diff --git a/adb/Android.bp b/adb/Android.bp
index 57872b0..9ef82bf 100644
--- a/adb/Android.bp
+++ b/adb/Android.bp
@@ -629,6 +629,7 @@
         "libselinux",
     ],
     test_suites: ["device-tests"],
+    require_root: true,
 }
 
 python_test_host {
diff --git a/adb/client/file_sync_client.cpp b/adb/client/file_sync_client.cpp
index 5d10238..703eb2f 100644
--- a/adb/client/file_sync_client.cpp
+++ b/adb/client/file_sync_client.cpp
@@ -849,6 +849,16 @@
     return true;
 }
 
+// dirname("//foo") returns "//", so we can't do the obvious `path == "/"`.
+static bool is_root_dir(std::string_view path) {
+    for (char c : path) {
+        if (c != '/') {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
 static bool copy_local_dir_remote(SyncConnection& sc, std::string lpath,
                                   std::string rpath, bool check_timestamps,
                                   bool list_only) {
@@ -862,8 +872,8 @@
     std::vector<copyinfo> file_list;
     std::vector<std::string> directory_list;
 
-    for (std::string dirpath = rpath; dirpath != "/"; dirpath = android::base::Dirname(dirpath)) {
-        directory_list.push_back(dirpath);
+    for (std::string path = rpath; !is_root_dir(path); path = android::base::Dirname(path)) {
+        directory_list.push_back(path);
     }
     std::reverse(directory_list.begin(), directory_list.end());
 
diff --git a/adb/client/usb_linux.cpp b/adb/client/usb_linux.cpp
index 17b4db1..24e722e 100644
--- a/adb/client/usb_linux.cpp
+++ b/adb/client/usb_linux.cpp
@@ -406,25 +406,44 @@
     }
 }
 
-int usb_write(usb_handle *h, const void *_data, int len)
-{
+static int usb_write_split(usb_handle* h, unsigned char* data, int len) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < len; i += 16384) {
+        int chunk_size = (i + 16384 > len) ? len - i : 16384;
+        int n = usb_bulk_write(h, data + i, chunk_size);
+        if (n != chunk_size) {
+            D("ERROR: n = %d, errno = %d (%s)", n, errno, strerror(errno));
+            return -1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return len;
+}
+
+int usb_write(usb_handle* h, const void* _data, int len) {
     D("++ usb_write ++");
 
-    unsigned char *data = (unsigned char*) _data;
+    unsigned char* data = (unsigned char*)_data;
+
+    // The kernel will attempt to allocate a contiguous buffer for each write we submit.
+    // This might fail due to heap fragmentation, so attempt a contiguous write once, and if that
+    // fails, retry after having split the data into 16kB chunks to avoid allocation failure.
     int n = usb_bulk_write(h, data, len);
-    if (n != len) {
-        D("ERROR: n = %d, errno = %d (%s)", n, errno, strerror(errno));
+    if (n == -1 && errno == ENOMEM) {
+        n = usb_write_split(h, data, len);
+    }
+
+    if (n == -1) {
         return -1;
     }
 
     if (h->zero_mask && !(len & h->zero_mask)) {
         // If we need 0-markers and our transfer is an even multiple of the packet size,
         // then send a zero marker.
-        return usb_bulk_write(h, _data, 0) == 0 ? n : -1;
+        return usb_bulk_write(h, _data, 0) == 0 ? len : -1;
     }
 
     D("-- usb_write --");
-    return n;
+    return len;
 }
 
 int usb_read(usb_handle *h, void *_data, int len)
diff --git a/adb/test_device.py b/adb/test_device.py
index dbd80ed..32d797e 100755
--- a/adb/test_device.py
+++ b/adb/test_device.py
@@ -903,6 +903,18 @@
             remote_path += '/filename'
             self.device.push(local=tmp_file.name, remote=remote_path)
 
+    def test_push_multiple_slash_root(self):
+        """Regression test for pushing to //data/local/tmp.
+
+        Bug: http://b/141311284
+        """
+        with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile() as tmp_file:
+            tmp_file.write('\0' * 1024 * 1024)
+            tmp_file.flush()
+            remote_path = '/' + self.DEVICE_TEMP_DIR + '/test_push_multiple_slash_root'
+            self.device.shell(['rm', '-rf', remote_path])
+            self.device.push(local=tmp_file.name, remote=remote_path)
+
     def _test_pull(self, remote_file, checksum):
         tmp_write = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(mode='wb', delete=False)
         tmp_write.close()
diff --git a/fastboot/Android.bp b/fastboot/Android.bp
index 546bce2..f452a64 100644
--- a/fastboot/Android.bp
+++ b/fastboot/Android.bp
@@ -189,7 +189,11 @@
     // will violate ODR.
     shared_libs: [],
 
-    header_libs: ["bootimg_headers"],
+    header_libs: [
+        "avb_headers",
+        "bootimg_headers",
+    ],
+
     static_libs: [
         "libziparchive",
         "libsparse",
diff --git a/fastboot/fastboot.cpp b/fastboot/fastboot.cpp
index a7fc628..2fe3b1a 100644
--- a/fastboot/fastboot.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/fastboot.cpp
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
+#include <android-base/endian.h>
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/macros.h>
 #include <android-base/parseint.h>
@@ -59,6 +60,7 @@
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 #include <build/version.h>
+#include <libavb/libavb.h>
 #include <liblp/liblp.h>
 #include <platform_tools_version.h>
 #include <sparse/sparse.h>
@@ -919,33 +921,50 @@
     return load_buf_fd(fd.release(), buf);
 }
 
-static void rewrite_vbmeta_buffer(struct fastboot_buffer* buf) {
+static void rewrite_vbmeta_buffer(struct fastboot_buffer* buf, bool vbmeta_in_boot) {
     // Buffer needs to be at least the size of the VBMeta struct which
     // is 256 bytes.
     if (buf->sz < 256) {
         return;
     }
 
-    int fd = make_temporary_fd("vbmeta rewriting");
-
     std::string data;
     if (!android::base::ReadFdToString(buf->fd, &data)) {
         die("Failed reading from vbmeta");
     }
 
+    uint64_t vbmeta_offset = 0;
+    if (vbmeta_in_boot) {
+        // Tries to locate top-level vbmeta from boot.img footer.
+        uint64_t footer_offset = buf->sz - AVB_FOOTER_SIZE;
+        if (0 != data.compare(footer_offset, AVB_FOOTER_MAGIC_LEN, AVB_FOOTER_MAGIC)) {
+            die("Failed to find AVB_FOOTER at offset: %" PRId64, footer_offset);
+        }
+        const AvbFooter* footer = reinterpret_cast<const AvbFooter*>(data.c_str() + footer_offset);
+        vbmeta_offset = be64toh(footer->vbmeta_offset);
+    }
+    // Ensures there is AVB_MAGIC at vbmeta_offset.
+    if (0 != data.compare(vbmeta_offset, AVB_MAGIC_LEN, AVB_MAGIC)) {
+        die("Failed to find AVB_MAGIC at offset: %" PRId64, vbmeta_offset);
+    }
+
+    fprintf(stderr, "Rewriting vbmeta struct at offset: %" PRId64 "\n", vbmeta_offset);
+
     // There's a 32-bit big endian |flags| field at offset 120 where
     // bit 0 corresponds to disable-verity and bit 1 corresponds to
     // disable-verification.
     //
     // See external/avb/libavb/avb_vbmeta_image.h for the layout of
     // the VBMeta struct.
+    uint64_t flags_offset = 123 + vbmeta_offset;
     if (g_disable_verity) {
-        data[123] |= 0x01;
+        data[flags_offset] |= 0x01;
     }
     if (g_disable_verification) {
-        data[123] |= 0x02;
+        data[flags_offset] |= 0x02;
     }
 
