diff --git a/debuggerd/debuggerd_test.cpp b/debuggerd/debuggerd_test.cpp
index baddf65..08619b9 100644
--- a/debuggerd/debuggerd_test.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/debuggerd_test.cpp
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include <dlfcn.h>
 #include <err.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
 #include <linux/prctl.h>
 #include <malloc.h>
 #include <pthread.h>
@@ -69,7 +70,6 @@
 #include "crash_test.h"
 #include "debuggerd/handler.h"
 #include "gtest/gtest.h"
-#include "libdebuggerd/utility.h"
 #include "protocol.h"
 #include "tombstoned/tombstoned.h"
 #include "util.h"
@@ -86,6 +86,7 @@
 #define ARCH_SUFFIX ""
 #endif
 
+constexpr size_t kTagGranuleSize = 16;
 constexpr char kWaitForDebuggerKey[] = "debug.debuggerd.wait_for_debugger";
 
 #define TIMEOUT(seconds, expr)                                     \
diff --git a/debuggerd/handler/debuggerd_handler.cpp b/debuggerd/handler/debuggerd_handler.cpp
index e26746b..42f0aa0 100644
--- a/debuggerd/handler/debuggerd_handler.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/handler/debuggerd_handler.cpp
@@ -36,10 +36,12 @@
 #include <sys/uio.h>
 #include <sys/un.h>
 #include <sys/wait.h>
+#include <time.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
 #include <android-base/macros.h>
 #include <android-base/parsebool.h>
+#include <android-base/parseint.h>
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 #include <async_safe/log.h>
@@ -115,6 +117,59 @@
          (permissive_env && ParseBool(permissive_env) == ParseBoolResult::kTrue);
 }
 
+static bool parse_uint_with_error_reporting(const char* s, const char* name, int* v) {
+  if (android::base::ParseInt(s, v) && *v >= 0) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, "libc", "invalid %s: %s", name, s);
+  return false;
+}
+
+// We cannot use base::GetIntProperty, because that internally uses
+// std::string, which allocates.
+static bool property_parse_int(const char* name, int* out) {
+  const prop_info* pi = __system_property_find(name);
+  if (!pi) return false;
+  struct cookie_t {
+    int* out;
+    bool empty;
+  } cookie{out, true};
+  __system_property_read_callback(
+      pi,
+      [](void* raw_cookie, const char* name, const char* value, uint32_t) {
+        // Property is set to empty value, ignoring.
+        if (!*value) return;
+        cookie_t* cookie = reinterpret_cast<cookie_t*>(raw_cookie);
+        if (parse_uint_with_error_reporting(value, name, cookie->out)) cookie->empty = false;
+      },
+      &cookie);
+  return !cookie.empty;
+}
+
+static int permissive_mte_renable_timer() {
+  if (char* env = getenv("MTE_PERMISSIVE_REENABLE_TIME_CPUMS")) {
+    int v;
+    if (parse_uint_with_error_reporting(env, "MTE_PERMISSIVE_REENABLE_TIME_CPUMS", &v)) return v;
+  }
+
+  char process_sysprop_name[512];
+  async_safe_format_buffer(process_sysprop_name, sizeof(process_sysprop_name),
+                           "persist.sys.mte.permissive_reenable_timer.process.%s", getprogname());
+  int v;
+  if (property_parse_int(process_sysprop_name, &v)) return v;
+  if (property_parse_int("persist.sys.mte.permissive_reenable_timer.default", &v)) return v;
+  char process_deviceconf_sysprop_name[512];
+  async_safe_format_buffer(
+      process_deviceconf_sysprop_name, sizeof(process_deviceconf_sysprop_name),
+      "persist.device_config.memory_safety_native.permissive_reenable_timer.process.%s",
+      getprogname());
+  if (property_parse_int(process_deviceconf_sysprop_name, &v)) return v;
+  if (property_parse_int(
+          "persist.device_config.memory_safety_native.permissive_reenable_timer.default", &v))
+    return v;
+  return 0;
+}
+
 static inline void futex_wait(volatile void* ftx, int value) {
   syscall(__NR_futex, ftx, FUTEX_WAIT, value, nullptr, nullptr, 0);
 }
@@ -599,12 +654,40 @@
     if (tagged_addr_ctrl < 0) {
       fatal_errno("failed to PR_GET_TAGGED_ADDR_CTRL");
     }
+    int previous = tagged_addr_ctrl & PR_MTE_TCF_MASK;
     tagged_addr_ctrl = (tagged_addr_ctrl & ~PR_MTE_TCF_MASK) | PR_MTE_TCF_NONE;
     if (prctl(PR_SET_TAGGED_ADDR_CTRL, tagged_addr_ctrl, 0, 0, 0) < 0) {
       fatal_errno("failed to PR_SET_TAGGED_ADDR_CTRL");
     }
-    async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, "libc",
-                          "MTE ERROR DETECTED BUT RUNNING IN PERMISSIVE MODE. CONTINUING.");
+    if (int reenable_timer = permissive_mte_renable_timer()) {
+      async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, "libc",
+                            "MTE ERROR DETECTED BUT RUNNING IN PERMISSIVE MODE. CONTINUING WITH "
+                            "MTE DISABLED FOR %d MS OF CPU TIME.",
+                            reenable_timer);
+      timer_t timerid{};
+      struct sigevent sev {};
+      sev.sigev_signo = BIONIC_ENABLE_MTE;
+      sev.sigev_notify = SIGEV_THREAD_ID;
+      sev.sigev_value.sival_int = previous;
+      sev.sigev_notify_thread_id = __gettid();
+      // This MUST be CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID. If we used CLOCK_MONOTONIC we could get stuck
+      // in an endless loop of re-running the same instruction, calling this signal handler,
+      // and re-enabling MTE before we had a chance to re-run the instruction.
+      if (timer_create(CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID, &sev, &timerid) == -1) {
+        fatal_errno("timer_create() failed");
+      }
+      struct itimerspec its {};
+      its.it_value.tv_sec = reenable_timer / 1000;
+      its.it_value.tv_nsec = (reenable_timer % 1000) * 1000000;
+
+      if (timer_settime(timerid, 0, &its, nullptr) == -1) {
+        fatal_errno("timer_settime() failed");
+      }
+    } else {
+      async_safe_format_log(
+          ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, "libc",
+          "MTE ERROR DETECTED BUT RUNNING IN PERMISSIVE MODE. CONTINUING WITH MTE DISABLED.");
+    }
     pthread_mutex_unlock(&crash_mutex);
   }
 
diff --git a/debuggerd/test_permissive_mte/mte_crash.cpp b/debuggerd/test_permissive_mte/mte_crash.cpp
index 97ad73f..75b70ed 100644
--- a/debuggerd/test_permissive_mte/mte_crash.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/test_permissive_mte/mte_crash.cpp
@@ -20,5 +20,14 @@
 int main(int, char**) {
   volatile char* f = (char*)malloc(1);
   printf("%c\n", f[17]);
+#ifdef __aarch64__
+  if (getenv("MTE_PERMISSIVE_REENABLE_TIME_CPUMS")) {
+    // Burn some cycles because the MTE_PERMISSIVE_REENABLE_TIME_CPUMS is based on CPU clock.
+    for (int i = 0; i < 1000000000; ++i) {
+      asm("isb");
+    }
+    printf("%c\n", f[17]);
+  }
+#endif
   return 0;
 }
diff --git a/debuggerd/test_permissive_mte/src/com/android/tests/debuggerd/PermissiveMteTest.java b/debuggerd/test_permissive_mte/src/com/android/tests/debuggerd/PermissiveMteTest.java
index 0203adc..544299d 100644
--- a/debuggerd/test_permissive_mte/src/com/android/tests/debuggerd/PermissiveMteTest.java
+++ b/debuggerd/test_permissive_mte/src/com/android/tests/debuggerd/PermissiveMteTest.java
@@ -97,6 +97,34 @@
     }
     assertThat(numberTombstones).isEqualTo(1);
   }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testReenableCrash() throws Exception {
+    CommandResult result =
+        getDevice().executeShellV2Command("MTE_PERMISSIVE=1 MTE_PERMISSIVE_REENABLE_TIME_CPUMS=1 "
+                                          + "/data/local/tmp/mte_crash testReenableCrash "
+                                          + mUUID);
+    assertThat(result.getExitCode()).isEqualTo(0);
+    int numberTombstones = 0;
+    String[] tombstones = getDevice().getChildren("/data/tombstones");
+    for (String tombstone : tombstones) {
+      if (!tombstone.endsWith(".pb")) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      String tombstonePath = "/data/tombstones/" + tombstone;
+      Tombstone tombstoneProto = parseTombstone(tombstonePath);
+      if (!tombstoneProto.getCommandLineList().stream().anyMatch(x -> x.contains(mUUID))) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (!tombstoneProto.getCommandLineList().stream().anyMatch(
+              x -> x.contains("testReenableCrash"))) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      numberTombstones++;
+    }
+    assertThat(numberTombstones).isEqualTo(2);
+  }
+
   @Test
   public void testCrashProperty() throws Exception {
     String prevValue = getDevice().getProperty("persist.sys.mte.permissive");
diff --git a/debuggerd/tombstoned/tombstoned.cpp b/debuggerd/tombstoned/tombstoned.cpp
index fa67d46..2c72379 100644
--- a/debuggerd/tombstoned/tombstoned.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/tombstoned/tombstoned.cpp
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@
       }
     }
 
-    return std::move(result);
+    return result;
   }
 
   std::optional<CrashOutput> get_output(DebuggerdDumpType dump_type) {
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr.cpp b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr.cpp
index 3e70f79..76578dd 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr.cpp
@@ -1433,16 +1433,16 @@
 // When multiple fstab records share the same mount_point, it will try to mount each
 // one in turn, and ignore any duplicates after a first successful mount.
 // Returns -1 on error, and  FS_MGR_MNTALL_* otherwise.
-MountAllResult fs_mgr_mount_all(Fstab* fstab, int mount_mode) {
+int fs_mgr_mount_all(Fstab* fstab, int mount_mode) {
     int encryptable = FS_MGR_MNTALL_DEV_NOT_ENCRYPTABLE;
     int error_count = 0;
     CheckpointManager checkpoint_manager;
     AvbUniquePtr avb_handle(nullptr);
     bool wiped = false;
-
     bool userdata_mounted = false;
+
     if (fstab->empty()) {
-        return {FS_MGR_MNTALL_FAIL, userdata_mounted};
+        return FS_MGR_MNTALL_FAIL;
     }
 
     bool scratch_can_be_mounted = true;
@@ -1521,7 +1521,7 @@
                 if (!avb_handle) {
                     LERROR << "Failed to open AvbHandle";
                     set_type_property(encryptable);
-                    return {FS_MGR_MNTALL_FAIL, userdata_mounted};
+                    return FS_MGR_MNTALL_FAIL;
                 }
             }
             if (avb_handle->SetUpAvbHashtree(&current_entry, true /* wait_for_verity_dev */) ==
@@ -1557,7 +1557,7 @@
 
             if (status == FS_MGR_MNTALL_FAIL) {
                 // Fatal error - no point continuing.
-                return {status, userdata_mounted};
+                return status;
             }
 
             if (status != FS_MGR_MNTALL_DEV_NOT_ENCRYPTABLE) {
@@ -1577,7 +1577,7 @@
                                   nullptr)) {
                         LERROR << "Encryption failed";
                         set_type_property(encryptable);
-                        return {FS_MGR_MNTALL_FAIL, userdata_mounted};
+                        return FS_MGR_MNTALL_FAIL;
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -1696,9 +1696,9 @@
     set_type_property(encryptable);
 
     if (error_count) {
-        return {FS_MGR_MNTALL_FAIL, userdata_mounted};
+        return FS_MGR_MNTALL_FAIL;
     } else {
-        return {encryptable, userdata_mounted};
+        return encryptable;
     }
 }
 
