
-<configuration description="Config for bootstat_tests">
-    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.PushFilePreparer">
-        <option name="cleanup" value="true" />
-        <option name="push" value="bootstat_tests->/data/local/tmp/bootstat_tests" />
-    </target_preparer>
-    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct" />
-    <test class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.GTest" >
-        <option name="native-test-device-path" value="/data/local/tmp" />
-        <option name="module-name" value="bootstat_tests" />
-    </test>
-</configuration>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/bootstat/OWNERS b/bootstat/OWNERS
index 50b2097..f66b309 100644
--- a/bootstat/OWNERS
+++ b/bootstat/OWNERS
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 jhawkins@google.com
-salyzyn@google.com
+dvander@google.com
diff --git a/code_coverage/seccomp_policy/code_coverage.arm.policy b/code_coverage/seccomp_policy/code_coverage.arm.policy
index b80910f..3589379 100644
--- a/code_coverage/seccomp_policy/code_coverage.arm.policy
+++ b/code_coverage/seccomp_policy/code_coverage.arm.policy
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 close: 1
+fchmod: 1
 mkdirat: 1
 msync: 1
 munmap: 1
diff --git a/code_coverage/seccomp_policy/code_coverage.arm64.policy b/code_coverage/seccomp_policy/code_coverage.arm64.policy
index 7040ea2..fdb4d1e 100644
--- a/code_coverage/seccomp_policy/code_coverage.arm64.policy
+++ b/code_coverage/seccomp_policy/code_coverage.arm64.policy
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 close: 1
+fchmod: 1
 mkdirat: 1
 msync: 1
 munmap: 1
diff --git a/code_coverage/seccomp_policy/code_coverage.policy.def b/code_coverage/seccomp_policy/code_coverage.policy.def
index 599c4a4..b6a4c6d 100644
--- a/code_coverage/seccomp_policy/code_coverage.policy.def
+++ b/code_coverage/seccomp_policy/code_coverage.policy.def
@@ -13,6 +13,9 @@
 // 2nd-Nth: uses mmap() to update in place
 
 close: 1
+// fchmod allowed to set libprofile-clang-extras, which wraps `open` calls, to
+// set correct permission for coverage files.
+fchmod: 1
 mkdirat: 1
 msync: 1
 munmap: 1
diff --git a/code_coverage/seccomp_policy/code_coverage.x86.policy b/code_coverage/seccomp_policy/code_coverage.x86.policy
index f8e0cc0..145d3a3 100644
--- a/code_coverage/seccomp_policy/code_coverage.x86.policy
+++ b/code_coverage/seccomp_policy/code_coverage.x86.policy
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 close: 1
+fchmod: 1
 mkdirat: 1
 msync: 1
 munmap: 1
diff --git a/code_coverage/seccomp_policy/code_coverage.x86_64.policy b/code_coverage/seccomp_policy/code_coverage.x86_64.policy
index dcf2f9a..11c8075 100644
--- a/code_coverage/seccomp_policy/code_coverage.x86_64.policy
+++ b/code_coverage/seccomp_policy/code_coverage.x86_64.policy
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 close: 1
+fchmod: 1
 mkdirat: 1
 msync: 1
 munmap: 1
diff --git a/debuggerd/Android.bp b/debuggerd/Android.bp
index fd62392..53f85bf 100644
--- a/debuggerd/Android.bp
+++ b/debuggerd/Android.bp
@@ -176,6 +176,8 @@
         "libdebuggerd/open_files_list.cpp",
         "libdebuggerd/scudo.cpp",
         "libdebuggerd/tombstone.cpp",
+        "libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto.cpp",
+        "libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto_to_text.cpp",
         "libdebuggerd/utility.cpp",
     ],
 
@@ -204,8 +206,11 @@
     ],
 
     whole_static_libs: [
+        "libasync_safe",
         "gwp_asan_crash_handler",
         "libscudo",
+        "libtombstone_proto",
+        "libprotobuf-cpp-lite",
     ],
 
     target: {
@@ -228,6 +233,20 @@
     },
 }
 
+cc_binary {
+    name: "pbtombstone",
+    defaults: ["debuggerd_defaults"],
+    srcs: ["pbtombstone.cpp"],
+    static_libs: [
+        "libbase",
+        "libdebuggerd",
+        "liblog",
+        "libprotobuf-cpp-lite",
+        "libtombstone_proto",
+        "libunwindstack",
+    ],
+}
+
 cc_test {
     name: "debuggerd_test",
     defaults: ["debuggerd_defaults"],
@@ -332,6 +351,9 @@
         "libtombstoned_client_static",
         "libdebuggerd",
         "libcutils",
+
+        "libtombstone_proto",
+        "libprotobuf-cpp-lite",
     ],
 
     shared_libs: [
diff --git a/debuggerd/common/include/dump_type.h b/debuggerd/common/include/dump_type.h
index 203269e..a3e171b 100644
--- a/debuggerd/common/include/dump_type.h
+++ b/debuggerd/common/include/dump_type.h
@@ -24,7 +24,8 @@
   kDebuggerdNativeBacktrace,
   kDebuggerdTombstone,
   kDebuggerdJavaBacktrace,
-  kDebuggerdAnyIntercept
+  kDebuggerdAnyIntercept,
+  kDebuggerdTombstoneProto,
 };
 
 inline std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& stream, const DebuggerdDumpType& rhs) {
@@ -41,6 +42,9 @@
     case kDebuggerdAnyIntercept:
       stream << "kDebuggerdAnyIntercept";
       break;
+    case kDebuggerdTombstoneProto:
+      stream << "kDebuggerdTombstoneProto";
+      break;
     default:
       stream << "[unknown]";
   }
diff --git a/debuggerd/crash_dump.cpp b/debuggerd/crash_dump.cpp
index 4f60005..68a43cf 100644
--- a/debuggerd/crash_dump.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/crash_dump.cpp
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
+#include <bionic/macros.h>
 #include <bionic/reserved_signals.h>
 #include <cutils/sockets.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
@@ -152,14 +153,14 @@
   }
 
   struct timeval tv = {
-    .tv_sec = 1,
-    .tv_usec = 0,
+      .tv_sec = 1 * android::base::TimeoutMultiplier(),
+      .tv_usec = 0,
   };
   if (setsockopt(amfd.get(), SOL_SOCKET, SO_SNDTIMEO, &tv, sizeof(tv)) == -1) {
     PLOG(ERROR) << "failed to set send timeout on activity manager socket";
     return false;
   }
-  tv.tv_sec = 3;  // 3 seconds on handshake read
+  tv.tv_sec = 3 * android::base::TimeoutMultiplier();  // 3 seconds on handshake read
   if (setsockopt(amfd.get(), SOL_SOCKET, SO_RCVTIMEO, &tv, sizeof(tv)) == -1) {
     PLOG(ERROR) << "failed to set receive timeout on activity manager socket";
     return false;
@@ -194,6 +195,7 @@
 static bool g_tombstoned_connected = false;
 static unique_fd g_tombstoned_socket;
 static unique_fd g_output_fd;
+static unique_fd g_proto_fd;
 
 static void DefuseSignalHandlers() {
   // Don't try to dump ourselves.
@@ -214,7 +216,7 @@
     // If we abort before we get an output fd, contact tombstoned to let any
     // potential listeners know that we failed.
     if (!g_tombstoned_connected) {
-      if (!tombstoned_connect(g_target_thread, &g_tombstoned_socket, &g_output_fd,
+      if (!tombstoned_connect(g_target_thread, &g_tombstoned_socket, &g_output_fd, &g_proto_fd,
                               kDebuggerdAnyIntercept)) {
         // We failed to connect, not much we can do.
         LOG(ERROR) << "failed to connected to tombstoned to report failure";
@@ -247,10 +249,20 @@
   }
 
   int dump_type_int;
-  if (!android::base::ParseInt(argv[3], &dump_type_int, 0, 1)) {
+  if (!android::base::ParseInt(argv[3], &dump_type_int, 0)) {
     LOG(FATAL) << "invalid requested dump type: " << argv[3];
   }
+
   *dump_type = static_cast<DebuggerdDumpType>(dump_type_int);
+  switch (*dump_type) {
+    case kDebuggerdNativeBacktrace:
+    case kDebuggerdTombstone:
+    case kDebuggerdTombstoneProto:
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      LOG(FATAL) << "invalid requested dump type: " << dump_type_int;
+  }
 }
 
 static void ReadCrashInfo(unique_fd& fd, siginfo_t* siginfo,
@@ -299,7 +311,9 @@
       *siginfo = crash_info->data.s.siginfo;
       if (signal_has_si_addr(siginfo)) {
         process_info->has_fault_address = true;
-        process_info->fault_address = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(siginfo->si_addr);
+        process_info->maybe_tagged_fault_address = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(siginfo->si_addr);
+        process_info->untagged_fault_address =
+            untag_address(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(siginfo->si_addr));
       }
       regs->reset(unwindstack::Regs::CreateFromUcontext(unwindstack::Regs::CurrentArch(),
                                                         &crash_info->data.s.ucontext));
@@ -433,7 +447,7 @@
   //
   // Note: processes with many threads and minidebug-info can take a bit to
   //       unwind, do not make this too small. b/62828735
-  alarm(30);
+  alarm(30 * android::base::TimeoutMultiplier());
 
   // Get the process name (aka cmdline).
   std::string process_name = get_process_name(g_target_thread);
@@ -477,6 +491,11 @@
       info.process_name = process_name;
       info.thread_name = get_thread_name(thread);
 
+      unique_fd attr_fd(openat(target_proc_fd, "attr/current", O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC));
+      if (!android::base::ReadFdToString(attr_fd, &info.selinux_label)) {
+        PLOG(WARNING) << "failed to read selinux label";
+      }
+
       if (!ptrace_interrupt(thread, &info.signo)) {
         PLOG(WARNING) << "failed to ptrace interrupt thread " << thread;
         ptrace(PTRACE_DETACH, thread, 0, 0);
@@ -555,8 +574,8 @@
   {
     ATRACE_NAME("tombstoned_connect");
     LOG(INFO) << "obtaining output fd from tombstoned, type: " << dump_type;
-    g_tombstoned_connected =
-        tombstoned_connect(g_target_thread, &g_tombstoned_socket, &g_output_fd, dump_type);
+    g_tombstoned_connected = tombstoned_connect(g_target_thread, &g_tombstoned_socket, &g_output_fd,
+                                                &g_proto_fd, dump_type);
   }
 
   if (g_tombstoned_connected) {
@@ -609,8 +628,8 @@
 
     {
       ATRACE_NAME("engrave_tombstone");
-      engrave_tombstone(std::move(g_output_fd), &unwinder, thread_info, g_target_thread, process_info,
-                        &open_files, &amfd_data);
+      engrave_tombstone(std::move(g_output_fd), std::move(g_proto_fd), &unwinder, thread_info,
+                        g_target_thread, process_info, &open_files, &amfd_data);
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/debuggerd/debuggerd_test.cpp b/debuggerd/debuggerd_test.cpp
index 45e555f..65820bd 100644
--- a/debuggerd/debuggerd_test.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/debuggerd_test.cpp
@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@
 
   if (mte_supported()) {
     // Test that the default TAGGED_ADDR_CTRL value is set.
-    ASSERT_MATCH(result, R"(tagged_addr_ctrl: 000000000007fff5)");
+    ASSERT_MATCH(result, R"(tagged_addr_ctrl: 000000000007fff3)");
   }
 }
 
@@ -1309,11 +1309,11 @@
   tombstoned_intercept(self, &intercept_fd, &output_fd, &status, kDebuggerdJavaBacktrace);
   ASSERT_EQ(InterceptStatus::kRegistered, status);
 
-  // First connect to tombstoned requesting a native backtrace. This
+  // First connect to tombstoned requesting a native tombstone. This
   // should result in a "regular" FD and not the installed intercept.
   const char native[] = "native";
   unique_fd tombstoned_socket, input_fd;
-  ASSERT_TRUE(tombstoned_connect(self, &tombstoned_socket, &input_fd, kDebuggerdNativeBacktrace));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(tombstoned_connect(self, &tombstoned_socket, &input_fd, kDebuggerdTombstone));
   ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteFully(input_fd.get(), native, sizeof(native)));
   tombstoned_notify_completion(tombstoned_socket.get());
 
@@ -1425,3 +1425,70 @@
   ConsumeFd(std::move(output_fd), &result);
   ASSERT_MATCH(result, R"(Cause: stack pointer[^\n]*stack overflow.\n)");
 }
+
+TEST(tombstoned, proto) {
+  const pid_t self = getpid();
+  unique_fd tombstoned_socket, text_fd, proto_fd;
+  ASSERT_TRUE(
+      tombstoned_connect(self, &tombstoned_socket, &text_fd, &proto_fd, kDebuggerdTombstoneProto));
+
+  tombstoned_notify_completion(tombstoned_socket.get());
+
+  ASSERT_NE(-1, text_fd.get());
+  ASSERT_NE(-1, proto_fd.get());
+
+  struct stat text_st;
+  ASSERT_EQ(0, fstat(text_fd.get(), &text_st));
+
+  // Give tombstoned some time to link the files into place.
+  std::this_thread::sleep_for(100ms);
+
+  // Find the tombstone.
+  std::optional<int> tombstone_index;
+  for (int i = 0; i < 50; ++i) {
+    std::string path = android::base::StringPrintf("/data/tombstones/tombstone_%02d", i);
+
+    struct stat st;
+    if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(stat(path.c_str(), &st)) != 0) {
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    if (st.st_dev == text_st.st_dev && st.st_ino == text_st.st_ino) {
+      tombstone_index = i;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(tombstone_index);
+  std::string proto_path =
+      android::base::StringPrintf("/data/tombstones/tombstone_%02d.pb", *tombstone_index);
+
+  struct stat proto_fd_st;
+  struct stat proto_file_st;
+  ASSERT_EQ(0, fstat(proto_fd.get(), &proto_fd_st));
+  ASSERT_EQ(0, stat(proto_path.c_str(), &proto_file_st));
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(proto_fd_st.st_dev, proto_file_st.st_dev);
+  ASSERT_EQ(proto_fd_st.st_ino, proto_file_st.st_ino);
+}
+
+TEST(tombstoned, proto_intercept) {
+  const pid_t self = getpid();
+  unique_fd intercept_fd, output_fd;
+  InterceptStatus status;
+
+  tombstoned_intercept(self, &intercept_fd, &output_fd, &status, kDebuggerdTombstone);
+  ASSERT_EQ(InterceptStatus::kRegistered, status);
+
+  unique_fd tombstoned_socket, text_fd, proto_fd;
+  ASSERT_TRUE(
+      tombstoned_connect(self, &tombstoned_socket, &text_fd, &proto_fd, kDebuggerdTombstoneProto));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteStringToFd("foo", text_fd.get()));
+  tombstoned_notify_completion(tombstoned_socket.get());
+
+  text_fd.reset();
+
+  std::string output;
+  ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::ReadFdToString(output_fd, &output));
+  ASSERT_EQ("foo", output);
+}
diff --git a/debuggerd/handler/debuggerd_fallback.cpp b/debuggerd/handler/debuggerd_fallback.cpp
index e103c82..feafa73 100644
--- a/debuggerd/handler/debuggerd_fallback.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/handler/debuggerd_fallback.cpp
@@ -92,15 +92,15 @@
   __linker_disable_fallback_allocator();
 }
 
-static void debuggerd_fallback_tombstone(int output_fd, ucontext_t* ucontext, siginfo_t* siginfo,
-                                         void* abort_message) {
+static void debuggerd_fallback_tombstone(int output_fd, int proto_fd, ucontext_t* ucontext,
+                                         siginfo_t* siginfo, void* abort_message) {
   if (!__linker_enable_fallback_allocator()) {
     async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, "libc", "fallback allocator already in use");
     return;
   }
 
-  engrave_tombstone_ucontext(output_fd, reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(abort_message), siginfo,
-                             ucontext);
+  engrave_tombstone_ucontext(output_fd, proto_fd, reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(abort_message),
+                             siginfo, ucontext);
   __linker_disable_fallback_allocator();
 }
 
@@ -232,7 +232,8 @@
 
   // Fetch output fd from tombstoned.
   unique_fd tombstone_socket, output_fd;
-  if (!tombstoned_connect(getpid(), &tombstone_socket, &output_fd, kDebuggerdNativeBacktrace)) {
+  if (!tombstoned_connect(getpid(), &tombstone_socket, &output_fd, nullptr,
+                          kDebuggerdNativeBacktrace)) {
     async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, "libc",
                           "missing crash_dump_fallback() in selinux policy?");
     goto exit;
@@ -325,10 +326,10 @@
     _exit(1);
   }
 
-  unique_fd tombstone_socket, output_fd;
-  bool tombstoned_connected =
-      tombstoned_connect(getpid(), &tombstone_socket, &output_fd, kDebuggerdTombstone);
-  debuggerd_fallback_tombstone(output_fd.get(), ucontext, info, abort_message);
+  unique_fd tombstone_socket, output_fd, proto_fd;
+  bool tombstoned_connected = tombstoned_connect(getpid(), &tombstone_socket, &output_fd, &proto_fd,
+                                                 kDebuggerdTombstoneProto);
+  debuggerd_fallback_tombstone(output_fd.get(), proto_fd.get(), ucontext, info, abort_message);
   if (tombstoned_connected) {
     tombstoned_notify_completion(tombstone_socket.get());
   }
diff --git a/debuggerd/handler/debuggerd_handler.cpp b/debuggerd/handler/debuggerd_handler.cpp
index 85ffc98..ca809e4 100644
--- a/debuggerd/handler/debuggerd_handler.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/handler/debuggerd_handler.cpp
@@ -53,7 +53,6 @@
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 #include <async_safe/log.h>
 #include <bionic/reserved_signals.h>
-#include <cutils/properties.h>
 
 #include <libdebuggerd/utility.h>
 
@@ -313,7 +312,7 @@
     return kDebuggerdNativeBacktrace;
   }
 
-  return kDebuggerdTombstone;
+  return kDebuggerdTombstoneProto;
 }
 
 static int debuggerd_dispatch_pseudothread(void* arg) {
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/gwp_asan.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/gwp_asan.cpp
index f271365..9750fc4 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/gwp_asan.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/gwp_asan.cpp
@@ -72,8 +72,8 @@
 
   // Get the external crash address from the thread info.
   crash_address_ = 0u;
-  if (signal_has_si_addr(thread_info.siginfo)) {
-    crash_address_ = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(thread_info.siginfo->si_addr);
+  if (process_info.has_fault_address) {
+    crash_address_ = process_info.untagged_fault_address;
   }
 
   // Ensure the error belongs to GWP-ASan.
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/tombstone.h b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/tombstone.h
index 3ff7d62..bf2cbb3 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/tombstone.h
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/tombstone.h
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include <stddef.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 
+#include <functional>
 #include <map>
 #include <string>
 
@@ -30,6 +31,8 @@
 #include "types.h"
 
 // Forward declarations
+class Tombstone;
+
 namespace unwindstack {
 class Unwinder;
 }
@@ -44,13 +47,21 @@
 int open_tombstone(std::string* path);
 
 /* Creates a tombstone file and writes the crash dump to it. */
-void engrave_tombstone(android::base::unique_fd output_fd, unwindstack::Unwinder* unwinder,
+void engrave_tombstone(android::base::unique_fd output_fd, android::base::unique_fd proto_fd,
+                       unwindstack::Unwinder* unwinder,
                        const std::map<pid_t, ThreadInfo>& thread_info, pid_t target_thread,
                        const ProcessInfo& process_info, OpenFilesList* open_files,
                        std::string* amfd_data);
 
-void engrave_tombstone_ucontext(int tombstone_fd, uint64_t abort_msg_address, siginfo_t* siginfo,
-                                ucontext_t* ucontext);
+void engrave_tombstone_ucontext(int tombstone_fd, int proto_fd, uint64_t abort_msg_address,
+                                siginfo_t* siginfo, ucontext_t* ucontext);
 
+void engrave_tombstone_proto(Tombstone* tombstone, unwindstack::Unwinder* unwinder,
+                             const std::map<pid_t, ThreadInfo>& threads, pid_t target_thread,
+                             const ProcessInfo& process_info, const OpenFilesList* open_files);
+
+bool tombstone_proto_to_text(
+    const Tombstone& tombstone,
+    std::function<void(const std::string& line, bool should_log)> callback);
 
 #endif  // _DEBUGGERD_TOMBSTONE_H
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/types.h b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/types.h
index 30e75e1..d5b0735 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/types.h
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/types.h
@@ -31,7 +31,9 @@
   std::string thread_name;
 
   pid_t pid;
+
   std::string process_name;
+  std::string selinux_label;
 
   int signo = 0;
   siginfo_t* siginfo = nullptr;
@@ -46,5 +48,6 @@
   uintptr_t scudo_region_info = 0;
 
   bool has_fault_address = false;
-  uintptr_t fault_address = 0;
+  uintptr_t untagged_fault_address = 0;
+  uintptr_t maybe_tagged_fault_address = 0;
 };
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/utility.h b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/utility.h
index 29fb9a4..d71b76f 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/utility.h
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/utility.h
@@ -81,6 +81,8 @@
 
 void log_backtrace(log_t* log, unwindstack::Unwinder* unwinder, const char* prefix);
 
+ssize_t dump_memory(void* out, size_t len, size_t* start_offset, uint64_t* addr,
+                    unwindstack::Memory* memory);
 void dump_memory(log_t* log, unwindstack::Memory* backtrace, uint64_t addr, const std::string&);
 
 void drop_capabilities();
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/scudo.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/scudo.cpp
index f8bfe07..141c3bd 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/scudo.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/scudo.cpp
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@
   auto region_info = AllocAndReadFully(process_memory, process_info.scudo_region_info,
                                        __scudo_get_region_info_size());
 
-  untagged_fault_addr_ = untag_address(process_info.fault_address);
+  untagged_fault_addr_ = process_info.untagged_fault_address;
   uintptr_t fault_page = untagged_fault_addr_ & ~(PAGE_SIZE - 1);
 
   uintptr_t memory_begin = fault_page - PAGE_SIZE * 16;
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@
     memory_tags[(i - memory_begin) / kTagGranuleSize] = process_memory->ReadTag(i);
   }
 
-  __scudo_get_error_info(&error_info_, process_info.fault_address, stack_depot.get(),
+  __scudo_get_error_info(&error_info_, process_info.maybe_tagged_fault_address, stack_depot.get(),
                          region_info.get(), memory.get(), memory_tags.get(), memory_begin,
                          memory_end - memory_begin);
 }
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/test/tombstone_test.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/test/tombstone_test.cpp
index b42d70c..7fe8f82 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/test/tombstone_test.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/test/tombstone_test.cpp
@@ -379,7 +379,7 @@
 TEST_F(TombstoneTest, gwp_asan_cause_uaf_exact) {
   gwp_asan::AllocationMetadata meta;
   meta.Addr = 0x1000;
-  meta.Size = 32;
+  meta.RequestedSize = 32;
 
   GwpAsanCrashDataTest crash_data(gwp_asan::Error::USE_AFTER_FREE, &meta);
   crash_data.SetCrashAddress(0x1000);
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@
 TEST_F(TombstoneTest, gwp_asan_cause_double_free) {
   gwp_asan::AllocationMetadata meta;
   meta.Addr = 0x1000;
-  meta.Size = 32;
+  meta.RequestedSize = 32;
 
   GwpAsanCrashDataTest crash_data(gwp_asan::Error::DOUBLE_FREE, &meta);
   crash_data.SetCrashAddress(0x1000);
@@ -413,7 +413,7 @@
 TEST_F(TombstoneTest, gwp_asan_cause_overflow) {
   gwp_asan::AllocationMetadata meta;
   meta.Addr = 0x1000;
-  meta.Size = 32;
+  meta.RequestedSize = 32;
 
   GwpAsanCrashDataTest crash_data(gwp_asan::Error::BUFFER_OVERFLOW, &meta);
   crash_data.SetCrashAddress(0x1025);
@@ -432,7 +432,7 @@
 TEST_F(TombstoneTest, gwp_asan_cause_underflow) {
   gwp_asan::AllocationMetadata meta;
   meta.Addr = 0x1000;
-  meta.Size = 32;
+  meta.RequestedSize = 32;
 
   GwpAsanCrashDataTest crash_data(gwp_asan::Error::BUFFER_UNDERFLOW, &meta);
   crash_data.SetCrashAddress(0xffe);
@@ -451,7 +451,7 @@
 TEST_F(TombstoneTest, gwp_asan_cause_invalid_free_inside) {
   gwp_asan::AllocationMetadata meta;
   meta.Addr = 0x1000;
-  meta.Size = 32;
+  meta.RequestedSize = 32;
 
   GwpAsanCrashDataTest crash_data(gwp_asan::Error::INVALID_FREE, &meta);
   crash_data.SetCrashAddress(0x1001);
@@ -470,7 +470,7 @@
 TEST_F(TombstoneTest, gwp_asan_cause_invalid_free_outside) {
   gwp_asan::AllocationMetadata meta;
   meta.Addr = 0x1000;
-  meta.Size = 32;
+  meta.RequestedSize = 32;
 
   GwpAsanCrashDataTest crash_data(gwp_asan::Error::INVALID_FREE, &meta);
   crash_data.SetCrashAddress(0x1021);
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone.cpp
index d88c5a9..c1a59d8 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone.cpp
@@ -36,12 +36,12 @@
 #include <string>
 
 #include <android-base/file.h>
-#include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 #include <android/log.h>
+#include <async_safe/log.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
 #include <log/log_read.h>
 #include <log/logprint.h>
@@ -63,6 +63,8 @@
 #include "gwp_asan/common.h"
 #include "gwp_asan/crash_handler.h"
 
+#include "tombstone.pb.h"
+
 using android::base::GetBoolProperty;
 using android::base::GetProperty;
 using android::base::StringPrintf;
@@ -151,7 +153,9 @@
                              const ProcessInfo& process_info, unwindstack::Memory* process_memory) {
   char addr_desc[64];  // ", fault addr 0x1234"
   if (process_info.has_fault_address) {
-    size_t addr = process_info.fault_address;
+    // SIGILL faults will never have tagged addresses, so okay to
+    // indiscriminately use the tagged address here.
+    size_t addr = process_info.maybe_tagged_fault_address;
     if (thread_info.siginfo->si_signo == SIGILL) {
       uint32_t instruction = {};
       process_memory->Read(addr, &instruction, sizeof(instruction));
@@ -188,8 +192,7 @@
 static std::string get_addr_string(uint64_t addr) {
   std::string addr_str;
 #if defined(__LP64__)
-  addr_str = StringPrintf("%08x'%08x",
-                          static_cast<uint32_t>(addr >> 32),
+  addr_str = StringPrintf("%08x'%08x", static_cast<uint32_t>(addr >> 32),
                           static_cast<uint32_t>(addr & 0xffffffff));
 #else
   addr_str = StringPrintf("%08x", static_cast<uint32_t>(addr));
@@ -392,8 +395,7 @@
   if (primary_thread && gwp_asan_crash_data->CrashIsMine()) {
     gwp_asan_crash_data->DumpCause(log);
   } else if (thread_info.siginfo && !(primary_thread && scudo_crash_data->CrashIsMine())) {
-    dump_probable_cause(log, thread_info.siginfo, unwinder->GetMaps(),
-                        thread_info.registers.get());
+    dump_probable_cause(log, thread_info.siginfo, unwinder->GetMaps(), thread_info.registers.get());
   }
 
   if (primary_thread) {
@@ -433,9 +435,8 @@
                          thread_info.registers.get());
     if (maps != nullptr) {
       uint64_t addr = 0;
-      siginfo_t* si = thread_info.siginfo;
-      if (signal_has_si_addr(si)) {
-        addr = reinterpret_cast<uint64_t>(si->si_addr);
+      if (process_info.has_fault_address) {
+        addr = process_info.untagged_fault_address;
       }
       dump_all_maps(log, unwinder, addr);
     }
@@ -491,8 +492,7 @@
     // the tombstone file.
 
     if (first) {
-      _LOG(log, logtype::LOGS, "--------- %slog %s\n",
-        tail ? "tail end of " : "", filename);
+      _LOG(log, logtype::LOGS, "--------- %slog %s\n", tail ? "tail end of " : "", filename);
       first = false;
     }
 
@@ -553,8 +553,8 @@
   dump_log_file(log, pid, "main", tail);
 }
 
-void engrave_tombstone_ucontext(int tombstone_fd, uint64_t abort_msg_address, siginfo_t* siginfo,
-                                ucontext_t* ucontext) {
+void engrave_tombstone_ucontext(int tombstone_fd, int proto_fd, uint64_t abort_msg_address,
+                                siginfo_t* siginfo, ucontext_t* ucontext) {
   pid_t uid = getuid();
   pid_t pid = getpid();
   pid_t tid = gettid();
@@ -571,34 +571,47 @@
   std::unique_ptr<unwindstack::Regs> regs(
       unwindstack::Regs::CreateFromUcontext(unwindstack::Regs::CurrentArch(), ucontext));
 
+  std::string selinux_label;
+  android::base::ReadFileToString("/proc/self/attr/current", &selinux_label);
+
   std::map<pid_t, ThreadInfo> threads;
   threads[tid] = ThreadInfo{
       .registers = std::move(regs),
       .uid = uid,
       .tid = tid,
-      .thread_name = thread_name.c_str(),
+      .thread_name = std::move(thread_name),
       .pid = pid,
-      .process_name = process_name.c_str(),
+      .process_name = std::move(process_name),
+      .selinux_label = std::move(selinux_label),
       .siginfo = siginfo,
   };
 
   unwindstack::UnwinderFromPid unwinder(kMaxFrames, pid, unwindstack::Regs::CurrentArch());
   if (!unwinder.Init()) {
-    LOG(FATAL) << "Failed to init unwinder object.";
+    async_safe_fatal("failed to init unwinder object");
   }
 
   ProcessInfo process_info;
+  unique_fd attr_fd(open("/proc/self/attr/current", O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC));
   process_info.abort_msg_address = abort_msg_address;
-  engrave_tombstone(unique_fd(dup(tombstone_fd)), &unwinder, threads, tid, process_info, nullptr,
-                    nullptr);
+  engrave_tombstone(unique_fd(dup(tombstone_fd)), unique_fd(dup(proto_fd)), &unwinder, threads, tid,
+                    process_info, nullptr, nullptr);
 }
 
-void engrave_tombstone(unique_fd output_fd, unwindstack::Unwinder* unwinder,
+void engrave_tombstone(unique_fd output_fd, unique_fd proto_fd, unwindstack::Unwinder* unwinder,
                        const std::map<pid_t, ThreadInfo>& threads, pid_t target_thread,
                        const ProcessInfo& process_info, OpenFilesList* open_files,
                        std::string* amfd_data) {
   // Don't copy log messages to tombstone unless this is a development device.
-  bool want_logs = GetBoolProperty("ro.debuggable", false);
+  Tombstone tombstone;
+  engrave_tombstone_proto(&tombstone, unwinder, threads, target_thread, process_info, open_files);
+
+  if (proto_fd != -1) {
+    if (!tombstone.SerializeToFileDescriptor(proto_fd.get())) {
+      async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, LOG_TAG, "failed to write proto tombstone: %s",
+                            strerror(errno));
+    }
+  }
 
   log_t log;
   log.current_tid = target_thread;
@@ -606,35 +619,45 @@
   log.tfd = output_fd.get();
   log.amfd_data = amfd_data;
 
-  _LOG(&log, logtype::HEADER, "*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***\n");
-  dump_header_info(&log);
-  _LOG(&log, logtype::HEADER, "Timestamp: %s\n", get_timestamp().c_str());
+  bool translate_proto = GetBoolProperty("debug.debuggerd.translate_proto_to_text", true);
+  if (translate_proto) {
+    tombstone_proto_to_text(tombstone, [&log](const std::string& line, bool should_log) {
+      _LOG(&log, should_log ? logtype::HEADER : logtype::LOGS, "%s\n", line.c_str());
+    });
+  } else {
+    bool want_logs = GetBoolProperty("ro.debuggable", false);
 
-  auto it = threads.find(target_thread);
-  if (it == threads.end()) {
-    LOG(FATAL) << "failed to find target thread";
-  }
+    _LOG(&log, logtype::HEADER,
+         "*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***\n");
+    dump_header_info(&log);
+    _LOG(&log, logtype::HEADER, "Timestamp: %s\n", get_timestamp().c_str());
 
-  dump_thread(&log, unwinder, it->second, process_info, true);
-
-  if (want_logs) {
-    dump_logs(&log, it->second.pid, 50);
-  }
-
-  for (auto& [tid, thread_info] : threads) {
-    if (tid == target_thread) {
-      continue;
+    auto it = threads.find(target_thread);
+    if (it == threads.end()) {
+      async_safe_fatal("failed to find target thread");
     }
 
-    dump_thread(&log, unwinder, thread_info, process_info, false);
-  }
+    dump_thread(&log, unwinder, it->second, process_info, true);
 
-  if (open_files) {
-    _LOG(&log, logtype::OPEN_FILES, "\nopen files:\n");
-    dump_open_files_list(&log, *open_files, "    ");
-  }
+    if (want_logs) {
+      dump_logs(&log, it->second.pid, 50);
+    }
 
-  if (want_logs) {
-    dump_logs(&log, it->second.pid, 0);
+    for (auto& [tid, thread_info] : threads) {
+      if (tid == target_thread) {
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      dump_thread(&log, unwinder, thread_info, process_info, false);
+    }
+
+    if (open_files) {
+      _LOG(&log, logtype::OPEN_FILES, "\nopen files:\n");
+      dump_open_files_list(&log, *open_files, "    ");
+    }
+
+    if (want_logs) {
+      dump_logs(&log, it->second.pid, 0);
+    }
   }
 }
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bb3c7ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,488 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#define LOG_TAG "DEBUG"
+
+#include "libdebuggerd/tombstone.h"
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/mman.h>
+#include <time.h>
+
+#include <memory>
+#include <string>
+
+#include <async_safe/log.h>
+
+#include <android-base/properties.h>
+#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
+#include <android-base/strings.h>
+#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
+
+#include <android/log.h>
+#include <log/log.h>
+#include <log/log_read.h>
+#include <log/logprint.h>
+#include <private/android_filesystem_config.h>
+
+#include <unwindstack/Maps.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Memory.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Regs.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Unwinder.h>
+
+#include "libdebuggerd/open_files_list.h"
+#include "libdebuggerd/utility.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+#include "tombstone.pb.h"
+
+using android::base::StringPrintf;
+
+// Use the demangler from libc++.
+extern "C" char* __cxa_demangle(const char*, char*, size_t*, int* status);
+
+static Architecture get_arch() {
+#if defined(__arm__)
+  return Architecture::ARM32;
+#elif defined(__aarch64__)
+  return Architecture::ARM64;
+#elif defined(__i386__)
+  return Architecture::X86;
+#elif defined(__x86_64__)
+  return Architecture::X86_64;
+#else
+#error Unknown architecture!
+#endif
+}
+
+static std::optional<std::string> get_stack_overflow_cause(uint64_t fault_addr, uint64_t sp,
+                                                           unwindstack::Maps* maps) {
+  static constexpr uint64_t kMaxDifferenceBytes = 256;
+  uint64_t difference;
+  if (sp >= fault_addr) {
+    difference = sp - fault_addr;
+  } else {
+    difference = fault_addr - sp;
+  }
+  if (difference <= kMaxDifferenceBytes) {
+    // The faulting address is close to the current sp, check if the sp
+    // indicates a stack overflow.
+    // On arm, the sp does not get updated when the instruction faults.
+    // In this case, the sp will still be in a valid map, which is the
+    // last case below.
+    // On aarch64, the sp does get updated when the instruction faults.
+    // In this case, the sp will be in either an invalid map if triggered
+    // on the main thread, or in a guard map if in another thread, which
+    // will be the first case or second case from below.
+    unwindstack::MapInfo* map_info = maps->Find(sp);
+    if (map_info == nullptr) {
+      return "stack pointer is in a non-existent map; likely due to stack overflow.";
+    } else if ((map_info->flags & (PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE)) != (PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE)) {
+      return "stack pointer is not in a rw map; likely due to stack overflow.";
+    } else if ((sp - map_info->start) <= kMaxDifferenceBytes) {
+      return "stack pointer is close to top of stack; likely stack overflow.";
+    }
+  }
+  return {};
+}
+
+static void dump_probable_cause(Tombstone* tombstone, const siginfo_t* si, unwindstack::Maps* maps,
+                                unwindstack::Regs* regs) {
+  std::optional<std::string> cause;
+  if (si->si_signo == SIGSEGV && si->si_code == SEGV_MAPERR) {
+    if (si->si_addr < reinterpret_cast<void*>(4096)) {
+      cause = "null pointer dereference";
+    } else if (si->si_addr == reinterpret_cast<void*>(0xffff0ffc)) {
+      cause = "call to kuser_helper_version";
+    } else if (si->si_addr == reinterpret_cast<void*>(0xffff0fe0)) {
+      cause = "call to kuser_get_tls";
+    } else if (si->si_addr == reinterpret_cast<void*>(0xffff0fc0)) {
+      cause = "call to kuser_cmpxchg";
+    } else if (si->si_addr == reinterpret_cast<void*>(0xffff0fa0)) {
+      cause = "call to kuser_memory_barrier";
+    } else if (si->si_addr == reinterpret_cast<void*>(0xffff0f60)) {
+      cause = "call to kuser_cmpxchg64";
+    } else {
+      cause = get_stack_overflow_cause(reinterpret_cast<uint64_t>(si->si_addr), regs->sp(), maps);
+    }
+  } else if (si->si_signo == SIGSEGV && si->si_code == SEGV_ACCERR) {
+    uint64_t fault_addr = reinterpret_cast<uint64_t>(si->si_addr);
+    unwindstack::MapInfo* map_info = maps->Find(fault_addr);
+    if (map_info != nullptr && map_info->flags == PROT_EXEC) {
+      cause = "execute-only (no-read) memory access error; likely due to data in .text.";
+    } else {
+      cause = get_stack_overflow_cause(fault_addr, regs->sp(), maps);
+    }
+  } else if (si->si_signo == SIGSYS && si->si_code == SYS_SECCOMP) {
+    cause = StringPrintf("seccomp prevented call to disallowed %s system call %d", ABI_STRING,
+                         si->si_syscall);
+  }
+
+  if (cause) {
+    tombstone->mutable_cause()->set_human_readable(*cause);
+  }
+}
+
+static void dump_abort_message(Tombstone* tombstone, unwindstack::Unwinder* unwinder,
+                               const ProcessInfo& process_info) {
+  std::shared_ptr<unwindstack::Memory> process_memory = unwinder->GetProcessMemory();
+  uintptr_t address = process_info.abort_msg_address;
+  if (address == 0) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  size_t length;
+  if (!process_memory->ReadFully(address, &length, sizeof(length))) {
+    async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, LOG_TAG, "failed to read abort message header: %s",
+                          strerror(errno));
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // The length field includes the length of the length field itself.
+  if (length < sizeof(size_t)) {
+    async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, LOG_TAG,
+                          "abort message header malformed: claimed length = %zu", length);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  length -= sizeof(size_t);
+
+  // The abort message should be null terminated already, but reserve a spot for NUL just in case.
+  std::string msg;
+  msg.resize(length);
+
+  if (!process_memory->ReadFully(address + sizeof(length), &msg[0], length)) {
+    async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, LOG_TAG, "failed to read abort message header: %s",
+                          strerror(errno));
+    return;
+  }
+
+  tombstone->set_abort_message(msg);
+}
+
+static void dump_open_fds(Tombstone* tombstone, const OpenFilesList* open_files) {
+  if (open_files) {
+    for (auto& [fd, entry] : *open_files) {
+      FD f;
+
+      f.set_fd(fd);
+
+      const std::optional<std::string>& path = entry.path;
+      if (path) {
+        f.set_path(*path);
+      }
+
+      const std::optional<uint64_t>& fdsan_owner = entry.fdsan_owner;
+      if (fdsan_owner) {
+        const char* type = android_fdsan_get_tag_type(*fdsan_owner);
+        uint64_t value = android_fdsan_get_tag_value(*fdsan_owner);
+        f.set_owner(type);
+        f.set_tag(value);
+      }
+
+      *tombstone->add_open_fds() = f;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+static void dump_thread(Tombstone* tombstone, unwindstack::Unwinder* unwinder,
+                        const ThreadInfo& thread_info, bool memory_dump = false) {
+  Thread thread;
+
+  thread.set_id(thread_info.tid);
+  thread.set_name(thread_info.thread_name);
+
+  unwindstack::Maps* maps = unwinder->GetMaps();
+  unwindstack::Memory* memory = unwinder->GetProcessMemory().get();
+
+  thread_info.registers->IterateRegisters(
+      [&thread, memory_dump, maps, memory](const char* name, uint64_t value) {
+        Register r;
+        r.set_name(name);
+        r.set_u64(value);
+        *thread.add_registers() = r;
+
+        if (memory_dump) {
+          MemoryDump dump;
+
+          char buf[256];
+          size_t start_offset = 0;
+          ssize_t bytes = dump_memory(buf, sizeof(buf), &start_offset, &value, memory);
+          if (bytes == -1) {
+            return;
+          }
+
+          dump.set_register_name(name);
+
+          unwindstack::MapInfo* map_info = maps->Find(value);
+          if (map_info) {
+            dump.set_mapping_name(map_info->name);
+          }
+
+          dump.set_begin_address(value);
+
+          if (start_offset + bytes > sizeof(buf)) {
+            async_safe_fatal("dump_memory overflowed? start offset = %zu, bytes read = %zd",
+                             start_offset, bytes);
+          }
+
+          dump.set_memory(buf, start_offset + bytes);
+
+          *thread.add_memory_dump() = std::move(dump);
+        }
+      });
+
+  std::unique_ptr<unwindstack::Regs> regs_copy(thread_info.registers->Clone());
+  unwinder->SetRegs(regs_copy.get());
+  unwinder->Unwind();
+  if (unwinder->NumFrames() == 0) {
+    async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, LOG_TAG, "failed to unwind");
+    if (unwinder->LastErrorCode() != unwindstack::ERROR_NONE) {
+      async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, LOG_TAG, "  error code: %s",
+                            unwinder->LastErrorCodeString());
+      async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, LOG_TAG, "  error address: 0x%" PRIx64,
+                            unwinder->LastErrorAddress());
+    }
+  } else {
+    unwinder->SetDisplayBuildID(true);
+    for (const auto& frame : unwinder->frames()) {
+      BacktraceFrame* f = thread.add_current_backtrace();
+      f->set_rel_pc(frame.rel_pc);
+      f->set_pc(frame.pc);
+      f->set_sp(frame.sp);
+
+      if (!frame.function_name.empty()) {
+        // TODO: Should this happen here, or on the display side?
+        char* demangled_name =
+            __cxa_demangle(frame.function_name.c_str(), nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
+        if (demangled_name) {
+          f->set_function_name(demangled_name);
+          free(demangled_name);
+        } else {
+          f->set_function_name(frame.function_name);
+        }
+      }
+
+      f->set_function_offset(frame.function_offset);
+
+      if (frame.map_start == frame.map_end) {
+        // No valid map associated with this frame.
+        f->set_file_name("<unknown>");
+      } else if (!frame.map_name.empty()) {
+        f->set_file_name(frame.map_name);
+      } else {
+        f->set_file_name(StringPrintf("<anonymous:%" PRIx64 ">", frame.map_start));
+      }
+
+      f->set_file_map_offset(frame.map_elf_start_offset);
+
+      unwindstack::MapInfo* map_info = maps->Find(frame.map_start);
+      if (map_info) {
+        f->set_build_id(map_info->GetPrintableBuildID());
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  auto& threads = *tombstone->mutable_threads();
+  threads[thread_info.tid] = thread;
+}
+
+static void dump_main_thread(Tombstone* tombstone, unwindstack::Unwinder* unwinder,
+                             const ThreadInfo& thread_info) {
+  dump_thread(tombstone, unwinder, thread_info, true);
+}
+
+static void dump_mappings(Tombstone* tombstone, unwindstack::Unwinder* unwinder) {
+  unwindstack::Maps* maps = unwinder->GetMaps();
+  std::shared_ptr<unwindstack::Memory> process_memory = unwinder->GetProcessMemory();
+
+  for (const auto& map_info : *maps) {
+    auto* map = tombstone->add_memory_mappings();
+    map->set_begin_address(map_info->start);
+    map->set_end_address(map_info->end);
+    map->set_offset(map_info->offset);
+
+    if (map_info->flags & PROT_READ) {
+      map->set_read(true);
+    }
+    if (map_info->flags & PROT_WRITE) {
+      map->set_write(true);
+    }
+    if (map_info->flags & PROT_EXEC) {
+      map->set_execute(true);
+    }
+
+    map->set_mapping_name(map_info->name);
+
+    std::string build_id = map_info->GetPrintableBuildID();
+    if (!build_id.empty()) {
+      map->set_build_id(build_id);
+    }
+
+    map->set_load_bias(map_info->GetLoadBias(process_memory));
+  }
+}
+
+static void dump_log_file(Tombstone* tombstone, const char* logger, pid_t pid) {
+  logger_list* logger_list =
+      android_logger_list_open(android_name_to_log_id(logger), ANDROID_LOG_NONBLOCK, 0, pid);
+
+  LogBuffer buffer;
+
+  while (true) {
+    log_msg log_entry;
+    ssize_t actual = android_logger_list_read(logger_list, &log_entry);
+
+    if (actual < 0) {
+      if (actual == -EINTR) {
+        // interrupted by signal, retry
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (actual == -EAGAIN) {
+        // non-blocking EOF; we're done
+        break;
+      } else {
+        break;
+      }
+    } else if (actual == 0) {
+      break;
+    }
+
+    char timestamp_secs[32];
+    time_t sec = static_cast<time_t>(log_entry.entry.sec);
+    tm tm;
+    localtime_r(&sec, &tm);
+    strftime(timestamp_secs, sizeof(timestamp_secs), "%m-%d %H:%M:%S", &tm);
+    std::string timestamp =
+        StringPrintf("%s.%03d", timestamp_secs, log_entry.entry.nsec / 1'000'000);
+
+    // Msg format is: <priority:1><tag:N>\0<message:N>\0
+    char* msg = log_entry.msg();
+    if (msg == nullptr) {
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    unsigned char prio = msg[0];
+    char* tag = msg + 1;
+    msg = tag + strlen(tag) + 1;
+
+    // consume any trailing newlines
+    char* nl = msg + strlen(msg) - 1;
+    while (nl >= msg && *nl == '\n') {
+      *nl-- = '\0';
+    }
+
+    // Look for line breaks ('\n') and display each text line
+    // on a separate line, prefixed with the header, like logcat does.
+    do {
+      nl = strchr(msg, '\n');
+      if (nl != nullptr) {
+        *nl = '\0';
+        ++nl;
+      }
+
+      LogMessage* log_msg = buffer.add_logs();
+      log_msg->set_timestamp(timestamp);
+      log_msg->set_pid(log_entry.entry.pid);
+      log_msg->set_tid(log_entry.entry.tid);
+      log_msg->set_priority(prio);
+      log_msg->set_tag(tag);
+      log_msg->set_message(msg);
+    } while ((msg = nl));
+  }
+  android_logger_list_free(logger_list);
+
+  if (!buffer.logs().empty()) {
+    buffer.set_name(logger);
+    *tombstone->add_log_buffers() = std::move(buffer);
+  }
+}
+
+static void dump_logcat(Tombstone* tombstone, pid_t pid) {
+  dump_log_file(tombstone, "system", pid);
+  dump_log_file(tombstone, "main", pid);
+}
+
+void engrave_tombstone_proto(Tombstone* tombstone, unwindstack::Unwinder* unwinder,
+                             const std::map<pid_t, ThreadInfo>& threads, pid_t target_thread,
+                             const ProcessInfo& process_info, const OpenFilesList* open_files) {
+  Tombstone result;
+
+  result.set_arch(get_arch());
+  result.set_build_fingerprint(android::base::GetProperty("ro.build.fingerprint", "unknown"));
+  result.set_revision(android::base::GetProperty("ro.revision", "unknown"));
+  result.set_timestamp(get_timestamp());
+
+  const ThreadInfo& main_thread = threads.at(target_thread);
+  result.set_pid(main_thread.pid);
+  result.set_tid(main_thread.tid);
+  result.set_uid(main_thread.uid);
+  result.set_selinux_label(main_thread.selinux_label);
+
+  result.set_process_name(main_thread.process_name);
+  if (!main_thread.siginfo) {
+    async_safe_fatal("siginfo missing");
+  }
+
+  Signal sig;
+  sig.set_number(main_thread.signo);
+  sig.set_name(get_signame(main_thread.siginfo));
+  sig.set_code(main_thread.siginfo->si_code);
+  sig.set_code_name(get_sigcode(main_thread.siginfo));
+
+  if (signal_has_sender(main_thread.siginfo, main_thread.pid)) {
+    sig.set_has_sender(true);
+    sig.set_sender_uid(main_thread.siginfo->si_uid);
+    sig.set_sender_pid(main_thread.siginfo->si_pid);
+  }
+
+  if (process_info.has_fault_address) {
+    sig.set_has_fault_address(true);
+    sig.set_fault_address(process_info.untagged_fault_address);
+  }
+
+  *result.mutable_signal_info() = sig;
+
+  dump_abort_message(&result, unwinder, process_info);
+
+  dump_main_thread(&result, unwinder, main_thread);
+
+  for (const auto& [tid, thread_info] : threads) {
+    if (tid != target_thread) {
+      dump_thread(&result, unwinder, thread_info);
+    }
+  }
+
+  dump_probable_cause(&result, main_thread.siginfo, unwinder->GetMaps(),
+                      main_thread.registers.get());
+
+  dump_mappings(&result, unwinder);
+
+  // Only dump logs on debuggable devices.
+  if (android::base::GetBoolProperty("ro.debuggable", false)) {
+    dump_logcat(&result, main_thread.pid);
+  }
+
+  dump_open_fds(&result, open_files);
+
+  *tombstone = std::move(result);
+}
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto_to_text.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto_to_text.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..187379d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto_to_text.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,360 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <libdebuggerd/tombstone.h>
+
+#include <inttypes.h>
+
+#include <functional>
+#include <set>
+#include <string>
+#include <unordered_set>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
+#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
+#include <async_safe/log.h>
+
+#include "tombstone.pb.h"
+
+using android::base::StringAppendF;
+using android::base::StringPrintf;
+
+#define CB(log, ...) callback(StringPrintf(__VA_ARGS__), log)
+#define CBL(...) CB(true, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define CBS(...) CB(false, __VA_ARGS__)
+using CallbackType = std::function<void(const std::string& line, bool should_log)>;
+
+static const char* abi_string(const Tombstone& tombstone) {
+  switch (tombstone.arch()) {
+    case Architecture::ARM32:
+      return "arm";
+    case Architecture::ARM64:
+      return "arm64";
+    case Architecture::X86:
+      return "x86";
+    case Architecture::X86_64:
+      return "x86_64";
+    default:
+      return "<unknown>";
+  }
+}
+
+static int pointer_width(const Tombstone& tombstone) {
+  switch (tombstone.arch()) {
+    case Architecture::ARM32:
+      return 4;
+    case Architecture::ARM64:
+      return 8;
+    case Architecture::X86:
+      return 4;
+    case Architecture::X86_64:
+      return 8;
+    default:
+      return 8;
+  }
+}
+
+static void print_thread_header(CallbackType callback, const Tombstone& tombstone,
+                                const Thread& thread, bool should_log) {
+  CB(should_log, "pid: %d, tid: %d, name: %s  >>> %s <<<", tombstone.pid(), thread.id(),
+     thread.name().c_str(), tombstone.process_name().c_str());
+  CB(should_log, "uid: %d", tombstone.uid());
+}
+
+static void print_register_row(CallbackType callback, int word_size,
+                               std::vector<std::pair<std::string, uint64_t>> row, bool should_log) {
+  std::string output = "  ";
+  for (const auto& [name, value] : row) {
+    output += android::base::StringPrintf("  %-3s %0*" PRIx64, name.c_str(), 2 * word_size,
+                                          static_cast<uint64_t>(value));
+  }
+  callback(output, should_log);
+}
+
+static void print_thread_registers(CallbackType callback, const Tombstone& tombstone,
+                                   const Thread& thread, bool should_log) {
+  static constexpr size_t column_count = 4;
+  std::vector<std::pair<std::string, uint64_t>> current_row;
+  std::vector<std::pair<std::string, uint64_t>> special_row;
+  std::unordered_set<std::string> special_registers;
+
+  int word_size = pointer_width(tombstone);
+
+  switch (tombstone.arch()) {
+    case Architecture::ARM32:
+      special_registers = {"ip", "lr", "sp", "pc", "pst"};
+      break;
+
+    case Architecture::ARM64:
+      special_registers = {"ip", "lr", "sp", "pc", "pst"};
+      break;
+
+    case Architecture::X86:
+      special_registers = {"ebp", "esp", "eip"};
+      break;
+
+    case Architecture::X86_64:
+      special_registers = {"rbp", "rsp", "rip"};
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      async_safe_fatal("unknown architecture");
+  }
+
+  for (const auto& reg : thread.registers()) {
+    auto row = &current_row;
+    if (special_registers.count(reg.name()) == 1) {
+      row = &special_row;
+    }
+
+    row->emplace_back(reg.name(), reg.u64());
+    if (current_row.size() == column_count) {
+      print_register_row(callback, word_size, current_row, should_log);
+      current_row.clear();
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (!current_row.empty()) {
+    print_register_row(callback, word_size, current_row, should_log);
+  }
+
+  print_register_row(callback, word_size, special_row, should_log);
+}
+
+static void print_thread_backtrace(CallbackType callback, const Tombstone& tombstone,
+                                   const Thread& thread, bool should_log) {
+  CBS("");
+  CB(should_log, "backtrace:");
+  int index = 0;
+  for (const auto& frame : thread.current_backtrace()) {
+    std::string function;
+
+    if (!frame.function_name().empty()) {
+      function =
+          StringPrintf(" (%s+%" PRId64 ")", frame.function_name().c_str(), frame.function_offset());
+    }
+
+    std::string build_id;
+    if (!frame.build_id().empty()) {
+      build_id = StringPrintf(" (BuildId: %s)", frame.build_id().c_str());
+    }
+
+    CB(should_log, "      #%02d pc %0*" PRIx64 "  %s%s%s", index++, pointer_width(tombstone) * 2,
+       frame.rel_pc(), frame.file_name().c_str(), function.c_str(), build_id.c_str());
+  }
+}
+
+static void print_thread_memory_dump(CallbackType callback, const Tombstone& tombstone,
+                                     const Thread& thread) {
+  static constexpr size_t bytes_per_line = 16;
+  int word_size = pointer_width(tombstone);
+  for (const auto& mem : thread.memory_dump()) {
+    CBS("");
+    CBS("memory near %s (%s):", mem.register_name().c_str(), mem.mapping_name().c_str());
+    uint64_t addr = mem.begin_address();
+    for (size_t offset = 0; offset < mem.memory().size(); offset += bytes_per_line) {
+      std::string line = StringPrintf("    %0*" PRIx64, word_size * 2, addr + offset);
+
+      size_t bytes = std::min(bytes_per_line, mem.memory().size() - offset);
+      for (size_t i = 0; i < bytes; i += word_size) {
+        uint64_t word = 0;
+
+        // Assumes little-endian, but what doesn't?
+        memcpy(&word, mem.memory().data() + offset + i, word_size);
+
+        StringAppendF(&line, " %0*" PRIx64, word_size * 2, word);
+      }
+
+      char ascii[bytes_per_line + 1];
+
+      memset(ascii, '.', sizeof(ascii));
+      ascii[bytes_per_line] = '\0';
+
+      for (size_t i = 0; i < bytes; ++i) {
+        uint8_t byte = mem.memory()[offset + i];
+        if (byte >= 0x20 && byte < 0x7f) {
+          ascii[i] = byte;
+        }
+      }
+
+      CBS("%s  %s", line.c_str(), ascii);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+static void print_thread(CallbackType callback, const Tombstone& tombstone, const Thread& thread) {
+  print_thread_header(callback, tombstone, thread, false);
+  print_thread_registers(callback, tombstone, thread, false);
+  print_thread_backtrace(callback, tombstone, thread, false);
+  print_thread_memory_dump(callback, tombstone, thread);
+}
+
+static void print_main_thread(CallbackType callback, const Tombstone& tombstone,
+                              const Thread& thread) {
+  print_thread_header(callback, tombstone, thread, true);
+
+  const Signal& signal_info = tombstone.signal_info();
+  std::string sender_desc;
+
+  if (signal_info.has_sender()) {
+    sender_desc =
+        StringPrintf(" from pid %d, uid %d", signal_info.sender_pid(), signal_info.sender_uid());
+  }
+
+  if (!tombstone.has_signal_info()) {
+    CBL("signal information missing");
+  } else {
+    std::string fault_addr_desc;
+    if (signal_info.has_fault_address()) {
+      fault_addr_desc = StringPrintf("0x%" PRIx64, signal_info.fault_address());
+    } else {
+      fault_addr_desc = "--------";
+    }
+
+    CBL("signal %d (%s), code %d (%s%s), fault addr %s", signal_info.number(),
+        signal_info.name().c_str(), signal_info.code(), signal_info.code_name().c_str(),
+        sender_desc.c_str(), fault_addr_desc.c_str());
+  }
+
+  if (tombstone.has_cause()) {
+    const Cause& cause = tombstone.cause();
+    CBL("Cause: %s", cause.human_readable().c_str());
+  }
+
+  if (!tombstone.abort_message().empty()) {
+    CBL("Abort message: '%s'", tombstone.abort_message().c_str());
+  }
+
+  print_thread_registers(callback, tombstone, thread, true);
+  print_thread_backtrace(callback, tombstone, thread, true);
+  print_thread_memory_dump(callback, tombstone, thread);
+
+  CBS("");
+  CBS("memory map (%d %s):", tombstone.memory_mappings().size(),
+      tombstone.memory_mappings().size() == 1 ? "entry" : "entries");
+  int word_size = pointer_width(tombstone);
+  const auto format_pointer = [word_size](uint64_t ptr) -> std::string {
+    if (word_size == 8) {
+      uint64_t top = ptr >> 32;
+      uint64_t bottom = ptr & 0xFFFFFFFF;
+      return StringPrintf("%08" PRIx64 "'%08" PRIx64, top, bottom);
+    }
+
+    return StringPrintf("%0*" PRIx64, word_size * 2, ptr);
+  };
+
+  for (const auto& map : tombstone.memory_mappings()) {
+    std::string line = "    ";
+    StringAppendF(&line, "%s-%s", format_pointer(map.begin_address()).c_str(),
+                  format_pointer(map.end_address() - 1).c_str());
+    StringAppendF(&line, " %s%s%s", map.read() ? "r" : "-", map.write() ? "w" : "-",
+                  map.execute() ? "x" : "-");
+    StringAppendF(&line, "  %8" PRIx64 "  %8" PRIx64, map.offset(),
+                  map.end_address() - map.begin_address());
+
+    if (!map.mapping_name().empty()) {
+      StringAppendF(&line, "  %s", map.mapping_name().c_str());
+
+      if (!map.build_id().empty()) {
+        StringAppendF(&line, " (BuildId: %s)", map.build_id().c_str());
+      }
+
+      if (map.load_bias() != 0) {
+        StringAppendF(&line, " (load bias 0x%" PRIx64 ")", map.load_bias());
+      }
+    }
+
+    CBS("%s", line.c_str());
+  }
+}
+
+void print_logs(CallbackType callback, const Tombstone& tombstone, int tail) {
+  for (const auto& buffer : tombstone.log_buffers()) {
+    if (tail) {
+      CBS("--------- tail end of log %s", buffer.name().c_str());
+    } else {
+      CBS("--------- log %s", buffer.name().c_str());
+    }
+
+    int begin = 0;
+    if (tail != 0) {
+      begin = std::max(0, buffer.logs().size() - tail);
+    }
+
+    for (int i = begin; i < buffer.logs().size(); ++i) {
+      const LogMessage& msg = buffer.logs(i);
+
+      static const char* kPrioChars = "!.VDIWEFS";
+      char priority = (msg.priority() < strlen(kPrioChars) ? kPrioChars[msg.priority()] : '?');
+      CBS("%s %5u %5u %c %-8s: %s", msg.timestamp().c_str(), msg.pid(), msg.tid(), priority,
+          msg.tag().c_str(), msg.message().c_str());
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+bool tombstone_proto_to_text(const Tombstone& tombstone, CallbackType callback) {
+  CBL("*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***");
+  CBL("Build fingerprint: '%s'", tombstone.build_fingerprint().c_str());
+  CBL("Revision: '%s'", tombstone.revision().c_str());
+  CBL("ABI: '%s'", abi_string(tombstone));
+  CBL("Timestamp: %s", tombstone.timestamp().c_str());
+
+  // Process header
+  const auto& threads = tombstone.threads();
+  auto main_thread_it = threads.find(tombstone.tid());
+  if (main_thread_it == threads.end()) {
+    CBL("failed to find entry for main thread in tombstone");
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  const auto& main_thread = main_thread_it->second;
+
+  print_main_thread(callback, tombstone, main_thread);
+
+  print_logs(callback, tombstone, 50);
+
+  // protobuf's map is unordered, so sort the keys first.
+  std::set<int> thread_ids;
+  for (const auto& [tid, _] : threads) {
+    if (tid != tombstone.tid()) {
+      thread_ids.insert(tid);
+    }
+  }
+
+  for (const auto& tid : thread_ids) {
+    CBS("--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---");
+    print_thread(callback, tombstone, threads.find(tid)->second);
+  }
+
+  if (tombstone.open_fds().size() > 0) {
+    CBS("");
+    CBS("open files:");
+    for (const auto& fd : tombstone.open_fds()) {
+      std::optional<std::string> owner;
+      if (!fd.owner().empty()) {
+        owner = StringPrintf("owned by %s 0x%" PRIx64, fd.owner().c_str(), fd.tag());
+      }
+
+      CBS("    fd %d: %s (%s)", fd.fd(), fd.path().c_str(), owner ? owner->c_str() : "unowned");
+    }
+  }
+
+  print_logs(callback, tombstone, 0);
+
+  return true;
+}
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/utility.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/utility.cpp
index 7826efc..f941990 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/utility.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/utility.cpp
@@ -30,11 +30,11 @@
 
