diff --git a/bootstat/bootstat.cpp b/bootstat/bootstat.cpp
index d6ebb0d..2c878f0 100644
--- a/bootstat/bootstat.cpp
+++ b/bootstat/bootstat.cpp
@@ -439,6 +439,30 @@
     {"reboot,forcedsilent", 191},
     {"reboot,forcednonsilent", 192},
     {"reboot,thermal,tj", 193},
+    {"reboot,emergency", 194},
+    {"reboot,factory", 195},
+    {"reboot,fastboot", 196},
+    {"reboot,gsa,hard", 197},
+    {"reboot,gsa,soft", 198},
+    {"reboot,master_dc,fault_n", 199},
+    {"reboot,master_dc,reset", 200},
+    {"reboot,ocp", 201},
+    {"reboot,pin", 202},
+    {"reboot,rom_recovery", 203},
+    {"reboot,uvlo", 204},
+    {"reboot,uvlo,pmic,if", 205},
+    {"reboot,uvlo,pmic,main", 206},
+    {"reboot,uvlo,pmic,sub", 207},
+    {"reboot,warm", 208},
+    {"watchdog,aoc", 209},
+    {"watchdog,apc", 210},
+    {"watchdog,apc,bl,debug,early", 211},
+    {"watchdog,apc,bl,early", 212},
+    {"watchdog,apc,early", 213},
+    {"watchdog,apm", 214},
+    {"watchdog,gsa,hard", 215},
+    {"watchdog,gsa,soft", 216},
+    {"watchdog,pmucal", 217},
 };
 
 // Converts a string value representing the reason the system booted to an
diff --git a/debuggerd/Android.bp b/debuggerd/Android.bp
index 9ca0eba..0ff047f 100644
--- a/debuggerd/Android.bp
+++ b/debuggerd/Android.bp
@@ -180,7 +180,6 @@
         "libdebuggerd/backtrace.cpp",
         "libdebuggerd/gwp_asan.cpp",
         "libdebuggerd/open_files_list.cpp",
-        "libdebuggerd/scudo.cpp",
         "libdebuggerd/tombstone.cpp",
         "libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto.cpp",
         "libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto_to_text.cpp",
@@ -193,9 +192,6 @@
     include_dirs: [
         // Needed for private/bionic_fdsan.h
         "bionic/libc",
-
-        // Needed for scudo/interface.h
-        "external/scudo/standalone/include",
     ],
     header_libs: [
         "bionic_libc_platform_headers",
@@ -217,7 +213,6 @@
     whole_static_libs: [
         "libasync_safe",
         "gwp_asan_crash_handler",
-        "libscudo",
         "libtombstone_proto",
         "libprocinfo",
         "libprotobuf-cpp-lite",
@@ -246,6 +241,13 @@
         debuggable: {
             cflags: ["-DROOT_POSSIBLE"],
         },
+
+        malloc_not_svelte: {
+            cflags: ["-DUSE_SCUDO"],
+            whole_static_libs: ["libscudo"],
+            srcs: ["libdebuggerd/scudo.cpp"],
+            header_libs: ["scudo_headers"],
+        },
     },
 }
 
@@ -316,10 +318,6 @@
         "gwp_asan_headers",
     ],
 
-    include_dirs: [
-        "external/scudo/standalone/include",
-    ],
-
     local_include_dirs: [
         "libdebuggerd",
     ],
diff --git a/debuggerd/crash_test.cpp b/debuggerd/crash_test.cpp
index c15145f..ce0f91f 100644
--- a/debuggerd/crash_test.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/crash_test.cpp
@@ -16,6 +16,13 @@
 
 #include <stdint.h>
 
-extern "C" void crash() {
+#include "crash_test.h"
+
+extern "C" {
+
+JITDescriptor __dex_debug_descriptor = {.version = 1};
+
+void crash() {
   *reinterpret_cast<volatile char*>(0xdead) = '1';
 }
+}
diff --git a/debuggerd/crash_test.h b/debuggerd/crash_test.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2a8bea3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/debuggerd/crash_test.h
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2021, The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+// Only support V1 of these structures.
+// See https://sourceware.org/gdb/onlinedocs/gdb/JIT-Interface.html
+// for information on the JIT Compilation Interface.
+// Also, see libunwindstack/GlobalDebugImpl.h for the full definition of
+// these structures.
+struct JITCodeEntry {
+  uintptr_t next;
+  uintptr_t prev;
+  uintptr_t symfile_addr;
+  uint64_t symfile_size;
+};
+
+struct JITDescriptor {
+  uint32_t version;
+  uint32_t action_flag;
+  uintptr_t relevant_entry;
+  uintptr_t first_entry;
+};
diff --git a/debuggerd/debuggerd_test.cpp b/debuggerd/debuggerd_test.cpp
index 68c9aca..4394274 100644
--- a/debuggerd/debuggerd_test.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/debuggerd_test.cpp
@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@
 #include <libminijail.h>
 #include <scoped_minijail.h>
 
+#include "crash_test.h"
 #include "debuggerd/handler.h"
 #include "libdebuggerd/utility.h"
 #include "protocol.h"
@@ -2064,3 +2065,124 @@
   match_str = android::base::StringPrintf(R"(\n--->%s.*\n)", format_pointer(ptr).c_str());
   ASSERT_MATCH(result, match_str);
 }
+
+static constexpr uint32_t kDexData[] = {
+    0x0a786564, 0x00383330, 0xc98b3ab8, 0xf3749d94, 0xaecca4d8, 0xffc7b09a, 0xdca9ca7f, 0x5be5deab,
+    0x00000220, 0x00000070, 0x12345678, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x0000018c, 0x00000008, 0x00000070,
+    0x00000004, 0x00000090, 0x00000002, 0x000000a0, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000003, 0x000000b8,
+    0x00000001, 0x000000d0, 0x00000130, 0x000000f0, 0x00000122, 0x0000012a, 0x00000132, 0x00000146,
+    0x00000151, 0x00000154, 0x00000158, 0x0000016d, 0x00000001, 0x00000002, 0x00000004, 0x00000006,
+    0x00000004, 0x00000002, 0x00000000, 0x00000005, 0x00000002, 0x0000011c, 0x00000000, 0x00000000,
+    0x00010000, 0x00000007, 0x00000001, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000001, 0x00000001, 0x00000000,
+    0x00000003, 0x00000000, 0x0000017e, 0x00000000, 0x00010001, 0x00000001, 0x00000173, 0x00000004,
+    0x00021070, 0x000e0000, 0x00010001, 0x00000000, 0x00000178, 0x00000001, 0x0000000e, 0x00000001,
+    0x3c060003, 0x74696e69, 0x4c06003e, 0x6e69614d, 0x4c12003b, 0x6176616a, 0x6e616c2f, 0x624f2f67,
+    0x7463656a, 0x4d09003b, 0x2e6e6961, 0x6176616a, 0x00560100, 0x004c5602, 0x6a4c5b13, 0x2f617661,
+    0x676e616c, 0x7274532f, 0x3b676e69, 0x616d0400, 0x01006e69, 0x000e0700, 0x07000103, 0x0000000e,
+    0x81000002, 0x01f00480, 0x02880901, 0x0000000c, 0x00000000, 0x00000001, 0x00000000, 0x00000001,
+    0x00000008, 0x00000070, 0x00000002, 0x00000004, 0x00000090, 0x00000003, 0x00000002, 0x000000a0,
+    0x00000005, 0x00000003, 0x000000b8, 0x00000006, 0x00000001, 0x000000d0, 0x00002001, 0x00000002,
+    0x000000f0, 0x00001001, 0x00000001, 0x0000011c, 0x00002002, 0x00000008, 0x00000122, 0x00002003,
+    0x00000002, 0x00000173, 0x00002000, 0x00000001, 0x0000017e, 0x00001000, 0x00000001, 0x0000018c,
+};
+
+TEST_F(CrasherTest, verify_dex_pc_with_function_name) {
+  StartProcess([]() {
+    TemporaryDir td;
+    std::string tmp_so_name;
+    if (!CopySharedLibrary(td.path, &tmp_so_name)) {
+      _exit(1);
+    }
+
+    // In order to cause libunwindstack to look for this __dex_debug_descriptor
+    // move the library to which has a basename of libart.so.
+    std::string art_so_name = android::base::Dirname(tmp_so_name) + "/libart.so";
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, rename(tmp_so_name.c_str(), art_so_name.c_str()));
+    void* handle = dlopen(art_so_name.c_str(), RTLD_NOW | RTLD_LOCAL);
+    if (handle == nullptr) {
+      _exit(1);
+    }
+
+    void* ptr =
+        mmap(nullptr, sizeof(kDexData), PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_ANONYMOUS | MAP_PRIVATE, -1, 0);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ptr != MAP_FAILED);
+    memcpy(ptr, kDexData, sizeof(kDexData));
+    prctl(PR_SET_VMA, PR_SET_VMA_ANON_NAME, ptr, sizeof(kDexData), "dex");
+
+    JITCodeEntry dex_entry = {.symfile_addr = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(ptr),
+                              .symfile_size = sizeof(kDexData)};
+
+    JITDescriptor* dex_debug =
+        reinterpret_cast<JITDescriptor*>(dlsym(handle, "__dex_debug_descriptor"));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(dex_debug != nullptr);
+    dex_debug->version = 1;
+    dex_debug->action_flag = 0;
+    dex_debug->relevant_entry = 0;
+    dex_debug->first_entry = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(&dex_entry);
+
+    // This sets the magic dex pc value for register 0, using the value
+    // of register 1 + 0x102.
+    asm(".cfi_escape "
+        "0x16 /* DW_CFA_val_expression */, 0, 0x0a /* size */,"
+        "0x0c /* DW_OP_const4u */, 0x44, 0x45, 0x58, 0x31, /* magic = 'DEX1' */"
+        "0x13 /* DW_OP_drop */,"
+        "0x92 /* DW_OP_bregx */, 1, 0x82, 0x02 /* 2-byte SLEB128 */");
+
+    // For each different architecture, set register one to the dex ptr mmap
+    // created above. Then do a nullptr dereference to force a crash.
+#if defined(__arm__)
+    asm volatile(
+        "mov r1, %[base]\n"
+        "mov r2, 0\n"
+        "str r3, [r2]\n"
+        : [base] "+r"(ptr)
+        :
+        : "r1", "r2", "r3", "memory");
+#elif defined(__aarch64__)
+    asm volatile(
+        "mov x1, %[base]\n"
+        "mov x2, 0\n"
+        "str x3, [x2]\n"
+        : [base] "+r"(ptr)
+        :
+        : "x1", "x2", "x3", "memory");
+#elif defined(__i386__)
+    asm volatile(
+        "mov %[base], %%ecx\n"
+        "movl $0, %%edi\n"
+        "movl 0(%%edi), %%edx\n"
+        : [base] "+r"(ptr)
+        :
+        : "edi", "ecx", "edx", "memory");
+#elif defined(__x86_64__)
+    asm volatile(
+        "mov %[base], %%rdx\n"
+        "movq 0, %%rdi\n"
+        "movq 0(%%rdi), %%rcx\n"
+        : [base] "+r"(ptr)
+        :
+        : "rcx", "rdx", "rdi", "memory");
+#else
+#error "Unsupported architecture"
+#endif
+    _exit(0);
+  });
+
+  unique_fd output_fd;
+  StartIntercept(&output_fd);
+  FinishCrasher();
+  AssertDeath(SIGSEGV);
+
+  int intercept_result;
+  FinishIntercept(&intercept_result);
+  ASSERT_EQ(1, intercept_result) << "tombstoned reported failure";
+
+  std::string result;
+  ConsumeFd(std::move(output_fd), &result);
+
+  // Verify the process crashed properly.
+  ASSERT_MATCH(result, R"(signal 11 \(SIGSEGV\), code 1 \(SEGV_MAPERR\), fault addr 0x0)");
+
+  // Now verify that the dex_pc frame includes a proper function name.
+  ASSERT_MATCH(result, R"( \[anon:dex\] \(Main\.\<init\>\+2)");
+}
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone.cpp
index ff03bcd..534d7be 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone.cpp
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 #include <string>
 
 #include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
@@ -57,10 +58,13 @@
 #include "libdebuggerd/backtrace.h"
 #include "libdebuggerd/gwp_asan.h"
 #include "libdebuggerd/open_files_list.h"
-#include "libdebuggerd/scudo.h"
 #include "libdebuggerd/utility.h"
 #include "util.h"
 