@@ -1735,190 +1735,6 @@
     return ret;
 }
 
-static std::chrono::milliseconds GetMillisProperty(const std::string& name,
-                                                   std::chrono::milliseconds default_value) {
-    auto value = GetUintProperty(name, static_cast<uint64_t>(default_value.count()));
-    return std::chrono::milliseconds(std::move(value));
-}
-
-static bool fs_mgr_unmount_all_data_mounts(const std::string& data_block_device) {
-    LINFO << __FUNCTION__ << "(): about to umount everything on top of " << data_block_device;
-    Timer t;
-    auto timeout = GetMillisProperty("init.userspace_reboot.userdata_remount.timeoutmillis", 5s);
-    while (true) {
-        bool umount_done = true;
-        Fstab proc_mounts;
-        if (!ReadFstabFromFile("/proc/mounts", &proc_mounts)) {
-            LERROR << __FUNCTION__ << "(): Can't read /proc/mounts";
-            return false;
-        }
-        // Now proceed with other bind mounts on top of /data.
-        for (const auto& entry : proc_mounts) {
-            std::string block_device;
-            if (StartsWith(entry.blk_device, "/dev/block") &&
-                !Realpath(entry.blk_device, &block_device)) {
-                PWARNING << __FUNCTION__ << "(): failed to realpath " << entry.blk_device;
-                block_device = entry.blk_device;
-            }
-            if (data_block_device == block_device) {
-                if (umount2(entry.mount_point.c_str(), 0) != 0) {
-                    PERROR << __FUNCTION__ << "(): Failed to umount " << entry.mount_point;
-                    umount_done = false;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        if (umount_done) {
-            LINFO << __FUNCTION__ << "(): Unmounting /data took " << t;
-            return true;
-        }
-        if (t.duration() > timeout) {
-            LERROR << __FUNCTION__ << "(): Timed out unmounting all mounts on "
-                   << data_block_device;
-            Fstab remaining_mounts;
-            if (!ReadFstabFromFile("/proc/mounts", &remaining_mounts)) {
-                LERROR << __FUNCTION__ << "(): Can't read /proc/mounts";
-            } else {
-                LERROR << __FUNCTION__ << "(): Following mounts remaining";
-                for (const auto& e : remaining_mounts) {
-                    LERROR << __FUNCTION__ << "(): mount point: " << e.mount_point
-                           << " block device: " << e.blk_device;
-                }
-            }
-            return false;
-        }
-        std::this_thread::sleep_for(50ms);
-    }
-}
-
-static bool UnwindDmDeviceStack(const std::string& block_device,
-                                std::vector<std::string>* dm_stack) {
-    if (!StartsWith(block_device, "/dev/block/")) {
-        LWARNING << block_device << " is not a block device";
-        return false;
-    }
-    std::string current = block_device;
-    DeviceMapper& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
-    while (true) {
-        dm_stack->push_back(current);
-        if (!dm.IsDmBlockDevice(current)) {
-            break;
-        }
-        auto parent = dm.GetParentBlockDeviceByPath(current);
-        if (!parent) {
-            return false;
-        }
-        current = *parent;
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-FstabEntry* fs_mgr_get_mounted_entry_for_userdata(Fstab* fstab,
-                                                  const std::string& data_block_device) {
-    std::vector<std::string> dm_stack;
-    if (!UnwindDmDeviceStack(data_block_device, &dm_stack)) {
-        LERROR << "Failed to unwind dm-device stack for " << data_block_device;
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-    for (auto& entry : *fstab) {
-        if (entry.mount_point != "/data") {
-            continue;
-        }
-        std::string block_device;
-        if (entry.fs_mgr_flags.logical) {
-            if (!fs_mgr_update_logical_partition(&entry)) {
-                LERROR << "Failed to update logic partition " << entry.blk_device;
-                continue;
-            }
-            block_device = entry.blk_device;
-        } else if (!Realpath(entry.blk_device, &block_device)) {
-            PWARNING << "Failed to realpath " << entry.blk_device;
-            block_device = entry.blk_device;
-        }
-        if (std::find(dm_stack.begin(), dm_stack.end(), block_device) != dm_stack.end()) {
-            return &entry;
-        }
-    }
-    LERROR << "Didn't find entry that was used to mount /data onto " << data_block_device;
-    return nullptr;
-}
-
-// TODO(b/143970043): return different error codes based on which step failed.
-int fs_mgr_remount_userdata_into_checkpointing(Fstab* fstab) {
-    Fstab proc_mounts;
-    if (!ReadFstabFromFile("/proc/mounts", &proc_mounts)) {
-        LERROR << "Can't read /proc/mounts";
-        return -1;
-    }
-    auto mounted_entry = GetEntryForMountPoint(&proc_mounts, "/data");
-    if (mounted_entry == nullptr) {
-        LERROR << "/data is not mounted";
-        return -1;
-    }
-    std::string block_device;
-    if (!Realpath(mounted_entry->blk_device, &block_device)) {
-        PERROR << "Failed to realpath " << mounted_entry->blk_device;
-        return -1;
-    }
-    auto fstab_entry = fs_mgr_get_mounted_entry_for_userdata(fstab, block_device);
-    if (fstab_entry == nullptr) {
-        LERROR << "Can't find /data in fstab";
-        return -1;
-    }
-    bool force_umount = GetBoolProperty("sys.init.userdata_remount.force_umount", false);
-    if (force_umount) {
-        LINFO << "Will force an umount of userdata even if it's not required";
-    }
-    if (!force_umount && !SupportsCheckpoint(fstab_entry)) {
-        LINFO << "Userdata doesn't support checkpointing. Nothing to do";
-        return 0;
-    }
-    CheckpointManager checkpoint_manager;
-    if (!force_umount && !checkpoint_manager.NeedsCheckpoint()) {
-        LINFO << "Checkpointing not needed. Don't remount";
-        return 0;
-    }
-    if (!force_umount && fstab_entry->fs_mgr_flags.checkpoint_fs) {
-        // Userdata is f2fs, simply remount it.
-        if (!checkpoint_manager.Update(fstab_entry)) {
-            LERROR << "Failed to remount userdata in checkpointing mode";
-            return -1;
-        }
-        if (mount(block_device.c_str(), fstab_entry->mount_point.c_str(), "none",
-                  MS_REMOUNT | fstab_entry->flags, fstab_entry->fs_options.c_str()) != 0) {
-            PERROR << "Failed to remount userdata in checkpointing mode";
-            return -1;
-        }
-    } else {
-        LINFO << "Unmounting /data before remounting into checkpointing mode";
-        if (!fs_mgr_unmount_all_data_mounts(block_device)) {
-            LERROR << "Failed to umount /data";
-            return -1;
-        }
-        DeviceMapper& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
-        while (dm.IsDmBlockDevice(block_device)) {
-            auto next_device = dm.GetParentBlockDeviceByPath(block_device);
-            auto name = dm.GetDmDeviceNameByPath(block_device);
-            if (!name) {
-                LERROR << "Failed to get dm-name for " << block_device;
-                return -1;
-            }
-            LINFO << "Deleting " << block_device << " named " << *name;
-            if (!dm.DeleteDevice(*name, 3s)) {
-                return -1;
-            }
-            if (!next_device) {
-                LERROR << "Failed to find parent device for " << block_device;
-            }
-            block_device = *next_device;
-        }
-        LINFO << "Remounting /data";
-        // TODO(b/143970043): remove this hack after fs_mgr_mount_all is refactored.
-        auto result = fs_mgr_mount_all(fstab, MOUNT_MODE_ONLY_USERDATA);
-        return result.code == FS_MGR_MNTALL_FAIL ? -1 : 0;
-    }
-    return 0;
-}
-
 // wrapper to __mount() and expects a fully prepared fstab_rec,
 // unlike fs_mgr_do_mount which does more things with avb / verity etc.
 int fs_mgr_do_mount_one(const FstabEntry& entry, const std::string& alt_mount_point) {
diff --git a/fs_mgr/include/fs_mgr.h b/fs_mgr/include/fs_mgr.h
index 2e1cf76..af5ae2d 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/include/fs_mgr.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/include/fs_mgr.h
@@ -58,13 +58,8 @@
 #define FS_MGR_MNTALL_DEV_NEEDS_RECOVERY 4
 #define FS_MGR_MNTALL_DEV_NOT_ENCRYPTABLE 0
 #define FS_MGR_MNTALL_FAIL (-1)
-
-struct MountAllResult {
-    // One of the FS_MGR_MNTALL_* returned code defined above.
-    int code;
-    // Whether userdata was mounted as a result of |fs_mgr_mount_all| call.
-    bool userdata_mounted;
-};
+// fs_mgr_mount_all() updates fstab entries that reference device-mapper.
+int fs_mgr_mount_all(android::fs_mgr::Fstab* fstab, int mount_mode);
 
 struct HashtreeInfo {
     // The hash algorithm used to build the merkle tree.
@@ -75,13 +70,6 @@
     bool check_at_most_once;
 };
 
-// fs_mgr_mount_all() updates fstab entries that reference device-mapper.
-// Returns a |MountAllResult|. The first element is one of the FS_MNG_MNTALL_* return codes
-// defined above, and the second element tells whether this call to fs_mgr_mount_all was responsible
-// for mounting userdata. Later is required for init to correctly enqueue fs-related events as part
-// of userdata remount during userspace reboot.
-MountAllResult fs_mgr_mount_all(android::fs_mgr::Fstab* fstab, int mount_mode);
-
 #define FS_MGR_DOMNT_FAILED (-1)
 #define FS_MGR_DOMNT_BUSY (-2)
 #define FS_MGR_DOMNT_SUCCESS 0
@@ -127,11 +115,6 @@
 // it destroys verity devices from device mapper after the device is unmounted.
 int fs_mgr_umount_all(android::fs_mgr::Fstab* fstab);
 
-// Finds a entry in |fstab| that was used to mount a /data on |data_block_device|.
-android::fs_mgr::FstabEntry* fs_mgr_get_mounted_entry_for_userdata(
-        android::fs_mgr::Fstab* fstab, const std::string& data_block_device);
-int fs_mgr_remount_userdata_into_checkpointing(android::fs_mgr::Fstab* fstab);
-
 // Finds the dm_bow device on which this block device is stacked, or returns
 // empty string
 std::string fs_mgr_find_bow_device(const std::string& block_device);
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/Android.bp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/Android.bp
index 0a9a95c..cc6db35 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/Android.bp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/Android.bp
@@ -281,17 +281,9 @@
     header_libs: [
         "libstorage_literals_headers",
     ],
-    compile_multilib: "both",
-    multilib: {
-        lib32: {
-            suffix: "32",
-        },
-        lib64: {
-            suffix: "64",
-        },
-    },
     auto_gen_config: true,
     require_root: true,
+    compile_multilib: "first",
 }
 
 cc_test {
@@ -324,6 +316,12 @@
     test_options: {
         // Legacy VAB launched in Android R.
         min_shipping_api_level: 30,
+        test_runner_options: [
+            {
+                name: "force-no-test-error",
+                value: "false",
+            },
+        ],
     },
 }
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/device_info.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/device_info.cpp
index 0ab6103..e0969f4 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/device_info.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/device_info.cpp
@@ -104,6 +104,24 @@
     return first_stage_init_;
 }
 
+bool DeviceInfo::SetActiveBootSlot([[maybe_unused]] unsigned int slot) {
+#ifdef LIBSNAPSHOT_USE_HAL
+    if (!EnsureBootHal()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    CommandResult result = boot_control_->SetActiveBootSlot(slot);
+    if (!result.success) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Error setting slot " << slot << " active: " << result.errMsg;
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+#else
+    LOG(ERROR) << "HAL support not enabled.";
+    return false;
+#endif
+}
+
 bool DeviceInfo::SetSlotAsUnbootable([[maybe_unused]] unsigned int slot) {
 #ifdef LIBSNAPSHOT_USE_HAL
     if (!EnsureBootHal()) {
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/device_info.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/device_info.h
index d06f1be..9153abb 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/device_info.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/device_info.h
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
     std::string GetSuperDevice(uint32_t slot) const override;
     bool IsOverlayfsSetup() const override;
     bool SetBootControlMergeStatus(MergeStatus status) override;
+    bool SetActiveBootSlot(unsigned int slot) override;
     bool SetSlotAsUnbootable(unsigned int slot) override;
     bool IsRecovery() const override;
     std::unique_ptr<IImageManager> OpenImageManager() const override;
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/mock_device_info.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/mock_device_info.h
index 573a85b..ca1ac1e 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/mock_device_info.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/mock_device_info.h
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
     MOCK_METHOD(const android::fs_mgr::IPartitionOpener&, GetPartitionOpener, (), (const));
     MOCK_METHOD(bool, IsOverlayfsSetup, (), (const, override));
     MOCK_METHOD(bool, SetBootControlMergeStatus, (MergeStatus status), (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(bool, SetActiveBootSlot, (unsigned int slot), (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(bool, SetSlotAsUnbootable, (unsigned int slot), (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(bool, IsRecovery, (), (const, override));
     MOCK_METHOD(bool, IsFirstStageInit, (), (const, override));
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot.h
index 4a3ec1d..deb2d6e 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot.h
@@ -104,6 +104,7 @@
         virtual const android::fs_mgr::IPartitionOpener& GetPartitionOpener() const = 0;
         virtual bool IsOverlayfsSetup() const = 0;
         virtual bool SetBootControlMergeStatus(MergeStatus status) = 0;
+        virtual bool SetActiveBootSlot(unsigned int slot) = 0;
         virtual bool SetSlotAsUnbootable(unsigned int slot) = 0;
         virtual bool IsRecovery() const = 0;
         virtual bool IsTestDevice() const { return false; }
@@ -675,6 +676,8 @@
     std::string GetBootSnapshotsWithoutSlotSwitchPath();
     std::string GetSnapuserdFromSystemPath();
 
+    bool HasForwardMergeIndicator();
+
     const LpMetadata* ReadOldPartitionMetadata(LockedFile* lock);
 
     bool MapAllPartitions(LockedFile* lock, const std::string& super_device, uint32_t slot,
@@ -785,11 +788,8 @@
     bool UpdateForwardMergeIndicator(bool wipe);
 
     // Helper for HandleImminentDataWipe.
-    // Call ProcessUpdateState and handle states with special rules before data wipe. Specifically,
-    // if |allow_forward_merge| and allow-forward-merge indicator exists, initiate merge if
-    // necessary.
-    UpdateState ProcessUpdateStateOnDataWipe(bool allow_forward_merge,
-                                             const std::function<bool()>& callback);
+    // Call ProcessUpdateState and handle states with special rules before data wipe.
+    UpdateState ProcessUpdateStateOnDataWipe(const std::function<bool()>& callback);
 
     // Return device string of a mapped image, or if it is not available, the mapped image path.
     bool GetMappedImageDeviceStringOrPath(const std::string& device_name,
@@ -848,7 +848,6 @@
     std::string metadata_dir_;
     std::unique_ptr<IImageManager> images_;
     bool use_first_stage_snapuserd_ = false;
-    bool in_factory_data_reset_ = false;
     std::function<bool(const std::string&)> uevent_regen_callback_;
     std::unique_ptr<SnapuserdClient> snapuserd_client_;
     std::unique_ptr<LpMetadata> old_partition_metadata_;
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include_test/libsnapshot/test_helpers.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include_test/libsnapshot/test_helpers.h
index 0afd8bd..620b03c 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include_test/libsnapshot/test_helpers.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include_test/libsnapshot/test_helpers.h
@@ -92,6 +92,7 @@
     }
     bool IsOverlayfsSetup() const override { return false; }
     bool IsRecovery() const override { return recovery_; }
+    bool SetActiveBootSlot([[maybe_unused]] unsigned int slot) override { return true; }
     bool SetSlotAsUnbootable(unsigned int slot) override {
         unbootable_slots_.insert(slot);
         return true;
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/partition_cow_creator_test.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/partition_cow_creator_test.cpp
index a4a2c1a..8356c0c 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/partition_cow_creator_test.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/partition_cow_creator_test.cpp
@@ -250,8 +250,8 @@
                                 .target_partition = system_b,
                                 .current_metadata = builder_a.get(),
                                 .current_suffix = "_a",
-                                .using_snapuserd = true,
-                                .update = &update};
+                                .update = &update,
+                                .using_snapuserd = true};
 
     auto ret = creator.Run();
     ASSERT_TRUE(ret.has_value());
@@ -276,8 +276,8 @@
                                 .target_partition = system_b,
                                 .current_metadata = builder_a.get(),
                                 .current_suffix = "_a",
-                                .using_snapuserd = true,
-                                .update = nullptr};
+                                .update = nullptr,
+                                .using_snapuserd = true};
 
     auto ret = creator.Run();
     ASSERT_FALSE(ret.has_value());
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot.cpp
index 265445b..108fd90 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot.cpp
@@ -4005,44 +4005,90 @@
         // We allow the wipe to continue, because if we can't mount /metadata,
         // it is unlikely the device would have booted anyway. If there is no
         // metadata partition, then the device predates Virtual A/B.
+        LOG(INFO) << "/metadata not found; allowing wipe.";
         return true;
     }
 
