diff --git a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr.c b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr.c
index b3e65cb..1b3893f 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr.c
+++ b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr.c
@@ -586,6 +586,7 @@
 
         /* mount(2) returned an error, handle the encryptable/formattable case */
         bool wiped = partition_wiped(fstab->recs[top_idx].blk_device);
+        bool crypt_footer = false;
         if (mret && mount_errno != EBUSY && mount_errno != EACCES &&
             fs_mgr_is_formattable(&fstab->recs[top_idx]) && wiped) {
             /* top_idx and attempted_idx point at the same partition, but sometimes
@@ -606,8 +607,11 @@
                     ERROR("%s(): %s wouldn't open (%s)\n", __func__,
                           fstab->recs[top_idx].key_loc, strerror(errno));
                 }
+            } else if (fs_mgr_is_encryptable(&fstab->recs[top_idx]) &&
+                !strcmp(fstab->recs[top_idx].key_loc, KEY_IN_FOOTER)) {
+                crypt_footer = true;
             }
-            if (fs_mgr_do_format(&fstab->recs[top_idx]) == 0) {
+            if (fs_mgr_do_format(&fstab->recs[top_idx], crypt_footer) == 0) {
                 /* Let's replay the mount actions. */
                 i = top_idx - 1;
                 continue;
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_format.c b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_format.c
index 6c5b1eb..5011b08 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_format.c
+++ b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_format.c
@@ -32,11 +32,12 @@
 #include "ext4.h"
 #include "make_ext4fs.h"
 #include "fs_mgr_priv.h"
+#include "cryptfs.h"
 
 extern struct fs_info info;     /* magic global from ext4_utils */
 extern void reset_ext4fs_info();
 
-static int format_ext4(char *fs_blkdev, char *fs_mnt_point)
+static int format_ext4(char *fs_blkdev, char *fs_mnt_point, bool crypt_footer)
 {
     uint64_t dev_sz;
     int fd, rc = 0;
@@ -63,6 +64,9 @@
     /* Format the partition using the calculated length */
     reset_ext4fs_info();
     info.len = (off64_t)dev_sz;
+    if (crypt_footer) {
+        info.len -= CRYPT_FOOTER_OFFSET;
+    }
 
     /* Use make_ext4fs_internal to avoid wiping an already-wiped partition. */
     rc = make_ext4fs_internal(fd, NULL, NULL, fs_mnt_point, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, sehandle, 0, 0, NULL);
@@ -118,7 +122,7 @@
     return rc;
 }
 
-int fs_mgr_do_format(struct fstab_rec *fstab)
+int fs_mgr_do_format(struct fstab_rec *fstab, bool crypt_footer)
 {
     int rc = -EINVAL;
 
@@ -127,7 +131,7 @@
     if (!strncmp(fstab->fs_type, "f2fs", 4)) {
         rc = format_f2fs(fstab->blk_device);
     } else if (!strncmp(fstab->fs_type, "ext4", 4)) {
-        rc = format_ext4(fstab->blk_device, fstab->mount_point);
+        rc = format_ext4(fstab->blk_device, fstab->mount_point, crypt_footer);
     } else {
         ERROR("File system type '%s' is not supported\n", fstab->fs_type);
     }
diff --git a/fs_mgr/include/fs_mgr.h b/fs_mgr/include/fs_mgr.h
index b498618..3c27ede 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/include/fs_mgr.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/include/fs_mgr.h
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #define __CORE_FS_MGR_H
 
 #include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
 #include <linux/dm-ioctl.h>
 
 // Magic number at start of verity metadata
@@ -108,7 +109,7 @@
 int fs_mgr_is_nofail(struct fstab_rec *fstab);
 int fs_mgr_swapon_all(struct fstab *fstab);
 
-int fs_mgr_do_format(struct fstab_rec *fstab);
+int fs_mgr_do_format(struct fstab_rec *fstab, bool reserve_footer);
 
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 }
diff --git a/init/util.cpp b/init/util.cpp
index 750e040..69f6566 100644
--- a/init/util.cpp
+++ b/init/util.cpp
@@ -489,6 +489,7 @@
      * - will accept $$ as a literal $.
      * - no nested property expansion, i.e. ${foo.${bar}} is not supported,
      *   bad things will happen
+     * - ${x.y:-default} will return default value if property empty.
      */
     while (*src_ptr) {
         const char* c;
@@ -511,6 +512,7 @@
         }
 
         std::string prop_name;
+        std::string def_val;
         if (*c == '{') {
             c++;
             const char* end = strchr(c, '}');
@@ -521,6 +523,11 @@
             }
             prop_name = std::string(c, end);
             c = end + 1;
+            size_t def = prop_name.find(":-");
+            if (def < prop_name.size()) {
+                def_val = prop_name.substr(def + 2);
+                prop_name = prop_name.substr(0, def);
+            }
         } else {
             prop_name = c;
             ERROR("using deprecated syntax for specifying property '%s', use ${name} instead\n",
@@ -535,9 +542,12 @@
 
         std::string prop_val = property_get(prop_name.c_str());
         if (prop_val.empty()) {
-            ERROR("property '%s' doesn't exist while expanding '%s'\n",
-                  prop_name.c_str(), src.c_str());
-            return false;
+            if (def_val.empty()) {
+                ERROR("property '%s' doesn't exist while expanding '%s'\n",
+                      prop_name.c_str(), src.c_str());
+                return false;
+            }
+            prop_val = def_val;
         }
 