+    int fd = make_temporary_fd("vbmeta rewriting");
     if (!android::base::WriteStringToFd(data, fd)) {
         die("Failed writing to modified vbmeta");
     }
@@ -954,14 +973,25 @@
     lseek(fd, 0, SEEK_SET);
 }
 
+static bool has_vbmeta_partition() {
+    std::string partition_type;
+    return fb->GetVar("partition-type:vbmeta", &partition_type) == fastboot::SUCCESS ||
+           fb->GetVar("partition-type:vbmeta_a", &partition_type) == fastboot::SUCCESS ||
+           fb->GetVar("partition-type:vbmeta_b", &partition_type) == fastboot::SUCCESS;
+}
+
 static void flash_buf(const std::string& partition, struct fastboot_buffer *buf)
 {
     sparse_file** s;
 
     // Rewrite vbmeta if that's what we're flashing and modification has been requested.
-    if ((g_disable_verity || g_disable_verification) &&
-        (partition == "vbmeta" || partition == "vbmeta_a" || partition == "vbmeta_b")) {
-        rewrite_vbmeta_buffer(buf);
+    if (g_disable_verity || g_disable_verification) {
+        if (partition == "vbmeta" || partition == "vbmeta_a" || partition == "vbmeta_b") {
+            rewrite_vbmeta_buffer(buf, false /* vbmeta_in_boot */);
+        } else if (!has_vbmeta_partition() &&
+                   (partition == "boot" || partition == "boot_a" || partition == "boot_b")) {
+            rewrite_vbmeta_buffer(buf, true /* vbmeta_in_boot */ );
+        }
     }
 
     switch (buf->type) {
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libdm/Android.bp b/fs_mgr/libdm/Android.bp
index 4cdea71..449a170 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libdm/Android.bp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libdm/Android.bp
@@ -44,9 +44,24 @@
     },
 }
 
-cc_test {
-    name: "libdm_test",
-    defaults: ["fs_mgr_defaults"],
+filegroup {
+    name: "libdm_test_srcs",
+    srcs: [
+        "dm_test.cpp",
+        "loop_control_test.cpp",
+        "test_util.cpp",
+    ],
+}
+
+cc_defaults {
+    name: "libdm_defaults",
+    sanitize: {
+        misc_undefined: ["integer"],
+    },
+    cflags: [
+        "-Wall",
+        "-Werror",
+    ],
     static_libs: [
         "libdm",
         "libbase",
@@ -54,9 +69,10 @@
         "libfs_mgr",
         "liblog",
     ],
-    srcs: [
-        "dm_test.cpp",
-        "loop_control_test.cpp",
-        "test_util.cpp",
-    ]
+    srcs: [":libdm_test_srcs"],
+}
+
+cc_test {
+    name: "libdm_test",
+    defaults: ["libdm_defaults"],
 }
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libdm/vts_core/Android.bp b/fs_mgr/libdm/vts_core/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2eceb28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libdm/vts_core/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+//
+// Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+
+cc_test {
+    name: "vts_libdm_test",
+    defaults: ["libdm_defaults"],
+    test_suites: ["vts-core"],
+    require_root: true,
+    test_min_api_level: 29,
+}
diff --git a/fs_mgr/liblp/Android.bp b/fs_mgr/liblp/Android.bp
index b2572f6..7fee83c 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/liblp/Android.bp
+++ b/fs_mgr/liblp/Android.bp
@@ -55,9 +55,26 @@
     export_include_dirs: ["include"],
 }
 
+filegroup {
+    name: "liblp_test_srcs",
+    srcs: [
+        "builder_test.cpp",
+        "device_test.cpp",
+        "io_test.cpp",
+        "test_partition_opener.cpp",
+        "utility_test.cpp",
+    ],
+}
+
 cc_defaults {
     name: "liblp_test_defaults",
-    defaults: ["fs_mgr_defaults"],
+    sanitize: {
+        misc_undefined: ["integer"],
+    },
+    cflags: [
+        "-Wall",
+        "-Werror",
+    ],
     cppflags: [
         "-Wno-unused-parameter",
     ],
@@ -71,23 +88,14 @@
         "libstorage_literals_headers",
     ],
     stl: "libc++_static",
-    srcs: [
-        "builder_test.cpp",
-        "device_test.cpp",
-        "io_test.cpp",
-        "test_partition_opener.cpp",
-        "utility_test.cpp",
-    ],
+    srcs: [":liblp_test_srcs"],
 }
 
 cc_test {
     name: "liblp_test",
     defaults: ["liblp_test_defaults"],
     test_config: "liblp_test.xml",
-    test_suites: [
-        "device-tests",
-        "vts-core",
-    ],
+    test_suites: ["device-tests"],
 }
 
 cc_test {
diff --git a/fs_mgr/liblp/builder.cpp b/fs_mgr/liblp/builder.cpp
index 96068b1..7405039 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/liblp/builder.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/liblp/builder.cpp
@@ -1136,7 +1136,7 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-std::vector<Partition*> MetadataBuilder::ListPartitionsInGroup(const std::string& group_name) {
+std::vector<Partition*> MetadataBuilder::ListPartitionsInGroup(std::string_view group_name) {
     std::vector<Partition*> partitions;
     for (const auto& partition : partitions_) {
         if (partition->group_name() == group_name) {
diff --git a/fs_mgr/liblp/include/liblp/builder.h b/fs_mgr/liblp/include/liblp/builder.h
index 4d7f81d..b43ccf0 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/liblp/include/liblp/builder.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/liblp/include/liblp/builder.h
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@
                          const std::vector<Interval>& free_region_hint = {});
 
     // Return the list of partitions belonging to a group.
-    std::vector<Partition*> ListPartitionsInGroup(const std::string& group_name);
+    std::vector<Partition*> ListPartitionsInGroup(std::string_view group_name);
 
     // Changes a partition's group. Size constraints will not be checked until
     // the metadata is exported, to avoid errors during potential group and
diff --git a/fs_mgr/liblp/vts_core/Android.bp b/fs_mgr/liblp/vts_core/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7af0b9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/liblp/vts_core/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+//
+// Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+
+cc_test {
+    name: "vts_core_liblp_test",
+    defaults: ["liblp_test_defaults"],
+    test_suites: ["vts-core"],
+    test_min_api_level: 29,
+}
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/Android.bp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/Android.bp
index bb941dd..a012099 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/Android.bp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/Android.bp
@@ -114,3 +114,29 @@
         "libstorage_literals_headers",
     ],
 }
+
+cc_binary {
+    name: "snapshotctl",
+    srcs: [
+        "snapshotctl.cpp",
+    ],
+    static_libs: [
+        "libdm",
+        "libext2_uuid",
+        "libfiemap_binder",
+        "libfstab",
+        "libsnapshot",
+    ],
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libbase",
+        "libbinder",
+        "libext4_utils",
+        "libfs_mgr",
+        "libutils",
+        "liblog",
+        "liblp",
+    ],
+    init_rc: [
+        "snapshotctl.rc",
+    ],
+}
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot.h
index 6130a10..0dd275a 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot.h
@@ -192,6 +192,9 @@
     // call to CreateLogicalPartitions when snapshots are present.
     bool CreateLogicalAndSnapshotPartitions(const std::string& super_device);
 