 #include <string>
 
-#include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
+#include <async_safe/log.h>
 #include <bionic/reserved_signals.h>
 #include <debuggerd/handler.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
@@ -126,56 +126,56 @@
 #define MEMORY_BYTES_TO_DUMP 256
 #define MEMORY_BYTES_PER_LINE 16
 
-void dump_memory(log_t* log, unwindstack::Memory* memory, uint64_t addr, const std::string& label) {
+ssize_t dump_memory(void* out, size_t len, size_t* start_offset, uint64_t* addr,
+                    unwindstack::Memory* memory) {
   // Align the address to the number of bytes per line to avoid confusing memory tag output if
   // memory is tagged and we start from a misaligned address. Start 32 bytes before the address.
-  addr &= ~(MEMORY_BYTES_PER_LINE - 1);
-  if (addr >= 4128) {
-    addr -= 32;
+  *addr &= ~(MEMORY_BYTES_PER_LINE - 1);
+  if (*addr >= 4128) {
+    *addr -= 32;
   }
 
   // We don't want the address tag to appear in the addresses in the memory dump.
-  addr = untag_address(addr);
+  *addr = untag_address(*addr);
 
   // Don't bother if the address would overflow, taking tag bits into account. Note that
   // untag_address truncates to 32 bits on 32-bit platforms as a side effect of returning a
   // uintptr_t, so this also checks for 32-bit overflow.
-  if (untag_address(addr + MEMORY_BYTES_TO_DUMP - 1) < addr) {
-    return;
+  if (untag_address(*addr + MEMORY_BYTES_TO_DUMP - 1) < *addr) {
+    return -1;
   }
 
-  // Dump 256 bytes
-  uintptr_t data[MEMORY_BYTES_TO_DUMP/sizeof(uintptr_t)];
-  memset(data, 0, MEMORY_BYTES_TO_DUMP);
-  size_t bytes = memory->Read(addr, reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(data), sizeof(data));
+  memset(out, 0, len);
+
+  size_t bytes = memory->Read(*addr, reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(out), len);
   if (bytes % sizeof(uintptr_t) != 0) {
     // This should never happen, but just in case.
     ALOGE("Bytes read %zu, is not a multiple of %zu", bytes, sizeof(uintptr_t));
     bytes &= ~(sizeof(uintptr_t) - 1);
   }
 
-  uint64_t start = 0;
+  *start_offset = 0;
   bool skip_2nd_read = false;
   if (bytes == 0) {
     // In this case, we might want to try another read at the beginning of
     // the next page only if it's within the amount of memory we would have
     // read.
     size_t page_size = sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE);
-    start = ((addr + (page_size - 1)) & ~(page_size - 1)) - addr;
-    if (start == 0 || start >= MEMORY_BYTES_TO_DUMP) {
+    *start_offset = ((*addr + (page_size - 1)) & ~(page_size - 1)) - *addr;
+    if (*start_offset == 0 || *start_offset >= len) {
       skip_2nd_read = true;
     }
   }
 
-  if (bytes < MEMORY_BYTES_TO_DUMP && !skip_2nd_read) {
+  if (bytes < len && !skip_2nd_read) {
     // Try to do one more read. This could happen if a read crosses a map,
     // but the maps do not have any break between them. Or it could happen
     // if reading from an unreadable map, but the read would cross back
     // into a readable map. Only requires one extra read because a map has
     // to contain at least one page, and the total number of bytes to dump
     // is smaller than a page.
-    size_t bytes2 = memory->Read(addr + start + bytes, reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(data) + bytes,
-                                 sizeof(data) - bytes - start);
+    size_t bytes2 = memory->Read(*addr + *start_offset + bytes, static_cast<uint8_t*>(out) + bytes,
+                                 len - bytes - *start_offset);
     bytes += bytes2;
     if (bytes2 > 0 && bytes % sizeof(uintptr_t) != 0) {
       // This should never happen, but we'll try and continue any way.
@@ -185,9 +185,21 @@
   }
 
   // If we were unable to read anything, it probably means that the register doesn't contain a
-  // valid pointer. In that case, skip the output for this register entirely rather than emitting 16
-  // lines of dashes.
+  // valid pointer.
   if (bytes == 0) {
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+  return bytes;
+}
+
+void dump_memory(log_t* log, unwindstack::Memory* memory, uint64_t addr, const std::string& label) {
+  // Dump 256 bytes
+  uintptr_t data[MEMORY_BYTES_TO_DUMP / sizeof(uintptr_t)];
+  size_t start_offset = 0;
+
+  ssize_t bytes = dump_memory(data, sizeof(data), &start_offset, &addr, memory);
+  if (bytes == -1) {
     return;
   }
 
@@ -201,7 +213,7 @@
   // words are of course presented differently.
   uintptr_t* data_ptr = data;
   size_t current = 0;
-  size_t total_bytes = start + bytes;
+  size_t total_bytes = start_offset + bytes;
   for (size_t line = 0; line < MEMORY_BYTES_TO_DUMP / MEMORY_BYTES_PER_LINE; line++) {
     uint64_t tagged_addr = addr;
     long tag = memory->ReadTag(addr);
@@ -214,7 +226,7 @@
     addr += MEMORY_BYTES_PER_LINE;
     std::string ascii;
     for (size_t i = 0; i < MEMORY_BYTES_PER_LINE / sizeof(uintptr_t); i++) {
-      if (current >= start && current + sizeof(uintptr_t) <= total_bytes) {
+      if (current >= start_offset && current + sizeof(uintptr_t) <= total_bytes) {
         android::base::StringAppendF(&logline, " %" PRIPTR, static_cast<uint64_t>(*data_ptr));
 
         // Fill out the ascii string from the data.
@@ -247,11 +259,11 @@
   memset(&capdata, 0, sizeof(capdata));
 
   if (capset(&capheader, &capdata[0]) == -1) {
-    PLOG(FATAL) << "failed to drop capabilities";
+    async_safe_fatal("failed to drop capabilities: %s", strerror(errno));
   }
 
   if (prctl(PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS, 1, 0, 0, 0) != 0) {
-    PLOG(FATAL) << "failed to set PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS";
+    async_safe_fatal("failed to set PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS: %s", strerror(errno));
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/debuggerd/pbtombstone.cpp b/debuggerd/pbtombstone.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7527e31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/debuggerd/pbtombstone.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <err.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
+#include <libdebuggerd/tombstone.h>
+
+#include "tombstone.pb.h"
+
+using android::base::unique_fd;
+
+[[noreturn]] void usage(bool error) {
+  fprintf(stderr, "usage: pbtombstone TOMBSTONE.PB\n");
+  fprintf(stderr, "Convert a protobuf tombstone to text.\n");
+  exit(error);
+}
+
+int main(int argc, const char* argv[]) {
+  if (argc != 2) {
+    usage(true);
+  }
+
+  if (strcmp("-h", argv[1]) == 0 || strcmp("--help", argv[1]) == 0) {
+    usage(false);
+  }
+
+  unique_fd fd(open(argv[1], O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC));
+  if (fd == -1) {
+    err(1, "failed to open tombstone '%s'", argv[1]);
+  }
+
+  Tombstone tombstone;
+  if (!tombstone.ParseFromFileDescriptor(fd.get())) {
+    err(1, "failed to parse tombstone");
+  }
+
+  bool result = tombstone_proto_to_text(
+      tombstone, [](const std::string& line, bool) { printf("%s\n", line.c_str()); });
+
+  if (!result) {
+    errx(1, "tombstone was malformed");
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/debuggerd/proto/Android.bp b/debuggerd/proto/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bb82f03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/debuggerd/proto/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+filegroup {
+    name: "libtombstone_proto-src",
+    srcs: ["tombstone.proto"],
+}
+
+cc_library_static {
+    name: "libtombstone_proto",
+    cflags: [
+        "-Wall",
+        "-Wextra",
+        "-Wthread-safety",
+        "-Werror",
+    ],
+
+    compile_multilib: "both",
+
+    proto: {
+        export_proto_headers: true,
+        type: "lite",
+    },
+
+    srcs: [":libtombstone_proto-src"],
+
+    // b/155341058: Soong doesn't automatically add libprotobuf if there aren't any explicitly
+    // listed protos in srcs.
+    static_libs: ["libprotobuf-cpp-lite"],
+
+    stl: "libc++_static",
+    apex_available: [
+        "com.android.runtime",
+    ],
+
+    recovery_available: true,
+    vendor_ramdisk_available: true,
+}
diff --git a/debuggerd/proto/tombstone.proto b/debuggerd/proto/tombstone.proto
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2c7156b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/debuggerd/proto/tombstone.proto
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+syntax = "proto3";
+
+option java_package = "com.android.server.os";
+option java_outer_classname = "TombstoneProtos";
+
+// NOTE TO OEMS:
+// If you add custom fields to this proto, do not use numbers in the reserved range.
+
+message Tombstone {
+  Architecture arch = 1;
+  string build_fingerprint = 2;
+  string revision = 3;
+  string timestamp = 4;
+
+  uint32 pid = 5;
+  uint32 tid = 6;
+  uint32 uid = 7;
+  string selinux_label = 8;
+
+  string process_name = 9;
+
+  Signal signal_info = 10;
+  string abort_message = 14;
+  Cause cause = 15;
+
+  map<uint32, Thread> threads = 16;
+  repeated MemoryMapping memory_mappings = 17;
+  repeated LogBuffer log_buffers = 18;
+  repeated FD open_fds = 19;
+
+  reserved 20 to 999;
+}
+
+enum Architecture {
+  ARM32 = 0;
+  ARM64 = 1;
+  X86 = 2;
+  X86_64 = 3;
+
+  reserved 4 to 999;
+}
+
+message Signal {
+  int32 number = 1;
+  string name = 2;
+
+  int32 code = 3;
+  string code_name = 4;
+
+  bool has_sender = 5;
+  int32 sender_uid = 6;
+  int32 sender_pid = 7;
+
+  bool has_fault_address = 8;
+  uint64 fault_address = 9;
+
+  reserved 10 to 999;
+}
+
+message Cause {
+  string human_readable = 1;
+
+  reserved 2 to 999;
+}
+
+message Register {
+  string name = 1;
+  uint64 u64 = 2;
+
+  reserved 3 to 999;
+}
+
+message Thread {
+  int32 id = 1;
+  string name = 2;
+  repeated Register registers = 3;
+  repeated BacktraceFrame current_backtrace = 4;
+  repeated MemoryDump memory_dump = 5;
+
+  reserved 6 to 999;
+}
+
+message BacktraceFrame {
+  uint64 rel_pc = 1;
+  uint64 pc = 2;
+  uint64 sp = 3;
+
+  string function_name = 4;
+  uint64 function_offset = 5;
+
+  string file_name = 6;
+  uint64 file_map_offset = 7;
+  string build_id = 8;
+
+  reserved 9 to 999;
+}
+
+message MemoryDump {
+  string register_name = 1;
+  string mapping_name = 2;
+  uint64 begin_address = 3;
+  bytes memory = 4;
+
+  reserved 5 to 999;
+}
+
+message MemoryMapping {
+  uint64 begin_address = 1;
+  uint64 end_address = 2;
+  uint64 offset = 3;
+
+  bool read = 4;
+  bool write = 5;
+  bool execute = 6;
+
+  string mapping_name = 7;
+  string build_id = 8;
+  uint64 load_bias = 9;
+
+  reserved 10 to 999;
+}
+
+message FD {
+  int32 fd = 1;
+  string path = 2;
+  string owner = 3;
+  uint64 tag = 4;
+
+  reserved 5 to 999;
+}
+
+message LogBuffer {
+  string name = 1;
+  repeated LogMessage logs = 2;
+
+  reserved 3 to 999;
+}
+
+message LogMessage {
+  string timestamp = 1;
+  uint32 pid = 2;
+  uint32 tid = 3;
+  uint32 priority = 4;
+  string tag = 5;
+  string message = 6;
+
+  reserved 7 to 999;
+}
diff --git a/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.arm.policy b/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.arm.policy
index 254330d..4eac0e9 100644
--- a/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.arm.policy
+++ b/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.arm.policy
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 getdents64: 1
 faccessat: 1
 recvmsg: 1
+recvfrom: 1
 process_vm_readv: 1
 tgkill: 1
 rt_sigprocmask: 1
diff --git a/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.arm64.policy b/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.arm64.policy
index 9b3ef09..1585cc6 100644
--- a/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.arm64.policy
+++ b/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.arm64.policy
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 getdents64: 1
 faccessat: 1
 recvmsg: 1
+recvfrom: 1
 process_vm_readv: 1
 tgkill: 1
 rt_sigprocmask: 1
diff --git a/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.policy.def b/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.policy.def
index 2ef31b0..cd5aad4 100644
--- a/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.policy.def
+++ b/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.policy.def
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 getdents64: 1
 faccessat: 1
 recvmsg: 1
+recvfrom: 1
 
 process_vm_readv: 1
 
diff --git a/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.x86.policy b/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.x86.policy
index 254330d..4eac0e9 100644
--- a/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.x86.policy
+++ b/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.x86.policy
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 getdents64: 1
 faccessat: 1
 recvmsg: 1
+recvfrom: 1
 process_vm_readv: 1
 tgkill: 1
 rt_sigprocmask: 1
diff --git a/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.x86_64.policy b/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.x86_64.policy
index 9b3ef09..1585cc6 100644
--- a/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.x86_64.policy
+++ b/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.x86_64.policy
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 getdents64: 1
 faccessat: 1
 recvmsg: 1
+recvfrom: 1
 process_vm_readv: 1
 tgkill: 1
 rt_sigprocmask: 1
diff --git a/debuggerd/tombstoned/include/tombstoned/tombstoned.h b/debuggerd/tombstoned/include/tombstoned/tombstoned.h
index 6403dbe..bff216c 100644
--- a/debuggerd/tombstoned/include/tombstoned/tombstoned.h
+++ b/debuggerd/tombstoned/include/tombstoned/tombstoned.h
@@ -23,6 +23,10 @@
 #include "dump_type.h"
 
 bool tombstoned_connect(pid_t pid, android::base::unique_fd* tombstoned_socket,
-                        android::base::unique_fd* output_fd, DebuggerdDumpType dump_type);
+                        android::base::unique_fd* text_output_fd,
+                        android::base::unique_fd* proto_output_fd, DebuggerdDumpType dump_type);
+
+bool tombstoned_connect(pid_t pid, android::base::unique_fd* tombstoned_socket,
+                        android::base::unique_fd* text_output_fd, DebuggerdDumpType dump_type);
 
 bool tombstoned_notify_completion(int tombstoned_socket);
diff --git a/debuggerd/tombstoned/intercept_manager.cpp b/debuggerd/tombstoned/intercept_manager.cpp
index 7d25c50..4d4646a 100644
--- a/debuggerd/tombstoned/intercept_manager.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/tombstoned/intercept_manager.cpp
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@
 
 #include <android-base/cmsg.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android-base/properties.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
-#include <cutils/sockets.h>
 
 #include "protocol.h"
 #include "util.h"
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@
     event_assign(intercept->intercept_event, intercept_manager->base, sockfd, EV_READ | EV_TIMEOUT,
                  intercept_close_cb, arg);
 
-    struct timeval timeout = { .tv_sec = 10, .tv_usec = 0 };
+    struct timeval timeout = {.tv_sec = 10 * android::base::TimeoutMultiplier(), .tv_usec = 0};
     event_add(intercept->intercept_event, &timeout);
   }
 
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@
   intercept->intercept_manager = static_cast<InterceptManager*>(arg);
   intercept->sockfd.reset(sockfd);
 
-  struct timeval timeout = { 1, 0 };
+  struct timeval timeout = {1 * android::base::TimeoutMultiplier(), 0};
   event_base* base = evconnlistener_get_base(listener);
   event* intercept_event =
     event_new(base, sockfd, EV_TIMEOUT | EV_READ, intercept_request_cb, intercept);
@@ -192,6 +192,18 @@
                                       /* backlog */ -1, intercept_socket);
 }
 
+bool dump_types_compatible(DebuggerdDumpType interceptor, DebuggerdDumpType dump) {
+  if (interceptor == dump) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  if (interceptor == kDebuggerdTombstone && dump == kDebuggerdTombstoneProto) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  return false;
+}
+
 bool InterceptManager::GetIntercept(pid_t pid, DebuggerdDumpType dump_type,
                                     android::base::unique_fd* out_fd) {
   auto it = this->intercepts.find(pid);
@@ -202,7 +214,7 @@
   if (dump_type == kDebuggerdAnyIntercept) {
     LOG(INFO) << "found registered intercept of type " << it->second->dump_type
               << " for requested type kDebuggerdAnyIntercept";
-  } else if (it->second->dump_type != dump_type) {
+  } else if (!dump_types_compatible(it->second->dump_type, dump_type)) {
     LOG(WARNING) << "found non-matching intercept of type " << it->second->dump_type
                  << " for requested type: " << dump_type;
     return false;
diff --git a/debuggerd/tombstoned/tombstoned.cpp b/debuggerd/tombstoned/tombstoned.cpp
index d09b8e8..bc2d33d 100644
--- a/debuggerd/tombstoned/tombstoned.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/tombstoned/tombstoned.cpp
@@ -48,6 +48,8 @@
 using android::base::GetIntProperty;
 using android::base::SendFileDescriptors;
 using android::base::StringPrintf;
+
+using android::base::borrowed_fd;
 using android::base::unique_fd;
 
 static InterceptManager* intercept_manager;
@@ -57,14 +59,34 @@
   kCrashStatusQueued,
 };
 
+struct CrashArtifact {
+  unique_fd fd;
+  std::optional<std::string> temporary_path;
+
+  static CrashArtifact devnull() {
+    CrashArtifact result;
+    result.fd.reset(open("/dev/null", O_WRONLY | O_CLOEXEC));
+    return result;
+  }
+};
+
+struct CrashArtifactPaths {
+  std::string text;
+  std::optional<std::string> proto;
+};
+
+struct CrashOutput {
+  CrashArtifact text;
+  std::optional<CrashArtifact> proto;
+};
+
 // Ownership of Crash is a bit messy.
 // It's either owned by an active event that must have a timeout, or owned by
 // queued_requests, in the case that multiple crashes come in at the same time.
 struct Crash {
   ~Crash() { event_free(crash_event); }
 
-  std::string crash_tombstone_path;
-  unique_fd crash_tombstone_fd;
+  CrashOutput output;
   unique_fd crash_socket_fd;
   pid_t crash_pid;
   event* crash_event = nullptr;
@@ -75,14 +97,15 @@
 class CrashQueue {
  public:
   CrashQueue(const std::string& dir_path, const std::string& file_name_prefix, size_t max_artifacts,
-             size_t max_concurrent_dumps)
+             size_t max_concurrent_dumps, bool supports_proto)
       : file_name_prefix_(file_name_prefix),
         dir_path_(dir_path),
         dir_fd_(open(dir_path.c_str(), O_DIRECTORY | O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC)),
         max_artifacts_(max_artifacts),
         next_artifact_(0),
         max_concurrent_dumps_(max_concurrent_dumps),
-        num_concurrent_dumps_(0) {
+        num_concurrent_dumps_(0),
+        supports_proto_(supports_proto) {
     if (dir_fd_ == -1) {
       PLOG(FATAL) << "failed to open directory: " << dir_path;
     }
@@ -98,59 +121,104 @@
     return (crash->crash_type == kDebuggerdJavaBacktrace) ? for_anrs() : for_tombstones();
   }
 
+  static CrashQueue* for_crash(const std::unique_ptr<Crash>& crash) {
+    return for_crash(crash.get());
+  }
+
   static CrashQueue* for_tombstones() {
     static CrashQueue queue("/data/tombstones", "tombstone_" /* file_name_prefix */,
                             GetIntProperty("tombstoned.max_tombstone_count", 32),
-                            1 /* max_concurrent_dumps */);
+                            1 /* max_concurrent_dumps */, true /* supports_proto */);
     return &queue;
   }
 
   static CrashQueue* for_anrs() {
     static CrashQueue queue("/data/anr", "trace_" /* file_name_prefix */,
                             GetIntProperty("tombstoned.max_anr_count", 64),
-                            4 /* max_concurrent_dumps */);
+                            4 /* max_concurrent_dumps */, false /* supports_proto */);
     return &queue;
   }
 
-  std::pair<std::string, unique_fd> get_output() {
-    std::string path;
-    unique_fd result(openat(dir_fd_, ".", O_WRONLY | O_APPEND | O_TMPFILE | O_CLOEXEC, 0640));
-    if (result == -1) {
+  CrashArtifact create_temporary_file() const {
+    CrashArtifact result;
+
+    std::optional<std::string> path;
+    result.fd.reset(openat(dir_fd_, ".", O_WRONLY | O_APPEND | O_TMPFILE | O_CLOEXEC, 0660));
+    if (result.fd == -1) {
       // We might not have O_TMPFILE. Try creating with an arbitrary filename instead.
       static size_t counter = 0;
       std::string tmp_filename = StringPrintf(".temporary%zu", counter++);
-      result.reset(openat(dir_fd_, tmp_filename.c_str(),
-                          O_WRONLY | O_APPEND | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC | O_CLOEXEC, 0640));
-      if (result == -1) {
+      result.fd.reset(openat(dir_fd_, tmp_filename.c_str(),
+                             O_WRONLY | O_APPEND | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC | O_CLOEXEC, 0660));
+      if (result.fd == -1) {
         PLOG(FATAL) << "failed to create temporary tombstone in " << dir_path_;
       }
 
-      path = StringPrintf("%s/%s", dir_path_.c_str(), tmp_filename.c_str());
+      result.temporary_path = std::move(tmp_filename);
     }
-    return std::make_pair(std::move(path), std::move(result));
+
+    return std::move(result);
   }
 
-  std::string get_next_artifact_path() {
-    std::string file_name =
-        StringPrintf("%s/%s%02d", dir_path_.c_str(), file_name_prefix_.c_str(), next_artifact_);
+  std::optional<CrashOutput> get_output(DebuggerdDumpType dump_type) {
+    CrashOutput result;
+
+    switch (dump_type) {
+      case kDebuggerdNativeBacktrace:
+      case kDebuggerdJavaBacktrace:
+        // Don't generate tombstones for backtrace requests.
+        return {};
+
+      case kDebuggerdTombstoneProto:
+        if (!supports_proto_) {
+          LOG(ERROR) << "received kDebuggerdTombstoneProto on a queue that doesn't support proto";
+          return {};
+        }
+        result.proto = create_temporary_file();
+        result.text = create_temporary_file();
+        break;
+
+      case kDebuggerdTombstone:
+        result.text = create_temporary_file();
+        break;
+
+      default:
+        LOG(ERROR) << "unexpected dump type: " << dump_type;
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  borrowed_fd dir_fd() { return dir_fd_; }
+
+  CrashArtifactPaths get_next_artifact_paths() {
+    CrashArtifactPaths result;
+    result.text = StringPrintf("%s%02d", file_name_prefix_.c_str(), next_artifact_);
+
+    if (supports_proto_) {
+      result.proto = StringPrintf("%s%02d.pb", file_name_prefix_.c_str(), next_artifact_);
+    }
+
     next_artifact_ = (next_artifact_ + 1) % max_artifacts_;
-    return file_name;
+    return result;
   }
 
-  bool maybe_enqueue_crash(Crash* crash) {
+  // Consumes crash if it returns true, otherwise leaves it untouched.
+  bool maybe_enqueue_crash(std::unique_ptr<Crash>&& crash) {
     if (num_concurrent_dumps_ == max_concurrent_dumps_) {
-      queued_requests_.push_back(crash);
+      queued_requests_.emplace_back(std::move(crash));
       return true;
     }
 
     return false;
   }
 
-  void maybe_dequeue_crashes(void (*handler)(Crash* crash)) {
+  void maybe_dequeue_crashes(void (*handler)(std::unique_ptr<Crash> crash)) {
     while (!queued_requests_.empty() && num_concurrent_dumps_ < max_concurrent_dumps_) {
-      Crash* next_crash = queued_requests_.front();
+      std::unique_ptr<Crash> next_crash = std::move(queued_requests_.front());
       queued_requests_.pop_front();
-      handler(next_crash);
+      handler(std::move(next_crash));
     }
   }
 
@@ -164,7 +232,8 @@
     time_t oldest_time = std::numeric_limits<time_t>::max();
 
     for (size_t i = 0; i < max_artifacts_; ++i) {
-      std::string path = StringPrintf("%s/%s%02zu", dir_path_.c_str(), file_name_prefix_.c_str(), i);
+      std::string path =
+          StringPrintf("%s/%s%02zu", dir_path_.c_str(), file_name_prefix_.c_str(), i);
       struct stat st;
       if (stat(path.c_str(), &st) != 0) {
         if (errno == ENOENT) {
@@ -196,7 +265,9 @@
   const size_t max_concurrent_dumps_;
   size_t num_concurrent_dumps_;
 
-  std::deque<Crash*> queued_requests_;
+  bool supports_proto_;
+
+  std::deque<std::unique_ptr<Crash>> queued_requests_;
 
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(CrashQueue);
 };
@@ -205,52 +276,61 @@
 static constexpr bool kJavaTraceDumpsEnabled = true;
 
 // Forward declare the callbacks so they can be placed in a sensible order.
-static void crash_accept_cb(evconnlistener* listener, evutil_socket_t sockfd, sockaddr*, int, void*);
+static void crash_accept_cb(evconnlistener* listener, evutil_socket_t sockfd, sockaddr*, int,
+                            void*);
 static void crash_request_cb(evutil_socket_t sockfd, short ev, void* arg);
 static void crash_completed_cb(evutil_socket_t sockfd, short ev, void* arg);
 
-static void perform_request(Crash* crash) {
+static void perform_request(std::unique_ptr<Crash> crash) {
   unique_fd output_fd;
   bool intercepted =
       intercept_manager->GetIntercept(crash->crash_pid, crash->crash_type, &output_fd);
-  if (!intercepted) {
-    if (crash->crash_type == kDebuggerdNativeBacktrace) {
-      // Don't generate tombstones for native backtrace requests.
-      output_fd.reset(open("/dev/null", O_WRONLY | O_CLOEXEC));
+  if (intercepted) {
+    if (crash->crash_type == kDebuggerdTombstoneProto) {
+      crash->output.proto = CrashArtifact::devnull();
+    }
+  } else {
+    if (auto o = CrashQueue::for_crash(crash.get())->get_output(crash->crash_type); o) {
+      crash->output = std::move(*o);
+      output_fd.reset(dup(crash->output.text.fd));
     } else {
-      std::tie(crash->crash_tombstone_path, output_fd) = CrashQueue::for_crash(crash)->get_output();
-      crash->crash_tombstone_fd.reset(dup(output_fd.get()));
+      LOG(ERROR) << "failed to get crash output for type " << crash->crash_type;
+      return;
     }
   }
 
-  TombstonedCrashPacket response = {
-    .packet_type = CrashPacketType::kPerformDump
-  };
-  ssize_t rc =
-      SendFileDescriptors(crash->crash_socket_fd, &response, sizeof(response), output_fd.get());
+  TombstonedCrashPacket response = {.packet_type = CrashPacketType::kPerformDump};
+
+  ssize_t rc = -1;
+  if (crash->output.proto) {
+    rc = SendFileDescriptors(crash->crash_socket_fd, &response, sizeof(response), output_fd.get(),
+                             crash->output.proto->fd.get());
+  } else {
+    rc = SendFileDescriptors(crash->crash_socket_fd, &response, sizeof(response), output_fd.get());
+  }
+
   output_fd.reset();
 
   if (rc == -1) {
     PLOG(WARNING) << "failed to send response to CrashRequest";
-    goto fail;
+    return;
   } else if (rc != sizeof(response)) {
     PLOG(WARNING) << "crash socket write returned short";
-    goto fail;
-  } else {
-    // TODO: Make this configurable by the interceptor?
-    struct timeval timeout = { 10, 0 };
-
-    event_base* base = event_get_base(crash->crash_event);
-    event_assign(crash->crash_event, base, crash->crash_socket_fd, EV_TIMEOUT | EV_READ,
-                 crash_completed_cb, crash);
-    event_add(crash->crash_event, &timeout);
+    return;
   }
 
-  CrashQueue::for_crash(crash)->on_crash_started();
-  return;
+  // TODO: Make this configurable by the interceptor?
+  struct timeval timeout = {10 * android::base::TimeoutMultiplier(), 0};
 
-fail:
-  delete crash;
+  event_base* base = event_get_base(crash->crash_event);
+
+  event_assign(crash->crash_event, base, crash->crash_socket_fd, EV_TIMEOUT | EV_READ,
+               crash_completed_cb, crash.get());
+  event_add(crash->crash_event, &timeout);
+  CrashQueue::for_crash(crash)->on_crash_started();
+
+  // The crash is now owned by the event loop.
+  crash.release();
 }
 
 static void crash_accept_cb(evconnlistener* listener, evutil_socket_t sockfd, sockaddr*, int,
@@ -260,7 +340,7 @@
 
   // TODO: Make sure that only java crashes come in on the java socket
   // and only native crashes on the native socket.
-  struct timeval timeout = { 1, 0 };
+  struct timeval timeout = {1 * android::base::TimeoutMultiplier(), 0};
   event* crash_event = event_new(base, sockfd, EV_TIMEOUT | EV_READ, crash_request_cb, crash);
   crash->crash_socket_fd.reset(sockfd);
   crash->crash_event = crash_event;
@@ -268,39 +348,37 @@
 }
 
 static void crash_request_cb(evutil_socket_t sockfd, short ev, void* arg) {
-  ssize_t rc;
-  Crash* crash = static_cast<Crash*>(arg);
-
+  std::unique_ptr<Crash> crash(static_cast<Crash*>(arg));
   TombstonedCrashPacket request = {};
 
   if ((ev & EV_TIMEOUT) != 0) {
     LOG(WARNING) << "crash request timed out";
-    goto fail;
+    return;
   } else if ((ev & EV_READ) == 0) {
     LOG(WARNING) << "tombstoned received unexpected event from crash socket";
-    goto fail;
+    return;
   }
 
-  rc = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(sockfd, &request, sizeof(request)));
+  ssize_t rc = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(sockfd, &request, sizeof(request)));
   if (rc == -1) {
     PLOG(WARNING) << "failed to read from crash socket";
-    goto fail;
+    return;
   } else if (rc != sizeof(request)) {
     LOG(WARNING) << "crash socket received short read of length " << rc << " (expected "
                  << sizeof(request) << ")";
-    goto fail;
+    return;
   }
 
   if (request.packet_type != CrashPacketType::kDumpRequest) {
     LOG(WARNING) << "unexpected crash packet type, expected kDumpRequest, received  "
                  << StringPrintf("%#2hhX", request.packet_type);
-    goto fail;
+    return;
   }
 
   crash->crash_type = request.packet.dump_request.dump_type;
-  if (crash->crash_type < 0 || crash->crash_type > kDebuggerdAnyIntercept) {
+  if (crash->crash_type < 0 || crash->crash_type > kDebuggerdTombstoneProto) {
     LOG(WARNING) << "unexpected crash dump type: " << crash->crash_type;
-    goto fail;
+    return;
   }
 
   if (crash->crash_type != kDebuggerdJavaBacktrace) {
@@ -314,97 +392,119 @@
     int ret = getsockopt(sockfd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_PEERCRED, &cr, &len);
     if (ret != 0) {
       PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to getsockopt(..SO_PEERCRED)";
-      goto fail;
+      return;
     }
 
     crash->crash_pid = cr.pid;
   }
 
-  LOG(INFO) << "received crash request for pid " << crash->crash_pid;
+  pid_t crash_pid = crash->crash_pid;
+  LOG(INFO) << "received crash request for pid " << crash_pid;
 
-  if (CrashQueue::for_crash(crash)->maybe_enqueue_crash(crash)) {
-    LOG(INFO) << "enqueueing crash request for pid " << crash->crash_pid;
+  if (CrashQueue::for_crash(crash)->maybe_enqueue_crash(std::move(crash))) {
+    LOG(INFO) << "enqueueing crash request for pid " << crash_pid;
   } else {
-    perform_request(crash);
+    perform_request(std::move(crash));
   }
-
-  return;
-
-fail:
-  delete crash;
 }
 
-static void crash_completed_cb(evutil_socket_t sockfd, short ev, void* arg) {
-  ssize_t rc;
-  Crash* crash = static_cast<Crash*>(arg);
-  TombstonedCrashPacket request = {};
-
-  CrashQueue::for_crash(crash)->on_crash_completed();
-
-  if ((ev & EV_READ) == 0) {
-    goto fail;
+static bool rename_tombstone_fd(borrowed_fd fd, borrowed_fd dirfd, const std::string& path) {
+  // Always try to unlink the tombstone file.
+  // linkat doesn't let us replace a file, so we need to unlink before linking
+  // our results onto disk, and if we fail for some reason, we should delete
+  // stale tombstones to avoid confusing inconsistency.
+  int rc = unlinkat(dirfd.get(), path.c_str(), 0);
+  if (rc != 0 && errno != ENOENT) {
+    PLOG(ERROR) << "failed to unlink tombstone at " << path;
+    return false;
   }
 
-  rc = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(sockfd, &request, sizeof(request)));
+  std::string fd_path = StringPrintf("/proc/self/fd/%d", fd.get());
+  rc = linkat(AT_FDCWD, fd_path.c_str(), dirfd.get(), path.c_str(), AT_SYMLINK_FOLLOW);
+  if (rc != 0) {
+    PLOG(ERROR) << "failed to link tombstone at " << path;
+    return false;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+static void crash_completed(borrowed_fd sockfd, std::unique_ptr<Crash> crash) {
+  TombstonedCrashPacket request = {};
+  CrashQueue* queue = CrashQueue::for_crash(crash);
+
+  ssize_t rc = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(sockfd.get(), &request, sizeof(request)));
   if (rc == -1) {
     PLOG(WARNING) << "failed to read from crash socket";
-    goto fail;
+    return;
   } else if (rc != sizeof(request)) {
     LOG(WARNING) << "crash socket received short read of length " << rc << " (expected "
                  << sizeof(request) << ")";
-    goto fail;
+    return;
   }
 
   if (request.packet_type != CrashPacketType::kCompletedDump) {
     LOG(WARNING) << "unexpected crash packet type, expected kCompletedDump, received "
                  << uint32_t(request.packet_type);
-    goto fail;
+    return;
   }
 
-  if (crash->crash_tombstone_fd != -1) {
-    std::string fd_path = StringPrintf("/proc/self/fd/%d", crash->crash_tombstone_fd.get());
-    std::string tombstone_path = CrashQueue::for_crash(crash)->get_next_artifact_path();
+  if (crash->output.text.fd == -1) {
+    LOG(WARNING) << "missing output fd";
+    return;
+  }
 
-    // linkat doesn't let us replace a file, so we need to unlink first.
-    int rc = unlink(tombstone_path.c_str());
-    if (rc != 0 && errno != ENOENT) {
-      PLOG(ERROR) << "failed to unlink tombstone at " << tombstone_path;
-      goto fail;
-    }
+  CrashArtifactPaths paths = queue->get_next_artifact_paths();
 
-    rc = linkat(AT_FDCWD, fd_path.c_str(), AT_FDCWD, tombstone_path.c_str(), AT_SYMLINK_FOLLOW);
-    if (rc != 0) {
-      PLOG(ERROR) << "failed to link tombstone";
+  if (rename_tombstone_fd(crash->output.text.fd, queue->dir_fd(), paths.text)) {
+    if (crash->crash_type == kDebuggerdJavaBacktrace) {
+      LOG(ERROR) << "Traces for pid " << crash->crash_pid << " written to: " << paths.text;
     } else {
-      if (crash->crash_type == kDebuggerdJavaBacktrace) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Traces for pid " << crash->crash_pid << " written to: " << tombstone_path;
-      } else {
-        // NOTE: Several tools parse this log message to figure out where the
-        // tombstone associated with a given native crash was written. Any changes
-        // to this message must be carefully considered.
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Tombstone written to: " << tombstone_path;
-      }
-    }
-
-    // If we don't have O_TMPFILE, we need to clean up after ourselves.
-    if (!crash->crash_tombstone_path.empty()) {
-      rc = unlink(crash->crash_tombstone_path.c_str());
-      if (rc != 0) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "failed to unlink temporary tombstone at " << crash->crash_tombstone_path;
-      }
+      // NOTE: Several tools parse this log message to figure out where the
+      // tombstone associated with a given native crash was written. Any changes
+      // to this message must be carefully considered.
+      LOG(ERROR) << "Tombstone written to: " << paths.text;
     }
   }
 
-fail:
+  if (crash->output.proto && crash->output.proto->fd != -1) {
+    if (!paths.proto) {
+      LOG(ERROR) << "missing path for proto tombstone";
+    } else {
+      rename_tombstone_fd(crash->output.proto->fd, queue->dir_fd(), *paths.proto);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // If we don't have O_TMPFILE, we need to clean up after ourselves.
+  if (crash->output.text.temporary_path) {
+    rc = unlinkat(queue->dir_fd().get(), crash->output.text.temporary_path->c_str(), 0);
+    if (rc != 0) {
+      PLOG(ERROR) << "failed to unlink temporary tombstone at " << paths.text;
+    }
+  }
+  if (crash->output.proto && crash->output.proto->temporary_path) {
+    rc = unlinkat(queue->dir_fd().get(), crash->output.proto->temporary_path->c_str(), 0);
+    if (rc != 0) {
+      PLOG(ERROR) << "failed to unlink temporary proto tombstone";
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+static void crash_completed_cb(evutil_socket_t sockfd, short ev, void* arg) {
+  std::unique_ptr<Crash> crash(static_cast<Crash*>(arg));
   CrashQueue* queue = CrashQueue::for_crash(crash);
-  delete crash;
+
+  queue->on_crash_completed();
+
+  if ((ev & EV_READ) == EV_READ) {
+    crash_completed(sockfd, std::move(crash));
+  }
 
   // If there's something queued up, let them proceed.
   queue->maybe_dequeue_crashes(perform_request);
 }
 
 int main(int, char* []) {
-  umask(0137);
+  umask(0117);
 
   // Don't try to connect to ourselves if we crash.
   struct sigaction action = {};
diff --git a/debuggerd/tombstoned/tombstoned_client.cpp b/debuggerd/tombstoned/tombstoned_client.cpp
index 2c23c98..abfafb1 100644
--- a/debuggerd/tombstoned/tombstoned_client.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/tombstoned/tombstoned_client.cpp
@@ -32,8 +32,13 @@
 using android::base::ReceiveFileDescriptors;
 using android::base::unique_fd;
 
-bool tombstoned_connect(pid_t pid, unique_fd* tombstoned_socket, unique_fd* output_fd,
+bool tombstoned_connect(pid_t pid, unique_fd* tombstoned_socket, unique_fd* text_output_fd,
                         DebuggerdDumpType dump_type) {
+  return tombstoned_connect(pid, tombstoned_socket, text_output_fd, nullptr, dump_type);
+}
+
+bool tombstoned_connect(pid_t pid, unique_fd* tombstoned_socket, unique_fd* text_output_fd,
+                        unique_fd* proto_output_fd, DebuggerdDumpType dump_type) {
   unique_fd sockfd(
       socket_local_client((dump_type != kDebuggerdJavaBacktrace ? kTombstonedCrashSocketName
                                                                 : kTombstonedJavaTraceSocketName),
@@ -54,8 +59,15 @@
     return false;
   }
 
-  unique_fd tmp_output_fd;
-  ssize_t rc = ReceiveFileDescriptors(sockfd, &packet, sizeof(packet), &tmp_output_fd);
+  unique_fd tmp_output_fd, tmp_proto_fd;
+  ssize_t rc = -1;
+
+  if (dump_type == kDebuggerdTombstoneProto) {
+    rc = ReceiveFileDescriptors(sockfd, &packet, sizeof(packet), &tmp_output_fd, &tmp_proto_fd);
+  } else {
+    rc = ReceiveFileDescriptors(sockfd, &packet, sizeof(packet), &tmp_output_fd);
+  }
+
   if (rc == -1) {
     async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, "libc",
                           "failed to read response to DumpRequest packet: %s", strerror(errno));
@@ -78,7 +90,10 @@
   }
 
   *tombstoned_socket = std::move(sockfd);
-  *output_fd = std::move(tmp_output_fd);
+  *text_output_fd = std::move(tmp_output_fd);
+  if (proto_output_fd) {
+    *proto_output_fd = std::move(tmp_proto_fd);
+  }
   return true;
 }
 
diff --git a/debuggerd/util.cpp b/debuggerd/util.cpp
index 9d09210..f3bff8c 100644
--- a/debuggerd/util.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/util.cpp
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 
 #include "util.h"
 
-#include <sys/socket.h>
 #include <time.h>
 
 #include <string>
@@ -25,7 +24,6 @@
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
-#include <cutils/sockets.h>
 #include "protocol.h"
 