-    // Check this early, so we don't accidentally start trying to populate
-    // the state file in recovery. Note we don't call GetUpdateState since
-    // we want errors in acquiring the lock to be propagated, instead of
-    // returning UpdateState::None.
-    auto state_file = GetStateFilePath();
-    if (access(state_file.c_str(), F_OK) != 0 && errno == ENOENT) {
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    auto slot_number = SlotNumberForSlotSuffix(device_->GetSlotSuffix());
-    auto super_path = device_->GetSuperDevice(slot_number);
-    if (!CreateLogicalAndSnapshotPartitions(super_path, 20s)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to map partitions to complete merge.";
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    auto process_callback = [&]() -> bool {
-        if (callback) {
-            callback();
+    // This could happen if /metadata mounted but there is no filesystem
+    // structure. Weird, but we have to assume there's no OTA pending, and
+    // thus we let the wipe proceed.
+    UpdateState state;
+    {
+        auto lock = LockExclusive();
+        if (!lock) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to determine update state; allowing wipe.";
+            return true;
         }
-        return true;
-    };
 
-    in_factory_data_reset_ = true;
-    UpdateState state =
-            ProcessUpdateStateOnDataWipe(true /* allow_forward_merge */, process_callback);
-    in_factory_data_reset_ = false;
-
-    if (state == UpdateState::MergeFailed) {
-        return false;
+        state = ReadUpdateState(lock.get());
+        LOG(INFO) << "Update state before wipe: " << state << "; slot: " << GetCurrentSlot()
+                  << "; suffix: " << device_->GetSlotSuffix();
     }
 
-    // Nothing should be depending on partitions now, so unmap them all.
-    if (!UnmapAllPartitionsInRecovery()) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to unmap all partitions; fastboot may fail to flash.";
+    bool try_merge = false;
+    switch (state) {
+        case UpdateState::None:
+        case UpdateState::Initiated:
+            LOG(INFO) << "Wipe is not impacted by update state; allowing wipe.";
+            break;
+        case UpdateState::Unverified:
+            if (GetCurrentSlot() != Slot::Target) {
+                LOG(INFO) << "Wipe is not impacted by rolled back update; allowing wipe";
+                break;
+            }
+            if (!HasForwardMergeIndicator()) {
+                auto slot_number = SlotNumberForSlotSuffix(device_->GetSlotSuffix());
+                auto other_slot_number = SlotNumberForSlotSuffix(device_->GetOtherSlotSuffix());
+
+                // We're not allowed to forward merge, so forcefully rollback the
+                // slot switch.
+                LOG(INFO) << "Allowing wipe due to lack of forward merge indicator; reverting to "
+                             "old slot since update will be deleted.";
+                device_->SetSlotAsUnbootable(slot_number);
+                device_->SetActiveBootSlot(other_slot_number);
+                break;
+            }
+
+            // Forward merge indicator means we have to mount snapshots and try to merge.
+            LOG(INFO) << "Forward merge indicator is present.";
+            try_merge = true;
+            break;
+        case UpdateState::Merging:
+        case UpdateState::MergeFailed:
+            try_merge = true;
+            break;
+        case UpdateState::MergeNeedsReboot:
+        case UpdateState::Cancelled:
+            LOG(INFO) << "Unexpected update state in recovery; allowing wipe.";
+            break;
+        default:
+            break;
+    }
+
+    if (try_merge) {
+        auto slot_number = SlotNumberForSlotSuffix(device_->GetSlotSuffix());
+        auto super_path = device_->GetSuperDevice(slot_number);
+        if (!CreateLogicalAndSnapshotPartitions(super_path, 20s)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to map partitions to complete merge.";
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        auto process_callback = [&]() -> bool {
+            if (callback) {
+                callback();
+            }
+            return true;
+        };
+
+        state = ProcessUpdateStateOnDataWipe(process_callback);
+        if (state == UpdateState::MergeFailed) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Nothing should be depending on partitions now, so unmap them all.
+        if (!UnmapAllPartitionsInRecovery()) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to unmap all partitions; fastboot may fail to flash.";
+        }
     }
 
     if (state != UpdateState::None) {
@@ -4088,58 +4134,40 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-UpdateState SnapshotManager::ProcessUpdateStateOnDataWipe(bool allow_forward_merge,
-                                                          const std::function<bool()>& callback) {
-    auto slot_number = SlotNumberForSlotSuffix(device_->GetSlotSuffix());
-    UpdateState state = ProcessUpdateState(callback);
-    LOG(INFO) << "Update state in recovery: " << state;
-    switch (state) {
-        case UpdateState::MergeFailed:
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Unrecoverable merge failure detected.";
-            return state;
-        case UpdateState::Unverified: {
-            // If an OTA was just applied but has not yet started merging:
-            //
-            // - if forward merge is allowed, initiate merge and call
-            // ProcessUpdateState again.
-            //
-            // - if forward merge is not allowed, we
-            // have no choice but to revert slots, because the current slot will
-            // immediately become unbootable. Rather than wait for the device
-            // to reboot N times until a rollback, we proactively disable the
-            // new slot instead.
-            //
-            // Since the rollback is inevitable, we don't treat a HAL failure
-            // as an error here.
-            auto slot = GetCurrentSlot();
-            if (slot == Slot::Target) {
-                if (allow_forward_merge &&
-                    access(GetForwardMergeIndicatorPath().c_str(), F_OK) == 0) {
-                    LOG(INFO) << "Forward merge allowed, initiating merge now.";
-
-                    if (!InitiateMerge()) {
-                        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to initiate merge on data wipe.";
-                        return UpdateState::MergeFailed;
-                    }
-                    return ProcessUpdateStateOnDataWipe(false /* allow_forward_merge */, callback);
+UpdateState SnapshotManager::ProcessUpdateStateOnDataWipe(const std::function<bool()>& callback) {
+    while (true) {
+        UpdateState state = ProcessUpdateState(callback);
+        LOG(INFO) << "Processed updated state in recovery: " << state;
+        switch (state) {
+            case UpdateState::MergeFailed:
+                LOG(ERROR) << "Unrecoverable merge failure detected.";
+                return state;
+            case UpdateState::Unverified: {
+                // Unverified was already handled earlier, in HandleImminentDataWipe,
+                // but it will fall through here if a forward merge is required.
+                //
+                // If InitiateMerge fails, we early return. If it succeeds, then we
+                // are guaranteed that the next call to ProcessUpdateState will not
+                // return Unverified.
+                if (!InitiateMerge()) {
+                    LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to initiate merge on data wipe.";
+                    return UpdateState::MergeFailed;
                 }
-
-                LOG(ERROR) << "Reverting to old slot since update will be deleted.";
-                device_->SetSlotAsUnbootable(slot_number);
-            } else {
-                LOG(INFO) << "Booting from " << slot << " slot, no action is taken.";
+                continue;
             }
-            break;
+            case UpdateState::MergeNeedsReboot:
+                // We shouldn't get here, because nothing is depending on
+                // logical partitions.
+                LOG(ERROR) << "Unexpected merge-needs-reboot state in recovery.";
+                return state;
+            default:
+                return state;
         }
-        case UpdateState::MergeNeedsReboot:
-            // We shouldn't get here, because nothing is depending on
-            // logical partitions.
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Unexpected merge-needs-reboot state in recovery.";
-            break;
-        default:
-            break;
     }
-    return state;
+}
+
+bool SnapshotManager::HasForwardMergeIndicator() {
+    return access(GetForwardMergeIndicatorPath().c_str(), F_OK) == 0;
 }
 
 bool SnapshotManager::EnsureNoOverflowSnapshot(LockedFile* lock) {
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_test.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_test.cpp
index b2e36d4..16c247f 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_test.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_test.cpp
@@ -2102,10 +2102,10 @@
     test_device->set_recovery(true);
     auto new_sm = NewManagerForFirstStageMount(test_device);
 
+    EXPECT_EQ(new_sm->GetUpdateState(), UpdateState::Unverified);
     ASSERT_TRUE(new_sm->HandleImminentDataWipe());
     // Manually mount metadata so that we can call GetUpdateState() below.
     MountMetadata();
-    EXPECT_EQ(new_sm->GetUpdateState(), UpdateState::None);
     EXPECT_TRUE(test_device->IsSlotUnbootable(1));
     EXPECT_FALSE(test_device->IsSlotUnbootable(0));
 }
@@ -2127,6 +2127,7 @@
     test_device->set_recovery(true);
     auto new_sm = NewManagerForFirstStageMount(test_device);
 
+    EXPECT_EQ(new_sm->GetUpdateState(), UpdateState::Unverified);
     ASSERT_TRUE(new_sm->HandleImminentDataWipe());
     EXPECT_EQ(new_sm->GetUpdateState(), UpdateState::None);
     EXPECT_FALSE(test_device->IsSlotUnbootable(0));
@@ -2135,10 +2136,6 @@
 
 // Test update package that requests data wipe.
 TEST_F(SnapshotUpdateTest, DataWipeRequiredInPackage) {
-    if (ShouldSkipLegacyMerging()) {
-        GTEST_SKIP() << "Skipping legacy merge in test";
-    }
-
     AddOperationForPartitions();
     // Execute the update.
     ASSERT_TRUE(sm->BeginUpdate());
@@ -2157,6 +2154,7 @@
     test_device->set_recovery(true);
     auto new_sm = NewManagerForFirstStageMount(test_device);
 
+    EXPECT_EQ(new_sm->GetUpdateState(), UpdateState::Unverified);
     ASSERT_TRUE(new_sm->HandleImminentDataWipe());
     // Manually mount metadata so that we can call GetUpdateState() below.
     MountMetadata();
@@ -2178,10 +2176,6 @@
 
 // Test update package that requests data wipe.
 TEST_F(SnapshotUpdateTest, DataWipeWithStaleSnapshots) {
-    if (ShouldSkipLegacyMerging()) {
-        GTEST_SKIP() << "Skipping legacy merge in test";
-    }
-
     AddOperationForPartitions();
 
     // Execute the update.
@@ -2222,6 +2216,7 @@
     test_device->set_recovery(true);
     auto new_sm = NewManagerForFirstStageMount(test_device);
 
+    EXPECT_EQ(new_sm->GetUpdateState(), UpdateState::Unverified);
     ASSERT_TRUE(new_sm->HandleImminentDataWipe());
     // Manually mount metadata so that we can call GetUpdateState() below.
     MountMetadata();
@@ -2840,7 +2835,6 @@
     // that is fixed, don't call GTEST_SKIP here, but instead call GTEST_SKIP in individual test
     // suites.
     RETURN_IF_NON_VIRTUAL_AB_MSG("Virtual A/B is not enabled, skipping global setup.\n");
-    RETURN_IF_VENDOR_ON_ANDROID_S_MSG("Test not enabled for Vendor on Android S.\n");
 
     std::vector<std::string> paths = {
             // clang-format off
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/Android.bp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/Android.bp
index 77ab7d1..efbcb5a 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/Android.bp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/Android.bp
@@ -238,19 +238,9 @@
     test_options: {
         min_shipping_api_level: 30,
     },
-
-    compile_multilib: "both",
-    multilib: {
-        lib32: {
-            suffix: "32",
-        },
-        lib64: {
-            suffix: "64",
-        },
-    },
-
     auto_gen_config: true,
     require_root: true,
+    compile_multilib: "first",
 }
 
 cc_test {
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_server.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_server.cpp
index c0af5c5..013df35 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_server.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/user-space-merge/snapuserd_server.cpp
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <sys/system_properties.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
@@ -35,9 +36,6 @@
 #include <snapuserd/snapuserd_client.h>
 #include "snapuserd_server.h"
 
-#define _REALLY_INCLUDE_SYS__SYSTEM_PROPERTIES_H_
-#include <sys/_system_properties.h>
-
 namespace android {
 namespace snapshot {
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/tests/AndroidTest.xml b/fs_mgr/tests/AndroidTest.xml
index de835b3..1c06ebd 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/tests/AndroidTest.xml
+++ b/fs_mgr/tests/AndroidTest.xml
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
     <option name="config-descriptor:metadata" key="parameter" value="not_instant_app" />
     <option name="config-descriptor:metadata" key="parameter" value="multi_abi" />
     <option name="config-descriptor:metadata" key="parameter" value="secondary_user" />
+    <option name="config-descriptor:metadata" key="parameter" value="secondary_user_on_secondary_display" />
     <target_preparer class="com.android.compatibility.common.tradefed.targetprep.FilePusher">
         <option name="cleanup" value="true" />
         <option name="push" value="CtsFsMgrTestCases->/data/local/tmp/CtsFsMgrTestCases" />
diff --git a/fs_mgr/tests/fs_mgr_test.cpp b/fs_mgr/tests/fs_mgr_test.cpp
index 322bf1b..bd3d6b5 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/tests/fs_mgr_test.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/tests/fs_mgr_test.cpp
@@ -1062,23 +1062,6 @@
             << "Default fstab doesn't contain /data entry";
 }
 
-TEST(fs_mgr, UserdataMountedFromDefaultFstab) {
-    if (getuid() != 0) {
-        GTEST_SKIP() << "Must be run as root.";
-        return;
-    }
-    Fstab fstab;
-    ASSERT_TRUE(ReadDefaultFstab(&fstab)) << "Failed to read default fstab";
-    Fstab proc_mounts;
-    ASSERT_TRUE(ReadFstabFromFile("/proc/mounts", &proc_mounts)) << "Failed to read /proc/mounts";
-    auto mounted_entry = GetEntryForMountPoint(&proc_mounts, "/data");
-    ASSERT_NE(mounted_entry, nullptr) << "/data is not mounted";
-    std::string block_device;
-    ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::Realpath(mounted_entry->blk_device, &block_device));
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, fs_mgr_get_mounted_entry_for_userdata(&fstab, block_device))
-            << "/data wasn't mounted from default fstab";
-}
-
 TEST(fs_mgr, ReadFstabFromFile_FsMgrOptions_Readahead_Size_KB) {
     TemporaryFile tf;
     ASSERT_TRUE(tf.fd != -1);
diff --git a/init/Android.bp b/init/Android.bp
index ffb6380..ed1f148 100644
--- a/init/Android.bp
+++ b/init/Android.bp
@@ -226,7 +226,6 @@
     ],
     whole_static_libs: [
         "libcap",
-        "libcom.android.sysprop.init",
     ],
     header_libs: ["bootimg_headers"],
     proto: {
diff --git a/init/builtins.cpp b/init/builtins.cpp
index 606ea8c..1e81692 100644
--- a/init/builtins.cpp
+++ b/init/builtins.cpp
@@ -46,7 +46,6 @@
 #include <map>
 #include <memory>
 
