diff --git a/libnativeloader/Android.bp b/libnativeloader/Android.bp
index a5b07dd..debc43f 100644
--- a/libnativeloader/Android.bp
+++ b/libnativeloader/Android.bp
@@ -70,26 +70,3 @@
     host_supported: true,
     export_include_dirs: ["include"],
 }
-
-cc_test {
-    name: "libnativeloader_test",
-    srcs: [
-        "native_loader_test.cpp",
-        "native_loader.cpp",
-        "library_namespaces.cpp",
-        "native_loader_namespace.cpp",
-        "public_libraries.cpp",
-    ],
-    cflags: ["-DANDROID"],
-    static_libs: [
-        "libbase",
-        "liblog",
-        "libnativehelper",
-        "libgmock",
-    ],
-    header_libs: [
-        "libnativebridge-headers",
-        "libnativeloader-headers",
-    ],
-    system_shared_libs: ["libc"],
-}
diff --git a/libnativeloader/library_namespaces.h b/libnativeloader/library_namespaces.h
index 6e9a190..fd46cdc 100644
--- a/libnativeloader/library_namespaces.h
+++ b/libnativeloader/library_namespaces.h
@@ -42,10 +42,7 @@
   LibraryNamespaces& operator=(const LibraryNamespaces&) = delete;
 
   void Initialize();
-  void Reset() {
-    namespaces_.clear();
-    initialized_ = false;
-  }
+  void Reset() { namespaces_.clear(); }
   NativeLoaderNamespace* Create(JNIEnv* env, uint32_t target_sdk_version, jobject class_loader,
                                 bool is_shared, jstring dex_path, jstring java_library_path,
                                 jstring java_permitted_path, std::string* error_msg);
diff --git a/libnativeloader/native_loader_test.cpp b/libnativeloader/native_loader_test.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 9648aad..0000000
--- a/libnativeloader/native_loader_test.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,566 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include <dlfcn.h>
-#include <memory>
-#include <unordered_map>
-
-#include <android-base/strings.h>
-#include <gmock/gmock.h>
-#include <gtest/gtest.h>
-#include <jni.h>
-
-#include "native_loader_namespace.h"
-#include "nativeloader/dlext_namespaces.h"
-#include "nativeloader/native_loader.h"
-#include "public_libraries.h"
-
-using namespace ::testing;
-
-namespace android {
-namespace nativeloader {
-
-// gmock interface that represents interested platform APIs on libdl and libnativebridge
-class Platform {
- public:
-  virtual ~Platform() {}
-
-  // libdl APIs
-  virtual void* dlopen(const char* filename, int flags) = 0;
-  virtual int dlclose(void* handle) = 0;
-  virtual char* dlerror(void) = 0;
-
-  // These mock_* are the APIs semantically the same across libdl and libnativebridge.
-  // Instead of having two set of mock APIs for the two, define only one set with an additional
-  // argument 'bool bridged' to identify the context (i.e., called for libdl or libnativebridge).
-  typedef char* mock_namespace_handle;
-  virtual bool mock_init_anonymous_namespace(bool bridged, const char* sonames,
-                                             const char* search_paths) = 0;
-  virtual mock_namespace_handle mock_create_namespace(
-      bool bridged, const char* name, const char* ld_library_path, const char* default_library_path,
-      uint64_t type, const char* permitted_when_isolated_path, mock_namespace_handle parent) = 0;
-  virtual bool mock_link_namespaces(bool bridged, mock_namespace_handle from,
-                                    mock_namespace_handle to, const char* sonames) = 0;
-  virtual mock_namespace_handle mock_get_exported_namespace(bool bridged, const char* name) = 0;
-  virtual void* mock_dlopen_ext(bool bridged, const char* filename, int flags,
-                                mock_namespace_handle ns) = 0;
-
-  // libnativebridge APIs for which libdl has no corresponding APIs
-  virtual bool NativeBridgeInitialized() = 0;
-  virtual const char* NativeBridgeGetError() = 0;
-  virtual bool NativeBridgeIsPathSupported(const char*) = 0;
-  virtual bool NativeBridgeIsSupported(const char*) = 0;
-
-  // To mock "ClassLoader Object.getParent()"
-  virtual const char* JniObject_getParent(const char*) = 0;
-};
-
-// The mock does not actually create a namespace object. But simply casts the pointer to the
-// string for the namespace name as the handle to the namespace object.