 std::string get_process_name(pid_t pid) {
diff --git a/deprecated-adf/OWNERS b/deprecated-adf/OWNERS
deleted file mode 100644
index 72b8b5a..0000000
--- a/deprecated-adf/OWNERS
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-ghackmann@google.com
-marissaw@google.com
diff --git a/deprecated-adf/libadf/Android.bp b/deprecated-adf/libadf/Android.bp
deleted file mode 100644
index 70f0a3b..0000000
--- a/deprecated-adf/libadf/Android.bp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2013 The Android Open Source Project
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-cc_library {
-    name: "libadf",
-    recovery_available: true,
-    vendor_available: true,
-    vndk: {
-        enabled: true,
-    },
-    srcs: ["adf.cpp"],
-    cflags: ["-Werror"],
-    local_include_dirs: ["include"],
-    export_include_dirs: ["include"],
-}
diff --git a/deprecated-adf/libadf/adf.cpp b/deprecated-adf/libadf/adf.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index fd9c208..0000000
--- a/deprecated-adf/libadf/adf.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,746 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2013 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include <dirent.h>
-#include <errno.h>
-#include <fcntl.h>
-#include <malloc.h>
-#include <stdint.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <memory>
-#include <vector>
-
-#include <linux/limits.h>
-
-#include <sys/ioctl.h>
-
-#include <adf/adf.h>
-
-#define ADF_BASE_PATH "/dev/"
-
-static ssize_t adf_id_vector_to_array(const std::vector<adf_id_t> &in,
-        adf_id_t **out)
-{
-    auto size = sizeof(in[0]) * in.size();
-    // We can't use new[] since the existing API says the caller should free()
-    // the returned array
-    auto ret = static_cast<adf_id_t *>(malloc(size));
-    if (!ret)
-        return -ENOMEM;
-
-    std::copy(in.begin(), in.end(), ret);
-    *out = ret;
-    return in.size();
-}
-
-static ssize_t adf_find_nodes(const char *pattern, adf_id_t **ids_out)
-{
-    struct dirent *dirent;
-    std::unique_ptr<DIR, decltype(&closedir)>
-        dir{opendir(ADF_BASE_PATH), closedir};
-    if (!dir)
-        return -errno;
-
-    std::vector<adf_id_t> ids;
-    errno = 0;
-    while ((dirent = readdir(dir.get()))) {
-        adf_id_t id;
-        int matched = sscanf(dirent->d_name, pattern, &id);
-
-        if (matched < 0)
-            return -errno;
-        else if (matched == 1)
-            ids.push_back(id);
-    }
-    if (errno)
-        return -errno;
-
-    return adf_id_vector_to_array(ids, ids_out);
-}
-
-ssize_t adf_devices(adf_id_t **ids)
-{
-    return adf_find_nodes("adf%u", ids);
-}
-
-int adf_device_open(adf_id_t id, int flags, struct adf_device *dev)
-{
-    char filename[64];
-
-    dev->id = id;
-
-    snprintf(filename, sizeof(filename), ADF_BASE_PATH "adf%u", id);
-    dev->fd = open(filename, flags);
-    if (dev->fd < 0)
-        return -errno;
-
-    return 0;
-}
-
-void adf_device_close(struct adf_device *dev)
-{
-    if (dev->fd >= 0)
-        close(dev->fd);
-}
-
-int adf_get_device_data(struct adf_device *dev, struct adf_device_data *data)
-{
-    int err;
-    int ret = 0;
-
-    memset(data, 0, sizeof(*data));
-
-    err = ioctl(dev->fd, ADF_GET_DEVICE_DATA, data);
-    if (err < 0)
-        return -ENOMEM;
-
-    if (data->n_attachments)
-        data->attachments = new adf_attachment_config[data->n_attachments];
-
-    if (data->n_allowed_attachments)
-        data->allowed_attachments =
-                new adf_attachment_config[data->n_allowed_attachments];
-
-    if (data->custom_data_size)
-        data->custom_data = new char[data->custom_data_size];
-
-    err = ioctl(dev->fd, ADF_GET_DEVICE_DATA, data);
-    if (err < 0) {
-        ret = -errno;
-        adf_free_device_data(data);
-    }
-    return ret;
-}
-
-void adf_free_device_data(struct adf_device_data *data)
-{
-    delete [] data->attachments;
-    data->attachments = nullptr;
-    delete [] data->allowed_attachments;
-    data->allowed_attachments = nullptr;
-    delete [] static_cast<char *>(data->custom_data);
-    data->custom_data = nullptr;
-}
-
-int adf_device_post(struct adf_device *dev,
-        adf_id_t *interfaces, size_t n_interfaces,
-        struct adf_buffer_config *bufs, size_t n_bufs,
-        void *custom_data, size_t custom_data_size)
-{
-    int err;
-    struct adf_post_config data;
-
-    memset(&data, 0, sizeof(data));
-    data.interfaces = interfaces;
-    data.n_interfaces = n_interfaces;
-    data.bufs = bufs;
-    data.n_bufs = n_bufs;
-    data.custom_data = custom_data;
-    data.custom_data_size = custom_data_size;
-
-    err = ioctl(dev->fd, ADF_POST_CONFIG, &data);
-    if (err < 0)
-        return -errno;
-
-    return (int)data.complete_fence;
-}
-
-int adf_device_post_v2(struct adf_device *dev,
-        adf_id_t *interfaces, __u32 n_interfaces,
-        struct adf_buffer_config *bufs, __u32 n_bufs,
-        void *custom_data, __u64 custom_data_size,
-        enum adf_complete_fence_type complete_fence_type,
-        int *complete_fence)
-{
-    int err;
-    struct adf_post_config_v2 data;
-
-    memset(&data, 0, sizeof(data));
-    data.interfaces = (uintptr_t)interfaces;
-    data.n_interfaces = n_interfaces;
-    data.bufs = (uintptr_t)bufs;
-    data.n_bufs = n_bufs;
-    data.custom_data = (uintptr_t)custom_data;
-    data.custom_data_size = custom_data_size;
-    data.complete_fence_type = complete_fence_type;
-
-    err = ioctl(dev->fd, ADF_POST_CONFIG_V2, &data);
-    if (err < 0)
-        return -errno;
-
-    if (complete_fence)
-        *complete_fence = data.complete_fence;
-    else if (data.complete_fence >= 0)
-        close(data.complete_fence);
-
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static int adf_device_attachment(struct adf_device *dev,
-        adf_id_t overlay_engine, adf_id_t interface, bool attach)
-{
-    int err;
-    struct adf_attachment_config data;
-
-    memset(&data, 0, sizeof(data));
-    data.overlay_engine = overlay_engine;
-    data.interface = interface;
-
-    err = ioctl(dev->fd, attach ? ADF_ATTACH : ADF_DETACH, &data);
-    if (err < 0)
-        return -errno;
-
-    return 0;
-}
-
-int adf_device_attach(struct adf_device *dev, adf_id_t overlay_engine,
-                      adf_id_t interface)
-{
-   return adf_device_attachment(dev, overlay_engine, interface, true);
-}
-
-int adf_device_detach(struct adf_device *dev, adf_id_t overlay_engine,
-                      adf_id_t interface)
-{
-   return adf_device_attachment(dev, overlay_engine, interface, false);
-}
-
-ssize_t adf_interfaces(struct adf_device *dev, adf_id_t **interfaces)
-{
-    char pattern[64];
-
-    snprintf(pattern, sizeof(pattern), "adf-interface%u.%%u", dev->id);
-    return adf_find_nodes(pattern, interfaces);
-}
-
-ssize_t adf_interfaces_for_overlay_engine(struct adf_device *dev,
-        adf_id_t overlay_engine, adf_id_t **interfaces)
-{
-    struct adf_device_data data;
-    auto err = adf_get_device_data(dev, &data);
-    if (err < 0)
-        return err;
-
-    std::vector<adf_id_t> ids;
-    if (data.allowed_attachments != nullptr)
-        for (size_t i = 0; i < data.n_allowed_attachments; i++)
-            if (data.allowed_attachments[i].overlay_engine == overlay_engine)
-              ids.push_back(data.allowed_attachments[i].interface);
-
-    adf_free_device_data(&data);
-    return adf_id_vector_to_array(ids, interfaces);
-}
-
-static ssize_t adf_interfaces_filter(struct adf_device *dev,
-        adf_id_t *in, size_t n_in, adf_id_t **out,
-        bool (*filter)(struct adf_interface_data *data, __u32 match),
-        __u32 match)
-{
-    std::vector<adf_id_t> ids;
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < n_in; i++) {
-        int fd = adf_interface_open(dev, in[i], O_RDONLY);
-        if (fd < 0)
-            return fd;
-
-        struct adf_interface_data data;
-        auto ret = adf_get_interface_data(fd, &data);
-        close(fd);
-        if (ret < 0)
-            return ret;
-
-        if (filter(&data, match))
-            ids.push_back(in[i]);
-    }
-
-    return adf_id_vector_to_array(ids, out);
-}
-
-static bool adf_interface_type_filter(struct adf_interface_data *data,
-        __u32 type)
-{
-    return data->type == (enum adf_interface_type)type;
-}
-
-ssize_t adf_interfaces_filter_by_type(struct adf_device *dev,
-        enum adf_interface_type type,
-        adf_id_t *in, size_t n_in, adf_id_t **out)
-{
-    return adf_interfaces_filter(dev, in, n_in, out, adf_interface_type_filter,
-            type);
-}
-
-static bool adf_interface_flags_filter(struct adf_interface_data *data,
-        __u32 flag)
-{
-    return !!(data->flags & flag);
-}
-
-ssize_t adf_interfaces_filter_by_flag(struct adf_device *dev, __u32 flag,
-        adf_id_t *in, size_t n_in, adf_id_t **out)
-{
-    return adf_interfaces_filter(dev, in, n_in, out, adf_interface_flags_filter,
-            flag);
-}
-
-int adf_interface_open(struct adf_device *dev, adf_id_t id, int flags)
-{
-    char filename[64];
-
-    snprintf(filename, sizeof(filename), ADF_BASE_PATH "adf-interface%u.%u",
-            dev->id, id);
-
-    int fd = open(filename, flags);
-    if (fd < 0)
-        return -errno;
-    return fd;
-}
-
-int adf_get_interface_data(int fd, struct adf_interface_data *data)
-{
-    int err;
-    int ret = 0;
-
-    memset(data, 0, sizeof(*data));
-
-    err = ioctl(fd, ADF_GET_INTERFACE_DATA, data);
-    if (err < 0)
-        return -errno;
-
-    if (data->n_available_modes)
-        data->available_modes = new drm_mode_modeinfo[data->n_available_modes];
-
-    if (data->custom_data_size)
-        data->custom_data = new char[data->custom_data_size];
-
-    err = ioctl(fd, ADF_GET_INTERFACE_DATA, data);
-    if (err < 0) {
-        ret = -errno;
-        adf_free_interface_data(data);
-    }
-    return ret;
-}
-
-void adf_free_interface_data(struct adf_interface_data *data)
-{
-    delete [] data->available_modes;
-    delete [] static_cast<char *>(data->custom_data);
-}
-
-int adf_interface_blank(int fd, __u8 mode)
-{
-    int err = ioctl(fd, ADF_BLANK, mode);
-    if (err < 0)
-        return -errno;
-    return 0;
-}
-
-int adf_interface_set_mode(int fd, struct drm_mode_modeinfo *mode)
-{
-    int err = ioctl(fd, ADF_SET_MODE, mode);
-    if (err < 0)
-        return -errno;
-    return 0;
-}
-
-int adf_interface_simple_buffer_alloc(int fd, __u32 w, __u32 h,
-        __u32 format, __u32 *offset, __u32 *pitch)
-{
-    int err;
-    struct adf_simple_buffer_alloc data;
-
-    memset(&data, 0, sizeof(data));
-    data.w = w;
-    data.h = h;
-    data.format = format;
-
-    err = ioctl(fd, ADF_SIMPLE_BUFFER_ALLOC, &data);
-    if (err < 0)
-        return -errno;
-
-    *offset = data.offset;
-    *pitch = data.pitch;
-    return (int)data.fd;
-}
-
-static void adf_interface_simple_post_config_buf(struct adf_buffer_config *buf,
-        __u32 overlay_engine, __u32 w, __u32 h, __u32 format, int buf_fd,
-        __u32 offset, __u32 pitch, int acquire_fence)
-{
-    buf->overlay_engine = overlay_engine;
-    buf->w = w;
-    buf->h = h;
-    buf->format = format;
-    buf->fd[0] = buf_fd;
-    buf->offset[0] = offset;
-    buf->pitch[0] = pitch;
-    buf->n_planes = 1;
-    buf->acquire_fence = acquire_fence;
-}
-
-int adf_interface_simple_post(int fd, __u32 overlay_engine,
-        __u32 w, __u32 h, __u32 format, int buf_fd, __u32 offset,
-        __u32 pitch, int acquire_fence)
-{
-    int ret;
-    struct adf_simple_post_config data;
-
-    memset(&data, 0, sizeof(data));
-    adf_interface_simple_post_config_buf(&data.buf, overlay_engine, w, h, format,
-            buf_fd, offset, pitch, acquire_fence);
-    ret = ioctl(fd, ADF_SIMPLE_POST_CONFIG, &data);
-    if (ret < 0)
-        return -errno;
-
-    return (int)data.complete_fence;
-}
-
-int adf_interface_simple_post_v2(int fd, adf_id_t overlay_engine,
-        __u32 w, __u32 h, __u32 format, int buf_fd, __u32 offset,
-        __u32 pitch, int acquire_fence,
-        enum adf_complete_fence_type complete_fence_type,
-        int *complete_fence)
-{
-    int ret;
-    struct adf_simple_post_config_v2 data;
-
-    memset(&data, 0, sizeof(data));
-    adf_interface_simple_post_config_buf(&data.buf, overlay_engine, w, h, format,
-            buf_fd, offset, pitch, acquire_fence);
-    data.complete_fence_type = complete_fence_type;
-
-    ret = ioctl(fd, ADF_SIMPLE_POST_CONFIG_V2, &data);
-    if (ret < 0)
-        return -errno;
-
-    if (complete_fence)
-        *complete_fence = data.complete_fence;
-    else if (data.complete_fence >= 0)
-        close(data.complete_fence);
-
-    return 0;
-}
-
-ssize_t adf_overlay_engines(struct adf_device *dev, adf_id_t **overlay_engines)
-{
-    char pattern[64];
-
-    snprintf(pattern, sizeof(pattern), "adf-overlay-engine%u.%%u", dev->id);
-    return adf_find_nodes(pattern, overlay_engines);
-}
-
-ssize_t adf_overlay_engines_for_interface(struct adf_device *dev,
-        adf_id_t interface, adf_id_t **overlay_engines)
-{
-    struct adf_device_data data;
-    auto err = adf_get_device_data(dev, &data);
-    if (err < 0)
-        return err;
-
-    std::vector<adf_id_t> ids;
-    if (data.allowed_attachments != nullptr)
-        for (size_t i = 0; i < data.n_allowed_attachments; i++)
-            if (data.allowed_attachments[i].interface == interface)
-                ids.push_back(data.allowed_attachments[i].overlay_engine);
-
-    return adf_id_vector_to_array(ids, overlay_engines);
-}
-
-static ssize_t adf_overlay_engines_filter(struct adf_device *dev,
-        adf_id_t *in, size_t n_in, adf_id_t **out,
-        bool (*filter)(struct adf_overlay_engine_data *data, void *cookie),
-        void *cookie)
-{
-    std::vector<adf_id_t> ids;
-    size_t i;
-    for (i = 0; i < n_in; i++) {
-        int fd = adf_overlay_engine_open(dev, in[i], O_RDONLY);
-        if (fd < 0)
-            return fd;
-
-        struct adf_overlay_engine_data data;
-        auto ret = adf_get_overlay_engine_data(fd, &data);
-        close(fd);
-        if (ret < 0)
-            return ret;
-
-        if (filter(&data, cookie))
-            ids.push_back(in[i]);
-    }
-
-    return adf_id_vector_to_array(ids, out);
-}
-
-struct format_filter_cookie {
-    const __u32 *formats;
-    size_t n_formats;
-};
-
-static bool adf_overlay_engine_format_filter(
-        struct adf_overlay_engine_data *data, void *cookie)
-{
-    auto c = static_cast<format_filter_cookie *>(cookie);
-    size_t i;
-    for (i = 0; i < data->n_supported_formats; i++) {
-        size_t j;
-        for (j = 0; j < c->n_formats; j++)
-            if (data->supported_formats[i] == c->formats[j])
-                return true;
-    }
-    return false;
-}
-
-ssize_t adf_overlay_engines_filter_by_format(struct adf_device *dev,
-        const __u32 *formats, size_t n_formats, adf_id_t *in, size_t n_in,
-        adf_id_t **out)
-{
-    struct format_filter_cookie cookie = { formats, n_formats };
-    return adf_overlay_engines_filter(dev, in, n_in, out,
-            adf_overlay_engine_format_filter, &cookie);
-}
-
-int adf_overlay_engine_open(struct adf_device *dev, adf_id_t id, int flags)
-{
-    char filename[64];
-
-    snprintf(filename, sizeof(filename),
-            ADF_BASE_PATH "adf-overlay-engine%u.%u", dev->id, id);
-
-    int fd = open(filename, flags);
-    if (fd < 0)
-        return -errno;
-    return fd;
-}
-
-int adf_get_overlay_engine_data(int fd, struct adf_overlay_engine_data *data)
-{
-    int err;
-    int ret = 0;
-
-    memset(data, 0, sizeof(*data));
-
-    err = ioctl(fd, ADF_GET_OVERLAY_ENGINE_DATA, data);
-    if (err < 0)
-        return -errno;
-
-    if (data->n_supported_formats)
-        data->supported_formats = new __u32[data->n_supported_formats];
-
-    if (data->custom_data_size)
-      data->custom_data = new char[data->custom_data_size];
-
-    err = ioctl(fd, ADF_GET_OVERLAY_ENGINE_DATA, data);
-    if (err < 0) {
-        ret = -errno;
-        adf_free_overlay_engine_data(data);
-    }
-    return ret;
-}
-
-void adf_free_overlay_engine_data(struct adf_overlay_engine_data *data)
-{
-    delete [] data->supported_formats;
-    data->supported_formats = nullptr;
-    delete [] static_cast<char *>(data->custom_data);
-    data->custom_data = nullptr;
-}
-
-bool adf_overlay_engine_supports_format(int fd, __u32 format)
-{
-    struct adf_overlay_engine_data data;
-    bool ret = false;
-    size_t i;
-
-    int err = adf_get_overlay_engine_data(fd, &data);
-    if (err < 0)
-        return false;
-
-    if (data.supported_formats != nullptr) {
-        for (i = 0; i < data.n_supported_formats; i++) {
-            if (data.supported_formats[i] == format) {
-                ret = true;
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    adf_free_overlay_engine_data(&data);
-    return ret;
-}
-
-int adf_set_event(int fd, enum adf_event_type type, bool enabled)
-{
-    struct adf_set_event data;
-
-    data.type = type;
-    data.enabled = enabled;
-
-    int err = ioctl(fd, ADF_SET_EVENT, &data);
-    if (err < 0)
-        return -errno;
-    return 0;
-}
-
-int adf_read_event(int fd, struct adf_event **event)
-{
-    struct adf_event header;
-    struct event_with_data {
-        struct adf_event base;
-        uint8_t data[0];
-    };
-    using unique_event = std::unique_ptr<event_with_data, decltype(&free)>;
-    size_t data_size;
-
-    int err = read(fd, &header, sizeof(header));
-    if (err < 0)
-        return -errno;
-    if ((size_t)err < sizeof(header))
-        return -EIO;
-    if (header.length < sizeof(header))
-        return -EIO;
-
-    // Again, we can't use new[] since the existing API says the caller should
-    // free() the returned event
-    auto event_ptr = static_cast<event_with_data *>(malloc(header.length));
-    unique_event event_ret{event_ptr, free};
-    if (!event_ret)
-        return -ENOMEM;
-    data_size = header.length - sizeof(header);
-
-    memcpy(event_ret.get(), &header, sizeof(header));
-    ssize_t read_size = read(fd, &event_ret->data, data_size);
-    if (read_size < 0)
-        return -errno;
-    if ((size_t)read_size < data_size)
-        return -EIO;
-
-    *event = &event_ret.release()->base;
-    return 0;
-}
-
-void adf_format_str(__u32 format, char buf[ADF_FORMAT_STR_SIZE])
-{
-    buf[0] = format & 0xFF;
-    buf[1] = (format >> 8) & 0xFF;
-    buf[2] = (format >> 16) & 0xFF;
-    buf[3] = (format >> 24) & 0xFF;
-    buf[4] = '\0';
-}
-
-static bool adf_find_simple_post_overlay_engine(struct adf_device *dev,
-        const __u32 *formats, size_t n_formats,
-        adf_id_t interface, adf_id_t *overlay_engine)
-{
-    adf_id_t *engs = nullptr;
-    ssize_t n_engs = adf_overlay_engines_for_interface(dev, interface, &engs);
-
-    if (engs == nullptr)
-        return false;
-
-    adf_id_t *filtered_engs = nullptr;
-    ssize_t n_filtered_engs = adf_overlay_engines_filter_by_format(dev,
-            formats, n_formats, engs, n_engs, &filtered_engs);
-    free(engs);
-
-    if (filtered_engs == nullptr)
-        return false;
-
-    *overlay_engine = filtered_engs[0];
-    free(filtered_engs);
-    return true;
-}
-
-static const __u32 any_rgb_format[] = {
-    DRM_FORMAT_C8,
-    DRM_FORMAT_RGB332,
-    DRM_FORMAT_BGR233,
-    DRM_FORMAT_XRGB1555,
-    DRM_FORMAT_XBGR1555,
-    DRM_FORMAT_RGBX5551,
-    DRM_FORMAT_BGRX5551,
-    DRM_FORMAT_ARGB1555,
-    DRM_FORMAT_ABGR1555,
-    DRM_FORMAT_RGBA5551,
-    DRM_FORMAT_BGRA5551,
-    DRM_FORMAT_RGB565,
-    DRM_FORMAT_BGR565,
-    DRM_FORMAT_RGB888,
-    DRM_FORMAT_BGR888,
-    DRM_FORMAT_XRGB8888,
-    DRM_FORMAT_XBGR8888,
-    DRM_FORMAT_RGBX8888,
-    DRM_FORMAT_BGRX8888,
-    DRM_FORMAT_XRGB2101010,
-    DRM_FORMAT_XBGR2101010,
-    DRM_FORMAT_RGBX1010102,
-    DRM_FORMAT_BGRX1010102,
-    DRM_FORMAT_ARGB2101010,
-    DRM_FORMAT_ABGR2101010,
-    DRM_FORMAT_RGBA1010102,
-    DRM_FORMAT_BGRA1010102,
-    DRM_FORMAT_ARGB8888,
-    DRM_FORMAT_ABGR8888,
-    DRM_FORMAT_RGBA8888,
-    DRM_FORMAT_BGRA8888,
-};
-
-int adf_find_simple_post_configuration(struct adf_device *dev,
-        const __u32 *formats, size_t n_formats,
-        adf_id_t *interface, adf_id_t *overlay_engine)
-{
-    adf_id_t *intfs = NULL;
-    ssize_t n_intfs = adf_interfaces(dev, &intfs);
-
-    if (n_intfs < 0)
-        return n_intfs;
-    else if (!intfs)
-        return -ENODEV;
-
-    adf_id_t *primary_intfs = nullptr;
-    ssize_t n_primary_intfs = adf_interfaces_filter_by_flag(dev,
-            ADF_INTF_FLAG_PRIMARY, intfs, n_intfs, &primary_intfs);
-    free(intfs);
-
-    if (n_primary_intfs < 0)
-        return n_primary_intfs;
-    else if (!primary_intfs)
-        return -ENODEV;
-
-    if (!formats) {
-        formats = any_rgb_format;
-        n_formats = sizeof(any_rgb_format) / sizeof(any_rgb_format[0]);
-    }
-
-    bool found = false;
-    ssize_t i = 0;
-    for (i = 0; i < n_primary_intfs; i++) {
-        found = adf_find_simple_post_overlay_engine(dev, formats, n_formats,
-                primary_intfs[i], overlay_engine);
-        if (found) {
-            *interface = primary_intfs[i];
-            break;
-        }
-    }
-    free(primary_intfs);
-
-    if (!found)
-        return -ENODEV;
-
-    return 0;
-}
diff --git a/deprecated-adf/libadf/include/adf/adf.h b/deprecated-adf/libadf/include/adf/adf.h
deleted file mode 100644
index e4c7b28..0000000
--- a/deprecated-adf/libadf/include/adf/adf.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,295 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2013 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef _LIBADF_ADF_H_
-#define _LIBADF_ADF_H_
-
-#include <stdint.h>
-#include <stdbool.h>
-#include <sys/cdefs.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#include <video/adf.h>
-
-typedef __u32 adf_id_t;
-
-struct adf_device {
-    adf_id_t id;
-    int fd;
-};
-
-__BEGIN_DECLS
-
-/**
- * Enumerates all ADF devices.
- *
- * Returns the number of ADF devices, and sets ids to a list of device IDs.
- * The caller must free() the returned list of device IDs.
- *
- * On error, returns -errno.
- */
-ssize_t adf_devices(adf_id_t **ids);
-
-/**
- * Opens an ADF device.
- *
- * On error, returns -errno.
- */
-int adf_device_open(adf_id_t id, int flags, struct adf_device *dev);
-/**
- * Closes an ADF device.
- */
-void adf_device_close(struct adf_device *dev);
-/**
- * Reads the ADF device data.
- *
- * adf_get_device_data() allocates buffers inside data, which the caller
- * must free by calling adf_free_device_data().  On error, returns -errno.
- */
-int adf_get_device_data(struct adf_device *dev, struct adf_device_data *data);
-/**
- * Frees the device data returned by adf_get_device_data().
- */
-void adf_free_device_data(struct adf_device_data *data);
-
-/**
- * Atomically posts a new display configuration to the specified interfaces.
- *
- * Returns a sync fence fd that will fire when the configuration is removed
- * from the screen.  On error, returns -errno.
- */
-int adf_device_post(struct adf_device *dev,
-        adf_id_t *interfaces, size_t n_interfaces,
-        struct adf_buffer_config *bufs, size_t n_bufs,
-        void *custom_data, size_t custom_data_size);
-/**
- * Atomically posts a new display configuration to the specified interfaces.
- *
- * Compared to adf_device_post(), adf_device_post_v2():
- *
- *  (*) allows the client to choose the kind of sync fence returned
- *      (through complete_fence_type)
- *
- *  (*) stores the returned sync fence fd in a provided buffer, so the client
- *      can distinguish between a permission error (ret = -1) and a successful
- *      call that returns no fence (*complete_fence = -1)
- *
- * On error, returns -errno.
- *
- * On devices without the corresponding kernel support, returns -ENOTTY.
- */
-int adf_device_post_v2(struct adf_device *dev,
-        adf_id_t *interfaces, __u32 n_interfaces,
-        struct adf_buffer_config *bufs, __u32 n_bufs,
-        void *custom_data, __u64 custom_data_size,
-        enum adf_complete_fence_type complete_fence_type,
-        int *complete_fence);
-
-/**
- * Attaches the specified interface and overlay engine.
- */
-int adf_device_attach(struct adf_device *dev, adf_id_t overlay_engine,
-                      adf_id_t interface);
-/**
- * Detaches the specified interface and overlay engine.
- */
-int adf_device_detach(struct adf_device *dev, adf_id_t overlay_engine,
-                      adf_id_t interface);
-
-/**
- * Enumerates all interfaces belonging to an ADF device.
- *
- * The caller must free() the returned list of interface IDs.
- */
-ssize_t adf_interfaces(struct adf_device *dev, adf_id_t **interfaces);
-
-/**
- * Enumerates all interfaces which can be attached to the specified overlay
- * engine.
- *
- * The caller must free() the returned list of interface IDs.
- */
-ssize_t adf_interfaces_for_overlay_engine(struct adf_device *dev,
-        adf_id_t overlay_engine, adf_id_t **interfaces);
-/**
- * Filters a list of interfaces by type.
- *
- * Returns the number of matching interfaces, and sets out to a list of matching
- * interface IDs.  The caller must free() the returned list of interface IDs.
- *
- * On error, returns -errno.
- */
-ssize_t adf_interfaces_filter_by_type(struct adf_device *dev,
-        enum adf_interface_type type,
-        adf_id_t *in, size_t n_in, adf_id_t **out);
-/**
- * Filters a list of interfaces by flag.
- *
- * The caller must free() the returned list of interface IDs.
- */
-ssize_t adf_interfaces_filter_by_flag(struct adf_device *dev, __u32 flag,
-        adf_id_t *in, size_t n_in, adf_id_t **out);
-
-/**
- * Opens an ADF interface.
- *
- * Returns a file descriptor.  The caller must close() the fd when done.
- * On error, returns -errno.
- */
-int adf_interface_open(struct adf_device *dev, adf_id_t id, int flags);
-/**
- * Reads the interface data.
- *
- * adf_get_interface_data() allocates buffers inside data, which the caller
- * must free by calling adf_free_interface_data().  On error, returns -errno.
- */
-int adf_get_interface_data(int fd, struct adf_interface_data *data);
-/**
- * Frees the interface data returned by adf_get_interface_data().
- */
-void adf_free_interface_data(struct adf_interface_data *data);
-
-/**
- * Sets the interface's DPMS mode.
- */
-int adf_interface_blank(int fd, __u8 mode);
-/**
- * Sets the interface's display mode.
- */
-int adf_interface_set_mode(int fd, struct drm_mode_modeinfo *mode);
-/**
- * Allocates a single-plane RGB buffer of the specified size and format.
- *
- * Returns a dma-buf fd.  On error, returns -errno.
- */
-int adf_interface_simple_buffer_alloc(int fd, __u32 w, __u32 h,
-        __u32 format, __u32 *offset, __u32 *pitch);
-/**
- * Posts a single-plane RGB buffer to the display using the specified
- * overlay engine.
- *
- * Returns a sync fence fd that will fire when the buffer is removed
- * from the screen.  On error, returns -errno.
- */
-int adf_interface_simple_post(int fd, adf_id_t overlay_engine,
-        __u32 w, __u32 h, __u32 format, int buf_fd, __u32 offset,
-        __u32 pitch, int acquire_fence);
-/**
- * Posts a single-plane RGB buffer to the display using the specified
- * overlay engine.
- *
- * Compared to adf_interface_simple_post(), adf_interface_simple_post_v2():
- *
- *  (*) allows the client to choose the kind of sync fence returned
- *      (through complete_fence_type)
- *
- *  (*) stores the returned sync fence fd in a provided buffer, so the client
- *      can distinguish between a permission error (ret = -1) and a successful
- *      call that returns no fence (*complete_fence = -1)
- *
- * On error, returns -errno.
- *
- * On devices without the corresponding kernel support, returns -ENOTTY.
- */
-int adf_interface_simple_post_v2(int fd, adf_id_t overlay_engine,
-        __u32 w, __u32 h, __u32 format, int buf_fd, __u32 offset,
-        __u32 pitch, int acquire_fence,
-        enum adf_complete_fence_type complete_fence_type,
-        int *complete_fence);
-
-/**
- * Enumerates all overlay engines belonging to an ADF device.
- *
- * The caller must free() the returned list of overlay engine IDs.
- */
-ssize_t adf_overlay_engines(struct adf_device *dev, adf_id_t **overlay_engines);
-
-/**
- * Enumerates all overlay engines which can be attached to the specified
- * interface.
- *
- * The caller must free() the returned list of overlay engine IDs.
- */
-ssize_t adf_overlay_engines_for_interface(struct adf_device *dev,
-        adf_id_t interface, adf_id_t **overlay_engines);
-/**
- * Filters a list of overlay engines by supported buffer format.
- *
- * Returns the overlay engines which support at least one of the specified
- * formats.  The caller must free() the returned list of overlay engine IDs.
- */
-ssize_t adf_overlay_engines_filter_by_format(struct adf_device *dev,
-        const __u32 *formats, size_t n_formats, adf_id_t *in, size_t n_in,
-        adf_id_t **out);
-
-/**
- * Opens an ADF overlay engine.
- *
- * Returns a file descriptor.  The caller must close() the fd when done.
- * On error, returns -errno.
- */
-int adf_overlay_engine_open(struct adf_device *dev, adf_id_t id, int flags);
-/**
- * Reads the overlay engine data.
- *
- * adf_get_overlay_engine_data() allocates buffers inside data, which the caller
- * must free by calling adf_free_overlay_engine_data().  On error, returns
- * -errno.
- */
-int adf_get_overlay_engine_data(int fd, struct adf_overlay_engine_data *data);
-/**
- * Frees the overlay engine data returned by adf_get_overlay_engine_data().
- */
-void adf_free_overlay_engine_data(struct adf_overlay_engine_data *data);
-
-/**
- * Returns whether the overlay engine supports the specified format.
- */
-bool adf_overlay_engine_supports_format(int fd, __u32 format);
-
-/**
- * Subscribes or unsubscribes from the specified hardware event.
- */
-int adf_set_event(int fd, enum adf_event_type type, bool enabled);
-/**
- * Reads one event from the fd, blocking if needed.
- *
- * The caller must free() the returned buffer.  On error, returns -errno.
- */
-int adf_read_event(int fd, struct adf_event **event);
-
-#define ADF_FORMAT_STR_SIZE 5
-/**
- * Converts an ADF/DRM fourcc format to its string representation.
- */
-void adf_format_str(__u32 format, char buf[ADF_FORMAT_STR_SIZE]);
-
-/**
- * Finds an appropriate interface and overlay engine for a simple post.
- *
- * Specifically, finds the primary interface, and an overlay engine
- * that can be attached to the primary interface and supports one of the
- * specified formats.  The caller may pass a NULL formats list, to indicate that
- * any RGB format is acceptable.
- *
- * On error, returns -errno.
- */
-int adf_find_simple_post_configuration(struct adf_device *dev,
-        const __u32 *formats, size_t n_formats,
-        adf_id_t *interface, adf_id_t *overlay_engine);
-
-__END_DECLS
-
-#endif /* _LIBADF_ADF_H_ */
diff --git a/deprecated-adf/libadf/include/video/adf.h b/deprecated-adf/libadf/include/video/adf.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 692a425..0000000
--- a/deprecated-adf/libadf/include/video/adf.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,209 +0,0 @@
-/****************************************************************************
- ****************************************************************************
- ***
- ***   This header was automatically generated from a Linux kernel header
- ***   of the same name, to make information necessary for userspace to
- ***   call into the kernel available to libc.  It contains only constants,
- ***   structures, and macros generated from the original header, and thus,
- ***   contains no copyrightable information.
- ***
- ***   To edit the content of this header, modify the corresponding
- ***   source file (e.g. under external/kernel-headers/original/) then
- ***   run bionic/libc/kernel/tools/update_all.py
- ***
- ***   Any manual change here will be lost the next time this script will
- ***   be run. You've been warned!
- ***
- ****************************************************************************
- ****************************************************************************/
-#ifndef _UAPI_VIDEO_ADF_H_
-#define _UAPI_VIDEO_ADF_H_
-#include <linux/ioctl.h>
-#include <linux/types.h>
-/* WARNING: DO NOT EDIT, AUTO-GENERATED CODE - SEE TOP FOR INSTRUCTIONS */
-#include <drm/drm_fourcc.h>
-#include <drm/drm_mode.h>
-#define ADF_NAME_LEN 32
-#define ADF_MAX_CUSTOM_DATA_SIZE 4096
-/* WARNING: DO NOT EDIT, AUTO-GENERATED CODE - SEE TOP FOR INSTRUCTIONS */
-enum adf_interface_type {
-  ADF_INTF_DSI = 0,
-  ADF_INTF_eDP = 1,
-  ADF_INTF_DPI = 2,
-/* WARNING: DO NOT EDIT, AUTO-GENERATED CODE - SEE TOP FOR INSTRUCTIONS */
-  ADF_INTF_VGA = 3,
-  ADF_INTF_DVI = 4,
-  ADF_INTF_HDMI = 5,
-  ADF_INTF_MEMORY = 6,
-/* WARNING: DO NOT EDIT, AUTO-GENERATED CODE - SEE TOP FOR INSTRUCTIONS */
-  ADF_INTF_TYPE_DEVICE_CUSTOM = 128,
-  ADF_INTF_TYPE_MAX = (~(__u32) 0),
-};
-#define ADF_INTF_FLAG_PRIMARY (1 << 0)
-/* WARNING: DO NOT EDIT, AUTO-GENERATED CODE - SEE TOP FOR INSTRUCTIONS */
-#define ADF_INTF_FLAG_EXTERNAL (1 << 1)
-enum adf_event_type {
-  ADF_EVENT_VSYNC = 0,
-  ADF_EVENT_HOTPLUG = 1,
-/* WARNING: DO NOT EDIT, AUTO-GENERATED CODE - SEE TOP FOR INSTRUCTIONS */
-  ADF_EVENT_DEVICE_CUSTOM = 128,
-  ADF_EVENT_TYPE_MAX = 255,
-};
-enum adf_complete_fence_type {
-/* WARNING: DO NOT EDIT, AUTO-GENERATED CODE - SEE TOP FOR INSTRUCTIONS */
-  ADF_COMPLETE_FENCE_NONE = 0,
-  ADF_COMPLETE_FENCE_PRESENT = 1,
-  ADF_COMPLETE_FENCE_RELEASE = 2,
-};
-/* WARNING: DO NOT EDIT, AUTO-GENERATED CODE - SEE TOP FOR INSTRUCTIONS */
-struct adf_set_event {
-  __u8 type;
-  __u8 enabled;
-};
-/* WARNING: DO NOT EDIT, AUTO-GENERATED CODE - SEE TOP FOR INSTRUCTIONS */
-struct adf_event {
-  __u8 type;
-  __u32 length;
-};
-/* WARNING: DO NOT EDIT, AUTO-GENERATED CODE - SEE TOP FOR INSTRUCTIONS */
-struct adf_vsync_event {
-  struct adf_event base;
-  __aligned_u64 timestamp;
-};
-/* WARNING: DO NOT EDIT, AUTO-GENERATED CODE - SEE TOP FOR INSTRUCTIONS */
-struct adf_hotplug_event {
-  struct adf_event base;
-  __u8 connected;
-};
-/* WARNING: DO NOT EDIT, AUTO-GENERATED CODE - SEE TOP FOR INSTRUCTIONS */
-#define ADF_MAX_PLANES 4
-struct adf_buffer_config {
-  __u32 overlay_engine;
-  __u32 w;
-/* WARNING: DO NOT EDIT, AUTO-GENERATED CODE - SEE TOP FOR INSTRUCTIONS */
-  __u32 h;
-  __u32 format;
-  __s32 fd[ADF_MAX_PLANES];
-  __u32 offset[ADF_MAX_PLANES];
-/* WARNING: DO NOT EDIT, AUTO-GENERATED CODE - SEE TOP FOR INSTRUCTIONS */
-  __u32 pitch[ADF_MAX_PLANES];
-  __u8 n_planes;
-  __s32 acquire_fence;
-};
-/* WARNING: DO NOT EDIT, AUTO-GENERATED CODE - SEE TOP FOR INSTRUCTIONS */
-#define ADF_MAX_BUFFERS (4096 / sizeof(struct adf_buffer_config))
-struct adf_post_config {
-  size_t n_interfaces;
-  __u32 __user * interfaces;
-/* WARNING: DO NOT EDIT, AUTO-GENERATED CODE - SEE TOP FOR INSTRUCTIONS */
-  size_t n_bufs;
-  struct adf_buffer_config __user * bufs;
-  size_t custom_data_size;
-  void __user * custom_data;
-/* WARNING: DO NOT EDIT, AUTO-GENERATED CODE - SEE TOP FOR INSTRUCTIONS */
-  __s32 complete_fence;
-};
-struct adf_post_config_v2 {
-  __u32 n_interfaces;
-/* WARNING: DO NOT EDIT, AUTO-GENERATED CODE - SEE TOP FOR INSTRUCTIONS */
-  __u64 interfaces;
-  __u32 n_bufs;
-  __u64 bufs;
-  __u64 custom_data_size;
-/* WARNING: DO NOT EDIT, AUTO-GENERATED CODE - SEE TOP FOR INSTRUCTIONS */
-  __u64 custom_data;
-  __s32 complete_fence;
-  __u8 complete_fence_type;
-};
-/* WARNING: DO NOT EDIT, AUTO-GENERATED CODE - SEE TOP FOR INSTRUCTIONS */
-#define ADF_MAX_INTERFACES (4096 / sizeof(__u32))
-struct adf_simple_buffer_alloc {
-  __u16 w;
-  __u16 h;
-/* WARNING: DO NOT EDIT, AUTO-GENERATED CODE - SEE TOP FOR INSTRUCTIONS */
-  __u32 format;
-  __s32 fd;
-  __u32 offset;
-  __u32 pitch;
-/* WARNING: DO NOT EDIT, AUTO-GENERATED CODE - SEE TOP FOR INSTRUCTIONS */
-};
-struct adf_simple_post_config {
-  struct adf_buffer_config buf;
-  __s32 complete_fence;
-/* WARNING: DO NOT EDIT, AUTO-GENERATED CODE - SEE TOP FOR INSTRUCTIONS */
-};
-struct adf_simple_post_config_v2 {
-  struct adf_buffer_config buf;
-  __s32 complete_fence;
-/* WARNING: DO NOT EDIT, AUTO-GENERATED CODE - SEE TOP FOR INSTRUCTIONS */
-  __u8 complete_fence_type;
-};
-struct adf_attachment_config {
-  __u32 overlay_engine;
-/* WARNING: DO NOT EDIT, AUTO-GENERATED CODE - SEE TOP FOR INSTRUCTIONS */
-  __u32 interface;
-};
-struct adf_device_data {
-  char name[ADF_NAME_LEN];
-/* WARNING: DO NOT EDIT, AUTO-GENERATED CODE - SEE TOP FOR INSTRUCTIONS */
-  size_t n_attachments;
-  struct adf_attachment_config __user * attachments;
-  size_t n_allowed_attachments;
-  struct adf_attachment_config __user * allowed_attachments;
-/* WARNING: DO NOT EDIT, AUTO-GENERATED CODE - SEE TOP FOR INSTRUCTIONS */
-  size_t custom_data_size;
-  void __user * custom_data;
-};
-#define ADF_MAX_ATTACHMENTS (4096 / sizeof(struct adf_attachment_config))
-/* WARNING: DO NOT EDIT, AUTO-GENERATED CODE - SEE TOP FOR INSTRUCTIONS */
-struct adf_interface_data {
-  char name[ADF_NAME_LEN];
-  __u32 type;
-  __u32 id;
-/* WARNING: DO NOT EDIT, AUTO-GENERATED CODE - SEE TOP FOR INSTRUCTIONS */
-  __u32 flags;
-  __u8 dpms_state;
-  __u8 hotplug_detect;
-  __u16 width_mm;
-/* WARNING: DO NOT EDIT, AUTO-GENERATED CODE - SEE TOP FOR INSTRUCTIONS */
-  __u16 height_mm;
-  struct drm_mode_modeinfo current_mode;
-  size_t n_available_modes;
-  struct drm_mode_modeinfo __user * available_modes;
-/* WARNING: DO NOT EDIT, AUTO-GENERATED CODE - SEE TOP FOR INSTRUCTIONS */
-  size_t custom_data_size;
-  void __user * custom_data;
-};
-#define ADF_MAX_MODES (4096 / sizeof(struct drm_mode_modeinfo))
-/* WARNING: DO NOT EDIT, AUTO-GENERATED CODE - SEE TOP FOR INSTRUCTIONS */
-struct adf_overlay_engine_data {
-  char name[ADF_NAME_LEN];
-  size_t n_supported_formats;
-  __u32 __user * supported_formats;
-/* WARNING: DO NOT EDIT, AUTO-GENERATED CODE - SEE TOP FOR INSTRUCTIONS */
-  size_t custom_data_size;
-  void __user * custom_data;
-};
-#define ADF_MAX_SUPPORTED_FORMATS (4096 / sizeof(__u32))
-/* WARNING: DO NOT EDIT, AUTO-GENERATED CODE - SEE TOP FOR INSTRUCTIONS */
-#define ADF_IOCTL_TYPE 'D'
-#define ADF_IOCTL_NR_CUSTOM 128
-#define ADF_SET_EVENT _IOW(ADF_IOCTL_TYPE, 0, struct adf_set_event)
-#define ADF_BLANK _IOW(ADF_IOCTL_TYPE, 1, __u8)
-/* WARNING: DO NOT EDIT, AUTO-GENERATED CODE - SEE TOP FOR INSTRUCTIONS */
-#define ADF_POST_CONFIG _IOW(ADF_IOCTL_TYPE, 2, struct adf_post_config)
-#define ADF_SET_MODE _IOW(ADF_IOCTL_TYPE, 3, struct drm_mode_modeinfo)
-#define ADF_GET_DEVICE_DATA _IOR(ADF_IOCTL_TYPE, 4, struct adf_device_data)
-#define ADF_GET_INTERFACE_DATA _IOR(ADF_IOCTL_TYPE, 5, struct adf_interface_data)
-/* WARNING: DO NOT EDIT, AUTO-GENERATED CODE - SEE TOP FOR INSTRUCTIONS */
-#define ADF_GET_OVERLAY_ENGINE_DATA _IOR(ADF_IOCTL_TYPE, 6, struct adf_overlay_engine_data)
-#define ADF_SIMPLE_POST_CONFIG _IOW(ADF_IOCTL_TYPE, 7, struct adf_simple_post_config)
-#define ADF_SIMPLE_BUFFER_ALLOC _IOW(ADF_IOCTL_TYPE, 8, struct adf_simple_buffer_alloc)
-#define ADF_ATTACH _IOW(ADF_IOCTL_TYPE, 9, struct adf_attachment_config)
-/* WARNING: DO NOT EDIT, AUTO-GENERATED CODE - SEE TOP FOR INSTRUCTIONS */
-#define ADF_DETACH _IOW(ADF_IOCTL_TYPE, 10, struct adf_attachment_config)
-#define ADF_POST_CONFIG_V2 _IOW(ADF_IOCTL_TYPE, 11, struct adf_post_config_v2)
-#define ADF_SIMPLE_POST_CONFIG_V2 _IOW(ADF_IOCTL_TYPE, 12, struct adf_simple_post_config_v2)
-#endif
-/* WARNING: DO NOT EDIT, AUTO-GENERATED CODE - SEE TOP FOR INSTRUCTIONS */
-
diff --git a/deprecated-adf/libadf/original-kernel-headers/video/adf.h b/deprecated-adf/libadf/original-kernel-headers/video/adf.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 8293c1d..0000000
--- a/deprecated-adf/libadf/original-kernel-headers/video/adf.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,386 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2013 Google, Inc.
- *
- * This software is licensed under the terms of the GNU General Public
- * License version 2, as published by the Free Software Foundation, and
- * may be copied, distributed, and modified under those terms.
- *
- * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
- * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
- * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
- * GNU General Public License for more details.
- *
- */
-
-#ifndef _UAPI_VIDEO_ADF_H_
-#define _UAPI_VIDEO_ADF_H_
-
-#include <linux/ioctl.h>
-#include <linux/types.h>
-
-#include <drm/drm_fourcc.h>
-#include <drm/drm_mode.h>
-
-#define ADF_NAME_LEN 32
-#define ADF_MAX_CUSTOM_DATA_SIZE 4096
-
-enum adf_interface_type {
-	ADF_INTF_DSI = 0,
-	ADF_INTF_eDP = 1,
-	ADF_INTF_DPI = 2,
-	ADF_INTF_VGA = 3,
-	ADF_INTF_DVI = 4,
-	ADF_INTF_HDMI = 5,
-	ADF_INTF_MEMORY = 6,
-	ADF_INTF_TYPE_DEVICE_CUSTOM = 128,
-	ADF_INTF_TYPE_MAX = (~(__u32)0),
-};
-
-#define ADF_INTF_FLAG_PRIMARY (1 << 0)
-#define ADF_INTF_FLAG_EXTERNAL (1 << 1)
-
-enum adf_event_type {
-	ADF_EVENT_VSYNC = 0,
-	ADF_EVENT_HOTPLUG = 1,
-	ADF_EVENT_DEVICE_CUSTOM = 128,
-	ADF_EVENT_TYPE_MAX = 255,
-};
-
-enum adf_complete_fence_type {
-	/* no fence */
-	ADF_COMPLETE_FENCE_NONE = 0,
-	/* fence fires when the configuration appears on the screen */
-	ADF_COMPLETE_FENCE_PRESENT = 1,
-	/* fence fires when the configuration leaves the screen */
-	ADF_COMPLETE_FENCE_RELEASE = 2,
-};
-
-/**
- * struct adf_set_event - start or stop subscribing to ADF events
- *
- * @type: the type of event to (un)subscribe
- * @enabled: subscribe or unsubscribe
- *
- * After subscribing to an event, userspace may poll() the ADF object's fd
- * to wait for events or read() to consume the event's data.
- *
- * ADF reserves event types 0 to %ADF_EVENT_DEVICE_CUSTOM-1 for its own events.
- * Devices may use event types %ADF_EVENT_DEVICE_CUSTOM to %ADF_EVENT_TYPE_MAX-1
- * for driver-private events.
- */
-struct adf_set_event {
-	__u8 type;
-	__u8 enabled;
-};
-
-/**
- * struct adf_event - common header for ADF event data
- *
- * @type: event type
- * @length: total size of event data, header inclusive
- */
-struct adf_event {
-	__u8 type;
-	__u32 length;
-};
-
-/**
- * struct adf_vsync_event - ADF vsync event
- *
- * @base: event header (see &struct adf_event)
- * @timestamp: time of vsync event, in nanoseconds
- */
-struct adf_vsync_event {
-	struct adf_event base;
-	__aligned_u64 timestamp;
-};
-
-/**
- * struct adf_vsync_event - ADF display hotplug event
- *
- * @base: event header (see &struct adf_event)
- * @connected: whether a display is now connected to the interface
- */
-struct adf_hotplug_event {
-	struct adf_event base;
-	__u8 connected;
-};
-
-#define ADF_MAX_PLANES 4
-/**
- * struct adf_buffer_config - description of buffer displayed by adf_post_config
- *
- * @overlay_engine: id of the target overlay engine
- * @w: width of display region in pixels
- * @h: height of display region in pixels
- * @format: DRM-style fourcc, see drm_fourcc.h for standard formats
- * @fd: dma_buf fd for each plane
- * @offset: location of first pixel to scan out, in bytes
- * @pitch: stride (i.e. length of a scanline including padding) in bytes
- * @n_planes: number of planes in buffer
- * @acquire_fence: sync_fence fd which will clear when the buffer is
- *	ready for display, or <0 if the buffer is already ready
- */
-struct adf_buffer_config {
-	__u32 overlay_engine;
-
-	__u32 w;
-	__u32 h;
-	__u32 format;
-
-	__s32 fd[ADF_MAX_PLANES];
-	__u32 offset[ADF_MAX_PLANES];
-	__u32 pitch[ADF_MAX_PLANES];
-	__u8 n_planes;
-
-	__s32 acquire_fence;
-};
-#define ADF_MAX_BUFFERS (4096 / sizeof(struct adf_buffer_config))
-
-/**
- * struct adf_post_config - request to flip to a new set of buffers
- *
- * This request is equivalent to &struct adf_post_config_v2 with
- * @complete_fence_type = %ADF_COMPLETE_FENCE_RELEASE.
- *
- * @n_interfaces: number of interfaces targeted by the flip (input)
- * @interfaces: ids of interfaces targeted by the flip (input)
- * @n_bufs: number of buffers displayed (input)
- * @bufs: description of buffers displayed (input)
- * @custom_data_size: size of driver-private data (input)
- * @custom_data: driver-private data (input)
- * @complete_fence: sync_fence fd which will clear when this
- *	configuration has left the screen (output)
- */
-struct adf_post_config {
-	size_t n_interfaces;
-	__u32 __user *interfaces;
-
-	size_t n_bufs;
-	struct adf_buffer_config __user *bufs;
-
-	size_t custom_data_size;
-	void __user *custom_data;
-
-	__s32 complete_fence;
-};
-
-/**
- * struct adf_post_config_v2 - request to flip to a new set of buffers
- *
- * @n_interfaces: number of interfaces targeted by the flip (input)
- * @interfaces: ids of interfaces targeted by the flip (input)
- * @n_bufs: number of buffers displayed (input)
- * @bufs: description of buffers displayed (input)
- * @custom_data_size: size of driver-private data (input)
- * @custom_data: driver-private data (input)
- * @complete_fence_type: one of &enum adf_complete_fence_type describing what
- * 	fence to return (input)
- * @complete_fence: sync_fence fd which will fire at the time
- * 	requested by @complete_fence_type (output)
- */
-struct adf_post_config_v2 {
-	__u32 n_interfaces;
-	__u64 interfaces; /* __u32 * packed into __u64 */
-
-	__u32 n_bufs;
-	__u64 bufs; /* struct adf_buffer_config * packed into __u64 */
-
-	__u64 custom_data_size;
-	__u64 custom_data; /* void * packed into __u64 */
-
-	__s32 complete_fence;
-	__u8 complete_fence_type;
-};
-#define ADF_MAX_INTERFACES (4096 / sizeof(__u32))
-
-/**
- * struct adf_simple_buffer_allocate - request to allocate a "simple" buffer
- *
- * @w: width of buffer in pixels (input)
- * @h: height of buffer in pixels (input)
- * @format: DRM-style fourcc (input)
- *
- * @fd: dma_buf fd (output)
- * @offset: location of first pixel, in bytes (output)
- * @pitch: length of a scanline including padding, in bytes (output)
- *
- * Simple buffers are analogous to DRM's "dumb" buffers.  They have a single
- * plane of linear RGB data which can be allocated and scanned out without
- * any driver-private ioctls or data.
- *
- * @format must be a standard RGB format defined in drm_fourcc.h.
- *
- * ADF clients must NOT assume that an interface can scan out a simple buffer
- * allocated by a different ADF interface, even if the two interfaces belong to
- * the same ADF device.
- */
-struct adf_simple_buffer_alloc {
-	__u16 w;
-	__u16 h;
-	__u32 format;
-
-	__s32 fd;
-	__u32 offset;
-	__u32 pitch;
-};
-
-/**
- * struct adf_simple_post_config - request to flip to a single buffer without
- * driver-private data
- *
- * This request is equivalent to &struct adf_simple_post_config_v2 with
- * @complete_fence_type = %ADF_COMPLETE_FENCE_RELEASE.
- *
- * @buf: description of buffer displayed (input)
- * @complete_fence: sync_fence fd which will clear when this buffer has left the
- * screen (output)
- */
-struct adf_simple_post_config {
-	struct adf_buffer_config buf;
-	__s32 complete_fence;
-};
-
-/**
- * struct adf_simple_post_config_v2 - request to flip to a single buffer without
- * driver-private data
- *
- * @buf: description of buffer displayed (input)
- * @complete_fence_type: one of &enum adf_complete_fence_type describing what
- * 	fence to return (input)
- * @complete_fence: sync_fence fd which will fire at the time
- * 	requested by @complete_fence_type (output)
- */
-struct adf_simple_post_config_v2 {
-	struct adf_buffer_config buf;
-	__s32 complete_fence;
-	__u8 complete_fence_type;
-};
-
-/**
- * struct adf_attachment_config - description of attachment between an overlay
- * engine and an interface
- *
- * @overlay_engine: id of the overlay engine
- * @interface: id of the interface
- */
-struct adf_attachment_config {
-	__u32 overlay_engine;
-	__u32 interface;
-};
-
-/**
- * struct adf_device_data - describes a display device
- *
- * @name: display device's name
- * @n_attachments: the number of current attachments
- * @attachments: list of current attachments
- * @n_allowed_attachments: the number of allowed attachments
- * @allowed_attachments: list of allowed attachments
- * @custom_data_size: size of driver-private data
- * @custom_data: driver-private data
- */
-struct adf_device_data {
-	char name[ADF_NAME_LEN];
-
-	size_t n_attachments;
-	struct adf_attachment_config __user *attachments;
-
-	size_t n_allowed_attachments;
-	struct adf_attachment_config __user *allowed_attachments;
-
-	size_t custom_data_size;
-	void __user *custom_data;
-};
-#define ADF_MAX_ATTACHMENTS (4096 / sizeof(struct adf_attachment_config))
-
-/**
- * struct adf_device_data - describes a display interface
- *
- * @name: display interface's name
- * @type: interface type (see enum @adf_interface_type)
- * @id: which interface of type @type;
- *	e.g. interface DSI.1 -> @type=@ADF_INTF_TYPE_DSI, @id=1
- * @flags: informational flags (bitmask of %ADF_INTF_FLAG_* values)
- * @dpms_state: DPMS state (one of @DRM_MODE_DPMS_* defined in drm_mode.h)
- * @hotplug_detect: whether a display is plugged in
- * @width_mm: screen width in millimeters, or 0 if unknown
- * @height_mm: screen height in millimeters, or 0 if unknown
- * @current_mode: current display mode
- * @n_available_modes: the number of hardware display modes
- * @available_modes: list of hardware display modes
- * @custom_data_size: size of driver-private data
- * @custom_data: driver-private data
- */
-struct adf_interface_data {
-	char name[ADF_NAME_LEN];
-
-	__u32 type;
-	__u32 id;
-	/* e.g. type=ADF_INTF_TYPE_DSI, id=1 => DSI.1 */
-	__u32 flags;
-
-	__u8 dpms_state;
-	__u8 hotplug_detect;
-	__u16 width_mm;
-	__u16 height_mm;
-
-	struct drm_mode_modeinfo current_mode;
-	size_t n_available_modes;
-	struct drm_mode_modeinfo __user *available_modes;
-
-	size_t custom_data_size;
-	void __user *custom_data;
-};
-#define ADF_MAX_MODES (4096 / sizeof(struct drm_mode_modeinfo))
-
-/**
- * struct adf_overlay_engine_data - describes an overlay engine
- *
- * @name: overlay engine's name
- * @n_supported_formats: number of supported formats
- * @supported_formats: list of supported formats
- * @custom_data_size: size of driver-private data
- * @custom_data: driver-private data
- */
-struct adf_overlay_engine_data {
-	char name[ADF_NAME_LEN];
-
-	size_t n_supported_formats;
-	__u32 __user *supported_formats;
-
-	size_t custom_data_size;
-	void __user *custom_data;
-};
-#define ADF_MAX_SUPPORTED_FORMATS (4096 / sizeof(__u32))
-
-#define ADF_IOCTL_TYPE		'D'
-#define ADF_IOCTL_NR_CUSTOM	128
-
-#define ADF_SET_EVENT		_IOW(ADF_IOCTL_TYPE, 0, struct adf_set_event)
-#define ADF_BLANK		_IOW(ADF_IOCTL_TYPE, 1, __u8)
-#define ADF_POST_CONFIG		_IOW(ADF_IOCTL_TYPE, 2, struct adf_post_config)
-#define ADF_SET_MODE		_IOW(ADF_IOCTL_TYPE, 3, \
-					struct drm_mode_modeinfo)
-#define ADF_GET_DEVICE_DATA	_IOR(ADF_IOCTL_TYPE, 4, struct adf_device_data)
-#define ADF_GET_INTERFACE_DATA	_IOR(ADF_IOCTL_TYPE, 5, \
-					struct adf_interface_data)
-#define ADF_GET_OVERLAY_ENGINE_DATA \
-				_IOR(ADF_IOCTL_TYPE, 6, \
-					struct adf_overlay_engine_data)
-#define ADF_SIMPLE_POST_CONFIG	_IOW(ADF_IOCTL_TYPE, 7, \
-					struct adf_simple_post_config)
-#define ADF_SIMPLE_BUFFER_ALLOC	_IOW(ADF_IOCTL_TYPE, 8, \
-					struct adf_simple_buffer_alloc)
-#define ADF_ATTACH		_IOW(ADF_IOCTL_TYPE, 9, \
-					struct adf_attachment_config)
-#define ADF_DETACH		_IOW(ADF_IOCTL_TYPE, 10, \
-					struct adf_attachment_config)
-
-#define ADF_POST_CONFIG_V2	_IOW(ADF_IOCTL_TYPE, 11, \
-					struct adf_post_config_v2)
-#define ADF_SIMPLE_POST_CONFIG_V2 \
-				_IOW(ADF_IOCTL_TYPE, 12, \
-					struct adf_simple_post_config_v2)
-
-#endif /* _UAPI_VIDEO_ADF_H_ */
diff --git a/deprecated-adf/libadf/tests/adf_test.cpp b/deprecated-adf/libadf/tests/adf_test.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 82a91f4..0000000
--- a/deprecated-adf/libadf/tests/adf_test.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,403 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2013 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include <errno.h>
-#include <fcntl.h>
-
-#include <adf/adf.h>
-#include <gtest/gtest.h>
-#include <sys/mman.h>
-#include <sync/sync.h>
-
-class AdfTest : public testing::Test {
-public:
-    AdfTest() : intf_id(0), intf(-1), eng_id(0), eng(-1) { }
-
-    virtual void SetUp() {
-        int err = adf_device_open(dev_id, O_RDWR, &dev);
-        ASSERT_GE(err, 0) << "opening ADF device " << dev_id <<
-                " failed: " << strerror(-err);
-
-        err = adf_find_simple_post_configuration(&dev, fmt8888, n_fmt8888,
-                &intf_id, &eng_id);
-        ASSERT_GE(err, 0) << "finding ADF configuration failed: " <<
-                strerror(-err);
-
-        intf = adf_interface_open(&dev, intf_id, O_RDWR);
-        ASSERT_GE(intf, 0) << "opening ADF interface " << dev_id << "." <<
-                intf_id << " failed: " << strerror(-intf);
-
-        eng = adf_overlay_engine_open(&dev, eng_id, O_RDWR);
-        ASSERT_GE(eng, 0) << "opening ADF overlay engine " << dev_id << "." <<
-                eng_id << " failed: " << strerror(-eng);
-    }
-
-    virtual void TearDown() {
-        if (eng >= 0)
-            close(eng);
-        if (intf >= 0)
-            close(intf);
-        adf_device_close(&dev);
-    }
-
-    void get8888Format(uint32_t &fmt, char fmt_str[ADF_FORMAT_STR_SIZE]) {
-        adf_overlay_engine_data data;
-        int err = adf_get_overlay_engine_data(eng, &data);
-        ASSERT_GE(err, 0) << "getting ADF overlay engine data failed: " <<
-                strerror(-err);
-
-        for (size_t i = 0; i < data.n_supported_formats; i++) {
-            for (size_t j = 0; j < n_fmt8888; j++) {
-                if (data.supported_formats[i] == fmt8888[j]) {
-                    fmt = data.supported_formats[i];
-                    adf_format_str(fmt, fmt_str);
-                    adf_free_overlay_engine_data(&data);
-                    return;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        adf_free_overlay_engine_data(&data);
-        FAIL(); /* this should never happen */
-    }
-
-    /* various helpers to call ADF and die on failure */
-
-    void getInterfaceData(adf_interface_data &data) {
-         int err = adf_get_interface_data(intf, &data);
-         ASSERT_GE(err, 0) << "getting ADF interface data failed: " <<
-                 strerror(-err);
-    }
-
-    void getCurrentMode(uint32_t &w, uint32_t &h) {
-        adf_interface_data data;
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(getInterfaceData(data));
-        w = data.current_mode.hdisplay;
-        h = data.current_mode.vdisplay;
-        adf_free_interface_data(&data);
-    }
-
-    void blank(uint8_t mode) {
-        int err = adf_interface_blank(intf, mode);
-        ASSERT_FALSE(err < 0 && err != -EBUSY) <<
-                "unblanking interface failed: " << strerror(-err);
-    }
-
-    void attach() {
-        int err = adf_device_attach(&dev, eng_id, intf_id);
-        ASSERT_FALSE(err < 0 && err != -EALREADY) <<
-                "attaching overlay engine " << eng_id << " to interface " <<
-                intf_id << " failed: " << strerror(-err);
-    }
-
-    void detach() {
-        int err = adf_device_detach(&dev, eng_id, intf_id);
-        ASSERT_FALSE(err < 0 && err != -EINVAL) <<
-                "detaching overlay engine " << eng_id << " from interface " <<
-                intf_id << " failed: " << strerror(-err);
-    }
-
-    void readVsyncTimestamp(uint64_t &timestamp) {
-        adf_event *event;
-        int err = adf_read_event(intf, &event);
-        ASSERT_GE(err, 0) << "reading ADF event failed: " << strerror(-err);
-
-        ASSERT_EQ(ADF_EVENT_VSYNC, event->type);
-        ASSERT_EQ(sizeof(adf_vsync_event), event->length);
-
-        adf_vsync_event *vsync_event =
-                reinterpret_cast<adf_vsync_event *>(event);
-        timestamp = vsync_event->timestamp;
-        free(event);
-    }
-
-    void drawCheckerboard(uint32_t &w, uint32_t &h, uint32_t &format,
-            char format_str[ADF_FORMAT_STR_SIZE], int &buf_fd, uint32_t &offset,
-            uint32_t &pitch) {
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(getCurrentMode(w, h));
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(get8888Format(format, format_str));
-
-        buf_fd = adf_interface_simple_buffer_alloc(intf, w, h, format, &offset,
-                &pitch);
-        ASSERT_GE(buf_fd, 0) << "allocating " << w << "x" << h << " " <<
-                format_str << " buffer failed: " << strerror(-buf_fd);
-        EXPECT_GE(pitch, w * 4);
-
-        void *mapped = mmap(NULL, pitch * h, PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, buf_fd,
-                offset);
-        ASSERT_NE(mapped, MAP_FAILED) << "mapping " << w << "x" << h << " " <<
-                format_str << " buffer failed: " << strerror(-errno);
-
-        uint8_t *buf8 = static_cast<uint8_t *>(mapped);
-        for (uint32_t y = 0; y < h / 2; y++) {
-            uint32_t *scanline = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t *>(buf8 + y * pitch);
-            for (uint32_t x = 0; x < w / 2; x++)
-                scanline[x] = 0xFF0000FF;
-            for (uint32_t x = w / 2; x < w; x++)
-                scanline[x] = 0xFF00FFFF;
-        }
-        for (uint32_t y = h / 2; y < h; y++) {
-            uint32_t *scanline = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t *>(buf8 + y * pitch);
-            for (uint32_t x = 0; x < w / 2; x++)
-                scanline[x] = 0xFFFF00FF;
-            for (uint32_t x = w / 2; x < w; x++)
-                scanline[x] = 0xFFFFFFFF;
-        }
-
-        munmap(mapped, pitch * h);
-    }
-
-protected:
-    adf_device dev;
-    adf_id_t intf_id;
-    int intf;
-    adf_id_t eng_id;
-    int eng;
-
-private:
-    const static adf_id_t dev_id;
-    const static __u32 fmt8888[];
-    const static size_t n_fmt8888;
-};
-
-const adf_id_t AdfTest::dev_id = 0;
-
-const __u32 AdfTest::fmt8888[] = {
-   DRM_FORMAT_XRGB8888,
-   DRM_FORMAT_XBGR8888,
-   DRM_FORMAT_RGBX8888,
-   DRM_FORMAT_BGRX8888,
-   DRM_FORMAT_ARGB8888,
-   DRM_FORMAT_ABGR8888,
-   DRM_FORMAT_RGBA8888,
-   DRM_FORMAT_BGRA8888
-};
-const size_t AdfTest::n_fmt8888 = sizeof(fmt8888) / sizeof(fmt8888[0]);
-
-TEST(adf, devices) {
-    adf_id_t *devs = nullptr;
-    ssize_t n_devs = adf_devices(&devs);
-    free(devs);
-
-    ASSERT_GE(n_devs, 0) << "enumerating ADF devices failed: " <<
-            strerror(-n_devs);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(devs != NULL);
-}
-
-TEST_F(AdfTest, device_data) {
-    adf_device_data data;
-    int err = adf_get_device_data(&dev, &data);
-    ASSERT_GE(err, 0) << "getting ADF device data failed: " << strerror(-err);
-
-    EXPECT_LT(data.n_attachments, ADF_MAX_ATTACHMENTS);
-    EXPECT_GT(data.n_allowed_attachments, 0U);
-    EXPECT_LT(data.n_allowed_attachments, ADF_MAX_ATTACHMENTS);
-    EXPECT_LT(data.custom_data_size, (size_t)ADF_MAX_CUSTOM_DATA_SIZE);
-    adf_free_device_data(&data);
-}
-
-TEST_F(AdfTest, interface_data) {
-    adf_interface_data data;
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(getInterfaceData(data));
-
-    EXPECT_LT(data.type, ADF_INTF_TYPE_MAX);
-    EXPECT_LE(data.dpms_state, DRM_MODE_DPMS_OFF);
-    EXPECT_EQ(1, data.hotplug_detect);
-    EXPECT_GT(data.n_available_modes, 0U);
-    EXPECT_LT(data.custom_data_size, (size_t)ADF_MAX_CUSTOM_DATA_SIZE);
-    adf_free_interface_data(&data);
-}
-
-TEST_F(AdfTest, overlay_engine_data) {
-    adf_overlay_engine_data data;
-    int err = adf_get_overlay_engine_data(eng, &data);
-    ASSERT_GE(err, 0) << "getting ADF overlay engine failed: " <<
-            strerror(-err);
-
-    EXPECT_GT(data.n_supported_formats, 0U);
-    EXPECT_LT(data.n_supported_formats, ADF_MAX_SUPPORTED_FORMATS);
-    EXPECT_LT(data.custom_data_size, (size_t)ADF_MAX_CUSTOM_DATA_SIZE);
-    adf_free_overlay_engine_data(&data);
-}
-
-TEST_F(AdfTest, blank) {
-    int err = adf_interface_blank(intf, (uint8_t)-1);
-    EXPECT_EQ(-EINVAL, err) << "setting bogus DPMS mode should have failed";
-
-    err = adf_interface_blank(eng, DRM_MODE_DPMS_OFF);
-    EXPECT_EQ(-EINVAL, err) << "blanking overlay engine should have failed";
-
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(blank(DRM_MODE_DPMS_OFF));
-    err = adf_interface_blank(intf, DRM_MODE_DPMS_OFF);
-    EXPECT_EQ(-EBUSY, err) << "blanking interface twice should have failed";
-
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(blank(DRM_MODE_DPMS_ON));
-    err = adf_interface_blank(intf, DRM_MODE_DPMS_ON);
-    EXPECT_EQ(-EBUSY, err) << "unblanking interface twice should have failed";
-
-    adf_interface_data data;
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(getInterfaceData(data));
-    EXPECT_EQ(DRM_MODE_DPMS_ON, data.dpms_state);
-    adf_free_interface_data(&data);
-}
-
-TEST_F(AdfTest, event) {
-    int err = adf_set_event(intf, ADF_EVENT_TYPE_MAX, true);
-    EXPECT_EQ(-EINVAL, err) << "enabling bogus ADF event should have failed";
-
-    err = adf_set_event(intf, ADF_EVENT_TYPE_MAX, false);
-    EXPECT_EQ(-EINVAL, err) << "disabling bogus ADF event should have failed";
-
-    err = adf_set_event(intf, ADF_EVENT_VSYNC, true);
-    ASSERT_GE(err, 0) << "enabling vsync event failed: " << strerror(-err);
-
-    err = adf_set_event(intf, ADF_EVENT_VSYNC, true);
-    EXPECT_EQ(-EALREADY, err) <<
-            "enabling vsync event twice should have failed";
-
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(blank(DRM_MODE_DPMS_ON));
-
-    uint64_t timestamp1, timestamp2;
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(readVsyncTimestamp(timestamp1));
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(readVsyncTimestamp(timestamp2));
-    EXPECT_GT(timestamp2, timestamp1);
-
-    err = adf_set_event(intf, ADF_EVENT_VSYNC, false);
-    EXPECT_GE(err, 0) << "disabling vsync event failed: " << strerror(-err);
-
-    err = adf_set_event(intf, ADF_EVENT_VSYNC, false);
-    EXPECT_EQ(-EALREADY, err) <<
-            "disabling vsync event twice should have failed";
-}
-
-TEST_F(AdfTest, attach) {
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(attach());
-    int err = adf_device_attach(&dev, eng_id, intf_id);
-    EXPECT_EQ(-EALREADY, err) << "attaching overlay engine " << eng_id <<
-            " to interface " << intf_id << " twice should have failed";
-
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(detach());
-    err = adf_device_detach(&dev, eng_id, intf_id);
-    EXPECT_EQ(-EINVAL, err) << "detaching overlay engine " << eng_id <<
-            " from interface " << intf_id << " twice should have failed";
-
-    err = adf_device_attach(&dev, eng_id, ADF_MAX_INTERFACES);
-    EXPECT_EQ(-EINVAL, err) << "attaching overlay engine " << eng_id <<
-            " to bogus interface should have failed";
-
-    err = adf_device_detach(&dev, eng_id, ADF_MAX_INTERFACES);
-    EXPECT_EQ(-EINVAL, err) << "detaching overlay engine " << eng_id <<
-            " from bogus interface should have failed";
-}
-
-TEST_F(AdfTest, simple_buffer_alloc) {
-    uint32_t w = 0, h = 0;
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(getCurrentMode(w, h));
-
-    uint32_t format;
-    char format_str[ADF_FORMAT_STR_SIZE];
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(get8888Format(format, format_str));
-
-    uint32_t offset;
-    uint32_t pitch;
-    int buf_fd = adf_interface_simple_buffer_alloc(intf, w, h, format, &offset,
-            &pitch);
-    EXPECT_GE(buf_fd, 0) << "allocating " << w << "x" << h << " " <<
-            format_str << " buffer failed: " << strerror(-buf_fd);
-    EXPECT_GE(pitch, w * 4);
-    close(buf_fd);
-
-    buf_fd = adf_interface_simple_buffer_alloc(intf, w, h, 0xDEADBEEF, &offset,
-            &pitch);
-    /* n.b.: ADF only allows simple buffers with built-in RGB formats,
-       so this should fail even if a driver supports custom format 0xDEADBEEF */
-    EXPECT_EQ(-EINVAL, buf_fd) <<
-            "allocating buffer with bogus format should have failed";
-}
-
-TEST_F(AdfTest, simple_buffer) {
-    int buf_fd;
-    uint32_t w, h, format, offset, pitch;
-    char format_str[ADF_FORMAT_STR_SIZE];
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(drawCheckerboard(w, h, format, format_str,
-            buf_fd, offset, pitch));
-
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(attach());
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(blank(DRM_MODE_DPMS_ON));
-
-    int release_fence = adf_interface_simple_post(intf, eng_id, w, h, format,
-            buf_fd, offset, pitch, -1);
-    close(buf_fd);
-    ASSERT_GE(release_fence, 0) << "posting " << w << "x" << h << " " <<
-            format_str << " buffer failed: " << strerror(-release_fence);
-    close(release_fence);
-}
-
-TEST_F(AdfTest, simple_buffer_v2) {
-    int buf_fd;
-    uint32_t w, h, format, offset, pitch;
-    char format_str[ADF_FORMAT_STR_SIZE];
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(drawCheckerboard(w, h, format, format_str,
-            buf_fd, offset, pitch));
-
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(attach());
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(blank(DRM_MODE_DPMS_ON));
-
-    int config_1_release;
-    int err = adf_interface_simple_post_v2(intf, eng_id, w, h,
-            format, buf_fd, offset, pitch, -1, ADF_COMPLETE_FENCE_RELEASE,
-            &config_1_release);
-    if (err == -ENOTTY) {
-        GTEST_LOG_(INFO) << "ADF_SIMPLE_POST_CONFIG_V2 not supported on this kernel";
-        return;
-    }
-    ASSERT_GE(err, 0) << "posting " << w << "x" << h << " " <<
-            format_str << " buffer failed: " << strerror(-err);
-
-    err = sync_wait(config_1_release, 1000);
-    ASSERT_EQ(-1, err) <<
-            "waiting for config 1's release fence should not have suceeded";
-    ASSERT_EQ(ETIME, errno) <<
-            "config 1's release fence should have timed out, but failed instead: " <<
-            strerror(errno);
-
-    int config_2_present;
-    err = adf_interface_simple_post_v2(intf, eng_id, w, h,
-            format, buf_fd, offset, pitch, -1, ADF_COMPLETE_FENCE_PRESENT,
-            &config_2_present);
-    ASSERT_GE(err, 0) << "posting " << w << "x" << h << " " <<
-            format_str << " buffer failed: " << strerror(-err);
-
-    err = sync_wait(config_2_present, 1000);
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, err) <<
-            "waiting for config 2's present fence failed: " << strerror(errno);
-    err = sync_wait(config_1_release, 0);
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, err) <<
-            "waiting for config 1's release fence failed: " << strerror(errno);
-    close(config_1_release);
-    close(config_2_present);
-
-    int config_3_no_fence;
-    err = adf_interface_simple_post_v2(intf, eng_id, w, h,
-            format, buf_fd, offset, pitch, -1, ADF_COMPLETE_FENCE_NONE,
-            &config_3_no_fence);
-    ASSERT_GE(err, 0) << "posting " << w << "x" << h << " " <<
-            format_str << " buffer failed: " << strerror(-err);
-    ASSERT_EQ(-1, config_3_no_fence) <<
-            "fence returned even though the fence type was ADF_COMPLETE_FENCE_NONE";
-
-    close(buf_fd);
-}
diff --git a/deprecated-adf/libadfhwc/adfhwc.cpp b/deprecated-adf/libadfhwc/adfhwc.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 63c0f75..0000000
--- a/deprecated-adf/libadfhwc/adfhwc.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,376 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2013 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include <fcntl.h>
-#include <malloc.h>
-#include <poll.h>
-#include <pthread.h>
-#include <sys/resource.h>
-
-#include <log/log.h>
-#include <utils/Vector.h>
-
-#include <adf/adf.h>
-#include <adfhwc/adfhwc.h>
-
-struct adf_hwc_helper {
-    adf_hwc_event_callbacks const *event_cb;
-    void *event_cb_data;
-
-    pthread_t event_thread;
-
-    android::Vector<int> intf_fds;
-    android::Vector<drm_mode_modeinfo> display_configs;
-};
-
-template<typename T> inline T min(T a, T b) { return (a < b) ? a : b; }
-
-int adf_eventControl(struct adf_hwc_helper *dev, int disp, int event,
-        int enabled)
-{
-    if (enabled != !!enabled)
-        return -EINVAL;
-
-    if ((size_t)disp >= dev->intf_fds.size())
-        return -EINVAL;
-
-    switch (event) {
-    case HWC_EVENT_VSYNC:
-        return adf_set_event(dev->intf_fds[disp], ADF_EVENT_VSYNC, enabled);
-    }
-
-    return -EINVAL;
-}
-
-static inline int32_t dpi(uint16_t res, uint16_t size_mm)
-{
-    if (size_mm)
-        return 1000 * (res * 25.4f) / size_mm;
-    return 0;
-}
-
-int adf_blank(struct adf_hwc_helper *dev, int disp, int blank)
-{
-    if ((size_t)disp >= dev->intf_fds.size())
-        return -EINVAL;
-
-    uint8_t dpms_mode = blank ? DRM_MODE_DPMS_OFF : DRM_MODE_DPMS_ON;
-    return adf_interface_blank(dev->intf_fds[disp], dpms_mode);
-}
-
-int adf_query_display_types_supported(struct adf_hwc_helper *dev, int *value)
-{
-    *value = 0;
-    if (dev->intf_fds.size() > 0)
-        *value |= HWC_DISPLAY_PRIMARY_BIT;
-    if (dev->intf_fds.size() > 1)
-        *value |= HWC_DISPLAY_EXTERNAL_BIT;
-
-    return 0;
-}
-
-int adf_getDisplayConfigs(struct adf_hwc_helper *dev, int disp,
-        uint32_t *configs, size_t *numConfigs)
-{
-    if ((size_t)disp >= dev->intf_fds.size())
-        return -EINVAL;
-
-    adf_interface_data data;
-    int err = adf_get_interface_data(dev->intf_fds[disp], &data);
-    if (err < 0) {
-        ALOGE("failed to get ADF interface data: %s", strerror(err));
-        return err;
-    }
-
-    if (!data.hotplug_detect)
-        return -ENODEV;
-
-    android::Vector<drm_mode_modeinfo *> unique_configs;
-    unique_configs.push_back(&data.current_mode);
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < data.n_available_modes; i++)
-        if (memcmp(&data.available_modes[i], &data.current_mode,
-                sizeof(data.current_mode)))
-            unique_configs.push_back(&data.available_modes[i]);
-
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < min(*numConfigs, unique_configs.size()); i++) {
-        configs[i] = dev->display_configs.size();
-        dev->display_configs.push_back(*unique_configs[i]);
-    }
-    *numConfigs = unique_configs.size();
-
-    adf_free_interface_data(&data);
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static int32_t adf_display_attribute(const adf_interface_data &data,
-        const drm_mode_modeinfo &mode, const uint32_t attribute)
-{
-    switch (attribute) {
-    case HWC_DISPLAY_VSYNC_PERIOD:
-        if (mode.vrefresh)
-            return 1000000000 / mode.vrefresh;
-        return 0;
-
-    case HWC_DISPLAY_WIDTH:
-        return mode.hdisplay;
-
-    case HWC_DISPLAY_HEIGHT:
-        return mode.vdisplay;
-
-    case HWC_DISPLAY_DPI_X:
-        return dpi(mode.hdisplay, data.width_mm);
-
-    case HWC_DISPLAY_DPI_Y:
-        return dpi(mode.vdisplay, data.height_mm);
-
-    default:
-        ALOGE("unknown display attribute %u", attribute);
-        return -EINVAL;
-    }
-}
-
-int adf_getDisplayAttributes(struct adf_hwc_helper *dev, int disp,
-        uint32_t config, const uint32_t *attributes, int32_t *values)
-{
-    if ((size_t)disp >= dev->intf_fds.size())
-        return -EINVAL;
-
-    if (config >= dev->display_configs.size())
-        return -EINVAL;
-
-    adf_interface_data data;
-    int err = adf_get_interface_data(dev->intf_fds[disp], &data);
-    if (err < 0) {
-        ALOGE("failed to get ADF interface data: %s", strerror(err));
-        return err;
-    }
-
-    for (int i = 0; attributes[i] != HWC_DISPLAY_NO_ATTRIBUTE; i++)
-        values[i] = adf_display_attribute(data, dev->display_configs[config],
-                attributes[i]);
-
-    adf_free_interface_data(&data);
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static int32_t adf_display_attribute_hwc2(const adf_interface_data &data,
-        const drm_mode_modeinfo &mode, const uint32_t attribute)
-{
-    switch (attribute) {
-    case HWC2_ATTRIBUTE_VSYNC_PERIOD:
-        if (mode.vrefresh)
-            return 1000000000 / mode.vrefresh;
-        return 0;
-
-    case HWC2_ATTRIBUTE_WIDTH:
-        return mode.hdisplay;
-
-    case HWC2_ATTRIBUTE_HEIGHT:
-        return mode.vdisplay;
-
-    case HWC2_ATTRIBUTE_DPI_X:
-        return dpi(mode.hdisplay, data.width_mm);
-
-    case HWC2_ATTRIBUTE_DPI_Y:
-        return dpi(mode.vdisplay, data.height_mm);
-
-    default:
-        ALOGE("unknown display attribute %u", attribute);
-        return -EINVAL;
-    }
-}
-
-int adf_getDisplayAttributes_hwc2(struct adf_hwc_helper *dev, int disp,
-        uint32_t config, const uint32_t *attributes, int32_t *values)
-{
-    if ((size_t)disp >= dev->intf_fds.size())
-        return -EINVAL;
-
-    if (config >= dev->display_configs.size())
-        return -EINVAL;
-
-    adf_interface_data data;
-    int err = adf_get_interface_data(dev->intf_fds[disp], &data);
-    if (err < 0) {
-        ALOGE("failed to get ADF interface data: %s", strerror(err));
-        return err;
-    }
-
-    for (int i = 0; attributes[i] != HWC2_ATTRIBUTE_INVALID; i++)
-        values[i] = adf_display_attribute_hwc2(data,
-                dev->display_configs[config], attributes[i]);
-
-    adf_free_interface_data(&data);
-    return 0;
-}
-
-int adf_set_active_config_hwc2(struct adf_hwc_helper *dev, int disp,
-        uint32_t config)
-{
-    if ((size_t)disp >= dev->intf_fds.size())
-        return -EINVAL;
-
-    if (config >= dev->display_configs.size())
-        return -EINVAL;
-
-    struct drm_mode_modeinfo mode = dev->display_configs[config];
-
-    return adf_interface_set_mode(dev->intf_fds[disp], &mode);
-}
-
-static void handle_adf_event(struct adf_hwc_helper *dev, int disp)
-{
-    adf_event *event;
-    int err = adf_read_event(dev->intf_fds[disp], &event);
-    if (err < 0) {
-        ALOGE("error reading event from display %d: %s", disp, strerror(err));
-        return;
-    }
-
-    void *vsync_temp;
-    adf_vsync_event *vsync;
-    adf_hotplug_event *hotplug;
-
-    switch (event->type) {
-    case ADF_EVENT_VSYNC:
-        vsync_temp = event;
-        vsync = static_cast<adf_vsync_event *>(vsync_temp);
-        // casting directly to adf_vsync_event * makes g++ warn about
-        // potential alignment issues that don't apply here
-        dev->event_cb->vsync(dev->event_cb_data, disp, vsync->timestamp);
-        break;
-    case ADF_EVENT_HOTPLUG:
-        hotplug = reinterpret_cast<adf_hotplug_event *>(event);
-        dev->event_cb->hotplug(dev->event_cb_data, disp, hotplug->connected);
-        break;
-    default:
-        if (event->type < ADF_EVENT_DEVICE_CUSTOM)
-            ALOGW("unrecognized event type %u", event->type);
-        else if (!dev->event_cb || !dev->event_cb->custom_event)
-            ALOGW("unhandled event type %u", event->type);
-        else
-            dev->event_cb->custom_event(dev->event_cb_data, disp, event);
-    }
-    free(event);
-}
-
-static void *adf_event_thread(void *data)
-{
-    adf_hwc_helper *dev = static_cast<adf_hwc_helper *>(data);
-
-    setpriority(PRIO_PROCESS, 0, HAL_PRIORITY_URGENT_DISPLAY);
-
-    struct sigaction action = { };
-    sigemptyset(&action.sa_mask);
-    action.sa_flags = 0;
-    action.sa_handler = [](int) { pthread_exit(0); };
-
-    if (sigaction(SIGUSR2, &action, NULL) < 0) {
-        ALOGE("failed to set thread exit action %s", strerror(errno));
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    sigset_t signal_set;
-    sigemptyset(&signal_set);
-    sigaddset(&signal_set, SIGUSR2);
-
-    pthread_sigmask(SIG_UNBLOCK, &signal_set, NULL);
-
-    pollfd fds[dev->intf_fds.size()];
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < dev->intf_fds.size(); i++) {
-        fds[i].fd = dev->intf_fds[i];
-        fds[i].events = POLLIN | POLLPRI;
-    }
-
-    while (true) {
-        if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(poll(fds, dev->intf_fds.size(), -1)) < 0) {
-            ALOGE("error in event thread: %s", strerror(errno));
-            break;
-        }
-
-        for (size_t i = 0; i < dev->intf_fds.size(); i++)
-            if (fds[i].revents & (POLLIN | POLLPRI))
-                handle_adf_event(dev, i);
-    }
-
-    return NULL;
-}
-
-int adf_hwc_open(int *intf_fds, size_t n_intfs,
-        const struct adf_hwc_event_callbacks *event_cb, void *event_cb_data,
-        struct adf_hwc_helper **dev)
-{
-    if (!n_intfs)
-        return -EINVAL;
-
-    adf_hwc_helper *dev_ret = new adf_hwc_helper;
-    dev_ret->event_cb = event_cb;
-    dev_ret->event_cb_data = event_cb_data;
-
-    int ret;
-
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < n_intfs; i++) {
-        int dup_intf_fd = dup(intf_fds[i]);
-        if (dup_intf_fd < 0) {
-            ALOGE("failed to dup interface fd: %s", strerror(errno));
-            ret = -errno;
-            goto err;
-        }
-
-        dev_ret->intf_fds.push_back(dup_intf_fd);
-
-        ret = adf_set_event(dup_intf_fd, ADF_EVENT_HOTPLUG, 1);
-        if (ret < 0 && ret != -EINVAL) {
-            ALOGE("failed to enable hotplug event on display %zu: %s",
-                    i, strerror(errno));
-            goto err;
-        }
-    }
-
-    sigset_t signal_set;
-    sigemptyset(&signal_set);
-    sigaddset(&signal_set, SIGUSR2);
-
-    pthread_sigmask(SIG_BLOCK, &signal_set, NULL);
-
-    ret = pthread_create(&dev_ret->event_thread, NULL, adf_event_thread,
-            dev_ret);
-    if (ret) {
-        ALOGE("failed to create event thread: %s", strerror(ret));
-        goto err;
-    }
-
-    *dev = dev_ret;
-    return 0;
-
-err:
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < dev_ret->intf_fds.size(); i++)
-        close(dev_ret->intf_fds[i]);
-
-    delete dev_ret;
-    return ret;
-}
-
-void adf_hwc_close(struct adf_hwc_helper *dev)
-{
-    pthread_kill(dev->event_thread, SIGUSR2);
-    pthread_join(dev->event_thread, NULL);
-
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < dev->intf_fds.size(); i++)
-        close(dev->intf_fds[i]);
-
-    delete dev;
-}
diff --git a/deprecated-adf/libadfhwc/include/adfhwc/adfhwc.h b/deprecated-adf/libadfhwc/include/adfhwc/adfhwc.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 4f70925..0000000
--- a/deprecated-adf/libadfhwc/include/adfhwc/adfhwc.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,140 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2013 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef _LIBADFHWC_ADFHWC_H_
-#define _LIBADFHWC_ADFHWC_H_
-
-#include <stdbool.h>
-#include <stdint.h>
-#include <sys/cdefs.h>
-#include <video/adf.h>
-
-#include <hardware/hwcomposer.h>
-#include <hardware/hwcomposer2.h>
-
-struct adf_hwc_helper;
-
-struct adf_hwc_event_callbacks {
-    /**
-     * Called on vsync (required)
-     */
-    void (*vsync)(void *data, int disp, uint64_t timestamp);
-    /**
-     * Called on hotplug (required)
-     */
-    void (*hotplug)(void *data, int disp, bool connected);
-    /**
-     * Called on hardware-custom ADF events (optional)
-     */
-    void (*custom_event)(void *data, int disp, struct adf_event *event);
-};
-
-/**
- * Converts HAL pixel formats to equivalent ADF/DRM format FourCCs.
- */
-static inline uint32_t adf_fourcc_for_hal_pixel_format(int format)
-{
-    switch (format) {
-    case HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888:
-        return DRM_FORMAT_RGBA8888;
-    case HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBX_8888:
-        return DRM_FORMAT_RGBX8888;
-    case HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGB_888:
-        return DRM_FORMAT_RGB888;
-    case HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGB_565:
-        return DRM_FORMAT_RGB565;
-    case HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_BGRA_8888:
-        return DRM_FORMAT_BGRA8888;
-    case HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_YV12:
-        return DRM_FORMAT_YVU420;
-    case HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_YCbCr_422_SP:
-        return DRM_FORMAT_NV16;
-    case HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_YCrCb_420_SP:
-        return DRM_FORMAT_NV21;
-    case HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_YCbCr_422_I:
-        return DRM_FORMAT_YUYV;
-    default:
-        return 0;
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * Converts HAL display types to equivalent ADF interface flags.
- */
-static inline uint32_t adf_hwc_interface_flag_for_disp(int disp)
-{
-    switch (disp) {
-    case HWC_DISPLAY_PRIMARY:
-        return ADF_INTF_FLAG_PRIMARY;
-    case HWC_DISPLAY_EXTERNAL:
-        return ADF_INTF_FLAG_EXTERNAL;
-    default:
-        return 0;
-    }
-}
-
-__BEGIN_DECLS
-
-/**
- * Create a HWC helper for the specified ADF interfaces.
- *
- * intf_fds must be indexed by HWC display type: e.g.,
- * intf_fds[HWC_DISPLAY_PRIMARY] is the fd for the primary display
- * interface.  n_intfs must be >= 1.
- *
- * The caller retains ownership of the fds in intf_fds and must close()
- * them when they are no longer needed.
- *
- * On error, returns -errno.
- */
-int adf_hwc_open(int *intf_fds, size_t n_intfs,
-        const struct adf_hwc_event_callbacks *event_cb, void *event_cb_data,
-        struct adf_hwc_helper **dev);
-
-/**
- * Destroys a HWC helper.
- */
-void adf_hwc_close(struct adf_hwc_helper *dev);
-
-/**
- * Generic implementations of common HWC ops.
- *
- * The HWC should not point its ops directly at these helpers.  Instead, the HWC
- * should provide stub ops which call these helpers after converting the
- * hwc_composer_device_1* to a struct adf_hwc_helper*.
- */
-int adf_eventControl(struct adf_hwc_helper *dev, int disp, int event,
-        int enabled);
-int adf_blank(struct adf_hwc_helper *dev, int disp, int blank);
-int adf_query_display_types_supported(struct adf_hwc_helper *dev, int *value);
-int adf_getDisplayConfigs(struct adf_hwc_helper *dev, int disp,
-        uint32_t *configs, size_t *numConfigs);
-int adf_getDisplayAttributes(struct adf_hwc_helper *dev, int disp,
-        uint32_t config, const uint32_t *attributes, int32_t *values);
-/**
- * Generic implementation of common HWC2 functions.
- *
- * The HWC2 should not return these functions directly through getFunction.
- * Instead, the HWC2 should return stub functions which call these helpers.
- */
-int adf_getDisplayAttributes_hwc2(struct adf_hwc_helper *dev, int disp,
-        uint32_t config, const uint32_t *attributes, int32_t *values);
-int adf_set_active_config_hwc2(struct adf_hwc_helper *dev, int disp,
-        uint32_t config);
-
-__END_DECLS
-
-#endif /* _LIBADFHWC_ADFHWC_H_ */
diff --git a/fastboot/device/commands.cpp b/fastboot/device/commands.cpp
index 2b2a0bf..b2b6a9e 100644
--- a/fastboot/device/commands.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/device/commands.cpp
@@ -659,7 +659,7 @@
             return device->WriteFail("No snapshot merge is in progress");
         }
 