+#if defined(USE_SCUDO)
+#include "libdebuggerd/scudo.h"
+#endif
+
 #include "gwp_asan/common.h"
 #include "gwp_asan/crash_handler.h"
 
@@ -115,8 +119,26 @@
   return "";
 }
 
-static void dump_probable_cause(log_t* log, const siginfo_t* si, unwindstack::Maps* maps,
-                                unwindstack::Regs* regs) {
+static void dump_probable_cause(log_t* log, unwindstack::Unwinder* unwinder,
+                                const ProcessInfo& process_info, const ThreadInfo& main_thread) {
+#if defined(USE_SCUDO)
+  ScudoCrashData scudo_crash_data(unwinder->GetProcessMemory().get(), process_info);
+  if (scudo_crash_data.CrashIsMine()) {
+    scudo_crash_data.DumpCause(log, unwinder);
+    return;
+  }
+#endif
+
+  GwpAsanCrashData gwp_asan_crash_data(unwinder->GetProcessMemory().get(), process_info,
+                                       main_thread);
+  if (gwp_asan_crash_data.CrashIsMine()) {
+    gwp_asan_crash_data.DumpCause(log);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  unwindstack::Maps* maps = unwinder->GetMaps();
+  unwindstack::Regs* regs = main_thread.registers.get();
+  const siginfo_t* si = main_thread.siginfo;
   std::string cause;
   if (si->si_signo == SIGSEGV && si->si_code == SEGV_MAPERR) {
     if (si->si_addr < reinterpret_cast<void*>(4096)) {
@@ -395,22 +417,11 @@
     dump_signal_info(log, thread_info, process_info, unwinder->GetProcessMemory().get());
   }
 
-  std::unique_ptr<GwpAsanCrashData> gwp_asan_crash_data;
-  std::unique_ptr<ScudoCrashData> scudo_crash_data;
   if (primary_thread) {
-    gwp_asan_crash_data = std::make_unique<GwpAsanCrashData>(unwinder->GetProcessMemory().get(),
-                                                             process_info, thread_info);
-    scudo_crash_data =
-        std::make_unique<ScudoCrashData>(unwinder->GetProcessMemory().get(), process_info);
-  }
+    // The main thread must have a valid siginfo.
+    CHECK(thread_info.siginfo != nullptr);
+    dump_probable_cause(log, unwinder, process_info, thread_info);
 
-  if (primary_thread && gwp_asan_crash_data->CrashIsMine()) {
-    gwp_asan_crash_data->DumpCause(log);
-  } else if (thread_info.siginfo && !(primary_thread && scudo_crash_data->CrashIsMine())) {
-    dump_probable_cause(log, thread_info.siginfo, unwinder->GetMaps(), thread_info.registers.get());
-  }
-
-  if (primary_thread) {
     dump_abort_message(log, unwinder->GetProcessMemory().get(), process_info.abort_msg_address);
   }
 
@@ -432,16 +443,17 @@
   }
 
   if (primary_thread) {
-    if (gwp_asan_crash_data->HasDeallocationTrace()) {
-      gwp_asan_crash_data->DumpDeallocationTrace(log, unwinder);
+    GwpAsanCrashData gwp_asan_crash_data(unwinder->GetProcessMemory().get(), process_info,
+                                         thread_info);
+
+    if (gwp_asan_crash_data.HasDeallocationTrace()) {
+      gwp_asan_crash_data.DumpDeallocationTrace(log, unwinder);
     }
 
-    if (gwp_asan_crash_data->HasAllocationTrace()) {
-      gwp_asan_crash_data->DumpAllocationTrace(log, unwinder);
+    if (gwp_asan_crash_data.HasAllocationTrace()) {
+      gwp_asan_crash_data.DumpAllocationTrace(log, unwinder);
     }
 
-    scudo_crash_data->DumpCause(log, unwinder);
-
     unwindstack::Maps* maps = unwinder->GetMaps();
     dump_memory_and_code(log, maps, unwinder->GetProcessMemory().get(),
                          thread_info.registers.get());
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto.cpp
index 0c93c90..6c380a1 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone_proto.cpp
@@ -18,7 +18,9 @@
 
 #include "libdebuggerd/tombstone.h"
 #include "libdebuggerd/gwp_asan.h"
+#if defined(USE_SCUDO)
 #include "libdebuggerd/scudo.h"
+#endif
 
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
@@ -28,6 +30,7 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
 #include <sys/mman.h>
+#include <sys/sysinfo.h>
 #include <time.h>
 
 #include <memory>
@@ -37,6 +40,7 @@
 #include <async_safe/log.h>
 
 #include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
@@ -185,11 +189,13 @@
 
 static void dump_probable_cause(Tombstone* tombstone, unwindstack::Unwinder* unwinder,
                                 const ProcessInfo& process_info, const ThreadInfo& main_thread) {
+#if defined(USE_SCUDO)
   ScudoCrashData scudo_crash_data(unwinder->GetProcessMemory().get(), process_info);
   if (scudo_crash_data.CrashIsMine()) {
     scudo_crash_data.AddCauseProtos(tombstone, unwinder);
     return;
   }
+#endif
 
   GwpAsanCrashData gwp_asan_crash_data(unwinder->GetProcessMemory().get(), process_info,
                                        main_thread);
@@ -596,14 +602,6 @@
   }
 }
 
-static std::optional<uint64_t> read_uptime_secs() {
-  std::string uptime;
-  if (!android::base::ReadFileToString("/proc/uptime", &uptime)) {
-    return {};
-  }
-  return strtoll(uptime.c_str(), nullptr, 10);
-}
-
 void engrave_tombstone_proto(Tombstone* tombstone, unwindstack::Unwinder* unwinder,
                              const std::map<pid_t, ThreadInfo>& threads, pid_t target_thread,
                              const ProcessInfo& process_info, const OpenFilesList* open_files) {
@@ -614,27 +612,25 @@
   result.set_revision(android::base::GetProperty("ro.revision", "unknown"));
   result.set_timestamp(get_timestamp());
 
-  std::optional<uint64_t> system_uptime = read_uptime_secs();
-  if (system_uptime) {
-    android::procinfo::ProcessInfo proc_info;
-    std::string error;
-    if (android::procinfo::GetProcessInfo(target_thread, &proc_info, &error)) {
-      uint64_t starttime = proc_info.starttime / sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK);
-      result.set_process_uptime(*system_uptime - starttime);
-    } else {
-      async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, LOG_TAG, "failed to read process info: %s",
-                            error.c_str());
-    }
-  } else {
-    async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, LOG_TAG, "failed to read /proc/uptime: %s",
-                          strerror(errno));
-  }
-
   const ThreadInfo& main_thread = threads.at(target_thread);
   result.set_pid(main_thread.pid);
   result.set_tid(main_thread.tid);
   result.set_uid(main_thread.uid);
   result.set_selinux_label(main_thread.selinux_label);
+  // The main thread must have a valid siginfo.
+  CHECK(main_thread.siginfo != nullptr);
+
+  struct sysinfo si;
+  sysinfo(&si);
+  android::procinfo::ProcessInfo proc_info;
+  std::string error;
+  if (android::procinfo::GetProcessInfo(main_thread.pid, &proc_info, &error)) {
+    uint64_t starttime = proc_info.starttime / sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK);
+    result.set_process_uptime(si.uptime - starttime);
+  } else {
+    async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, LOG_TAG, "failed to read process info: %s",
+                          error.c_str());
+  }
 
   auto cmd_line = result.mutable_command_line();
   for (const auto& arg : main_thread.command_line) {
diff --git a/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.arm.policy b/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.arm.policy
index 4eac0e9..8fd03c4 100644
--- a/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.arm.policy
+++ b/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.arm.policy
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 faccessat: 1
 recvmsg: 1
 recvfrom: 1
+sysinfo: 1
 process_vm_readv: 1
 tgkill: 1
 rt_sigprocmask: 1
diff --git a/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.arm64.policy b/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.arm64.policy
index 21887ab..858a338 100644
--- a/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.arm64.policy
+++ b/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.arm64.policy
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 faccessat: 1
 recvmsg: 1
 recvfrom: 1
+sysinfo: 1
 process_vm_readv: 1
 tgkill: 1
 rt_sigprocmask: 1
diff --git a/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.policy.def b/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.policy.def
index 90843fc..152697c 100644
--- a/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.policy.def
+++ b/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.policy.def
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 faccessat: 1
 recvmsg: 1
 recvfrom: 1
+sysinfo: 1
 
 process_vm_readv: 1
 
diff --git a/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.x86.policy b/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.x86.policy
index 4eac0e9..8fd03c4 100644
--- a/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.x86.policy
+++ b/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.x86.policy
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 faccessat: 1
 recvmsg: 1
 recvfrom: 1
+sysinfo: 1
 process_vm_readv: 1
 tgkill: 1
 rt_sigprocmask: 1
diff --git a/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.x86_64.policy b/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.x86_64.policy
index 1585cc6..281e231 100644
--- a/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.x86_64.policy
+++ b/debuggerd/seccomp_policy/crash_dump.x86_64.policy
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 faccessat: 1
 recvmsg: 1
 recvfrom: 1
+sysinfo: 1
 process_vm_readv: 1
 tgkill: 1
 rt_sigprocmask: 1
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libdm/Android.bp b/fs_mgr/libdm/Android.bp
index 428a7f4..2bb9035 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libdm/Android.bp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libdm/Android.bp
@@ -86,7 +86,9 @@
     name: "vts_libdm_test",
     defaults: ["libdm_test_defaults"],
     test_suites: ["vts"],
-    test_min_api_level: 29,
+    test_options: {
+        min_shipping_api_level: 29,
+    },
 }
 
 cc_fuzz {
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libdm/include/libdm/dm.h b/fs_mgr/libdm/include/libdm/dm.h
index 7e01b85..332fcf5 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libdm/include/libdm/dm.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libdm/include/libdm/dm.h
@@ -55,7 +55,33 @@
 // that prefix.
 std::optional<std::string> ExtractBlockDeviceName(const std::string& path);
 
-class DeviceMapper final {
+// This interface is for testing purposes. See DeviceMapper proper for what these methods do.
+class IDeviceMapper {
+  public:
+    virtual ~IDeviceMapper() {}
+
+    struct TargetInfo {
+        struct dm_target_spec spec;
+        std::string data;
+        TargetInfo() {}
+        TargetInfo(const struct dm_target_spec& spec, const std::string& data)
+            : spec(spec), data(data) {}
+
+        bool IsOverflowSnapshot() const;
+    };
+
+    virtual bool CreateDevice(const std::string& name, const DmTable& table, std::string* path,
+                              const std::chrono::milliseconds& timeout_ms) = 0;
+    virtual DmDeviceState GetState(const std::string& name) const = 0;
+    virtual bool LoadTableAndActivate(const std::string& name, const DmTable& table) = 0;
+    virtual bool GetTableInfo(const std::string& name, std::vector<TargetInfo>* table) = 0;
+    virtual bool GetTableStatus(const std::string& name, std::vector<TargetInfo>* table) = 0;
+    virtual bool GetDmDevicePathByName(const std::string& name, std::string* path) = 0;
+    virtual bool GetDeviceString(const std::string& name, std::string* dev) = 0;
+    virtual bool DeleteDeviceIfExists(const std::string& name) = 0;
+};
+
+class DeviceMapper final : public IDeviceMapper {
   public:
     class DmBlockDevice final {
       public:
@@ -95,7 +121,7 @@
     // Removes a device mapper device with the given name.
     // Returns 'true' on success, false otherwise.
     bool DeleteDevice(const std::string& name);
-    bool DeleteDeviceIfExists(const std::string& name);
+    bool DeleteDeviceIfExists(const std::string& name) override;
     // Removes a device mapper device with the given name and waits for |timeout_ms| milliseconds
     // for the corresponding block device to be deleted.
     bool DeleteDevice(const std::string& name, const std::chrono::milliseconds& timeout_ms);
@@ -114,7 +140,7 @@
     // Returns the current state of the underlying device mapper device
     // with given name.
     // One of INVALID, SUSPENDED or ACTIVE.
-    DmDeviceState GetState(const std::string& name) const;
+    DmDeviceState GetState(const std::string& name) const override;
 