+    // Dump debug information.
+    bool Dump(std::ostream& os);
+
   private:
     FRIEND_TEST(SnapshotTest, CleanFirstStageMount);
     FRIEND_TEST(SnapshotTest, CreateSnapshot);
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/partition_cow_creator_test.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/partition_cow_creator_test.cpp
index 29d15af..4c9afff 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/partition_cow_creator_test.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/partition_cow_creator_test.cpp
@@ -18,48 +18,20 @@
 #include <liblp/property_fetcher.h>
 
 #include "partition_cow_creator.h"
+#include "test_helpers.h"
 
 using ::android::fs_mgr::MetadataBuilder;
-using ::testing::_;
-using ::testing::AnyNumber;
-using ::testing::Return;
 
 namespace android {
 namespace snapshot {
 
-class MockPropertyFetcher : public fs_mgr::IPropertyFetcher {
+class PartitionCowCreatorTest : public ::testing::Test {
   public:
-    MOCK_METHOD2(GetProperty, std::string(const std::string&, const std::string&));
-    MOCK_METHOD2(GetBoolProperty, bool(const std::string&, bool));
+    void SetUp() override { SnapshotTestPropertyFetcher::SetUp(); }
+    void TearDown() override { SnapshotTestPropertyFetcher::TearDown(); }
 };
 
-class PartitionCowCreatorTest : ::testing::Test {
-  public:
-    void SetUp() override {
-        fs_mgr::IPropertyFetcher::OverrideForTesting(std::make_unique<MockPropertyFetcher>());
-
-        EXPECT_CALL(fetcher(), GetProperty("ro.boot.slot_suffix", _))
-                .Times(AnyNumber())
-                .WillRepeatedly(Return("_a"));
-        EXPECT_CALL(fetcher(), GetBoolProperty("ro.boot.dynamic_partitions", _))
-                .Times(AnyNumber())
-                .WillRepeatedly(Return(true));
-        EXPECT_CALL(fetcher(), GetBoolProperty("ro.boot.dynamic_partitions_retrofit", _))
-                .Times(AnyNumber())
-                .WillRepeatedly(Return(false));
-        EXPECT_CALL(fetcher(), GetBoolProperty("ro.virtual_ab.enabled", _))
-                .Times(AnyNumber())
-                .WillRepeatedly(Return(true));
-    }
-    void TearDown() override {
-        fs_mgr::IPropertyFetcher::OverrideForTesting(std::make_unique<MockPropertyFetcher>());
-    }
-    MockPropertyFetcher& fetcher() {
-        return *static_cast<MockPropertyFetcher*>(fs_mgr::IPropertyFetcher::GetInstance());
-    }
-};
-
-TEST(PartitionCowCreator, IntersectSelf) {
+TEST_F(PartitionCowCreatorTest, IntersectSelf) {
     auto builder_a = MetadataBuilder::New(1024 * 1024, 1024, 2);
     ASSERT_NE(builder_a, nullptr);
     auto system_a = builder_a->AddPartition("system_a", LP_PARTITION_ATTR_READONLY);
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot.cpp
index 803bdb5..2e689bd 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot.cpp
@@ -1482,7 +1482,7 @@
         PLOG(ERROR) << "Open failed: " << file;
         return nullptr;
     }
-    if (flock(fd, lock_flags) < 0) {
+    if (lock_flags != 0 && flock(fd, lock_flags) < 0) {
         PLOG(ERROR) << "Acquire flock failed: " << file;
         return nullptr;
     }
@@ -1741,6 +1741,22 @@
     return true;
 }
 
+static void UnmapAndDeleteCowPartition(MetadataBuilder* current_metadata) {
+    auto& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
+    std::vector<std::string> to_delete;
+    for (auto* existing_cow_partition : current_metadata->ListPartitionsInGroup(kCowGroupName)) {
+        if (!dm.DeleteDeviceIfExists(existing_cow_partition->name())) {
+            LOG(WARNING) << existing_cow_partition->name()
+                         << " cannot be unmapped and its space cannot be reclaimed";
+            continue;
+        }
+        to_delete.push_back(existing_cow_partition->name());
+    }
+    for (const auto& name : to_delete) {
+        current_metadata->RemovePartition(name);
+    }
+}
+
 bool SnapshotManager::CreateUpdateSnapshots(const DeltaArchiveManifest& manifest) {
     auto lock = LockExclusive();
     if (!lock) return false;
@@ -1788,6 +1804,10 @@
         return false;
     }
 
+    // Delete previous COW partitions in current_metadata so that PartitionCowCreator marks those as
+    // free regions.
+    UnmapAndDeleteCowPartition(current_metadata.get());
+
     // Check that all these metadata is not retrofit dynamic partitions. Snapshots on
     // devices with retrofit dynamic partitions does not make sense.
     // This ensures that current_metadata->GetFreeRegions() uses the same device
@@ -1962,5 +1982,47 @@
     return UnmapPartitionWithSnapshot(lock.get(), target_partition_name);
 }
 
+bool SnapshotManager::Dump(std::ostream& os) {
+    // Don't actually lock. Dump() is for debugging purposes only, so it is okay
+    // if it is racy.
+    auto file = OpenStateFile(O_RDONLY, 0);
+    if (!file) return false;
+
+    std::stringstream ss;
+
+    ss << "Update state: " << ReadUpdateState(file.get()) << std::endl;
+
+    auto boot_file = GetSnapshotBootIndicatorPath();
+    std::string boot_indicator;
+    if (android::base::ReadFileToString(boot_file, &boot_indicator)) {
+        ss << "Boot indicator: old slot = " << boot_indicator << std::endl;
+    }
+
+    bool ok = true;
+    std::vector<std::string> snapshots;
+    if (!ListSnapshots(file.get(), &snapshots)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Could not list snapshots";
+        snapshots.clear();
+        ok = false;
+    }
+    for (const auto& name : snapshots) {
+        ss << "Snapshot: " << name << std::endl;
+        SnapshotStatus status;
+        if (!ReadSnapshotStatus(file.get(), name, &status)) {
+            ok = false;
+            continue;
+        }
+        ss << "    state: " << to_string(status.state) << std::endl;
+        ss << "    device size (bytes): " << status.device_size << std::endl;
+        ss << "    snapshot size (bytes): " << status.snapshot_size << std::endl;
+        ss << "    cow partition size (bytes): " << status.cow_partition_size << std::endl;
+        ss << "    cow file size (bytes): " << status.cow_file_size << std::endl;
+        ss << "    allocated sectors: " << status.sectors_allocated << std::endl;
+        ss << "    metadata sectors: " << status.metadata_sectors << std::endl;
+    }
+    os << ss.rdbuf();
+    return ok;
+}
+
 }  // namespace snapshot
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_metadata_updater_test.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_metadata_updater_test.cpp
index 535653a..7d96a67 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_metadata_updater_test.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_metadata_updater_test.cpp
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@
     void SetUp() override {
         target_slot_ = GetParam();
         target_suffix_ = SlotSuffixForSlotNumber(target_slot_);
+        SnapshotTestPropertyFetcher::SetUp(SlotSuffixForSlotNumber(1 - target_slot_));
         builder_ = MetadataBuilder::New(4_GiB + 1_MiB, 4_KiB, 2);
 
         group_ = manifest_.mutable_dynamic_partition_metadata()->add_groups();
@@ -62,6 +63,8 @@
         ASSERT_TRUE(FillFakeMetadata(builder_.get(), manifest_, target_suffix_));
     }
 