-        auto sm = SnapshotManager::NewForFirstStageMount();
+        auto sm = SnapshotManager::New();
         if (!sm) {
             return device->WriteFail("Unable to create SnapshotManager");
         }
diff --git a/fs_mgr/Android.bp b/fs_mgr/Android.bp
index ac784b2..96cc5c8 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/Android.bp
+++ b/fs_mgr/Android.bp
@@ -170,6 +170,7 @@
     defaults: ["fs_mgr_defaults"],
     static_libs: [
         "libavb_user",
+        "libgsid",
         "libutils",
         "libvold_binder",
     ],
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr.cpp b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr.cpp
index 2876094..1efe793 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr.cpp
@@ -2143,6 +2143,41 @@
     return false;
 }
 
+std::string fs_mgr_get_hashtree_algorithm(const android::fs_mgr::FstabEntry& entry) {
+    if (!entry.fs_mgr_flags.verify && !entry.fs_mgr_flags.avb) {
+        return "";
+    }
+    DeviceMapper& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
+    std::string device = GetVerityDeviceName(entry);
+
+    std::vector<DeviceMapper::TargetInfo> table;
+    if (dm.GetState(device) == DmDeviceState::INVALID || !dm.GetTableInfo(device, &table)) {
+        return "";
+    }
+    for (const auto& target : table) {
+        if (strcmp(target.spec.target_type, "verity") != 0) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // The format is stable for dm-verity version 0 & 1. And the data is expected to have
+        // the fixed format:
+        // <version> <dev> <hash_dev> <data_block_size> <hash_block_size> <num_data_blocks>
+        // <hash_start_block> <algorithm> <digest> <salt>
+        // Details in https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/admin-guide/device-mapper/verity.html
+
+        std::vector<std::string> tokens = android::base::Split(target.data, " \t\r\n");
+        if (tokens[0] != "0" && tokens[0] != "1") {
+            LOG(WARNING) << "Unrecognized device mapper version in " << target.data;
+            return "";
+        }
+
+        // Hashtree algorithm is the 8th token in the output
+        return android::base::Trim(tokens[7]);
+    }
+
+    return "";
+}
+
 bool fs_mgr_verity_is_check_at_most_once(const android::fs_mgr::FstabEntry& entry) {
     if (!entry.fs_mgr_flags.verify && !entry.fs_mgr_flags.avb) {
         return false;
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_overlayfs.cpp b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_overlayfs.cpp
index 388c296..1134f14 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_overlayfs.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_overlayfs.cpp
@@ -125,10 +125,38 @@
 
 namespace {
 
+bool fs_mgr_in_recovery() {
+    // Check the existence of recovery binary instead of using the compile time
+    // macro, because first-stage-init is compiled with __ANDROID_RECOVERY__
+    // defined, albeit not in recovery. More details: system/core/init/README.md
+    return fs_mgr_access("/system/bin/recovery");
+}
+
+bool fs_mgr_is_dsu_running() {
+    // Since android::gsi::CanBootIntoGsi() or android::gsi::MarkSystemAsGsi() is
+    // never called in recovery, the return value of android::gsi::IsGsiRunning()
+    // is not well-defined. In this case, just return false as being in recovery
+    // implies not running a DSU system.
+    if (fs_mgr_in_recovery()) return false;
+    auto saved_errno = errno;
+    auto ret = android::gsi::IsGsiRunning();
+    errno = saved_errno;
+    return ret;
+}
+
 // list of acceptable overlayfs backing storage
 const auto kScratchMountPoint = "/mnt/scratch"s;
 const auto kCacheMountPoint = "/cache"s;
-const std::vector<const std::string> kOverlayMountPoints = {kScratchMountPoint, kCacheMountPoint};
+
+std::vector<const std::string> OverlayMountPoints() {
+    // Never fallback to legacy cache mount point if within a DSU system,
+    // because running a DSU system implies the device supports dynamic
+    // partitions, which means legacy cache mustn't be used.
+    if (fs_mgr_is_dsu_running()) {
+        return {kScratchMountPoint};
+    }
+    return {kScratchMountPoint, kCacheMountPoint};
+}
 
 // Return true if everything is mounted, but before adb is started.  Right
 // after 'trigger load_persist_props_action' is done.
@@ -166,26 +194,7 @@
     static constexpr unsigned long kSizeThreshold = 8 * 1024 * 1024;  // 8MB
 
     return (vst.f_bfree >= (vst.f_blocks * kPercentThreshold / 100)) &&
-           (vst.f_bfree * vst.f_bsize) >= kSizeThreshold;
-}
-
-bool fs_mgr_in_recovery() {
-    // Check the existence of recovery binary instead of using the compile time
-    // macro, because first-stage-init is compiled with __ANDROID_RECOVERY__
-    // defined, albeit not in recovery. More details: system/core/init/README.md
-    return fs_mgr_access("/system/bin/recovery");
-}
-
-bool fs_mgr_is_dsu_running() {
-    // Since android::gsi::CanBootIntoGsi() or android::gsi::MarkSystemAsGsi() is
-    // never called in recovery, the return value of android::gsi::IsGsiRunning()
-    // is not well-defined. In this case, just return false as being in recovery
-    // implies not running a DSU system.
-    if (fs_mgr_in_recovery()) return false;
-    auto saved_errno = errno;
-    auto ret = android::gsi::IsGsiRunning();
-    errno = saved_errno;
-    return ret;
+           (static_cast<uint64_t>(vst.f_bfree) * vst.f_frsize) >= kSizeThreshold;
 }
 
 const auto kPhysicalDevice = "/dev/block/by-name/"s;
@@ -300,7 +309,7 @@
 std::string fs_mgr_get_overlayfs_candidate(const std::string& mount_point) {
     if (!fs_mgr_is_dir(mount_point)) return "";
     const auto base = android::base::Basename(mount_point) + "/";
-    for (const auto& overlay_mount_point : kOverlayMountPoints) {
+    for (const auto& overlay_mount_point : OverlayMountPoints()) {
         auto dir = overlay_mount_point + kOverlayTopDir + "/" + base;
         auto upper = dir + kUpperName;
         if (!fs_mgr_is_dir(upper)) continue;
@@ -1344,7 +1353,7 @@
     if (candidates.empty()) return ret;
 
     std::string dir;
-    for (const auto& overlay_mount_point : kOverlayMountPoints) {
+    for (const auto& overlay_mount_point : OverlayMountPoints()) {
         if (backing && backing[0] && (overlay_mount_point != backing)) continue;
         if (overlay_mount_point == kScratchMountPoint) {
             if (!fs_mgr_overlayfs_setup_scratch(fstab, change)) continue;
@@ -1465,7 +1474,7 @@
         }
     }
     bool should_destroy_scratch = false;
-    for (const auto& overlay_mount_point : kOverlayMountPoints) {
+    for (const auto& overlay_mount_point : OverlayMountPoints()) {
         ret &= fs_mgr_overlayfs_teardown_one(
                 overlay_mount_point, mount_point ? fs_mgr_mount_point(mount_point) : "", change,
                 overlay_mount_point == kScratchMountPoint ? &should_destroy_scratch : nullptr);
@@ -1569,7 +1578,7 @@
     constexpr bool* ignore_change = nullptr;
 
     // Teardown legacy overlay mount points that's not backed by a scratch device.
-    for (const auto& overlay_mount_point : kOverlayMountPoints) {
+    for (const auto& overlay_mount_point : OverlayMountPoints()) {
         if (overlay_mount_point == kScratchMountPoint) {
             continue;
         }
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_remount.cpp b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_remount.cpp
index b8b074e..745dab2 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_remount.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_remount.cpp
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <getopt.h>
-#include <libavb_user/libavb_user.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <sys/mount.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
@@ -40,6 +39,8 @@
 #include <fs_mgr_overlayfs.h>
 #include <fs_mgr_priv.h>
 #include <fstab/fstab.h>
+#include <libavb_user/libavb_user.h>
+#include <libgsi/libgsid.h>
 
 namespace {
 
@@ -52,7 +53,9 @@
                  "\tpartition\tspecific partition(s) (empty does all)\n"
                  "\n"
                  "Remount specified partition(s) read-write, by name or mount point.\n"
-                 "-R notwithstanding, verity must be disabled on partition(s).";
+                 "-R notwithstanding, verity must be disabled on partition(s).\n"
+                 "-R within a DSU guest system reboots into the DSU instead of the host system,\n"
+                 "this command would enable DSU (one-shot) if not already enabled.";
 
     ::exit(exit_status);
 }
@@ -137,7 +140,8 @@
     REMOUNT_FAILED,
     MUST_REBOOT,
     BINDER_ERROR,
-    CHECKPOINTING
+    CHECKPOINTING,
+    GSID_ERROR,
 };
 
 static int do_remount(int argc, char* argv[]) {
@@ -340,6 +344,41 @@
         ++it;
     }
 
+    // If (1) remount requires a reboot to take effect, (2) system is currently
+    // running a DSU guest and (3) DSU is disabled, then enable DSU so that the
+    // next reboot would not take us back to the host system but stay within
+    // the guest system.
+    if (reboot_later) {
+        if (auto gsid = android::gsi::GetGsiService()) {
+            auto dsu_running = false;
+            if (auto status = gsid->isGsiRunning(&dsu_running); !status.isOk()) {
+                LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to get DSU running state: " << status;
+                return BINDER_ERROR;
+            }
+            auto dsu_enabled = false;
+            if (auto status = gsid->isGsiEnabled(&dsu_enabled); !status.isOk()) {
+                LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to get DSU enabled state: " << status;
+                return BINDER_ERROR;
+            }
+            if (dsu_running && !dsu_enabled) {
+                std::string dsu_slot;
+                if (auto status = gsid->getActiveDsuSlot(&dsu_slot); !status.isOk()) {
+                    LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to get active DSU slot: " << status;
+                    return BINDER_ERROR;
+                }
+                LOG(INFO) << "DSU is running but disabled, enable DSU so that we stay within the "
+                             "DSU guest system after reboot";
+                int error = 0;
+                if (auto status = gsid->enableGsi(/* oneShot = */ true, dsu_slot, &error);
+                    !status.isOk() || error != android::gsi::IGsiService::INSTALL_OK) {
+                    LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to enable DSU: " << status << ", error code: " << error;
+                    return !status.isOk() ? BINDER_ERROR : GSID_ERROR;
+                }
+                LOG(INFO) << "Successfully enabled DSU (one-shot mode)";
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     if (partitions.empty() || just_disabled_verity) {
         if (reboot_later) reboot(setup_overlayfs);
         if (user_please_reboot_later) {
diff --git a/fs_mgr/include/fs_mgr.h b/fs_mgr/include/fs_mgr.h
index 11e3664..22c02cc 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/include/fs_mgr.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/include/fs_mgr.h
@@ -88,6 +88,10 @@
 bool fs_mgr_load_verity_state(int* mode);
 // Returns true if verity is enabled on this particular FstabEntry.
 bool fs_mgr_is_verity_enabled(const android::fs_mgr::FstabEntry& entry);
+// Returns the hash algorithm used to build the hashtree of this particular FstabEntry. Returns an
+// empty string if the input isn't a dm-verity entry, or if there is an error.
+std::string fs_mgr_get_hashtree_algorithm(const android::fs_mgr::FstabEntry& entry);
+
 bool fs_mgr_swapon_all(const android::fs_mgr::Fstab& fstab);
 bool fs_mgr_update_logical_partition(android::fs_mgr::FstabEntry* entry);
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfiemap/fiemap_writer.cpp b/fs_mgr/libfiemap/fiemap_writer.cpp
index 621031a..8acb885 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfiemap/fiemap_writer.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfiemap/fiemap_writer.cpp
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
 static constexpr const uint32_t kUnsupportedExtentFlags =
         FIEMAP_EXTENT_UNKNOWN | FIEMAP_EXTENT_UNWRITTEN | FIEMAP_EXTENT_DELALLOC |
         FIEMAP_EXTENT_NOT_ALIGNED | FIEMAP_EXTENT_DATA_INLINE | FIEMAP_EXTENT_DATA_TAIL |
-        FIEMAP_EXTENT_UNWRITTEN | FIEMAP_EXTENT_SHARED | FIEMAP_EXTENT_MERGED;
+        FIEMAP_EXTENT_UNWRITTEN | FIEMAP_EXTENT_SHARED;
 
 // Large file support must be enabled.
 static_assert(sizeof(off_t) == sizeof(uint64_t));
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfiemap/image_manager.cpp b/fs_mgr/libfiemap/image_manager.cpp
index 93fc131..841f215 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfiemap/image_manager.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfiemap/image_manager.cpp
@@ -486,15 +486,14 @@
         if (!MapWithLoopDeviceList(loop_devices, name, timeout_ms, path)) {
             return false;
         }
+    } else {
+        auto status_message = "loop:" + loop_devices.back();
+        auto status_file = GetStatusFilePath(name);
+        if (!android::base::WriteStringToFile(status_message, status_file)) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "Write failed: " << status_file;
+            return false;
+        }
     }
-
-    auto status_message = "loop:" + loop_devices.back();
-    auto status_file = GetStatusFilePath(name);
-    if (!android::base::WriteStringToFile(status_message, status_file)) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Write failed: " << status_file;
-        return false;
-    }
-
     auto_detach.Commit();
 
     *path = loop_devices.back();
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/Android.bp b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/Android.bp
index 8fb9697..45e7a30 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/Android.bp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/Android.bp
@@ -91,12 +91,20 @@
     name: "libfs_avb_test",
     defaults: ["libfs_avb_host_test_defaults"],
     test_suites: ["general-tests"],
+    test_options: {
+        unit_test: true,
+    },
     static_libs: [
         "libfs_avb_test_util",
     ],
     shared_libs: [
         "libcrypto",
     ],
+    compile_multilib: "first",
+    data: [
+        ":avbtool",
+        ":fec",
+    ],
     srcs: [
         "tests/basic_test.cpp",
         "tests/fs_avb_test.cpp",
@@ -108,9 +116,17 @@
     name: "libfs_avb_internal_test",
     defaults: ["libfs_avb_host_test_defaults"],
     test_suites: ["general-tests"],
+    test_options: {
+        unit_test: true,
+    },
     static_libs: [
         "libfs_avb_test_util",
     ],
+    compile_multilib: "first",
+    data: [
+        ":avbtool",
+        ":fec",
+    ],
     srcs: [
         "avb_util.cpp",
         "util.cpp",
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/fs_avb.cpp b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/fs_avb.cpp
index 49333a1..1da7117 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/fs_avb.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/fs_avb.cpp
@@ -433,6 +433,16 @@
     // Sets the MAJOR.MINOR for init to set it into "ro.boot.avb_version".
     avb_handle->avb_version_ = StringPrintf("%d.%d", AVB_VERSION_MAJOR, AVB_VERSION_MINOR);
 
+    // Verifies vbmeta structs against the digest passed from bootloader in kernel cmdline.
+    std::unique_ptr<AvbVerifier> avb_verifier = AvbVerifier::Create();
+    if (!avb_verifier || !avb_verifier->VerifyVbmetaImages(avb_handle->vbmeta_images_)) {
+        LERROR << "Failed to verify vbmeta digest";
+        if (!allow_verification_error) {
+            LERROR << "vbmeta digest error isn't allowed ";
+            return nullptr;
+        }
+    }
+
     // Checks whether FLAGS_VERIFICATION_DISABLED is set:
     //   - Only the top-level vbmeta struct is read.
     //   - vbmeta struct in other partitions are NOT processed, including AVB HASH descriptor(s)
@@ -443,26 +453,16 @@
     bool verification_disabled = ((AvbVBMetaImageFlags)vbmeta_header.flags &
                                   AVB_VBMETA_IMAGE_FLAGS_VERIFICATION_DISABLED);
 
+    // Checks whether FLAGS_HASHTREE_DISABLED is set.
+    //   - vbmeta struct in all partitions are still processed, just disable
+    //     dm-verity in the user space.
+    bool hashtree_disabled =
+            ((AvbVBMetaImageFlags)vbmeta_header.flags & AVB_VBMETA_IMAGE_FLAGS_HASHTREE_DISABLED);
+
     if (verification_disabled) {
         avb_handle->status_ = AvbHandleStatus::kVerificationDisabled;
-    } else {
-        // Verifies vbmeta structs against the digest passed from bootloader in kernel cmdline.
-        std::unique_ptr<AvbVerifier> avb_verifier = AvbVerifier::Create();
-        if (!avb_verifier) {
-            LERROR << "Failed to create AvbVerifier";
-            return nullptr;
-        }
-        if (!avb_verifier->VerifyVbmetaImages(avb_handle->vbmeta_images_)) {
-            LERROR << "VerifyVbmetaImages failed";
-            return nullptr;
-        }
-
-        // Checks whether FLAGS_HASHTREE_DISABLED is set.
-        bool hashtree_disabled = ((AvbVBMetaImageFlags)vbmeta_header.flags &
-                                  AVB_VBMETA_IMAGE_FLAGS_HASHTREE_DISABLED);
-        if (hashtree_disabled) {
-            avb_handle->status_ = AvbHandleStatus::kHashtreeDisabled;
-        }
+    } else if (hashtree_disabled) {
+        avb_handle->status_ = AvbHandleStatus::kHashtreeDisabled;
     }
 
     LINFO << "Returning avb_handle with status: " << avb_handle->status_;
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/tests/avb_util_test.cpp b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/tests/avb_util_test.cpp
index 784eb9c..1827566 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/tests/avb_util_test.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/tests/avb_util_test.cpp
@@ -216,9 +216,11 @@
             "Header Block:             256 bytes\n"
             "Authentication Block:     1088 bytes\n"
             "Auxiliary Block:          2304 bytes\n"
+            "Public key (sha1):        5227b569de003adc7f8ec3fc03e05dfbd969abad\n"
             "Algorithm:                SHA512_RSA8192\n"
             "Rollback Index:           20\n"
             "Flags:                    0\n"
+            "Rollback Index Location:  0\n"
             "Release String:           'unit test'\n"
             "Descriptors:\n"
             "    Hashtree descriptor:\n"
@@ -346,9 +348,11 @@
             "Header Block:             256 bytes\n"
             "Authentication Block:     576 bytes\n"
             "Auxiliary Block:          1216 bytes\n"
+            "Public key (sha1):        2597c218aae470a130f61162feaae70afd97f011\n"
             "Algorithm:                SHA256_RSA4096\n"
             "Rollback Index:           10\n"
             "Flags:                    0\n"
+            "Rollback Index Location:  0\n"
             "Release String:           'unit test'\n"
             "Descriptors:\n"
             "    Hash descriptor:\n"
@@ -639,9 +643,11 @@
             "Header Block:             256 bytes\n"
             "Authentication Block:     1088 bytes\n"
             "Auxiliary Block:          3840 bytes\n"
+            "Public key (sha1):        5227b569de003adc7f8ec3fc03e05dfbd969abad\n"
             "Algorithm:                SHA256_RSA8192\n"
             "Rollback Index:           0\n"
             "Flags:                    0\n"
+            "Rollback Index Location:  0\n"
             "Release String:           'unit test'\n"
             "Descriptors:\n"
             "    Chain Partition descriptor:\n"
@@ -854,9 +860,11 @@
             "Header Block:             256 bytes\n"
             "Authentication Block:     1088 bytes\n"
             "Auxiliary Block:          3840 bytes\n"
+            "Public key (sha1):        5227b569de003adc7f8ec3fc03e05dfbd969abad\n"
             "Algorithm:                SHA256_RSA8192\n"
             "Rollback Index:           0\n"
             "Flags:                    0\n"
+            "Rollback Index Location:  0\n"
             "Release String:           'unit test'\n"
             "Descriptors:\n"
             "    Chain Partition descriptor:\n"
@@ -886,9 +894,11 @@
             "Header Block:             256 bytes\n"
             "Authentication Block:     576 bytes\n"
             "Auxiliary Block:          2176 bytes\n"
+            "Public key (sha1):        2597c218aae470a130f61162feaae70afd97f011\n"
             "Algorithm:                SHA256_RSA4096\n"
             "Rollback Index:           0\n"
             "Flags:                    0\n"
+            "Rollback Index Location:  0\n"
             "Release String:           'unit test'\n"
             "Descriptors:\n"
             "    Chain Partition descriptor:\n"
@@ -936,9 +946,11 @@
             "Header Block:             256 bytes\n"
             "Authentication Block:     320 bytes\n"
             "Auxiliary Block:          960 bytes\n"
+            "Public key (sha1):        cdbb77177f731920bbe0a0f94f84d9038ae0617d\n"
             "Algorithm:                SHA256_RSA2048\n"
             "Rollback Index:           0\n"
             "Flags:                    0\n"
+            "Rollback Index Location:  0\n"
             "Release String:           'unit test'\n"
             "Descriptors:\n"
             "    Hash descriptor:\n"
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/tests/basic_test.cpp b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/tests/basic_test.cpp
index 5a1cd0d..1c47c07 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/tests/basic_test.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/tests/basic_test.cpp
@@ -59,9 +59,11 @@
             "Header Block:             256 bytes\n"
             "Authentication Block:     320 bytes\n"
             "Auxiliary Block:          576 bytes\n"
+            "Public key (sha1):        cdbb77177f731920bbe0a0f94f84d9038ae0617d\n"
             "Algorithm:                SHA256_RSA2048\n"
             "Rollback Index:           0\n"
             "Flags:                    0\n"
+            "Rollback Index Location:  0\n"
             "Release String:           'unit test'\n"
             "Descriptors:\n"
             "    (none)\n",
@@ -89,9 +91,11 @@
             "Header Block:             256 bytes\n"
             "Authentication Block:     576 bytes\n"
             "Auxiliary Block:          1216 bytes\n"
+            "Public key (sha1):        2597c218aae470a130f61162feaae70afd97f011\n"
             "Algorithm:                SHA256_RSA4096\n"
             "Rollback Index:           10\n"
             "Flags:                    0\n"
+            "Rollback Index Location:  0\n"
             "Release String:           'unit test'\n"
             "Descriptors:\n"
             "    Hash descriptor:\n"
@@ -126,9 +130,11 @@
             "Header Block:             256 bytes\n"
             "Authentication Block:     1088 bytes\n"
             "Auxiliary Block:          2304 bytes\n"
+            "Public key (sha1):        5227b569de003adc7f8ec3fc03e05dfbd969abad\n"
             "Algorithm:                SHA512_RSA8192\n"
             "Rollback Index:           20\n"
             "Flags:                    0\n"
+            "Rollback Index Location:  0\n"
             "Release String:           'unit test'\n"
             "Descriptors:\n"
             "    Hashtree descriptor:\n"
@@ -180,9 +186,11 @@
             "Header Block:             256 bytes\n"
             "Authentication Block:     320 bytes\n"
             "Auxiliary Block:          960 bytes\n"
+            "Public key (sha1):        cdbb77177f731920bbe0a0f94f84d9038ae0617d\n"
             "Algorithm:                SHA256_RSA2048\n"
             "Rollback Index:           0\n"
             "Flags:                    0\n"
+            "Rollback Index Location:  0\n"
             "Release String:           'unit test'\n"
             "Descriptors:\n"
             "    Hash descriptor:\n"
@@ -249,9 +257,11 @@
             "Header Block:             256 bytes\n"
             "Authentication Block:     1088 bytes\n"
             "Auxiliary Block:          3840 bytes\n"
+            "Public key (sha1):        5227b569de003adc7f8ec3fc03e05dfbd969abad\n"
             "Algorithm:                SHA256_RSA8192\n"
             "Rollback Index:           0\n"
             "Flags:                    0\n"
+            "Rollback Index Location:  0\n"
             "Release String:           'unit test'\n"
             "Descriptors:\n"
             "    Chain Partition descriptor:\n"
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/tests/fs_avb_util_test.cpp b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/tests/fs_avb_util_test.cpp
index 7c34009..5ec1e90 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/tests/fs_avb_util_test.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/tests/fs_avb_util_test.cpp
@@ -57,9 +57,11 @@
             "Header Block:             256 bytes\n"
             "Authentication Block:     576 bytes\n"
             "Auxiliary Block:          1280 bytes\n"
+            "Public key (sha1):        2597c218aae470a130f61162feaae70afd97f011\n"
             "Algorithm:                SHA512_RSA4096\n"
             "Rollback Index:           20\n"
             "Flags:                    0\n"
+            "Rollback Index Location:  0\n"
             "Release String:           'unit test'\n"
             "Descriptors:\n"
             "    Hashtree descriptor:\n"
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/Android.bp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/Android.bp
index d36a7f0..678adf8 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/Android.bp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/Android.bp
@@ -549,6 +549,7 @@
     ],
     srcs: [
         "cow_snapuserd_test.cpp",
+        "snapuserd.cpp",
     ],
     cflags: [
         "-Wall",
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/android/snapshot/snapshot.proto b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/android/snapshot/snapshot.proto
index 38c6bf8..42bff14 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/android/snapshot/snapshot.proto
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/android/snapshot/snapshot.proto
@@ -34,7 +34,19 @@
     MERGE_COMPLETED = 3;
 }
 
-// Next: 10
+// Next: 3
+enum MergePhase {
+    // No merge is in progress.
+    NO_MERGE = 0;
+
+    // Shrunk partitions can merge.
+    FIRST_PHASE = 1;
+
+    // Grown partitions can merge.
+    SECOND_PHASE = 2;
+}
+
+// Next: 11
 message SnapshotStatus {
     // Name of the snapshot. This is usually the name of the snapshotted
     // logical partition; for example, "system_b".
@@ -87,6 +99,9 @@
 
     // True if compression is enabled, false otherwise.
     bool compression_enabled = 9;
+
+    // The old partition size (if none existed, this will be zero).
+    uint64 old_partition_size = 10;
 }
 
 // Next: 8
@@ -118,7 +133,7 @@
     Cancelled = 7;
 };
 
-// Next: 6
+// Next: 7
 message SnapshotUpdateStatus {
     UpdateState state = 1;
 
@@ -136,9 +151,12 @@
 
     // Whether compression/dm-user was used for any snapshots.
     bool compression_enabled = 5;
+
+    // Merge phase (if state == MERGING).
+    MergePhase merge_phase = 6;
 }
 
-// Next: 4
+// Next: 5
 message SnapshotMergeReport {
     // Status of the update after the merge attempts.
     UpdateState state = 1;
@@ -149,4 +167,7 @@
 
     // Total size of all the COW images before the update.
     uint64 cow_file_size = 3;
+
+    // Whether compression/dm-user was used for any snapshots.
+    bool compression_enabled = 4;
 }
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/cow_reader.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/cow_reader.cpp
index c15a05b..cf9f6ea 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/cow_reader.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/cow_reader.cpp
@@ -181,6 +181,7 @@
         ops_buffer->resize(current_op_num);
     }
 
+    LOG(DEBUG) << "COW file read complete. Total ops: " << ops_buffer->size();
     // To successfully parse a COW file, we need either:
     //  (1) a label to read up to, and for that label to be found, or
     //  (2) a valid footer.
@@ -236,6 +237,7 @@
                                [](CowOperation& op) { return IsMetadataOp(op); }),
                 ops_.get()->end());
 
+    set_total_data_ops(ops_->size());
     // We will re-arrange the vector in such a way that
     // kernel can batch merge. Ex:
     //
@@ -298,10 +300,9 @@
     // are contiguous. These are monotonically increasing numbers.
     //
     // When both (1) and (2) are true, kernel will batch merge the operations.
-    // However, we do not want copy operations to be batch merged as
-    // a crash or system reboot during an overlapping copy can drive the device
-    // to a corrupted state. Hence, merging of copy operations should always be
-    // done as a individual 4k block. In the above case, since the
+    // In the above case, we have to ensure that the copy operations
+    // are merged first before replace operations are done. Hence,
+    // we will not change the order of copy operations. Since,
     // cow_op->new_block numbers are contiguous, we will ensure that the
     // cow block numbers assigned in ReadMetadata() for these respective copy
     // operations are not contiguous forcing kernel to issue merge for each
@@ -328,10 +329,8 @@
     //
     // Merge sequence will look like:
     //
-    // Merge-1 - Copy-op-1
-    // Merge-2 - Copy-op-2
-    // Merge-3 - Copy-op-3
-    // Merge-4 - Batch-merge {Replace-op-7, Replace-op-6, Zero-op-8,
+    // Merge-1 - Batch-merge { Copy-op-1, Copy-op-2, Copy-op-3 }
+    // Merge-2 - Batch-merge {Replace-op-7, Replace-op-6, Zero-op-8,
     //                        Replace-op-4, Zero-op-9, Replace-op-5 }
     //==============================================================
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/cow_snapuserd_test.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/cow_snapuserd_test.cpp
index 4cc0fd3..045d9db 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/cow_snapuserd_test.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/cow_snapuserd_test.cpp
@@ -36,6 +36,8 @@
 #include <libsnapshot/snapuserd_client.h>
 #include <storage_literals/storage_literals.h>
 
+#include "snapuserd.h"
+
 namespace android {
 namespace snapshot {
 
@@ -98,6 +100,7 @@
     void ValidateMerge();
     void ReadSnapshotDeviceAndValidate();
     void Shutdown();
+    void MergeInterrupt();
 
     std::string snapshot_dev() const { return snapshot_dev_->path(); }
 
@@ -105,7 +108,11 @@
 
   private:
     void SetupImpl();
+
     void MergeImpl();
+    void SimulateDaemonRestart();
+    void StartMerge();
+
     void CreateCowDevice();
     void CreateBaseDevice();
     void InitCowDevice();
@@ -114,7 +121,6 @@
     void CreateDmUserDevice();
     void StartSnapuserdDaemon();
     void CreateSnapshotDevice();
-    unique_fd CreateTempFile(const std::string& name, size_t size);
 
     unique_ptr<LoopDevice> base_loop_;
     unique_ptr<TempDevice> dmuser_dev_;
@@ -130,12 +136,29 @@
     std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> merged_buffer_;
     bool setup_ok_ = false;
     bool merge_ok_ = false;
-    size_t size_ = 1_MiB;
+    size_t size_ = 50_MiB;
     int cow_num_sectors_;
     int total_base_size_;
 };
 
-unique_fd CowSnapuserdTest::CreateTempFile(const std::string& name, size_t size) {
+class CowSnapuserdMetadataTest final {
+  public:
+    void Setup();
+    void SetupPartialArea();
+    void ValidateMetadata();
+    void ValidatePartialFilledArea();
+
+  private:
+    void InitMetadata();
+    void CreateCowDevice();
+    void CreateCowPartialFilledArea();
+
+    std::unique_ptr<Snapuserd> snapuserd_;
+    std::unique_ptr<TemporaryFile> cow_system_;
+    size_t size_ = 1_MiB;
+};
+
+static unique_fd CreateTempFile(const std::string& name, size_t size) {
     unique_fd fd(syscall(__NR_memfd_create, name.c_str(), MFD_ALLOW_SEALING));
     if (fd < 0) {
         return {};
@@ -154,9 +177,13 @@
 }
 
 void CowSnapuserdTest::Shutdown() {
-    ASSERT_TRUE(client_->StopSnapuserd());
     ASSERT_TRUE(snapshot_dev_->Destroy());
     ASSERT_TRUE(dmuser_dev_->Destroy());
+
+    auto misc_device = "/dev/dm-user/" + system_device_ctrl_name_;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(client_->WaitForDeviceDelete(system_device_ctrl_name_));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(android::fs_mgr::WaitForFileDeleted(misc_device, 10s));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(client_->DetachSnapuserd());
 }
 
 bool CowSnapuserdTest::Setup() {
@@ -255,17 +282,23 @@
     ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Initialize(cow_system_->fd));
 
     size_t num_blocks = size_ / options.block_size;
-    size_t blk_src_copy = num_blocks;
-    size_t blk_end_copy = blk_src_copy + num_blocks;
-    size_t source_blk = 0;
+    size_t blk_end_copy = num_blocks * 2;
+    size_t source_blk = num_blocks - 1;
+    size_t blk_src_copy = blk_end_copy - 1;
 
-    while (source_blk < num_blocks) {
+    size_t x = num_blocks;
+    while (1) {
         ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(source_blk, blk_src_copy));
-        source_blk += 1;
-        blk_src_copy += 1;
+        x -= 1;
+        if (x == 0) {
+            break;
+        }
+        source_blk -= 1;
+        blk_src_copy -= 1;
     }
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(blk_src_copy, blk_end_copy);
+    source_blk = num_blocks;
+    blk_src_copy = blk_end_copy;
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddRawBlocks(source_blk, random_buffer_1_.get(), size_));
 
@@ -280,11 +313,9 @@
 
     // Flush operations
     ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Finalize());
-
     // Construct the buffer required for validation
     orig_buffer_ = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(total_base_size_);
     std::string zero_buffer(size_, 0);
-
     ASSERT_EQ(android::base::ReadFullyAtOffset(base_fd_, orig_buffer_.get(), size_, size_), true);
     memcpy((char*)orig_buffer_.get() + size_, random_buffer_1_.get(), size_);
     memcpy((char*)orig_buffer_.get() + (size_ * 2), (void*)zero_buffer.c_str(), size_);
@@ -363,7 +394,7 @@
     return merge_ok_;
 }
 
-void CowSnapuserdTest::MergeImpl() {
+void CowSnapuserdTest::StartMerge() {
     DmTable merge_table;
     ASSERT_TRUE(merge_table.AddTarget(std::make_unique<DmTargetSnapshot>(
             0, total_base_size_ / kSectorSize, base_loop_->device(), dmuser_dev_->path(),
@@ -373,6 +404,11 @@
 
     DeviceMapper& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
     ASSERT_TRUE(dm.LoadTableAndActivate("cowsnapuserd-test-dm-snapshot", merge_table));
+}
+
+void CowSnapuserdTest::MergeImpl() {
+    StartMerge();
+    DeviceMapper& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
 
     while (true) {
         vector<DeviceMapper::TargetInfo> status;
@@ -401,7 +437,319 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(memcmp(merged_buffer_.get(), orig_buffer_.get(), total_base_size_), 0);
 }
 