     // Puts the given device to the specified status, which must be either:
     // - SUSPENDED: suspend the device, or
@@ -158,7 +184,7 @@
     // not |path| is available. It is the caller's responsibility to ensure
     // there are no races.
     bool CreateDevice(const std::string& name, const DmTable& table, std::string* path,
-                      const std::chrono::milliseconds& timeout_ms);
+                      const std::chrono::milliseconds& timeout_ms) override;
 
     // Create a device and activate the given table, without waiting to acquire
     // a valid path. If the caller will use GetDmDevicePathByName(), it should
@@ -170,7 +196,7 @@
     // process. A device with the given name must already exist.
     //
     // Returns 'true' on success, false otherwise.
-    bool LoadTableAndActivate(const std::string& name, const DmTable& table);
+    bool LoadTableAndActivate(const std::string& name, const DmTable& table) override;
 
     // Returns true if a list of available device mapper targets registered in the kernel was
     // successfully read and stored in 'targets'. Returns 'false' otherwise.
@@ -216,7 +242,7 @@
 
     // Returns a major:minor string for the named device-mapper node, that can
     // be used as inputs to DmTargets that take a block device.
-    bool GetDeviceString(const std::string& name, std::string* dev);
+    bool GetDeviceString(const std::string& name, std::string* dev) override;
 
     // The only way to create a DeviceMapper object.
     static DeviceMapper& Instance();
@@ -231,20 +257,11 @@
     // contain one TargetInfo for each target in the table. If the device does
     // not exist, or there were too many targets, the call will fail and return
     // false.
-    struct TargetInfo {
-        struct dm_target_spec spec;
-        std::string data;
-        TargetInfo() {}
-        TargetInfo(const struct dm_target_spec& spec, const std::string& data)
-            : spec(spec), data(data) {}
-
-        bool IsOverflowSnapshot() const;
-    };
-    bool GetTableStatus(const std::string& name, std::vector<TargetInfo>* table);
+    bool GetTableStatus(const std::string& name, std::vector<TargetInfo>* table) override;
 
     // Identical to GetTableStatus, except also retrives the active table for the device
     // mapper device from the kernel.
-    bool GetTableInfo(const std::string& name, std::vector<TargetInfo>* table);
+    bool GetTableInfo(const std::string& name, std::vector<TargetInfo>* table) override;
 
     static std::string GetTargetType(const struct dm_target_spec& spec);
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfiemap/Android.bp b/fs_mgr/libfiemap/Android.bp
index d16b8d6..5deba65 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfiemap/Android.bp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfiemap/Android.bp
@@ -90,7 +90,9 @@
 
     test_suites: ["vts", "device-tests"],
     auto_gen_config: true,
-    test_min_api_level: 29,
+    test_options: {
+        min_shipping_api_level: 29,
+    },
     require_root: true,
 }
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/Android.bp b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/Android.bp
index 0cbd9db..a0ad208 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/Android.bp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libfs_avb/Android.bp
@@ -152,6 +152,7 @@
     static_libs: [
         "libavb",
         "libdm",
+        "libext2_uuid",
         "libfs_avb",
         "libfstab",
     ],
diff --git a/fs_mgr/liblp/Android.bp b/fs_mgr/liblp/Android.bp
index fc2d8a1..4b81c2c 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/liblp/Android.bp
+++ b/fs_mgr/liblp/Android.bp
@@ -105,7 +105,9 @@
     defaults: ["liblp_test_defaults"],
     test_suites: ["vts"],
     auto_gen_config: true,
-    test_min_api_level: 29,
+    test_options: {
+        min_shipping_api_level: 29,
+    },
     require_root: true,
 }
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/Android.bp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/Android.bp
index df00f45..5ab2ce2 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/Android.bp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/Android.bp
@@ -251,7 +251,9 @@
         "vts",
         "device-tests"
     ],
-    test_min_api_level: 29,
+    test_options: {
+        min_shipping_api_level: 29,
+    },
     auto_gen_config: true,
     require_root: true,
 }
@@ -407,7 +409,9 @@
     test_suites: [
         "device-tests"
     ],
-    test_min_api_level: 30,
+    test_options: {
+        min_shipping_api_level: 30,
+    },
     auto_gen_config: true,
     require_root: false,
     host_supported: true,
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/cow_api_test.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/cow_api_test.cpp
index 6066309..ba4044f 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/cow_api_test.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/cow_api_test.cpp
@@ -1171,18 +1171,18 @@
     ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Initialize(cow_->fd));
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddSequenceData(6, sequence));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(6, 3));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(6, 13));
     ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddZeroBlocks(12, 1));
     ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddZeroBlocks(8, 1));
     ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddZeroBlocks(11, 1));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(3, 5));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(2, 1));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(3, 15));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(2, 11));
     ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddZeroBlocks(4, 1));
     ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddZeroBlocks(9, 1));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(5, 6));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(5, 16));
     ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddZeroBlocks(1, 1));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(10, 2));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(7, 4));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(10, 12));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(7, 14));
     ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Finalize());
 
     // New block in cow order is 6, 12, 8, 11, 3, 2, 4, 9, 5, 1, 10, 7
@@ -1219,12 +1219,12 @@
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(writer.Initialize(cow_->fd));
 
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(2, 1));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(10, 2));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(6, 3));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(7, 4));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(3, 5));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(5, 6));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(2, 11));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(10, 12));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(6, 13));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(7, 14));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(3, 15));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddCopy(5, 16));
     ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddZeroBlocks(12, 1));
     ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddZeroBlocks(8, 1));
     ASSERT_TRUE(writer.AddZeroBlocks(11, 1));
@@ -1260,6 +1260,39 @@
     ASSERT_TRUE(iter->Done());
 }
 
+TEST_F(CowTest, InvalidMergeOrderTest) {
+    CowOptions options;
+    options.cluster_ops = 5;
+    options.num_merge_ops = 1;
+    std::string data = "This is some data, believe it";
+    data.resize(options.block_size, '\0');
+    auto writer = std::make_unique<CowWriter>(options);
+    CowReader reader;
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Initialize(cow_->fd));
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddCopy(3, 2));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddCopy(2, 1));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddLabel(1));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Finalize());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(reader.Parse(cow_->fd));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(reader.VerifyMergeOps());
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->InitializeAppend(cow_->fd, 1));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddCopy(4, 2));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Finalize());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(reader.Parse(cow_->fd));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(reader.VerifyMergeOps());
+
+    writer = std::make_unique<CowWriter>(options);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Initialize(cow_->fd));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddCopy(2, 1));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->AddXorBlocks(3, &data, data.size(), 1, 1));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writer->Finalize());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(reader.Parse(cow_->fd));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(reader.VerifyMergeOps());
+}
+
 }  // namespace snapshot
 }  // namespace android
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/cow_format.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/cow_format.cpp
index 8e6bec7..94c4109 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/cow_format.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/cow_format.cpp
@@ -56,7 +56,10 @@
         os << (int)op.compression << "?, ";
     os << "data_length:" << op.data_length << ",\t";
     os << "new_block:" << op.new_block << ",\t";
-    os << "source:" << op.source << ")";
+    os << "source:" << op.source;
+    if (op.type == kCowXorOp)
+        os << " (block:" << op.source / BLOCK_SZ << " offset:" << op.source % BLOCK_SZ << ")";
+    os << ")";
     return os;
 }
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/cow_reader.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/cow_reader.cpp
index 773d978..5306b28 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/cow_reader.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/cow_reader.cpp
@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@
     cow->last_label_ = last_label_;
     cow->ops_ = ops_;
     cow->merge_op_blocks_ = merge_op_blocks_;
+    cow->merge_op_start_ = merge_op_start_;
     cow->block_map_ = block_map_;
     cow->num_total_data_ops_ = num_total_data_ops_;
     cow->num_ordered_ops_to_merge_ = num_ordered_ops_to_merge_;
@@ -230,7 +231,7 @@
                 memcpy(&footer_->op, &current_op, sizeof(footer->op));
                 off_t offs = lseek(fd_.get(), pos, SEEK_SET);
                 if (offs < 0 || pos != static_cast<uint64_t>(offs)) {
-                    PLOG(ERROR) << "lseek next op failed";
+                    PLOG(ERROR) << "lseek next op failed " << offs;
                     return false;
                 }
                 if (!android::base::ReadFully(fd_, &footer->data, sizeof(footer->data))) {
@@ -250,7 +251,7 @@
         // Position for next cluster read
         off_t offs = lseek(fd_.get(), pos, SEEK_SET);
         if (offs < 0 || pos != static_cast<uint64_t>(offs)) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "lseek next op failed";
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "lseek next op failed " << offs;
             return false;
         }
         ops_buffer->resize(current_op_num);
@@ -468,8 +469,7 @@
 
     num_total_data_ops_ = merge_op_blocks->size();
     if (header_.num_merge_ops > 0) {
-        merge_op_blocks->erase(merge_op_blocks->begin(),
-                               merge_op_blocks->begin() + header_.num_merge_ops);
+        merge_op_start_ = header_.num_merge_ops;
     }
 
     block_map_ = block_map;
@@ -477,6 +477,44 @@
     return true;
 }
 
+bool CowReader::VerifyMergeOps() {
+    auto itr = GetMergeOpIter(true);
+    std::unordered_map<uint64_t, CowOperation> overwritten_blocks;
+    while (!itr->Done()) {
+        CowOperation op = itr->Get();
+        uint64_t block;
+        bool offset;
+        if (op.type == kCowCopyOp) {
+            block = op.source;
+            offset = false;
+        } else if (op.type == kCowXorOp) {
+            block = op.source / BLOCK_SZ;
+            offset = (op.source % BLOCK_SZ) != 0;
+        } else {
+            itr->Next();
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        CowOperation* overwrite = nullptr;
+        if (overwritten_blocks.count(block)) {
+            overwrite = &overwritten_blocks[block];
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Invalid Sequence! Block needed for op:\n"
+                       << op << "\noverwritten by previously merged op:\n"
+                       << *overwrite;
+        }
+        if (offset && overwritten_blocks.count(block + 1)) {
+            overwrite = &overwritten_blocks[block + 1];
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Invalid Sequence! Block needed for op:\n"
+                       << op << "\noverwritten by previously merged op:\n"
+                       << *overwrite;
+        }
+        if (overwrite != nullptr) return false;
+        overwritten_blocks[op.new_block] = op;
+        itr->Next();
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
 bool CowReader::GetHeader(CowHeader* header) {
     *header = header_;
     return true;
@@ -530,7 +568,8 @@
   public:
     explicit CowRevMergeOpIter(std::shared_ptr<std::vector<CowOperation>> ops,
                                std::shared_ptr<std::vector<uint32_t>> merge_op_blocks,
-                               std::shared_ptr<std::unordered_map<uint32_t, int>> map);
+                               std::shared_ptr<std::unordered_map<uint32_t, int>> map,
+                               uint64_t start);
 
     bool Done() override;
     const CowOperation& Get() override;
@@ -541,20 +580,67 @@
     std::shared_ptr<std::vector<uint32_t>> merge_op_blocks_;
     std::shared_ptr<std::unordered_map<uint32_t, int>> map_;
     std::vector<uint32_t>::reverse_iterator block_riter_;
+    uint64_t start_;
 };
 