-#include <InitProperties.sysprop.h>
 #include <android-base/chrono_utils.h>
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
@@ -606,8 +605,6 @@
     return Error() << "Invalid code: " << code;
 }
 
-static int initial_mount_fstab_return_code = -1;
-
 /* <= Q: mount_all <fstab> [ <path> ]* [--<options>]*
  * >= R: mount_all [ <fstab> ] [--<options>]*
  *
@@ -648,19 +645,10 @@
         import_late(mount_all->rc_paths);
     }
 
-    if (mount_fstab_result.userdata_mounted) {
-        // This call to fs_mgr_mount_all mounted userdata. Keep the result in
-        // order for userspace reboot to correctly remount userdata.
-        LOG(INFO) << "Userdata mounted using "
-                  << (mount_all->fstab_path.empty() ? "(default fstab)" : mount_all->fstab_path)
-                  << " result : " << mount_fstab_result.code;
-        initial_mount_fstab_return_code = mount_fstab_result.code;
-    }
-
     if (queue_event) {
         /* queue_fs_event will queue event based on mount_fstab return code
          * and return processed return code*/
-        auto queue_fs_result = queue_fs_event(mount_fstab_result.code);
+        auto queue_fs_result = queue_fs_event(mount_fstab_result);
         if (!queue_fs_result.ok()) {
             return Error() << "queue_fs_event() failed: " << queue_fs_result.error();
         }
@@ -1148,29 +1136,19 @@
 }
 
 static Result<void> ExecVdcRebootOnFailure(const std::string& vdc_arg) {
-    bool should_reboot_into_recovery = true;
     auto reboot_reason = vdc_arg + "_failed";
-    if (android::sysprop::InitProperties::userspace_reboot_in_progress().value_or(false)) {
-        should_reboot_into_recovery = false;
-        reboot_reason = "userspace_failed," + vdc_arg;
-    }
 
-    auto reboot = [reboot_reason, should_reboot_into_recovery](const std::string& message) {
+    auto reboot = [reboot_reason](const std::string& message) {
         // TODO (b/122850122): support this in gsi
-        if (should_reboot_into_recovery) {
-            if (IsFbeEnabled() && !android::gsi::IsGsiRunning()) {
-                LOG(ERROR) << message << ": Rebooting into recovery, reason: " << reboot_reason;
-                if (auto result = reboot_into_recovery(
-                            {"--prompt_and_wipe_data", "--reason="s + reboot_reason});
-                    !result.ok()) {
-                    LOG(FATAL) << "Could not reboot into recovery: " << result.error();
-                }
-            } else {
-                LOG(ERROR) << "Failure (reboot suppressed): " << reboot_reason;
+        if (IsFbeEnabled() && !android::gsi::IsGsiRunning()) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << message << ": Rebooting into recovery, reason: " << reboot_reason;
+            if (auto result = reboot_into_recovery(
+                        {"--prompt_and_wipe_data", "--reason="s + reboot_reason});
+                !result.ok()) {
+                LOG(FATAL) << "Could not reboot into recovery: " << result.error();
             }
         } else {
-            LOG(ERROR) << message << ": rebooting, reason: " << reboot_reason;
-            trigger_shutdown("reboot," + reboot_reason);
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Failure (reboot suppressed): " << reboot_reason;
         }
     };
 
@@ -1178,29 +1156,6 @@
     return ExecWithFunctionOnFailure(args, reboot);
 }
 
-static Result<void> do_remount_userdata(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
-    if (initial_mount_fstab_return_code == -1) {
-        return Error() << "Calling remount_userdata too early";
-    }
-    Fstab fstab;
-    if (!ReadDefaultFstab(&fstab)) {
-        // TODO(b/135984674): should we reboot here?
-        return Error() << "Failed to read fstab";
-    }
-    // TODO(b/135984674): check that fstab contains /data.
-    if (auto rc = fs_mgr_remount_userdata_into_checkpointing(&fstab); rc < 0) {
-        std::string proc_mounts_output;
-        android::base::ReadFileToString("/proc/mounts", &proc_mounts_output, true);
-        android::base::WriteStringToFile(proc_mounts_output,
-                                         "/metadata/userspacereboot/mount_info.txt");
-        trigger_shutdown("reboot,mount_userdata_failed");
-    }
-    if (auto result = queue_fs_event(initial_mount_fstab_return_code); !result.ok()) {
-        return Error() << "queue_fs_event() failed: " << result.error();
-    }
-    return {};
-}
-
 static Result<void> do_installkey(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     if (!is_file_crypto()) return {};
 
@@ -1361,7 +1316,6 @@
         {"umount_all",              {0,     1,    {false,  do_umount_all}}},
         {"update_linker_config",    {0,     0,    {false,  do_update_linker_config}}},
         {"readahead",               {1,     2,    {true,   do_readahead}}},
-        {"remount_userdata",        {0,     0,    {false,  do_remount_userdata}}},
         {"restart",                 {1,     2,    {false,  do_restart}}},
         {"restorecon",              {1,     kMax, {true,   do_restorecon}}},
         {"restorecon_recursive",    {1,     kMax, {true,   do_restorecon_recursive}}},
diff --git a/init/init.cpp b/init/init.cpp
index 19e909f..4878660 100644
--- a/init/init.cpp
+++ b/init/init.cpp
@@ -26,13 +26,11 @@
 #include <sys/eventfd.h>
 #include <sys/mount.h>
 #include <sys/signalfd.h>
+#include <sys/system_properties.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <sys/utsname.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
-#define _REALLY_INCLUDE_SYS__SYSTEM_PROPERTIES_H_
-#include <sys/_system_properties.h>
-
 #include <filesystem>
 #include <fstream>
 #include <functional>
diff --git a/init/property_service.cpp b/init/property_service.cpp
index 0d6eb15..4d3742a 100644
--- a/init/property_service.cpp
+++ b/init/property_service.cpp
@@ -31,14 +31,12 @@
 #include <sys/mman.h>
 #include <sys/poll.h>
 #include <sys/select.h>
+#include <sys/system_properties.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <sys/un.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 #include <wchar.h>
 
-#define _REALLY_INCLUDE_SYS__SYSTEM_PROPERTIES_H_
-#include <sys/_system_properties.h>
-
 #include <map>
 #include <memory>
 #include <mutex>
@@ -48,7 +46,6 @@
 #include <thread>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include <InitProperties.sysprop.h>
 #include <android-base/chrono_utils.h>
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
@@ -102,7 +99,6 @@
 using android::properties::ParsePropertyInfoFile;
 using android::properties::PropertyInfoAreaFile;
 using android::properties::PropertyInfoEntry;
-using android::sysprop::InitProperties::is_userspace_reboot_supported;
 
 namespace android {
 namespace init {
@@ -569,8 +565,8 @@
         }
         LOG(INFO) << "Received sys.powerctl='" << value << "' from pid: " << cr.pid
                   << process_log_string;
-        if (value == "reboot,userspace" && !is_userspace_reboot_supported().value_or(false)) {
-            *error = "Userspace reboot is not supported by this device";
+        if (value == "reboot,userspace") {
+            *error = "Userspace reboot is deprecated.";
             return {PROP_ERROR_INVALID_VALUE};
         }
     }
diff --git a/init/property_service_test.cpp b/init/property_service_test.cpp
index 5f34cc4..c12ff72 100644
--- a/init/property_service_test.cpp
+++ b/init/property_service_test.cpp
@@ -16,11 +16,9 @@
 
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <sys/system_properties.h>
 #include <sys/un.h>
 
-#define _REALLY_INCLUDE_SYS__SYSTEM_PROPERTIES_H_
-#include <sys/_system_properties.h>
-
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
 #include <android-base/scopeguard.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
@@ -82,12 +80,6 @@
         GTEST_SKIP() << "Skipping test, must be run as root.";
         return;
     }
-    const std::string original_value = GetProperty("init.userspace_reboot.is_supported", "");
-    auto guard = android::base::make_scope_guard([&original_value]() {
-        SetProperty("init.userspace_reboot.is_supported", original_value);
-    });
-
-    ASSERT_TRUE(SetProperty("init.userspace_reboot.is_supported", "false"));
     EXPECT_FALSE(SetProperty("sys.powerctl", "reboot,userspace"));
 }
 
diff --git a/init/reboot.cpp b/init/reboot.cpp
index 150f8f4..ef9db9f 100644
--- a/init/reboot.cpp
+++ b/init/reboot.cpp
@@ -39,7 +39,6 @@
 #include <thread>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include <InitProperties.sysprop.h>
 #include <android-base/chrono_utils.h>
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
@@ -87,16 +86,6 @@
 
 static const std::set<std::string> kDebuggingServices{"tombstoned", "logd", "adbd", "console"};
 
-static std::set<std::string> GetPostDataDebuggingServices() {
-    std::set<std::string> ret;
-    for (const auto& s : ServiceList::GetInstance()) {
-        if (kDebuggingServices.count(s->name()) && s->is_post_data()) {
-            ret.insert(s->name());
-        }
-    }
-    return ret;
-}
-
 static void PersistRebootReason(const char* reason, bool write_to_property) {
     if (write_to_property) {
         SetProperty(LAST_REBOOT_REASON_PROPERTY, reason);
@@ -810,196 +799,6 @@
     }
 }
 
-static void LeaveShutdown() {
-    LOG(INFO) << "Leaving shutdown mode";
-    shutting_down = false;
-    StartSendingMessages();
-}
-
-static std::chrono::milliseconds GetMillisProperty(const std::string& name,
-                                                   std::chrono::milliseconds default_value) {
-    auto value = GetUintProperty(name, static_cast<uint64_t>(default_value.count()));
-    return std::chrono::milliseconds(std::move(value));
-}
-
-static Result<void> DoUserspaceReboot() {
-    LOG(INFO) << "Userspace reboot initiated";
-    // An ugly way to pass a more precise reason on why fallback to hard reboot was triggered.
-    std::string sub_reason = "";
-    auto guard = android::base::make_scope_guard([&sub_reason] {
-        // Leave shutdown so that we can handle a full reboot.
-        LeaveShutdown();
-        trigger_shutdown("reboot,userspace_failed,shutdown_aborted," + sub_reason);
-    });
-    // Triggering userspace-reboot-requested will result in a bunch of setprop
-    // actions. We should make sure, that all of them are propagated before
-    // proceeding with userspace reboot. Synchronously setting sys.init.userspace_reboot.in_progress
-    // property is not perfect, but it should do the trick.
-    if (!android::sysprop::InitProperties::userspace_reboot_in_progress(true)) {
-        sub_reason = "setprop";
-        return Error() << "Failed to set sys.init.userspace_reboot.in_progress property";
-    }
-    EnterShutdown();
-    if (!SetProperty("sys.powerctl", "")) {
-        sub_reason = "resetprop";
-        return Error() << "Failed to reset sys.powerctl property";
-    }
-    std::set<std::string> stop_first;
-    // Remember the services that were enabled. We will need to manually enable them again otherwise
-    // triggers like class_start won't restart them.
-    std::set<std::string> were_enabled;
-    for (const auto& s : ServiceList::GetInstance().services_in_shutdown_order()) {
-        if (s->is_post_data() && !kDebuggingServices.count(s->name())) {
-            stop_first.insert(s->name());
-        }
-        // TODO(ioffe): we should also filter out temporary services here.
-        if (s->is_post_data() && s->IsEnabled()) {
-            were_enabled.insert(s->name());
-        }
-    }
-    {
-        Timer sync_timer;
-        LOG(INFO) << "sync() before terminating services...";
-        sync();
-        LOG(INFO) << "sync() took " << sync_timer;
-    }
-    auto sigterm_timeout = GetMillisProperty("init.userspace_reboot.sigterm.timeoutmillis", 5s);
-    auto sigkill_timeout = GetMillisProperty("init.userspace_reboot.sigkill.timeoutmillis", 10s);
-    LOG(INFO) << "Timeout to terminate services: " << sigterm_timeout.count() << "ms "
-              << "Timeout to kill services: " << sigkill_timeout.count() << "ms";
-    std::string services_file_name = "/metadata/userspacereboot/services.txt";
-    const int flags = O_RDWR | O_CREAT | O_SYNC | O_APPEND | O_CLOEXEC;
-    StopServicesAndLogViolations(stop_first, sigterm_timeout, true /* SIGTERM */);
-    if (int r = StopServicesAndLogViolations(stop_first, sigkill_timeout, false /* SIGKILL */);
-        r > 0) {
-        auto fd = unique_fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(services_file_name.c_str(), flags, 0666)));
-        android::base::WriteStringToFd("Post-data services still running: \n", fd);
-        for (const auto& s : ServiceList::GetInstance()) {
-            if (s->IsRunning() && stop_first.count(s->name())) {
-                android::base::WriteStringToFd(s->name() + "\n", fd);
-            }
-        }
-        sub_reason = "sigkill";
-        return Error() << r << " post-data services are still running";
-    }
-    if (auto result = KillZramBackingDevice(); !result.ok()) {
-        sub_reason = "zram";
-        return result;
-    }
-    if (auto result = CallVdc("volume", "reset"); !result.ok()) {
-        sub_reason = "vold_reset";
-        return result;
-    }
-    const auto& debugging_services = GetPostDataDebuggingServices();
-    if (int r = StopServicesAndLogViolations(debugging_services, sigkill_timeout,
-                                             false /* SIGKILL */);
-        r > 0) {
-        auto fd = unique_fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(services_file_name.c_str(), flags, 0666)));
-        android::base::WriteStringToFd("Debugging services still running: \n", fd);
-        for (const auto& s : ServiceList::GetInstance()) {
-            if (s->IsRunning() && debugging_services.count(s->name())) {
-                android::base::WriteStringToFd(s->name() + "\n", fd);
-            }
-        }
-        sub_reason = "sigkill_debug";
-        return Error() << r << " debugging services are still running";
-    }
-    {
-        Timer sync_timer;
-        LOG(INFO) << "sync() after stopping services...";
-        sync();
-        LOG(INFO) << "sync() took " << sync_timer;
-    }
-    if (auto result = UnmountAllApexes(); !result.ok()) {
-        sub_reason = "apex";
-        return result;
-    }
-    if (!SwitchToMountNamespaceIfNeeded(NS_BOOTSTRAP).ok()) {
-        sub_reason = "ns_switch";
-        return Error() << "Failed to switch to bootstrap namespace";
-    }
-    ActionManager::GetInstance().RemoveActionIf([](const auto& action) -> bool {
-        if (action->IsFromApex()) {
-            std::string trigger_name = action->BuildTriggersString();
-            LOG(INFO) << "Removing action (" << trigger_name << ") from (" << action->filename()
-                      << ":" << action->line() << ")";
-            return true;
-        }
-        return false;
-    });
-    // Remove services that were defined in an APEX
-    ServiceList::GetInstance().RemoveServiceIf([](const std::unique_ptr<Service>& s) -> bool {
-        if (s->is_from_apex()) {
-            LOG(INFO) << "Removing service '" << s->name() << "' because it's defined in an APEX";
-            return true;
-        }
-        return false;
-    });
-    // Re-enable services
-    for (const auto& s : ServiceList::GetInstance()) {
-        if (were_enabled.count(s->name())) {
-            LOG(INFO) << "Re-enabling service '" << s->name() << "'";
-            s->Enable();
-        }
-    }
-    ServiceList::GetInstance().ResetState();
-    LeaveShutdown();
-    ActionManager::GetInstance().QueueEventTrigger("userspace-reboot-resume");
-    guard.Disable();  // Go on with userspace reboot.
-    return {};
-}
-
-static void UserspaceRebootWatchdogThread() {
-    auto started_timeout = GetMillisProperty("init.userspace_reboot.started.timeoutmillis", 10s);
-    if (!WaitForProperty("sys.init.userspace_reboot.in_progress", "1", started_timeout)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Userspace reboot didn't start in " << started_timeout.count()
-                   << "ms. Switching to full reboot";
-        // Init might be wedged, don't try to write reboot reason into a persistent property and do
-        // a dirty reboot.
-        PersistRebootReason("userspace_failed,watchdog_triggered,failed_to_start", false);
-        RebootSystem(ANDROID_RB_RESTART2, "userspace_failed,watchdog_triggered,failed_to_start");
-    }
-    LOG(INFO) << "Starting userspace reboot watchdog";
-    auto watchdog_timeout = GetMillisProperty("init.userspace_reboot.watchdog.timeoutmillis", 5min);
-    LOG(INFO) << "UserspaceRebootWatchdog timeout: " << watchdog_timeout.count() << "ms";
-    if (!WaitForProperty("sys.boot_completed", "1", watchdog_timeout)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to boot in " << watchdog_timeout.count()
-                   << "ms. Switching to full reboot";
-        // In this case device is in a boot loop. Only way to recover is to do dirty reboot.
-        // Since init might be wedged, don't try to write reboot reason into a persistent property.
-        PersistRebootReason("userspace_failed,watchdog_triggered,failed_to_boot", false);
-        RebootSystem(ANDROID_RB_RESTART2, "userspace_failed,watchdog_triggered,failed_to_boot");
-    }
-    LOG(INFO) << "Device booted, stopping userspace reboot watchdog";
-}
-
-static void HandleUserspaceReboot() {
-    if (!android::sysprop::InitProperties::is_userspace_reboot_supported().value_or(false)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Attempted a userspace reboot on a device that doesn't support it";
-        return;
-    }
-    // Spinnig up a separate thread will fail the setns call later in the boot sequence.
-    // Fork a new process to monitor userspace reboot while we are investigating a better solution.
-    pid_t pid = fork();
-    if (pid < 0) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to fork process for userspace reboot watchdog. Switching to full "
-                    << "reboot";
-        trigger_shutdown("reboot,userspace_failed,watchdog_fork");
-        return;
-    }
-    if (pid == 0) {
-        // Child
-        UserspaceRebootWatchdogThread();
-        _exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
-    }
-    LOG(INFO) << "Clearing queue and starting userspace-reboot-requested trigger";
-    auto& am = ActionManager::GetInstance();
-    am.ClearQueue();
-    am.QueueEventTrigger("userspace-reboot-requested");
-    auto handler = [](const BuiltinArguments&) { return DoUserspaceReboot(); };
-    am.QueueBuiltinAction(handler, "userspace-reboot");
-}
-
 /**
  * Check if "command" field is set in bootloader message.
  *
@@ -1030,7 +829,6 @@
     std::string reboot_target = "";
     bool run_fsck = false;
     bool command_invalid = false;
-    bool userspace_reboot = false;
 