-TEST(Snapuserd_Test, Snapshot) {
+void CowSnapuserdTest::SimulateDaemonRestart() {
+    Shutdown();
+    SetDeviceControlName();
+    StartSnapuserdDaemon();
+    InitCowDevice();
+    CreateDmUserDevice();
+    InitDaemon();
+    CreateSnapshotDevice();
+}
+
+void CowSnapuserdTest::MergeInterrupt() {
+    // Interrupt merge at various intervals
+    StartMerge();
+    std::this_thread::sleep_for(250ms);
+    SimulateDaemonRestart();
+
+    StartMerge();
+    std::this_thread::sleep_for(250ms);
+    SimulateDaemonRestart();
+
+    StartMerge();
+    std::this_thread::sleep_for(150ms);
+    SimulateDaemonRestart();
+
+    StartMerge();
+    std::this_thread::sleep_for(100ms);
+    SimulateDaemonRestart();
+
+    StartMerge();
+    std::this_thread::sleep_for(800ms);
+    SimulateDaemonRestart();
+
+    StartMerge();
+    std::this_thread::sleep_for(600ms);
+    SimulateDaemonRestart();
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(Merge());
+}
+
+void CowSnapuserdMetadataTest::CreateCowPartialFilledArea() {
+    std::string path = android::base::GetExecutableDirectory();
+    cow_system_ = std::make_unique<TemporaryFile>(path);
+
+    CowOptions options;
+    options.compression = "gz";
+    CowWriter writer(options);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Initialize(cow_system_->fd));
+
+    // Area 0 is completely filled with 256 exceptions
+    for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(i, 256 + i));
+    }
+
+    // Area 1 is partially filled with 2 copy ops and 10 zero ops
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(500, 1000));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(501, 1001));
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddZeroBlocks(300, 10));
+
+    // Flush operations
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Finalize());
+}
+
+void CowSnapuserdMetadataTest::ValidatePartialFilledArea() {
+    int area_sz = snapuserd_->GetMetadataAreaSize();
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(area_sz, 2);
+
+    size_t new_chunk = 263;
+    // Verify the partially filled area
+    void* buffer = snapuserd_->GetExceptionBuffer(1);
+    loff_t offset = 0;
+    struct disk_exception* de;
+    for (int i = 0; i < 12; i++) {
+        de = reinterpret_cast<struct disk_exception*>((char*)buffer + offset);
+        ASSERT_EQ(de->old_chunk, i);
+        ASSERT_EQ(de->new_chunk, new_chunk);
+        offset += sizeof(struct disk_exception);
+        new_chunk += 1;
+    }
+
+    de = reinterpret_cast<struct disk_exception*>((char*)buffer + offset);
+    ASSERT_EQ(de->old_chunk, 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(de->new_chunk, 0);
+}
+
+void CowSnapuserdMetadataTest::SetupPartialArea() {
+    CreateCowPartialFilledArea();
+    InitMetadata();
+}
+
+void CowSnapuserdMetadataTest::CreateCowDevice() {
+    unique_fd rnd_fd;
+    loff_t offset = 0;
+
+    std::string path = android::base::GetExecutableDirectory();
+    cow_system_ = std::make_unique<TemporaryFile>(path);
+
+    rnd_fd.reset(open("/dev/random", O_RDONLY));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(rnd_fd > 0);
+
+    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> random_buffer_1_ = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(size_);
+
+    // Fill random data
+    for (size_t j = 0; j < (size_ / 1_MiB); j++) {
+        ASSERT_EQ(ReadFullyAtOffset(rnd_fd, (char*)random_buffer_1_.get() + offset, 1_MiB, 0),
+                  true);
+
+        offset += 1_MiB;
+    }
+
+    CowOptions options;
+    options.compression = "gz";
+    CowWriter writer(options);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Initialize(cow_system_->fd));
+
+    size_t num_blocks = size_ / options.block_size;
+
+    // Overlapping region. This has to be split
+    // into two batch operations
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(23, 20));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(22, 19));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(21, 18));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(20, 17));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(19, 16));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(18, 15));
+
+    // Contiguous region but blocks in ascending order
+    // Daemon has to ensure that these blocks are merged
+    // in a batch
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(50, 75));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(51, 76));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(52, 77));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(53, 78));
+
+    // Dis-contiguous region
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(110, 130));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(105, 125));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(100, 120));
+
+    // Overlap
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(25, 30));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(30, 31));
+
+    size_t source_blk = num_blocks;
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddRawBlocks(source_blk, random_buffer_1_.get(), size_));
+
+    size_t blk_zero_copy_start = source_blk + num_blocks;
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddZeroBlocks(blk_zero_copy_start, num_blocks));
+
+    // Flush operations
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Finalize());
+}
+
+void CowSnapuserdMetadataTest::InitMetadata() {
+    snapuserd_ = std::make_unique<Snapuserd>("", cow_system_->path, "");
+    ASSERT_TRUE(snapuserd_->InitCowDevice());
+}
+
+void CowSnapuserdMetadataTest::Setup() {
+    CreateCowDevice();
+    InitMetadata();
+}
+
+void CowSnapuserdMetadataTest::ValidateMetadata() {
+    int area_sz = snapuserd_->GetMetadataAreaSize();
+    ASSERT_EQ(area_sz, 3);
+
+    size_t old_chunk;
+    size_t new_chunk;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < area_sz; i++) {
+        void* buffer = snapuserd_->GetExceptionBuffer(i);
+        loff_t offset = 0;
+        if (i == 0) {
+            old_chunk = 256;
+            new_chunk = 2;
+        } else if (i == 1) {
+            old_chunk = 512;
+            new_chunk = 259;
+        }
+        for (int j = 0; j < 256; j++) {
+            struct disk_exception* de =
+                    reinterpret_cast<struct disk_exception*>((char*)buffer + offset);
+
+            if (i != 2) {
+                ASSERT_EQ(de->old_chunk, old_chunk);
+                ASSERT_EQ(de->new_chunk, new_chunk);
+                old_chunk += 1;
+                new_chunk += 1;
+            } else {
+                break;
+            }
+            offset += sizeof(struct disk_exception);
+        }
+
+        if (i == 2) {
+            // The first 5 copy operation is not batch merged
+            // as the sequence is discontiguous
+            struct disk_exception* de =
+                    reinterpret_cast<struct disk_exception*>((char*)buffer + offset);
+            ASSERT_EQ(de->old_chunk, 30);
+            ASSERT_EQ(de->new_chunk, 518);
+            offset += sizeof(struct disk_exception);
+
+            de = reinterpret_cast<struct disk_exception*>((char*)buffer + offset);
+            ASSERT_EQ(de->old_chunk, 25);
+            ASSERT_EQ(de->new_chunk, 520);
+            offset += sizeof(struct disk_exception);
+
+            de = reinterpret_cast<struct disk_exception*>((char*)buffer + offset);
+            ASSERT_EQ(de->old_chunk, 100);
+            ASSERT_EQ(de->new_chunk, 522);
+            offset += sizeof(struct disk_exception);
+
+            de = reinterpret_cast<struct disk_exception*>((char*)buffer + offset);
+            ASSERT_EQ(de->old_chunk, 105);
+            ASSERT_EQ(de->new_chunk, 524);
+            offset += sizeof(struct disk_exception);
+
+            de = reinterpret_cast<struct disk_exception*>((char*)buffer + offset);
+            ASSERT_EQ(de->old_chunk, 110);
+            ASSERT_EQ(de->new_chunk, 526);
+            offset += sizeof(struct disk_exception);
+
+            // The next 4 operations are batch merged as
+            // both old and new chunk are contiguous
+            de = reinterpret_cast<struct disk_exception*>((char*)buffer + offset);
+            ASSERT_EQ(de->old_chunk, 50);
+            ASSERT_EQ(de->new_chunk, 528);
+            offset += sizeof(struct disk_exception);
+
+            de = reinterpret_cast<struct disk_exception*>((char*)buffer + offset);
+            ASSERT_EQ(de->old_chunk, 51);
+            ASSERT_EQ(de->new_chunk, 529);
+            offset += sizeof(struct disk_exception);
+
+            de = reinterpret_cast<struct disk_exception*>((char*)buffer + offset);
+            ASSERT_EQ(de->old_chunk, 52);
+            ASSERT_EQ(de->new_chunk, 530);
+            offset += sizeof(struct disk_exception);
+
+            de = reinterpret_cast<struct disk_exception*>((char*)buffer + offset);
+            ASSERT_EQ(de->old_chunk, 53);
+            ASSERT_EQ(de->new_chunk, 531);
+            offset += sizeof(struct disk_exception);
+
+            // This is handling overlap operation with
+            // two batch merge operations.
+            de = reinterpret_cast<struct disk_exception*>((char*)buffer + offset);
+            ASSERT_EQ(de->old_chunk, 18);
+            ASSERT_EQ(de->new_chunk, 533);
+            offset += sizeof(struct disk_exception);
+
+            de = reinterpret_cast<struct disk_exception*>((char*)buffer + offset);
+            ASSERT_EQ(de->old_chunk, 19);
+            ASSERT_EQ(de->new_chunk, 534);
+            offset += sizeof(struct disk_exception);
+
+            de = reinterpret_cast<struct disk_exception*>((char*)buffer + offset);
+            ASSERT_EQ(de->old_chunk, 20);
+            ASSERT_EQ(de->new_chunk, 535);
+            offset += sizeof(struct disk_exception);
+
+            de = reinterpret_cast<struct disk_exception*>((char*)buffer + offset);
+            ASSERT_EQ(de->old_chunk, 21);
+            ASSERT_EQ(de->new_chunk, 537);
+            offset += sizeof(struct disk_exception);
+
+            de = reinterpret_cast<struct disk_exception*>((char*)buffer + offset);
+            ASSERT_EQ(de->old_chunk, 22);
+            ASSERT_EQ(de->new_chunk, 538);
+            offset += sizeof(struct disk_exception);
+
+            de = reinterpret_cast<struct disk_exception*>((char*)buffer + offset);
+            ASSERT_EQ(de->old_chunk, 23);
+            ASSERT_EQ(de->new_chunk, 539);
+            offset += sizeof(struct disk_exception);
+
+            // End of metadata
+            de = reinterpret_cast<struct disk_exception*>((char*)buffer + offset);
+            ASSERT_EQ(de->old_chunk, 0);
+            ASSERT_EQ(de->new_chunk, 0);
+            offset += sizeof(struct disk_exception);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+TEST(Snapuserd_Test, Snapshot_Metadata) {
+    CowSnapuserdMetadataTest harness;
+    harness.Setup();
+    harness.ValidateMetadata();
+}
+
+TEST(Snapuserd_Test, Snapshot_Metadata_Overlap) {
+    CowSnapuserdMetadataTest harness;
+    harness.SetupPartialArea();
+    harness.ValidatePartialFilledArea();
+}
+
+TEST(Snapuserd_Test, Snapshot_Merge_Resume) {
+    CowSnapuserdTest harness;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(harness.Setup());
+    harness.MergeInterrupt();
+    harness.ValidateMerge();
+    harness.Shutdown();
+}
+
+TEST(Snapuserd_Test, Snapshot_IO_TEST) {
     CowSnapuserdTest harness;
     ASSERT_TRUE(harness.Setup());
     harness.ReadSnapshotDeviceAndValidate();
@@ -409,7 +757,6 @@
     harness.ValidateMerge();
     harness.Shutdown();
 }
-
 }  // namespace snapshot
 }  // namespace android
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/cow_writer.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/cow_writer.cpp
index c1a5f32..81edc79 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/cow_writer.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/cow_writer.cpp
@@ -491,7 +491,7 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-bool CowWriter::CommitMerge(int merged_ops, bool sync) {
+bool CowWriter::CommitMerge(int merged_ops) {
     CHECK(merge_in_progress_);
     header_.num_merge_ops += merged_ops;
 
@@ -506,11 +506,7 @@
         return false;
     }
 
-    // Sync only for merging of copy operations.
-    if (sync) {
-        return Sync();
-    }
-    return true;
+    return Sync();
 }
 
 bool CowWriter::Truncate(off_t length) {
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/cow_reader.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/cow_reader.h
index 62b54f9..1de7473 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/cow_reader.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/cow_reader.h
@@ -142,6 +142,10 @@
 
     void InitializeMerge();
 
+    void set_total_data_ops(uint64_t size) { total_data_ops_ = size; }
+
+    uint64_t total_data_ops() { return total_data_ops_; }
+
   private:
     bool ParseOps(std::optional<uint64_t> label);
 
@@ -152,6 +156,7 @@
     uint64_t fd_size_;
     std::optional<uint64_t> last_label_;
     std::shared_ptr<std::vector<CowOperation>> ops_;
+    uint64_t total_data_ops_;
 };
 
 }  // namespace snapshot
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/cow_writer.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/cow_writer.h
index 22ddfa6..6ffd5d8 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/cow_writer.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/cow_writer.h
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@
     bool InitializeAppend(android::base::borrowed_fd fd, uint64_t label);
 
     void InitializeMerge(android::base::borrowed_fd fd, CowHeader* header);
-    bool CommitMerge(int merged_ops, bool sync);
+    bool CommitMerge(int merged_ops);
 
     bool Finalize() override;
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/mock_snapshot.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/mock_snapshot.h
index 92e7910..1e420cb 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/mock_snapshot.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/mock_snapshot.h
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
                 (const std::function<bool()>& callback, const std::function<bool()>& before_cancel),
                 (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(UpdateState, GetUpdateState, (double* progress), (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(bool, UpdateUsesCompression, (), (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(Return, CreateUpdateSnapshots,
                 (const chromeos_update_engine::DeltaArchiveManifest& manifest), (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(bool, MapUpdateSnapshot,
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot.h
index 397ff2e..0d90f6c 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot.h
@@ -170,6 +170,10 @@
     //   Other: 0
     virtual UpdateState GetUpdateState(double* progress = nullptr) = 0;
 
+    // Returns true if compression is enabled for the current update. This always returns false if
+    // UpdateState is None, or no snapshots have been created.
+    virtual bool UpdateUsesCompression() = 0;
+
     // Create necessary COW device / files for OTA clients. New logical partitions will be added to
     // group "cow" in target_metadata. Regions of partitions of current_metadata will be
     // "write-protected" and snapshotted.
@@ -326,6 +330,7 @@
     UpdateState ProcessUpdateState(const std::function<bool()>& callback = {},
                                    const std::function<bool()>& before_cancel = {}) override;
     UpdateState GetUpdateState(double* progress = nullptr) override;
+    bool UpdateUsesCompression() override;
     Return CreateUpdateSnapshots(const DeltaArchiveManifest& manifest) override;
     bool MapUpdateSnapshot(const CreateLogicalPartitionParams& params,
                            std::string* snapshot_path) override;
@@ -379,6 +384,7 @@
     FRIEND_TEST(SnapshotUpdateTest, MergeCannotRemoveCow);
     FRIEND_TEST(SnapshotUpdateTest, MergeInRecovery);
     FRIEND_TEST(SnapshotUpdateTest, SnapshotStatusFileWithoutCow);
+    FRIEND_TEST(SnapshotUpdateTest, SpaceSwapUpdate);
     friend class SnapshotTest;
     friend class SnapshotUpdateTest;
     friend class FlashAfterUpdateTest;
@@ -441,7 +447,7 @@
     //
     // All sizes are specified in bytes, and the device, snapshot, COW partition and COW file sizes
     // must be a multiple of the sector size (512 bytes).
-    bool CreateSnapshot(LockedFile* lock, SnapshotStatus* status);
+    bool CreateSnapshot(LockedFile* lock, PartitionCowCreator* cow_creator, SnapshotStatus* status);
 
     // |name| should be the base partition name (e.g. "system_a"). Create the
     // backing COW image using the size previously passed to CreateSnapshot().
@@ -463,6 +469,10 @@
                       const std::string& base_device, const std::chrono::milliseconds& timeout_ms,
                       std::string* path);
 
+    // Map the source device used for dm-user.
+    bool MapSourceDevice(LockedFile* lock, const std::string& name,
+                         const std::chrono::milliseconds& timeout_ms, std::string* path);
+
     // Map a COW image that was previous created with CreateCowImage.
     std::optional<std::string> MapCowImage(const std::string& name,
                                            const std::chrono::milliseconds& timeout_ms);
@@ -521,11 +531,13 @@
     std::string GetMergeStateFilePath() const;
 
     // Helpers for merging.
+    bool MergeSecondPhaseSnapshots(LockedFile* lock);
     bool SwitchSnapshotToMerge(LockedFile* lock, const std::string& name);
     bool RewriteSnapshotDeviceTable(const std::string& dm_name);
     bool MarkSnapshotMergeCompleted(LockedFile* snapshot_lock, const std::string& snapshot_name);
     void AcknowledgeMergeSuccess(LockedFile* lock);
     void AcknowledgeMergeFailure();
+    MergePhase DecideMergePhase(const SnapshotStatus& status);
     std::unique_ptr<LpMetadata> ReadCurrentMetadata();
 
     enum class MetadataPartitionState {
@@ -558,7 +570,8 @@
     //   UpdateState::MergeNeedsReboot
     UpdateState CheckMergeState(const std::function<bool()>& before_cancel);
     UpdateState CheckMergeState(LockedFile* lock, const std::function<bool()>& before_cancel);
-    UpdateState CheckTargetMergeState(LockedFile* lock, const std::string& name);
+    UpdateState CheckTargetMergeState(LockedFile* lock, const std::string& name,
+                                      const SnapshotUpdateStatus& update_status);
 
     // Interact with status files under /metadata/ota/snapshots.
     bool WriteSnapshotStatus(LockedFile* lock, const SnapshotStatus& status);
@@ -568,12 +581,9 @@
     std::string GetSnapshotBootIndicatorPath();
     std::string GetRollbackIndicatorPath();
     std::string GetForwardMergeIndicatorPath();
+    std::string GetOldPartitionMetadataPath();
 
-    // Return the name of the device holding the "snapshot" or "snapshot-merge"
-    // target. This may not be the final device presented via MapSnapshot(), if
-    // for example there is a linear segment.
-    std::string GetSnapshotDeviceName(const std::string& snapshot_name,
-                                      const SnapshotStatus& status);
+    const LpMetadata* ReadOldPartitionMetadata(LockedFile* lock);
 
     bool MapAllPartitions(LockedFile* lock, const std::string& super_device, uint32_t slot,
                           const std::chrono::milliseconds& timeout_ms);
@@ -673,8 +683,8 @@
 
     // Helper for RemoveAllSnapshots.
     // Check whether |name| should be deleted as a snapshot name.
-    bool ShouldDeleteSnapshot(LockedFile* lock, const std::map<std::string, bool>& flashing_status,
-                              Slot current_slot, const std::string& name);
+    bool ShouldDeleteSnapshot(const std::map<std::string, bool>& flashing_status, Slot current_slot,
+                              const std::string& name);
 
     // Create or delete forward merge indicator given |wipe|. Iff wipe is scheduled,
     // allow forward merge on FDR.
@@ -713,6 +723,11 @@
     bool PerformInitTransition(InitTransition transition,
                                std::vector<std::string>* snapuserd_argv = nullptr);
 
+    SnapuserdClient* snapuserd_client() const { return snapuserd_client_.get(); }
+
+    // Helper of UpdateUsesCompression
+    bool UpdateUsesCompression(LockedFile* lock);
+
     std::string gsid_dir_;
     std::string metadata_dir_;
     std::unique_ptr<IDeviceInfo> device_;
@@ -722,6 +737,7 @@
     bool in_factory_data_reset_ = false;
     std::function<bool(const std::string&)> uevent_regen_callback_;
     std::unique_ptr<SnapuserdClient> snapuserd_client_;
+    std::unique_ptr<LpMetadata> old_partition_metadata_;
 };
 
 }  // namespace snapshot
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot_stats.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot_stats.h
index d691d4f..96d2deb 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot_stats.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot_stats.h
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
     virtual ~ISnapshotMergeStats() = default;
     // Called when merge starts or resumes.
     virtual bool Start() = 0;
-    virtual void set_state(android::snapshot::UpdateState state) = 0;
+    virtual void set_state(android::snapshot::UpdateState state, bool using_compression) = 0;
     virtual void set_cow_file_size(uint64_t cow_file_size) = 0;
     virtual uint64_t cow_file_size() = 0;
 
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@
 
     // ISnapshotMergeStats overrides
     bool Start() override;
-    void set_state(android::snapshot::UpdateState state) override;
+    void set_state(android::snapshot::UpdateState state, bool using_compression) override;
     void set_cow_file_size(uint64_t cow_file_size) override;
     uint64_t cow_file_size() override;
     std::unique_ptr<Result> Finish() override;
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot_stub.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot_stub.h
index cba3560..3365ceb 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot_stub.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot_stub.h
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
     UpdateState ProcessUpdateState(const std::function<bool()>& callback = {},
                                    const std::function<bool()>& before_cancel = {}) override;
     UpdateState GetUpdateState(double* progress = nullptr) override;
+    bool UpdateUsesCompression() override;
     Return CreateUpdateSnapshots(
             const chromeos_update_engine::DeltaArchiveManifest& manifest) override;
     bool MapUpdateSnapshot(const android::fs_mgr::CreateLogicalPartitionParams& params,
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapuserd_kernel.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapuserd_kernel.h
index 7941e68..2b6c8ef 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapuserd_kernel.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapuserd_kernel.h
@@ -47,8 +47,8 @@
 static constexpr uint32_t CHUNK_SIZE = 8;
 static constexpr uint32_t CHUNK_SHIFT = (__builtin_ffs(CHUNK_SIZE) - 1);
 
-static constexpr uint32_t BLOCK_SIZE = 4096;
-static constexpr uint32_t BLOCK_SHIFT = (__builtin_ffs(BLOCK_SIZE) - 1);
+static constexpr uint32_t BLOCK_SZ = 4096;
+static constexpr uint32_t BLOCK_SHIFT = (__builtin_ffs(BLOCK_SZ) - 1);
 
 #define DIV_ROUND_UP(n, d) (((n) + (d)-1) / (d))
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include_test/libsnapshot/test_helpers.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include_test/libsnapshot/test_helpers.h
index 7aef086..b038527 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include_test/libsnapshot/test_helpers.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include_test/libsnapshot/test_helpers.h
@@ -51,8 +51,8 @@
 extern std::unique_ptr<SnapshotManager> sm;
 extern class TestDeviceInfo* test_device;
 extern std::string fake_super;
-static constexpr uint64_t kSuperSize = 16_MiB + 4_KiB;
-static constexpr uint64_t kGroupSize = 16_MiB;
+static constexpr uint64_t kSuperSize = 32_MiB + 4_KiB;
+static constexpr uint64_t kGroupSize = 32_MiB;
 
 // Redirect requests for "super" to our fake super partition.
 class TestPartitionOpener final : public android::fs_mgr::PartitionOpener {
@@ -146,6 +146,7 @@
 bool WriteRandomData(const std::string& path, std::optional<size_t> expect_size = std::nullopt,
                      std::string* hash = nullptr);
 bool WriteRandomData(ICowWriter* writer, std::string* hash = nullptr);
+std::string HashSnapshot(ISnapshotWriter* writer);
 
 std::optional<std::string> GetHash(const std::string& path);
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot.cpp
index f0646fc..eb3a501 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot.cpp
@@ -94,7 +94,11 @@
     if (!info) {
         info = new DeviceInfo();
     }
-    return std::unique_ptr<SnapshotManager>(new SnapshotManager(info));
+    auto sm = std::unique_ptr<SnapshotManager>(new SnapshotManager(info));
+    if (info->IsRecovery()) {
+        sm->ForceLocalImageManager();
+    }
+    return sm;
 }
 
 std::unique_ptr<SnapshotManager> SnapshotManager::NewForFirstStageMount(IDeviceInfo* info) {
@@ -132,8 +136,8 @@
     return partition_name + "-base";
 }
 
-static std::string GetSnapshotExtraDeviceName(const std::string& snapshot_name) {
-    return snapshot_name + "-inner";
+static std::string GetSourceDeviceName(const std::string& partition_name) {
+    return partition_name + "-src";
 }
 
 bool SnapshotManager::BeginUpdate() {
@@ -157,6 +161,9 @@
         images_->RemoveAllImages();
     }
 
+    // Clear any cached metadata (this allows re-using one manager across tests).
+    old_partition_metadata_ = nullptr;
+
     auto state = ReadUpdateState(file.get());
     if (state != UpdateState::None) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "An update is already in progress, cannot begin a new update";
@@ -255,6 +262,7 @@
             GetSnapshotBootIndicatorPath(),
             GetRollbackIndicatorPath(),
             GetForwardMergeIndicatorPath(),
+            GetOldPartitionMetadataPath(),
     };
     for (const auto& file : files) {
         RemoveFileIfExists(file);
@@ -308,7 +316,8 @@
     return WriteUpdateState(lock.get(), UpdateState::Unverified);
 }
 
-bool SnapshotManager::CreateSnapshot(LockedFile* lock, SnapshotStatus* status) {
+bool SnapshotManager::CreateSnapshot(LockedFile* lock, PartitionCowCreator* cow_creator,
+                                     SnapshotStatus* status) {
     CHECK(lock);
     CHECK(lock->lock_mode() == LOCK_EX);
     CHECK(status);
@@ -349,7 +358,7 @@
     status->set_state(SnapshotState::CREATED);
     status->set_sectors_allocated(0);
     status->set_metadata_sectors(0);
-    status->set_compression_enabled(IsCompressionEnabled());
+    status->set_compression_enabled(cow_creator->compression_enabled);
 
     if (!WriteSnapshotStatus(lock, *status)) {
         PLOG(ERROR) << "Could not write snapshot status: " << status->name();
@@ -465,8 +474,13 @@
         LOG(ERROR) << "Invalid snapshot size for " << base_device << ": " << status.snapshot_size();
         return false;
     }
+    if (status.device_size() != status.snapshot_size()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Device size and snapshot size must be the same (device size = "
+                   << status.device_size() << ", snapshot size = " << status.snapshot_size();
+        return false;
+    }
+
     uint64_t snapshot_sectors = status.snapshot_size() / kSectorSize;
-    uint64_t linear_sectors = (status.device_size() - status.snapshot_size()) / kSectorSize;
 
     auto& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
 
@@ -474,7 +488,8 @@
     // have completed merging, but the start of the merge process is considered
     // atomic.
     SnapshotStorageMode mode;
-    switch (ReadUpdateState(lock)) {
+    SnapshotUpdateStatus update_status = ReadSnapshotUpdateStatus(lock);
+    switch (update_status.state()) {
         case UpdateState::MergeCompleted:
         case UpdateState::MergeNeedsReboot:
             LOG(ERROR) << "Should not create a snapshot device for " << name
@@ -484,52 +499,24 @@
         case UpdateState::MergeFailed:
             // Note: MergeFailed indicates that a merge is in progress, but
             // is possibly stalled. We still have to honor the merge.
-            mode = SnapshotStorageMode::Merge;
+            if (DecideMergePhase(status) == update_status.merge_phase()) {
+                mode = SnapshotStorageMode::Merge;
+            } else {
+                mode = SnapshotStorageMode::Persistent;
+            }
             break;
         default:
             mode = SnapshotStorageMode::Persistent;
             break;
     }
 
-    // The kernel (tested on 4.19) crashes horribly if a device has both a snapshot
-    // and a linear target in the same table. Instead, we stack them, and give the
-    // snapshot device a different name. It is not exposed to the caller in this
-    // case.
-    auto snap_name = (linear_sectors > 0) ? GetSnapshotExtraDeviceName(name) : name;
-
     DmTable table;
     table.Emplace<DmTargetSnapshot>(0, snapshot_sectors, base_device, cow_device, mode,
                                     kSnapshotChunkSize);
-    if (!dm.CreateDevice(snap_name, table, dev_path, timeout_ms)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Could not create snapshot device: " << snap_name;
+    if (!dm.CreateDevice(name, table, dev_path, timeout_ms)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Could not create snapshot device: " << name;
         return false;
     }
-
-    if (linear_sectors) {
-        std::string snap_dev;
-        if (!dm.GetDeviceString(snap_name, &snap_dev)) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Cannot determine major/minor for: " << snap_name;
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        // Our stacking will looks like this:
-        //     [linear, linear] ; to snapshot, and non-snapshot region of base device
-        //     [snapshot-inner]
-        //     [base device]   [cow]
-        DmTable table;
-        table.Emplace<DmTargetLinear>(0, snapshot_sectors, snap_dev, 0);
-        table.Emplace<DmTargetLinear>(snapshot_sectors, linear_sectors, base_device,
-                                      snapshot_sectors);
-        if (!dm.CreateDevice(name, table, dev_path, timeout_ms)) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Could not create outer snapshot device: " << name;
-            dm.DeleteDevice(snap_name);
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-
-    // :TODO: when merging is implemented, we need to add an argument to the
-    // status indicating how much progress is left to merge. (device-mapper
-    // does not retain the initial values, so we can't derive them.)
     return true;
 }
 
@@ -557,6 +544,36 @@
     return std::nullopt;
 }
 
+bool SnapshotManager::MapSourceDevice(LockedFile* lock, const std::string& name,
+                                      const std::chrono::milliseconds& timeout_ms,
+                                      std::string* path) {
+    CHECK(lock);
+
+    auto metadata = ReadOldPartitionMetadata(lock);
+    if (!metadata) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Could not map source device due to missing or corrupt metadata";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    auto old_name = GetOtherPartitionName(name);
+    auto slot_suffix = device_->GetSlotSuffix();
+    auto slot = SlotNumberForSlotSuffix(slot_suffix);
+
+    CreateLogicalPartitionParams params = {
+            .block_device = device_->GetSuperDevice(slot),
+            .metadata = metadata,
+            .partition_name = old_name,
+            .timeout_ms = timeout_ms,
+            .device_name = GetSourceDeviceName(name),
+            .partition_opener = &device_->GetPartitionOpener(),
+    };
+    if (!CreateLogicalPartition(std::move(params), path)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Could not create source device for snapshot " << name;
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
 bool SnapshotManager::UnmapSnapshot(LockedFile* lock, const std::string& name) {
     CHECK(lock);
 
@@ -565,13 +582,6 @@
         LOG(ERROR) << "Could not delete snapshot device: " << name;
         return false;
     }
-
-    auto snapshot_extra_device = GetSnapshotExtraDeviceName(name);
-    if (!dm.DeleteDeviceIfExists(snapshot_extra_device)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Could not delete snapshot inner device: " << snapshot_extra_device;
-        return false;
-    }
-
     return true;
 }
 
@@ -676,6 +686,10 @@
         }
     }
 
+    bool compression_enabled = false;
+
+    std::vector<std::string> first_merge_group;
+
     uint64_t total_cow_file_size = 0;
     DmTargetSnapshot::Status initial_target_values = {};
     for (const auto& snapshot : snapshots) {
@@ -692,6 +706,11 @@
             return false;
         }
         total_cow_file_size += snapshot_status.cow_file_size();
+
+        compression_enabled |= snapshot_status.compression_enabled();
+        if (DecideMergePhase(snapshot_status) == MergePhase::FIRST_PHASE) {
+            first_merge_group.emplace_back(snapshot);
+        }
     }
 
     if (cow_file_size) {
@@ -703,15 +722,28 @@
     initial_status.set_sectors_allocated(initial_target_values.sectors_allocated);
     initial_status.set_total_sectors(initial_target_values.total_sectors);
     initial_status.set_metadata_sectors(initial_target_values.metadata_sectors);
+    initial_status.set_compression_enabled(compression_enabled);
+
+    // If any partitions shrunk, we need to merge them before we merge any other
+    // partitions (see b/177935716). Otherwise, a merge from another partition
+    // may overwrite the source block of a copy operation.
+    const std::vector<std::string>* merge_group;
+    if (first_merge_group.empty()) {
+        merge_group = &snapshots;
+        initial_status.set_merge_phase(MergePhase::SECOND_PHASE);
+    } else {
+        merge_group = &first_merge_group;
+        initial_status.set_merge_phase(MergePhase::FIRST_PHASE);
+    }
 
     // Point of no return - mark that we're starting a merge. From now on every
-    // snapshot must be a merge target.
+    // eligible snapshot must be a merge target.
     if (!WriteSnapshotUpdateStatus(lock.get(), initial_status)) {
         return false;
     }
 
     bool rewrote_all = true;
-    for (const auto& snapshot : snapshots) {
+    for (const auto& snapshot : *merge_group) {
         // If this fails, we have no choice but to continue. Everything must
         // be merged. This is not an ideal state to be in, but it is safe,
         // because we the next boot will try again.
@@ -744,16 +776,15 @@
 
     // After this, we return true because we technically did switch to a merge
     // target. Everything else we do here is just informational.
-    auto dm_name = GetSnapshotDeviceName(name, status);
-    if (!RewriteSnapshotDeviceTable(dm_name)) {
+    if (!RewriteSnapshotDeviceTable(name)) {
         return false;
     }
 
     status.set_state(SnapshotState::MERGING);
 
     DmTargetSnapshot::Status dm_status;
-    if (!QuerySnapshotStatus(dm_name, nullptr, &dm_status)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Could not query merge status for snapshot: " << dm_name;
+    if (!QuerySnapshotStatus(name, nullptr, &dm_status)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Could not query merge status for snapshot: " << name;
     }
     status.set_sectors_allocated(dm_status.sectors_allocated);
     status.set_metadata_sectors(dm_status.metadata_sectors);
@@ -763,33 +794,33 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-bool SnapshotManager::RewriteSnapshotDeviceTable(const std::string& dm_name) {
+bool SnapshotManager::RewriteSnapshotDeviceTable(const std::string& name) {
     auto& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
 
     std::vector<DeviceMapper::TargetInfo> old_targets;
-    if (!dm.GetTableInfo(dm_name, &old_targets)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Could not read snapshot device table: " << dm_name;
+    if (!dm.GetTableInfo(name, &old_targets)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Could not read snapshot device table: " << name;
         return false;
     }
     if (old_targets.size() != 1 || DeviceMapper::GetTargetType(old_targets[0].spec) != "snapshot") {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Unexpected device-mapper table for snapshot: " << dm_name;
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Unexpected device-mapper table for snapshot: " << name;
         return false;
     }
 
     std::string base_device, cow_device;
     if (!DmTargetSnapshot::GetDevicesFromParams(old_targets[0].data, &base_device, &cow_device)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Could not derive underlying devices for snapshot: " << dm_name;
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Could not derive underlying devices for snapshot: " << name;
         return false;
     }
 
     DmTable table;
     table.Emplace<DmTargetSnapshot>(0, old_targets[0].spec.length, base_device, cow_device,
                                     SnapshotStorageMode::Merge, kSnapshotChunkSize);
-    if (!dm.LoadTableAndActivate(dm_name, table)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Could not swap device-mapper tables on snapshot device " << dm_name;
+    if (!dm.LoadTableAndActivate(name, table)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Could not swap device-mapper tables on snapshot device " << name;
         return false;
     }
-    LOG(INFO) << "Successfully switched snapshot device to a merge target: " << dm_name;
+    LOG(INFO) << "Successfully switched snapshot device to a merge target: " << name;
     return true;
 }
 
@@ -903,13 +934,13 @@
 
 UpdateState SnapshotManager::CheckMergeState(LockedFile* lock,
                                              const std::function<bool()>& before_cancel) {
-    UpdateState state = ReadUpdateState(lock);
-    switch (state) {
+    SnapshotUpdateStatus update_status = ReadSnapshotUpdateStatus(lock);
+    switch (update_status.state()) {
         case UpdateState::None:
         case UpdateState::MergeCompleted:
             // Harmless races are allowed between two callers of WaitForMerge,
             // so in both of these cases we just propagate the state.
-            return state;
+            return update_status.state();
 
         case UpdateState::Merging:
         case UpdateState::MergeNeedsReboot:
@@ -926,10 +957,10 @@
             if (HandleCancelledUpdate(lock, before_cancel)) {
                 return UpdateState::Cancelled;
             }
-            return state;
+            return update_status.state();
 
         default:
-            return state;
+            return update_status.state();
     }
 
     std::vector<std::string> snapshots;
@@ -941,8 +972,9 @@
     bool failed = false;
     bool merging = false;
     bool needs_reboot = false;
+    bool wrong_phase = false;
     for (const auto& snapshot : snapshots) {
-        UpdateState snapshot_state = CheckTargetMergeState(lock, snapshot);
+        UpdateState snapshot_state = CheckTargetMergeState(lock, snapshot, update_status);
         switch (snapshot_state) {
             case UpdateState::MergeFailed:
                 failed = true;
@@ -958,6 +990,9 @@
             case UpdateState::Cancelled:
                 cancelled = true;
                 break;
+            case UpdateState::None:
+                wrong_phase = true;
+                break;
             default:
                 LOG(ERROR) << "Unknown merge status for \"" << snapshot << "\": "
                            << "\"" << snapshot_state << "\"";
@@ -977,6 +1012,14 @@
         // it in WaitForMerge rather than here and elsewhere.
         return UpdateState::MergeFailed;
     }
+    if (wrong_phase) {
+        // If we got here, no other partitions are being merged, and nothing
+        // failed to merge. It's safe to move to the next merge phase.
+        if (!MergeSecondPhaseSnapshots(lock)) {
+            return UpdateState::MergeFailed;
+        }
+        return UpdateState::Merging;
+    }
     if (needs_reboot) {
         WriteUpdateState(lock, UpdateState::MergeNeedsReboot);
         return UpdateState::MergeNeedsReboot;
@@ -992,17 +1035,16 @@
     return UpdateState::MergeCompleted;
 }
 
-UpdateState SnapshotManager::CheckTargetMergeState(LockedFile* lock, const std::string& name) {
+UpdateState SnapshotManager::CheckTargetMergeState(LockedFile* lock, const std::string& name,
+                                                   const SnapshotUpdateStatus& update_status) {
     SnapshotStatus snapshot_status;
     if (!ReadSnapshotStatus(lock, name, &snapshot_status)) {
         return UpdateState::MergeFailed;
     }
 
-    std::string dm_name = GetSnapshotDeviceName(name, snapshot_status);
-
     std::unique_ptr<LpMetadata> current_metadata;
 
-    if (!IsSnapshotDevice(dm_name)) {
+    if (!IsSnapshotDevice(name)) {
         if (!current_metadata) {
             current_metadata = ReadCurrentMetadata();
         }
@@ -1016,7 +1058,7 @@
         // During a check, we decided the merge was complete, but we were unable to
         // collapse the device-mapper stack and perform COW cleanup. If we haven't
         // rebooted after this check, the device will still be a snapshot-merge
-        // target. If the have rebooted, the device will now be a linear target,
+        // target. If we have rebooted, the device will now be a linear target,
         // and we can try cleanup again.
         if (snapshot_status.state() == SnapshotState::MERGE_COMPLETED) {
             // NB: It's okay if this fails now, we gave cleanup our best effort.
@@ -1024,7 +1066,7 @@
             return UpdateState::MergeCompleted;
         }
 
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Expected snapshot or snapshot-merge for device: " << dm_name;
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Expected snapshot or snapshot-merge for device: " << name;
         return UpdateState::MergeFailed;
     }
 
@@ -1034,9 +1076,15 @@
 
     std::string target_type;
     DmTargetSnapshot::Status status;
-    if (!QuerySnapshotStatus(dm_name, &target_type, &status)) {
+    if (!QuerySnapshotStatus(name, &target_type, &status)) {
         return UpdateState::MergeFailed;
     }
+    if (target_type == "snapshot" &&
+        DecideMergePhase(snapshot_status) == MergePhase::SECOND_PHASE &&
+        update_status.merge_phase() == MergePhase::FIRST_PHASE) {
+        // The snapshot is not being merged because it's in the wrong phase.
+        return UpdateState::None;
+    }
     if (target_type != "snapshot-merge") {
         // We can get here if we failed to rewrite the target type in
         // InitiateMerge(). If we failed to create the target in first-stage
@@ -1072,6 +1120,38 @@
     return UpdateState::MergeCompleted;
 }
 
+bool SnapshotManager::MergeSecondPhaseSnapshots(LockedFile* lock) {
+    std::vector<std::string> snapshots;
+    if (!ListSnapshots(lock, &snapshots)) {
+        return UpdateState::MergeFailed;
+    }
+
+    SnapshotUpdateStatus update_status = ReadSnapshotUpdateStatus(lock);
+    CHECK(update_status.state() == UpdateState::Merging);
+    CHECK(update_status.merge_phase() == MergePhase::FIRST_PHASE);
+
+    update_status.set_merge_phase(MergePhase::SECOND_PHASE);
+    if (!WriteSnapshotUpdateStatus(lock, update_status)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    bool rewrote_all = true;
+    for (const auto& snapshot : snapshots) {
+        SnapshotStatus snapshot_status;
+        if (!ReadSnapshotStatus(lock, snapshot, &snapshot_status)) {
+            return UpdateState::MergeFailed;
+        }
+        if (DecideMergePhase(snapshot_status) != MergePhase::SECOND_PHASE) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (!SwitchSnapshotToMerge(lock, snapshot)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to switch snapshot to a second-phase merge target: " << snapshot;
+            rewrote_all = false;
+        }
+    }
+    return rewrote_all;
+}
+
 std::string SnapshotManager::GetSnapshotBootIndicatorPath() {
     return metadata_dir_ + "/" + android::base::Basename(kBootIndicatorPath);
 }
@@ -1084,6 +1164,10 @@
     return metadata_dir_ + "/allow-forward-merge";
 }
 
+std::string SnapshotManager::GetOldPartitionMetadataPath() {
+    return metadata_dir_ + "/old-partition-metadata";
+}
+
 void SnapshotManager::AcknowledgeMergeSuccess(LockedFile* lock) {
     // It's not possible to remove update state in recovery, so write an
     // indicator that cleanup is needed on reboot. If a factory data reset
@@ -1119,21 +1203,20 @@
 
 bool SnapshotManager::OnSnapshotMergeComplete(LockedFile* lock, const std::string& name,
                                               const SnapshotStatus& status) {
-    auto dm_name = GetSnapshotDeviceName(name, status);
-    if (IsSnapshotDevice(dm_name)) {
+    if (IsSnapshotDevice(name)) {
         // We are extra-cautious here, to avoid deleting the wrong table.
         std::string target_type;
         DmTargetSnapshot::Status dm_status;
-        if (!QuerySnapshotStatus(dm_name, &target_type, &dm_status)) {
+        if (!QuerySnapshotStatus(name, &target_type, &dm_status)) {
             return false;
         }
         if (target_type != "snapshot-merge") {
             LOG(ERROR) << "Unexpected target type " << target_type
-                       << " for snapshot device: " << dm_name;
+                       << " for snapshot device: " << name;
             return false;
         }
         if (dm_status.sectors_allocated != dm_status.metadata_sectors) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Merge is unexpectedly incomplete for device " << dm_name;
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Merge is unexpectedly incomplete for device " << name;
             return false;
         }
         if (!CollapseSnapshotDevice(name, status)) {
@@ -1151,26 +1234,43 @@
     return true;
 }
 
+static bool DeleteDmDevice(const std::string& name, const std::chrono::milliseconds& timeout_ms) {
+    auto start = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+    auto& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
+    while (true) {
+        if (dm.DeleteDeviceIfExists(name)) {
+            break;
+        }
+        auto now = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+        auto elapsed = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(now - start);
+        if (elapsed >= timeout_ms) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "DeleteDevice timeout: " << name;
+            return false;
+        }
+        std::this_thread::sleep_for(250ms);
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
 bool SnapshotManager::CollapseSnapshotDevice(const std::string& name,
                                              const SnapshotStatus& status) {
     auto& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
-    auto dm_name = GetSnapshotDeviceName(name, status);
 
     // Verify we have a snapshot-merge device.
     DeviceMapper::TargetInfo target;
-    if (!GetSingleTarget(dm_name, TableQuery::Table, &target)) {
+    if (!GetSingleTarget(name, TableQuery::Table, &target)) {
         return false;
     }
     if (DeviceMapper::GetTargetType(target.spec) != "snapshot-merge") {
         // This should be impossible, it was checked earlier.
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Snapshot device has invalid target type: " << dm_name;
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Snapshot device has invalid target type: " << name;
         return false;
     }
 
     std::string base_device, cow_device;
     if (!DmTargetSnapshot::GetDevicesFromParams(target.data, &base_device, &cow_device)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Could not parse snapshot device " << dm_name
-                   << " parameters: " << target.data;
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Could not parse snapshot device " << name << " parameters: " << target.data;
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -1181,42 +1281,6 @@
         return false;
     }
 
-    if (dm_name != name) {
-        // We've derived the base device, but we actually need to replace the
-        // table of the outermost device. Do a quick verification that this
-        // device looks like we expect it to.
-        std::vector<DeviceMapper::TargetInfo> outer_table;
-        if (!dm.GetTableInfo(name, &outer_table)) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Could not validate outer snapshot table: " << name;
-            return false;
-        }
-        if (outer_table.size() != 2) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Expected 2 dm-linear targets for table " << name
-                       << ", got: " << outer_table.size();
-            return false;
-        }
-        for (const auto& target : outer_table) {
-            auto target_type = DeviceMapper::GetTargetType(target.spec);
-            if (target_type != "linear") {
-                LOG(ERROR) << "Outer snapshot table may only contain linear targets, but " << name
-                           << " has target: " << target_type;
-                return false;
-            }
-        }
-        if (outer_table[0].spec.length != snapshot_sectors) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "dm-snapshot " << name << " should have " << snapshot_sectors
-                       << " sectors, got: " << outer_table[0].spec.length;
-            return false;
-        }
-        uint64_t expected_device_sectors = status.device_size() / kSectorSize;
-        uint64_t actual_device_sectors = outer_table[0].spec.length + outer_table[1].spec.length;
-        if (expected_device_sectors != actual_device_sectors) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Outer device " << name << " should have " << expected_device_sectors
-                       << " sectors, got: " << actual_device_sectors;
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-
     uint32_t slot = SlotNumberForSlotSuffix(device_->GetSlotSuffix());
     // Create a DmTable that is identical to the base device.
     CreateLogicalPartitionParams base_device_params{
@@ -1231,7 +1295,6 @@
         return false;
     }
 
-    // Note: we are replacing the *outer* table here, so we do not use dm_name.
     if (!dm.LoadTableAndActivate(name, table)) {
         return false;
     }
@@ -1241,22 +1304,18 @@
     // flushed remaining I/O. We could in theory replace with dm-zero (or
     // re-use the table above), but for now it's better to know why this
     // would fail.
-    if (dm_name != name && !dm.DeleteDeviceIfExists(dm_name)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to delete snapshot device " << dm_name << ", COW cannot be "
-                   << "reclaimed until after reboot.";
-        return false;
-    }
-
     if (status.compression_enabled()) {
         UnmapDmUserDevice(name);
     }
-
-    // Cleanup the base device as well, since it is no longer used. This does
-    // not block cleanup.
     auto base_name = GetBaseDeviceName(name);
     if (!dm.DeleteDeviceIfExists(base_name)) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to delete base device for snapshot: " << base_name;
     }
+
+    if (!DeleteDmDevice(GetSourceDeviceName(name), 4000ms)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to delete source device for snapshot: " << GetSourceDeviceName(name);
+    }
+
     return true;
 }
 
@@ -1348,9 +1407,6 @@
         }
 
         auto misc_name = user_cow_name;
-        if (transition == InitTransition::SELINUX_DETACH) {
-            misc_name += "-selinux";
-        }
 
         DmTable table;
         table.Emplace<DmTargetUser>(0, target.spec.length, misc_name);
@@ -1359,9 +1415,9 @@
             continue;
         }
 
-        std::string backing_device;
-        if (!dm.GetDmDevicePathByName(GetBaseDeviceName(snapshot), &backing_device)) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Could not get device path for " << GetBaseDeviceName(snapshot);
+        std::string source_device;
+        if (!dm.GetDmDevicePathByName(GetSourceDeviceName(snapshot), &source_device)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Could not get device path for " << GetSourceDeviceName(snapshot);
             continue;
         }
 
@@ -1383,11 +1439,12 @@
         // Wait for ueventd to acknowledge and create the control device node.
         std::string control_device = "/dev/dm-user/" + misc_name;
         if (!WaitForDevice(control_device, 10s)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "dm-user control device no found:  " << misc_name;
             continue;
         }
 
         if (transition == InitTransition::SELINUX_DETACH) {
-            auto message = misc_name + "," + cow_image_device + "," + backing_device;
+            auto message = misc_name + "," + cow_image_device + "," + source_device;
             snapuserd_argv->emplace_back(std::move(message));
 
             // Do not attempt to connect to the new snapuserd yet, it hasn't
@@ -1398,14 +1455,14 @@
         }
 
         uint64_t base_sectors =
-                snapuserd_client_->InitDmUserCow(misc_name, cow_image_device, backing_device);
+                snapuserd_client_->InitDmUserCow(misc_name, cow_image_device, source_device);
         if (base_sectors == 0) {
             // Unrecoverable as metadata reads from cow device failed
             LOG(FATAL) << "Failed to retrieve base_sectors from Snapuserd";
             return false;
         }
 
-        CHECK(base_sectors == target.spec.length);
+        CHECK(base_sectors <= target.spec.length);
 
         if (!snapuserd_client_->AttachDmUser(misc_name)) {
             // This error is unrecoverable. We cannot proceed because reads to
@@ -1543,7 +1600,7 @@
         //    Otherwise (UPDATED flag), only delete snapshots if they are not mapped
         //    as dm-snapshot (for example, after merge completes).
         bool should_unmap = current_slot != Slot::Target;
-        bool should_delete = ShouldDeleteSnapshot(lock, flashing_status, current_slot, name);
+        bool should_delete = ShouldDeleteSnapshot(flashing_status, current_slot, name);
 
         bool partition_ok = true;
         if (should_unmap && !UnmapPartitionWithSnapshot(lock, name)) {
@@ -1577,8 +1634,7 @@
 }
 
 // See comments in RemoveAllSnapshots().
-bool SnapshotManager::ShouldDeleteSnapshot(LockedFile* lock,
-                                           const std::map<std::string, bool>& flashing_status,
+bool SnapshotManager::ShouldDeleteSnapshot(const std::map<std::string, bool>& flashing_status,
                                            Slot current_slot, const std::string& name) {
     if (current_slot != Slot::Target) {
         return true;
@@ -1592,16 +1648,7 @@
         // partition flashed, okay to delete obsolete snapshots
         return true;
     }
-    // partition updated, only delete if not dm-snapshot
-    SnapshotStatus status;
-    if (!ReadSnapshotStatus(lock, name, &status)) {
-        LOG(WARNING) << "Unable to read snapshot status for " << name
-                     << ", guessing snapshot device name";
-        auto extra_name = GetSnapshotExtraDeviceName(name);
-        return !IsSnapshotDevice(name) && !IsSnapshotDevice(extra_name);
-    }
-    auto dm_name = GetSnapshotDeviceName(name, status);
-    return !IsSnapshotDevice(dm_name);
+    return !IsSnapshotDevice(name);
 }
 
 UpdateState SnapshotManager::GetUpdateState(double* progress) {
@@ -1658,6 +1705,17 @@
     return state;
 }
 
+bool SnapshotManager::UpdateUsesCompression() {
+    auto lock = LockShared();
+    if (!lock) return false;
+    return UpdateUsesCompression(lock.get());
+}
+
+bool SnapshotManager::UpdateUsesCompression(LockedFile* lock) {
+    SnapshotUpdateStatus update_status = ReadSnapshotUpdateStatus(lock);
+    return update_status.compression_enabled();
+}
+
 bool SnapshotManager::ListSnapshots(LockedFile* lock, std::vector<std::string>* snapshots) {
     CHECK(lock);
 
@@ -1917,24 +1975,35 @@
     }
 
     if (live_snapshot_status->compression_enabled()) {
-        auto name = GetDmUserCowName(params.GetPartitionName());
+        // Get the source device (eg the view of the partition from before it was resized).
+        std::string source_device_path;
+        if (!MapSourceDevice(lock, params.GetPartitionName(), remaining_time,
+                             &source_device_path)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Could not map source device for: " << cow_name;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        auto source_device = GetSourceDeviceName(params.GetPartitionName());
+        created_devices.EmplaceBack<AutoUnmapDevice>(&dm, source_device);
+
+        if (!WaitForDevice(source_device_path, remaining_time)) {
+            return false;
+        }
 
         std::string cow_path;
         if (!GetMappedImageDevicePath(cow_name, &cow_path)) {
             LOG(ERROR) << "Could not determine path for: " << cow_name;
             return false;
         }
-
-        // Ensure both |base_path| and |cow_path| are created, for snapuserd.
-        if (!WaitForDevice(base_path, remaining_time)) {
-            return false;
-        }
         if (!WaitForDevice(cow_path, remaining_time)) {
             return false;
         }
 
+        auto name = GetDmUserCowName(params.GetPartitionName());
+
         std::string new_cow_device;
-        if (!MapDmUserCow(lock, name, cow_path, base_path, remaining_time, &new_cow_device)) {
+        if (!MapDmUserCow(lock, name, cow_path, source_device_path, remaining_time,
+                          &new_cow_device)) {
             LOG(ERROR) << "Could not map dm-user device for partition "
                        << params.GetPartitionName();
             return false;
@@ -1978,12 +2047,18 @@
     }
 
     auto& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
-    std::string base_name = GetBaseDeviceName(target_partition_name);
+    auto base_name = GetBaseDeviceName(target_partition_name);
     if (!dm.DeleteDeviceIfExists(base_name)) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Cannot delete base device: " << base_name;
         return false;
     }
 
+    auto source_name = GetSourceDeviceName(target_partition_name);
+    if (!dm.DeleteDeviceIfExists(source_name)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Cannot delete source device: " << source_name;
+        return false;
+    }
+
     LOG(INFO) << "Successfully unmapped snapshot " << target_partition_name;
 
     return true;
@@ -2065,15 +2140,12 @@
     CHECK(lock);
     if (!EnsureImageManager()) return false;
 
-    auto& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
-
-    if (IsCompressionEnabled() && !UnmapDmUserDevice(name)) {
+    if (UpdateUsesCompression(lock) && !UnmapDmUserDevice(name)) {
         return false;
     }
 
-    auto cow_name = GetCowName(name);
-    if (!dm.DeleteDeviceIfExists(cow_name)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Cannot unmap " << cow_name;
+    if (!DeleteDmDevice(GetCowName(name), 4000ms)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Cannot unmap: " << GetCowName(name);
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -2088,10 +2160,6 @@
 bool SnapshotManager::UnmapDmUserDevice(const std::string& snapshot_name) {
     auto& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
 
-    if (!EnsureSnapuserdConnected()) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
     auto dm_user_name = GetDmUserCowName(snapshot_name);
     if (dm.GetState(dm_user_name) == DmDeviceState::INVALID) {
         return true;
@@ -2102,9 +2170,11 @@
         return false;
     }
 
-    if (!snapuserd_client_->WaitForDeviceDelete(dm_user_name)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to wait for " << dm_user_name << " control device to delete";
-        return false;
+    if (EnsureSnapuserdConnected()) {
+        if (!snapuserd_client_->WaitForDeviceDelete(dm_user_name)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to wait for " << dm_user_name << " control device to delete";
+            return false;
+        }
     }
 
     // Ensure the control device is gone so we don't run into ABA problems.
@@ -2131,12 +2201,44 @@
         return false;
     }
 
-    if (!UnmapAllSnapshots(lock.get())) {
+    std::vector<std::string> snapshots;
+    if (!ListSnapshots(lock.get(), &snapshots)) {
         return false;
     }
 
-    uint32_t slot = SlotNumberForSlotSuffix(device_->GetOtherSlotSuffix());
-    return MapAllPartitions(lock.get(), device_->GetSuperDevice(slot), slot, timeout_ms);
+    const auto& opener = device_->GetPartitionOpener();
+    auto slot_suffix = device_->GetOtherSlotSuffix();
+    auto slot_number = SlotNumberForSlotSuffix(slot_suffix);
+    auto super_device = device_->GetSuperDevice(slot_number);
+    auto metadata = android::fs_mgr::ReadMetadata(opener, super_device, slot_number);
+    if (!metadata) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "MapAllSnapshots could not read dynamic partition metadata for device: "
+                   << super_device;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    for (const auto& snapshot : snapshots) {
+        if (!UnmapPartitionWithSnapshot(lock.get(), snapshot)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "MapAllSnapshots could not unmap snapshot: " << snapshot;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        CreateLogicalPartitionParams params = {
+                .block_device = super_device,
+                .metadata = metadata.get(),
+                .partition_name = snapshot,
+                .partition_opener = &opener,
+                .timeout_ms = timeout_ms,
+        };
+        if (!MapPartitionWithSnapshot(lock.get(), std::move(params), SnapshotContext::Mount,
+                                      nullptr)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "MapAllSnapshots failed to map: " << snapshot;
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    LOG(INFO) << "MapAllSnapshots succeeded.";
+    return true;
 }
 
 bool SnapshotManager::UnmapAllSnapshots() {
@@ -2285,9 +2387,15 @@
 }
 
 bool SnapshotManager::WriteUpdateState(LockedFile* lock, UpdateState state) {
-    SnapshotUpdateStatus status = {};
+    SnapshotUpdateStatus status;
     status.set_state(state);
-    status.set_compression_enabled(IsCompressionEnabled());
+
+    // If we're transitioning between two valid states (eg, we're not beginning
+    // or ending an OTA), then make sure to propagate the compression bit.
+    if (!(state == UpdateState::Initiated || state == UpdateState::None)) {
+        SnapshotUpdateStatus old_status = ReadSnapshotUpdateStatus(lock);
+        status.set_compression_enabled(old_status.compression_enabled());
+    }
     return WriteSnapshotUpdateStatus(lock, status);
 }
 
@@ -2398,14 +2506,6 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-std::string SnapshotManager::GetSnapshotDeviceName(const std::string& snapshot_name,
-                                                   const SnapshotStatus& status) {
-    if (status.device_size() != status.snapshot_size()) {
-        return GetSnapshotExtraDeviceName(snapshot_name);
-    }
-    return snapshot_name;
-}
-
 bool SnapshotManager::EnsureImageManager() {
     if (images_) return true;
 
@@ -2477,6 +2577,12 @@
     auto lock = LockExclusive();
     if (!lock) return Return::Error();
 
+    auto update_state = ReadUpdateState(lock.get());
+    if (update_state != UpdateState::Initiated) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Cannot create update snapshots in state " << update_state;
+        return Return::Error();
+    }
+
     // TODO(b/134949511): remove this check. Right now, with overlayfs mounted, the scratch
     // partition takes up a big chunk of space in super, causing COW images to be created on
     // retrofit Virtual A/B devices.
@@ -2539,6 +2645,10 @@
     // these devices.
     AutoDeviceList created_devices;
 
+    bool use_compression = IsCompressionEnabled() &&
+                           manifest.dynamic_partition_metadata().vabc_enabled() &&
+                           !device_->IsRecovery();
+
     PartitionCowCreator cow_creator{
             .target_metadata = target_metadata.get(),
             .target_suffix = target_suffix,
@@ -2547,7 +2657,7 @@
             .current_suffix = current_suffix,
             .update = nullptr,
             .extra_extents = {},
-            .compression_enabled = IsCompressionEnabled(),
+            .compression_enabled = use_compression,
     };
 
     auto ret = CreateUpdateSnapshotsInternal(lock.get(), manifest, &cow_creator, &created_devices,
@@ -2571,6 +2681,32 @@
         return Return::Error();
     }
 
+    // If compression is enabled, we need to retain a copy of the old metadata
+    // so we can access original blocks in case they are moved around. We do
+    // not want to rely on the old super metadata slot because we don't
+    // guarantee its validity after the slot switch is successful.
+    if (cow_creator.compression_enabled) {
+        auto metadata = current_metadata->Export();
+        if (!metadata) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Could not export current metadata";
+            return Return::Error();
+        }
+
+        auto path = GetOldPartitionMetadataPath();
+        if (!android::fs_mgr::WriteToImageFile(path, *metadata.get())) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Cannot write old metadata to " << path;
+            return Return::Error();
+        }
+    }
+
+    SnapshotUpdateStatus status = {};
+    status.set_state(update_state);
+    status.set_compression_enabled(cow_creator.compression_enabled);
+    if (!WriteSnapshotUpdateStatus(lock.get(), status)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to write new update state";
+        return Return::Error();
+    }
+
     created_devices.Release();
     LOG(INFO) << "Successfully created all snapshots for target slot " << target_suffix;
 
@@ -2663,8 +2799,17 @@
             continue;
         }
 
+        // Find the original partition size.
+        auto name = target_partition->name();
+        auto old_partition_name =
+                name.substr(0, name.size() - target_suffix.size()) + cow_creator->current_suffix;
+        auto old_partition = cow_creator->current_metadata->FindPartition(old_partition_name);
+        if (old_partition) {
+            cow_creator_ret->snapshot_status.set_old_partition_size(old_partition->size());
+        }
+
         // Store these device sizes to snapshot status file.
-        if (!CreateSnapshot(lock, &cow_creator_ret->snapshot_status)) {
+        if (!CreateSnapshot(lock, cow_creator, &cow_creator_ret->snapshot_status)) {
             return Return::Error();
         }
         created_devices->EmplaceBack<AutoDeleteSnapshot>(this, lock, target_partition->name());
@@ -2777,11 +2922,6 @@
 
 bool SnapshotManager::MapUpdateSnapshot(const CreateLogicalPartitionParams& params,
                                         std::string* snapshot_path) {
-    if (IsCompressionEnabled()) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "MapUpdateSnapshot cannot be used in compression mode.";
-        return false;
-    }
-
     auto lock = LockShared();
     if (!lock) return false;
     if (!UnmapPartitionWithSnapshot(lock.get(), params.GetPartitionName())) {
@@ -2790,6 +2930,15 @@
         return false;
     }
 