-CowRevMergeOpIter::CowRevMergeOpIter(std::shared_ptr<std::vector<CowOperation>> ops,
-                                     std::shared_ptr<std::vector<uint32_t>> merge_op_blocks,
-                                     std::shared_ptr<std::unordered_map<uint32_t, int>> map) {
+class CowMergeOpIter final : public ICowOpIter {
+  public:
+    explicit CowMergeOpIter(std::shared_ptr<std::vector<CowOperation>> ops,
+                            std::shared_ptr<std::vector<uint32_t>> merge_op_blocks,
+                            std::shared_ptr<std::unordered_map<uint32_t, int>> map, uint64_t start);
+
+    bool Done() override;
+    const CowOperation& Get() override;
+    void Next() override;
+
+  private:
+    std::shared_ptr<std::vector<CowOperation>> ops_;
+    std::shared_ptr<std::vector<uint32_t>> merge_op_blocks_;
+    std::shared_ptr<std::unordered_map<uint32_t, int>> map_;
+    std::vector<uint32_t>::iterator block_iter_;
+    uint64_t start_;
+};
+
+CowMergeOpIter::CowMergeOpIter(std::shared_ptr<std::vector<CowOperation>> ops,
+                               std::shared_ptr<std::vector<uint32_t>> merge_op_blocks,
+                               std::shared_ptr<std::unordered_map<uint32_t, int>> map,
+                               uint64_t start) {
     ops_ = ops;
     merge_op_blocks_ = merge_op_blocks;
     map_ = map;
+    start_ = start;
+
+    block_iter_ = merge_op_blocks->begin() + start;
+}
+
+bool CowMergeOpIter::Done() {
+    return block_iter_ == merge_op_blocks_->end();
+}
+
+void CowMergeOpIter::Next() {
+    CHECK(!Done());
+    block_iter_++;
+}
+
+const CowOperation& CowMergeOpIter::Get() {
+    CHECK(!Done());
+    return ops_->data()[map_->at(*block_iter_)];
+}
+
+CowRevMergeOpIter::CowRevMergeOpIter(std::shared_ptr<std::vector<CowOperation>> ops,
+                                     std::shared_ptr<std::vector<uint32_t>> merge_op_blocks,
+                                     std::shared_ptr<std::unordered_map<uint32_t, int>> map,
+                                     uint64_t start) {
+    ops_ = ops;
+    merge_op_blocks_ = merge_op_blocks;
+    map_ = map;
+    start_ = start;
 
     block_riter_ = merge_op_blocks->rbegin();
 }
 
 bool CowRevMergeOpIter::Done() {
-    return block_riter_ == merge_op_blocks_->rend();
+    return block_riter_ == merge_op_blocks_->rend() - start_;
 }
 
 void CowRevMergeOpIter::Next() {
@@ -571,8 +657,14 @@
     return std::make_unique<CowOpIter>(ops_);
 }
 
-std::unique_ptr<ICowOpIter> CowReader::GetRevMergeOpIter() {
-    return std::make_unique<CowRevMergeOpIter>(ops_, merge_op_blocks_, block_map_);
+std::unique_ptr<ICowOpIter> CowReader::GetRevMergeOpIter(bool ignore_progress) {
+    return std::make_unique<CowRevMergeOpIter>(ops_, merge_op_blocks_, block_map_,
+                                               ignore_progress ? 0 : merge_op_start_);
+}
+
+std::unique_ptr<ICowOpIter> CowReader::GetMergeOpIter(bool ignore_progress) {
+    return std::make_unique<CowMergeOpIter>(ops_, merge_op_blocks_, block_map_,
+                                            ignore_progress ? 0 : merge_op_start_);
 }
 
 bool CowReader::GetRawBytes(uint64_t offset, void* buffer, size_t len, size_t* read) {
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/device_info.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/device_info.cpp
index 14ce0ee..a6d96ed 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/device_info.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/device_info.cpp
@@ -139,5 +139,9 @@
     }
 }
 
+android::dm::IDeviceMapper& DeviceInfo::GetDeviceMapper() {
+    return android::dm::DeviceMapper::Instance();
+}
+
 }  // namespace snapshot
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/device_info.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/device_info.h
index 7999c99..8aefb85 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/device_info.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/device_info.h
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@
     bool IsRecovery() const override;
     std::unique_ptr<IImageManager> OpenImageManager() const override;
     bool IsFirstStageInit() const override;
+    android::dm::IDeviceMapper& GetDeviceMapper() override;
 
     void set_first_stage_init(bool value) { first_stage_init_ = value; }
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/cow_reader.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/cow_reader.h
index 0786e82..143f73c 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/cow_reader.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/cow_reader.h
@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@
 
     // Return the file footer.
     virtual bool GetFooter(CowFooter* footer) = 0;
+    virtual bool VerifyMergeOps() = 0;
 
     // Return the last valid label
     virtual bool GetLastLabel(uint64_t* label) = 0;
@@ -75,8 +76,11 @@
     // Return an iterator for retrieving CowOperation entries.
     virtual std::unique_ptr<ICowOpIter> GetOpIter() = 0;
 
+    // Return an iterator for retrieving CowOperation entries in reverse merge order
+    virtual std::unique_ptr<ICowOpIter> GetRevMergeOpIter(bool ignore_progress) = 0;
+
     // Return an iterator for retrieving CowOperation entries in merge order
-    virtual std::unique_ptr<ICowOpIter> GetRevMergeOpIter() = 0;
+    virtual std::unique_ptr<ICowOpIter> GetMergeOpIter(bool ignore_progress) = 0;
 
     // Get decoded bytes from the data section, handling any decompression.
     // All retrieved data is passed to the sink.
@@ -98,7 +102,7 @@
     virtual void Next() = 0;
 };
 
-class CowReader : public ICowReader {
+class CowReader final : public ICowReader {
   public:
     CowReader();
     ~CowReader() { owned_fd_ = {}; }
@@ -109,6 +113,7 @@
     bool Parse(android::base::borrowed_fd fd, std::optional<uint64_t> label = {});
 
     bool InitForMerge(android::base::unique_fd&& fd);
+    bool VerifyMergeOps() override;
 
     bool GetHeader(CowHeader* header) override;
     bool GetFooter(CowFooter* footer) override;
@@ -120,7 +125,8 @@
     // whose lifetime depends on the CowOpIter object; the return
     // value of these will never be null.
     std::unique_ptr<ICowOpIter> GetOpIter() override;
-    std::unique_ptr<ICowOpIter> GetRevMergeOpIter() override;
+    std::unique_ptr<ICowOpIter> GetRevMergeOpIter(bool ignore_progress = false) override;
+    std::unique_ptr<ICowOpIter> GetMergeOpIter(bool ignore_progress = false) override;
 
     bool ReadData(const CowOperation& op, IByteSink* sink) override;
 
@@ -152,6 +158,7 @@
     std::optional<uint64_t> last_label_;
     std::shared_ptr<std::vector<CowOperation>> ops_;
     std::shared_ptr<std::vector<uint32_t>> merge_op_blocks_;
+    uint64_t merge_op_start_;
     std::shared_ptr<std::unordered_map<uint32_t, int>> block_map_;
     uint64_t num_total_data_ops_;
     uint64_t num_ordered_ops_to_merge_;
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/mock_snapshot_writer.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/mock_snapshot_writer.h
index 3655c01..b0be5a5 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/mock_snapshot_writer.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/mock_snapshot_writer.h
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@
 
     // Open the writer in write mode (no append).
     MOCK_METHOD(bool, Initialize, (), (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(bool, VerifyMergeOps, (), (override, const, noexcept));
 
     // Open the writer in append mode, with the last label to resume
     // from. See CowWriter::InitializeAppend.
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot.h
index d9a0cd9..55f4ed7 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot.h
@@ -110,6 +110,7 @@
         virtual bool IsTestDevice() const { return false; }
         virtual bool IsFirstStageInit() const = 0;
         virtual std::unique_ptr<IImageManager> OpenImageManager() const = 0;
+        virtual android::dm::IDeviceMapper& GetDeviceMapper() = 0;
 
         // Helper method for implementing OpenImageManager.
         std::unique_ptr<IImageManager> OpenImageManager(const std::string& gsid_dir) const;
@@ -611,6 +612,14 @@
     MergeFailureCode CheckMergeConsistency(LockedFile* lock, const std::string& name,
                                            const SnapshotStatus& update_status);
 
+    // Get status or table information about a device-mapper node with a single target.
+    enum class TableQuery {
+        Table,
+        Status,
+    };
+    bool GetSingleTarget(const std::string& dm_name, TableQuery query,
+                         android::dm::DeviceMapper::TargetInfo* target);
+
     // Interact with status files under /metadata/ota/snapshots.
     bool WriteSnapshotStatus(LockedFile* lock, const SnapshotStatus& status);
     bool ReadSnapshotStatus(LockedFile* lock, const std::string& name, SnapshotStatus* status);
@@ -773,9 +782,9 @@
     bool DeleteDeviceIfExists(const std::string& name,
                               const std::chrono::milliseconds& timeout_ms = {});
 
-    std::string gsid_dir_;
-    std::string metadata_dir_;
+    android::dm::IDeviceMapper& dm_;
     std::unique_ptr<IDeviceInfo> device_;
+    std::string metadata_dir_;
     std::unique_ptr<IImageManager> images_;
     bool use_first_stage_snapuserd_ = false;
     bool in_factory_data_reset_ = false;
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot_writer.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot_writer.h
index b09e1ae..545f117 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot_writer.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include/libsnapshot/snapshot_writer.h
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@
     virtual bool InitializeAppend(uint64_t label) = 0;
 
     virtual std::unique_ptr<FileDescriptor> OpenReader() = 0;
+    virtual bool VerifyMergeOps() const noexcept = 0;
 
   protected:
     android::base::borrowed_fd GetSourceFd();
@@ -58,7 +59,7 @@
 };
 
 // Send writes to a COW or a raw device directly, based on a threshold.
-class CompressedSnapshotWriter : public ISnapshotWriter {
+class CompressedSnapshotWriter final : public ISnapshotWriter {
   public:
     CompressedSnapshotWriter(const CowOptions& options);
 
@@ -70,6 +71,7 @@
     bool Finalize() override;
     uint64_t GetCowSize() override;
     std::unique_ptr<FileDescriptor> OpenReader() override;
+    bool VerifyMergeOps() const noexcept;
 
   protected:
     bool EmitCopy(uint64_t new_block, uint64_t old_block) override;
@@ -81,13 +83,14 @@
     bool EmitSequenceData(size_t num_ops, const uint32_t* data) override;
 
   private:
+    std::unique_ptr<CowReader> OpenCowReader() const;
     android::base::unique_fd cow_device_;
 
     std::unique_ptr<CowWriter> cow_;
 };
 
 // Write directly to a dm-snapshot device.
-class OnlineKernelSnapshotWriter : public ISnapshotWriter {
+class OnlineKernelSnapshotWriter final : public ISnapshotWriter {
   public:
     OnlineKernelSnapshotWriter(const CowOptions& options);
 
@@ -101,6 +104,10 @@
     uint64_t GetCowSize() override { return cow_size_; }
     std::unique_ptr<FileDescriptor> OpenReader() override;
 
+    // Online kernel snapshot writer doesn't care about merge sequences.
+    // So ignore.
+    bool VerifyMergeOps() const noexcept override { return true; }
+
   protected:
     bool EmitRawBlocks(uint64_t new_block_start, const void* data, size_t size) override;
     bool EmitZeroBlocks(uint64_t new_block_start, uint64_t num_blocks) override;
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include_test/libsnapshot/test_helpers.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include_test/libsnapshot/test_helpers.h
index 4e7ccf1..1f57bbc 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include_test/libsnapshot/test_helpers.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/include_test/libsnapshot/test_helpers.h
@@ -99,6 +99,9 @@
     std::unique_ptr<IImageManager> OpenImageManager() const override {
         return IDeviceInfo::OpenImageManager("ota/test");
     }
+    android::dm::IDeviceMapper& GetDeviceMapper() override {
+        return android::dm::DeviceMapper::Instance();
+    }
 
     bool IsSlotUnbootable(uint32_t slot) { return unbootable_slots_.count(slot) != 0; }
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/inspect_cow.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/inspect_cow.cpp
index 3c0ba16..548ba00 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/inspect_cow.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/inspect_cow.cpp
@@ -44,10 +44,13 @@
     LOG(ERROR) << "\t -b Show data for failed decompress";
     LOG(ERROR) << "\t -l Show ops";
     LOG(ERROR) << "\t -m Show ops in reverse merge order";
-    LOG(ERROR) << "\t -o Shows sequence op block order\n";
+    LOG(ERROR) << "\t -n Show ops in merge order";
+    LOG(ERROR) << "\t -a Include merged ops in any merge order listing";
+    LOG(ERROR) << "\t -o Shows sequence op block order";
+    LOG(ERROR) << "\t -v Verifies merge order has no conflicts\n";
 }
 
-enum OpIter { Normal, RevMerge };
+enum OpIter { Normal, RevMerge, Merge };
 
 struct Options {
     bool silent;
@@ -55,7 +58,9 @@
     bool show_ops;
     bool show_bad;
     bool show_seq;
+    bool verify_sequence;
     OpIter iter_type;
+    bool include_merged;
 };
 
 // Sink that always appends to the end of a string.
@@ -132,11 +137,21 @@
         }
     }
 