     if (cmd_params[0] == "shutdown") {
         cmd = ANDROID_RB_POWEROFF;
@@ -1051,8 +849,8 @@
         if (cmd_params.size() >= 2) {
             reboot_target = cmd_params[1];
             if (reboot_target == "userspace") {
-                LOG(INFO) << "Userspace reboot requested";
-                userspace_reboot = true;
+                LOG(ERROR) << "Userspace reboot is deprecated.";
+                return;
             }
             // adb reboot fastboot should boot into bootloader for devices not
             // supporting logical partitions.
@@ -1130,11 +928,6 @@
     // messages, etc) from properties during reboot.
     StopSendingMessages();
 
-    if (userspace_reboot) {
-        HandleUserspaceReboot();
-        return;
-    }
-
     LOG(INFO) << "Clear action queue and start shutdown trigger";
     ActionManager::GetInstance().ClearQueue();
     // Queue shutdown trigger first
diff --git a/init/sysprop/Android.bp b/init/sysprop/Android.bp
deleted file mode 100644
index 296cdc1..0000000
--- a/init/sysprop/Android.bp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-package {
-    // See: http://go/android-license-faq
-    // A large-scale-change added 'default_applicable_licenses' to import
-    // all of the 'license_kinds' from "system_core_init_license"
-    // to get the below license kinds:
-    //   SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
-    default_applicable_licenses: ["system_core_init_license"],
-}
-
-sysprop_library {
-  name: "com.android.sysprop.init",
-  srcs: ["InitProperties.sysprop"],
-  property_owner: "Platform",
-  api_packages: ["android.sysprop"],
-  recovery_available: true,
-}
diff --git a/init/sysprop/InitProperties.sysprop b/init/sysprop/InitProperties.sysprop
deleted file mode 100644
index 24c2434..0000000
--- a/init/sysprop/InitProperties.sysprop
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-# Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-
-owner: Platform
-module: "android.sysprop.InitProperties"
-
-# Serves as a signal to all processes that userspace reboot is happening.
-prop {
-    api_name: "userspace_reboot_in_progress"
-    type: Boolean
-    scope: Public
-    access: ReadWrite
-    prop_name: "sys.init.userspace_reboot.in_progress"
-    integer_as_bool: true
-}
-
-# Shows whenever the device supports userspace reboot or not.
-prop {
-    api_name: "is_userspace_reboot_supported"
-    type: Boolean
-    scope: Public
-    access: Readonly
-    prop_name: "init.userspace_reboot.is_supported"
-    integer_as_bool: true
-}
diff --git a/init/sysprop/api/com.android.sysprop.init-current.txt b/init/sysprop/api/com.android.sysprop.init-current.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 01f4e9a..0000000
--- a/init/sysprop/api/com.android.sysprop.init-current.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-props {
-  module: "android.sysprop.InitProperties"
-  prop {
-    api_name: "is_userspace_reboot_supported"
-    prop_name: "init.userspace_reboot.is_supported"
-    integer_as_bool: true
-  }
-  prop {
-    api_name: "userspace_reboot_in_progress"
-    access: ReadWrite
-    prop_name: "sys.init.userspace_reboot.in_progress"
-    integer_as_bool: true
-  }
-}
diff --git a/init/sysprop/api/com.android.sysprop.init-latest.txt b/init/sysprop/api/com.android.sysprop.init-latest.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 01f4e9a..0000000
--- a/init/sysprop/api/com.android.sysprop.init-latest.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-props {
-  module: "android.sysprop.InitProperties"
-  prop {
-    api_name: "is_userspace_reboot_supported"
-    prop_name: "init.userspace_reboot.is_supported"
-    integer_as_bool: true
-  }
-  prop {
-    api_name: "userspace_reboot_in_progress"
-    access: ReadWrite
-    prop_name: "sys.init.userspace_reboot.in_progress"
-    integer_as_bool: true
-  }
-}
diff --git a/init/test_kill_services/OWNERS b/init/test_kill_services/OWNERS
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..40164aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/test_kill_services/OWNERS
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+smoreland@google.com
diff --git a/init/test_kill_services/init_kill_services_test.cpp b/init/test_kill_services/init_kill_services_test.cpp
index 3af92bb..efba9f6 100644
--- a/init/test_kill_services/init_kill_services_test.cpp
+++ b/init/test_kill_services/init_kill_services_test.cpp
@@ -87,6 +87,25 @@
     return info.param;
 }
 
-INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(DeathTest, InitKillServicesTest,
-                        ::testing::Values("lmkd", "ueventd", "hwservicemanager", "servicemanager"),
-                        PrintName);
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(
+        DeathTest, InitKillServicesTest,
+        ::testing::Values(
+                // clang-format off
+
+// TODO: we may want a more automatic way of testing this for services based on some
+// criteria (e.g. not disabled), but for now adding core services one at a time
+
+// BEGIN INTERNAL ONLY MERGE GUARD (add things here if internal only, move down later)
+// END INTERNAL ONLY MERGE GUARD
+
+// BEGIN AOSP ONLY (add things here if adding to AOSP)
+    "lmkd",
+    "ueventd",
+    "hwservicemanager",
+    "servicemanager",
+    "system_suspend"
+// END AOSP ONLY
+
+                // clang-format on
+                ),
+        PrintName);
diff --git a/libcutils/properties.cpp b/libcutils/properties.cpp
index 03f0496..d3a2b50 100644
--- a/libcutils/properties.cpp
+++ b/libcutils/properties.cpp
@@ -93,8 +93,7 @@
 
 #if __has_include(<sys/system_properties.h>)
 
-#define _REALLY_INCLUDE_SYS__SYSTEM_PROPERTIES_H_
-#include <sys/_system_properties.h>
+#include <sys/system_properties.h>
 
 struct callback_data {
     void (*callback)(const char* name, const char* value, void* cookie);
diff --git a/libcutils/trace-dev.inc b/libcutils/trace-dev.inc
index 3bc6dc3..c911b4f 100644
--- a/libcutils/trace-dev.inc
+++ b/libcutils/trace-dev.inc
@@ -36,8 +36,7 @@
 #include <log/log_properties.h>
 
 #if defined(__BIONIC__)
-#define _REALLY_INCLUDE_SYS__SYSTEM_PROPERTIES_H_
-#include <sys/_system_properties.h>
+#include <sys/system_properties.h>
 #endif
 
 /**
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/Android.bp b/libprocessgroup/Android.bp
index 33e00bc..a60bfe9 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/Android.bp
+++ b/libprocessgroup/Android.bp
@@ -79,12 +79,12 @@
     ],
     static_libs: [
         "libjsoncpp",
+        "libprocessgroup_util",
     ],
     // for cutils/android_filesystem_config.h
     header_libs: [
         "libcutils_headers",
         "libprocessgroup_headers",
-        "libprocessgroup_util",
     ],
     export_include_dirs: ["include"],
     export_header_lib_headers: [
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/cgroup_map.cpp b/libprocessgroup/cgroup_map.cpp
index 52b5afe..fb01cfd 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/cgroup_map.cpp
+++ b/libprocessgroup/cgroup_map.cpp
@@ -38,26 +38,26 @@
 static constexpr const char* CGROUP_TASKS_FILE = "/tasks";
 static constexpr const char* CGROUP_TASKS_FILE_V2 = "/cgroup.threads";
 
-uint32_t CgroupController::version() const {
+uint32_t CgroupControllerWrapper::version() const {
     CHECK(HasValue());
     return ACgroupController_getVersion(controller_);
 }
 
-const char* CgroupController::name() const {
+const char* CgroupControllerWrapper::name() const {
     CHECK(HasValue());
     return ACgroupController_getName(controller_);
 }
 
-const char* CgroupController::path() const {
+const char* CgroupControllerWrapper::path() const {
     CHECK(HasValue());
     return ACgroupController_getPath(controller_);
 }
 
-bool CgroupController::HasValue() const {
+bool CgroupControllerWrapper::HasValue() const {
     return controller_ != nullptr;
 }
 
-bool CgroupController::IsUsable() {
+bool CgroupControllerWrapper::IsUsable() {
     if (!HasValue()) return false;
 
     if (state_ == UNKNOWN) {
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@
     return state_ == USABLE;
 }
 
-std::string CgroupController::GetTasksFilePath(const std::string& rel_path) const {
+std::string CgroupControllerWrapper::GetTasksFilePath(const std::string& rel_path) const {
     std::string tasks_path = path();
 
     if (!rel_path.empty()) {
@@ -81,8 +81,8 @@
     return (version() == 1) ? tasks_path + CGROUP_TASKS_FILE : tasks_path + CGROUP_TASKS_FILE_V2;
 }
 
-std::string CgroupController::GetProcsFilePath(const std::string& rel_path, uid_t uid,
-                                               pid_t pid) const {
+std::string CgroupControllerWrapper::GetProcsFilePath(const std::string& rel_path, uid_t uid,
+                                                      pid_t pid) const {
     std::string proc_path(path());
     proc_path.append("/").append(rel_path);
     proc_path = regex_replace(proc_path, std::regex("<uid>"), std::to_string(uid));
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@
     return proc_path.append(CGROUP_PROCS_FILE);
 }
 
-bool CgroupController::GetTaskGroup(pid_t tid, std::string* group) const {
+bool CgroupControllerWrapper::GetTaskGroup(pid_t tid, std::string* group) const {
     std::string file_name = StringPrintf("/proc/%d/cgroup", tid);
     std::string content;
     if (!android::base::ReadFileToString(file_name, &content)) {
@@ -175,40 +175,40 @@
     }
 }
 
-CgroupController CgroupMap::FindController(const std::string& name) const {
+CgroupControllerWrapper CgroupMap::FindController(const std::string& name) const {
     if (!loaded_) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "CgroupMap::FindController called for [" << getpid()
                    << "] failed, RC file was not initialized properly";
-        return CgroupController(nullptr);
+        return CgroupControllerWrapper(nullptr);
     }
 
     auto controller_count = ACgroupFile_getControllerCount();
     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < controller_count; ++i) {
         const ACgroupController* controller = ACgroupFile_getController(i);
         if (name == ACgroupController_getName(controller)) {
-            return CgroupController(controller);
+            return CgroupControllerWrapper(controller);
         }
     }
 