+    SnapshotStatus status;
+    if (!ReadSnapshotStatus(lock.get(), params.GetPartitionName(), &status)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (status.compression_enabled()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Cannot use MapUpdateSnapshot with compressed snapshots";
+        return false;
+    }
+
     SnapshotPaths paths;
     if (!MapPartitionWithSnapshot(lock.get(), params, SnapshotContext::Update, &paths)) {
         return false;
@@ -2967,7 +3116,8 @@
     std::stringstream ss;
 
     ss << "Update state: " << ReadUpdateState(file.get()) << std::endl;
-
+    ss << "Compression: " << ReadSnapshotUpdateStatus(file.get()).compression_enabled()
+       << std::endl;
     ss << "Current slot: " << device_->GetSlotSuffix() << std::endl;
     ss << "Boot indicator: booting from " << GetCurrentSlot() << " slot" << std::endl;
     ss << "Rollback indicator: "
@@ -3049,7 +3199,7 @@
 
     auto slot_number = SlotNumberForSlotSuffix(device_->GetSlotSuffix());
     auto super_path = device_->GetSuperDevice(slot_number);
-    if (!CreateLogicalAndSnapshotPartitions(super_path)) {
+    if (!CreateLogicalAndSnapshotPartitions(super_path, 20s)) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to map partitions to complete merge.";
         return false;
     }
@@ -3089,7 +3239,7 @@
 
     auto slot_number = SlotNumberForSlotSuffix(device_->GetSlotSuffix());
     auto super_path = device_->GetSuperDevice(slot_number);
-    if (!CreateLogicalAndSnapshotPartitions(super_path)) {
+    if (!CreateLogicalAndSnapshotPartitions(super_path, 20s)) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to map partitions to complete merge.";
         return false;
     }
@@ -3235,7 +3385,7 @@
     auto slot_suffix = device_->GetOtherSlotSuffix();
     auto slot_number = SlotNumberForSlotSuffix(slot_suffix);
     auto super_path = device_->GetSuperDevice(slot_number);
-    if (!CreateLogicalAndSnapshotPartitions(super_path)) {
+    if (!CreateLogicalAndSnapshotPartitions(super_path, 20s)) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to map partitions.";
         return CreateResult::ERROR;
     }
@@ -3350,5 +3500,26 @@
     return PerformInitTransition(InitTransition::SECOND_STAGE);
 }
 
+const LpMetadata* SnapshotManager::ReadOldPartitionMetadata(LockedFile* lock) {
+    CHECK(lock);
+
+    if (!old_partition_metadata_) {
+        auto path = GetOldPartitionMetadataPath();
+        old_partition_metadata_ = android::fs_mgr::ReadFromImageFile(path);
+        if (!old_partition_metadata_) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Could not read old partition metadata from " << path;
+            return nullptr;
+        }
+    }
+    return old_partition_metadata_.get();
+}
+
+MergePhase SnapshotManager::DecideMergePhase(const SnapshotStatus& status) {
+    if (status.compression_enabled() && status.device_size() < status.old_partition_size()) {
+        return MergePhase::FIRST_PHASE;
+    }
+    return MergePhase::SECOND_PHASE;
+}
+
 }  // namespace snapshot
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_stats.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_stats.cpp
index 3723730..513700d 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_stats.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_stats.cpp
@@ -84,8 +84,9 @@
     return WriteState();
 }
 
-void SnapshotMergeStats::set_state(android::snapshot::UpdateState state) {
+void SnapshotMergeStats::set_state(android::snapshot::UpdateState state, bool using_compression) {
     report_.set_state(state);
+    report_.set_compression_enabled(using_compression);
 }
 
 void SnapshotMergeStats::set_cow_file_size(uint64_t cow_file_size) {
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_stub.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_stub.cpp
index 26b9129..8a254c9 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_stub.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_stub.cpp
@@ -116,9 +116,14 @@
     return nullptr;
 }
 
+bool SnapshotManagerStub::UpdateUsesCompression() {
+    LOG(ERROR) << __FUNCTION__ << " should never be called.";
+    return false;
+}
+
 class SnapshotMergeStatsStub : public ISnapshotMergeStats {
     bool Start() override { return false; }
-    void set_state(android::snapshot::UpdateState) override {}
+    void set_state(android::snapshot::UpdateState, bool) override {}
     void set_cow_file_size(uint64_t) override {}
     uint64_t cow_file_size() override { return 0; }
     std::unique_ptr<Result> Finish() override { return nullptr; }
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_test.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_test.cpp
index bb44425..d57aa6c 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_test.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_test.cpp
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@
 
 #include <android/snapshot/snapshot.pb.h>
 #include <libsnapshot/test_helpers.h>
+#include "partition_cow_creator.h"
 #include "utility.h"
 
 // Mock classes are not used. Header included to ensure mocked class definition aligns with the
@@ -224,7 +225,7 @@
     }
 
     AssertionResult MapUpdateSnapshot(const std::string& name,
-                                      std::unique_ptr<ICowWriter>* writer) {
+                                      std::unique_ptr<ISnapshotWriter>* writer) {
         TestPartitionOpener opener(fake_super);
         CreateLogicalPartitionParams params{
                 .block_device = fake_super,
@@ -234,7 +235,8 @@
                 .partition_opener = &opener,
         };
 
-        auto result = sm->OpenSnapshotWriter(params, {});
+        auto old_partition = "/dev/block/mapper/" + GetOtherPartitionName(name);
+        auto result = sm->OpenSnapshotWriter(params, {old_partition});
         if (!result) {
             return AssertionFailure() << "Cannot open snapshot for writing: " << name;
         }
@@ -277,6 +279,7 @@
             return AssertionFailure() << "Cannot unmap image " << snapshot << "-cow-img";
         }
         if (!(res = DeleteDevice(snapshot + "-base"))) return res;
+        if (!(res = DeleteDevice(snapshot + "-src"))) return res;
         return AssertionSuccess();
     }
 
@@ -317,12 +320,15 @@
 
     // Prepare A/B slot for a partition named "test_partition".
     AssertionResult PrepareOneSnapshot(uint64_t device_size,
-                                       std::unique_ptr<ICowWriter>* writer = nullptr) {
+                                       std::unique_ptr<ISnapshotWriter>* writer = nullptr) {
         lock_ = nullptr;
 
         DeltaArchiveManifest manifest;
 
-        auto group = manifest.mutable_dynamic_partition_metadata()->add_groups();
+        auto dynamic_partition_metadata = manifest.mutable_dynamic_partition_metadata();
+        dynamic_partition_metadata->set_vabc_enabled(IsCompressionEnabled());
+
+        auto group = dynamic_partition_metadata->add_groups();
         group->set_name("group");
         group->set_size(device_size * 2);
         group->add_partition_names("test_partition");
@@ -415,13 +421,16 @@
 TEST_F(SnapshotTest, CreateSnapshot) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(AcquireLock());
 
+    PartitionCowCreator cow_creator;
+    cow_creator.compression_enabled = IsCompressionEnabled();
+
     static const uint64_t kDeviceSize = 1024 * 1024;
     SnapshotStatus status;
     status.set_name("test-snapshot");
     status.set_device_size(kDeviceSize);
     status.set_snapshot_size(kDeviceSize);
     status.set_cow_file_size(kDeviceSize);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(sm->CreateSnapshot(lock_.get(), &status));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(sm->CreateSnapshot(lock_.get(), &cow_creator, &status));
     ASSERT_TRUE(CreateCowImage("test-snapshot"));
 
     std::vector<std::string> snapshots;
@@ -436,6 +445,7 @@
         ASSERT_EQ(status.state(), SnapshotState::CREATED);
         ASSERT_EQ(status.device_size(), kDeviceSize);
         ASSERT_EQ(status.snapshot_size(), kDeviceSize);
+        ASSERT_EQ(status.compression_enabled(), cow_creator.compression_enabled);
     }
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(sm->UnmapSnapshot(lock_.get(), "test-snapshot"));
@@ -446,38 +456,16 @@
 TEST_F(SnapshotTest, MapSnapshot) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(AcquireLock());
 
+    PartitionCowCreator cow_creator;
+    cow_creator.compression_enabled = IsCompressionEnabled();
+
     static const uint64_t kDeviceSize = 1024 * 1024;
     SnapshotStatus status;
     status.set_name("test-snapshot");
     status.set_device_size(kDeviceSize);
     status.set_snapshot_size(kDeviceSize);
     status.set_cow_file_size(kDeviceSize);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(sm->CreateSnapshot(lock_.get(), &status));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(CreateCowImage("test-snapshot"));
-
-    std::string base_device;
-    ASSERT_TRUE(CreatePartition("base-device", kDeviceSize, &base_device));
-
-    std::string cow_device;
-    ASSERT_TRUE(MapCowImage("test-snapshot", 10s, &cow_device));
-
-    std::string snap_device;
-    ASSERT_TRUE(sm->MapSnapshot(lock_.get(), "test-snapshot", base_device, cow_device, 10s,
-                                &snap_device));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::StartsWith(snap_device, "/dev/block/dm-"));
-}
-
-TEST_F(SnapshotTest, MapPartialSnapshot) {
-    ASSERT_TRUE(AcquireLock());
-
-    static const uint64_t kSnapshotSize = 1024 * 1024;
-    static const uint64_t kDeviceSize = 1024 * 1024 * 2;
-    SnapshotStatus status;
-    status.set_name("test-snapshot");
-    status.set_device_size(kDeviceSize);
-    status.set_snapshot_size(kSnapshotSize);
-    status.set_cow_file_size(kSnapshotSize);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(sm->CreateSnapshot(lock_.get(), &status));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(sm->CreateSnapshot(lock_.get(), &cow_creator, &status));
     ASSERT_TRUE(CreateCowImage("test-snapshot"));
 
     std::string base_device;
@@ -524,7 +512,7 @@
 
     static const uint64_t kDeviceSize = 1024 * 1024;
 
-    std::unique_ptr<ICowWriter> writer;
+    std::unique_ptr<ISnapshotWriter> writer;
     ASSERT_TRUE(PrepareOneSnapshot(kDeviceSize, &writer));
 
     // Release the lock.
@@ -590,8 +578,7 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(status.state(), SnapshotState::CREATED);
 
     DeviceMapper::TargetInfo target;
-    auto dm_name = init->GetSnapshotDeviceName("test_partition_b", status);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(init->IsSnapshotDevice(dm_name, &target));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(init->IsSnapshotDevice("test_partition_b", &target));
     ASSERT_EQ(DeviceMapper::GetTargetType(target.spec), "snapshot");
 }
 
@@ -618,8 +605,7 @@
 
     // We should not get a snapshot device now.
     DeviceMapper::TargetInfo target;
-    auto dm_name = init->GetSnapshotDeviceName("test_partition_b", status);
-    ASSERT_FALSE(init->IsSnapshotDevice(dm_name, &target));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(init->IsSnapshotDevice("test_partition_b", &target));
 
     // We should see a cancelled update as well.
     lock_ = nullptr;
@@ -842,11 +828,14 @@
 
         opener_ = std::make_unique<TestPartitionOpener>(fake_super);
 
+        auto dynamic_partition_metadata = manifest_.mutable_dynamic_partition_metadata();
+        dynamic_partition_metadata->set_vabc_enabled(IsCompressionEnabled());
+
         // Create a fake update package metadata.
         // Not using full name "system", "vendor", "product" because these names collide with the
         // mapped partitions on the running device.
         // Each test modifies manifest_ slightly to indicate changes to the partition layout.
-        group_ = manifest_.mutable_dynamic_partition_metadata()->add_groups();
+        group_ = dynamic_partition_metadata->add_groups();
         group_->set_name("group");
         group_->set_size(kGroupSize);
         group_->add_partition_names("sys");
@@ -854,15 +843,15 @@
         group_->add_partition_names("prd");
         sys_ = manifest_.add_partitions();
         sys_->set_partition_name("sys");
-        sys_->set_estimate_cow_size(6_MiB);
+        sys_->set_estimate_cow_size(2_MiB);
         SetSize(sys_, 3_MiB);
         vnd_ = manifest_.add_partitions();
         vnd_->set_partition_name("vnd");
-        vnd_->set_estimate_cow_size(6_MiB);
+        vnd_->set_estimate_cow_size(2_MiB);
         SetSize(vnd_, 3_MiB);
         prd_ = manifest_.add_partitions();
         prd_->set_partition_name("prd");
-        prd_->set_estimate_cow_size(6_MiB);
+        prd_->set_estimate_cow_size(2_MiB);
         SetSize(prd_, 3_MiB);
 
         // Initialize source partition metadata using |manifest_|.
@@ -960,7 +949,7 @@
 
     AssertionResult MapOneUpdateSnapshot(const std::string& name) {
         if (IsCompressionEnabled()) {
-            std::unique_ptr<ICowWriter> writer;
+            std::unique_ptr<ISnapshotWriter> writer;
             return MapUpdateSnapshot(name, &writer);
         } else {
             std::string path;
@@ -970,7 +959,7 @@
 
     AssertionResult WriteSnapshotAndHash(const std::string& name) {
         if (IsCompressionEnabled()) {
-            std::unique_ptr<ICowWriter> writer;
+            std::unique_ptr<ISnapshotWriter> writer;
             auto res = MapUpdateSnapshot(name, &writer);
             if (!res) {
                 return res;
@@ -999,6 +988,42 @@
                                   << ", hash: " << hashes_[name];
     }
 
+    // Generate a snapshot that moves all the upper blocks down to the start.
+    // It doesn't really matter the order, we just want copies that reference
+    // blocks that won't exist if the partition shrinks.
+    AssertionResult ShiftAllSnapshotBlocks(const std::string& name, uint64_t old_size) {
+        std::unique_ptr<ISnapshotWriter> writer;
+        if (auto res = MapUpdateSnapshot(name, &writer); !res) {
+            return res;
+        }
+        if (!writer->options().max_blocks || !*writer->options().max_blocks) {
+            return AssertionFailure() << "No max blocks set for " << name << " writer";
+        }
+
+        uint64_t src_block = (old_size / writer->options().block_size) - 1;
+        uint64_t dst_block = 0;
+        uint64_t max_blocks = *writer->options().max_blocks;
+        while (dst_block < max_blocks && dst_block < src_block) {
+            if (!writer->AddCopy(dst_block, src_block)) {
+                return AssertionFailure() << "Unable to add copy for " << name << " for blocks "
+                                          << src_block << ", " << dst_block;
+            }
+            dst_block++;
+            src_block--;
+        }
+        if (!writer->Finalize()) {
+            return AssertionFailure() << "Unable to finalize writer for " << name;
+        }
+
+        auto hash = HashSnapshot(writer.get());
+        if (hash.empty()) {
+            return AssertionFailure() << "Unable to hash snapshot writer for " << name;
+        }
+        hashes_[name] = hash;
+
+        return AssertionSuccess();
+    }
+
     AssertionResult MapUpdateSnapshots(const std::vector<std::string>& names = {"sys_b", "vnd_b",
                                                                                 "prd_b"}) {
         for (const auto& name : names) {
@@ -1050,11 +1075,17 @@
         ASSERT_TRUE(sm->UnmapUpdateSnapshot(name));
     }
 
-    // Grow all partitions.
+    // Grow all partitions. Set |prd| large enough that |sys| and |vnd|'s COWs
+    // fit in super, but not |prd|.
     constexpr uint64_t partition_size = 3788_KiB;
     SetSize(sys_, partition_size);
     SetSize(vnd_, partition_size);
-    SetSize(prd_, partition_size);
+    SetSize(prd_, 18_MiB);
+
+    // Make sure |prd| does not fit in super at all. On VABC, this means we
+    // fake an extra large COW for |vnd| to fill up super.
+    vnd_->set_estimate_cow_size(30_MiB);
+    prd_->set_estimate_cow_size(30_MiB);
 
     AddOperationForPartitions();
 
@@ -1066,11 +1097,7 @@
     auto tgt = MetadataBuilder::New(*opener_, "super", 1);
     ASSERT_NE(tgt, nullptr);
     ASSERT_NE(nullptr, tgt->FindPartition("sys_b-cow"));
-    if (IsCompressionEnabled()) {
-        ASSERT_EQ(nullptr, tgt->FindPartition("vnd_b-cow"));
-    } else {
-        ASSERT_NE(nullptr, tgt->FindPartition("vnd_b-cow"));
-    }
+    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, tgt->FindPartition("vnd_b-cow"));
     ASSERT_EQ(nullptr, tgt->FindPartition("prd_b-cow"));
 
     // Write some data to target partitions.
@@ -1104,8 +1131,138 @@
 
     // Initiate the merge and wait for it to be completed.
     ASSERT_TRUE(init->InitiateMerge());
+    ASSERT_EQ(init->IsSnapuserdRequired(), IsCompressionEnabled());
+    {
+        // We should have started in SECOND_PHASE since nothing shrinks.
+        ASSERT_TRUE(AcquireLock());
+        auto local_lock = std::move(lock_);
+        auto status = init->ReadSnapshotUpdateStatus(local_lock.get());
+        ASSERT_EQ(status.merge_phase(), MergePhase::SECOND_PHASE);
+    }
     ASSERT_EQ(UpdateState::MergeCompleted, init->ProcessUpdateState());
 
+    // Make sure the second phase ran and deleted snapshots.
+    {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(AcquireLock());
+        auto local_lock = std::move(lock_);
+        std::vector<std::string> snapshots;
+        ASSERT_TRUE(init->ListSnapshots(local_lock.get(), &snapshots));
+        ASSERT_TRUE(snapshots.empty());
+    }
+
+    // Check that the target partitions have the same content after the merge.
+    for (const auto& name : {"sys_b", "vnd_b", "prd_b"}) {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(IsPartitionUnchanged(name))
+                << "Content of " << name << " changes after the merge";
+    }
+}
+
+// Test that shrinking and growing partitions at the same time is handled
+// correctly in VABC.
+TEST_F(SnapshotUpdateTest, SpaceSwapUpdate) {
+    if (!IsCompressionEnabled()) {
+        // b/179111359
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "Skipping Virtual A/B Compression test";
+    }
+
+    // OTA client blindly unmaps all partitions that are possibly mapped.
+    for (const auto& name : {"sys_b", "vnd_b", "prd_b"}) {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(sm->UnmapUpdateSnapshot(name));
+    }
+
+    auto old_sys_size = GetSize(sys_);
+    auto old_prd_size = GetSize(prd_);
+
+    // Grow |sys| but shrink |prd|.
+    SetSize(sys_, old_sys_size * 2);
+    sys_->set_estimate_cow_size(8_MiB);
+    SetSize(prd_, old_prd_size / 2);
+    prd_->set_estimate_cow_size(1_MiB);
+
+    AddOperationForPartitions();
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(sm->BeginUpdate());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(sm->CreateUpdateSnapshots(manifest_));
+
+    // Check that the old partition sizes were saved correctly.
+    {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(AcquireLock());
+        auto local_lock = std::move(lock_);
+
+        SnapshotStatus status;
+        ASSERT_TRUE(sm->ReadSnapshotStatus(local_lock.get(), "prd_b", &status));
+        ASSERT_EQ(status.old_partition_size(), 3145728);
+        ASSERT_TRUE(sm->ReadSnapshotStatus(local_lock.get(), "sys_b", &status));
+        ASSERT_EQ(status.old_partition_size(), 3145728);
+    }
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(WriteSnapshotAndHash("sys_b"));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(WriteSnapshotAndHash("vnd_b"));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ShiftAllSnapshotBlocks("prd_b", old_prd_size));
+
+    sync();
+
+    // Assert that source partitions aren't affected.
+    for (const auto& name : {"sys_a", "vnd_a", "prd_a"}) {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(IsPartitionUnchanged(name));
+    }
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(sm->FinishedSnapshotWrites(false));
+
+    // Simulate shutting down the device.
+    ASSERT_TRUE(UnmapAll());
+
+    // After reboot, init does first stage mount.
+    auto init = NewManagerForFirstStageMount("_b");
+    ASSERT_NE(init, nullptr);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(init->NeedSnapshotsInFirstStageMount());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(init->CreateLogicalAndSnapshotPartitions("super", snapshot_timeout_));
+
+    auto indicator = sm->GetRollbackIndicatorPath();
+    ASSERT_NE(access(indicator.c_str(), R_OK), 0);
+
+    // Check that the target partitions have the same content.
+    for (const auto& name : {"sys_b", "vnd_b", "prd_b"}) {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(IsPartitionUnchanged(name));
+    }
+
+    // Initiate the merge and wait for it to be completed.
+    ASSERT_TRUE(init->InitiateMerge());
+    ASSERT_EQ(init->IsSnapuserdRequired(), IsCompressionEnabled());
+    {
+        // Check that the merge phase is FIRST_PHASE until at least one call
+        // to ProcessUpdateState() occurs.
+        ASSERT_TRUE(AcquireLock());
+        auto local_lock = std::move(lock_);
+        auto status = init->ReadSnapshotUpdateStatus(local_lock.get());
+        ASSERT_EQ(status.merge_phase(), MergePhase::FIRST_PHASE);
+    }
+
+    // Simulate shutting down the device and creating partitions again.
+    ASSERT_TRUE(UnmapAll());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(init->CreateLogicalAndSnapshotPartitions("super", snapshot_timeout_));
+
+    // Check that we used the correct types after rebooting mid-merge.
+    DeviceMapper::TargetInfo target;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(init->IsSnapshotDevice("prd_b", &target));
+    ASSERT_EQ(DeviceMapper::GetTargetType(target.spec), "snapshot-merge");
+    ASSERT_TRUE(init->IsSnapshotDevice("sys_b", &target));
+    ASSERT_EQ(DeviceMapper::GetTargetType(target.spec), "snapshot");
+    ASSERT_TRUE(init->IsSnapshotDevice("vnd_b", &target));
+    ASSERT_EQ(DeviceMapper::GetTargetType(target.spec), "snapshot");
+
+    // Complete the merge.
+    ASSERT_EQ(UpdateState::MergeCompleted, init->ProcessUpdateState());
+
+    // Make sure the second phase ran and deleted snapshots.
+    {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(AcquireLock());
+        auto local_lock = std::move(lock_);
+        std::vector<std::string> snapshots;
+        ASSERT_TRUE(init->ListSnapshots(local_lock.get(), &snapshots));
+        ASSERT_TRUE(snapshots.empty());
+    }
+
     // Check that the target partitions have the same content after the merge.
     for (const auto& name : {"sys_b", "vnd_b", "prd_b"}) {
         ASSERT_TRUE(IsPartitionUnchanged(name))
@@ -1128,6 +1285,7 @@
     SetSize(sys_, 4_MiB);  // grows
     SetSize(vnd_, 2_MiB);  // shrinks
     // prd_b is unchanged
+    ASSERT_TRUE(sm->BeginUpdate());
     ASSERT_TRUE(sm->CreateUpdateSnapshots(manifest_));
     ASSERT_EQ(4_MiB, GetSnapshotSize("sys_b").value_or(0));
 }
@@ -1137,6 +1295,7 @@
 TEST_F(SnapshotUpdateTest, CowPartitionDoNotTakeOldPartitions) {
     SetSize(sys_, 2_MiB);  // shrinks
     // vnd_b and prd_b are unchanged.
+    ASSERT_TRUE(sm->BeginUpdate());
     ASSERT_TRUE(sm->CreateUpdateSnapshots(manifest_));
 
     auto tgt = MetadataBuilder::New(*opener_, "super", 1);
@@ -1260,6 +1419,11 @@
 
 // Test that at the second update, old COW partition spaces are reclaimed.
 TEST_F(SnapshotUpdateTest, ReclaimCow) {
+    // Make sure VABC cows are small enough that they fit in fake_super.
+    sys_->set_estimate_cow_size(64_KiB);
+    vnd_->set_estimate_cow_size(64_KiB);
+    prd_->set_estimate_cow_size(64_KiB);
+
     // Execute the first update.
     ASSERT_TRUE(sm->BeginUpdate());
     ASSERT_TRUE(sm->CreateUpdateSnapshots(manifest_));
@@ -1376,9 +1540,13 @@
 
 TEST_F(SnapshotUpdateTest, MergeCannotRemoveCow) {
     // Make source partitions as big as possible to force COW image to be created.
-    SetSize(sys_, 5_MiB);
-    SetSize(vnd_, 5_MiB);
-    SetSize(prd_, 5_MiB);
+    SetSize(sys_, 10_MiB);
+    SetSize(vnd_, 10_MiB);
+    SetSize(prd_, 10_MiB);
+    sys_->set_estimate_cow_size(12_MiB);
+    vnd_->set_estimate_cow_size(12_MiB);
+    prd_->set_estimate_cow_size(12_MiB);
+
     src_ = MetadataBuilder::New(*opener_, "super", 0);
     ASSERT_NE(src_, nullptr);
     src_->RemoveGroupAndPartitions(group_->name() + "_a");
@@ -1676,6 +1844,8 @@
     SetSize(sys_, partition_size);
     AddOperation(sys_, data_size);
 
+    sys_->set_estimate_cow_size(partition_size + data_size);
+
     // Set hastree extents.
     sys_->mutable_hash_tree_data_extent()->set_start_block(0);
     sys_->mutable_hash_tree_data_extent()->set_num_blocks(data_size / block_size);
@@ -1716,6 +1886,10 @@
 
 // Test for overflow bit after update
 TEST_F(SnapshotUpdateTest, Overflow) {
+    if (IsCompressionEnabled()) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "No overflow bit set for userspace COWs";
+    }
+
     const auto actual_write_size = GetSize(sys_);
     const auto declared_write_size = actual_write_size - 1_MiB;
 
@@ -1743,12 +1917,15 @@
     auto userdata = std::make_unique<LowSpaceUserdata>();
     ASSERT_TRUE(userdata->Init(kMaxFree));
 
-    // Grow all partitions to 5_MiB, total 15_MiB. This requires 15 MiB of CoW space. After
-    // using the empty space in super (< 1 MiB), it uses at least 14 MiB of /userdata space.
-    constexpr uint64_t partition_size = 5_MiB;
+    // Grow all partitions to 10_MiB, total 30_MiB. This requires 30 MiB of CoW space. After
+    // using the empty space in super (< 1 MiB), it uses 30 MiB of /userdata space.
+    constexpr uint64_t partition_size = 10_MiB;
     SetSize(sys_, partition_size);
     SetSize(vnd_, partition_size);
     SetSize(prd_, partition_size);
+    sys_->set_estimate_cow_size(partition_size);
+    vnd_->set_estimate_cow_size(partition_size);
+    prd_->set_estimate_cow_size(partition_size);
 
     AddOperationForPartitions();
 
@@ -1758,7 +1935,7 @@
     ASSERT_FALSE(res);
     ASSERT_EQ(Return::ErrorCode::NO_SPACE, res.error_code());
     ASSERT_GE(res.required_size(), 14_MiB);
-    ASSERT_LT(res.required_size(), 15_MiB);
+    ASSERT_LT(res.required_size(), 40_MiB);
 }
 
 class AutoKill final {
@@ -1806,6 +1983,13 @@
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(init->PerformInitTransition(SnapshotManager::InitTransition::SECOND_STAGE));
 
+    // :TODO: this is a workaround to ensure the handler list stays empty. We
+    // should make this test more like actual init, and spawn two copies of
+    // snapuserd, given how many other tests we now have for normal snapuserd.
+    ASSERT_TRUE(init->snapuserd_client()->WaitForDeviceDelete("sys_b-user-cow-init"));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(init->snapuserd_client()->WaitForDeviceDelete("vnd_b-user-cow-init"));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(init->snapuserd_client()->WaitForDeviceDelete("prd_b-user-cow-init"));
+
     // The control device should have been renamed.
     ASSERT_TRUE(android::fs_mgr::WaitForFileDeleted("/dev/dm-user/sys_b-user-cow-init", 10s));
     ASSERT_EQ(access("/dev/dm-user/sys_b-user-cow", F_OK), 0);
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd.cpp
index 573b6a5..d620300 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd.cpp
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@
 #include "snapuserd.h"
 
 #include <csignal>
+#include <optional>
+#include <set>
 
 #include <libsnapshot/snapuserd_client.h>
 
@@ -32,7 +34,7 @@
 
 static constexpr size_t PAYLOAD_SIZE = (1UL << 20);
 
-static_assert(PAYLOAD_SIZE >= BLOCK_SIZE);
+static_assert(PAYLOAD_SIZE >= BLOCK_SZ);
 
 void BufferSink::Initialize(size_t size) {
     buffer_size_ = size;
@@ -78,10 +80,10 @@
 // request will always be 4k. After constructing
 // the header, zero out the remaining block.
 void Snapuserd::ConstructKernelCowHeader() {
-    void* buffer = bufsink_.GetPayloadBuffer(BLOCK_SIZE);
+    void* buffer = bufsink_.GetPayloadBuffer(BLOCK_SZ);
     CHECK(buffer != nullptr);
 
-    memset(buffer, 0, BLOCK_SIZE);
+    memset(buffer, 0, BLOCK_SZ);
 
     struct disk_header* dh = reinterpret_cast<struct disk_header*>(buffer);
 
@@ -96,7 +98,7 @@
 // it will be de-compressed.
 bool Snapuserd::ProcessReplaceOp(const CowOperation* cow_op) {
     if (!reader_->ReadData(*cow_op, &bufsink_)) {
-        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ReadData failed for chunk: " << cow_op->new_block;
+        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ProcessReplaceOp failed for block " << cow_op->new_block;
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -106,14 +108,15 @@
 // Start the copy operation. This will read the backing
 // block device which is represented by cow_op->source.
 bool Snapuserd::ProcessCopyOp(const CowOperation* cow_op) {
-    void* buffer = bufsink_.GetPayloadBuffer(BLOCK_SIZE);
+    void* buffer = bufsink_.GetPayloadBuffer(BLOCK_SZ);
     CHECK(buffer != nullptr);
 
     // Issue a single 4K IO. However, this can be optimized
     // if the successive blocks are contiguous.
-    if (!android::base::ReadFullyAtOffset(backing_store_fd_, buffer, BLOCK_SIZE,
-                                          cow_op->source * BLOCK_SIZE)) {
-        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Copy-op failed. Read from backing store at: " << cow_op->source;
+    if (!android::base::ReadFullyAtOffset(backing_store_fd_, buffer, BLOCK_SZ,
+                                          cow_op->source * BLOCK_SZ)) {
+        SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "Copy-op failed. Read from backing store: " << backing_store_device_
+                         << "at block :" << cow_op->source;
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -122,10 +125,10 @@
 
 bool Snapuserd::ProcessZeroOp() {
     // Zero out the entire block
-    void* buffer = bufsink_.GetPayloadBuffer(BLOCK_SIZE);
+    void* buffer = bufsink_.GetPayloadBuffer(BLOCK_SZ);
     CHECK(buffer != nullptr);
 
-    memset(buffer, 0, BLOCK_SIZE);
+    memset(buffer, 0, BLOCK_SZ);
     return true;
 }
 
@@ -160,7 +163,7 @@
                     << " Aligned sector: " << it->second;
 
     if (!ProcessCowOp(it->second)) {
-        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ReadUnalignedSector: " << sector << " failed";
+        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ReadUnalignedSector: " << sector << " failed of size: " << size;
         return -1;
     }
 
@@ -172,11 +175,11 @@
         struct dm_user_message* msg = (struct dm_user_message*)(&(buffer[0]));
 
         memmove(msg->payload.buf, (char*)msg->payload.buf + skip_sector_size,
-                (BLOCK_SIZE - skip_sector_size));
+                (BLOCK_SZ - skip_sector_size));
     }
 
     bufsink_.ResetBufferOffset();
-    return std::min(size, (BLOCK_SIZE - skip_sector_size));
+    return std::min(size, (BLOCK_SZ - skip_sector_size));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -233,7 +236,7 @@
         return ReadUnalignedSector(sector, size, it);
     }
 
-    int num_ops = DIV_ROUND_UP(size, BLOCK_SIZE);
+    int num_ops = DIV_ROUND_UP(size, BLOCK_SZ);
     while (num_ops) {
         if (!ProcessCowOp(it->second)) {
             return -1;
@@ -241,7 +244,7 @@
         num_ops -= 1;
         it++;
         // Update the buffer offset
-        bufsink_.UpdateBufferOffset(BLOCK_SIZE);
+        bufsink_.UpdateBufferOffset(BLOCK_SZ);
 
         SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "ReadData at sector: " << sector << " size: " << size;
     }
@@ -324,8 +327,7 @@
                 reinterpret_cast<struct disk_exception*>((char*)unmerged_buffer + offset);
 
         // Unmerged op by the kernel
-        if (merged_de->old_chunk != 0) {
-            CHECK(merged_de->new_chunk != 0);
+        if (merged_de->old_chunk != 0 || merged_de->new_chunk != 0) {
             CHECK(merged_de->old_chunk == cow_de->old_chunk);
             CHECK(merged_de->new_chunk == cow_de->new_chunk);
 
@@ -334,11 +336,6 @@
             continue;
         }
 
-        // Merge complete on this exception. However, we don't know how many
-        // merged in this cycle; hence break here.
-        CHECK(merged_de->new_chunk == 0);
-        CHECK(merged_de->old_chunk == 0);
-
         break;
     }
 
@@ -349,7 +346,7 @@
 }
 
 int Snapuserd::GetNumberOfMergedOps(void* merged_buffer, void* unmerged_buffer, loff_t offset,
-                                    int unmerged_exceptions, bool* copy_op) {
+                                    int unmerged_exceptions) {
     int merged_ops_cur_iter = 0;
 
     // Find the operations which are merged in this cycle.
@@ -367,10 +364,8 @@
             offset += sizeof(struct disk_exception);
             const CowOperation* cow_op = chunk_map_[ChunkToSector(cow_de->new_chunk)];
             CHECK(cow_op != nullptr);
+
             CHECK(cow_op->new_block == cow_de->old_chunk);
-            if (cow_op->type == kCowCopyOp) {
-                *copy_op = true;
-            }
             // zero out to indicate that operation is merged.
             cow_de->old_chunk = 0;
             cow_de->new_chunk = 0;
@@ -383,18 +378,17 @@
             CHECK(cow_de->new_chunk == 0);
             break;
         } else {
-            SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Error in merge operation. Found invalid metadata";
-            SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "merged_de-old-chunk: " << merged_de->old_chunk;
-            SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "merged_de-new-chunk: " << merged_de->new_chunk;
-            SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "cow_de-old-chunk: " << cow_de->old_chunk;
-            SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "cow_de-new-chunk: " << cow_de->new_chunk;
+            SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Error in merge operation. Found invalid metadata: "
+                            << " merged_de-old-chunk: " << merged_de->old_chunk
+                            << " merged_de-new-chunk: " << merged_de->new_chunk
+                            << " cow_de-old-chunk: " << cow_de->old_chunk
+                            << " cow_de-new-chunk: " << cow_de->new_chunk
+                            << " unmerged_exceptions: " << unmerged_exceptions
+                            << " merged_ops_cur_iter: " << merged_ops_cur_iter
+                            << " offset: " << offset;
             return -1;
         }
     }
-
-    if (*copy_op) {
-        CHECK(merged_ops_cur_iter == 1);
-    }
     return merged_ops_cur_iter;
 }
 
@@ -416,47 +410,21 @@
     int unmerged_exceptions = 0;
     loff_t offset = GetMergeStartOffset(buffer, vec_[divresult.quot].get(), &unmerged_exceptions);
 
-    bool copy_op = false;
-    // Check if the merged operation is a copy operation. If so, then we need
-    // to explicitly sync the metadata before initiating the next merge.
-    // For ex: Consider a following sequence of copy operations in the COW file:
-    //
-    // Op-1: Copy 2 -> 3
-    // Op-2: Copy 1 -> 2
-    // Op-3: Copy 5 -> 10
-    //
-    // Op-1 and Op-2 are overlapping copy operations. The merge sequence will
-    // look like:
-    //
-    // Merge op-1: Copy 2 -> 3
-    // Merge op-2: Copy 1 -> 2
-    // Merge op-3: Copy 5 -> 10
-    //
-    // Now, let's say we have a crash _after_ Merge op-2; Block 2 contents would
-    // have been over-written by Block-1 after merge op-2. During next reboot,
-    // kernel will request the metadata for all the un-merged blocks. If we had
-    // not sync the metadata after Merge-op 1 and Merge op-2, snapuser daemon
-    // will think that these merge operations are still pending and hence will
-    // inform the kernel that Op-1 and Op-2 are un-merged blocks. When kernel
-    // resumes back the merging process, it will attempt to redo the Merge op-1
-    // once again. However, block 2 contents are wrong as it has the contents
-    // of block 1 from previous merge cycle. Although, merge will silently succeed,
-    // this will lead to silent data corruption.
-    //
-    int merged_ops_cur_iter = GetNumberOfMergedOps(buffer, vec_[divresult.quot].get(), offset,
-                                                   unmerged_exceptions, &copy_op);
+    int merged_ops_cur_iter =
+            GetNumberOfMergedOps(buffer, vec_[divresult.quot].get(), offset, unmerged_exceptions);
 
     // There should be at least one operation merged in this cycle
     CHECK(merged_ops_cur_iter > 0);
 
     header.num_merge_ops += merged_ops_cur_iter;
     reader_->UpdateMergeProgress(merged_ops_cur_iter);
-    if (!writer_->CommitMerge(merged_ops_cur_iter, copy_op)) {
-        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "CommitMerge failed...";
+    if (!writer_->CommitMerge(merged_ops_cur_iter)) {
+        SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "CommitMerge failed... merged_ops_cur_iter: " << merged_ops_cur_iter;
         return false;
     }
 
     SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "Merge success: " << merged_ops_cur_iter << "chunk: " << chunk;
+    merge_initiated_ = true;
     return true;
 }
 
@@ -478,6 +446,19 @@
     return next_chunk;
 }
 
+void Snapuserd::CheckMergeCompletionStatus() {
+    CowHeader header;
+
+    if (merge_initiated_) {
+        reader_->GetHeader(&header);
+        SNAP_LOG(INFO) << "Merge-status: Total-Merged-ops: " << header.num_merge_ops
+                       << " Total-data-ops: " << reader_->total_data_ops();
+    } else {
+        SNAP_LOG(INFO) << "Merge was not initiated. Total-Merged-ops: " << header.num_merge_ops
+                       << " Total-data-ops: " << reader_->total_data_ops();
+    }
+}
+
 /*
  * Read the metadata from COW device and
  * construct the metadata as required by the kernel.
@@ -508,12 +489,13 @@
  *      during merge; specifically when the merge operation has dependency.
  *      These dependencies can only happen during copy operations.
  *
- *      To avoid this problem, we make sure that no two copy-operations
- *      do not have contiguous chunk IDs. Additionally, we make sure
- *      that each copy operation is merged individually.
+ *      To avoid this problem, we make sure overlap copy operations
+ *      are not batch merged.
  * 6: Use a monotonically increasing chunk number to assign the
  *    new_chunk
- * 7: Each chunk-id represents either a: Metadata page or b: Data page
+ * 7: Each chunk-id represents either
+ *        a: Metadata page or
+ *        b: Data page
  * 8: Chunk-id representing a data page is stored in a map.
  * 9: Chunk-id representing a metadata page is converted into a vector
  *    index. We store this in vector as kernel requests metadata during
@@ -533,10 +515,10 @@
     reader_ = std::make_unique<CowReader>();
     CowHeader header;
     CowOptions options;
-    bool prev_copy_op = false;
     bool metadata_found = false;
+    int replace_ops = 0, zero_ops = 0, copy_ops = 0;
 
-    SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "ReadMetadata Start...";
+    SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "ReadMetadata: Parsing cow file";
 
     if (!reader_->Parse(cow_fd_)) {
         SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to parse";
@@ -548,10 +530,10 @@
         return false;
     }
 
-    CHECK(header.block_size == BLOCK_SIZE);
+    CHECK(header.block_size == BLOCK_SZ);
 
-    SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "Merge-ops: " << header.num_merge_ops;
     reader_->InitializeMerge();
+    SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "Merge-ops: " << header.num_merge_ops;
 
     writer_ = std::make_unique<CowWriter>(options);
     writer_->InitializeMerge(cow_fd_.get(), &header);
@@ -586,17 +568,26 @@
         }
 
         metadata_found = true;
-        if ((cow_op->type == kCowCopyOp || prev_copy_op)) {
+        // This loop will handle all the replace and zero ops.
+        // We will handle the copy ops later as it requires special
+        // handling of assigning chunk-id's. Furthermore, we make
+        // sure that replace/zero and copy ops are not batch merged; hence,
+        // the bump in the chunk_id before break of this loop
+        if (cow_op->type == kCowCopyOp) {
             data_chunk_id = GetNextAllocatableChunkId(data_chunk_id);
+            break;
         }
 
-        prev_copy_op = (cow_op->type == kCowCopyOp);
+        if (cow_op->type == kCowReplaceOp) {
+            replace_ops++;
+        } else if (cow_op->type == kCowZeroOp) {
+            zero_ops++;
+        }
 
         // Construct the disk-exception
         de->old_chunk = cow_op->new_block;
         de->new_chunk = data_chunk_id;
 
-        SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "Old-chunk: " << de->old_chunk << "New-chunk: " << de->new_chunk;
 
         // Store operation pointer.
         chunk_map_[ChunkToSector(data_chunk_id)] = cow_op;
@@ -604,6 +595,9 @@
         offset += sizeof(struct disk_exception);
         cowop_riter_->Next();
 
+        SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << num_ops << ":"
+                        << " Old-chunk: " << de->old_chunk << " New-chunk: " << de->new_chunk;
+
         if (num_ops == exceptions_per_area_) {
             // Store it in vector at the right index. This maps the chunk-id to
             // vector index.
@@ -618,13 +612,213 @@
 
             if (cowop_riter_->Done()) {
                 vec_.push_back(std::move(de_ptr));
-                SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "ReadMetadata() completed; Number of Areas: " << vec_.size();
             }
         }
 
         data_chunk_id = GetNextAllocatableChunkId(data_chunk_id);
     }
 
+    std::optional<chunk_t> prev_id = {};
+    std::map<uint64_t, const CowOperation*> map;
+    std::set<uint64_t> dest_blocks;
+    size_t pending_copy_ops = exceptions_per_area_ - num_ops;
+    SNAP_LOG(INFO) << " Processing copy-ops at Area: " << vec_.size()
+                   << " Number of replace/zero ops completed in this area: " << num_ops
+                   << " Pending copy ops for this area: " << pending_copy_ops;
+    while (!cowop_riter_->Done()) {
+        do {
+            const CowOperation* cow_op = &cowop_riter_->Get();
+            if (IsMetadataOp(*cow_op)) {
+                cowop_riter_->Next();
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // We have two cases specific cases:
+            //
+            // =====================================================
+            // Case 1: Overlapping copy regions
+            //
+            // Ex:
+            //
+            // Source -> Destination
+            //
+            // 1: 15 -> 18
+            // 2: 16 -> 19
+            // 3: 17 -> 20
+            // 4: 18 -> 21
+            // 5: 19 -> 22
+            // 6: 20 -> 23
+            //
+            // We have 6 copy operations to be executed in OTA and there is a overlap. Update-engine
+            // will write to COW file as follows:
+            //
+            // Op-1: 20 -> 23
+            // Op-2: 19 -> 22
+            // Op-3: 18 -> 21
+            // Op-4: 17 -> 20
+            // Op-5: 16 -> 19
+            // Op-6: 15 -> 18
+            //
+            // Note that the blocks numbers are contiguous. Hence, all 6 copy
+            // operations can potentially be batch merged. However, that will be
+            // problematic if we have a crash as block 20, 19, 18 would have
+            // been overwritten and hence subsequent recovery may end up with
+            // a silent data corruption when op-1, op-2 and op-3 are
+            // re-executed.
+            //
+            // We will split these 6 operations into two batches viz:
+            //
+            // Batch-1:
+            // ===================
+            // Op-1: 20 -> 23
+            // Op-2: 19 -> 22
+            // Op-3: 18 -> 21
+            // ===================
+            //
+            // Batch-2:
+            // ==================
+            // Op-4: 17 -> 20
+            // Op-5: 16 -> 19
+            // Op-6: 15 -> 18
+            // ==================
+            //
+            // Now, merge sequence will look like:
+            //
+            // 1: Merge Batch-1 { op-1, op-2, op-3 }
+            // 2: Update Metadata in COW File that op-1, op-2, op-3 merge is
+            // done.
+            // 3: Merge Batch-2
+            // 4: Update Metadata in COW File that op-4, op-5, op-6 merge is
+            // done.
+            //
+            // Note, that the order of block operations are still the same.
+            // However, we have two batch merge operations. Any crash between
+            // either of this sequence should be safe as each of these
+            // batches are self-contained.
+            //
+            //===========================================================
+            //
+            // Case 2:
+            //
+            // Let's say we have three copy operations written to COW file
+            // in the following order:
+            //
+            // op-1: 15 -> 18
+            // op-2: 16 -> 19
+            // op-3: 17 -> 20
+            //
+            // As aforementioned, kernel will initiate merge in reverse order.
+            // Hence, we will read these ops in reverse order so that all these
+            // ops are exectued in the same order as requested. Thus, we will
+            // read the metadata in reverse order and for the kernel it will
+            // look like:
+            //
+            // op-3: 17 -> 20
+            // op-2: 16 -> 19
+            // op-1: 15 -> 18   <-- Merge starts here in the kernel
+            //
+            // Now, this is problematic as kernel cannot batch merge them.
+            //
+            // Merge sequence will look like:
+            //
+            // Merge-1: op-1: 15 -> 18
+            // Merge-2: op-2: 16 -> 19
+            // Merge-3: op-3: 17 -> 20
+            //
+            // We have three merge operations.
+            //
+            // Even though the blocks are contiguous, kernel can batch merge
+            // them if the blocks are in descending order. Update engine
+            // addresses this issue partially for overlapping operations as
+            // we see that op-1 to op-3 and op-4 to op-6 operatiosn are in
+            // descending order. However, if the copy operations are not
+            // overlapping, update engine cannot write these blocks
+            // in descending order. Hence, we will try to address it.
+            // Thus, we will send these blocks to the kernel and it will
+            // look like:
+            //
+            // op-3: 15 -> 18
+            // op-2: 16 -> 19
+            // op-1: 17 -> 20  <-- Merge starts here in the kernel
+            //
+            // Now with this change, we can batch merge all these three
+            // operations. Merge sequence will look like:
+            //
+            // Merge-1: {op-1: 17 -> 20, op-2: 16 -> 19, op-3: 15 -> 18}
+            //
+            // Note that we have changed the ordering of merge; However, this
+            // is ok as each of these copy operations are independent and there
+            // is no overlap.
+            //
+            //===================================================================
+            if (prev_id.has_value()) {
+                chunk_t diff = (cow_op->new_block > prev_id.value())
+                                       ? (cow_op->new_block - prev_id.value())
+                                       : (prev_id.value() - cow_op->new_block);
+                if (diff != 1) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                if (dest_blocks.count(cow_op->new_block) || map.count(cow_op->source) > 0) {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            metadata_found = true;
+            pending_copy_ops -= 1;
+            map[cow_op->new_block] = cow_op;
+            dest_blocks.insert(cow_op->source);
+            prev_id = cow_op->new_block;
+            cowop_riter_->Next();
+        } while (!cowop_riter_->Done() && pending_copy_ops);
+
+        data_chunk_id = GetNextAllocatableChunkId(data_chunk_id);
+        SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "Batch Merge copy-ops of size: " << map.size()
+                        << " Area: " << vec_.size() << " Area offset: " << offset
+                        << " Pending-copy-ops in this area: " << pending_copy_ops;
+
+        for (auto it = map.begin(); it != map.end(); it++) {
+            struct disk_exception* de =
+                    reinterpret_cast<struct disk_exception*>((char*)de_ptr.get() + offset);
+            de->old_chunk = it->first;
+            de->new_chunk = data_chunk_id;
+
+            // Store operation pointer.
+            chunk_map_[ChunkToSector(data_chunk_id)] = it->second;
+            offset += sizeof(struct disk_exception);
+            num_ops += 1;
+            copy_ops++;
+
+            SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << num_ops << ":"
+                            << " Copy-op: "
+                            << " Old-chunk: " << de->old_chunk << " New-chunk: " << de->new_chunk;
+
+            if (num_ops == exceptions_per_area_) {
+                // Store it in vector at the right index. This maps the chunk-id to
+                // vector index.
+                vec_.push_back(std::move(de_ptr));
+                num_ops = 0;
+                offset = 0;
+
+                // Create buffer for next area
+                de_ptr = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(exceptions_per_area_ *
+                                                     sizeof(struct disk_exception));
+                memset(de_ptr.get(), 0, (exceptions_per_area_ * sizeof(struct disk_exception)));
+
+                if (cowop_riter_->Done()) {
+                    vec_.push_back(std::move(de_ptr));
+                    SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "ReadMetadata() completed; Number of Areas: " << vec_.size();
+                }
+
+                CHECK(pending_copy_ops == 0);
+                pending_copy_ops = exceptions_per_area_;
+            }
+
+            data_chunk_id = GetNextAllocatableChunkId(data_chunk_id);
+        }
+        map.clear();
+        dest_blocks.clear();
+        prev_id.reset();
+    }
+
     // Partially filled area or there is no metadata
     // If there is no metadata, fill with zero so that kernel
     // is aware that merge is completed.
@@ -634,12 +828,17 @@
                         << "Areas : " << vec_.size();
     }
 
-    SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "ReadMetadata() completed. Final_chunk_id: " << data_chunk_id
-                    << "Num Sector: " << ChunkToSector(data_chunk_id);
+    SNAP_LOG(INFO) << "ReadMetadata completed. Final-chunk-id: " << data_chunk_id
+                   << " Num Sector: " << ChunkToSector(data_chunk_id)
+                   << " Replace-ops: " << replace_ops << " Zero-ops: " << zero_ops
+                   << " Copy-ops: " << copy_ops << " Areas: " << vec_.size()
+                   << " Num-ops-merged: " << header.num_merge_ops
+                   << " Total-data-ops: " << reader_->total_data_ops();
 
     // Total number of sectors required for creating dm-user device
     num_sectors_ = ChunkToSector(data_chunk_id);
     metadata_read_done_ = true;
+    merge_initiated_ = false;
     return true;
 }
 
@@ -667,7 +866,7 @@
 bool Snapuserd::WriteDmUserPayload(size_t size) {
     if (!android::base::WriteFully(ctrl_fd_, bufsink_.GetBufPtr(),
                                    sizeof(struct dm_user_header) + size)) {
-        SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "Write to dm-user failed";
+        SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "Write to dm-user failed size: " << size;
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -676,7 +875,7 @@
 
 bool Snapuserd::ReadDmUserPayload(void* buffer, size_t size) {
     if (!android::base::ReadFully(ctrl_fd_, buffer, size)) {
-        SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "ReadDmUserPayload failed";
+        SNAP_PLOG(ERROR) << "ReadDmUserPayload failed size: " << size;
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -744,7 +943,7 @@
 
     size_t remaining_size = header->len;
     size_t read_size = std::min(PAYLOAD_SIZE, remaining_size);
-    CHECK(read_size == BLOCK_SIZE);
+    CHECK(read_size == BLOCK_SZ);
 
     CHECK(header->sector > 0);
     chunk_t chunk = SectorToChunk(header->sector);
@@ -795,11 +994,11 @@
         // will always be a single 4k.
         if (header->sector == 0) {
             CHECK(metadata_read_done_ == true);
-            CHECK(read_size == BLOCK_SIZE);
+            CHECK(read_size == BLOCK_SZ);
             ConstructKernelCowHeader();
             SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "Kernel header constructed";
         } else {
-            if (!offset && (read_size == BLOCK_SIZE) &&
+            if (!offset && (read_size == BLOCK_SZ) &&
                 chunk_map_.find(header->sector) == chunk_map_.end()) {
                 if (!ReadDiskExceptions(chunk, read_size)) {
                     SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ReadDiskExceptions failed for chunk id: " << chunk
@@ -814,7 +1013,8 @@
                 ret = ReadData(sector + num_sectors_read, read_size);
                 if (ret < 0) {
                     SNAP_LOG(ERROR) << "ReadData failed for chunk id: " << chunk
-                                    << "Sector: " << header->sector;
+                                    << " Sector: " << (sector + num_sectors_read)
+                                    << " size: " << read_size << " header-len: " << header->len;
                     header->type = DM_USER_RESP_ERROR;
                 } else {
                     SNAP_LOG(DEBUG) << "ReadData success for chunk id: " << chunk
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd.h
index c01fee3..518d08b 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd.h
@@ -70,6 +70,14 @@
     const std::string& GetMiscName() { return misc_name_; }
     uint64_t GetNumSectors() { return num_sectors_; }
     bool IsAttached() const { return ctrl_fd_ >= 0; }
+    void CheckMergeCompletionStatus();
+    void CloseFds() {
+        ctrl_fd_ = {};
+        cow_fd_ = {};
+        backing_store_fd_ = {};
+    }
+    size_t GetMetadataAreaSize() { return vec_.size(); }
+    void* GetExceptionBuffer(size_t i) { return vec_[i].get(); }
 
   private:
     bool DmuserReadRequest();
@@ -96,11 +104,11 @@
     loff_t GetMergeStartOffset(void* merged_buffer, void* unmerged_buffer,
                                int* unmerged_exceptions);
     int GetNumberOfMergedOps(void* merged_buffer, void* unmerged_buffer, loff_t offset,
-                             int unmerged_exceptions, bool* copy_op);
+                             int unmerged_exceptions);
     bool ProcessMergeComplete(chunk_t chunk, void* buffer);
     sector_t ChunkToSector(chunk_t chunk) { return chunk << CHUNK_SHIFT; }
     chunk_t SectorToChunk(sector_t sector) { return sector >> CHUNK_SHIFT; }
-    bool IsBlockAligned(int read_size) { return ((read_size & (BLOCK_SIZE - 1)) == 0); }
+    bool IsBlockAligned(int read_size) { return ((read_size & (BLOCK_SZ - 1)) == 0); }
 
     std::string cow_device_;
     std::string backing_store_device_;
@@ -134,6 +142,7 @@
     std::map<sector_t, const CowOperation*> chunk_map_;
 
     bool metadata_read_done_ = false;
+    bool merge_initiated_ = false;
     BufferSink bufsink_;
 };
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd.rc b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd.rc
index f2d21ac..4bf34a2 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd.rc
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd.rc
@@ -4,3 +4,4 @@
     disabled
     user root
     group root system
+    seclabel u:r:snapuserd:s0
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd_server.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd_server.cpp
index 38abaec..017de3b 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd_server.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd_server.cpp
@@ -210,8 +210,11 @@
         }
     }
 
+    handler->snapuserd()->CloseFds();
+
     auto misc_name = handler->misc_name();
     LOG(INFO) << "Handler thread about to exit: " << misc_name;
+    handler->snapuserd()->CheckMergeCompletionStatus();
 
     {
         std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(lock_);
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/test_helpers.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/test_helpers.cpp
index 6104c82..e3e3af8 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/test_helpers.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/test_helpers.cpp
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <openssl/sha.h>
+#include <payload_consumer/file_descriptor.h>
 
 namespace android {
 namespace snapshot {
@@ -169,6 +170,37 @@
     return true;
 }
 
+std::string HashSnapshot(ISnapshotWriter* writer) {
+    auto reader = writer->OpenReader();
+    if (!reader) {
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    SHA256_CTX ctx;
+    SHA256_Init(&ctx);
+
+    uint64_t remaining = reader->BlockDevSize();
+    char buffer[4096];
+    while (remaining) {
+        size_t to_read =
+                static_cast<size_t>(std::min(remaining, static_cast<uint64_t>(sizeof(buffer))));
+        ssize_t read = reader->Read(&buffer, to_read);
+        if (read <= 0) {
+            if (read < 0) {
+                LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to read from snapshot writer";
+                return {};
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        SHA256_Update(&ctx, buffer, to_read);
+        remaining -= static_cast<size_t>(read);
+    }
+
+    uint8_t out[32];
+    SHA256_Final(out, &ctx);
+    return ToHexString(out, sizeof(out));
+}
+
 std::optional<std::string> GetHash(const std::string& path) {
     std::string content;
     if (!android::base::ReadFileToString(path, &content, true)) {
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/update_engine/update_metadata.proto b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/update_engine/update_metadata.proto
index dda214e..4a97f81 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/update_engine/update_metadata.proto
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/update_engine/update_metadata.proto
@@ -73,6 +73,7 @@
 
 message DynamicPartitionMetadata {
     repeated DynamicPartitionGroup groups = 1;
+    optional bool vabc_enabled = 3;
 }
 
 message DeltaArchiveManifest {
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/utility.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/utility.cpp
index 7342fd4..4a2af1c 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/utility.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/utility.cpp
@@ -187,5 +187,13 @@
     return android::base::GetBoolProperty("ro.virtual_ab.compression.enabled", false);
 }
 
+std::string GetOtherPartitionName(const std::string& name) {
+    auto suffix = android::fs_mgr::GetPartitionSlotSuffix(name);
+    CHECK(suffix == "_a" || suffix == "_b");
+
+    auto other_suffix = (suffix == "_a") ? "_b" : "_a";
+    return name.substr(0, name.size() - suffix.size()) + other_suffix;
+}
+
 }  // namespace snapshot
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/utility.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/utility.h
index 3e6873b..671de9d 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/utility.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/utility.h
@@ -131,5 +131,8 @@
 
 bool IsCompressionEnabled();
 
+// Swap the suffix of a partition name.
+std::string GetOtherPartitionName(const std::string& name);
+
 }  // namespace snapshot
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libvbmeta/Android.bp b/fs_mgr/libvbmeta/Android.bp
index bceabab..a299b6e 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libvbmeta/Android.bp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libvbmeta/Android.bp
@@ -50,4 +50,11 @@
         "avbtool",
         "vbmake",
     ],
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+    data: [
+        "data/*",
+    ],
+    // Not unit tests due to several binary and lib dependencies currently hard to replicate in continuous execution
+    test_options: {
+        unit_test: false,
+    },
+}
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libvbmeta/data/testkey_rsa2048.pem b/fs_mgr/libvbmeta/data/testkey_rsa2048.pem
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..867dcff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libvbmeta/data/testkey_rsa2048.pem
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----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+-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libvbmeta/super_vbmeta_test.cpp b/fs_mgr/libvbmeta/super_vbmeta_test.cpp
index daed0d1..7329a61 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libvbmeta/super_vbmeta_test.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libvbmeta/super_vbmeta_test.cpp
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
     cmd << "avbtool add_hashtree_footer"
         << " --image " << file_name << " --partition_name " << partition_name
         << " --partition_size " << FAKE_PARTITION_SIZE << " --algorithm SHA256_RSA2048"
-        << " --key external/avb/test/data/testkey_rsa2048.pem";
+        << " --key data/testkey_rsa2048.pem";
 
     int rc = system(cmd.str().c_str());
     EXPECT_TRUE(WIFEXITED(rc));
diff --git a/fs_mgr/tests/adb-remount-test.sh b/fs_mgr/tests/adb-remount-test.sh
index f5bbe35..242fa93 100755
--- a/fs_mgr/tests/adb-remount-test.sh
+++ b/fs_mgr/tests/adb-remount-test.sh
@@ -213,6 +213,13 @@
     return ${ret}
 }
 
+[ "USAGE: adb_test <expression>
+
+Returns: exit status of the test expression" ]
+adb_test() {
+  adb_sh test "${@}" </dev/null
+}
+
 [ "USAGE: adb_reboot
 
 Returns: true if the reboot command succeeded" ]
@@ -740,7 +747,7 @@
   grep -v \
     -e "^\(overlay\|tmpfs\|none\|sysfs\|proc\|selinuxfs\|debugfs\|bpf\) " \
     -e "^\(binfmt_misc\|cg2_bpf\|pstore\|tracefs\|adb\|mtp\|ptp\|devpts\) " \
-    -e "^\(ramdumpfs\|binder\|/sys/kernel/debug\) " \
+    -e "^\(ramdumpfs\|binder\|/sys/kernel/debug\|securityfs\) " \
     -e " functionfs " \
     -e "^\(/data/media\|/dev/block/loop[0-9]*\) " \
     -e "^rootfs / rootfs rw," \
@@ -844,6 +851,9 @@
   NORMAL=""
 fi
 