+    if (opt.verify_sequence) {
+        if (reader.VerifyMergeOps()) {
+            std::cout << "\nMerge sequence is consistent.\n";
+        } else {
+            std::cout << "\nMerge sequence is inconsistent!\n";
+        }
+    }
+
     std::unique_ptr<ICowOpIter> iter;
     if (opt.iter_type == Normal) {
         iter = reader.GetOpIter();
     } else if (opt.iter_type == RevMerge) {
-        iter = reader.GetRevMergeOpIter();
+        iter = reader.GetRevMergeOpIter(opt.include_merged);
+    } else if (opt.iter_type == Merge) {
+        iter = reader.GetMergeOpIter(opt.include_merged);
     }
     StringSink sink;
     bool success = true;
@@ -188,7 +203,9 @@
     opt.decompress = false;
     opt.show_bad = false;
     opt.iter_type = android::snapshot::Normal;
-    while ((ch = getopt(argc, argv, "sdbmol")) != -1) {
+    opt.verify_sequence = false;
+    opt.include_merged = false;
+    while ((ch = getopt(argc, argv, "sdbmnolva")) != -1) {
         switch (ch) {
             case 's':
                 opt.silent = true;
@@ -202,12 +219,21 @@
             case 'm':
                 opt.iter_type = android::snapshot::RevMerge;
                 break;
+            case 'n':
+                opt.iter_type = android::snapshot::Merge;
+                break;
             case 'o':
                 opt.show_seq = true;
                 break;
             case 'l':
                 opt.show_ops = true;
                 break;
+            case 'v':
+                opt.verify_sequence = true;
+                break;
+            case 'a':
+                opt.include_merged = true;
+                break;
             default:
                 android::snapshot::usage();
         }
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/scripts/Android.bp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/scripts/Android.bp
index 3e09cc3..829f5bc 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/scripts/Android.bp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/scripts/Android.bp
@@ -14,6 +14,11 @@
 // limitations under the License.
 //
 
+package {
+    // See: http://go/android-license-faq
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
+}
+
 python_binary_host {
     name: "dump_snapshot_proto",
     main: "dump_snapshot_proto.py",
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot.cpp
index 3e8d9c1..3d8ae29 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot.cpp
@@ -114,9 +114,8 @@
     return sm;
 }
 
-SnapshotManager::SnapshotManager(IDeviceInfo* device) : device_(device) {
-    metadata_dir_ = device_->GetMetadataDir();
-}
+SnapshotManager::SnapshotManager(IDeviceInfo* device)
+    : dm_(device->GetDeviceMapper()), device_(device), metadata_dir_(device_->GetMetadataDir()) {}
 
 static std::string GetCowName(const std::string& snapshot_name) {
     return snapshot_name + "-cow";
@@ -402,8 +401,6 @@
                                    const std::chrono::milliseconds& timeout_ms, std::string* path) {
     CHECK(lock);
 
-    auto& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
-
     // Use an extra decoration for first-stage init, so we can transition
     // to a new table entry in second-stage.
     std::string misc_name = name;
@@ -423,7 +420,7 @@
 
     DmTable table;
     table.Emplace<DmTargetUser>(0, base_sectors, misc_name);
-    if (!dm.CreateDevice(name, table, path, timeout_ms)) {
+    if (!dm_.CreateDevice(name, table, path, timeout_ms)) {
         return false;
     }
     if (!WaitForDevice(*path, timeout_ms)) {
@@ -490,8 +487,6 @@
 
     uint64_t snapshot_sectors = status.snapshot_size() / kSectorSize;
 
-    auto& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
-
     // Note that merging is a global state. We do track whether individual devices
     // have completed merging, but the start of the merge process is considered
     // atomic.
@@ -518,10 +513,17 @@
             break;
     }
 
+    if (mode == SnapshotStorageMode::Persistent && status.state() == SnapshotState::MERGING) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Snapshot: " << name
+                   << " has snapshot status Merging but mode set to Persistent."
+                   << " Changing mode to Snapshot-Merge.";
+        mode = SnapshotStorageMode::Merge;
+    }
+
     DmTable table;
     table.Emplace<DmTargetSnapshot>(0, snapshot_sectors, base_device, cow_device, mode,
                                     kSnapshotChunkSize);
-    if (!dm.CreateDevice(name, table, dev_path, timeout_ms)) {
+    if (!dm_.CreateDevice(name, table, dev_path, timeout_ms)) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Could not create snapshot device: " << name;
         return false;
     }
@@ -652,7 +654,6 @@
 
     auto other_suffix = device_->GetOtherSlotSuffix();
 
-    auto& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
     for (const auto& snapshot : snapshots) {
         if (android::base::EndsWith(snapshot, other_suffix)) {
             // Allow the merge to continue, but log this unexpected case.
@@ -664,7 +665,7 @@
         // the same time. This is a fairly serious error. We could forcefully
         // map everything here, but it should have been mapped during first-
         // stage init.
-        if (dm.GetState(snapshot) == DmDeviceState::INVALID) {
+        if (dm_.GetState(snapshot) == DmDeviceState::INVALID) {
             LOG(ERROR) << "Cannot begin merge; device " << snapshot << " is not mapped.";
             return false;
         }
@@ -797,10 +798,8 @@
 }
 
 MergeFailureCode SnapshotManager::RewriteSnapshotDeviceTable(const std::string& name) {
-    auto& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
-
     std::vector<DeviceMapper::TargetInfo> old_targets;
-    if (!dm.GetTableInfo(name, &old_targets)) {
+    if (!dm_.GetTableInfo(name, &old_targets)) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Could not read snapshot device table: " << name;
         return MergeFailureCode::GetTableInfo;
     }
@@ -818,7 +817,7 @@
     DmTable table;
     table.Emplace<DmTargetSnapshot>(0, old_targets[0].spec.length, base_device, cow_device,
                                     SnapshotStorageMode::Merge, kSnapshotChunkSize);
-    if (!dm.LoadTableAndActivate(name, table)) {
+    if (!dm_.LoadTableAndActivate(name, table)) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Could not swap device-mapper tables on snapshot device " << name;
         return MergeFailureCode::ActivateNewTable;
     }
@@ -826,24 +825,18 @@
     return MergeFailureCode::Ok;
 }
 
-enum class TableQuery {
-    Table,
-    Status,
-};
-
-static bool GetSingleTarget(const std::string& dm_name, TableQuery query,
-                            DeviceMapper::TargetInfo* target) {
-    auto& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
-    if (dm.GetState(dm_name) == DmDeviceState::INVALID) {
+bool SnapshotManager::GetSingleTarget(const std::string& dm_name, TableQuery query,
+                                      DeviceMapper::TargetInfo* target) {
+    if (dm_.GetState(dm_name) == DmDeviceState::INVALID) {
         return false;
     }
 
     std::vector<DeviceMapper::TargetInfo> targets;
     bool result;
     if (query == TableQuery::Status) {
-        result = dm.GetTableStatus(dm_name, &targets);
+        result = dm_.GetTableStatus(dm_name, &targets);
     } else {
-        result = dm.GetTableInfo(dm_name, &targets);
+        result = dm_.GetTableInfo(dm_name, &targets);
     }
     if (!result) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Could not query device: " << dm_name;
@@ -886,6 +879,10 @@
     if (target_type) {
         *target_type = DeviceMapper::GetTargetType(target.spec);
     }
+    if (!status->error.empty()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Snapshot: " << dm_name << " returned error code: " << status->error;
+        return false;
+    }
     return true;
 }
 
@@ -1169,11 +1166,9 @@
         return MergeFailureCode::Ok;
     }
 
-    auto& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
-
     std::string cow_image_name = GetMappedCowDeviceName(name, status);
     std::string cow_image_path;
-    if (!dm.GetDmDevicePathByName(cow_image_name, &cow_image_path)) {
+    if (!dm_.GetDmDevicePathByName(cow_image_name, &cow_image_path)) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to get path for cow device: " << cow_image_name;
         return MergeFailureCode::GetCowPathConsistencyCheck;
     }
@@ -1349,8 +1344,6 @@
 
 bool SnapshotManager::CollapseSnapshotDevice(const std::string& name,
                                              const SnapshotStatus& status) {
-    auto& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
-
     // Verify we have a snapshot-merge device.
     DeviceMapper::TargetInfo target;
     if (!GetSingleTarget(name, TableQuery::Table, &target)) {
@@ -1389,7 +1382,7 @@
         return false;
     }
 
-    if (!dm.LoadTableAndActivate(name, table)) {
+    if (!dm_.LoadTableAndActivate(name, table)) {
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -1462,8 +1455,6 @@
         }
     }
 
-    auto& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
-
     auto lock = LockExclusive();
     if (!lock) return false;
 
@@ -1477,7 +1468,7 @@
     size_t ok_cows = 0;
     for (const auto& snapshot : snapshots) {
         std::string user_cow_name = GetDmUserCowName(snapshot);
-        if (dm.GetState(user_cow_name) == DmDeviceState::INVALID) {
+        if (dm_.GetState(user_cow_name) == DmDeviceState::INVALID) {
             continue;
         }
 
@@ -1504,7 +1495,7 @@
 
         DmTable table;
         table.Emplace<DmTargetUser>(0, target.spec.length, misc_name);
-        if (!dm.LoadTableAndActivate(user_cow_name, table)) {
+        if (!dm_.LoadTableAndActivate(user_cow_name, table)) {
             LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to swap tables for " << misc_name;
             continue;
         }
@@ -1517,7 +1508,7 @@
         }
 
         std::string source_device;
-        if (!dm.GetDmDevicePathByName(source_device_name, &source_device)) {
+        if (!dm_.GetDmDevicePathByName(source_device_name, &source_device)) {
             LOG(ERROR) << "Could not get device path for " << GetSourceDeviceName(snapshot);
             continue;
         }
@@ -1525,7 +1516,7 @@
         std::string cow_image_name = GetMappedCowDeviceName(snapshot, snapshot_status);
 
         std::string cow_image_device;
-        if (!dm.GetDmDevicePathByName(cow_image_name, &cow_image_device)) {
+        if (!dm_.GetDmDevicePathByName(cow_image_name, &cow_image_device)) {
             LOG(ERROR) << "Could not get device path for " << cow_image_name;
             continue;
         }
@@ -1700,8 +1691,7 @@
             // snapshot, but it's on the wrong slot. We can't unmap an active
             // partition. If this is not really a snapshot, skip the unmap
             // step.
-            auto& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
-            if (dm.GetState(name) == DmDeviceState::INVALID || !IsSnapshotDevice(name)) {
+            if (dm_.GetState(name) == DmDeviceState::INVALID || !IsSnapshotDevice(name)) {
                 LOG(ERROR) << "Detected snapshot " << name << " on " << current_slot << " slot"
                            << " for source partition; removing without unmap.";
                 should_unmap = false;
@@ -2038,14 +2028,13 @@
     // Create the base device for the snapshot, or if there is no snapshot, the
     // device itself. This device consists of the real blocks in the super
     // partition that this logical partition occupies.
-    auto& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
     std::string base_path;
     if (!CreateLogicalPartition(params, &base_path)) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Could not create logical partition " << params.GetPartitionName()
                    << " as device " << params.GetDeviceName();
         return false;
     }
-    created_devices.EmplaceBack<AutoUnmapDevice>(&dm, params.GetDeviceName());
+    created_devices.EmplaceBack<AutoUnmapDevice>(&dm_, params.GetDeviceName());
 
     if (paths) {
         paths->target_device = base_path;
@@ -2059,7 +2048,7 @@
     // We don't have ueventd in first-stage init, so use device major:minor
     // strings instead.
     std::string base_device;
-    if (!dm.GetDeviceString(params.GetDeviceName(), &base_device)) {
+    if (!dm_.GetDeviceString(params.GetDeviceName(), &base_device)) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Could not determine major/minor for: " << params.GetDeviceName();
         return false;
     }
@@ -2102,7 +2091,7 @@
             }
 
             auto source_device = GetSourceDeviceName(params.GetPartitionName());
-            created_devices.EmplaceBack<AutoUnmapDevice>(&dm, source_device);
+            created_devices.EmplaceBack<AutoUnmapDevice>(&dm_, source_device);
         } else {
             source_device_path = base_path;
         }
@@ -2129,7 +2118,7 @@
                        << params.GetPartitionName();
             return false;
         }
-        created_devices.EmplaceBack<AutoUnmapDevice>(&dm, name);
+        created_devices.EmplaceBack<AutoUnmapDevice>(&dm_, name);
 
         remaining_time = GetRemainingTime(params.timeout_ms, begin);
         if (remaining_time.count() < 0) return false;
@@ -2195,8 +2184,6 @@
     std::string cow_image_name = GetCowImageDeviceName(partition_name);
     *cow_name = GetCowName(partition_name);
 