-#define TO_ANDROID_NAMESPACE(str) \
-  reinterpret_cast<struct android_namespace_t*>(const_cast<char*>(str))
-
-#define TO_BRIDGED_NAMESPACE(str) \
-  reinterpret_cast<struct native_bridge_namespace_t*>(const_cast<char*>(str))
-
-#define TO_MOCK_NAMESPACE(ns) reinterpret_cast<Platform::mock_namespace_handle>(ns)
-
-// These represents built-in namespaces created by the linker according to ld.config.txt
-static std::unordered_map<std::string, Platform::mock_namespace_handle> namespaces = {
-    {"platform", TO_MOCK_NAMESPACE(TO_ANDROID_NAMESPACE("platform"))},
-    {"default", TO_MOCK_NAMESPACE(TO_ANDROID_NAMESPACE("default"))},
-    {"runtime", TO_MOCK_NAMESPACE(TO_ANDROID_NAMESPACE("runtime"))},
-    {"sphal", TO_MOCK_NAMESPACE(TO_ANDROID_NAMESPACE("sphal"))},
-    {"vndk", TO_MOCK_NAMESPACE(TO_ANDROID_NAMESPACE("vndk"))},
-};
-
-// The actual gmock object
-class MockPlatform : public Platform {
- public:
-  MockPlatform(bool is_bridged) : is_bridged_(is_bridged) {
-    ON_CALL(*this, NativeBridgeIsSupported(_)).WillByDefault(Return(is_bridged_));
-    ON_CALL(*this, NativeBridgeIsPathSupported(_)).WillByDefault(Return(is_bridged_));
-    ON_CALL(*this, mock_get_exported_namespace(_, _))
-        .WillByDefault(Invoke([](bool, const char* name) -> mock_namespace_handle {
-          if (namespaces.find(name) != namespaces.end()) {
-            return namespaces[name];
-          }
-          return nullptr;
-        }));
-  }
-
-  // Mocking libdl APIs
-  MOCK_METHOD2(dlopen, void*(const char*, int));
-  MOCK_METHOD1(dlclose, int(void*));
-  MOCK_METHOD0(dlerror, char*());
-
-  // Mocking the common APIs
-  MOCK_METHOD3(mock_init_anonymous_namespace, bool(bool, const char*, const char*));
-  MOCK_METHOD7(mock_create_namespace,
-               mock_namespace_handle(bool, const char*, const char*, const char*, uint64_t,
-                                     const char*, mock_namespace_handle));
-  MOCK_METHOD4(mock_link_namespaces,
-               bool(bool, mock_namespace_handle, mock_namespace_handle, const char*));
-  MOCK_METHOD2(mock_get_exported_namespace, mock_namespace_handle(bool, const char*));
-  MOCK_METHOD4(mock_dlopen_ext, void*(bool, const char*, int, mock_namespace_handle));
-
-  // Mocking libnativebridge APIs
-  MOCK_METHOD0(NativeBridgeInitialized, bool());
-  MOCK_METHOD0(NativeBridgeGetError, const char*());
-  MOCK_METHOD1(NativeBridgeIsPathSupported, bool(const char*));
-  MOCK_METHOD1(NativeBridgeIsSupported, bool(const char*));
-
-  // Mocking "ClassLoader Object.getParent()"
-  MOCK_METHOD1(JniObject_getParent, const char*(const char*));
-
- private:
-  bool is_bridged_;
-};
-
-static std::unique_ptr<MockPlatform> mock;
-
-// Provide C wrappers for the mock object.