-    return CgroupController(nullptr);
+    return CgroupControllerWrapper(nullptr);
 }
 
-CgroupController CgroupMap::FindControllerByPath(const std::string& path) const {
+CgroupControllerWrapper CgroupMap::FindControllerByPath(const std::string& path) const {
     if (!loaded_) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "CgroupMap::FindControllerByPath called for [" << getpid()
                    << "] failed, RC file was not initialized properly";
-        return CgroupController(nullptr);
+        return CgroupControllerWrapper(nullptr);
     }
 
     auto controller_count = ACgroupFile_getControllerCount();
     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < controller_count; ++i) {
         const ACgroupController* controller = ACgroupFile_getController(i);
         if (StartsWith(path, ACgroupController_getPath(controller))) {
-            return CgroupController(controller);
+            return CgroupControllerWrapper(controller);
         }
     }
 
-    return CgroupController(nullptr);
+    return CgroupControllerWrapper(nullptr);
 }
 
 int CgroupMap::ActivateControllers(const std::string& path) const {
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/cgroup_map.h b/libprocessgroup/cgroup_map.h
index 31925d5..3642794 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/cgroup_map.h
+++ b/libprocessgroup/cgroup_map.h
@@ -23,10 +23,10 @@
 #include <android/cgrouprc.h>
 
 // Convenient wrapper of an ACgroupController pointer.
-class CgroupController {
+class CgroupControllerWrapper {
   public:
     // Does not own controller
-    explicit CgroupController(const ACgroupController* controller)
+    explicit CgroupControllerWrapper(const ACgroupController* controller)
         : controller_(controller) {}
 
     uint32_t version() const;
@@ -53,12 +53,9 @@
 
 class CgroupMap {
   public:
-    // Selinux policy ensures only init process can successfully use this function
-    static bool SetupCgroups();
-
     static CgroupMap& GetInstance();
-    CgroupController FindController(const std::string& name) const;
-    CgroupController FindControllerByPath(const std::string& path) const;
+    CgroupControllerWrapper FindController(const std::string& name) const;
+    CgroupControllerWrapper FindControllerByPath(const std::string& path) const;
     int ActivateControllers(const std::string& path) const;
 
   private:
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/Android.bp b/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/Android.bp
index 7522cfe..cb91247 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/Android.bp
+++ b/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/Android.bp
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@
         symbol_file: "libcgrouprc.map.txt",
     },
     srcs: [
-        "cgroup_controller.cpp",
-        "cgroup_file.cpp",
+        "a_cgroup_controller.cpp",
+        "a_cgroup_file.cpp",
     ],
     cflags: [
         "-Wall",
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/cgroup_controller.cpp b/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/a_cgroup_controller.cpp
similarity index 100%
rename from libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/cgroup_controller.cpp
rename to libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/a_cgroup_controller.cpp
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/cgroup_file.cpp b/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/a_cgroup_file.cpp
similarity index 100%
rename from libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/cgroup_file.cpp
rename to libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/a_cgroup_file.cpp
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/include/processgroup/sched_policy.h b/libprocessgroup/include/processgroup/sched_policy.h
index a18847e..1b6ea66 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/include/processgroup/sched_policy.h
+++ b/libprocessgroup/include/processgroup/sched_policy.h
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@
     SP_TOP_APP = 5,
     SP_RT_APP = 6,
     SP_RESTRICTED = 7,
+    SP_FOREGROUND_WINDOW = 8,
     SP_CNT,
     SP_MAX = SP_CNT - 1,
     SP_SYSTEM_DEFAULT = SP_FOREGROUND,
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/processgroup.cpp b/libprocessgroup/processgroup.cpp
index 387c104..83a2258 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/processgroup.cpp
+++ b/libprocessgroup/processgroup.cpp
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@
 }
 
 static bool CgroupGetMemcgAppsPath(std::string* path) {
-    CgroupController controller = CgroupMap::GetInstance().FindController("memory");
+    CgroupControllerWrapper controller = CgroupMap::GetInstance().FindController("memory");
 
     if (!controller.HasValue()) {
         return false;
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/profiles/task_profiles.json b/libprocessgroup/profiles/task_profiles.json
index 1fc66ba..ec125aa 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/profiles/task_profiles.json
+++ b/libprocessgroup/profiles/task_profiles.json
@@ -11,6 +11,11 @@
       "File": "foreground/cpus"
     },
     {
+      "Name": "HighCapacityWICPUs",
+      "Controller": "cpuset",
+      "File": "foreground_window/cpus"
+    },
+    {
       "Name": "MaxCapacityCPUs",
       "Controller": "cpuset",
       "File": "top-app/cpus"
@@ -159,6 +164,19 @@
       ]
     },
     {
+      "Name": "HighPerformanceWI",
+      "Actions": [
+        {
+          "Name": "JoinCgroup",
+          "Params":
+          {
+            "Controller": "cpu",
+            "Path": "foreground_window"
+          }
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
       "Name": "MaxPerformance",
       "Actions": [
         {
@@ -382,6 +400,19 @@
       ]
     },
     {
+      "Name": "ProcessCapacityHighWI",
+      "Actions": [
+        {
+          "Name": "JoinCgroup",
+          "Params":
+          {
+            "Controller": "cpuset",
+            "Path": "foreground_window"
+          }
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
       "Name": "ProcessCapacityMax",
       "Actions": [
         {
@@ -639,6 +670,10 @@
       "Profiles": [ "HighPerformance", "HighIoPriority", "TimerSlackNormal" ]
     },
     {
+      "Name": "SCHED_SP_FOREGROUND_WINDOW",
+      "Profiles": [ "HighPerformanceWI", "HighIoPriority", "TimerSlackNormal" ]
+    },
+    {
       "Name": "SCHED_SP_TOP_APP",
       "Profiles": [ "MaxPerformance", "MaxIoPriority", "TimerSlackNormal" ]
     },
@@ -667,6 +702,10 @@
       "Profiles": [ "HighPerformance", "ProcessCapacityHigh", "HighIoPriority", "TimerSlackNormal" ]
     },
     {
+      "Name": "CPUSET_SP_FOREGROUND_WINDOW",
+      "Profiles": [ "HighPerformanceWI", "ProcessCapacityHighWI", "HighIoPriority", "TimerSlackNormal" ]
+    },
+    {
       "Name": "CPUSET_SP_TOP_APP",
       "Profiles": [ "MaxPerformance", "ProcessCapacityMax", "MaxIoPriority", "TimerSlackNormal" ]
     },
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/sched_policy.cpp b/libprocessgroup/sched_policy.cpp
index 0f2640a..042bcd2 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/sched_policy.cpp
+++ b/libprocessgroup/sched_policy.cpp
@@ -58,6 +58,8 @@
             return SetTaskProfiles(tid, {"CPUSET_SP_SYSTEM"}, true) ? 0 : -1;
         case SP_RESTRICTED:
             return SetTaskProfiles(tid, {"CPUSET_SP_RESTRICTED"}, true) ? 0 : -1;
+        case SP_FOREGROUND_WINDOW:
+            return SetTaskProfiles(tid, {"CPUSET_SP_FOREGROUND_WINDOW"}, true) ? 0 : -1;
         default:
             break;
     }
@@ -110,6 +112,9 @@
         case SP_RT_APP:
             SLOGD("RT  tid %d (%s)", tid, thread_name);
             break;
+        case SP_FOREGROUND_WINDOW:
+            SLOGD("WI  tid %d (%s)", tid, thread_name);
+            break;
         default:
             SLOGD("??? tid %d (%s)", tid, thread_name);
             break;
@@ -129,6 +134,8 @@
             return SetTaskProfiles(tid, {"SCHED_SP_SYSTEM"}, true) ? 0 : -1;
         case SP_RT_APP:
             return SetTaskProfiles(tid, {"SCHED_SP_RT_APP"}, true) ? 0 : -1;
+        case SP_FOREGROUND_WINDOW:
+            return SetTaskProfiles(tid, {"SCHED_SP_FOREGROUND_WINDOW"}, true) ? 0 : -1;
         default:
             return SetTaskProfiles(tid, {"SCHED_SP_DEFAULT"}, true) ? 0 : -1;
     }
@@ -179,6 +186,8 @@
         *policy = SP_TOP_APP;
     } else if (group == "restricted") {
         *policy = SP_RESTRICTED;
+    } else if (group == "foreground_window") {
+        *policy = SP_FOREGROUND_WINDOW;
     } else {
         errno = ERANGE;
         return -1;
@@ -235,7 +244,7 @@
     static const char* const kSchedPolicyNames[] = {
             [SP_BACKGROUND] = "bg", [SP_FOREGROUND] = "fg", [SP_SYSTEM] = "  ",
             [SP_AUDIO_APP] = "aa",  [SP_AUDIO_SYS] = "as",  [SP_TOP_APP] = "ta",
-            [SP_RT_APP] = "rt",     [SP_RESTRICTED] = "rs",
+            [SP_RT_APP] = "rt",     [SP_RESTRICTED] = "rs", [SP_FOREGROUND_WINDOW] = "wi",
     };
     static_assert(arraysize(kSchedPolicyNames) == SP_CNT, "missing name");
     if (policy < SP_BACKGROUND || policy >= SP_CNT) {
@@ -249,14 +258,16 @@
      *  cpuset profile array for:
      *  SP_DEFAULT(-1), SP_BACKGROUND(0), SP_FOREGROUND(1),
      *  SP_SYSTEM(2), SP_AUDIO_APP(3), SP_AUDIO_SYS(4),
-     *  SP_TOP_APP(5), SP_RT_APP(6), SP_RESTRICTED(7)
+     *  SP_TOP_APP(5), SP_RT_APP(6), SP_RESTRICTED(7),
+     *  SP_FOREGROUND_WINDOW(8)
      *  index is policy + 1
      *  this need keep in sync with SchedPolicy enum
      */
     static constexpr const char* kCpusetProfiles[SP_CNT + 1] = {
-            "CPUSET_SP_DEFAULT", "CPUSET_SP_BACKGROUND", "CPUSET_SP_FOREGROUND",
-            "CPUSET_SP_SYSTEM",  "CPUSET_SP_FOREGROUND", "CPUSET_SP_FOREGROUND",
-            "CPUSET_SP_TOP_APP", "CPUSET_SP_DEFAULT",    "CPUSET_SP_RESTRICTED"};
+            "CPUSET_SP_DEFAULT",      "CPUSET_SP_BACKGROUND", "CPUSET_SP_FOREGROUND",
+            "CPUSET_SP_SYSTEM",       "CPUSET_SP_FOREGROUND", "CPUSET_SP_FOREGROUND",
+            "CPUSET_SP_TOP_APP",      "CPUSET_SP_DEFAULT",    "CPUSET_SP_RESTRICTED",
+            "CPUSET_SP_FOREGROUND_WINDOW"};
     if (policy < SP_DEFAULT || policy >= SP_CNT) {
         return nullptr;
     }
@@ -268,14 +279,16 @@
      *  sched profile array for:
      *  SP_DEFAULT(-1), SP_BACKGROUND(0), SP_FOREGROUND(1),
      *  SP_SYSTEM(2), SP_AUDIO_APP(3), SP_AUDIO_SYS(4),
-     *  SP_TOP_APP(5), SP_RT_APP(6), SP_RESTRICTED(7)
+     *  SP_TOP_APP(5), SP_RT_APP(6), SP_RESTRICTED(7),
+     *  SP_FOREGROUND_WINDOW(8)
      *  index is policy + 1
      *  this need keep in sync with SchedPolicy enum
      */
     static constexpr const char* kSchedProfiles[SP_CNT + 1] = {
-            "SCHED_SP_DEFAULT", "SCHED_SP_BACKGROUND", "SCHED_SP_FOREGROUND",
-            "SCHED_SP_SYSTEM",  "SCHED_SP_FOREGROUND", "SCHED_SP_FOREGROUND",
-            "SCHED_SP_TOP_APP", "SCHED_SP_RT_APP",     "SCHED_SP_DEFAULT"};
+            "SCHED_SP_DEFAULT",      "SCHED_SP_BACKGROUND", "SCHED_SP_FOREGROUND",
+            "SCHED_SP_SYSTEM",       "SCHED_SP_FOREGROUND", "SCHED_SP_FOREGROUND",
+            "SCHED_SP_TOP_APP",      "SCHED_SP_RT_APP",     "SCHED_SP_DEFAULT",
+            "SCHED_SP_FOREGROUND_WINDOW"};
     if (policy < SP_DEFAULT || policy >= SP_CNT) {
         return nullptr;
     }
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/setup/Android.bp b/libprocessgroup/setup/Android.bp
index 76f0a11..1a4ad01 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/setup/Android.bp
+++ b/libprocessgroup/setup/Android.bp
@@ -34,10 +34,10 @@
     ],
     static_libs: [
         "libcgrouprc_format",
+        "libprocessgroup_util",
     ],
     header_libs: [
         "libprocessgroup_headers",
-        "libprocessgroup_util",
     ],
     export_header_lib_headers: [
         "libprocessgroup_headers",
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/task_profiles.cpp b/libprocessgroup/task_profiles.cpp
index 4870548..67ecc1d 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/task_profiles.cpp
+++ b/libprocessgroup/task_profiles.cpp
@@ -123,8 +123,8 @@
     return file_name_;
 }
 
-void ProfileAttribute::Reset(const CgroupController& controller, const std::string& file_name,
-                             const std::string& file_v2_name) {
+void ProfileAttribute::Reset(const CgroupControllerWrapper& controller,
+                             const std::string& file_name, const std::string& file_v2_name) {
     controller_ = controller;
     file_name_ = file_name;
     file_v2_name_ = file_v2_name;
@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@
     return optional_;
 }
 