-    auto& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
-
     // Map COW image if necessary.
     if (snapshot_status.cow_file_size() > 0) {
         if (!EnsureImageManager()) return false;
@@ -2247,11 +2234,11 @@
 
     // We have created the DmTable now. Map it.
     std::string cow_path;
-    if (!dm.CreateDevice(*cow_name, table, &cow_path, remaining_time)) {
+    if (!dm_.CreateDevice(*cow_name, table, &cow_path, remaining_time)) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Could not create COW device: " << *cow_name;
         return false;
     }
-    created_devices->EmplaceBack<AutoUnmapDevice>(&dm, *cow_name);
+    created_devices->EmplaceBack<AutoUnmapDevice>(&dm_, *cow_name);
     LOG(INFO) << "Mapped COW device for " << params.GetPartitionName() << " at " << cow_path;
     return true;
 }
@@ -2278,10 +2265,8 @@
 }
 
 bool SnapshotManager::UnmapDmUserDevice(const std::string& snapshot_name) {
-    auto& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
-
     auto dm_user_name = GetDmUserCowName(snapshot_name);
-    if (dm.GetState(dm_user_name) == DmDeviceState::INVALID) {
+    if (dm_.GetState(dm_user_name) == DmDeviceState::INVALID) {
         return true;
     }
 
@@ -3501,7 +3486,6 @@
         return false;
     }
 
-    auto& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
     for (const auto& snapshot : snapshots) {
         SnapshotStatus status;
         if (!ReadSnapshotStatus(lock, snapshot, &status)) {
@@ -3512,7 +3496,7 @@
         }
 
         std::vector<DeviceMapper::TargetInfo> targets;
-        if (!dm.GetTableStatus(snapshot, &targets)) {
+        if (!dm_.GetTableStatus(snapshot, &targets)) {
             LOG(ERROR) << "Could not read snapshot device table: " << snapshot;
             return false;
         }
@@ -3605,11 +3589,9 @@
 // isn't running yet.
 bool SnapshotManager::GetMappedImageDevicePath(const std::string& device_name,
                                                std::string* device_path) {
-    auto& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
-
     // Try getting the device string if it is a device mapper device.
-    if (dm.GetState(device_name) != DmDeviceState::INVALID) {
-        return dm.GetDmDevicePathByName(device_name, device_path);
+    if (dm_.GetState(device_name) != DmDeviceState::INVALID) {
+        return dm_.GetDmDevicePathByName(device_name, device_path);
     }
 
     // Otherwise, get path from IImageManager.
@@ -3618,10 +3600,9 @@
 
 bool SnapshotManager::GetMappedImageDeviceStringOrPath(const std::string& device_name,
                                                        std::string* device_string_or_mapped_path) {
-    auto& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
     // Try getting the device string if it is a device mapper device.
-    if (dm.GetState(device_name) != DmDeviceState::INVALID) {
-        return dm.GetDeviceString(device_name, device_string_or_mapped_path);
+    if (dm_.GetState(device_name) != DmDeviceState::INVALID) {
+        return dm_.GetDeviceString(device_name, device_string_or_mapped_path);
     }
 
     // Otherwise, get path from IImageManager.
@@ -3737,10 +3718,9 @@
 
 bool SnapshotManager::DeleteDeviceIfExists(const std::string& name,
                                            const std::chrono::milliseconds& timeout_ms) {
-    auto& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
     auto start = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
     while (true) {
-        if (dm.DeleteDeviceIfExists(name)) {
+        if (dm_.DeleteDeviceIfExists(name)) {
             return true;
         }
         auto now = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
@@ -3753,7 +3733,7 @@
 
     // Try to diagnose why this failed. First get the actual device path.
     std::string full_path;
-    if (!dm.GetDmDevicePathByName(name, &full_path)) {
+    if (!dm_.GetDmDevicePathByName(name, &full_path)) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to diagnose DM_DEV_REMOVE failure.";
         return false;
     }
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_fuzz_utils.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_fuzz_utils.cpp
index 0096f85..acee2f4 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_fuzz_utils.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_fuzz_utils.cpp
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@
     auto& dm = DeviceMapper::Instance();
     std::vector<DeviceMapper::TargetInfo> table;
     if (!dm.GetTableInfo(dev_name, &table)) {
-        PCHECK(errno == ENODEV);
+        PCHECK(errno == ENODEV || errno == ENXIO);
         return {};
     }
     return table;
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_fuzz_utils.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_fuzz_utils.h
index 3ed27c8..c1a5af7 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_fuzz_utils.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_fuzz_utils.h
@@ -101,7 +101,8 @@
         : env_(env),
           data_(&data),
           partition_opener_(std::move(partition_opener)),
-          metadata_dir_(metadata_dir) {}
+          metadata_dir_(metadata_dir),
+          dm_(android::dm::DeviceMapper::Instance()) {}
 
     // Following APIs are mocked.
     std::string GetMetadataDir() const override { return metadata_dir_; }
@@ -125,6 +126,7 @@
     }
     bool IsRecovery() const override { return data_->is_recovery(); }
     bool IsFirstStageInit() const override { return false; }
+    android::dm::IDeviceMapper& GetDeviceMapper() override { return dm_; }
     std::unique_ptr<IImageManager> OpenImageManager() const {
         return env_->CheckCreateFakeImageManager();
     }
@@ -137,6 +139,7 @@
     std::unique_ptr<TestPartitionOpener> partition_opener_;
     std::string metadata_dir_;
     bool switched_slot_ = false;
+    android::dm::DeviceMapper& dm_;
 
     bool CurrentSlotIsA() const { return data_->slot_suffix_is_a() != switched_slot_; }
 };
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_writer.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_writer.cpp
index 3eda08e..48b7d80 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_writer.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapshot_writer.cpp
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@
     return cow_->GetCowSize();
 }
 
-std::unique_ptr<FileDescriptor> CompressedSnapshotWriter::OpenReader() {
+std::unique_ptr<CowReader> CompressedSnapshotWriter::OpenCowReader() const {
     unique_fd cow_fd(dup(cow_device_.get()));
     if (cow_fd < 0) {
         PLOG(ERROR) << "dup COW device";
@@ -79,6 +79,20 @@
         LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to read COW";
         return nullptr;
     }
+    return cow;
+}
+
+bool CompressedSnapshotWriter::VerifyMergeOps() const noexcept {
+    auto cow_reader = OpenCowReader();
+    if (cow_reader == nullptr) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Couldn't open CowReader";
+        return false;
+    }
+    return cow_reader->VerifyMergeOps();
+}
+
+std::unique_ptr<FileDescriptor> CompressedSnapshotWriter::OpenReader() {
+    auto cow = OpenCowReader();
 
     auto reader = std::make_unique<CompressedSnapshotReader>();
     if (!reader->SetCow(std::move(cow))) {
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/Android.bp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/Android.bp
index 47268d4..6bd5323 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/Android.bp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/Android.bp
@@ -128,7 +128,9 @@
         "libstorage_literals_headers",
         "libfiemap_headers",
     ],
-    test_min_api_level: 30,
+    test_options: {
+        min_shipping_api_level: 30,
+    },
     auto_gen_config: true,
     require_root: false,
 }
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/cow_snapuserd_test.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/cow_snapuserd_test.cpp
index bff0a50..44ea2cb 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/cow_snapuserd_test.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/cow_snapuserd_test.cpp
@@ -109,6 +109,7 @@
     void MergeInterruptRandomly(int max_duration);
     void ReadDmUserBlockWithoutDaemon();
     void ReadLastBlock();
+    void TestRealTimeSignal();
 
     std::string snapshot_dev() const { return snapshot_dev_->path(); }
 
@@ -152,6 +153,7 @@
     size_t size_ = 50_MiB;
     int cow_num_sectors_;
     int total_base_size_;
+    pid_t pid_;
 };
 
 class CowSnapuserdMetadataTest final {
@@ -254,6 +256,7 @@
     } else {
         client_ = SnapuserdClient::Connect(kSnapuserdSocketTest, 10s);
         ASSERT_NE(client_, nullptr);
+        pid_ = pid;
     }
 }
 
@@ -769,6 +772,16 @@
     ASSERT_FALSE(snapshot_dev_->path().empty());
 }
 
+void CowSnapuserdTest::TestRealTimeSignal() {
+    StartSnapuserdDaemon();
+    ASSERT_EQ(kill(pid_, 36), 0);  // Real time signal 36
+    ASSERT_EQ(kill(pid_, 0), 0);   // Verify pid exists
+    ASSERT_TRUE(client_->DetachSnapuserd());
+    std::this_thread::sleep_for(1s);
+    client_->CloseConnection();
+    client_ = nullptr;
+}
+
 void CowSnapuserdTest::SetupImpl() {
     CreateBaseDevice();
     CreateCowDevice();
@@ -1278,6 +1291,11 @@
     harness.Shutdown();
 }
 
+TEST(Snapuserd_Test, Snapshot_TestRealTimeSignal) {
+    CowSnapuserdTest harness;
+    harness.TestRealTimeSignal();
+}
+
 }  // namespace snapshot
 }  // namespace android
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/snapuserd_daemon.cpp b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/snapuserd_daemon.cpp
index e05822e..e2ed7ed 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/snapuserd_daemon.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/snapuserd/snapuserd_daemon.cpp
@@ -29,6 +29,8 @@
 DEFINE_bool(socket_handoff, false,
             "If true, perform a socket hand-off with an existing snapuserd instance, then exit.");
 
+constexpr int kProfilingSignal = __SIGRTMIN + 4;
+
 namespace android {
 namespace snapshot {
 
@@ -39,6 +41,7 @@
     sigdelset(&signal_mask_, SIGINT);
     sigdelset(&signal_mask_, SIGTERM);
     sigdelset(&signal_mask_, SIGUSR1);
+    sigdelset(&signal_mask_, kProfilingSignal);
 
     // Masking signals here ensure that after this point, we won't handle INT/TERM
     // until after we call into ppoll()
@@ -46,6 +49,7 @@
     signal(SIGTERM, Daemon::SignalHandler);
     signal(SIGPIPE, Daemon::SignalHandler);
     signal(SIGUSR1, Daemon::SignalHandler);
+    signal(kProfilingSignal, Daemon::SignalHandler);
 
     MaskAllSignalsExceptIntAndTerm();
 
@@ -83,6 +87,7 @@
     sigdelset(&signal_mask, SIGTERM);
     sigdelset(&signal_mask, SIGPIPE);
     sigdelset(&signal_mask, SIGUSR1);
+    sigdelset(&signal_mask, kProfilingSignal);
     if (sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &signal_mask, NULL) != 0) {
         PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to set sigprocmask";
     }
@@ -116,6 +121,10 @@
             LOG(ERROR) << "Received SIGPIPE signal";
             break;
         }
+        case kProfilingSignal: {
+            LOG(INFO) << "Received real-time signal SIGRTMIN+4";
+            break;
+        }
         case SIGUSR1: {
             LOG(INFO) << "Received SIGUSR1, attaching to proxy socket";
             Daemon::Instance().ReceivedSocketSignal();
diff --git a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/utility.h b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/utility.h
index 671de9d..e97afed 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/utility.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/libsnapshot/utility.h
@@ -57,14 +57,14 @@
 // Automatically unmap a device upon deletion.
 struct AutoUnmapDevice : AutoDevice {
     // On destruct, delete |name| from device mapper.
-    AutoUnmapDevice(android::dm::DeviceMapper* dm, const std::string& name)
+    AutoUnmapDevice(android::dm::IDeviceMapper* dm, const std::string& name)
         : AutoDevice(name), dm_(dm) {}
     AutoUnmapDevice(AutoUnmapDevice&& other) = default;
     ~AutoUnmapDevice();
 
   private:
     DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(AutoUnmapDevice);
-    android::dm::DeviceMapper* dm_ = nullptr;
+    android::dm::IDeviceMapper* dm_ = nullptr;
 };
 