+    void TearDown() override { SnapshotTestPropertyFetcher::TearDown(); }
+
     // Append suffix to name.
     std::string T(std::string_view name) { return std::string(name) + target_suffix_; }
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_test.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_test.cpp
index bc764fd..c94fde5 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_test.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_test.cpp
@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@
 #include <libdm/dm.h>
 #include <libfiemap/image_manager.h>
 #include <liblp/builder.h>
-#include <liblp/mock_property_fetcher.h>
 #include <storage_literals/storage_literals.h>
 
 #include "test_helpers.h"
@@ -47,13 +46,14 @@
 using android::fs_mgr::BlockDeviceInfo;
 using android::fs_mgr::CreateLogicalPartitionParams;
 using android::fs_mgr::DestroyLogicalPartition;
+using android::fs_mgr::Extent;
 using android::fs_mgr::GetPartitionGroupName;
 using android::fs_mgr::GetPartitionName;
+using android::fs_mgr::Interval;
 using android::fs_mgr::MetadataBuilder;
 using chromeos_update_engine::DeltaArchiveManifest;
 using chromeos_update_engine::PartitionUpdate;
 using namespace ::testing;
-using namespace android::fs_mgr::testing;
 using namespace android::storage_literals;
 using namespace std::chrono_literals;
 using namespace std::string_literals;
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@
 
   protected:
     void SetUp() override {
-        ResetMockPropertyFetcher();
+        SnapshotTestPropertyFetcher::SetUp();
         InitializeState();
         CleanupTestArtifacts();
         FormatFakeSuper();
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@
         lock_ = nullptr;
 
         CleanupTestArtifacts();
-        ResetMockPropertyFetcher();
+        SnapshotTestPropertyFetcher::TearDown();
     }
 
     void InitializeState() {
@@ -373,9 +373,6 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(SnapshotTest, Merge) {
-    ON_CALL(*GetMockedPropertyFetcher(), GetBoolProperty("ro.virtual_ab.enabled", _))
-            .WillByDefault(Return(true));
-
     ASSERT_TRUE(AcquireLock());
 
     static const uint64_t kDeviceSize = 1024 * 1024;
@@ -493,9 +490,6 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(SnapshotTest, FirstStageMountAndMerge) {
-    ON_CALL(*GetMockedPropertyFetcher(), GetBoolProperty("ro.virtual_ab.enabled", _))
-            .WillByDefault(Return(true));
-
     ASSERT_TRUE(AcquireLock());
 
     static const uint64_t kDeviceSize = 1024 * 1024;
@@ -513,10 +507,7 @@
     ASSERT_TRUE(sm->FinishedSnapshotWrites());
     ASSERT_TRUE(DestroyLogicalPartition("test_partition_b-base"));
 
-    auto rebooted = new TestDeviceInfo(fake_super);
-    rebooted->set_slot_suffix("_b");
-
-    auto init = SnapshotManager::NewForFirstStageMount(rebooted);
+    auto init = SnapshotManager::NewForFirstStageMount(new TestDeviceInfo(fake_super, "_b"));
     ASSERT_NE(init, nullptr);
     ASSERT_TRUE(init->NeedSnapshotsInFirstStageMount());
     ASSERT_TRUE(init->CreateLogicalAndSnapshotPartitions("super"));
@@ -535,9 +526,6 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(SnapshotTest, FlashSuperDuringUpdate) {
-    ON_CALL(*GetMockedPropertyFetcher(), GetBoolProperty("ro.virtual_ab.enabled", _))
-            .WillByDefault(Return(true));
-
     ASSERT_TRUE(AcquireLock());
 
     static const uint64_t kDeviceSize = 1024 * 1024;
@@ -559,10 +547,7 @@
     FormatFakeSuper();
     ASSERT_TRUE(CreatePartition("test_partition_b", kDeviceSize));
 
-    auto rebooted = new TestDeviceInfo(fake_super);
-    rebooted->set_slot_suffix("_b");
-
-    auto init = SnapshotManager::NewForFirstStageMount(rebooted);
+    auto init = SnapshotManager::NewForFirstStageMount(new TestDeviceInfo(fake_super, "_b"));
     ASSERT_NE(init, nullptr);
     ASSERT_TRUE(init->NeedSnapshotsInFirstStageMount());
     ASSERT_TRUE(init->CreateLogicalAndSnapshotPartitions("super"));
@@ -583,9 +568,6 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(SnapshotTest, FlashSuperDuringMerge) {
-    ON_CALL(*GetMockedPropertyFetcher(), GetBoolProperty("ro.virtual_ab.enabled", _))
-            .WillByDefault(Return(true));
-
     ASSERT_TRUE(AcquireLock());
 
     static const uint64_t kDeviceSize = 1024 * 1024;
@@ -603,10 +585,7 @@
     ASSERT_TRUE(sm->FinishedSnapshotWrites());
     ASSERT_TRUE(DestroyLogicalPartition("test_partition_b-base"));
 
-    auto rebooted = new TestDeviceInfo(fake_super);
-    rebooted->set_slot_suffix("_b");
-
-    auto init = SnapshotManager::NewForFirstStageMount(rebooted);
+    auto init = SnapshotManager::NewForFirstStageMount(new TestDeviceInfo(fake_super, "_b"));
     ASSERT_NE(init, nullptr);
     ASSERT_TRUE(init->NeedSnapshotsInFirstStageMount());
     ASSERT_TRUE(init->CreateLogicalAndSnapshotPartitions("super"));
@@ -636,9 +615,6 @@
         // Cleanup() changes slot suffix, so initialize it again.
         test_device->set_slot_suffix("_a");
 
-        ON_CALL(*GetMockedPropertyFetcher(), GetBoolProperty("ro.virtual_ab.enabled", _))
-                .WillByDefault(Return(true));
-
         opener_ = std::make_unique<TestPartitionOpener>(fake_super);
 
         // Create a fake update package metadata.
@@ -761,9 +737,6 @@
 // Also test UnmapUpdateSnapshot unmaps everything.
 // Also test first stage mount and merge after this.
 TEST_F(SnapshotUpdateTest, FullUpdateFlow) {
-    // OTA client calls BeginUpdate before doing anything.
-    ASSERT_TRUE(sm->BeginUpdate());
-
     // OTA client blindly unmaps all partitions that are possibly mapped.
     for (const auto& name : {"sys_b", "vnd_b", "prd_b"}) {
         ASSERT_TRUE(sm->UnmapUpdateSnapshot(name));
@@ -774,6 +747,8 @@
     SetSize(vnd_, 4_MiB);
     SetSize(prd_, 4_MiB);
 