-extern "C" {
-void* dlopen(const char* file, int flag) {
-  return mock->dlopen(file, flag);
-}
-
-int dlclose(void* handle) {
-  return mock->dlclose(handle);
-}
-
-char* dlerror(void) {
-  return mock->dlerror();
-}
-
-bool android_init_anonymous_namespace(const char* sonames, const char* search_path) {
-  return mock->mock_init_anonymous_namespace(false, sonames, search_path);
-}
-
-struct android_namespace_t* android_create_namespace(const char* name, const char* ld_library_path,
-                                                     const char* default_library_path,
-                                                     uint64_t type,
-                                                     const char* permitted_when_isolated_path,
-                                                     struct android_namespace_t* parent) {
-  return TO_ANDROID_NAMESPACE(
-      mock->mock_create_namespace(false, name, ld_library_path, default_library_path, type,
-                                  permitted_when_isolated_path, TO_MOCK_NAMESPACE(parent)));
-}
-
-bool android_link_namespaces(struct android_namespace_t* from, struct android_namespace_t* to,
-                             const char* sonames) {
-  return mock->mock_link_namespaces(false, TO_MOCK_NAMESPACE(from), TO_MOCK_NAMESPACE(to), sonames);
-}
-
-struct android_namespace_t* android_get_exported_namespace(const char* name) {
-  return TO_ANDROID_NAMESPACE(mock->mock_get_exported_namespace(false, name));
-}
-
-void* android_dlopen_ext(const char* filename, int flags, const android_dlextinfo* info) {
-  return mock->mock_dlopen_ext(false, filename, flags, TO_MOCK_NAMESPACE(info->library_namespace));
-}
-
-// libnativebridge APIs
-bool NativeBridgeIsSupported(const char* libpath) {
-  return mock->NativeBridgeIsSupported(libpath);
-}
-
-struct native_bridge_namespace_t* NativeBridgeGetExportedNamespace(const char* name) {
-  return TO_BRIDGED_NAMESPACE(mock->mock_get_exported_namespace(true, name));
-}
-
-struct native_bridge_namespace_t* NativeBridgeCreateNamespace(
-    const char* name, const char* ld_library_path, const char* default_library_path, uint64_t type,
-    const char* permitted_when_isolated_path, struct native_bridge_namespace_t* parent) {
-  return TO_BRIDGED_NAMESPACE(
-      mock->mock_create_namespace(true, name, ld_library_path, default_library_path, type,
-                                  permitted_when_isolated_path, TO_MOCK_NAMESPACE(parent)));
-}
-
-bool NativeBridgeLinkNamespaces(struct native_bridge_namespace_t* from,
-                                struct native_bridge_namespace_t* to, const char* sonames) {
-  return mock->mock_link_namespaces(true, TO_MOCK_NAMESPACE(from), TO_MOCK_NAMESPACE(to), sonames);
-}
-
-void* NativeBridgeLoadLibraryExt(const char* libpath, int flag,
-                                 struct native_bridge_namespace_t* ns) {
-  return mock->mock_dlopen_ext(true, libpath, flag, TO_MOCK_NAMESPACE(ns));
-}
-
-bool NativeBridgeInitialized() {
-  return mock->NativeBridgeInitialized();
-}
-
-bool NativeBridgeInitAnonymousNamespace(const char* public_ns_sonames,
-                                        const char* anon_ns_library_path) {
-  return mock->mock_init_anonymous_namespace(true, public_ns_sonames, anon_ns_library_path);
-}
-
-const char* NativeBridgeGetError() {
-  return mock->NativeBridgeGetError();
-}
-
-bool NativeBridgeIsPathSupported(const char* path) {
-  return mock->NativeBridgeIsPathSupported(path);
-}
-
-}  // extern "C"
-
-// A very simple JNI mock.
-// jstring is a pointer to utf8 char array. We don't need utf16 char here.
-// jobject, jclass, and jmethodID are also a pointer to utf8 char array
-// Only a few JNI methods that are actually used in libnativeloader are mocked.