 // Automatically unmap an image upon deletion.
diff --git a/init/Android.bp b/init/Android.bp
index 5d09687..9b02c38 100644
--- a/init/Android.bp
+++ b/init/Android.bp
@@ -89,7 +89,19 @@
     "host_init_verifier.cpp",
 ]
 
-cc_defaults {
+soong_config_module_type {
+    name: "libinit_cc_defaults",
+    module_type: "cc_defaults",
+    config_namespace: "ANDROID",
+    bool_variables: [
+        "PRODUCT_INSTALL_DEBUG_POLICY_TO_SYSTEM_EXT",
+    ],
+    properties: [
+        "cflags",
+    ],
+}
+
+libinit_cc_defaults {
     name: "init_defaults",
     sanitize: {
         misc_undefined: ["signed-integer-overflow"],
@@ -109,6 +121,7 @@
         "-DDUMP_ON_UMOUNT_FAILURE=0",
         "-DSHUTDOWN_ZERO_TIMEOUT=0",
         "-DINIT_FULL_SOURCES",
+        "-DINSTALL_DEBUG_POLICY_TO_SYSTEM_EXT=0",
     ],
     product_variables: {
         debuggable: {
@@ -137,6 +150,14 @@
             cppflags: ["-DUSER_MODE_LINUX"],
         },
     },
+    soong_config_variables: {
+        PRODUCT_INSTALL_DEBUG_POLICY_TO_SYSTEM_EXT: {
+            cflags: [
+                "-UINSTALL_DEBUG_POLICY_TO_SYSTEM_EXT",
+                "-DINSTALL_DEBUG_POLICY_TO_SYSTEM_EXT=1",
+            ],
+        },
+    },
     static_libs: [
         "libavb",
         "libc++fs",
@@ -300,7 +321,6 @@
         "first_stage_mount.cpp",
         "reboot_utils.cpp",
         "selabel.cpp",
-        "selinux.cpp",
         "service_utils.cpp",
         "snapuserd_transition.cpp",
         "switch_root.cpp",
@@ -315,23 +335,16 @@
         "libfec",
         "libfec_rs",
         "libsquashfs_utils",
-        "liblogwrap",
-        "libext4_utils",
         "libcrypto_utils",
-        "libsparse",
         "libavb",
-        "libkeyutils",
         "liblp",
         "libcutils",
         "libbase",
         "liblog",
         "libcrypto_static",
-        "libdl",
-        "libz",
         "libselinux",
         "libcap",
         "libgsi",
-        "libcom.android.sysprop.apex",
         "liblzma",
         "libunwindstack_no_dex",
         "libbacktrace_no_dex",
@@ -442,6 +455,7 @@
         "persistent_properties_test.cpp",
         "property_service_test.cpp",
         "property_type_test.cpp",
+        "reboot_test.cpp",
         "rlimit_parser_test.cpp",
         "service_test.cpp",
         "subcontext_test.cpp",
diff --git a/init/first_stage_init.cpp b/init/first_stage_init.cpp
index 78e5b60..c7b7b0c 100644
--- a/init/first_stage_init.cpp
+++ b/init/first_stage_init.cpp
@@ -330,14 +330,21 @@
     // If "/force_debuggable" is present, the second-stage init will use a userdebug
     // sepolicy and load adb_debug.prop to allow adb root, if the device is unlocked.
     if (access("/force_debuggable", F_OK) == 0) {
+        constexpr const char adb_debug_prop_src[] = "/adb_debug.prop";
+        constexpr const char userdebug_plat_sepolicy_cil_src[] = "/userdebug_plat_sepolicy.cil";
         std::error_code ec;  // to invoke the overloaded copy_file() that won't throw.
-        if (!fs::copy_file("/adb_debug.prop", kDebugRamdiskProp, ec) ||
-            !fs::copy_file("/userdebug_plat_sepolicy.cil", kDebugRamdiskSEPolicy, ec)) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to setup debug ramdisk";
-        } else {
-            // setenv for second-stage init to read above kDebugRamdisk* files.
-            setenv("INIT_FORCE_DEBUGGABLE", "true", 1);
+        if (access(adb_debug_prop_src, F_OK) == 0 &&
+            !fs::copy_file(adb_debug_prop_src, kDebugRamdiskProp, ec)) {
+            LOG(WARNING) << "Can't copy " << adb_debug_prop_src << " to " << kDebugRamdiskProp
+                         << ": " << ec.message();
         }
+        if (access(userdebug_plat_sepolicy_cil_src, F_OK) == 0 &&
+            !fs::copy_file(userdebug_plat_sepolicy_cil_src, kDebugRamdiskSEPolicy, ec)) {
+            LOG(WARNING) << "Can't copy " << userdebug_plat_sepolicy_cil_src << " to "
+                         << kDebugRamdiskSEPolicy << ": " << ec.message();
+        }
+        // setenv for second-stage init to read above kDebugRamdisk* files.
+        setenv("INIT_FORCE_DEBUGGABLE", "true", 1);
     }
 
     if (ForceNormalBoot(cmdline, bootconfig)) {
diff --git a/init/mount_namespace.cpp b/init/mount_namespace.cpp
index 593e5ae..bce1cc3 100644
--- a/init/mount_namespace.cpp
+++ b/init/mount_namespace.cpp
@@ -82,11 +82,6 @@
     return updatable;
 }
 
-static bool IsMicrodroid() {
-    static bool is_microdroid = android::base::GetProperty("ro.hardware", "") == "microdroid";
-    return is_microdroid;
-}
-
 // In case we have two sets of APEXes (non-updatable, updatable), we need two separate mount
 // namespaces.
 static bool NeedsTwoMountNamespaces() {
diff --git a/init/reboot.cpp b/init/reboot.cpp
index 1681627..6aa9912 100644
--- a/init/reboot.cpp
+++ b/init/reboot.cpp
@@ -550,8 +550,8 @@
 
 // Like StopServices, but also logs all the services that failed to stop after the provided timeout.
 // Returns number of violators.
-static int StopServicesAndLogViolations(const std::set<std::string>& services,
-                                        std::chrono::milliseconds timeout, bool terminate) {
+int StopServicesAndLogViolations(const std::set<std::string>& services,
+                                 std::chrono::milliseconds timeout, bool terminate) {
     StopServices(services, timeout, terminate);
     int still_running = 0;
     for (const auto& s : ServiceList::GetInstance()) {
diff --git a/init/reboot.h b/init/reboot.h
index 81c3edc..551a114 100644
--- a/init/reboot.h
+++ b/init/reboot.h
@@ -17,11 +17,17 @@
 #ifndef _INIT_REBOOT_H
 #define _INIT_REBOOT_H
 
+#include <chrono>
+#include <set>
 #include <string>
 
 namespace android {
 namespace init {
 
+// Like StopServices, but also logs all the services that failed to stop after the provided timeout.
+// Returns number of violators.
+int StopServicesAndLogViolations(const std::set<std::string>& services,
+                                 std::chrono::milliseconds timeout, bool terminate);
 // Parses and handles a setprop sys.powerctl message.
 void HandlePowerctlMessage(const std::string& command);
 
diff --git a/init/reboot_test.cpp b/init/reboot_test.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b3d038d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/reboot_test.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "reboot.h"
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <memory>
+#include <string_view>
+
+#include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <android-base/properties.h>
+#include <android-base/strings.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <selinux/selinux.h>
+
+#include "builtin_arguments.h"
+#include "builtins.h"
+#include "parser.h"
+#include "service_list.h"
+#include "service_parser.h"
+#include "subcontext.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+using namespace std::literals;
+
+using android::base::GetProperty;
+using android::base::Join;
+using android::base::SetProperty;
+using android::base::Split;
+using android::base::StringReplace;
+using android::base::WaitForProperty;
+using android::base::WriteStringToFd;
+
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
+class RebootTest : public ::testing::Test {
+  public:
+    RebootTest() {
+        std::vector<std::string> names = GetServiceNames();
+        if (!names.empty()) {
+            ADD_FAILURE() << "Expected empty ServiceList but found: [" << Join(names, ',') << "]";
+        }
+    }
+
+    ~RebootTest() {
+        std::vector<std::string> names = GetServiceNames();
+        for (const auto& name : names) {
+            auto s = ServiceList::GetInstance().FindService(name);
+            auto pid = s->pid();
+            ServiceList::GetInstance().RemoveService(*s);
+            if (pid > 0) {
+                kill(pid, SIGTERM);
+                kill(pid, SIGKILL);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+  private:
+    std::vector<std::string> GetServiceNames() const {
+        std::vector<std::string> names;
+        for (const auto& s : ServiceList::GetInstance()) {
+            names.push_back(s->name());
+        }
+        return names;
+    }
+};
+
+std::string GetSecurityContext() {
+    char* ctx;
+    if (getcon(&ctx) == -1) {
+        ADD_FAILURE() << "Failed to call getcon : " << strerror(errno);
+    }
+    std::string result = std::string(ctx);
+    freecon(ctx);
+    return result;
+}
+
+void AddTestService(const std::string& name) {
+    static constexpr std::string_view kScriptTemplate = R"init(
+service $name /system/bin/yes
+    user shell
+    group shell
+    seclabel $selabel
+)init";
+
+    std::string script = StringReplace(StringReplace(kScriptTemplate, "$name", name, false),
+                                       "$selabel", GetSecurityContext(), false);
+    ServiceList& service_list = ServiceList::GetInstance();
+    Parser parser;
+    parser.AddSectionParser("service",
+                            std::make_unique<ServiceParser>(&service_list, nullptr, std::nullopt));
+
+    TemporaryFile tf;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(tf.fd != -1);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(WriteStringToFd(script, tf.fd));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(parser.ParseConfig(tf.path));
+}
+
+TEST_F(RebootTest, StopServicesSIGTERM) {
+    if (getuid() != 0) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "Skipping test, must be run as root.";
+        return;
+    }
+
+    AddTestService("A");
+    AddTestService("B");
+
+    auto service_a = ServiceList::GetInstance().FindService("A");
+    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, service_a);
+    auto service_b = ServiceList::GetInstance().FindService("B");
+    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, service_b);
+
+    ASSERT_RESULT_OK(service_a->Start());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(service_a->IsRunning());
+    ASSERT_RESULT_OK(service_b->Start());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(service_b->IsRunning());
+
+    std::unique_ptr<Service> oneshot_service;
+    {
+        auto result = Service::MakeTemporaryOneshotService(
+                {"exec", GetSecurityContext(), "--", "/system/bin/yes"});
+        ASSERT_RESULT_OK(result);
+        oneshot_service = std::move(*result);
+    }
+    std::string oneshot_service_name = oneshot_service->name();
+    oneshot_service->Start();
+    ASSERT_TRUE(oneshot_service->IsRunning());
+    ServiceList::GetInstance().AddService(std::move(oneshot_service));
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, StopServicesAndLogViolations({"A", "B", oneshot_service_name}, 10s,
+                                              /* terminate= */ true));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(service_a->IsRunning());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(service_b->IsRunning());
+    // Oneshot services are deleted from the ServiceList after they are destroyed.
+    auto oneshot_service_after_stop = ServiceList::GetInstance().FindService(oneshot_service_name);
+    EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, oneshot_service_after_stop);
+}
+
+TEST_F(RebootTest, StopServicesSIGKILL) {
+    if (getuid() != 0) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "Skipping test, must be run as root.";
+        return;
+    }
+
+    AddTestService("A");
+    AddTestService("B");
+
+    auto service_a = ServiceList::GetInstance().FindService("A");
+    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, service_a);
+    auto service_b = ServiceList::GetInstance().FindService("B");
+    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, service_b);
+
+    ASSERT_RESULT_OK(service_a->Start());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(service_a->IsRunning());
+    ASSERT_RESULT_OK(service_b->Start());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(service_b->IsRunning());
+
+    std::unique_ptr<Service> oneshot_service;
+    {
+        auto result = Service::MakeTemporaryOneshotService(
+                {"exec", GetSecurityContext(), "--", "/system/bin/yes"});
+        ASSERT_RESULT_OK(result);
+        oneshot_service = std::move(*result);
+    }
+    std::string oneshot_service_name = oneshot_service->name();
+    oneshot_service->Start();
+    ASSERT_TRUE(oneshot_service->IsRunning());
+    ServiceList::GetInstance().AddService(std::move(oneshot_service));
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, StopServicesAndLogViolations({"A", "B", oneshot_service_name}, 10s,
+                                              /* terminate= */ false));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(service_a->IsRunning());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(service_b->IsRunning());
+    // Oneshot services are deleted from the ServiceList after they are destroyed.
+    auto oneshot_service_after_stop = ServiceList::GetInstance().FindService(oneshot_service_name);
+    EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, oneshot_service_after_stop);
+}
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/selinux.cpp b/init/selinux.cpp
index 42d3023..29c0ff3 100644
--- a/init/selinux.cpp
+++ b/init/selinux.cpp
@@ -295,6 +295,25 @@
     return access(plat_policy_cil_file, R_OK) != -1;
 }
 
+std::optional<const char*> GetUserdebugPlatformPolicyFile() {
+    // See if we need to load userdebug_plat_sepolicy.cil instead of plat_sepolicy.cil.
+    const char* force_debuggable_env = getenv("INIT_FORCE_DEBUGGABLE");
+    if (force_debuggable_env && "true"s == force_debuggable_env && AvbHandle::IsDeviceUnlocked()) {
+        const std::vector<const char*> debug_policy_candidates = {
+#if INSTALL_DEBUG_POLICY_TO_SYSTEM_EXT == 1
+            "/system_ext/etc/selinux/userdebug_plat_sepolicy.cil",
+#endif
+            kDebugRamdiskSEPolicy,
+        };
+        for (const char* debug_policy : debug_policy_candidates) {
+            if (access(debug_policy, F_OK) == 0) {
+                return debug_policy;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return std::nullopt;
+}
+
 struct PolicyFile {
     unique_fd fd;
     std::string path;
@@ -310,13 +329,10 @@
     // secilc is invoked to compile the above three policy files into a single monolithic policy
     // file. This file is then loaded into the kernel.
 