+    // Execute the update.
+    ASSERT_TRUE(sm->BeginUpdate());
     ASSERT_TRUE(sm->CreateUpdateSnapshots(manifest_));
 
     // Test that partitions prioritize using space in super.
@@ -812,9 +787,7 @@
     ASSERT_TRUE(UnmapAll());
 
     // After reboot, init does first stage mount.
-    auto rebooted = new TestDeviceInfo(fake_super);
-    rebooted->set_slot_suffix("_b");
-    auto init = SnapshotManager::NewForFirstStageMount(rebooted);
+    auto init = SnapshotManager::NewForFirstStageMount(new TestDeviceInfo(fake_super, "_b"));
     ASSERT_NE(init, nullptr);
     ASSERT_TRUE(init->NeedSnapshotsInFirstStageMount());
     ASSERT_TRUE(init->CreateLogicalAndSnapshotPartitions("super"));
@@ -965,9 +938,7 @@
     ASSERT_TRUE(UnmapAll());
 
     // After reboot, init does first stage mount.
-    auto rebooted = new TestDeviceInfo(fake_super);
-    rebooted->set_slot_suffix("_b");
-    auto init = SnapshotManager::NewForFirstStageMount(rebooted);
+    auto init = SnapshotManager::NewForFirstStageMount(new TestDeviceInfo(fake_super, "_b"));
     ASSERT_NE(init, nullptr);
     ASSERT_TRUE(init->NeedSnapshotsInFirstStageMount());
     ASSERT_TRUE(init->CreateLogicalAndSnapshotPartitions("super"));
@@ -979,9 +950,7 @@
 
     // Simulate shutting down the device again.
     ASSERT_TRUE(UnmapAll());
-    rebooted = new TestDeviceInfo(fake_super);
-    rebooted->set_slot_suffix("_a");
-    init = SnapshotManager::NewForFirstStageMount(rebooted);
+    init = SnapshotManager::NewForFirstStageMount(new TestDeviceInfo(fake_super, "_a"));
     ASSERT_NE(init, nullptr);
     ASSERT_FALSE(init->NeedSnapshotsInFirstStageMount());
     ASSERT_TRUE(init->CreateLogicalAndSnapshotPartitions("super"));
@@ -999,6 +968,57 @@
     ASSERT_TRUE(sm->CancelUpdate());
 }
 
+static std::vector<Interval> ToIntervals(const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Extent>>& extents) {
+    std::vector<Interval> ret;
+    std::transform(extents.begin(), extents.end(), std::back_inserter(ret),
+                   [](const auto& extent) { return extent->AsLinearExtent()->AsInterval(); });
+    return ret;
+}
+
+// Test that at the second update, old COW partition spaces are reclaimed.
+TEST_F(SnapshotUpdateTest, ReclaimCow) {
+    // Execute the first update.
+    ASSERT_TRUE(sm->BeginUpdate());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(sm->CreateUpdateSnapshots(manifest_));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(sm->FinishedSnapshotWrites());
+
+    // Simulate shutting down the device.
+    ASSERT_TRUE(UnmapAll());
+
+    // After reboot, init does first stage mount.
+    auto init = SnapshotManager::NewForFirstStageMount(new TestDeviceInfo(fake_super, "_b"));
+    ASSERT_NE(init, nullptr);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(init->NeedSnapshotsInFirstStageMount());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(init->CreateLogicalAndSnapshotPartitions("super"));
+    init = nullptr;
+
+    // Initiate the merge and wait for it to be completed.
+    auto new_sm = SnapshotManager::New(new TestDeviceInfo(fake_super, "_b"));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(new_sm->InitiateMerge());
+    ASSERT_EQ(UpdateState::MergeCompleted, new_sm->ProcessUpdateState());
+
+    // Execute the second update.
+    ASSERT_TRUE(new_sm->BeginUpdate());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(new_sm->CreateUpdateSnapshots(manifest_));
+
+    // Check that the old COW space is reclaimed and does not occupy space of mapped partitions.
+    auto src = MetadataBuilder::New(*opener_, "super", 1);
+    auto tgt = MetadataBuilder::New(*opener_, "super", 0);
+    for (const auto& cow_part_name : {"sys_a-cow", "vnd_a-cow", "prd_a-cow"}) {
+        auto* cow_part = tgt->FindPartition(cow_part_name);
+        ASSERT_NE(nullptr, cow_part) << cow_part_name << " does not exist in target metadata";
+        auto cow_intervals = ToIntervals(cow_part->extents());
+        for (const auto& old_part_name : {"sys_b", "vnd_b", "prd_b"}) {
+            auto* old_part = src->FindPartition(old_part_name);
+            ASSERT_NE(nullptr, old_part) << old_part_name << " does not exist in source metadata";
+            auto old_intervals = ToIntervals(old_part->extents());
+
+            auto intersect = Interval::Intersect(cow_intervals, old_intervals);
+            ASSERT_TRUE(intersect.empty()) << "COW uses space of source partitions";
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 }  // namespace snapshot
 }  // namespace android
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshotctl.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshotctl.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d65320c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshotctl.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+//
+// Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+
+#include <sysexits.h>
+
+#include <chrono>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <map>
+
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <libsnapshot/snapshot.h>
+
+using namespace std::string_literals;
+
+int Usage() {
+    std::cerr << "snapshotctl: Control snapshots.\n"
+                 "Usage: snapshotctl [action] [flags]\n"
+                 "Actions:\n"
+                 "  dump\n"
+                 "    Print snapshot states.\n"
+                 "  merge [--logcat]\n"
+                 "    Initialize merge and wait for it to be completed.\n"
+                 "    If --logcat is specified, log to logcat. Otherwise, log to stdout.\n";
+    return EX_USAGE;
+}
+
+namespace android {
+namespace snapshot {
+
+bool DumpCmdHandler(int /*argc*/, char** argv) {
+    android::base::InitLogging(argv, &android::base::StderrLogger);
+    return SnapshotManager::New()->Dump(std::cout);
+}
+
+bool MergeCmdHandler(int argc, char** argv) {
+    auto begin = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+
+    bool log_to_logcat = false;
+    for (int i = 2; i < argc; ++i) {
+        if (argv[i] == "--logcat"s) {
+            log_to_logcat = true;
+        }
+    }
+    if (log_to_logcat) {
+        android::base::InitLogging(argv);
+    } else {
+        android::base::InitLogging(argv, &android::base::StdioLogger);
+    }
+
+    auto sm = SnapshotManager::New();
+
+    auto state = sm->GetUpdateState();
+    if (state == UpdateState::None) {
+        LOG(INFO) << "Can't find any snapshot to merge.";
+        return true;
+    }
+    if (state == UpdateState::Unverified) {
+        if (!sm->InitiateMerge()) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to initiate merge.";
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // All other states can be handled by ProcessUpdateState.
+    LOG(INFO) << "Waiting for any merge to complete. This can take up to 1 minute.";
+    state = SnapshotManager::New()->ProcessUpdateState();
+
+    if (state == UpdateState::MergeCompleted) {
+        auto end = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+        auto passed = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(end - begin).count();
+        LOG(INFO) << "Snapshot merged in " << passed << " ms.";
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    LOG(ERROR) << "Snapshot failed to merge with state \"" << state << "\".";
+    return false;
+}
+
+static std::map<std::string, std::function<bool(int, char**)>> kCmdMap = {
+        // clang-format off
+        {"dump", DumpCmdHandler},
+        {"merge", MergeCmdHandler},
+        // clang-format on
+};
+
+}  // namespace snapshot
+}  // namespace android
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+    using namespace android::snapshot;
+    if (argc < 2) {
+        return Usage();
+    }
+
+    for (const auto& cmd : kCmdMap) {
+        if (cmd.first == argv[1]) {
+            return cmd.second(argc, argv) ? EX_OK : EX_SOFTWARE;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return Usage();
+}
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshotctl.rc b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshotctl.rc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..29707f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshotctl.rc
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+on property:sys.boot_completed=1
+    exec - root root -- /system/bin/snapshotctl merge --logcat
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/test_helpers.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/test_helpers.h
index 0303a14..bb19adc 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/test_helpers.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/test_helpers.h
@@ -17,8 +17,10 @@
 #include <optional>
 #include <string>
 