-SetCgroupAction::SetCgroupAction(const CgroupController& c, const std::string& p)
+SetCgroupAction::SetCgroupAction(const CgroupControllerWrapper& c, const std::string& p)
     : controller_(c), path_(p) {
     FdCacheHelper::Init(controller_.GetTasksFilePath(path_), fd_[ProfileAction::RCT_TASK]);
     // uid and pid don't matter because IsAppDependentPath ensures the path doesn't use them
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/task_profiles.h b/libprocessgroup/task_profiles.h
index 184e9e3..abb3ca5 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/task_profiles.h
+++ b/libprocessgroup/task_profiles.h
@@ -32,9 +32,9 @@
 class IProfileAttribute {
   public:
     virtual ~IProfileAttribute() = 0;
-    virtual void Reset(const CgroupController& controller, const std::string& file_name,
+    virtual void Reset(const CgroupControllerWrapper& controller, const std::string& file_name,
                        const std::string& file_v2_name) = 0;
-    virtual const CgroupController* controller() const = 0;
+    virtual const CgroupControllerWrapper* controller() const = 0;
     virtual const std::string& file_name() const = 0;
     virtual bool GetPathForProcess(uid_t uid, pid_t pid, std::string* path) const = 0;
     virtual bool GetPathForTask(pid_t tid, std::string* path) const = 0;
@@ -46,14 +46,14 @@
     // Cgroup attributes may have different names in the v1 and v2 hierarchies. If `file_v2_name` is
     // not empty, `file_name` is the name for the v1 hierarchy and `file_v2_name` is the name for
     // the v2 hierarchy. If `file_v2_name` is empty, `file_name` is used for both hierarchies.
-    ProfileAttribute(const CgroupController& controller, const std::string& file_name,
+    ProfileAttribute(const CgroupControllerWrapper& controller, const std::string& file_name,
                      const std::string& file_v2_name)
         : controller_(controller), file_name_(file_name), file_v2_name_(file_v2_name) {}
     ~ProfileAttribute() = default;
 
-    const CgroupController* controller() const override { return &controller_; }
+    const CgroupControllerWrapper* controller() const override { return &controller_; }
     const std::string& file_name() const override;
-    void Reset(const CgroupController& controller, const std::string& file_name,
+    void Reset(const CgroupControllerWrapper& controller, const std::string& file_name,
                const std::string& file_v2_name) override;
 
     bool GetPathForProcess(uid_t uid, pid_t pid, std::string* path) const override;
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@
     bool GetPathForUID(uid_t uid, std::string* path) const override;
 
   private:
-    CgroupController controller_;
+    CgroupControllerWrapper controller_;
     std::string file_name_;
     std::string file_v2_name_;
 };
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@
 // Set cgroup profile element
 class SetCgroupAction : public ProfileAction {
   public:
-    SetCgroupAction(const CgroupController& c, const std::string& p);
+    SetCgroupAction(const CgroupControllerWrapper& c, const std::string& p);
 
     const char* Name() const override { return "SetCgroup"; }
     bool ExecuteForProcess(uid_t uid, pid_t pid) const override;
@@ -152,10 +152,10 @@
     bool IsValidForProcess(uid_t uid, pid_t pid) const override;
     bool IsValidForTask(pid_t tid) const override;
 
-    const CgroupController* controller() const { return &controller_; }
+    const CgroupControllerWrapper* controller() const { return &controller_; }
 
   private:
-    CgroupController controller_;
+    CgroupControllerWrapper controller_;
     std::string path_;
     android::base::unique_fd fd_[ProfileAction::RCT_COUNT];
     mutable std::mutex fd_mutex_;
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/task_profiles_test.cpp b/libprocessgroup/task_profiles_test.cpp
index d19da2b..dff6d67 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/task_profiles_test.cpp
+++ b/libprocessgroup/task_profiles_test.cpp
@@ -102,10 +102,10 @@
   public:
     ProfileAttributeMock(const std::string& file_name) : file_name_(file_name) {}
     ~ProfileAttributeMock() override = default;
-    void Reset(const CgroupController&, const std::string&, const std::string&) override {
+    void Reset(const CgroupControllerWrapper&, const std::string&, const std::string&) override {
         CHECK(false);
     }
-    const CgroupController* controller() const override {
+    const CgroupControllerWrapper* controller() const override {
         CHECK(false);
         return {};
     }
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/util/Android.bp b/libprocessgroup/util/Android.bp
index 4a940b7..54ba69b 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/util/Android.bp
+++ b/libprocessgroup/util/Android.bp
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
     default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
 }
 
-cc_library_headers {
+cc_library_static {
     name: "libprocessgroup_util",
     vendor_available: true,
     product_available: true,
@@ -36,12 +36,15 @@
     export_include_dirs: [
         "include",
     ],
+    srcs: [
+        "util.cpp",
+    ],
     defaults: ["libprocessgroup_build_flags_cc"],
 }
 
 cc_test {
     name: "libprocessgroup_util_test",
-    header_libs: ["libprocessgroup_util"],
+    static_libs: ["libprocessgroup_util"],
     srcs: ["tests/util.cpp"],
     test_suites: ["general-tests"],
 }
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/util/include/processgroup/util.h b/libprocessgroup/util/include/processgroup/util.h
index 5240744..8d013af 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/util/include/processgroup/util.h
+++ b/libprocessgroup/util/include/processgroup/util.h
@@ -16,46 +16,10 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <iterator>
 #include <string>
 
 namespace util {
 
-namespace internal {
-
-const char SEP = '/';
-
-std::string DeduplicateAndTrimSeparators(const std::string& path) {
-    bool lastWasSep = false;
-    std::string ret;
-
-    std::copy_if(path.begin(), path.end(), std::back_inserter(ret), [&lastWasSep](char c) {
-        if (lastWasSep) {
-            if (c == SEP) return false;
-            lastWasSep = false;
-        } else if (c == SEP) {
-            lastWasSep = true;
-        }
-        return true;
-    });
-
-    if (ret.length() > 1 && ret.back() == SEP) ret.pop_back();
-
-    return ret;
-}
-
-}  // namespace internal
-
-unsigned int GetCgroupDepth(const std::string& controller_root, const std::string& cgroup_path) {
-    const std::string deduped_root = internal::DeduplicateAndTrimSeparators(controller_root);
-    const std::string deduped_path = internal::DeduplicateAndTrimSeparators(cgroup_path);
-
-    if (deduped_root.empty() || deduped_path.empty() || !deduped_path.starts_with(deduped_root))
-        return 0;
-
-    return std::count(deduped_path.begin() + deduped_root.size(), deduped_path.end(),
-                      internal::SEP);
-}
+unsigned int GetCgroupDepth(const std::string& controller_root, const std::string& cgroup_path);
 
 }  // namespace util
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/util/util.cpp b/libprocessgroup/util/util.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9b88a22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libprocessgroup/util/util.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <processgroup/util.h>
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <iterator>
+
+namespace {
+
+const char SEP = '/';
+
+std::string DeduplicateAndTrimSeparators(const std::string& path) {
+    bool lastWasSep = false;
+    std::string ret;
+
+    std::copy_if(path.begin(), path.end(), std::back_inserter(ret), [&lastWasSep](char c) {
+        if (lastWasSep) {
+            if (c == SEP) return false;
+            lastWasSep = false;
+        } else if (c == SEP) {
+            lastWasSep = true;
+        }
+        return true;
+    });
+
+    if (ret.length() > 1 && ret.back() == SEP) ret.pop_back();
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+}  // anonymous namespace
+
+namespace util {
+
+unsigned int GetCgroupDepth(const std::string& controller_root, const std::string& cgroup_path) {
+    const std::string deduped_root = DeduplicateAndTrimSeparators(controller_root);
+    const std::string deduped_path = DeduplicateAndTrimSeparators(cgroup_path);
+
+    if (deduped_root.empty() || deduped_path.empty() || !deduped_path.starts_with(deduped_root))
+        return 0;
+
+    return std::count(deduped_path.begin() + deduped_root.size(), deduped_path.end(), SEP);
+}
+
+}  // namespace util
diff --git a/rootdir/init.rc b/rootdir/init.rc
index b804c1b..b967831 100644
--- a/rootdir/init.rc
+++ b/rootdir/init.rc
@@ -145,6 +145,7 @@
 
     # cpuctl hierarchy for devices using utilclamp
     mkdir /dev/cpuctl/foreground
+    mkdir /dev/cpuctl/foreground_window
     mkdir /dev/cpuctl/background
     mkdir /dev/cpuctl/top-app
     mkdir /dev/cpuctl/rt
@@ -153,6 +154,7 @@
     mkdir /dev/cpuctl/dex2oat
     chown system system /dev/cpuctl
     chown system system /dev/cpuctl/foreground
+    chown system system /dev/cpuctl/foreground_window
     chown system system /dev/cpuctl/background
     chown system system /dev/cpuctl/top-app
     chown system system /dev/cpuctl/rt
@@ -161,6 +163,7 @@
     chown system system /dev/cpuctl/dex2oat
     chown system system /dev/cpuctl/tasks
     chown system system /dev/cpuctl/foreground/tasks
+    chown system system /dev/cpuctl/foreground_window/tasks
     chown system system /dev/cpuctl/background/tasks
     chown system system /dev/cpuctl/top-app/tasks
     chown system system /dev/cpuctl/rt/tasks
@@ -169,6 +172,7 @@
     chown system system /dev/cpuctl/dex2oat/tasks
     chown system system /dev/cpuctl/cgroup.procs
     chown system system /dev/cpuctl/foreground/cgroup.procs
+    chown system system /dev/cpuctl/foreground_window/cgroup.procs
     chown system system /dev/cpuctl/background/cgroup.procs
     chown system system /dev/cpuctl/top-app/cgroup.procs
     chown system system /dev/cpuctl/rt/cgroup.procs
@@ -177,6 +181,7 @@
     chown system system /dev/cpuctl/dex2oat/cgroup.procs
     chmod 0664 /dev/cpuctl/tasks
     chmod 0664 /dev/cpuctl/foreground/tasks
+    chmod 0664 /dev/cpuctl/foreground_window/tasks
     chmod 0664 /dev/cpuctl/background/tasks
     chmod 0664 /dev/cpuctl/top-app/tasks
     chmod 0664 /dev/cpuctl/rt/tasks
@@ -185,6 +190,7 @@
     chmod 0664 /dev/cpuctl/dex2oat/tasks
     chmod 0664 /dev/cpuctl/cgroup.procs
     chmod 0664 /dev/cpuctl/foreground/cgroup.procs
+    chmod 0664 /dev/cpuctl/foreground_window/cgroup.procs
     chmod 0664 /dev/cpuctl/background/cgroup.procs
     chmod 0664 /dev/cpuctl/top-app/cgroup.procs
     chmod 0664 /dev/cpuctl/rt/cgroup.procs
@@ -354,6 +360,9 @@
     mkdir /dev/cpuset/foreground
     copy /dev/cpuset/cpus /dev/cpuset/foreground/cpus
     copy /dev/cpuset/mems /dev/cpuset/foreground/mems
+    mkdir /dev/cpuset/foreground_window
+    copy /dev/cpuset/cpus /dev/cpuset/foreground_window/cpus
+    copy /dev/cpuset/mems /dev/cpuset/foreground_window/mems
     mkdir /dev/cpuset/background
     copy /dev/cpuset/cpus /dev/cpuset/background/cpus
     copy /dev/cpuset/mems /dev/cpuset/background/mems
@@ -382,6 +391,7 @@
     # change permissions for all cpusets we'll touch at runtime
     chown system system /dev/cpuset
     chown system system /dev/cpuset/foreground
+    chown system system /dev/cpuset/foreground_window
     chown system system /dev/cpuset/background
     chown system system /dev/cpuset/system-background
     chown system system /dev/cpuset/top-app
@@ -389,6 +399,7 @@
     chown system system /dev/cpuset/camera-daemon
     chown system system /dev/cpuset/tasks
     chown system system /dev/cpuset/foreground/tasks
+    chown system system /dev/cpuset/foreground_window/tasks
     chown system system /dev/cpuset/background/tasks
     chown system system /dev/cpuset/system-background/tasks
     chown system system /dev/cpuset/top-app/tasks
@@ -396,6 +407,7 @@
     chown system system /dev/cpuset/camera-daemon/tasks
     chown system system /dev/cpuset/cgroup.procs
     chown system system /dev/cpuset/foreground/cgroup.procs
+    chown system system /dev/cpuset/foreground_window/cgroup.procs
     chown system system /dev/cpuset/background/cgroup.procs
     chown system system /dev/cpuset/system-background/cgroup.procs
     chown system system /dev/cpuset/top-app/cgroup.procs
@@ -406,6 +418,7 @@
     chmod 0775 /dev/cpuset/system-background
 
     chmod 0664 /dev/cpuset/foreground/tasks
+    chmod 0664 /dev/cpuset/foreground_window/tasks
     chmod 0664 /dev/cpuset/background/tasks
     chmod 0664 /dev/cpuset/system-background/tasks
     chmod 0664 /dev/cpuset/top-app/tasks
@@ -413,6 +426,7 @@
     chmod 0664 /dev/cpuset/tasks
     chmod 0664 /dev/cpuset/camera-daemon/tasks
     chmod 0664 /dev/cpuset/foreground/cgroup.procs
+    chmod 0664 /dev/cpuset/foreground_window/cgroup.procs
     chmod 0664 /dev/cpuset/background/cgroup.procs
     chmod 0664 /dev/cpuset/system-background/cgroup.procs
     chmod 0664 /dev/cpuset/top-app/cgroup.procs
@@ -620,7 +634,6 @@
     mkdir /metadata/bootstat 0750 system log
     mkdir /metadata/ota 0750 root system
     mkdir /metadata/ota/snapshots 0750 root system
-    mkdir /metadata/userspacereboot 0770 root system
     mkdir /metadata/watchdog 0770 root system
 
     mkdir /metadata/apex 0700 root system
@@ -648,6 +661,14 @@
     chmod 0755 /sys/kernel/tracing
     chmod 0755 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing
 
+    # Early HALs may use early VM. Mount /mnt/vm before starting such HALs.
+    mkdir /mnt/vm 0755 root root
+    mount tmpfs tmpfs /mnt/vm nosuid nodev noexec rw
+    restorecon /mnt/vm
+    chown system system /mnt/vm
+    chmod 0770 /mnt/vm
+    mkdir /mnt/vm/early 0770 system system
+
     # HALs required before storage encryption can get unlocked (FBE)
     class_start early_hal
 