+# Set an ERR trap handler to report any unhandled error
+trap 'die "line ${LINENO}: unhandled error"' ERR
+
 if ${print_time}; then
   echo "${BLUE}[     INFO ]${NORMAL}" start `date` >&2
 fi
@@ -871,10 +881,10 @@
 [ -z "${D}" -o -n "${ANDROID_SERIAL}" ] || ANDROID_SERIAL=${D}
 USB_SERIAL=
 if [ -n "${ANDROID_SERIAL}" -a "Darwin" != "${HOSTOS}" ]; then
-  USB_SERIAL="`find /sys/devices -name serial | grep usb`"
+  USB_SERIAL="`find /sys/devices -name serial | grep usb || true`"
   if [ -n "${USB_SERIAL}" ]; then
     USB_SERIAL=`echo "${USB_SERIAL}" |
-                  xargs grep -l ${ANDROID_SERIAL}`
+                  xargs grep -l ${ANDROID_SERIAL} || true`
   fi
 fi
 USB_ADDRESS=
@@ -956,7 +966,7 @@
     if inAdb; then
       reboot=false
       for d in ${OVERLAYFS_BACKING}; do
-        if adb_su ls -d /${d}/overlay </dev/null >/dev/null 2>/dev/null; then
+        if adb_test -d /${d}/overlay; then
           adb_su rm -rf /${d}/overlay </dev/null
           reboot=true
         fi
@@ -1010,7 +1020,10 @@
 echo "${GREEN}[ RUN      ]${NORMAL} Testing kernel support for overlayfs" >&2
 
 adb_wait || die "wait for device failed"
-adb_sh ls -d /sys/module/overlay </dev/null >/dev/null 2>/dev/null ||
+adb_root ||
+  die "initial setup"
+
+adb_test -d /sys/module/overlay ||
   adb_sh grep "nodev${TAB}overlay" /proc/filesystems </dev/null >/dev/null 2>/dev/null &&
   echo "${GREEN}[       OK ]${NORMAL} overlay module present" >&2 ||
   (
@@ -1019,7 +1032,7 @@
   ) ||
   overlayfs_supported=false
 if ${overlayfs_supported}; then
-  adb_su ls /sys/module/overlay/parameters/override_creds </dev/null >/dev/null 2>/dev/null &&
+  adb_test -f /sys/module/overlay/parameters/override_creds &&
     echo "${GREEN}[       OK ]${NORMAL} overlay module supports override_creds" >&2 ||
     case `adb_sh uname -r </dev/null` in
       4.[456789].* | 4.[1-9][0-9]* | [56789].*)
@@ -1032,9 +1045,6 @@
     esac
 fi
 
-adb_root ||
-  die "initial setup"
-
 echo "${GREEN}[ RUN      ]${NORMAL} Checking current overlayfs status" >&2
 
 # We can not universally use adb enable-verity to ensure device is
@@ -1044,7 +1054,7 @@
 # having to go through enable-verity transition.
 reboot=false
 for d in ${OVERLAYFS_BACKING}; do
-  if adb_sh ls -d /${d}/overlay </dev/null >/dev/null 2>/dev/null; then
+  if adb_test -d /${d}/overlay; then
     echo "${YELLOW}[  WARNING ]${NORMAL} /${d}/overlay is setup, surgically wiping" >&2
     adb_sh rm -rf /${d}/overlay </dev/null ||
       die "/${d}/overlay wipe"
@@ -1171,7 +1181,7 @@
 
 # Feed log with selinux denials as baseline before overlays
 adb_unroot
-adb_sh find ${MOUNTS} </dev/null >/dev/null 2>/dev/null
+adb_sh find ${MOUNTS} </dev/null >/dev/null 2>/dev/null || true
 adb_root
 
 D=`adb remount 2>&1`
@@ -1220,7 +1230,7 @@
     die "scratch size"
   echo "${BLUE}[     INFO ]${NORMAL} scratch size ${scratch_size}KB" >&2
   for d in ${OVERLAYFS_BACKING}; do
-    if adb_sh ls -d /${d}/overlay/system/upper </dev/null >/dev/null 2>/dev/null; then
+    if adb_test -d /${d}/overlay/system/upper; then
       echo "${BLUE}[     INFO ]${NORMAL} /${d}/overlay is setup" >&2
     fi
   done
@@ -1305,7 +1315,7 @@
 [ -n "${VENDOR_DEVT%[0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F]}" ] ||
   echo "${YELLOW}[  WARNING ]${NORMAL} vendor devt ${VENDOR_DEVT} major 0" >&2
 
-# Download libc.so, append some gargage, push back, and check if the file
+# Download libc.so, append some garbage, push back, and check if the file
 # is updated.
 tempdir="`mktemp -d`"
 cleanup() {
@@ -1313,8 +1323,8 @@
 }
 adb pull /system/lib/bootstrap/libc.so ${tempdir} >/dev/null ||
   die "pull libc.so from device"
-garbage="`hexdump -n 16 -e '4/4 "%08X" 1 "\n"' /dev/random`"
-echo ${garbage} >> ${tempdir}/libc.so
+garbage="D105225BBFCB1EB8AB8EBDB7094646F0"
+echo "${garbage}" >> ${tempdir}/libc.so
 adb push ${tempdir}/libc.so /system/lib/bootstrap/libc.so >/dev/null ||
   die "push libc.so to device"
 adb pull /system/lib/bootstrap/libc.so ${tempdir}/libc.so.fromdevice >/dev/null ||
@@ -1358,7 +1368,7 @@
   echo "${GREEN}[       OK ]${NORMAL} /vendor content correct MAC after reboot" >&2
   # Feed unprivileged log with selinux denials as a result of overlays
   wait_for_screen
-  adb_sh find ${MOUNTS} </dev/null >/dev/null 2>/dev/null
+  adb_sh find ${MOUNTS} </dev/null >/dev/null 2>/dev/null || true
 fi
 # If overlayfs has a nested security problem, this will fail.
 B="`adb_ls /system/`" ||
@@ -1385,7 +1395,7 @@
 check_eq "${BASE_SYSTEM_DEVT}" "`adb_sh stat --format=%D /system/xbin/su </dev/null`" --warning devt for su after reboot
 
 # Feed log with selinux denials as a result of overlays
-adb_sh find ${MOUNTS} </dev/null >/dev/null 2>/dev/null
+adb_sh find ${MOUNTS} </dev/null >/dev/null 2>/dev/null || true
 
 # Check if the updated libc.so is persistent after reboot.
 adb_root &&
@@ -1656,8 +1666,10 @@
 # This also saves a lot of 'noise' from the command doing a mkfs on backing
 # storage and all the related tuning and adjustment.
 for d in ${OVERLAYFS_BACKING}; do
-  adb_su rm -rf /${d}/overlay </dev/null ||
-    die "/${d}/overlay wipe"
+  if adb_test -d /${d}/overlay; then
+    adb_su rm -rf /${d}/overlay </dev/null ||
+      die "/${d}/overlay wipe"
+  fi
 done
 adb_reboot &&
   adb_wait ${ADB_WAIT} ||
diff --git a/gatekeeperd/Android.bp b/gatekeeperd/Android.bp
index 2d9a820..d1046df 100644
--- a/gatekeeperd/Android.bp
+++ b/gatekeeperd/Android.bp
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
         "libhidlbase",
         "android.hardware.gatekeeper@1.0",
         "libgatekeeper_aidl",
-        "android.hardware.security.keymint-unstable-ndk_platform",
+        "android.hardware.security.keymint-V1-ndk_platform",
         "android.security.authorization-ndk_platform",
     ],
 
diff --git a/gatekeeperd/gatekeeperd.cpp b/gatekeeperd/gatekeeperd.cpp
index ced7573..f9c0cdd 100644
--- a/gatekeeperd/gatekeeperd.cpp
+++ b/gatekeeperd/gatekeeperd.cpp
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
+#include <android/binder_ibinder.h>
 #include <android/binder_manager.h>
 #include <android/security/keystore/IKeystoreService.h>
 #include <binder/IPCThreadState.h>
@@ -301,8 +302,9 @@
         if (gkResponse->response_code() == GKResponseCode::OK) {
             if (gkResponse->payload().size() != 0) {
                 // try to connect to IKeystoreAuthorization AIDL service first.
-                ::ndk::SpAIBinder authzBinder(
-                        AServiceManager_getService("android.security.authorization"));
+                AIBinder* authzAIBinder =
+                        AServiceManager_checkService("android.security.authorization");
+                ::ndk::SpAIBinder authzBinder(authzAIBinder);
                 auto authzService = IKeystoreAuthorization::fromBinder(authzBinder);
                 if (authzService) {
                     if (gkResponse->payload().size() != sizeof(hw_auth_token_t)) {
@@ -316,6 +318,7 @@
 
                     authToken.timestamp.milliSeconds = betoh64(hwAuthToken->timestamp);
                     authToken.challenge = hwAuthToken->challenge;
+                    authToken.userId = hwAuthToken->user_id;
                     authToken.authenticatorId = hwAuthToken->authenticator_id;
                     authToken.authenticatorType = static_cast<HardwareAuthenticatorType>(
                             betoh32(hwAuthToken->authenticator_type));
diff --git a/healthd/BatteryMonitor.cpp b/healthd/BatteryMonitor.cpp
index fd810cb..377acb7 100644
--- a/healthd/BatteryMonitor.cpp
+++ b/healthd/BatteryMonitor.cpp
@@ -349,9 +349,14 @@
 }
 
 void BatteryMonitor::logValues(void) {
+    logValues(*mHealthInfo, *mHealthdConfig);
+}
+
+void BatteryMonitor::logValues(const android::hardware::health::V2_1::HealthInfo& health_info,
+                               const struct healthd_config& healthd_config) {
     char dmesgline[256];
     size_t len;
-    const HealthInfo_1_0& props = mHealthInfo->legacy.legacy;
+    const HealthInfo_1_0& props = health_info.legacy.legacy;
     if (props.batteryPresent) {
         snprintf(dmesgline, sizeof(dmesgline), "battery l=%d v=%d t=%s%d.%d h=%d st=%d",
                  props.batteryLevel, props.batteryVoltage, props.batteryTemperature < 0 ? "-" : "",
@@ -359,17 +364,17 @@
                  props.batteryHealth, props.batteryStatus);
 
         len = strlen(dmesgline);
-        if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCurrentNowPath.isEmpty()) {
+        if (!healthd_config.batteryCurrentNowPath.isEmpty()) {
             len += snprintf(dmesgline + len, sizeof(dmesgline) - len, " c=%d",
                             props.batteryCurrent);
         }
 
-        if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryFullChargePath.isEmpty()) {
+        if (!healthd_config.batteryFullChargePath.isEmpty()) {
             len += snprintf(dmesgline + len, sizeof(dmesgline) - len, " fc=%d",
                             props.batteryFullCharge);
         }
 
-        if (!mHealthdConfig->batteryCycleCountPath.isEmpty()) {
+        if (!healthd_config.batteryCycleCountPath.isEmpty()) {
             len += snprintf(dmesgline + len, sizeof(dmesgline) - len, " cc=%d",
                             props.batteryCycleCount);
         }
diff --git a/healthd/include/healthd/BatteryMonitor.h b/healthd/include/healthd/BatteryMonitor.h
index fadb5a5..3cda727 100644
--- a/healthd/include/healthd/BatteryMonitor.h
+++ b/healthd/include/healthd/BatteryMonitor.h
@@ -66,6 +66,9 @@
     void logValues(void);
     bool isChargerOnline();
 
+    static void logValues(const android::hardware::health::V2_1::HealthInfo& health_info,
+                          const struct healthd_config& healthd_config);
+
   private:
     struct healthd_config *mHealthdConfig;
     Vector<String8> mChargerNames;
diff --git a/init/Android.bp b/init/Android.bp
index cd295cf..5da8e36 100644
--- a/init/Android.bp
+++ b/init/Android.bp
@@ -74,7 +74,6 @@
 
 cc_defaults {
     name: "init_defaults",
-    cpp_std: "experimental",
     sanitize: {
         misc_undefined: ["signed-integer-overflow"],
     },
@@ -233,6 +232,120 @@
             ],
         },
     },
+    visibility: ["//packages/modules/Virtualization/microdroid"],
+}
+
+// This currently is only for the VM usecase.
+// TODO(jiyong): replace init_first_stage in Android.mk with this
+cc_binary {
+    name: "init_first_stage_soong",
+    stem: "init_vendor",
+
+    srcs: [
+        "block_dev_initializer.cpp",
+        "devices.cpp",
+        "first_stage_console.cpp",
+        "first_stage_init.cpp",
+        "first_stage_main.cpp",
+        "first_stage_mount.cpp",
+        "reboot_utils.cpp",
+        "selabel.cpp",
+        "selinux.cpp",
+        "service_utils.cpp",
+        "snapuserd_transition.cpp",
+        "switch_root.cpp",
+        "uevent_listener.cpp",
+        "util.cpp",
+    ],
+
+    static_libs: [
+        "libc++fs",
+        "libfs_avb",
+        "libfs_mgr",
+        "libfec",
+        "libfec_rs",
+        "libsquashfs_utils",
+        "liblogwrap",
+        "libext4_utils",
+        "libcrypto_utils",
+        "libsparse",
+        "libavb",
+        "libkeyutils",
+        "liblp",
+        "libcutils",
+        "libbase",
+        "liblog",
+        "libcrypto_static",
+        "libdl",
+        "libz",
+        "libselinux",
+        "libcap",
+        "libgsi",
+        "libcom.android.sysprop.apex",
+        "liblzma",
+        "libunwindstack_no_dex",
+        "libbacktrace_no_dex",
+        "libmodprobe",
+        "libext2_uuid",
+        "libprotobuf-cpp-lite",
+        "libsnapshot_cow",
+        "libsnapshot_init",
+        "update_metadata-protos",
+    ],
+
+    static_executable: true,
+
+    cflags: [
+        "-Wall",
+        "-Wextra",
+        "-Wno-unused-parameter",
+        "-Werror",
+        "-DALLOW_FIRST_STAGE_CONSOLE=0",
+        "-DALLOW_LOCAL_PROP_OVERRIDE=0",
+        "-DALLOW_PERMISSIVE_SELINUX=0",
+        "-DREBOOT_BOOTLOADER_ON_PANIC=0",
+        "-DWORLD_WRITABLE_KMSG=0",
+        "-DDUMP_ON_UMOUNT_FAILURE=0",
+        "-DSHUTDOWN_ZERO_TIMEOUT=0",
+        "-DLOG_UEVENTS=0",
+        "-DSEPOLICY_VERSION=30", // TODO(jiyong): externalize the version number
+    ],
+
+    product_variables: {
+        debuggable: {
+            cflags: [
+                "-UALLOW_FIRST_STAGE_CONSOLE",
+                "-DALLOW_FIRST_STAGE_CONSOLE=1",
+
+                "-UALLOW_LOCAL_PROP_OVERRIDE",
+                "-DALLOW_LOCAL_PROP_OVERRIDE=1",
+
+                "-UALLOW_PERMISSIVE_SELINUX",
+                "-DALLOW_PERMISSIVE_SELINUX=1",
+
+                "-UREBOOT_BOOTLOADER_ON_PANIC",
+                "-DREBOOT_BOOTLOADER_ON_PANIC=1",
+
+                "-UWORLD_WRITABLE_KMSG",
+                "-DWORLD_WRITABLE_KMSG=1",
+
+                "-UDUMP_ON_UMOUNT_FAILURE",
+                "-DDUMP_ON_UMOUNT_FAILURE=1",
+            ],
+        },
+
+        eng: {
+            cflags: [
+                "-USHUTDOWN_ZERO_TIMEOUT",
+                "-DSHUTDOWN_ZERO_TIMEOUT=1",
+            ],
+        },
+    },
+
+    sanitize: {
+        misc_undefined: ["signed-integer-overflow"],
+        hwaddress: false,
+    },
 }
 
 // Tests
@@ -335,7 +448,6 @@
 cc_binary {
     name: "host_init_verifier",
     host_supported: true,
-    cpp_std: "experimental",
     cflags: [
         "-Wall",
         "-Wextra",
diff --git a/init/README.md b/init/README.md
index bcbbfbb..67d55e1 100644
--- a/init/README.md
+++ b/init/README.md
@@ -178,6 +178,8 @@
   will reboot into _fatal reboot target_.
   The default value of _fatal crash window mins_ is 4, and default value
   of _fatal reboot target_ is 'bootloader'.
+  For tests, the fatal reboot can be skipped by setting property
+  `init.svc_debug.no_fatal.<service-name>` to `true` for specified critical service.
 
 `disabled`
 > This service will not automatically start with its class.
diff --git a/init/README.ueventd.md b/init/README.ueventd.md
index 2a76620..3ffca88 100644
--- a/init/README.ueventd.md
+++ b/init/README.ueventd.md
@@ -151,8 +151,8 @@
 For boot time purposes, this is done in parallel across a set of child processes. `ueventd.cpp` in
 this directory contains documentation on how the parallelization is done.
 
-There is an option to parallelize the restorecon function during cold boot as well. This should only
-be done for devices that do not use genfscon, which is the recommended method for labeling sysfs
-nodes. To enable this option, use the below line in a ueventd.rc script:
+There is an option to parallelize the restorecon function during cold boot as well. It is
+recommended that devices use genfscon for labeling sysfs nodes. However, some devices may benefit
+from enabling the parallelization option:
 
     parallel_restorecon enabled
diff --git a/init/builtins.cpp b/init/builtins.cpp
index c44e03e..6b7d1e9 100644
--- a/init/builtins.cpp
+++ b/init/builtins.cpp
@@ -861,6 +861,11 @@
         // for system as root, so it has property [partition.system.verified].
         std::string partition = entry.mount_point == "/" ? "system" : Basename(entry.mount_point);
         SetProperty("partition." + partition + ".verified", std::to_string(mode));
+
+        std::string hash_alg = fs_mgr_get_hashtree_algorithm(entry);
+        if (!hash_alg.empty()) {
+            SetProperty("partition." + partition + ".verified.hash_alg", hash_alg);
+        }
     }
 
     return {};
diff --git a/init/first_stage_mount.cpp b/init/first_stage_mount.cpp
index 7c46281..7307237 100644
--- a/init/first_stage_mount.cpp
+++ b/init/first_stage_mount.cpp
@@ -253,6 +253,22 @@
 
     if (!InitDevices()) return false;
 
+    // Mount /metadata before creating logical partitions, since we need to
+    // know whether a snapshot merge is in progress.
+    auto metadata_partition = std::find_if(fstab_.begin(), fstab_.end(), [](const auto& entry) {
+        return entry.mount_point == "/metadata";
+    });
+    if (metadata_partition != fstab_.end()) {
+        if (MountPartition(metadata_partition, true /* erase_same_mounts */)) {
+            // Copies DSU AVB keys from the ramdisk to /metadata.
+            // Must be done before the following TrySwitchSystemAsRoot().
+            // Otherwise, ramdisk will be inaccessible after switching root.
+            CopyDsuAvbKeys();
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (!CreateLogicalPartitions()) return false;
+
     if (!MountPartitions()) return false;
 
     return true;
@@ -505,22 +521,6 @@
 }
 
 bool FirstStageMount::MountPartitions() {
-    // Mount /metadata before creating logical partitions, since we need to
-    // know whether a snapshot merge is in progress.
-    auto metadata_partition = std::find_if(fstab_.begin(), fstab_.end(), [](const auto& entry) {
-        return entry.mount_point == "/metadata";
-    });
-    if (metadata_partition != fstab_.end()) {
-        if (MountPartition(metadata_partition, true /* erase_same_mounts */)) {
-            // Copies DSU AVB keys from the ramdisk to /metadata.
-            // Must be done before the following TrySwitchSystemAsRoot().
-            // Otherwise, ramdisk will be inaccessible after switching root.
-            CopyDsuAvbKeys();
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (!CreateLogicalPartitions()) return false;
-
     if (!TrySwitchSystemAsRoot()) return false;
 
     if (!SkipMountingPartitions(&fstab_)) return false;
diff --git a/init/init.cpp b/init/init.cpp
index ca2d5da..b08037a 100644
--- a/init/init.cpp
+++ b/init/init.cpp
@@ -723,37 +723,6 @@
     }
 }
 
-static Result<void> TransitionSnapuserdAction(const BuiltinArguments&) {
-    if (!SnapshotManager::IsSnapshotManagerNeeded() ||
-        !android::base::GetBoolProperty(android::snapshot::kVirtualAbCompressionProp, false)) {
-        return {};
-    }
-
-    auto sm = SnapshotManager::New();
-    if (!sm) {
-        LOG(FATAL) << "Failed to create SnapshotManager, will not transition snapuserd";
-        return {};
-    }
-
-    ServiceList& service_list = ServiceList::GetInstance();
-    auto svc = service_list.FindService("snapuserd");
-    if (!svc) {
-        LOG(FATAL) << "Failed to find snapuserd service, aborting transition";
-        return {};
-    }
-    svc->Start();
-    svc->SetShutdownCritical();
-
-    if (!sm->PerformSecondStageInitTransition()) {
-        LOG(FATAL) << "Failed to transition snapuserd to second-stage";
-    }
-
-    if (auto pid = GetSnapuserdFirstStagePid()) {
-        KillFirstStageSnapuserd(pid.value());
-    }
-    return {};
-}
-
 int SecondStageMain(int argc, char** argv) {
     if (REBOOT_BOOTLOADER_ON_PANIC) {
         InstallRebootSignalHandlers();
@@ -900,9 +869,7 @@
 
     // Queue an action that waits for coldboot done so we know ueventd has set up all of /dev...
     am.QueueBuiltinAction(wait_for_coldboot_done_action, "wait_for_coldboot_done");
-    am.QueueBuiltinAction(TransitionSnapuserdAction, "TransitionSnapuserd");
     // ... so that we can start queuing up actions that require stuff from /dev.
-    am.QueueBuiltinAction(MixHwrngIntoLinuxRngAction, "MixHwrngIntoLinuxRng");
     am.QueueBuiltinAction(SetMmapRndBitsAction, "SetMmapRndBits");
     Keychords keychords;
     am.QueueBuiltinAction(
@@ -918,10 +885,6 @@
     // Trigger all the boot actions to get us started.
     am.QueueEventTrigger("init");
 
-    // Repeat mix_hwrng_into_linux_rng in case /dev/hw_random or /dev/random
-    // wasn't ready immediately after wait_for_coldboot_done
-    am.QueueBuiltinAction(MixHwrngIntoLinuxRngAction, "MixHwrngIntoLinuxRng");
-
     // Don't mount filesystems or start core system services in charger mode.
     std::string bootmode = GetProperty("ro.bootmode", "");
     if (bootmode == "charger") {
diff --git a/init/security.cpp b/init/security.cpp
index ac784a3..970696e 100644
--- a/init/security.cpp
+++ b/init/security.cpp
@@ -36,59 +36,6 @@
 namespace android {
 namespace init {
 
-// Writes 512 bytes of output from Hardware RNG (/dev/hw_random, backed
-// by Linux kernel's hw_random framework) into Linux RNG's via /dev/urandom.
-// Does nothing if Hardware RNG is not present.
-//
-// Since we don't yet trust the quality of Hardware RNG, these bytes are not
-// mixed into the primary pool of Linux RNG and the entropy estimate is left
-// unmodified.
-//
-// If the HW RNG device /dev/hw_random is present, we require that at least
-// 512 bytes read from it are written into Linux RNG. QA is expected to catch
-// devices/configurations where these I/O operations are blocking for a long
-// time. We do not reboot or halt on failures, as this is a best-effort
-// attempt.
-Result<void> MixHwrngIntoLinuxRngAction(const BuiltinArguments&) {
-    unique_fd hwrandom_fd(
-        TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open("/dev/hw_random", O_RDONLY | O_NOFOLLOW | O_CLOEXEC)));
-    if (hwrandom_fd == -1) {
-        if (errno == ENOENT) {
-            LOG(INFO) << "/dev/hw_random not found";
-            // It's not an error to not have a Hardware RNG.
-            return {};
-        }
-        return ErrnoError() << "Failed to open /dev/hw_random";
-    }
-
-    unique_fd urandom_fd(
-        TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open("/dev/urandom", O_WRONLY | O_NOFOLLOW | O_CLOEXEC)));
-    if (urandom_fd == -1) {
-        return ErrnoError() << "Failed to open /dev/urandom";
-    }
-
-    char buf[512];
-    size_t total_bytes_written = 0;
-    while (total_bytes_written < sizeof(buf)) {
-        ssize_t chunk_size =
-            TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(hwrandom_fd, buf, sizeof(buf) - total_bytes_written));
-        if (chunk_size == -1) {
-            return ErrnoError() << "Failed to read from /dev/hw_random";
-        } else if (chunk_size == 0) {
-            return Error() << "Failed to read from /dev/hw_random: EOF";
-        }
-
-        chunk_size = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(write(urandom_fd, buf, chunk_size));
-        if (chunk_size == -1) {
-            return ErrnoError() << "Failed to write to /dev/urandom";
-        }
-        total_bytes_written += chunk_size;
-    }
-
-    LOG(INFO) << "Mixed " << total_bytes_written << " bytes from /dev/hw_random into /dev/urandom";
-    return {};
-}
-
 static bool SetHighestAvailableOptionValue(const std::string& path, int min, int max) {
     std::ifstream inf(path, std::fstream::in);
     if (!inf) {
diff --git a/init/security.h b/init/security.h
index 43c2739..e8bec6a 100644
--- a/init/security.h
+++ b/init/security.h
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@
 namespace android {
 namespace init {
 
-Result<void> MixHwrngIntoLinuxRngAction(const BuiltinArguments&);
 Result<void> SetMmapRndBitsAction(const BuiltinArguments&);
 Result<void> SetKptrRestrictAction(const BuiltinArguments&);
 Result<void> TestPerfEventSelinuxAction(const BuiltinArguments&);
diff --git a/init/service.cpp b/init/service.cpp
index d84dcd4..f6ce094 100644
--- a/init/service.cpp
+++ b/init/service.cpp
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@
 #endif
 
 using android::base::boot_clock;
+using android::base::GetBoolProperty;
 using android::base::GetProperty;
 using android::base::Join;
 using android::base::make_scope_guard;
@@ -318,17 +319,19 @@
     // reboot into bootloader or set crashing property
     boot_clock::time_point now = boot_clock::now();
     if (((flags_ & SVC_CRITICAL) || is_process_updatable) && !(flags_ & SVC_RESTART)) {
-        bool boot_completed = android::base::GetBoolProperty("sys.boot_completed", false);
+        bool boot_completed = GetBoolProperty("sys.boot_completed", false);
         if (now < time_crashed_ + fatal_crash_window_ || !boot_completed) {
             if (++crash_count_ > 4) {
                 auto exit_reason = boot_completed ?
                     "in " + std::to_string(fatal_crash_window_.count()) + " minutes" :
                     "before boot completed";
                 if (flags_ & SVC_CRITICAL) {
-                    // Aborts into `fatal_reboot_target_'.
-                    SetFatalRebootTarget(fatal_reboot_target_);
-                    LOG(FATAL) << "critical process '" << name_ << "' exited 4 times "
-                               << exit_reason;
+                    if (!GetBoolProperty("init.svc_debug.no_fatal." + name_, false)) {
+                        // Aborts into `fatal_reboot_target_'.
+                        SetFatalRebootTarget(fatal_reboot_target_);
+                        LOG(FATAL) << "critical process '" << name_ << "' exited 4 times "
+                                   << exit_reason;
+                    }
                 } else {
                     LOG(ERROR) << "process with updatable components '" << name_
                                << "' exited 4 times " << exit_reason;
diff --git a/init/ueventd.cpp b/init/ueventd.cpp
index 923d769..331255b 100644
--- a/init/ueventd.cpp
+++ b/init/ueventd.cpp
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #include "ueventd.h"
 
+#include <android/api-level.h>
 #include <ctype.h>
 #include <dirent.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
@@ -266,6 +267,17 @@
     LOG(INFO) << "Coldboot took " << cold_boot_timer.duration().count() / 1000.0f << " seconds";
 }
 
+static UeventdConfiguration GetConfiguration() {
+    // TODO: Remove these legacy paths once Android S is no longer supported.
+    if (android::base::GetIntProperty("ro.product.first_api_level", 10000) <= __ANDROID_API_S__) {
+        auto hardware = android::base::GetProperty("ro.hardware", "");
+        return ParseConfig({"/system/etc/ueventd.rc", "/vendor/ueventd.rc", "/odm/ueventd.rc",
+                            "/ueventd." + hardware + ".rc"});
+    }
+
+    return ParseConfig({"/system/etc/ueventd.rc"});
+}
+
 int ueventd_main(int argc, char** argv) {
     /*
      * init sets the umask to 077 for forked processes. We need to
@@ -283,7 +295,7 @@
 
     std::vector<std::unique_ptr<UeventHandler>> uevent_handlers;
 
-    auto ueventd_configuration = ParseConfig("/system/etc/ueventd.rc");
+    auto ueventd_configuration = GetConfiguration();
 
     uevent_handlers.emplace_back(std::make_unique<DeviceHandler>(
             std::move(ueventd_configuration.dev_permissions),
diff --git a/init/ueventd_parser.cpp b/init/ueventd_parser.cpp
index 2605158..cab988b 100644
--- a/init/ueventd_parser.cpp
+++ b/init/ueventd_parser.cpp
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@
     return {};
 }
 
-UeventdConfiguration ParseConfig(const std::string& config) {
+UeventdConfiguration ParseConfig(const std::vector<std::string>& configs) {
     Parser parser;
     UeventdConfiguration ueventd_configuration;
 
@@ -260,7 +260,9 @@
                                std::bind(ParseEnabledDisabledLine, _1,
                                          &ueventd_configuration.enable_parallel_restorecon));
 
-    parser.ParseConfig(config);
+    for (const auto& config : configs) {
+        parser.ParseConfig(config);
+    }
 
     return ueventd_configuration;
 }
diff --git a/init/ueventd_parser.h b/init/ueventd_parser.h
index 2672626..eaafa5a 100644
--- a/init/ueventd_parser.h
+++ b/init/ueventd_parser.h
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
     bool enable_parallel_restorecon = false;
 };
 
-UeventdConfiguration ParseConfig(const std::string& config);
+UeventdConfiguration ParseConfig(const std::vector<std::string>& configs);
 
 }  // namespace init
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/libcutils/Android.bp b/libcutils/Android.bp
index d46aeab..c75e538 100644
--- a/libcutils/Android.bp
+++ b/libcutils/Android.bp
@@ -167,7 +167,6 @@
         "canned_fs_config.cpp",
         "iosched_policy.cpp",
         "load_file.cpp",
-        "memory.cpp",
         "native_handle.cpp",
         "properties.cpp",
         "record_stream.cpp",
diff --git a/libcutils/include/cutils/memory.h b/libcutils/include/cutils/memory.h
index 0fba53c..c6476c1 100644
--- a/libcutils/include/cutils/memory.h
+++ b/libcutils/include/cutils/memory.h
@@ -28,9 +28,6 @@
 size_t strlcpy(char *dst, const char *src, size_t size);
 #endif
 
-// Disables memory mitigations for the entire process, and logs appropriately.
-void process_disable_memory_mitigations();
-
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 } // extern "C"
 #endif
diff --git a/libcutils/include/cutils/trace.h b/libcutils/include/cutils/trace.h
index 793e2ce..ef426ff 100644
--- a/libcutils/include/cutils/trace.h
+++ b/libcutils/include/cutils/trace.h
@@ -104,14 +104,6 @@
 void atrace_update_tags();
 
 /**
- * Set whether the process is debuggable.  By default the process is not
- * considered debuggable.  If the process is not debuggable then application-
- * level tracing is not allowed unless the ro.debuggable system property is
- * set to '1'.
- */
-void atrace_set_debuggable(bool debuggable);
-
-/**
  * Set whether tracing is enabled for the current process.  This is used to
  * prevent tracing within the Zygote process.
  */
diff --git a/libcutils/memory.cpp b/libcutils/memory.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 5a410c2..0000000
--- a/libcutils/memory.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include <cutils/memory.h>
-
-#include <log/log.h>
-
-#if !defined(__APPLE__)
-#include <malloc.h>
-#endif
-
-void process_disable_memory_mitigations() {
-    bool success = false;
-#ifdef __BIONIC__
-    success = mallopt(M_BIONIC_DISABLE_MEMORY_MITIGATIONS, 0);
-#endif
-
-    // TODO: if b/158870657 is fixed and scudo is used globally,
-    // we can assert on failure rather than just log.
-    if (success) {
-        ALOGI("Disabled memory mitigations for process.");
-    } else {
-        ALOGE("Could not disable memory mitigations for process.");
-    }
-}
diff --git a/libcutils/trace-dev.inc b/libcutils/trace-dev.inc
index 6543426..3b459e0 100644
--- a/libcutils/trace-dev.inc
+++ b/libcutils/trace-dev.inc
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
+#include <fnmatch.h>
 #include <limits.h>
 #include <pthread.h>
 #include <stdatomic.h>
@@ -51,7 +52,6 @@
 atomic_bool              atrace_is_ready      = ATOMIC_VAR_INIT(false);
 int                      atrace_marker_fd     = -1;
 uint64_t                 atrace_enabled_tags  = ATRACE_TAG_NOT_READY;
-static bool              atrace_is_debuggable = false;
 static atomic_bool       atrace_is_enabled    = ATOMIC_VAR_INIT(true);
 static pthread_mutex_t   atrace_tags_mutex    = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
 
@@ -95,15 +95,6 @@
     return atrace_enabled_tags;
 }
 
-// Set whether this process is debuggable, which determines whether
-// application-level tracing is allowed when the ro.debuggable system property
-// is not set to '1'.
-void atrace_set_debuggable(bool debuggable)
-{
-    atrace_is_debuggable = debuggable;
-    atrace_update_tags();
-}
-
 // Check whether the given command line matches one of the comma-separated
 // values listed in the app_cmdlines property.
 static bool atrace_is_cmdline_match(const char* cmdline)
@@ -116,7 +107,7 @@
     for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
         snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "debug.atrace.app_%d", i);
         property_get(buf, value, "");
-        if (strcmp(value, "*") == 0 || strcmp(value, cmdline) == 0) {
+        if (fnmatch(value, cmdline, FNM_NOESCAPE) == 0) {
             return true;
         }
     }
@@ -127,24 +118,21 @@
 // Determine whether application-level tracing is enabled for this process.
 static bool atrace_is_app_tracing_enabled()
 {
-    bool sys_debuggable = property_get_bool("ro.debuggable", 0);
     bool result = false;
 
-    if (sys_debuggable || atrace_is_debuggable) {
-        // Check whether tracing is enabled for this process.
-        FILE * file = fopen("/proc/self/cmdline", "re");
-        if (file) {
-            char cmdline[4096];
-            if (fgets(cmdline, sizeof(cmdline), file)) {
-                result = atrace_is_cmdline_match(cmdline);
-            } else {
-                ALOGE("Error reading cmdline: %s (%d)", strerror(errno), errno);
-            }
-            fclose(file);
+    // Check whether tracing is enabled for this process.
+    FILE * file = fopen("/proc/self/cmdline", "re");
+    if (file) {
+        char cmdline[4096];
+        if (fgets(cmdline, sizeof(cmdline), file)) {
+            result = atrace_is_cmdline_match(cmdline);
         } else {
-            ALOGE("Error opening /proc/self/cmdline: %s (%d)", strerror(errno),
-                    errno);
+            ALOGE("Error reading cmdline: %s (%d)", strerror(errno), errno);
         }
+        fclose(file);
+    } else {
+        ALOGE("Error opening /proc/self/cmdline: %s (%d)", strerror(errno),
+                errno);
     }
 
     return result;
diff --git a/libgrallocusage/OWNERS b/libgrallocusage/OWNERS
index 154dc6d..de2bf16 100644
--- a/libgrallocusage/OWNERS
+++ b/libgrallocusage/OWNERS
@@ -1,3 +1,2 @@
-jessehall@google.com
-olv@google.com
-stoza@google.com
+jreck@google.com
+lpy@google.com
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/cgroup_map.cpp b/libprocessgroup/cgroup_map.cpp
index b82b0ab..5ca0967 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/cgroup_map.cpp
+++ b/libprocessgroup/cgroup_map.cpp
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@
     if (!HasValue()) return false;
 
     if (state_ == UNKNOWN) {
-        if (ACgroupController_getFlags != nullptr) {
+        if (__builtin_available(android 30, *)) {
             uint32_t flags = ACgroupController_getFlags(controller_);
             state_ = (flags & CGROUPRC_CONTROLLER_FLAG_MOUNTED) != 0 ? USABLE : MISSING;
         } else {
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@
     auto controller_count = ACgroupFile_getControllerCount();
     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < controller_count; ++i) {
         const ACgroupController* controller = ACgroupFile_getController(i);
-        if (ACgroupController_getFlags != nullptr) {
+        if (__builtin_available(android 30, *)) {
             LOG(INFO) << "\t" << ACgroupController_getName(controller) << " ver "
                       << ACgroupController_getVersion(controller) << " path "
                       << ACgroupController_getPath(controller) << " flags "
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/Android.bp b/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/Android.bp
index bb59942..def069b 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/Android.bp
+++ b/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/Android.bp
@@ -46,19 +46,19 @@
         "libcgrouprc_format",
     ],
     stubs: {
-        symbol_file: "libcgrouprc.llndk.txt",
+        symbol_file: "libcgrouprc.map.txt",
         versions: ["29"],
     },
     target: {
         linux: {
-            version_script: "libcgrouprc.llndk.txt",
+            version_script: "libcgrouprc.map.txt",
         },
     },
 }
 
 llndk_library {
     name: "libcgrouprc.llndk",
-    symbol_file: "libcgrouprc.llndk.txt",
+    symbol_file: "libcgrouprc.map.txt",
     native_bridge_supported: true,
     export_include_dirs: [
         "include",
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/include/android/cgrouprc.h b/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/include/android/cgrouprc.h
index 7e74432..9a79954 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/include/android/cgrouprc.h
+++ b/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/include/android/cgrouprc.h
@@ -28,8 +28,6 @@
 struct ACgroupController;
 typedef struct ACgroupController ACgroupController;
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= __ANDROID_API_Q__
-
 // ACgroupFile
 
 /**
@@ -71,8 +69,6 @@
 #define CGROUPRC_CONTROLLER_FLAG_MOUNTED 0x1
 #define CGROUPRC_CONTROLLER_FLAG_NEEDS_ACTIVATION 0x2
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= __ANDROID_API_R__
-
 /**
  * Returns the flags bitmask of the given controller.
  * If the given controller is null, return 0.
@@ -80,8 +76,6 @@
 __attribute__((warn_unused_result, weak)) uint32_t ACgroupController_getFlags(
         const ACgroupController*) __INTRODUCED_IN(30);
 
-#endif
-
 /**
  * Returns the name of the given controller.
  * If the given controller is null, return nullptr.
@@ -97,5 +91,3 @@
         __INTRODUCED_IN(29);
 
 __END_DECLS
-
-#endif
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/libcgrouprc.llndk.txt b/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/libcgrouprc.map.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/libcgrouprc.llndk.txt
rename to libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/libcgrouprc.map.txt
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/include/processgroup/processgroup.h b/libprocessgroup/include/processgroup/processgroup.h
index 4aa439a..1aaed7b 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/include/processgroup/processgroup.h
+++ b/libprocessgroup/include/processgroup/processgroup.h
@@ -35,6 +35,9 @@
 #ifndef __ANDROID_VNDK__
 
 static constexpr const char* CGROUPS_RC_PATH = "/dev/cgroup_info/cgroup.rc";
+// Path to test against for freezer support
+// TODO: remove and replace with a function call, see http://b/180056337
+static constexpr const char* CGROUP_FREEZE_PATH = "/sys/fs/cgroup/uid_0/cgroup.freeze";
 
 bool UsePerAppMemcg();
 
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/processgroup.cpp b/libprocessgroup/processgroup.cpp
index d669ebe..209ccd9 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/processgroup.cpp
+++ b/libprocessgroup/processgroup.cpp
@@ -131,13 +131,25 @@
     return StringPrintf("%s/uid_%d/pid_%d", cgroup, uid, pid);
 }
 
-static int RemoveProcessGroup(const char* cgroup, uid_t uid, int pid) {
-    int ret;
-
+static int RemoveProcessGroup(const char* cgroup, uid_t uid, int pid, unsigned int retries) {
+    int ret = 0;
     auto uid_pid_path = ConvertUidPidToPath(cgroup, uid, pid);
-    ret = rmdir(uid_pid_path.c_str());
-
     auto uid_path = ConvertUidToPath(cgroup, uid);
+
+    if (retries == 0) {
+        retries = 1;
+    }
+
+    while (retries--) {
+        ret = rmdir(uid_pid_path.c_str());
+        if (!ret || errno != EBUSY) break;
+        std::this_thread::sleep_for(5ms);
+    }
+
+    // With the exception of boot or shutdown, system uid_ folders are always populated. Spinning
+    // here would needlessly delay most pid removals. Additionally, once empty a uid_ cgroup won't
+    // have processes hanging on it (we've already spun for all its pid_), so there's no need to
+    // spin anyway.
     rmdir(uid_path.c_str());
 
     return ret;
@@ -176,7 +188,7 @@
     std::vector<std::string> cgroups;
     std::string path;
 
-    if (CgroupGetControllerPath("cpuacct", &path)) {
+    if (CgroupGetControllerPath(CGROUPV2_CONTROLLER_NAME, &path)) {
         cgroups.push_back(path);
     }
     if (CgroupGetControllerPath("memory", &path)) {
@@ -212,19 +224,49 @@
     }
 }
 
+/**
+ * Process groups are primarily created by the Zygote, meaning that uid/pid groups are created by
+ * the user root. Ownership for the newly created cgroup and all of its files must thus be
+ * transferred for the user/group passed as uid/gid before system_server can properly access them.
+ */
 static bool MkdirAndChown(const std::string& path, mode_t mode, uid_t uid, gid_t gid) {
     if (mkdir(path.c_str(), mode) == -1 && errno != EEXIST) {
         return false;
     }
 
-    if (chown(path.c_str(), uid, gid) == -1) {
-        int saved_errno = errno;
-        rmdir(path.c_str());
-        errno = saved_errno;
-        return false;
+    auto dir = std::unique_ptr<DIR, decltype(&closedir)>(opendir(path.c_str()), closedir);
+
+    if (dir == NULL) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "opendir failed for " << path;
+        goto err;
+    }
+
+    struct dirent* dir_entry;
+    while ((dir_entry = readdir(dir.get()))) {
+        if (!strcmp("..", dir_entry->d_name)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        std::string file_path = path + "/" + dir_entry->d_name;
+
+        if (lchown(file_path.c_str(), uid, gid) < 0) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "lchown failed for " << file_path;
+            goto err;
+        }
+
+        if (fchmodat(AT_FDCWD, file_path.c_str(), mode, AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW) != 0) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "fchmodat failed for " << file_path;
+            goto err;
+        }
     }
 
     return true;
+err:
+    int saved_errno = errno;
+    rmdir(path.c_str());
+    errno = saved_errno;
+
+    return false;
 }
 
 // Returns number of processes killed on success
@@ -302,17 +344,9 @@
 
 static int KillProcessGroup(uid_t uid, int initialPid, int signal, int retries,
                             int* max_processes) {
-    std::string cpuacct_path;
-    std::string memory_path;
-
-    CgroupGetControllerPath("cpuacct", &cpuacct_path);
-    CgroupGetControllerPath("memory", &memory_path);
-    memory_path += "/apps";
-
-    const char* cgroup =
-            (!access(ConvertUidPidToPath(cpuacct_path.c_str(), uid, initialPid).c_str(), F_OK))
-                    ? cpuacct_path.c_str()
-                    : memory_path.c_str();
+    std::string hierarchy_root_path;
+    CgroupGetControllerPath(CGROUPV2_CONTROLLER_NAME, &hierarchy_root_path);
+    const char* cgroup = hierarchy_root_path.c_str();
 
     std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point start = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
 
@@ -355,7 +389,17 @@
             LOG(INFO) << "Successfully killed process cgroup uid " << uid << " pid " << initialPid
                       << " in " << static_cast<int>(ms) << "ms";
         }
-        return RemoveProcessGroup(cgroup, uid, initialPid);
+
+        int err = RemoveProcessGroup(cgroup, uid, initialPid, retries);
+
+        if (isMemoryCgroupSupported() && UsePerAppMemcg()) {
+            std::string memory_path;
+            CgroupGetControllerPath("memory", &memory_path);
+            memory_path += "/apps";
+            if (RemoveProcessGroup(memory_path.c_str(), uid, initialPid, retries)) return -1;
+        }
+
+        return err;
     } else {
         if (retries > 0) {
             LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to kill process cgroup uid " << uid << " pid " << initialPid
@@ -374,25 +418,30 @@
     return KillProcessGroup(uid, initialPid, signal, 0 /*retries*/, max_processes);
 }
 
-int createProcessGroup(uid_t uid, int initialPid, bool memControl) {
-    std::string cgroup;
-    if (isMemoryCgroupSupported() && (memControl || UsePerAppMemcg())) {
-        CgroupGetControllerPath("memory", &cgroup);
-        cgroup += "/apps";
-    } else {
-        CgroupGetControllerPath("cpuacct", &cgroup);
-    }
-
+static int createProcessGroupInternal(uid_t uid, int initialPid, std::string cgroup) {
     auto uid_path = ConvertUidToPath(cgroup.c_str(), uid);
 
-    if (!MkdirAndChown(uid_path, 0750, AID_SYSTEM, AID_SYSTEM)) {
+    struct stat cgroup_stat;
+    mode_t cgroup_mode = 0750;
+    gid_t cgroup_uid = AID_SYSTEM;
+    uid_t cgroup_gid = AID_SYSTEM;
+
+    if (stat(cgroup.c_str(), &cgroup_stat) == 1) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to get stats for " << cgroup;
+    } else {
+        cgroup_mode = cgroup_stat.st_mode;
+        cgroup_uid = cgroup_stat.st_uid;
+        cgroup_gid = cgroup_stat.st_gid;
+    }
+
+    if (!MkdirAndChown(uid_path, cgroup_mode, cgroup_uid, cgroup_gid)) {
         PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to make and chown " << uid_path;
         return -errno;
     }
 
     auto uid_pid_path = ConvertUidPidToPath(cgroup.c_str(), uid, initialPid);
 
-    if (!MkdirAndChown(uid_pid_path, 0750, AID_SYSTEM, AID_SYSTEM)) {
+    if (!MkdirAndChown(uid_pid_path, cgroup_mode, cgroup_uid, cgroup_gid)) {
         PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to make and chown " << uid_pid_path;
         return -errno;
     }
@@ -408,6 +457,27 @@
     return ret;
 }
 
+int createProcessGroup(uid_t uid, int initialPid, bool memControl) {
+    std::string cgroup;
+
+    if (memControl && !UsePerAppMemcg()) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "service memory controls are used without per-process memory cgroup support";
+        return -EINVAL;
+    }
+
+    if (isMemoryCgroupSupported() && UsePerAppMemcg()) {
+        CgroupGetControllerPath("memory", &cgroup);
+        cgroup += "/apps";
+        int ret = createProcessGroupInternal(uid, initialPid, cgroup);
+        if (ret != 0) {
+            return ret;
+        }
+    }
+
+    CgroupGetControllerPath(CGROUPV2_CONTROLLER_NAME, &cgroup);
+    return createProcessGroupInternal(uid, initialPid, cgroup);
+}
+
 static bool SetProcessGroupValue(int tid, const std::string& attr_name, int64_t value) {
     if (!isMemoryCgroupSupported()) {
         PLOG(ERROR) << "Memcg is not mounted.";
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/profiles/Android.bp b/libprocessgroup/profiles/Android.bp
index a496237..2d7bb5a 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/profiles/Android.bp
+++ b/libprocessgroup/profiles/Android.bp
@@ -123,9 +123,6 @@
         "cgroups.recovery.json",
         "task_profiles.json",
     ],
-    test_suites: [
-        "general-tests",
-    ],
 }
 
 cc_test {
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/profiles/TEST_MAPPING b/libprocessgroup/profiles/TEST_MAPPING
deleted file mode 100644
index 5ff4112..0000000
--- a/libprocessgroup/profiles/TEST_MAPPING
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "presubmit": [
-    {
-      "name": "libprocessgroup_proto_test",
-      "host": true
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/profiles/cgroups.json b/libprocessgroup/profiles/cgroups.json
index 5b7a28a..7bcb94b 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/profiles/cgroups.json
+++ b/libprocessgroup/profiles/cgroups.json
@@ -15,11 +15,6 @@
       "GID": "system"
     },
     {
-      "Controller": "cpuacct",
-      "Path": "/acct",
-      "Mode": "0555"
-    },
-    {
       "Controller": "cpuset",
       "Path": "/dev/cpuset",
       "Mode": "0755",
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/profiles/cgroups.recovery.json b/libprocessgroup/profiles/cgroups.recovery.json
index f0bf5fd..e275252 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/profiles/cgroups.recovery.json
+++ b/libprocessgroup/profiles/cgroups.recovery.json
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
 {
-  "Cgroups": [
-    {
-      "Controller": "cpuacct",
-      "Path": "/acct",
-      "Mode": "0555"
-    }
-  ]
+  "Cgroups2": {
+    "Path": "/sys/fs/cgroup",
+    "Mode": "0755",
+    "UID": "root",
+    "GID": "root"
+  }
 }
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/task_profiles.cpp b/libprocessgroup/task_profiles.cpp
index 1311306..8d4ce25 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/task_profiles.cpp
+++ b/libprocessgroup/task_profiles.cpp
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@
     value = StringReplace(value, "<pid>", std::to_string(pid), true);
 
     if (!WriteStringToFile(value, filepath)) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to write '" << value << "' to " << filepath;
+        if (logfailures_) PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to write '" << value << "' to " << filepath;
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@
     value = StringReplace(value, "<pid>", std::to_string(tid), true);
 
     if (!WriteStringToFile(value, filepath)) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to write '" << value << "' to " << filepath;
+        if (logfailures_) PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to write '" << value << "' to " << filepath;
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -516,7 +516,10 @@
                 std::string attr_filepath = params_val["FilePath"].asString();
                 std::string attr_value = params_val["Value"].asString();
                 if (!attr_filepath.empty() && !attr_value.empty()) {
-                    profile->Add(std::make_unique<WriteFileAction>(attr_filepath, attr_value));
+                    const Json::Value& logfailures = params_val["LogFailures"];
+                    bool attr_logfailures = logfailures.isNull() || logfailures.asBool();
+                    profile->Add(std::make_unique<WriteFileAction>(attr_filepath, attr_value,
+                                                                   attr_logfailures));
                 } else if (attr_filepath.empty()) {
                     LOG(WARNING) << "WriteFile: invalid parameter: "
                                  << "empty filepath";
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/task_profiles.h b/libprocessgroup/task_profiles.h
index 98bcb0e..25a84b0 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/task_profiles.h
+++ b/libprocessgroup/task_profiles.h
@@ -142,14 +142,16 @@
 // Write to file action
 class WriteFileAction : public ProfileAction {
   public:
-    WriteFileAction(const std::string& filepath, const std::string& value) noexcept
-        : filepath_(filepath), value_(value) {}
+    WriteFileAction(const std::string& filepath, const std::string& value,
+                    bool logfailures) noexcept
+        : filepath_(filepath), value_(value), logfailures_(logfailures) {}
 
     virtual bool ExecuteForProcess(uid_t uid, pid_t pid) const;
     virtual bool ExecuteForTask(int tid) const;
 
   private:
     std::string filepath_, value_;
+    bool logfailures_;
 };
 
 class TaskProfile {
diff --git a/libsync/include/ndk/sync.h b/libsync/include/ndk/sync.h
index 2a59e35..38ccb68 100644
--- a/libsync/include/ndk/sync.h
+++ b/libsync/include/ndk/sync.h
@@ -33,8 +33,6 @@
 
 __BEGIN_DECLS
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 26
-
 /* Fences indicate the status of an asynchronous task. They are initially
  * in unsignaled state (0), and make a one-time transition to either signaled
  * (1) or error (< 0) state. A sync file is a collection of one or more fences;
@@ -101,8 +99,6 @@
  */
 void sync_file_info_free(struct sync_file_info* info) __INTRODUCED_IN(26);
 
-#endif /* __ANDROID_API__ >= 26 */
-
 __END_DECLS
 
 #endif /* ANDROID_SYNC_H */
diff --git a/libsystem/OWNERS b/libsystem/OWNERS
index 4f800d4..9bda04c 100644
--- a/libsystem/OWNERS
+++ b/libsystem/OWNERS
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 # graphics/composer
 adyabr@google.com
 lpy@google.com
-stoza@google.com
-vhau@google.com
 
 # camera
 etalvala@google.com
diff --git a/llkd/libllkd.cpp b/llkd/libllkd.cpp
index a24d900..9f3e218 100644
--- a/llkd/libllkd.cpp
+++ b/llkd/libllkd.cpp
@@ -962,7 +962,7 @@
     //
     // This alarm is effectively the live lock detection of llkd, as
     // we understandably can not monitor ourselves otherwise.
-    ::alarm(duration_cast<seconds>(llkTimeoutMs * 2).count());
+    ::alarm(duration_cast<seconds>(llkTimeoutMs * 2 * android::base::TimeoutMultiplier()).count());
 
     // kernel jiffy precision fastest acquisition
     static timespec last;
diff --git a/property_service/libpropertyinfoparser/Android.bp b/property_service/libpropertyinfoparser/Android.bp
index 2d7e9cb..8777896 100644
--- a/property_service/libpropertyinfoparser/Android.bp
+++ b/property_service/libpropertyinfoparser/Android.bp
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@
     native_bridge_supported: true,
     srcs: ["property_info_parser.cpp"],
 
-    cpp_std: "experimental",
     cppflags: [
         "-Wall",
         "-Wextra",
diff --git a/property_service/libpropertyinfoserializer/Android.bp b/property_service/libpropertyinfoserializer/Android.bp
index aa02a3a..f91bc37 100644
--- a/property_service/libpropertyinfoserializer/Android.bp
+++ b/property_service/libpropertyinfoserializer/Android.bp
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 cc_defaults {
     name: "propertyinfoserializer_defaults",
     host_supported: true,
-    cpp_std: "experimental",
     cppflags: [
         "-Wall",
         "-Wextra",
diff --git a/property_service/property_info_checker/Android.bp b/property_service/property_info_checker/Android.bp
index 65e660a..66f378a 100644
--- a/property_service/property_info_checker/Android.bp
+++ b/property_service/property_info_checker/Android.bp
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
     name: "property_info_checker",
     host_supported: true,
     static_executable: true,
-    cpp_std: "experimental",
     static_libs: [
         "libpropertyinfoserializer",
         "libpropertyinfoparser",
diff --git a/rootdir/init.rc b/rootdir/init.rc
index 340be9a..68a76f1 100644
--- a/rootdir/init.rc
+++ b/rootdir/init.rc
@@ -655,6 +655,7 @@
     mkdir /data/apex 0755 root system encryption=None
     mkdir /data/apex/active 0755 root system
     mkdir /data/apex/backup 0700 root system
+    mkdir /data/apex/decompressed 0700 root system encryption=Require
     mkdir /data/apex/hashtree 0700 root system
     mkdir /data/apex/sessions 0700 root system
     mkdir /data/app-staging 0751 system system encryption=DeleteIfNecessary
@@ -722,6 +723,8 @@
     mkdir /data/misc/trace 0700 root root
     # create location to store surface and window trace files
     mkdir /data/misc/wmtrace 0700 system system
+    # create location to store accessibility trace files
+    mkdir /data/misc/a11ytrace 0700 system system
     # profile file layout
     mkdir /data/misc/profiles 0771 system system
     mkdir /data/misc/profiles/cur 0771 system system
@@ -731,6 +734,7 @@
     mkdir /data/misc/installd 0700 root root
     mkdir /data/misc/apexdata 0711 root root
     mkdir /data/misc/apexrollback 0700 root root
+    mkdir /data/misc/appcompat/ 0700 system system
     mkdir /data/misc/snapshotctl_log 0755 root root
     # create location to store pre-reboot information
     mkdir /data/misc/prereboot 0700 system system
@@ -751,6 +755,11 @@
     mkdir /data/app 0771 system system encryption=Require
     mkdir /data/property 0700 root root encryption=Require
 
+    # create directory for updated font files.
+    mkdir /data/fonts/ 0771 root root encryption=Require
+    mkdir /data/fonts/files 0771 system system
+    mkdir /data/fonts/config 0770 system system
+
     # Create directories to push tests to for each linker namespace.
     # Create the subdirectories in case the first test is run as root
     # so it doesn't end up owned by root.
@@ -1169,6 +1178,8 @@
     chmod 0773 /data/misc/trace
     # Give reads to anyone for the window trace folder on debug builds.
     chmod 0775 /data/misc/wmtrace
+    # Give reads to anyone for the accessibility trace folder on debug builds.
+    chmod 0775 /data/misc/a11ytrace
 
 on init && property:ro.debuggable=1
     start console
diff --git a/rootdir/ueventd.rc b/rootdir/ueventd.rc
index 64a64d2..65e29c1 100644
--- a/rootdir/ueventd.rc
+++ b/rootdir/ueventd.rc
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
-import /vendor/ueventd.rc
-import /odm/ueventd.rc
-import /ueventd.${ro.hardware}.rc
+import /vendor/etc/ueventd.rc
+import /odm/etc/ueventd.rc
 
 firmware_directories /etc/firmware/ /odm/firmware/ /vendor/firmware/ /firmware/image/
 uevent_socket_rcvbuf_size 16M
@@ -38,8 +37,6 @@
 /dev/tty                  0666   root       root
 /dev/random               0666   root       root
 /dev/urandom              0666   root       root
-# Make HW RNG readable by group system to let EntropyMixer read it.
-/dev/hw_random            0440   root       system
 /dev/ashmem*              0666   root       root
 /dev/binder               0666   root       root
 /dev/hwbinder             0666   root       root
@@ -77,3 +74,5 @@
 /sys/devices/virtual/usb_composite/*   enable      0664  root   system
 /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*   cpufreq/scaling_max_freq   0664  system system
 /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*   cpufreq/scaling_min_freq   0664  system system
+/sys/devices/virtual/misc/uhid/*/leds/* brightness   0664  system system
+/sys/devices/virtual/misc/uhid/*/leds/* multi_intensity   0664  system system
diff --git a/shell_and_utilities/README.md b/shell_and_utilities/README.md
index d169d29..f339553 100644
--- a/shell_and_utilities/README.md
+++ b/shell_and_utilities/README.md
@@ -26,7 +26,8 @@
 because the toolbox implementations did have bugs fixed and options added
 over the years. Gingerbread's rm, for example, supported `-r`/`-R` but not
 `-f`. But this gives you an idea of what was available in any given release,
-and how usable it was likely to be.
+and how usable it was likely to be. (**Bold** marks where we switched to toybox
+or first added something to toybox.)
 