+#include <gmock/gmock.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <libfiemap/image_manager.h>
+#include <liblp/mock_property_fetcher.h>
 #include <liblp/partition_opener.h>
 #include <libsnapshot/snapshot.h>
 #include <update_engine/update_metadata.pb.h>
@@ -26,10 +28,15 @@
 namespace android {
 namespace snapshot {
 
+using android::fs_mgr::IPropertyFetcher;
 using android::fs_mgr::MetadataBuilder;
+using android::fs_mgr::testing::MockPropertyFetcher;
 using chromeos_update_engine::DeltaArchiveManifest;
 using chromeos_update_engine::PartitionUpdate;
+using testing::_;
 using testing::AssertionResult;
+using testing::NiceMock;
+using testing::Return;
 
 using namespace std::string_literals;
 
@@ -52,6 +59,10 @@
   public:
     TestDeviceInfo() {}
     explicit TestDeviceInfo(const std::string& fake_super) { set_fake_super(fake_super); }
+    TestDeviceInfo(const std::string& fake_super, const std::string& slot_suffix)
+        : TestDeviceInfo(fake_super) {
+        set_slot_suffix(slot_suffix);
+    }
     std::string GetGsidDir() const override { return "ota/test"s; }
     std::string GetMetadataDir() const override { return "/metadata/ota/test"s; }
     std::string GetSlotSuffix() const override { return slot_suffix_; }
@@ -72,6 +83,28 @@
     std::unique_ptr<TestPartitionOpener> opener_;
 };
 
+class SnapshotTestPropertyFetcher : public android::fs_mgr::testing::MockPropertyFetcher {
+  public:
+    SnapshotTestPropertyFetcher(const std::string& slot_suffix) {
+        ON_CALL(*this, GetProperty("ro.boot.slot_suffix", _)).WillByDefault(Return(slot_suffix));
+        ON_CALL(*this, GetBoolProperty("ro.boot.dynamic_partitions", _))
+                .WillByDefault(Return(true));
+        ON_CALL(*this, GetBoolProperty("ro.boot.dynamic_partitions_retrofit", _))
+                .WillByDefault(Return(false));
+        ON_CALL(*this, GetBoolProperty("ro.virtual_ab.enabled", _)).WillByDefault(Return(true));
+    }
+
+    static void SetUp(const std::string& slot_suffix = "_a") { Reset(slot_suffix); }
+
+    static void TearDown() { Reset("_a"); }
+
+  private:
+    static void Reset(const std::string& slot_suffix) {
+        IPropertyFetcher::OverrideForTesting(
+                std::make_unique<NiceMock<SnapshotTestPropertyFetcher>>(slot_suffix));
+    }
+};
+
 // Helper for error-spam-free cleanup.
 void DeleteBackingImage(android::fiemap::IImageManager* manager, const std::string& name);
 
diff --git a/init/README.md b/init/README.md
index 423c6d1..29b972d 100644
--- a/init/README.md
+++ b/init/README.md
@@ -170,6 +170,8 @@
   be changed by setting the "androidboot.console" kernel parameter. In
   all cases the leading "/dev/" should be omitted, so "/dev/tty0" would be
   specified as just "console tty0".
+  This option connects stdin, stdout, and stderr to the console. It is mutually exclusive with the
+  stdio_to_kmsg option, which only connects stdout and stderr to kmsg.
 
 `critical`
 > This is a device-critical service. If it exits more than four times in
@@ -313,6 +315,13 @@
   seclabel or computed based on the service executable file security context.
   For native executables see libcutils android\_get\_control\_socket().
 
+`stdio_to_kmsg`
+> Redirect stdout and stderr to /dev/kmsg_debug. This is useful for services that do not use native
+  Android logging during early boot and whose logs messages we want to capture. This is only enabled
+  when /dev/kmsg_debug is enabled, which is only enabled on userdebug and eng builds.
+  This is mutually exclusive with the console option, which additionally connects stdin to the
+  given console.
+
 `timeout_period <seconds>`
 > Provide a timeout after which point the service will be killed. The oneshot keyword is respected
   here, so oneshot services do not automatically restart, however all other services will.
diff --git a/init/service_parser.cpp b/init/service_parser.cpp
index 45d1852..e7808a9 100644
--- a/init/service_parser.cpp
+++ b/init/service_parser.cpp
@@ -83,6 +83,9 @@
 }
 
 Result<void> ServiceParser::ParseConsole(std::vector<std::string>&& args) {
+    if (service_->proc_attr_.stdio_to_kmsg) {
+        return Error() << "'console' and 'stdio_to_kmsg' are mutually exclusive";
+    }
     service_->flags_ |= SVC_CONSOLE;
     service_->proc_attr_.console = args.size() > 1 ? "/dev/" + args[1] : "";
     return {};
@@ -429,6 +432,14 @@
     return {};
 }
 