-JNINativeInterface* CreateJNINativeInterface() {
-  JNINativeInterface* inf = new JNINativeInterface();
-  memset(inf, 0, sizeof(JNINativeInterface));
-
-  inf->GetStringUTFChars = [](JNIEnv*, jstring s, jboolean*) -> const char* {
-    return reinterpret_cast<const char*>(s);
-  };
-
-  inf->ReleaseStringUTFChars = [](JNIEnv*, jstring, const char*) -> void { return; };
-
-  inf->NewStringUTF = [](JNIEnv*, const char* bytes) -> jstring {
-    return reinterpret_cast<jstring>(const_cast<char*>(bytes));
-  };
-
-  inf->FindClass = [](JNIEnv*, const char* name) -> jclass {
-    return reinterpret_cast<jclass>(const_cast<char*>(name));
-  };
-
-  inf->CallObjectMethodV = [](JNIEnv*, jobject obj, jmethodID mid, va_list) -> jobject {
-    if (strcmp("getParent", reinterpret_cast<const char*>(mid)) == 0) {
-      // JniObject_getParent can be a valid jobject or nullptr if there is
-      // no parent classloader.
-      const char* ret = mock->JniObject_getParent(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(obj));
-      return reinterpret_cast<jobject>(const_cast<char*>(ret));
-    }
-    return nullptr;
-  };
-
-  inf->GetMethodID = [](JNIEnv*, jclass, const char* name, const char*) -> jmethodID {
-    return reinterpret_cast<jmethodID>(const_cast<char*>(name));
-  };
-
-  inf->NewWeakGlobalRef = [](JNIEnv*, jobject obj) -> jobject { return obj; };
-
-  inf->IsSameObject = [](JNIEnv*, jobject a, jobject b) -> jboolean {
-    return strcmp(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(a), reinterpret_cast<const char*>(b)) == 0;
-  };
-
-  return inf;
-}
-
-static void* const any_nonnull = reinterpret_cast<void*>(0x12345678);
-
-// Custom matcher for comparing namespace handles
-MATCHER_P(NsEq, other, "") {
-  *result_listener << "comparing " << reinterpret_cast<const char*>(arg) << " and " << other;
-  return strcmp(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(arg), reinterpret_cast<const char*>(other)) == 0;
-}
-
-/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-
-// Test fixture
-class NativeLoaderTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<bool> {
- protected:
-  bool IsBridged() { return GetParam(); }
-
-  void SetUp() override {
-    mock = std::make_unique<NiceMock<MockPlatform>>(IsBridged());
-
-    env = std::make_unique<JNIEnv>();
-    env->functions = CreateJNINativeInterface();
-  }
-
-  void SetExpectations() {
-    std::vector<std::string> default_public_libs =
-        android::base::Split(default_public_libraries(), ":");
-    for (auto l : default_public_libs) {
-      EXPECT_CALL(*mock, dlopen(StrEq(l.c_str()), RTLD_NOW | RTLD_NODELETE))
-          .WillOnce(Return(any_nonnull));
-    }
-  }
-
-  void RunTest() { InitializeNativeLoader(); }
-
-  void TearDown() override {
-    ResetNativeLoader();
-    delete env->functions;
-    mock.reset();
-  }
-
-  std::unique_ptr<JNIEnv> env;
-};
-
-/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-
-TEST_P(NativeLoaderTest, InitializeLoadsDefaultPublicLibraries) {
-  SetExpectations();
-  RunTest();
-}
-
-INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(NativeLoaderTests, NativeLoaderTest, testing::Bool());
-
-/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-
-class NativeLoaderTest_Create : public NativeLoaderTest {
- protected:
-  // Test inputs (initialized to the default values). Overriding these
-  // must be done before calling SetExpectations() and RunTest().