@@ -1323,46 +1344,6 @@
 on init && property:ro.debuggable=1
     start console
 
-on userspace-reboot-requested
-  # TODO(b/135984674): reset all necessary properties here.
-  setprop sys.boot_completed ""
-  setprop dev.bootcomplete ""
-  setprop sys.init.updatable_crashing ""
-  setprop sys.init.updatable_crashing_process_name ""
-  setprop sys.user.0.ce_available ""
-  setprop sys.shutdown.requested ""
-  setprop service.bootanim.exit ""
-  setprop service.bootanim.progress ""
-
-on userspace-reboot-fs-remount
-  # Make sure that vold is running.
-  # This is mostly a precaution measure in case vold for some reason wasn't running when
-  # userspace reboot was initiated.
-  start vold
-  exec - system system -- /system/bin/vdc checkpoint resetCheckpoint
-  exec - system system -- /system/bin/vdc checkpoint markBootAttempt
-  # Unmount /data_mirror mounts in the reverse order of corresponding mounts.
-  umount /data_mirror/data_ce/null/0
-  umount /data_mirror/data_ce/null
-  umount /data_mirror/data_de/null
-  umount /data_mirror/storage_area/0
-  umount /data_mirror/storage_area
-  umount /data_mirror/cur_profiles
-  umount /data_mirror/ref_profiles
-  umount /data_mirror
-  remount_userdata
-  start bootanim
-
-on userspace-reboot-resume
-  trigger userspace-reboot-fs-remount
-  trigger post-fs-data
-  trigger zygote-start
-  trigger early-boot
-  trigger boot
-
-on property:sys.boot_completed=1 && property:sys.init.userspace_reboot.in_progress=1
-  setprop sys.init.userspace_reboot.in_progress ""
-
 # Multi-Gen LRU Experiment
 on property:persist.device_config.mglru_native.lru_gen_config=none
   write /sys/kernel/mm/lru_gen/enabled 0
diff --git a/rootdir/init.usb.rc b/rootdir/init.usb.rc
index dde784e..b30d6d0 100644
--- a/rootdir/init.usb.rc
+++ b/rootdir/init.usb.rc
@@ -139,7 +139,3 @@
 on property:sys.usb.typec.power_role=sink
     write /sys/class/dual_role_usb/otg_default/power_role ${sys.usb.typec.power_role}
     setprop sys.usb.typec.state ${sys.usb.typec.power_role}
-
-on userspace-reboot-requested
-  setprop sys.usb.config ""
-  setprop sys.usb.state ""
diff --git a/trusty/libtrusty-rs/Android.bp b/trusty/libtrusty-rs/Android.bp
index 4fc162b..e289005 100644
--- a/trusty/libtrusty-rs/Android.bp
+++ b/trusty/libtrusty-rs/Android.bp
@@ -21,9 +21,10 @@
     crate_name: "trusty",
     vendor_available: true,
     srcs: [
-        "src/lib.rs"
+        "src/lib.rs",
     ],
     rustlibs: [
+        "liblog_rust",
         "libnix",
         "liblibc",
     ],
@@ -36,5 +37,5 @@
     rustlibs: [
         "libtrusty-rs",
         "liblibc",
-    ]
+    ],
 }
diff --git a/trusty/libtrusty-rs/src/lib.rs b/trusty/libtrusty-rs/src/lib.rs
index 22b894a..9237c8b 100644
--- a/trusty/libtrusty-rs/src/lib.rs
+++ b/trusty/libtrusty-rs/src/lib.rs
@@ -61,12 +61,18 @@
 //! ```
 
 use crate::sys::tipc_connect;
+use log::{trace, warn};
+use nix::sys::socket;
+use std::convert::From;
 use std::ffi::CString;
 use std::fs::File;
+use std::io;
 use std::io::prelude::*;
 use std::io::{ErrorKind, Result};
 use std::os::unix::prelude::AsRawFd;
 use std::path::Path;
+use std::thread;
+use std::time;
 
 mod sys;
 
@@ -98,7 +104,89 @@
     /// bytes. This is handled with a panic because the service names are all
     /// hard-coded constants, and so such an error should always be indicative of a
     /// bug in the calling code.
-    pub fn connect(device: impl AsRef<Path>, service: &str) -> Result<Self> {
+    pub fn connect(device: &str, service: &str) -> Result<Self> {
+        if let Some(cid_port_str) = device.strip_prefix("VSOCK:") {
+            Self::connect_vsock(cid_port_str, service)
+        } else {
+            Self::connect_tipc(device, service)
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn connect_vsock(type_cid_port_str: &str, service: &str) -> Result<Self> {
+        let cid_port_str;
+        let socket_type;
+        if let Some(stream_cid_port_str) = type_cid_port_str.strip_prefix("STREAM:") {
+            socket_type = socket::SockType::Stream;
+            cid_port_str = stream_cid_port_str;
+        } else if let Some(seqpacket_cid_port_str) = type_cid_port_str.strip_prefix("SEQPACKET:") {
+            socket_type = socket::SockType::SeqPacket;
+            cid_port_str = seqpacket_cid_port_str;
+        } else {
+            /*
+             * Default to SOCK_STREAM if neither type is specified.
+             *
+             * TODO: use SOCK_SEQPACKET by default instead of SOCK_STREAM when SOCK_SEQPACKET is fully
+             * supported since it matches tipc better. At the moment SOCK_SEQPACKET is not supported by
+             * crosvm. It is also significantly slower since the Linux kernel implementation (as of
+             * v6.7-rc1) sends credit update packets every time it receives a data packet while the
+             * SOCK_STREAM version skips these unless the remaining buffer space is "low".
+             */
+            socket_type = socket::SockType::Stream;
+            cid_port_str = type_cid_port_str;
+        }
+
+        let [cid, port]: [u32; 2] = cid_port_str
+            .split(':')
+            .map(|v| v.parse::<u32>().map_err(|e| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput, e)))
+            .collect::<Result<Vec<u32>>>()?
+            .try_into()
+            .map_err(|e| {
+                io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput, format!("Wrong number of args: {e:?}"))
+            })?;
+
+        trace!("got cid, port: {cid}, {port}");
+        let s = socket::socket(
+            socket::AddressFamily::Vsock,
+            socket_type,
+            socket::SockFlag::SOCK_CLOEXEC,
+            None,
+        )?;
+        trace!("got socket");
+        let sa = socket::VsockAddr::new(cid, port);
+        trace!("got sa");
+
+        //let connect_timeout = libc::timeval {tv_sec: 60, tv_usec: 0};
+        // TODO: Set AF_VSOCK/SO_VM_SOCKETS_CONNECT_TIMEOUT sockopt.
+
+        let mut retry = 10;
+        loop {
+            let res = socket::connect(s.as_raw_fd(), &sa);
+            if res.is_ok() || retry <= 0 {
+                res?;
+                break;
+            }
+            warn!("vsock:{cid}:{port} connect failed {res:?}, {retry} retries remaining");
+            retry -= 1;
+            thread::sleep(time::Duration::from_secs(5));
+        }
+        trace!("connected");
+        // TODO: Current vsock tipc bridge in trusty expects a port name in the
+        // first packet. We need to replace this with a protocol that also does DICE
+        // based authentication.
+        // `s` is a valid file descriptor because it came from socket::socket.
+        let mut channel = Self(File::from(s));
+        channel.send(service.as_bytes())?;
+        trace!("sent tipc port name");
+
+        // Work around lack of seq packet support. Read a status byte to prevent
+        // the caller from sending more data until srv_name has been read.
+        let mut status = [0; 1];
+        channel.recv_no_alloc(&mut status)?;
+        trace!("got status byte: {status:?}");
+        Ok(channel)
+    }
+
+    fn connect_tipc(device: impl AsRef<Path>, service: &str) -> Result<Self> {
         let file = File::options().read(true).write(true).open(device)?;
 
         let srv_name = CString::new(service).expect("Service name contained null bytes");
@@ -108,7 +196,7 @@
             tipc_connect(file.as_raw_fd(), srv_name.as_ptr())?;
         }
 
-        Ok(TipcChannel(file))
+        Ok(Self(file))
     }
 
     /// Sends a message to the connected service.
diff --git a/trusty/libtrusty/trusty.c b/trusty/libtrusty/trusty.c
index f44f8b4..63262a0 100644
--- a/trusty/libtrusty/trusty.c
+++ b/trusty/libtrusty/trusty.c
@@ -23,16 +23,161 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <sys/uio.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
+#include <linux/vm_sockets.h> /* must be after sys/socket.h */
 #include <log/log.h>
 
 #include <trusty/ipc.h>
 
+static const char* strip_prefix(const char* str, const char* prefix) {
+    size_t prefix_len = strlen(prefix);
+    if (strncmp(str, prefix, prefix_len) == 0) {
+        return str + prefix_len;
+    } else {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+static bool use_vsock_connection = false;
+static int tipc_vsock_connect(const char* type_cid_port_str, const char* srv_name) {
+    int ret;
+    const char* cid_port_str;
+    char* port_str;
+    char* end_str;
+    int socket_type;
+    if ((cid_port_str = strip_prefix(type_cid_port_str, "STREAM:"))) {
+        socket_type = SOCK_STREAM;
+    } else if ((cid_port_str = strip_prefix(type_cid_port_str, "SEQPACKET:"))) {
+        socket_type = SOCK_SEQPACKET;
+    } else {
+        /*
+         * Default to SOCK_STREAM if neither type is specified.
+         *
+         * TODO: use SOCK_SEQPACKET by default instead of SOCK_STREAM when SOCK_SEQPACKET is fully
+         * supported since it matches tipc better. At the moment SOCK_SEQPACKET is not supported by
+         * crosvm. It is also significantly slower since the Linux kernel implementation (as of
+         * v6.7-rc1) sends credit update packets every time it receives a data packet while the
+         * SOCK_STREAM version skips these unless the remaining buffer space is "low".
+         */
+        socket_type = SOCK_STREAM;
+        cid_port_str = type_cid_port_str;
+    }
+    long cid = strtol(cid_port_str, &port_str, 0);
+    if (port_str[0] != ':') {
+        ALOGE("%s: invalid VSOCK str, \"%s\", need cid:port missing : after cid\n", __func__,
+              cid_port_str);
+        return -EINVAL;
+    }
+    long port = strtol(port_str + 1, &end_str, 0);
+    if (end_str[0] != '\0') {
+        ALOGE("%s: invalid VSOCK str, \"%s\", need cid:port got %ld:%ld\n", __func__, cid_port_str,
+              cid, port);
+        return -EINVAL;
+    }
+    int fd = socket(AF_VSOCK, socket_type, 0);
+    if (fd < 0) {
+        ret = -errno;
+        ALOGE("%s: can't get vsock %ld:%ld socket for tipc service \"%s\" (err=%d)\n", __func__,
+              cid, port, srv_name, errno);
+        return ret < 0 ? ret : -1;
+    }
+    struct timeval connect_timeout = {.tv_sec = 60, .tv_usec = 0};
+    ret = setsockopt(fd, AF_VSOCK, SO_VM_SOCKETS_CONNECT_TIMEOUT, &connect_timeout,
+                     sizeof(connect_timeout));
+    if (ret) {
+        ALOGE("%s: vsock %ld:%ld: Failed to set connect timeout (err=%d)\n", __func__, cid, port,
+              errno);
+        /* failed to set longer timeout, but try to connect anyway */
+    }
+    struct sockaddr_vm sa = {
+            .svm_family = AF_VSOCK,
+            .svm_port = port,
+            .svm_cid = cid,
+    };
+    int retry = 10;
+    do {
+        ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(connect(fd, (struct sockaddr*)&sa, sizeof(sa)));
+        if (ret && (errno == ENODEV || errno == ESOCKTNOSUPPORT) && --retry) {
+            /*
+             * The kernel returns ESOCKTNOSUPPORT instead of ENODEV if the socket type is
+             * SOCK_SEQPACKET and the guest CID we are trying to connect to is not ready yet.
+             */
+            ALOGE("%s: Can't connect to vsock %ld:%ld for tipc service \"%s\" (err=%d) %d retries "
+                  "remaining\n",
+                  __func__, cid, port, srv_name, errno, retry);
+            sleep(1);
+        } else {
+            retry = 0;
+        }
+    } while (retry);
+    if (ret) {
+        ret = -errno;
+        ALOGE("%s: Can't connect to vsock %ld:%ld for tipc service \"%s\" (err=%d)\n", __func__,
+              cid, port, srv_name, errno);
+        close(fd);
+        return ret < 0 ? ret : -1;
+    }
+    /*
+     * TODO: Current vsock tipc bridge in trusty expects a port name in the
+     * first packet. We need to replace this with a protocol that also does DICE
+     * based authentication.
+     */
+    ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(write(fd, srv_name, strlen(srv_name)));
+    if (ret != strlen(srv_name)) {
+        ret = -errno;
+        ALOGE("%s: vsock %ld:%ld: failed to send tipc service name \"%s\" (err=%d)\n", __func__,
+              cid, port, srv_name, errno);
+        close(fd);
+        return ret < 0 ? ret : -1;
+    }
+    /*
+     * Work around lack of seq packet support. Read a status byte to prevent
+     * the caller from sending more data until srv_name has been read.
+     */
+    int8_t status;
+    ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(fd, &status, sizeof(status)));
+    if (ret != sizeof(status)) {
+        ALOGE("%s: vsock %ld:%ld: failed to read status byte for connect to tipc service name "
+              "\"%s\" (err=%d)\n",
+              __func__, cid, port, srv_name, errno);
+        close(fd);
+        return ret < 0 ? ret : -1;
+    }
+    use_vsock_connection = true;
+    return fd;
+}
+
+static size_t tipc_vsock_send(int fd, const struct iovec* iov, int iovcnt, struct trusty_shm* shms,
+                              int shmcnt) {
+    int ret;
+
+    (void)shms;
+    if (shmcnt != 0) {
+        ALOGE("%s: vsock does not yet support passing fds\n", __func__);
+        return -ENOTSUP;
+    }
+    ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(writev(fd, iov, iovcnt));
+    if (ret < 0) {
+        ret = -errno;
+        ALOGE("%s: failed to send message (err=%d)\n", __func__, errno);
+        return ret < 0 ? ret : -1;
+    }
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
 int tipc_connect(const char* dev_name, const char* srv_name) {
     int fd;
     int rc;
 
+    const char* type_cid_port_str = strip_prefix(dev_name, "VSOCK:");
+    if (type_cid_port_str) {
+        return tipc_vsock_connect(type_cid_port_str, srv_name);
+    }
+
     fd = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(dev_name, O_RDWR));
     if (fd < 0) {
         rc = -errno;
@@ -54,6 +199,9 @@
 
 ssize_t tipc_send(int fd, const struct iovec* iov, int iovcnt, struct trusty_shm* shms,
                   int shmcnt) {
+    if (use_vsock_connection) {
+        return tipc_vsock_send(fd, iov, iovcnt, shms, shmcnt);
+    }
     struct tipc_send_msg_req req;
     req.iov = (__u64)iov;
     req.iov_cnt = (__u64)iovcnt;