+Result<void> ServiceParser::ParseStdioToKmsg(std::vector<std::string>&& args) {
+    if (service_->flags_ & SVC_CONSOLE) {
+        return Error() << "'stdio_to_kmsg' and 'console' are mutually exclusive";
+    }
+    service_->proc_attr_.stdio_to_kmsg = true;
+    return {};
+}
+
 // name type
 Result<void> ServiceParser::ParseFile(std::vector<std::string>&& args) {
     if (args[2] != "r" && args[2] != "w" && args[2] != "rw") {
@@ -514,6 +525,7 @@
         {"shutdown",                {1,     1,    &ServiceParser::ParseShutdown}},
         {"sigstop",                 {0,     0,    &ServiceParser::ParseSigstop}},
         {"socket",                  {3,     6,    &ServiceParser::ParseSocket}},
+        {"stdio_to_kmsg",           {0,     0,    &ServiceParser::ParseStdioToKmsg}},
         {"timeout_period",          {1,     1,    &ServiceParser::ParseTimeoutPeriod}},
         {"updatable",               {0,     0,    &ServiceParser::ParseUpdatable}},
         {"user",                    {1,     1,    &ServiceParser::ParseUser}},
diff --git a/init/service_parser.h b/init/service_parser.h
index f063102..b1281f5 100644
--- a/init/service_parser.h
+++ b/init/service_parser.h
@@ -75,6 +75,7 @@
     Result<void> ParseShutdown(std::vector<std::string>&& args);
     Result<void> ParseSigstop(std::vector<std::string>&& args);
     Result<void> ParseSocket(std::vector<std::string>&& args);
+    Result<void> ParseStdioToKmsg(std::vector<std::string>&& args);
     Result<void> ParseTimeoutPeriod(std::vector<std::string>&& args);
     Result<void> ParseFile(std::vector<std::string>&& args);
     Result<void> ParseUser(std::vector<std::string>&& args);
diff --git a/init/service_utils.cpp b/init/service_utils.cpp
index 35f2acf..93cffd8 100644
--- a/init/service_utils.cpp
+++ b/init/service_utils.cpp
@@ -16,10 +16,12 @@
 
 #include "service_utils.h"
 
+#include <fcntl.h>
 #include <grp.h>
 #include <sys/mount.h>
 #include <sys/prctl.h>
 #include <sys/wait.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
 
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
@@ -121,11 +123,15 @@
     return {};
 }
 
-void ZapStdio() {
+void SetupStdio(bool stdio_to_kmsg) {
     auto fd = unique_fd{open("/dev/null", O_RDWR | O_CLOEXEC)};
-    dup2(fd, 0);
-    dup2(fd, 1);
-    dup2(fd, 2);
+    dup2(fd, STDIN_FILENO);
+    if (stdio_to_kmsg) {
+        fd.reset(open("/dev/kmsg_debug", O_WRONLY | O_CLOEXEC));
+        if (fd == -1) fd.reset(open("/dev/null", O_WRONLY | O_CLOEXEC));
+    }
+    dup2(fd, STDOUT_FILENO);
+    dup2(fd, STDERR_FILENO);
 }
 
 void OpenConsole(const std::string& console) {
@@ -238,7 +244,7 @@
         if (setpgid(0, getpid()) == -1) {
             return ErrnoError() << "setpgid failed";
         }
-        ZapStdio();
+        SetupStdio(attr.stdio_to_kmsg);
     }
 
     for (const auto& rlimit : attr.rlimits) {
diff --git a/init/service_utils.h b/init/service_utils.h
index d2e69d9..3f1071e 100644
--- a/init/service_utils.h
+++ b/init/service_utils.h
@@ -77,6 +77,7 @@
     gid_t gid;
     std::vector<gid_t> supp_gids;
     int priority;
+    bool stdio_to_kmsg;
 };
 Result<void> SetProcessAttributes(const ProcessAttributes& attr);
 
diff --git a/init/uevent_listener.cpp b/init/uevent_listener.cpp
index ac633776..416d942 100644
--- a/init/uevent_listener.cpp
+++ b/init/uevent_listener.cpp
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@
     return RegenerateUeventsForDir(d.get(), callback);
 }
 
-static const char* kRegenerationPaths[] = {"/sys/class", "/sys/block", "/sys/devices"};
+static const char* kRegenerationPaths[] = {"/sys/devices"};
 
 void UeventListener::RegenerateUevents(const ListenerCallback& callback) const {
     for (const auto path : kRegenerationPaths) {
diff --git a/libpackagelistparser/Android.bp b/libpackagelistparser/Android.bp
index 0740e7d..b56dcdb 100644
--- a/libpackagelistparser/Android.bp
+++ b/libpackagelistparser/Android.bp
@@ -19,4 +19,5 @@
         "libpackagelistparser",
     ],
     test_suites: ["device-tests"],
+    require_root: true,
 }
diff --git a/libsparse/Android.bp b/libsparse/Android.bp
index 2ec4754..88146e9 100644
--- a/libsparse/Android.bp
+++ b/libsparse/Android.bp
@@ -82,3 +82,15 @@
         },
     },
 }
+
+cc_fuzz {
+    name: "sparse_fuzzer",
+    host_supported: false,
+    srcs: [
+        "sparse_fuzzer.cpp",
+    ],
+    static_libs: [
+        "libsparse",
+        "liblog",
+    ],
+}
diff --git a/libsparse/sparse_fuzzer.cpp b/libsparse/sparse_fuzzer.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..42f331f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libsparse/sparse_fuzzer.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#include "include/sparse/sparse.h"
+
+extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const uint8_t* data, size_t size) {
+  if (size < 2 * sizeof(wchar_t)) return 0;
+
+  int64_t blocksize = 4096;
+  struct sparse_file* file = sparse_file_new(size, blocksize);
+  if (!file) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  unsigned int block = 1;
+  sparse_file_add_data(file, &data, size, block);
+  sparse_file_destroy(file);
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/logd/LogAudit.cpp b/logd/LogAudit.cpp
index 5a375ec..665bd38 100644
--- a/logd/LogAudit.cpp
+++ b/logd/LogAudit.cpp
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@
     }
     auto search = denial_to_bug.find(scontext + tcontext + tclass);
     if (search != denial_to_bug.end()) {
-        bug_num->assign(" b/" + search->second);
+        bug_num->assign(" " + search->second);
     } else {
         bug_num->assign("");
     }
diff --git a/logd/tests/logd_test.cpp b/logd/tests/logd_test.cpp
index b6c33d7..80625a7 100644
--- a/logd/tests/logd_test.cpp
+++ b/logd/tests/logd_test.cpp
@@ -349,86 +349,6 @@
 }
 #endif
 