-  uint32_t target_sdk_version = 29;
-  std::string class_loader = "my_classloader";
-  bool is_shared = false;
-  std::string dex_path = "/data/app/foo/classes.dex";
-  std::string library_path = "/data/app/foo/lib/arm";
-  std::string permitted_path = "/data/app/foo/lib";
-
-  // expected output (.. for the default test inputs)
-  std::string expected_namespace_name = "classloader-namespace";
-  uint64_t expected_namespace_flags = ANDROID_NAMESPACE_TYPE_ISOLATED;
-  std::string expected_library_path = library_path;
-  std::string expected_permitted_path = std::string("/data:/mnt/expand:") + permitted_path;
-  std::string expected_parent_namespace = "platform";
-  bool expected_link_with_platform_ns = true;
-  bool expected_link_with_runtime_ns = true;
-  bool expected_link_with_sphal_ns = true;
-  bool expected_link_with_vndk_ns = false;
-  bool expected_link_with_default_ns = false;
-  std::string expected_shared_libs_to_platform_ns = default_public_libraries();
-  std::string expected_shared_libs_to_runtime_ns = runtime_public_libraries();
-  std::string expected_shared_libs_to_sphal_ns = vendor_public_libraries();
-  std::string expected_shared_libs_to_vndk_ns = vndksp_libraries();
-  std::string expected_shared_libs_to_default_ns = default_public_libraries();
-
-  void SetExpectations() {
-    NativeLoaderTest::SetExpectations();
-
-    ON_CALL(*mock, JniObject_getParent(StrEq(class_loader))).WillByDefault(Return(nullptr));
-
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mock, NativeBridgeIsPathSupported(_)).Times(AnyNumber());
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mock, NativeBridgeInitialized()).Times(AnyNumber());
-
-    if (IsBridged()) {
-      EXPECT_CALL(*mock,
-                  mock_init_anonymous_namespace(false, StrEq(default_public_libraries()), nullptr))
-          .WillOnce(Return(true));
-
-      EXPECT_CALL(*mock, NativeBridgeInitialized()).WillOnce(Return(true));
-    }
-
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mock, mock_init_anonymous_namespace(
-                           Eq(IsBridged()), StrEq(default_public_libraries()), StrEq(library_path)))
-        .WillOnce(Return(true));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mock, mock_create_namespace(
-                           Eq(IsBridged()), StrEq(expected_namespace_name), nullptr,
-                           StrEq(expected_library_path), expected_namespace_flags,
-                           StrEq(expected_permitted_path), NsEq(expected_parent_namespace.c_str())))
-        .WillOnce(Return(TO_MOCK_NAMESPACE(TO_ANDROID_NAMESPACE(dex_path.c_str()))));
-    if (expected_link_with_platform_ns) {
-      EXPECT_CALL(*mock, mock_link_namespaces(Eq(IsBridged()), _, NsEq("platform"),
-                                              StrEq(expected_shared_libs_to_platform_ns)))
-          .WillOnce(Return(true));
-    }
-    if (expected_link_with_runtime_ns) {
-      EXPECT_CALL(*mock, mock_link_namespaces(Eq(IsBridged()), _, NsEq("runtime"),
-                                              StrEq(expected_shared_libs_to_runtime_ns)))
-          .WillOnce(Return(true));
-    }
-    if (expected_link_with_sphal_ns) {
-      EXPECT_CALL(*mock, mock_link_namespaces(Eq(IsBridged()), _, NsEq("sphal"),
-                                              StrEq(expected_shared_libs_to_sphal_ns)))
-          .WillOnce(Return(true));
-    }
-    if (expected_link_with_vndk_ns) {