 Also note that in any given release `toybox` probably contains more
 commands than there are symlinks for in `/system/bin`. You can get the
@@ -118,18 +119,18 @@
 toolbox: getevent iftop ioctl log nandread newfs\_msdos ps prlimit
 sendevent start stop top
 
-toybox (0.7.0-ish): acpi base64 basename blockdev bzcat cal cat chcon chgrp chmod
-chown chroot cksum clear comm cmp cp cpio cut date df dirname dmesg
-dos2unix du echo env expand expr fallocate false find flock free
+toybox (0.7.0-ish): acpi **base64** basename blockdev bzcat cal cat chcon chgrp chmod
+chown chroot cksum clear comm cmp cp cpio cut date **df** dirname dmesg
+dos2unix **du** echo env expand expr fallocate false find **flock** free
 getenforce getprop groups head hostname hwclock id ifconfig inotifyd
-insmod ionice iorenice kill killall load\_policy ln logname losetup ls
-lsmod lsof lsusb md5sum mkdir mknod mkswap mktemp modinfo more mount
+insmod **ionice** **iorenice** kill **killall** load\_policy ln logname losetup **ls**
+lsmod **lsof** lsusb md5sum mkdir mknod mkswap mktemp modinfo more *mount*
 mountpoint mv netstat nice nl nohup od paste patch pgrep pidof pkill
-pmap printenv printf pwd readlink realpath renice restorecon rm rmdir
+pmap printenv printf pwd readlink realpath **renice** restorecon rm rmdir
 rmmod route runcon sed seq setenforce setprop setsid sha1sum sleep sort
 split stat strings swapoff swapon sync sysctl tac tail tar taskset tee
-time timeout touch tr true truncate tty ulimit umount uname uniq unix2dos
-uptime usleep vmstat wc which whoami xargs xxd yes
+time timeout touch tr true truncate **tty** **ulimit** umount uname uniq unix2dos
+**uptime** usleep vmstat wc which whoami xargs **xxd** yes
 
 
 ## Android 8.0 (Oreo)
@@ -141,19 +142,19 @@
 toolbox: getevent newfs\_msdos
 
 toybox (0.7.3-ish): acpi base64 basename blockdev cal cat chcon chgrp chmod chown
-chroot chrt cksum clear cmp comm cp cpio cut date df diff dirname dmesg
-dos2unix du echo env expand expr fallocate false file find flock free
-getenforce getprop groups gunzip gzip head hostname hwclock id ifconfig
-inotifyd insmod ionice iorenice kill killall ln load\_policy log logname
-losetup ls lsmod lsof lspci lsusb md5sum microcom mkdir mkfifo mknod
-mkswap mktemp modinfo modprobe more mount mountpoint mv netstat nice
-nl nohup od paste patch pgrep pidof pkill pmap printenv printf ps pwd
-readlink realpath renice restorecon rm rmdir rmmod runcon sed sendevent
-seq setenforce setprop setsid sha1sum sha224sum sha256sum sha384sum
-sha512sum sleep sort split start stat stop strings swapoff swapon sync
-sysctl tac tail tar taskset tee time timeout top touch tr true truncate
-tty ulimit umount uname uniq unix2dos uptime usleep uudecode uuencode
-vmstat wc which whoami xargs xxd yes zcat
+chroot chrt cksum clear cmp comm cp cpio cut date df **diff** dirname dmesg
+dos2unix du echo env expand expr fallocate false **file** find flock free
+getenforce getprop groups **gunzip** **gzip** head hostname hwclock id ifconfig
+inotifyd insmod ionice iorenice kill killall ln load\_policy **log** logname
+losetup ls lsmod lsof **lspci** lsusb md5sum **microcom** mkdir **mkfifo** mknod
+mkswap mktemp modinfo **modprobe** more mount mountpoint mv netstat nice
+nl nohup od paste patch pgrep pidof pkill pmap printenv printf **ps** pwd
+readlink realpath renice restorecon rm rmdir rmmod runcon sed **sendevent**
+seq setenforce setprop setsid sha1sum **sha224sum** **sha256sum** **sha384sum**
+**sha512sum** sleep sort split start stat stop strings swapoff swapon sync
+sysctl tac tail tar taskset tee time timeout **top** touch tr true truncate
+tty ulimit umount uname uniq unix2dos uptime usleep **uudecode** **uuencode**
+vmstat wc which whoami xargs xxd yes **zcat**
 
 
 ## Android 9.0 (Pie)
@@ -168,7 +169,7 @@
 
 toybox (0.7.6-ish): acpi base64 basename blockdev cal cat chcon chgrp chmod chown
 chroot chrt cksum clear cmp comm cp cpio cut date df diff dirname dmesg
-dos2unix du echo env expand expr fallocate false file find flock fmt free
+dos2unix du echo env expand expr fallocate false file find flock **fmt** free
 getenforce groups gunzip gzip head hostname hwclock id ifconfig inotifyd
 insmod ionice iorenice kill killall ln load\_policy log logname losetup ls
 lsmod lsof lspci lsusb md5sum microcom mkdir mkfifo mknod mkswap mktemp
@@ -176,7 +177,7 @@
 patch pgrep pidof pkill pmap printenv printf ps pwd readlink realpath
 renice restorecon rm rmdir rmmod runcon sed sendevent seq setenforce
 setprop setsid sha1sum sha224sum sha256sum sha384sum sha512sum sleep
-sort split start stat stop strings stty swapoff swapon sync sysctl tac
+sort split start stat stop strings **stty** swapoff swapon sync sysctl tac
 tail tar taskset tee time timeout top touch tr true truncate tty ulimit
 umount uname uniq unix2dos uptime usleep uudecode uuencode vmstat wc
 which whoami xargs xxd yes zcat
@@ -192,24 +193,24 @@
 
 toolbox: getevent getprop
 
-toybox (0.8.0-ish): acpi base64 basename bc blkid blockdev cal cat chattr chcon chgrp
+toybox (0.8.0-ish): acpi base64 basename **bc** **blkid** blockdev cal cat **chattr** chcon chgrp
 chmod chown chroot chrt cksum clear cmp comm cp cpio cut date dd df
-diff dirname dmesg dos2unix du echo egrep env expand expr fallocate
-false fgrep file find flock fmt free freeramdisk fsfreeze getconf
-getenforce getfattr grep groups gunzip gzip head help hostname hwclock
-i2cdetect i2cdump i2cget i2cset iconv id ifconfig inotifyd insmod
-install ionice iorenice iotop kill killall ln load\_policy log logname
-losetup ls lsattr lsmod lsof lspci lsusb makedevs md5sum microcom
+diff dirname dmesg dos2unix du echo **egrep** env expand expr fallocate
+false **fgrep** file find flock fmt free **freeramdisk** **fsfreeze** **getconf**
+getenforce **getfattr** grep groups gunzip gzip head **help** hostname hwclock
+**i2cdetect** **i2cdump** **i2cget** **i2cset** **iconv** id ifconfig inotifyd insmod
+**install** ionice iorenice **iotop** kill killall ln load\_policy log logname
+losetup ls **lsattr** lsmod lsof lspci lsusb **makedevs** md5sum microcom
 mkdir mkfifo mknod mkswap mktemp modinfo modprobe more mount mountpoint
-mv nbd-client nc netcat netstat nice nl nohup nproc nsenter od partprobe
-paste patch pgrep pidof ping ping6 pivot\_root pkill pmap printenv
-printf prlimit ps pwd pwdx readlink realpath renice restorecon rev
-rfkill rm rmdir rmmod runcon sed sendevent seq setenforce setfattr
+mv **nbd-client** **nc** **netcat** netstat nice nl nohup **nproc** **nsenter** od **partprobe**
+paste patch pgrep pidof **ping** **ping6** **pivot\_root** pkill pmap printenv
+printf **prlimit** ps pwd **pwdx** readlink realpath renice restorecon **rev**
+**rfkill** rm rmdir rmmod runcon sed sendevent seq setenforce **setfattr**
 setprop setsid sha1sum sha224sum sha256sum sha384sum sha512sum sleep
 sort split start stat stop strings stty swapoff swapon sync sysctl
-tac tail tar taskset tee time timeout top touch tr traceroute traceroute6
-true truncate tty tunctl ulimit umount uname uniq unix2dos unlink
-unshare uptime usleep uudecode uuencode uuidgen vconfig vmstat watch
+tac tail tar taskset tee time timeout top touch tr **traceroute** **traceroute6**
+true truncate tty **tunctl** ulimit umount uname uniq unix2dos **unlink**
+**unshare** uptime usleep uudecode uuencode **uuidgen** **vconfig** vmstat **watch**
 wc which whoami xargs xxd yes zcat
 
 ## Android 11 ("R")
@@ -225,21 +226,53 @@
 toolbox: getevent getprop setprop start stop
 
 toybox (0.8.3-ish): acpi base64 basename blkid blockdev cal cat chattr chcon chgrp chmod
-chown chroot chrt cksum clear cmp comm cp cpio cut date dd devmem
+chown chroot chrt cksum clear cmp comm cp cpio cut date dd **devmem**
 df diff dirname dmesg dos2unix du echo egrep env expand expr fallocate
-false fgrep file find flock fmt free freeramdisk fsfreeze fsync getconf
-getenforce getfattr getopt grep groups gunzip gzip head help hostname
+false fgrep file find flock fmt free freeramdisk fsfreeze **fsync** getconf
+getenforce getfattr **getopt** grep groups gunzip gzip head help hostname
 hwclock i2cdetect i2cdump i2cget i2cset iconv id ifconfig inotifyd
 insmod install ionice iorenice iotop kill killall ln load\_policy log
 logname losetup ls lsattr lsmod lsof lspci lsusb makedevs md5sum microcom
 mkdir mkfifo mknod mkswap mktemp modinfo modprobe more mount mountpoint
 mv nbd-client nc netcat netstat nice nl nohup nproc nsenter od partprobe
 paste patch pgrep pidof ping ping6 pivot\_root pkill pmap printenv
-printf prlimit ps pwd pwdx readelf readlink realpath renice restorecon
+printf prlimit ps pwd pwdx **readelf** readlink realpath renice restorecon
 rev rfkill rm rmdir rmmod runcon sed sendevent seq setenforce setfattr
 setsid sha1sum sha224sum sha256sum sha384sum sha512sum sleep sort
 split stat strings stty swapoff swapon sync sysctl tac tail tar taskset
 tee time timeout top touch tr traceroute traceroute6 true truncate
 tty tunctl ulimit umount uname uniq unix2dos unlink unshare uptime
-usleep uudecode uuencode uuidgen vconfig vi vmstat watch wc which
+usleep uudecode uuencode uuidgen vconfig **vi** vmstat watch wc which
 whoami xargs xxd yes zcat
+
+## Android ("S")
+
+BSD: fsck\_msdos newfs\_msdos
+
+bzip2: bzcat bzip2 bunzip2
+
+gavinhoward/bc: bc
+
+one-true-awk: awk
+
+toolbox: getevent getprop setprop start stop
+
+toybox (0.8.4-ish): **[** acpi base64 basename **blkdiscard** blkid blockdev cal cat chattr chcon
+chgrp chmod chown chroot chrt cksum clear cmp comm cp cpio cut date
+dd devmem df diff dirname dmesg dos2unix du echo egrep env expand
+expr fallocate false fgrep file find flock fmt free freeramdisk fsfreeze
+fsync getconf getenforce getfattr getopt grep groups gunzip gzip head
+help hostname hwclock i2cdetect i2cdump i2cget i2cset iconv id ifconfig
+inotifyd insmod install ionice iorenice iotop kill killall ln load\_policy
+log logname losetup ls lsattr lsmod lsof lspci lsusb makedevs md5sum
+microcom mkdir mkfifo mknod mkswap mktemp modinfo modprobe more mount
+mountpoint mv nbd-client nc netcat netstat nice nl nohup nproc nsenter
+od partprobe paste patch pgrep pidof ping ping6 pivot\_root pkill pmap
+printenv printf prlimit ps pwd pwdx readelf readlink realpath renice
+restorecon rev rfkill rm rmdir rmmod **rtcwake** runcon sed sendevent
+seq setenforce setfattr setsid sha1sum sha224sum sha256sum sha384sum
+sha512sum sleep sort split stat strings stty swapoff swapon sync sysctl
+tac tail tar taskset tee **test** time timeout top touch tr traceroute
+traceroute6 true truncate tty tunctl ulimit umount uname uniq unix2dos
+unlink unshare uptime usleep uudecode uuencode uuidgen vconfig vi
+vmstat watch wc which whoami xargs xxd yes zcat
diff --git a/storaged/include/storaged.h b/storaged/include/storaged.h
index 6f92048..79b5d41 100644
--- a/storaged/include/storaged.h
+++ b/storaged/include/storaged.h
@@ -86,6 +86,7 @@
     sp<android::hardware::health::V2_0::IHealth> health;
     unique_ptr<storage_info_t> storage_info;
     static const uint32_t current_version;
+    Mutex proto_lock;
     unordered_map<userid_t, bool> proto_loaded;
     void load_proto(userid_t user_id);
     char* prepare_proto(userid_t user_id, StoragedProto* proto);
diff --git a/storaged/storaged.cpp b/storaged/storaged.cpp
index 573b8c5..b7aa89f 100644
--- a/storaged/storaged.cpp
+++ b/storaged/storaged.cpp
@@ -162,6 +162,8 @@
 }
 
 void storaged_t::add_user_ce(userid_t user_id) {
+    Mutex::Autolock _l(proto_lock);
+
     if (!proto_loaded[user_id]) {
         load_proto(user_id);
         proto_loaded[user_id] = true;
@@ -169,6 +171,8 @@
 }
 
 void storaged_t::remove_user_ce(userid_t user_id) {
+    Mutex::Autolock _l(proto_lock);
+
     proto_loaded[user_id] = false;
     mUidm.clear_user_history(user_id);
     RemoveFileIfExists(proto_path(user_id), nullptr);
@@ -298,6 +302,8 @@
 }
 
 void storaged_t::flush_protos(unordered_map<int, StoragedProto>* protos) {
+    Mutex::Autolock _l(proto_lock);
+
     for (auto& it : *protos) {
         /*
          * Don't flush proto if we haven't attempted to load it from file.
diff --git a/toolbox/Android.bp b/toolbox/Android.bp
index 4ca5f5a..3207824 100644
--- a/toolbox/Android.bp
+++ b/toolbox/Android.bp
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 cc_defaults {
     name: "toolbox_binary_defaults",
     defaults: ["toolbox_defaults"],
-    cpp_std: "experimental",
     srcs: [
         "toolbox.c",
         "getevent.c",
diff --git a/deprecated-adf/libadfhwc/Android.bp b/trusty/apploader/Android.bp
similarity index 68%
rename from deprecated-adf/libadfhwc/Android.bp
rename to trusty/apploader/Android.bp
index 57a8d76..7e97cb8 100644
--- a/deprecated-adf/libadfhwc/Android.bp
+++ b/trusty/apploader/Android.bp
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2013 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open-Source Project
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -11,19 +12,25 @@
 // WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
+//
 
-cc_library_static {
-    name: "libadfhwc",
-    srcs: ["adfhwc.cpp"],
-    static_libs: [
-        "libadf",
+cc_binary {
+    name: "trusty_apploader",
+    vendor: true,
+
+    srcs: [
+        "apploader.cpp",
+    ],
+
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libbase",
+        "libc",
         "liblog",
-        "libutils",
+        "libtrusty",
+        "libdmabufheap",
     ],
     cflags: [
-        "-DLOG_TAG=\"adfhwc\"",
+        "-Wall",
         "-Werror",
     ],
-    local_include_dirs: ["include"],
-    export_include_dirs: ["include"],
 }
diff --git a/trusty/apploader/apploader.cpp b/trusty/apploader/apploader.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5d5d882
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trusty/apploader/apploader.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,272 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#define LOG_TAG "TrustyAppLoader"
+
+#include <BufferAllocator/BufferAllocator.h>
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <getopt.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/mman.h>
+#include <sys/sendfile.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <trusty/tipc.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <string>
+
+#include "apploader_ipc.h"
+
+using android::base::unique_fd;
+using std::string;
+
+constexpr const char kTrustyDefaultDeviceName[] = "/dev/trusty-ipc-dev0";
+
+static const char* dev_name = kTrustyDefaultDeviceName;
+
+static const char* _sopts = "hs";
+static const struct option _lopts[] = {
+        {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
+        {"dev", required_argument, 0, 'D'},
+        {0, 0, 0, 0},
+};
+
+static const char* usage =
+        "Usage: %s [options] package-file\n"
+        "\n"
+        "options:\n"
+        "  -h, --help            prints this message and exit\n"
+        "  -D, --dev name        Trusty device name\n"
+        "\n";
+
+static void print_usage_and_exit(const char* prog, int code) {
+    fprintf(stderr, usage, prog);
+    exit(code);
+}
+
+static void parse_options(int argc, char** argv) {
+    int c;
+    int oidx = 0;
+
+    while (1) {
+        c = getopt_long(argc, argv, _sopts, _lopts, &oidx);
+        if (c == -1) {
+            break; /* done */
+        }
+
+        switch (c) {
+            case 'h':
+                print_usage_and_exit(argv[0], EXIT_SUCCESS);
+                break;
+
+            case 'D':
+                dev_name = strdup(optarg);
+                break;
+
+            default:
+                print_usage_and_exit(argv[0], EXIT_FAILURE);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static unique_fd read_file(const char* file_name, off64_t* out_file_size) {
+    int rc;
+    long page_size = sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE);
+    off64_t file_size, file_page_offset, file_page_size;
+    struct stat64 st;
+
+    unique_fd file_fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(file_name, O_RDONLY)));
+    if (!file_fd.ok()) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Error opening file '%s': %s\n", file_name, strerror(errno));
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    rc = fstat64(file_fd, &st);
+    if (rc < 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Error calling stat on file '%s': %s\n", file_name, strerror(errno));
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    assert(st.st_size >= 0);
+    file_size = st.st_size;
+
+    /* The dmabuf size needs to be a multiple of the page size */
+    file_page_offset = file_size & (page_size - 1);
+    if (file_page_offset) {
+        file_page_offset = page_size - file_page_offset;
+    }
+    if (__builtin_add_overflow(file_size, file_page_offset, &file_page_size)) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to page-align file size\n");
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    BufferAllocator alloc;
+    unique_fd dmabuf_fd(alloc.Alloc(kDmabufSystemHeapName, file_page_size));
+    if (!dmabuf_fd.ok()) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Error creating dmabuf: %d\n", dmabuf_fd.get());
+        return dmabuf_fd;
+    }
+
+    void* shm = mmap(0, file_page_size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, dmabuf_fd, 0);
+    if (shm == MAP_FAILED) {
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    off64_t file_offset = 0;
+    while (file_offset < file_size) {
+        ssize_t num_read = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(
+                pread(file_fd, (char*)shm + file_offset, file_size - file_offset, file_offset));
+
+        if (num_read < 0) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "Error reading package file '%s': %s\n", file_name, strerror(errno));
+            break;
+        }
+
+        if (num_read == 0) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "Unexpected end of file '%s'\n", file_name);
+            break;
+        }
+
+        file_offset += (off64_t)num_read;
+    }
+
+    munmap(shm, file_page_size);
+
+    if (file_offset < file_size) {
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    assert(file_offset == file_size);
+    if (out_file_size) {
+        *out_file_size = file_size;
+    }
+
+    return dmabuf_fd;
+}
+
+static ssize_t send_load_message(int tipc_fd, int package_fd, off64_t package_size) {
+    struct apploader_header hdr = {
+            .cmd = APPLOADER_CMD_LOAD_APPLICATION,
+    };
+    struct apploader_load_app_req req = {
+            .package_size = static_cast<uint64_t>(package_size),
+    };
+    struct iovec tx[2] = {{&hdr, sizeof(hdr)}, {&req, sizeof(req)}};
+    struct trusty_shm shm = {
+            .fd = package_fd,
+            .transfer = TRUSTY_SHARE,
+    };
+    return tipc_send(tipc_fd, tx, 2, &shm, 1);
+}
+
+static ssize_t read_response(int tipc_fd) {
+    struct apploader_resp resp;
+    ssize_t rc = read(tipc_fd, &resp, sizeof(resp));
+    if (rc < 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to read response: %zd\n", rc);
+        return rc;
+    }
+
+    if (rc < sizeof(resp)) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Not enough data in response: %zd\n", rc);
+        return -EIO;
+    }
+
+    if (resp.hdr.cmd != (APPLOADER_CMD_LOAD_APPLICATION | APPLOADER_RESP_BIT)) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Invalid command in response: %u\n", resp.hdr.cmd);
+        return -EINVAL;
+    }
+
+    switch (resp.error) {
+        case APPLOADER_NO_ERROR:
+            break;
+        case APPLOADER_ERR_UNKNOWN_CMD:
+            fprintf(stderr, "Error: unknown command\n");
+            break;
+        case APPLOADER_ERR_INVALID_CMD:
+            fprintf(stderr, "Error: invalid command arguments\n");
+            break;
+        case APPLOADER_ERR_NO_MEMORY:
+            fprintf(stderr, "Error: out of Trusty memory\n");
+            break;
+        case APPLOADER_ERR_VERIFICATION_FAILED:
+            fprintf(stderr, "Error: failed to verify the package\n");
+            break;
+        case APPLOADER_ERR_LOADING_FAILED:
+            fprintf(stderr, "Error: failed to load the package\n");
+            break;
+        case APPLOADER_ERR_ALREADY_EXISTS:
+            fprintf(stderr, "Error: application already exists\n");
+            break;
+        case APPLOADER_ERR_INTERNAL:
+            fprintf(stderr, "Error: internal apploader error\n");
+            break;
+        default:
+            fprintf(stderr, "Unrecognized error: %u\n", resp.error);
+            break;
+    }
+
+    return static_cast<ssize_t>(resp.error);
+}
+
+static ssize_t send_app_package(const char* package_file_name) {
+    ssize_t rc = 0;
+    int tipc_fd = -1;
+    off64_t package_size;
+
+    unique_fd package_fd = read_file(package_file_name, &package_size);
+    if (!package_fd.ok()) {
+        rc = -1;
+        goto err_read_file;
+    }
+
+    tipc_fd = tipc_connect(dev_name, APPLOADER_PORT);
+    if (tipc_fd < 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to connect to Trusty app loader: %s\n", strerror(-tipc_fd));
+        rc = tipc_fd;
+        goto err_tipc_connect;
+    }
+
+    rc = send_load_message(tipc_fd, package_fd, package_size);
+    if (rc < 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to send package: %zd\n", rc);
+        goto err_send;
+    }
+
+    rc = read_response(tipc_fd);
+
+err_send:
+    tipc_close(tipc_fd);
+err_tipc_connect:
+err_read_file:
+    return rc;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+    parse_options(argc, argv);
+    if (optind + 1 != argc) {
+        print_usage_and_exit(argv[0], EXIT_FAILURE);
+    }
+
+    int rc = send_app_package(argv[optind]);
+    return rc == 0 ? EXIT_SUCCESS : EXIT_FAILURE;
+}
diff --git a/trusty/apploader/apploader_ipc.h b/trusty/apploader/apploader_ipc.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d8c915e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trusty/apploader/apploader_ipc.h
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#define APPLOADER_PORT "com.android.trusty.apploader"
+
+enum apploader_command : uint32_t {
+    APPLOADER_REQ_SHIFT = 1,
+    APPLOADER_RESP_BIT = 1,
+
+    APPLOADER_CMD_LOAD_APPLICATION = (0 << APPLOADER_REQ_SHIFT),
+    APPLOADER_CMD_GET_VERSION = (1 << APPLOADER_REQ_SHIFT),
+    APPLOADER_CMD_UNLOAD_APPLICATION = (2 << APPLOADER_REQ_SHIFT),
+};
+
+/**
+ * enum apploader_error - error codes for apploader
+ * @APPLOADER_NO_ERROR:                 no error
+ * @APPLOADER_ERR_UNKNOWN_CMD:          unknown or not implemented command
+ * @APPLOADER_ERR_INVALID_CMD:          invalid arguments or inputs passed to
+ *                                      command
+ * @APPLOADER_ERR_NO_MEMORY:            failed to allocate memory
+ * @APPLOADER_ERR_VERIFICATION_FAILED:  failed to verify input application
+ *                                      package for any reason, e.g., signature
+ *                                      verification failed
+ * @APPLOADER_ERR_LOADING_FAILED:       Trusty kernel or apploader service
+ *                                      failed to load application
+ * @APPLOADER_ERR_ALREADY_EXISTS:       application has already been loaded
+ * @APPLOADER_ERR_INTERNAL:             miscellaneous or internal apploader
+ *                                      error not covered by the above
+ */
+enum apploader_error : uint32_t {
+    APPLOADER_NO_ERROR = 0,
+    APPLOADER_ERR_UNKNOWN_CMD,
+    APPLOADER_ERR_INVALID_CMD,
+    APPLOADER_ERR_NO_MEMORY,
+    APPLOADER_ERR_VERIFICATION_FAILED,
+    APPLOADER_ERR_LOADING_FAILED,
+    APPLOADER_ERR_ALREADY_EXISTS,
+    APPLOADER_ERR_INTERNAL,
+};
+
+/**
+ * apploader_header - Serial header for communicating with apploader
+ * @cmd: the command; one of &enum apploader_command values.
+ */
+struct apploader_header {
+    uint32_t cmd;
+} __packed;
+
+/**
+ * apploader_load_app_req - Serial arguments for LOAD_APPLICATION command
+ * @package_size: size of the application package.
+ *
+ * Load an application from a given memory region. The request message also
+ * contains a handle for a memfd that contains the application package.
+ *
+ * The response is a &struct apploader_resp with the error code or
+ * %APPLOADER_NO_ERROR on success.
+ */
+struct apploader_load_app_req {
+    uint64_t package_size;
+} __packed;
+
+/**
+ * apploader_resp - Common header for all apploader responses
+ * @hdr - header with command value.
+ * @error - error code returned by peer; one of &enum apploader_error values.
+ *
+ * This structure is followed by the response-specific payload, if the command
+ * has one.
+ */
+struct apploader_resp {
+    struct apploader_header hdr;
+    uint32_t error;
+} __packed;
diff --git a/trusty/confirmationui/Android.bp b/trusty/confirmationui/Android.bp
index 60e0e71..09d48ad 100644
--- a/trusty/confirmationui/Android.bp
+++ b/trusty/confirmationui/Android.bp
@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@
         "android.hardware.confirmationui@1.0",
         "android.hardware.keymaster@4.0",
         "libbase",
+        "libdmabufheap",
         "libhidlbase",
         "libteeui_hal_support",
         "libtrusty",
@@ -92,4 +93,4 @@
         "-Werror",
         "-DTEEUI_USE_STD_VECTOR",
     ],
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/trusty/confirmationui/TrustyApp.cpp b/trusty/confirmationui/TrustyApp.cpp
index e4c68f9..0e84b19 100644
--- a/trusty/confirmationui/TrustyApp.cpp
+++ b/trusty/confirmationui/TrustyApp.cpp
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2020, The Android Open Source Project
+ * Copyright 2021, The Android Open Source Project
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -15,140 +15,155 @@
  */
 
 #include "TrustyApp.h"
+#include "TrustyIpc.h"
 
+#include <BufferAllocator/BufferAllocator.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <sys/mman.h>
 #include <sys/uio.h>
 #include <trusty/tipc.h>
 
+#define countof(arr) (sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]))
+
 namespace android {
 namespace trusty {
 
-// 0x1000 is the message buffer size but we need to leave some space for a protocol header.
-// This assures that packets can always be read/written in one read/write operation.
-static constexpr const uint32_t kPacketSize = 0x1000 - 32;
+using ::android::base::unique_fd;
 
-enum class PacketType : uint32_t {
-    SND,
-    RCV,
-    ACK,
-};
-
-struct PacketHeader {
-    PacketType type;
-    uint32_t remaining;
-};
-
-const char* toString(PacketType t) {
-    switch (t) {
-    case PacketType::SND:
-        return "SND";
-    case PacketType::RCV:
-        return "RCV";
-    case PacketType::ACK:
-        return "ACK";
-    default:
-        return "UNKNOWN";
-    }
+static inline uintptr_t RoundPageUp(uintptr_t val) {
+    return (val + (PAGE_SIZE - 1)) & ~(PAGE_SIZE - 1);
 }
 
-static constexpr const uint32_t kHeaderSize = sizeof(PacketHeader);
-static constexpr const uint32_t kPayloadSize = kPacketSize - kHeaderSize;
+ssize_t TrustyApp::TrustyRpc(const uint8_t* obegin, const uint8_t* oend, uint8_t* ibegin,
+                             uint8_t* iend) {
+    uint32_t olen = oend - obegin;
 
-ssize_t TrustyRpc(int handle, const uint8_t* obegin, const uint8_t* oend, uint8_t* ibegin,
-                  uint8_t* iend) {
-    while (obegin != oend) {
-        PacketHeader header = {
-            .type = PacketType::SND,
-            .remaining = uint32_t(oend - obegin),
-        };
-        uint32_t body_size = std::min(kPayloadSize, header.remaining);
-        iovec iov[] = {
-            {
-                .iov_base = &header,
-                .iov_len = kHeaderSize,
-            },
-            {
-                .iov_base = const_cast<uint8_t*>(obegin),
-                .iov_len = body_size,
-            },
-        };
-        int rc = writev(handle, iov, 2);
-        if (!rc) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "Error sending SND message. " << rc;
-            return rc;
-        }
-
-        obegin += body_size;
-
-        rc = read(handle, &header, kHeaderSize);
-        if (!rc) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "Error reading ACK. " << rc;
-            return rc;
-        }
-
-        if (header.type != PacketType::ACK || header.remaining != oend - obegin) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "malformed ACK";
-            return -1;
-        }
+    if (olen > shm_len_) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << AT << "request message too long to fit in shared memory";
+        return -1;
     }
 
-    ssize_t remaining = 0;
-    auto begin = ibegin;
-    do {
-        PacketHeader header = {
-            .type = PacketType::RCV,
-            .remaining = 0,
-        };
+    memcpy(shm_base_, obegin, olen);
 
-        iovec iov[] = {
-            {
-                .iov_base = &header,
-                .iov_len = kHeaderSize,
-            },
-            {
-                .iov_base = begin,
-                .iov_len = uint32_t(iend - begin),
-            },
-        };
+    confirmationui_hdr hdr = {
+        .cmd = CONFIRMATIONUI_CMD_MSG,
+    };
+    confirmationui_msg_args args = {
+        .msg_len = olen,
+    };
+    iovec iov[] = {
+        {
+            .iov_base = &hdr,
+            .iov_len = sizeof(hdr),
+        },
+        {
+            .iov_base = &args,
+            .iov_len = sizeof(args),
+        },
+    };
 
-        ssize_t rc = writev(handle, iov, 1);
-        if (!rc) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "Error sending RCV message. " << rc;
-            return rc;
-        }
+    int rc = tipc_send(handle_, iov, countof(iov), NULL, 0);
+    if (rc != static_cast<int>(sizeof(hdr) + sizeof(args))) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << AT << "failed to send MSG request";
+        return -1;
+    }
 
-        rc = readv(handle, iov, 2);
-        if (rc < 0) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "Error reading response. " << rc;
-            return rc;
-        }
+    rc = readv(handle_, iov, countof(iov));
+    if (rc != static_cast<int>(sizeof(hdr) + sizeof(args))) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << AT << "failed to receive MSG response";
+        return -1;
+    }
 
-        uint32_t body_size = std::min(kPayloadSize, header.remaining);
-        if (body_size != rc - kHeaderSize) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Unexpected amount of data: " << rc;
-            return -1;
-        }
+    if (hdr.cmd != (CONFIRMATIONUI_CMD_MSG | CONFIRMATIONUI_RESP_BIT)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << AT << "unknown response command: " << hdr.cmd;
+        return -1;
+    }
 
-        remaining = header.remaining - body_size;
-        begin += body_size;
-    } while (remaining);
+    uint32_t ilen = iend - ibegin;
+    if (args.msg_len > ilen) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << AT << "response message too long to fit in return buffer";
+        return -1;
+    }
 
-    return begin - ibegin;
+    memcpy(ibegin, shm_base_, args.msg_len);
+
+    return args.msg_len;
 }
 
 TrustyApp::TrustyApp(const std::string& path, const std::string& appname)
     : handle_(kInvalidHandle) {
-    handle_ = tipc_connect(path.c_str(), appname.c_str());
-    if (handle_ == kInvalidHandle) {
+    unique_fd tipc_handle(tipc_connect(path.c_str(), appname.c_str()));
+    if (tipc_handle < 0) {
         LOG(ERROR) << AT << "failed to connect to Trusty TA \"" << appname << "\" using dev:"
                    << "\"" << path << "\"";
+        return;
     }
+
+    uint32_t shm_len = RoundPageUp(CONFIRMATIONUI_MAX_MSG_SIZE);
+    BufferAllocator allocator;
+    unique_fd dma_buf(allocator.Alloc("system", shm_len));
+    if (dma_buf < 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << AT << "failed to allocate shared memory buffer";
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (dma_buf < 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << AT << "failed to allocate shared memory buffer";
+        return;
+    }
+
+    confirmationui_hdr hdr = {
+        .cmd = CONFIRMATIONUI_CMD_INIT,
+    };
+    confirmationui_init_req args = {
+        .shm_len = shm_len,
+    };
+    iovec iov[] = {
+        {
+            .iov_base = &hdr,
+            .iov_len = sizeof(hdr),
+        },
+        {
+            .iov_base = &args,
+            .iov_len = sizeof(args),
+        },
+    };
+    trusty_shm shm = {
+        .fd = dma_buf,
+        .transfer = TRUSTY_SHARE,
+    };
+
+    int rc = tipc_send(tipc_handle, iov, 2, &shm, 1);
+    if (rc != static_cast<int>(sizeof(hdr) + sizeof(args))) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << AT << "failed to send INIT request";
+        return;
+    }
+
+    rc = read(tipc_handle, &hdr, sizeof(hdr));
+    if (rc != static_cast<int>(sizeof(hdr))) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << AT << "failed to receive INIT response";
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (hdr.cmd != (CONFIRMATIONUI_CMD_INIT | CONFIRMATIONUI_RESP_BIT)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << AT << "unknown response command: " << hdr.cmd;
+        return;
+    }
+
+    void* shm_base = mmap(0, shm_len, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, dma_buf, 0);
+    if (shm_base == MAP_FAILED) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << AT << "failed to mmap() shared memory buffer";
+        return;
+    }
+
+    handle_ = std::move(tipc_handle);
+    shm_base_ = shm_base;
+    shm_len_ = shm_len;
+
     LOG(INFO) << AT << "succeeded to connect to Trusty TA \"" << appname << "\"";
 }
+
 TrustyApp::~TrustyApp() {
-    if (handle_ != kInvalidHandle) {
-        tipc_close(handle_);
-    }
     LOG(INFO) << "Done shutting down TrustyApp";
 }
 
diff --git a/trusty/confirmationui/TrustyApp.h b/trusty/confirmationui/TrustyApp.h
index 05a25f6..406f439 100644
--- a/trusty/confirmationui/TrustyApp.h
+++ b/trusty/confirmationui/TrustyApp.h
@@ -16,7 +16,10 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include "TrustyIpc.h"
+
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <poll.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
@@ -60,19 +63,11 @@
     MSG_TOO_LONG = -2,
 };
 
-/*
- * There is a hard limitation of 0x1800 bytes for the to-be-signed message size. The protocol
- * overhead is limited, so that 0x2000 is a buffer size that will be sufficient in any benign
- * mode of operation.
- */
-static constexpr const size_t kSendBufferSize = 0x2000;
-
-ssize_t TrustyRpc(int handle, const uint8_t* obegin, const uint8_t* oend, uint8_t* ibegin,
-                  uint8_t* iend);
-
 class TrustyApp {
   private:
-    int handle_;
+    android::base::unique_fd handle_;
+    void* shm_base_;
+    size_t shm_len_;
     static constexpr const int kInvalidHandle = -1;
     /*
      * This mutex serializes communication with the trusted app, not handle_.
@@ -84,6 +79,8 @@
     TrustyApp(const std::string& path, const std::string& appname);
     ~TrustyApp();
 
+    ssize_t TrustyRpc(const uint8_t* obegin, const uint8_t* oend, uint8_t* ibegin, uint8_t* iend);
+
     template <typename Request, typename Response, typename... T>
     std::tuple<TrustyAppError, msg2tuple_t<Response>> issueCmd(const T&... args) {
         std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mutex_);
@@ -93,7 +90,7 @@
             return {TrustyAppError::ERROR, {}};
         }
 
-        uint8_t buffer[kSendBufferSize];
+        uint8_t buffer[CONFIRMATIONUI_MAX_MSG_SIZE];
         WriteStream out(buffer);
 
         out = write(Request(), out, args...);
@@ -102,8 +99,8 @@
             return {TrustyAppError::MSG_TOO_LONG, {}};
         }
 
-        auto rc = TrustyRpc(handle_, &buffer[0], const_cast<const uint8_t*>(out.pos()), &buffer[0],
-                            &buffer[kSendBufferSize]);
+        auto rc = TrustyRpc(&buffer[0], const_cast<const uint8_t*>(out.pos()), &buffer[0],
+                            &buffer[CONFIRMATIONUI_MAX_MSG_SIZE]);
         if (rc < 0) return {TrustyAppError::ERROR, {}};
 
         ReadStream in(&buffer[0], rc);
@@ -125,7 +122,7 @@
             return TrustyAppError::ERROR;
         }
 
-        uint8_t buffer[kSendBufferSize];
+        uint8_t buffer[CONFIRMATIONUI_MAX_MSG_SIZE];
         WriteStream out(buffer);
 
         out = write(Request(), out, args...);
@@ -134,8 +131,8 @@
             return TrustyAppError::MSG_TOO_LONG;
         }
 
-        auto rc = TrustyRpc(handle_, &buffer[0], const_cast<const uint8_t*>(out.pos()), &buffer[0],
-                            &buffer[kSendBufferSize]);
+        auto rc = TrustyRpc(&buffer[0], const_cast<const uint8_t*>(out.pos()), &buffer[0],
+                            &buffer[CONFIRMATIONUI_MAX_MSG_SIZE]);
         if (rc < 0) {
             LOG(ERROR) << "send command failed: " << strerror(errno) << " (" << errno << ")";
             return TrustyAppError::ERROR;
diff --git a/trusty/confirmationui/TrustyConfirmationUI.cpp b/trusty/confirmationui/TrustyConfirmationUI.cpp
index 6b25893..c8b24e3 100644
--- a/trusty/confirmationui/TrustyConfirmationUI.cpp
+++ b/trusty/confirmationui/TrustyConfirmationUI.cpp
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@
 using TeeuiRc = ::teeui::ResponseCode;
 
 constexpr const char kTrustyDeviceName[] = "/dev/trusty-ipc-dev0";
-constexpr const char kConfirmationuiAppName[] = "com.android.trusty.confirmationui";
+constexpr const char kConfirmationuiAppName[] = CONFIRMATIONUI_PORT;
 
 namespace {
 
diff --git a/trusty/confirmationui/TrustyIpc.h b/trusty/confirmationui/TrustyIpc.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eb764bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trusty/confirmationui/TrustyIpc.h
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+/*
+ * This interface is shared between Android and Trusty. There is a copy in each
+ * repository. They must be kept in sync.
+ */
+
+#define CONFIRMATIONUI_PORT "com.android.trusty.confirmationui"
+
+/**
+ * enum confirmationui_cmd - command identifiers for ConfirmationUI interface
+ * @CONFIRMATIONUI_RESP_BIT:  response bit set as part of response
+ * @CONFIRMATIONUI_REQ_SHIFT: number of bits used by response bit
+ * @CONFIRMATIONUI_CMD_INIT:  command to initialize session
+ * @CONFIRMATIONUI_CMD_MSG:   command to send ConfirmationUI messages
+ */
+enum confirmationui_cmd : uint32_t {
+    CONFIRMATIONUI_RESP_BIT = 1,
+    CONFIRMATIONUI_REQ_SHIFT = 1,
+
+    CONFIRMATIONUI_CMD_INIT = (1 << CONFIRMATIONUI_REQ_SHIFT),
+    CONFIRMATIONUI_CMD_MSG = (2 << CONFIRMATIONUI_REQ_SHIFT),
+};
+
+/**
+ * struct confirmationui_hdr - header for ConfirmationUI messages
+ * @cmd: command identifier
+ *
+ * Note that no messages return a status code. Any error on the server side
+ * results in the connection being closed. So, operations can be assumed to be
+ * successful if they return a response.
+ */
+struct confirmationui_hdr {
+    uint32_t cmd;
+};
+
+/**
+ * struct confirmationui_init_req - arguments for request to initialize a
+ *                                  session
+ * @shm_len: length of memory region being shared
+ *
+ * A handle to a memory region must be sent along with this message. This memory
+ * is send to ConfirmationUI messages.
+ */
+struct confirmationui_init_req {
+    uint32_t shm_len;
+};
+
+/**
+ * struct confirmationui_msg_args - arguments for sending a message
+ * @msg_len: length of message being sent
+ *
+ * Contents of the message are located in the shared memory region that is
+ * established using %CONFIRMATIONUI_CMD_INIT.
+ *
+ * ConfirmationUI messages can travel both ways.
+ */
+struct confirmationui_msg_args {
+    uint32_t msg_len;
+};
+
+#define CONFIRMATIONUI_MAX_MSG_SIZE 0x2000
diff --git a/trusty/confirmationui/android.hardware.confirmationui@1.0-service.trusty.rc b/trusty/confirmationui/android.hardware.confirmationui@1.0-service.trusty.rc
index dc7a03b..3ba6fc0 100644
--- a/trusty/confirmationui/android.hardware.confirmationui@1.0-service.trusty.rc
+++ b/trusty/confirmationui/android.hardware.confirmationui@1.0-service.trusty.rc
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 service confirmationui-1-0 /vendor/bin/hw/android.hardware.confirmationui@1.0-service.trusty
     class hal
-    user nobody
-    group drmrpc input
+    user system
+    group drmrpc input system
diff --git a/trusty/coverage/coverage.cpp b/trusty/coverage/coverage.cpp
index 5eccdc5..3c6b5c5 100644
--- a/trusty/coverage/coverage.cpp
+++ b/trusty/coverage/coverage.cpp
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
 #include <trusty/coverage/record.h>
 #include <trusty/coverage/tipc.h>
 #include <trusty/tipc.h>
+#include <iostream>
 
 #define COVERAGE_CLIENT_PORT "com.android.trusty.coverage.client"
 
@@ -122,7 +123,9 @@
 
     int fd = tipc_connect(tipc_dev_.c_str(), COVERAGE_CLIENT_PORT);
     if (fd < 0) {
-        return ErrnoError() << "failed to connect to Trusty coverarge server: ";
+        // Don't error out to support fuzzing builds without coverage, e.g. for repros.
+        std::cerr << "WARNING!!! Failed to connect to Trusty coverarge server." << std::endl;
+        return {};
     }
     coverage_srv_fd_.reset(fd);
 
@@ -130,7 +133,7 @@
     req.open_args.uuid = uuid_;
     auto ret = Rpc(&req, -1, &resp);
     if (!ret.ok()) {
-        return Error() << "failed to open coverage client: ";
+        return Error() << "failed to open coverage client: " << ret.error();
     }
     record_len_ = resp.open_args.record_len;
     shm_len_ = RoundPageUp(record_len_);
@@ -153,13 +156,17 @@
     req.share_record_args.shm_len = shm_len_;
     ret = Rpc(&req, dma_buf, &resp);
     if (!ret.ok()) {
-        return Error() << "failed to send shared memory: ";
+        return Error() << "failed to send shared memory: " << ret.error();
     }
 
     shm_ = shm;
     return {};
 }
 
+bool CoverageRecord::IsOpen() {
+    return shm_;
+}
+
 void CoverageRecord::ResetFullRecord() {
     auto header_region = GetRegionBounds(COV_START);
     if (!header_region.ok()) {
diff --git a/trusty/coverage/include/trusty/coverage/coverage.h b/trusty/coverage/include/trusty/coverage/coverage.h
index 5da68da..9ccc981 100644
--- a/trusty/coverage/include/trusty/coverage/coverage.h
+++ b/trusty/coverage/include/trusty/coverage/coverage.h
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@
 
     ~CoverageRecord();
     Result<void> Open();
+    bool IsOpen();
     void ResetFullRecord();
     void ResetCounts();
     void ResetPCs();
diff --git a/trusty/fuzz/counters.cpp b/trusty/fuzz/counters.cpp
index 1e863ac..4d34059 100644
--- a/trusty/fuzz/counters.cpp
+++ b/trusty/fuzz/counters.cpp
@@ -41,6 +41,10 @@
 namespace fuzz {
 
 ExtraCounters::ExtraCounters(coverage::CoverageRecord* record) : record_(record) {
+    if (!record_->IsOpen()) {
+        return;
+    }
+
     assert(fuzzer::ExtraCountersBegin());
     assert(fuzzer::ExtraCountersEnd());
 
@@ -51,10 +55,18 @@
 }
 
 ExtraCounters::~ExtraCounters() {
+    if (!record_->IsOpen()) {
+        return;
+    }
+
     Flush();
 }
 
 void ExtraCounters::Reset() {
+    if (!record_->IsOpen()) {
+        return;
+    }
+
     record_->ResetCounts();
     fuzzer::ClearExtraCounters();
 }
diff --git a/trusty/fuzz/utils.cpp b/trusty/fuzz/utils.cpp
index f4cf0b6..3526337 100644
--- a/trusty/fuzz/utils.cpp
+++ b/trusty/fuzz/utils.cpp
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@
     int rc = write(ta_fd_, buf, len);
     alarm(0);
     if (rc < 0) {
-        return Error() << "failed to read TIPC message from TA: ";
+        return Error() << "failed to write TIPC message to TA: ";
     }
 
     return {};
diff --git a/trusty/gatekeeper/gatekeeper_ipc.h b/trusty/gatekeeper/gatekeeper_ipc.h
index b05dcd8..8709d1a 100644
--- a/trusty/gatekeeper/gatekeeper_ipc.h
+++ b/trusty/gatekeeper/gatekeeper_ipc.h
@@ -20,11 +20,13 @@
 #define GATEKEEPER_MAX_BUFFER_LENGTH 1024
 
 enum gatekeeper_command {
-	GK_REQ_SHIFT = 1,
-	GK_RESP_BIT  = 1,
+    GK_REQ_SHIFT = 1,
+    GK_RESP_BIT = 1,
 
-	GK_ENROLL       = (0 << GK_REQ_SHIFT),
-	GK_VERIFY       = (1 << GK_REQ_SHIFT),
+    GK_ENROLL = (0 << GK_REQ_SHIFT),
+    GK_VERIFY = (1 << GK_REQ_SHIFT),
+    GK_DELETE_USER = (2 << GK_REQ_SHIFT),
+    GK_DELETE_ALL_USERS = (3 << GK_REQ_SHIFT),
 };
 
 /**
diff --git a/trusty/gatekeeper/trusty_gatekeeper.cpp b/trusty/gatekeeper/trusty_gatekeeper.cpp
index e416fb2..ec4f81b 100644
--- a/trusty/gatekeeper/trusty_gatekeeper.cpp
+++ b/trusty/gatekeeper/trusty_gatekeeper.cpp
@@ -133,13 +133,48 @@
     return {};
 }
 
-Return<void> TrustyGateKeeperDevice::deleteUser(uint32_t /*uid*/, deleteUser_cb _hidl_cb) {
-    _hidl_cb({GatekeeperStatusCode::ERROR_NOT_IMPLEMENTED, 0, {}});
+Return<void> TrustyGateKeeperDevice::deleteUser(uint32_t uid, deleteUser_cb _hidl_cb) {
+    if (error_ != 0) {
+        _hidl_cb({GatekeeperStatusCode::ERROR_GENERAL_FAILURE, 0, {}});
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    DeleteUserRequest request(uid);
+    DeleteUserResponse response;
+    auto error = Send(request, &response);
+
+    if (error != ERROR_NONE) {
+        _hidl_cb({GatekeeperStatusCode::ERROR_GENERAL_FAILURE, 0, {}});
+    } else if (response.error == ERROR_NOT_IMPLEMENTED) {
+        _hidl_cb({GatekeeperStatusCode::ERROR_NOT_IMPLEMENTED, 0, {}});
+    } else if (response.error != ERROR_NONE) {
+        _hidl_cb({GatekeeperStatusCode::ERROR_GENERAL_FAILURE, 0, {}});
+    } else {
+        _hidl_cb({GatekeeperStatusCode::STATUS_OK, response.retry_timeout, {}});
+    }
     return {};
 }
 
 Return<void> TrustyGateKeeperDevice::deleteAllUsers(deleteAllUsers_cb _hidl_cb) {
-    _hidl_cb({GatekeeperStatusCode::ERROR_NOT_IMPLEMENTED, 0, {}});
+    if (error_ != 0) {
+        _hidl_cb({GatekeeperStatusCode::ERROR_GENERAL_FAILURE, 0, {}});
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    DeleteAllUsersRequest request;
+    DeleteAllUsersResponse response;
+    auto error = Send(request, &response);
+
+    if (error != ERROR_NONE) {
+        _hidl_cb({GatekeeperStatusCode::ERROR_GENERAL_FAILURE, 0, {}});
+    } else if (response.error == ERROR_NOT_IMPLEMENTED) {
+        _hidl_cb({GatekeeperStatusCode::ERROR_NOT_IMPLEMENTED, 0, {}});
+    } else if (response.error != ERROR_NONE) {
+        _hidl_cb({GatekeeperStatusCode::ERROR_GENERAL_FAILURE, 0, {}});
+    } else {
+        _hidl_cb({GatekeeperStatusCode::STATUS_OK, response.retry_timeout, {}});
+    }
+
     return {};
 }
 
diff --git a/trusty/gatekeeper/trusty_gatekeeper.h b/trusty/gatekeeper/trusty_gatekeeper.h
index c0713f4..420dd7a 100644
--- a/trusty/gatekeeper/trusty_gatekeeper.h
+++ b/trusty/gatekeeper/trusty_gatekeeper.h
@@ -81,6 +81,15 @@
         return Send(GK_VERIFY, request, response);
     }
 
+    gatekeeper_error_t Send(const DeleteUserRequest& request, DeleteUserResponse* response) {
+        return Send(GK_DELETE_USER, request, response);
+    }
+
+    gatekeeper_error_t Send(const DeleteAllUsersRequest& request,
+                            DeleteAllUsersResponse* response) {
+        return Send(GK_DELETE_ALL_USERS, request, response);
+    }
+
     int error_;
 };
 
diff --git a/trusty/keymaster/3.0/TrustyKeymaster3Device.cpp b/trusty/keymaster/3.0/TrustyKeymaster3Device.cpp
index 7184e4d..d787f7a 100644
--- a/trusty/keymaster/3.0/TrustyKeymaster3Device.cpp
+++ b/trusty/keymaster/3.0/TrustyKeymaster3Device.cpp
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@
     ImportKeyRequest request(impl_->message_version());
     request.key_description.Reinitialize(KmParamSet(params));
     request.key_format = legacy_enum_conversion(keyFormat);
-    request.SetKeyMaterial(keyData.data(), keyData.size());
+    request.key_data = KeymasterKeyBlob(keyData.data(), keyData.size());
 
     ImportKeyResponse response(impl_->message_version());
     impl_->ImportKey(request, &response);
diff --git a/trusty/keymaster/4.0/TrustyKeymaster4Device.cpp b/trusty/keymaster/4.0/TrustyKeymaster4Device.cpp
index 73ad6ae..e68ba82 100644
--- a/trusty/keymaster/4.0/TrustyKeymaster4Device.cpp
+++ b/trusty/keymaster/4.0/TrustyKeymaster4Device.cpp
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@
     ImportKeyRequest request(impl_->message_version());
     request.key_description.Reinitialize(KmParamSet(params));
     request.key_format = legacy_enum_conversion(keyFormat);
-    request.SetKeyMaterial(keyData.data(), keyData.size());
+    request.key_data = KeymasterKeyBlob(keyData.data(), keyData.size());
 
     ImportKeyResponse response(impl_->message_version());
     impl_->ImportKey(request, &response);
diff --git a/trusty/keymaster/TrustyKeymaster.cpp b/trusty/keymaster/TrustyKeymaster.cpp
index 5690031..23e0433 100644
--- a/trusty/keymaster/TrustyKeymaster.cpp
+++ b/trusty/keymaster/TrustyKeymaster.cpp
@@ -37,6 +37,12 @@
     if (versionRsp.error != KM_ERROR_OK) {
         ALOGW("TA appears not to support GetVersion2, falling back (err = %d)", versionRsp.error);
 
+        err = trusty_keymaster_connect();
+        if (err) {
+            ALOGE("Failed to connect to trusty keymaster %d", err);
+            return err;
+        }
+
         GetVersionRequest versionReq;
         GetVersionResponse versionRsp;
         GetVersion(versionReq, &versionRsp);
diff --git a/deprecated-adf/libadf/tests/Android.bp b/trusty/secure_dpu/Android.bp
similarity index 72%
rename from deprecated-adf/libadf/tests/Android.bp
rename to trusty/secure_dpu/Android.bp
index 9b3430e..0d57cea 100644
--- a/deprecated-adf/libadf/tests/Android.bp
+++ b/trusty/secure_dpu/Android.bp
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-//
-// Copyright (C) 2013 The Android Open Source Project
+// Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -12,12 +11,10 @@
 // WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
-//
 
-cc_test {
-    name: "adf-unit-tests",
-    srcs: ["adf_test.cpp"],
-    shared_libs: ["libsync"],
-    static_libs: ["libadf"],
-    cflags: ["-Werror"],
+cc_library_headers {
+    name: "secure_dpu_headers",
+    vendor: true,
+
+    export_include_dirs: ["include"],
 }
diff --git a/trusty/secure_dpu/include/trusty/secure_dpu/SecureDpu.h b/trusty/secure_dpu/include/trusty/secure_dpu/SecureDpu.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b939d44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trusty/secure_dpu/include/trusty/secure_dpu/SecureDpu.h
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2020, The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+/**
+ * DOC: Secure DPU
+ *
+ * The Secure DPU works as the persistent channel between the non-secure and the
+ * secure world. The channel is established during the boot up stage of the
+ * non-secure world system. In general, the established channel allows the
+ * secure world applications initiate requests or notifications to the non-secure
+ * world.
+ *
+ * For particular devices, the secure world can only perform operations on the
+ * display when in the TUI session if device-specific setup is done by the
+ * non-secure world. Besides, the non-secure world could allocate framebuffer
+ * for the secure world application if the memory is limited in the secure world
+ * on specific devices.
+ *
+ * Currently, supported requests are to start / stop the secure display mode and
+ * to allocate framebuffer.
+ *
+ * This header file needs to be synced on both the Trusty and the Android
+ * codebase.
+ */
+
+#define SECURE_DPU_PORT_NAME "com.android.trusty.secure_dpu"
+#define SECURE_DPU_MAX_MSG_SIZE 64
+
+/**
+ * enum secure_dpu_cmd - command identifiers for secure_fb interface
+ * @SECURE_DPU_CMD_RESP_BIT:
+ *      Message is a response.
+ * @SECURE_DPU_CMD_REQ_SHIFT:
+ *      Number of bits used by @SECURE_DPU_CMD_RESP_BIT.
+ * @SECURE_DPU_CMD_START_SECURE_DISPLAY:
+ *      Notify the system to start secure display mode
+ * @SECURE_DPU_CMD_STOP_SECURE_DISPLAY:
+ *      Notify the system to stop secure display mode
+ * @SECURE_DPU_CMD_ALLOCATE_BUFFER:
+ *      Request non-secure world to allocate the buffer
+ */
+enum secure_dpu_cmd {
+    SECURE_DPU_CMD_RESP_BIT = 1,
+    SECURE_DPU_CMD_REQ_SHIFT = 1,
+    SECURE_DPU_CMD_START_SECURE_DISPLAY = (1 << SECURE_DPU_CMD_REQ_SHIFT),
+    SECURE_DPU_CMD_STOP_SECURE_DISPLAY = (2 << SECURE_DPU_CMD_REQ_SHIFT),
+    SECURE_DPU_CMD_ALLOCATE_BUFFER = (3 << SECURE_DPU_CMD_REQ_SHIFT),
+};
+
+/**
+ * struct secure_dpu_allocate_buffer_req - payload for
+ *                                         %SECURE_DPU_CMD_ALLOCATE_BUFFER
+ *                                         request
+ * @buffer_len: Requested length
+ */
+struct secure_dpu_allocate_buffer_req {
+    uint64_t buffer_len;
+};
+
+/**
+ * struct secure_dpu_allocate_buffer_resp - payload for
+ *                                          %SECURE_DPU_CMD_ALLOCATE_BUFFER
+ *                                          response
+ * @buffer_len: Allocated length
+ */
+struct secure_dpu_allocate_buffer_resp {
+    uint64_t buffer_len;
+};
+
+/**
+ * struct secure_fb_req - common structure for secure_fb requests.
+ * @cmd: Command identifier - one of &enum secure_dpu_cmd.
+ */
+struct secure_dpu_req {
+    uint32_t cmd;
+};
+
+/**
+ * struct secure_dpu_resp - common structure for secure_dpu responses.
+ * @cmd:    Command identifier - %SECURE_DPU_CMD_RESP_BIT or'ed with the
+ *                               command identifier of the corresponding
+ *                               request.
+ * @status: Status of requested operation. One of &enum secure_dpu_error.
+ */
+struct secure_dpu_resp {
+    uint32_t cmd;
+    int32_t status;
+};
+
+enum secure_dpu_error {
+    SECURE_DPU_ERROR_OK = 0,
+    SECURE_DPU_ERROR_FAIL = -1,
+    SECURE_DPU_ERROR_UNINITIALIZED = -2,
+    SECURE_DPU_ERROR_PARAMETERS = -3,
+    SECURE_DPU_ERROR_NO_MEMORY = -4,
+};
diff --git a/trusty/trusty-base.mk b/trusty/trusty-base.mk
index fd8daa8..12521b0 100644
--- a/trusty/trusty-base.mk
+++ b/trusty/trusty-base.mk
@@ -24,7 +24,8 @@
 
 PRODUCT_PACKAGES += \
 	android.hardware.keymaster@4.0-service.trusty \
-	android.hardware.gatekeeper@1.0-service.trusty
+	android.hardware.gatekeeper@1.0-service.trusty \
+	trusty_apploader
 
 PRODUCT_PROPERTY_OVERRIDES += \
 	ro.hardware.keystore=trusty \