         dst->append(prop_val);
diff --git a/liblog/tests/liblog_benchmark.cpp b/liblog/tests/liblog_benchmark.cpp
index 01fb50f..1b66a56 100644
--- a/liblog/tests/liblog_benchmark.cpp
+++ b/liblog/tests/liblog_benchmark.cpp
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@
         android_log_header_t header;
         android_log_event_int_t payload;
     };
-    char buf[sizeof(struct packet) + 8] __aligned(8);
+    alignas(8) char buf[sizeof(struct packet) + 8];
     memset(buf, 0, sizeof(buf));
     struct packet *buffer = (struct packet*)(((uintptr_t)buf + 7) & ~7);
     if (((uintptr_t)&buffer->pmsg_header) & 7) {
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@
         android_log_header_t header;
         android_log_event_int_t payload;
     };
-    char buf[sizeof(struct packet) + 8] __aligned(8);
+    alignas(8) char buf[sizeof(struct packet) + 8];
     memset(buf, 0, sizeof(buf));
     struct packet *buffer = (struct packet*)((((uintptr_t)buf + 7) & ~7) + 1);
     if ((((uintptr_t)&buffer->pmsg_header) & 7) != 1) {
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@
         android_log_header_t header;
         android_log_event_int_t payload;
     };
-    char buf[sizeof(struct packet) + 8 + LOGGER_ENTRY_MAX_PAYLOAD] __aligned(8);
+    alignas(8) char buf[sizeof(struct packet) + 8 + LOGGER_ENTRY_MAX_PAYLOAD];
     memset(buf, 0, sizeof(buf));
     struct packet *buffer = (struct packet*)(((uintptr_t)buf + 7) & ~7);
     if (((uintptr_t)&buffer->pmsg_header) & 7) {
@@ -430,7 +430,7 @@
         android_log_header_t header;
         android_log_event_int_t payload;
     };
-    char buf[sizeof(struct packet) + 8 + LOGGER_ENTRY_MAX_PAYLOAD] __aligned(8);
+    alignas(8) char buf[sizeof(struct packet) + 8 + LOGGER_ENTRY_MAX_PAYLOAD];
     memset(buf, 0, sizeof(buf));
     struct packet *buffer = (struct packet*)((((uintptr_t)buf + 7) & ~7) + 1);
     if ((((uintptr_t)&buffer->pmsg_header) & 7) != 1) {
diff --git a/libnetutils/dhcptool.c b/libnetutils/dhcptool.c
index 352ac5e..a2d3869 100644
--- a/libnetutils/dhcptool.c
+++ b/libnetutils/dhcptool.c
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#include <err.h>
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <error.h>
 #include <stdbool.h>
@@ -29,12 +30,14 @@
 
   char* interface = argv[1];
   if (ifc_init()) {
-    error(EXIT_FAILURE, errno, "dhcptool %s: ifc_init failed", interface);
+    err(errno, "dhcptool %s: ifc_init failed", interface);
+    ifc_close();
+    return EXIT_FAILURE;
   }
 
   int rc = do_dhcp(interface);
   if (rc) {
-    error(0, errno, "dhcptool %s: do_dhcp failed", interface);
+    err(errno, "dhcptool %s: do_dhcp failed", interface);
   }
 
   ifc_close();
diff --git a/libnetutils/ifc_utils.c b/libnetutils/ifc_utils.c
index f9f62f8..eae32ce 100644
--- a/libnetutils/ifc_utils.c
+++ b/libnetutils/ifc_utils.c
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include <unistd.h>
 #include <string.h>
 #include <errno.h>
+#include <pthread.h>
 
 #include <sys/socket.h>
 #include <sys/select.h>
@@ -57,6 +58,8 @@
 
 static int ifc_ctl_sock = -1;
 static int ifc_ctl_sock6 = -1;
+static pthread_mutex_t ifc_sock_mutex = PTHREAD_RECURSIVE_MUTEX_INITIALIZER_NP;
+static pthread_mutex_t ifc_sock6_mutex = PTHREAD_RECURSIVE_MUTEX_INITIALIZER_NP;
 void printerr(char *fmt, ...);
 
 #define DBG 0
@@ -122,6 +125,8 @@
 int ifc_init(void)
 {
     int ret;
+
+    pthread_mutex_lock(&ifc_sock_mutex);
     if (ifc_ctl_sock == -1) {
         ifc_ctl_sock = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0);
         if (ifc_ctl_sock < 0) {
@@ -136,6 +141,7 @@
 
 int ifc_init6(void)
 {
+    pthread_mutex_lock(&ifc_sock6_mutex);
     if (ifc_ctl_sock6 == -1) {
         ifc_ctl_sock6 = socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_DGRAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0);
         if (ifc_ctl_sock6 < 0) {
@@ -152,6 +158,7 @@
         (void)close(ifc_ctl_sock);
         ifc_ctl_sock = -1;
     }
+    pthread_mutex_unlock(&ifc_sock_mutex);
 }
 
 void ifc_close6(void)
@@ -160,6 +167,7 @@
         (void)close(ifc_ctl_sock6);
         ifc_ctl_sock6 = -1;
     }
+    pthread_mutex_unlock(&ifc_sock6_mutex);
 }
 
 static void ifc_init_ifr(const char *name, struct ifreq *ifr)
@@ -553,6 +561,7 @@
     ifc_init();
 
     if (ifc_ctl_sock < 0) {
+        ifc_close();
         return -errno;
     }
 
diff --git a/logd/LogListener.cpp b/logd/LogListener.cpp
index 39dd227..61b7fd8 100644
--- a/logd/LogListener.cpp
+++ b/logd/LogListener.cpp
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
         + LOGGER_ENTRY_MAX_PAYLOAD];
     struct iovec iov = { buffer, sizeof(buffer) };
 
-    char control[CMSG_SPACE(sizeof(struct ucred))] __aligned(4);
+    alignas(4) char control[CMSG_SPACE(sizeof(struct ucred))];
     struct msghdr hdr = {
         NULL,
         0,