-TEST(logd, both) {
-#ifdef __ANDROID__
-    log_msg msg;
-
-    // check if we can read any logs from logd
-    bool user_logger_available = false;
-    bool user_logger_content = false;
-
-    int fd = socket_local_client("logdr", ANDROID_SOCKET_NAMESPACE_RESERVED,
-                                 SOCK_SEQPACKET);
-    if (fd >= 0) {
-        struct sigaction ignore, old_sigaction;
-        memset(&ignore, 0, sizeof(ignore));
-        ignore.sa_handler = caught_signal;
-        sigemptyset(&ignore.sa_mask);
-        sigaction(SIGALRM, &ignore, &old_sigaction);
-        unsigned int old_alarm = alarm(10);
-
-        static const char ask[] = "dumpAndClose lids=0,1,2,3";
-        user_logger_available = write(fd, ask, sizeof(ask)) == sizeof(ask);
-
-        user_logger_content = recv(fd, msg.buf, sizeof(msg), 0) > 0;
-
-        if (user_logger_content) {
-            dump_log_msg("user", &msg, 3, -1);
-        }
-
-        alarm(old_alarm);
-        sigaction(SIGALRM, &old_sigaction, nullptr);
-
-        close(fd);
-    }
-
-    // check if we can read any logs from kernel logger
-    bool kernel_logger_available = false;
-    bool kernel_logger_content = false;
-
-    static const char* loggers[] = {
-        "/dev/log/main",   "/dev/log_main",   "/dev/log/radio",
-        "/dev/log_radio",  "/dev/log/events", "/dev/log_events",
-        "/dev/log/system", "/dev/log_system",
-    };
-
-    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < arraysize(loggers); ++i) {
-        fd = open(loggers[i], O_RDONLY);
-        if (fd < 0) {
-            continue;
-        }
-        kernel_logger_available = true;
-        fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, O_RDONLY | O_NONBLOCK);
-        int result = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(fd, msg.buf, sizeof(msg)));
-        if (result > 0) {
-            kernel_logger_content = true;
-            dump_log_msg("kernel", &msg, 0, i / 2);
-        }
-        close(fd);
-    }
-
-    static const char yes[] = "\xE2\x9C\x93";
-    static const char no[] = "\xE2\x9c\x98";
-    fprintf(stderr,
-            "LOGGER  Available  Content\n"
-            "user    %-13s%s\n"
-            "kernel  %-13s%s\n"
-            " status %-11s%s\n",
-            (user_logger_available) ? yes : no, (user_logger_content) ? yes : no,
-            (kernel_logger_available) ? yes : no,
-            (kernel_logger_content) ? yes : no,
-            (user_logger_available && kernel_logger_available) ? "ERROR" : "ok",
-            (user_logger_content && kernel_logger_content) ? "ERROR" : "ok");
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(0, user_logger_available && kernel_logger_available);
-    EXPECT_EQ(0, !user_logger_available && !kernel_logger_available);
-    EXPECT_EQ(0, user_logger_content && kernel_logger_content);
-    EXPECT_EQ(0, !user_logger_content && !kernel_logger_content);
-#else
-    GTEST_LOG_(INFO) << "This test does nothing.\n";
-#endif
-}
-
 #ifdef __ANDROID__
 // BAD ROBOT
 //   Benchmark threshold are generally considered bad form unless there is
diff --git a/rootdir/avb/Android.bp b/rootdir/avb/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..85d2786
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rootdir/avb/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+filegroup {
+    name: "q-gsi_avbpubkey",
+    srcs: [
+        "q-gsi.avbpubkey",
+    ],
+}
+
+filegroup {
+    name: "r-gsi_avbpubkey",
+    srcs: [
+        "r-gsi.avbpubkey",
+    ],
+}
+
+filegroup {
+    name: "s-gsi_avbpubkey",
+    srcs: [
+        "s-gsi.avbpubkey",
+    ],
+}
diff --git a/rootdir/etc/ld.config.legacy.txt b/rootdir/etc/ld.config.legacy.txt
index c47b7f6..bb8d4d0 100644
--- a/rootdir/etc/ld.config.legacy.txt
+++ b/rootdir/etc/ld.config.legacy.txt
@@ -179,6 +179,7 @@
 namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += liblog.so
 namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libm.so
 namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libnativewindow.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libneuralnetworks_packageinfo.so
 namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libsync.so
 namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libvndksupport.so
 
diff --git a/rootdir/etc/ld.config.txt b/rootdir/etc/ld.config.txt
index 5b92d48..60035aa 100644
--- a/rootdir/etc/ld.config.txt
+++ b/rootdir/etc/ld.config.txt
@@ -420,6 +420,7 @@
 namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += liblog.so
 namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libm.so
 namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libnativewindow.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libneuralnetworks_packageinfo.so
 namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libsync.so
 namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libvndksupport.so
 
@@ -641,6 +642,7 @@
 namespace.neuralnetworks.link.system.shared_libs += liblog.so
 namespace.neuralnetworks.link.system.shared_libs += libm.so
 namespace.neuralnetworks.link.system.shared_libs += libnativewindow.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.system.shared_libs += libneuralnetworks_packageinfo.so
 namespace.neuralnetworks.link.system.shared_libs += libsync.so
 namespace.neuralnetworks.link.system.shared_libs += libvndksupport.so
 
@@ -782,6 +784,7 @@
 namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += liblog.so
 namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libm.so
 namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libnativewindow.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libneuralnetworks_packageinfo.so
 namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libsync.so
 namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libvndksupport.so
 
diff --git a/rootdir/etc/ld.config.vndk_lite.txt b/rootdir/etc/ld.config.vndk_lite.txt
index 8a27c7b..b9b95a6 100644
--- a/rootdir/etc/ld.config.vndk_lite.txt
+++ b/rootdir/etc/ld.config.vndk_lite.txt
@@ -344,6 +344,7 @@
 namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += liblog.so
 namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libm.so
 namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libnativewindow.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libneuralnetworks_packageinfo.so
 namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libsync.so
 namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libvndksupport.so
 
@@ -445,6 +446,7 @@
 namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += liblog.so
 namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libm.so
 namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libnativewindow.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libneuralnetworks_packageinfo.so
 namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libsync.so
 namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libvndksupport.so
 
@@ -585,6 +587,7 @@
 namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += liblog.so
 namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libm.so
 namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libnativewindow.so
+namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libneuralnetworks_packageinfo.so
 namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libsync.so
 namespace.neuralnetworks.link.default.shared_libs += libvndksupport.so
 
diff --git a/rootdir/init.environ.rc.in b/rootdir/init.environ.rc.in
index 17f6596..50005d9 100644
--- a/rootdir/init.environ.rc.in
+++ b/rootdir/init.environ.rc.in
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
     export ANDROID_ASSETS /system/app
     export ANDROID_DATA /data
     export ANDROID_STORAGE /storage
-    export ANDROID_RUNTIME_ROOT /apex/com.android.art
+    export ANDROID_ART_ROOT /apex/com.android.art
     export ANDROID_I18N_ROOT /apex/com.android.i18n
     export ANDROID_TZDATA_ROOT /apex/com.android.tzdata
     export EXTERNAL_STORAGE /sdcard
diff --git a/rootdir/init.rc b/rootdir/init.rc
index 0fa6efc..c61fd90 100644
--- a/rootdir/init.rc
+++ b/rootdir/init.rc
@@ -69,18 +69,22 @@
 service boringssl_self_test32 /system/bin/boringssl_self_test32
     setenv BORINGSSL_SELF_TEST_CREATE_FLAG true # Any nonempty value counts as true
     reboot_on_failure reboot,boringssl-self-check-failed
+    stdio_to_kmsg
 
 service boringssl_self_test64 /system/bin/boringssl_self_test64
     setenv BORINGSSL_SELF_TEST_CREATE_FLAG true # Any nonempty value counts as true
     reboot_on_failure reboot,boringssl-self-check-failed
+    stdio_to_kmsg
 
 service boringssl_self_test_apex32 /apex/com.android.conscrypt/bin/boringssl_self_test32
     setenv BORINGSSL_SELF_TEST_CREATE_FLAG true # Any nonempty value counts as true
     reboot_on_failure reboot,boringssl-self-check-failed
+    stdio_to_kmsg
 
 service boringssl_self_test_apex64 /apex/com.android.conscrypt/bin/boringssl_self_test64
     setenv BORINGSSL_SELF_TEST_CREATE_FLAG true # Any nonempty value counts as true
     reboot_on_failure reboot,boringssl-self-check-failed
+    stdio_to_kmsg
 
 on init
     sysclktz 0