-      EXPECT_CALL(*mock, mock_link_namespaces(Eq(IsBridged()), _, NsEq("vndk"),
-                                              StrEq(expected_shared_libs_to_vndk_ns)))
-          .WillOnce(Return(true));
-    }
-    if (expected_link_with_default_ns) {
-      EXPECT_CALL(*mock, mock_link_namespaces(Eq(IsBridged()), _, NsEq("default"),
-                                              StrEq(expected_shared_libs_to_default_ns)))
-          .WillOnce(Return(true));
-    }
-  }
-
-  void RunTest() {
-    NativeLoaderTest::RunTest();
-
-    jstring err = CreateClassLoaderNamespace(
-        env(), target_sdk_version, env()->NewStringUTF(class_loader.c_str()), is_shared,
-        env()->NewStringUTF(dex_path.c_str()), env()->NewStringUTF(library_path.c_str()),
-        env()->NewStringUTF(permitted_path.c_str()));
-
-    // no error
-    EXPECT_EQ(err, nullptr);
-
-    if (!IsBridged()) {
-      struct android_namespace_t* ns =
-          FindNamespaceByClassLoader(env(), env()->NewStringUTF(class_loader.c_str()));
-
-      // The created namespace is for this apk
-      EXPECT_EQ(dex_path.c_str(), reinterpret_cast<const char*>(ns));
-    } else {
-      struct NativeLoaderNamespace* ns =
-          FindNativeLoaderNamespaceByClassLoader(env(), env()->NewStringUTF(class_loader.c_str()));
-
-      // The created namespace is for the this apk
-      EXPECT_STREQ(dex_path.c_str(),
-                   reinterpret_cast<const char*>(ns->ToRawNativeBridgeNamespace()));
-    }
-  }
-
-  JNIEnv* env() { return NativeLoaderTest::env.get(); }
-};
-
-TEST_P(NativeLoaderTest_Create, DownloadedApp) {
-  SetExpectations();
-  RunTest();
-}
-
-TEST_P(NativeLoaderTest_Create, BundledSystemApp) {
-  dex_path = "/system/app/foo/foo.apk";
-  is_shared = true;
-
-  expected_namespace_flags = ANDROID_NAMESPACE_TYPE_ISOLATED | ANDROID_NAMESPACE_TYPE_SHARED;
-  SetExpectations();
-  RunTest();
-}
-
-TEST_P(NativeLoaderTest_Create, BundledVendorApp) {
-  dex_path = "/vendor/app/foo/foo.apk";
-  is_shared = true;
-
-  expected_namespace_flags = ANDROID_NAMESPACE_TYPE_ISOLATED | ANDROID_NAMESPACE_TYPE_SHARED;
-  SetExpectations();
-  RunTest();
-}
-
-TEST_P(NativeLoaderTest_Create, UnbundledVendorApp) {
-  dex_path = "/vendor/app/foo/foo.apk";
-  is_shared = false;
-
-  expected_namespace_name = "vendor-classloader-namespace";
-  expected_library_path = expected_library_path + ":/vendor/lib";
-  expected_permitted_path = expected_permitted_path + ":/vendor/lib";
-  expected_shared_libs_to_platform_ns =
-      expected_shared_libs_to_platform_ns + ":" + llndk_libraries();
-  expected_link_with_vndk_ns = true;
-  SetExpectations();
-  RunTest();
-}
-
-TEST_P(NativeLoaderTest_Create, BundledProductApp_pre30) {
-  dex_path = "/product/app/foo/foo.apk";
-  is_shared = true;
-
-  expected_namespace_flags = ANDROID_NAMESPACE_TYPE_ISOLATED | ANDROID_NAMESPACE_TYPE_SHARED;
-  SetExpectations();
-  RunTest();
-}
-
-TEST_P(NativeLoaderTest_Create, BundledProductApp_post30) {
-  dex_path = "/product/app/foo/foo.apk";
-  is_shared = true;
-  target_sdk_version = 30;
-
-  expected_namespace_flags = ANDROID_NAMESPACE_TYPE_ISOLATED | ANDROID_NAMESPACE_TYPE_SHARED;
-  SetExpectations();
-  RunTest();
-}
-
-TEST_P(NativeLoaderTest_Create, UnbundledProductApp_pre30) {
-  dex_path = "/product/app/foo/foo.apk";
-  is_shared = false;
-  SetExpectations();
-  RunTest();
-}
-
-TEST_P(NativeLoaderTest_Create, UnbundledProductApp_post30) {
-  dex_path = "/product/app/foo/foo.apk";
-  is_shared = false;
-  target_sdk_version = 30;
-
-  expected_namespace_name = "vendor-classloader-namespace";
-  expected_library_path = expected_library_path + ":/product/lib:/system/product/lib";
-  expected_permitted_path = expected_permitted_path + ":/product/lib:/system/product/lib";
-  expected_shared_libs_to_platform_ns =
-      expected_shared_libs_to_platform_ns + ":" + llndk_libraries();
-  expected_link_with_vndk_ns = true;
-  SetExpectations();
-  RunTest();
-}
-
-TEST_P(NativeLoaderTest_Create, TwoApks) {
-  SetExpectations();
-  const uint32_t second_app_target_sdk_version = 29;
-  const std::string second_app_class_loader = "second_app_classloader";
-  const bool second_app_is_shared = false;
-  const std::string second_app_dex_path = "/data/app/bar/classes.dex";
-  const std::string second_app_library_path = "/data/app/bar/lib/arm";
-  const std::string second_app_permitted_path = "/data/app/bar/lib";
-  const std::string expected_second_app_permitted_path =
-      std::string("/data:/mnt/expand:") + second_app_permitted_path;
-  const std::string expected_second_app_parent_namespace = "classloader-namespace";
-
-  // The scenario is that second app is loaded by the first app.
-  // So the first app's classloader (`classloader`) is parent of the second
-  // app's classloader.
-  ON_CALL(*mock, JniObject_getParent(StrEq(second_app_class_loader)))
-      .WillByDefault(Return(class_loader.c_str()));
-
-  // namespace for the second app is created. Its parent is set to the namespace
-  // of the first app.
-  EXPECT_CALL(*mock, mock_create_namespace(Eq(IsBridged()), StrEq(expected_namespace_name), nullptr,
-                                           StrEq(second_app_library_path), expected_namespace_flags,
-                                           StrEq(expected_second_app_permitted_path),
-                                           NsEq(dex_path.c_str())))
-      .WillOnce(Return(TO_MOCK_NAMESPACE(TO_ANDROID_NAMESPACE(second_app_dex_path.c_str()))));
-  EXPECT_CALL(*mock, mock_link_namespaces(Eq(IsBridged()), NsEq(second_app_dex_path.c_str()), _, _))
-      .WillRepeatedly(Return(true));
-
-  RunTest();
-  jstring err = CreateClassLoaderNamespace(
-      env(), second_app_target_sdk_version, env()->NewStringUTF(second_app_class_loader.c_str()),
-      second_app_is_shared, env()->NewStringUTF(second_app_dex_path.c_str()),
-      env()->NewStringUTF(second_app_library_path.c_str()),
-      env()->NewStringUTF(second_app_permitted_path.c_str()));
-
-  // success
-  EXPECT_EQ(err, nullptr);
-
-  if (!IsBridged()) {
-    struct android_namespace_t* ns =
-        FindNamespaceByClassLoader(env(), env()->NewStringUTF(second_app_class_loader.c_str()));
-
-    // The created namespace is for the second apk
-    EXPECT_EQ(second_app_dex_path.c_str(), reinterpret_cast<const char*>(ns));
-  } else {
-    struct NativeLoaderNamespace* ns = FindNativeLoaderNamespaceByClassLoader(
-        env(), env()->NewStringUTF(second_app_class_loader.c_str()));
-
-    // The created namespace is for the second apk
-    EXPECT_STREQ(second_app_dex_path.c_str(),
-                 reinterpret_cast<const char*>(ns->ToRawNativeBridgeNamespace()));
-  }
-}
-
-INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(NativeLoaderTests_Create, NativeLoaderTest_Create, testing::Bool());
-
-// TODO(b/130388701#comment22) add a test for anonymous namespace
-
-}  // namespace nativeloader
-}  // namespace android