-    // See if we need to load userdebug_plat_sepolicy.cil instead of plat_sepolicy.cil.
-    const char* force_debuggable_env = getenv("INIT_FORCE_DEBUGGABLE");
-    bool use_userdebug_policy =
-            ((force_debuggable_env && "true"s == force_debuggable_env) &&
-             AvbHandle::IsDeviceUnlocked() && access(kDebugRamdiskSEPolicy, F_OK) == 0);
+    const auto userdebug_plat_sepolicy = GetUserdebugPlatformPolicyFile();
+    const bool use_userdebug_policy = userdebug_plat_sepolicy.has_value();
     if (use_userdebug_policy) {
-        LOG(WARNING) << "Using userdebug system sepolicy";
+        LOG(INFO) << "Using userdebug system sepolicy " << *userdebug_plat_sepolicy;
     }
 
     // Load precompiled policy from vendor image, if a matching policy is found there. The policy
@@ -413,7 +429,7 @@
     // clang-format off
     std::vector<const char*> compile_args {
         "/system/bin/secilc",
-        use_userdebug_policy ? kDebugRamdiskSEPolicy: plat_policy_cil_file,
+        use_userdebug_policy ? *userdebug_plat_sepolicy : plat_policy_cil_file,
         "-m", "-M", "true", "-G", "-N",
         "-c", version_as_string.c_str(),
         plat_mapping_file.c_str(),
diff --git a/init/subcontext.cpp b/init/subcontext.cpp
index f1fbffe..6eaa80f 100644
--- a/init/subcontext.cpp
+++ b/init/subcontext.cpp
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@
 #endif
 
 using android::base::GetExecutablePath;
+using android::base::GetProperty;
 using android::base::Join;
 using android::base::Socketpair;
 using android::base::Split;
@@ -337,6 +338,11 @@
 }
 
 void InitializeSubcontext() {
+    if (IsMicrodroid()) {
+        LOG(INFO) << "Not using subcontext for microdroid";
+        return;
+    }
+
     if (SelinuxGetVendorAndroidVersion() >= __ANDROID_API_P__) {
         subcontext.reset(
                 new Subcontext(std::vector<std::string>{"/vendor", "/odm"}, kVendorContext));
@@ -351,6 +357,9 @@
 }
 
 bool SubcontextChildReap(pid_t pid) {
+    if (!subcontext) {
+        return false;
+    }
     if (subcontext->pid() == pid) {
         if (!subcontext_terminated_by_shutdown) {
             subcontext->Restart();
diff --git a/init/util.cpp b/init/util.cpp
index 9f7bfdb..d1e518b 100644
--- a/init/util.cpp
+++ b/init/util.cpp
@@ -757,5 +757,10 @@
     is_default_mount_namespace_ready = true;
 }
 
+bool IsMicrodroid() {
+    static bool is_microdroid = android::base::GetProperty("ro.hardware", "") == "microdroid";
+    return is_microdroid;
+}
+
 }  // namespace init
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/util.h b/init/util.h
index daba852..bf53675 100644
--- a/init/util.h
+++ b/init/util.h
@@ -103,5 +103,7 @@
 
 bool IsDefaultMountNamespaceReady();
 void SetDefaultMountNamespaceReady();
+
+bool IsMicrodroid();
 }  // namespace init
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/include/android/cgrouprc.h b/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/include/android/cgrouprc.h
index 100d60e..e704a36 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/include/android/cgrouprc.h
+++ b/libprocessgroup/cgrouprc/include/android/cgrouprc.h
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <sys/cdefs.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 
 __BEGIN_DECLS
diff --git a/property_service/libpropertyinfoparser/Android.bp b/property_service/libpropertyinfoparser/Android.bp
index 6861456..87646f9 100644
--- a/property_service/libpropertyinfoparser/Android.bp
+++ b/property_service/libpropertyinfoparser/Android.bp
@@ -18,7 +18,11 @@
         "-Werror",
     ],
     stl: "none",
-    system_shared_libs: [],
-    header_libs: ["libc_headers"],
+    target: {
+        bionic: {
+            system_shared_libs: [],
+            header_libs: ["libc_headers"],
+        },
+    },
     export_include_dirs: ["include"],
 }
diff --git a/trusty/apploader/apploader.cpp b/trusty/apploader/apploader.cpp
index e4d9b39..c72af40 100644
--- a/trusty/apploader/apploader.cpp
+++ b/trusty/apploader/apploader.cpp
@@ -245,6 +245,8 @@
     tipc_fd = tipc_connect(dev_name, APPLOADER_PORT);
     if (tipc_fd < 0) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to connect to Trusty app loader: " << strerror(-tipc_fd);
+        // print this to stderr too to avoid silently exiting when run as non-root
+        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to connect to Trusty app loader: %s\n", strerror(-tipc_fd));
         rc = tipc_fd;
         goto err_tipc_connect;
     }
diff --git a/trusty/keymaster/Android.bp b/trusty/keymaster/Android.bp
index 155363c..7bd1d10 100644
--- a/trusty/keymaster/Android.bp
+++ b/trusty/keymaster/Android.bp
@@ -120,6 +120,7 @@
     ],
     required: [
         "android.hardware.hardware_keystore.xml",
+        "RemoteProvisioner",
     ],
 }
 
diff --git a/trusty/libtrusty/tipc-test/tipc_test.c b/trusty/libtrusty/tipc-test/tipc_test.c
index 29c6f93..eb0acb5 100644
--- a/trusty/libtrusty/tipc-test/tipc_test.c
+++ b/trusty/libtrusty/tipc-test/tipc_test.c
@@ -45,36 +45,40 @@
 static const char *main_ctrl_name = "com.android.ipc-unittest.ctrl";
 static const char* receiver_name = "com.android.trusty.memref.receiver";
 
-static const char *_sopts = "hsvD:t:r:m:b:";
+static const char* _sopts = "hsvDS:t:r:m:b:";
+/* clang-format off */
 static const struct option _lopts[] =  {
-	{"help",    no_argument,       0, 'h'},
-	{"silent",  no_argument,       0, 's'},
-	{"variable",no_argument,       0, 'v'},
-	{"dev",     required_argument, 0, 'D'},
-	{"repeat",  required_argument, 0, 'r'},
-	{"burst",   required_argument, 0, 'b'},
-	{"msgsize", required_argument, 0, 'm'},
-	{0, 0, 0, 0}
+    {"help",    no_argument,       0, 'h'},
+    {"silent",  no_argument,       0, 's'},
+    {"variable",no_argument,       0, 'v'},
+    {"dev",     required_argument, 0, 'D'},
+    {"srv",     required_argument, 0, 'S'},
+    {"repeat",  required_argument, 0, 'r'},
+    {"burst",   required_argument, 0, 'b'},
+    {"msgsize", required_argument, 0, 'm'},
+    {0, 0, 0, 0}
 };
+/* clang-format on */
 
-static const char *usage =
-"Usage: %s [options]\n"
-"\n"
-"options:\n"
-"  -h, --help            prints this message and exit\n"
-"  -D, --dev name        device name\n"
-"  -t, --test name       test to run\n"
-"  -r, --repeat cnt      repeat count\n"
-"  -m, --msgsize size    max message size\n"
-"  -v, --variable        variable message size\n"
-"  -s, --silent          silent\n"
-"\n"
-;
+static const char* usage =
+        "Usage: %s [options]\n"
+        "\n"
+        "options:\n"
+        "  -h, --help            prints this message and exit\n"
+        "  -D, --dev name        device name\n"
+        "  -S, --srv name        service name\n"
+        "  -t, --test name       test to run\n"
+        "  -r, --repeat cnt      repeat count\n"
+        "  -b, --burst cnt       burst count\n"
+        "  -m, --msgsize size    max message size\n"
+        "  -v, --variable        variable message size\n"
+        "  -s, --silent          silent\n"
+        "\n";
 
 static const char* usage_long =
         "\n"
         "The following tests are available:\n"
-        "   connect      - connect to datasink service\n"
+        "   connect      - connect to specified service, defaults to echo+datasink\n"
         "   connect_foo  - connect to non existing service\n"
         "   burst_write  - send messages to datasink service\n"
         "   echo         - send/receive messages to echo service\n"
@@ -96,798 +100,774 @@
 static uint opt_msgburst = 32;
 static bool opt_variable = false;
 static bool opt_silent = false;
+static char* srv_name = NULL;
 
 static void print_usage_and_exit(const char *prog, int code, bool verbose)
 {
-	fprintf (stderr, usage, prog);
-	if (verbose)
-		fprintf (stderr, "%s", usage_long);
-	exit(code);
+    fprintf(stderr, usage, prog);
+    if (verbose) fprintf(stderr, "%s", usage_long);
+    exit(code);
 }
 
 static void parse_options(int argc, char **argv)
 {
-	int c;
-	int oidx = 0;
+    int c;
+    int oidx = 0;
 
-	while (1)
-	{
-		c = getopt_long (argc, argv, _sopts, _lopts, &oidx);
-		if (c == -1)
-			break; /* done */
+    while (1) {
+        c = getopt_long(argc, argv, _sopts, _lopts, &oidx);
+        if (c == -1) break; /* done */
 
-		switch (c) {
+        switch (c) {
+            case 'D':
+                dev_name = strdup(optarg);
+                break;
 
-		case 'D':
-			dev_name = strdup(optarg);
-		break;
+            case 'S':
+                srv_name = strdup(optarg);
+                break;
 
-		case 't':
-			test_name = strdup(optarg);
-		break;
+            case 't':
+                test_name = strdup(optarg);
+                break;
 
-		case 'v':
-			opt_variable = true;
-		break;
+            case 'v':
+                opt_variable = true;
+                break;
 
-		case 'r':
-			opt_repeat = atoi(optarg);
-		break;
+            case 'r':
+                opt_repeat = atoi(optarg);
+                break;
 
-		case 'm':
-			opt_msgsize = atoi(optarg);
-		break;
+            case 'm':
+                opt_msgsize = atoi(optarg);
+                break;
 
-		case 'b':
-			opt_msgburst = atoi(optarg);
-		break;
+            case 'b':
+                opt_msgburst = atoi(optarg);
+                break;
 
-		case 's':
-			opt_silent = true;
-		break;
+            case 's':
+                opt_silent = true;
+                break;
 
-		case 'h':
-		      print_usage_and_exit(argv[0], EXIT_SUCCESS, true);
-		break;
+            case 'h':
+                print_usage_and_exit(argv[0], EXIT_SUCCESS, true);
+                break;
 
-		default:
-		      print_usage_and_exit(argv[0], EXIT_FAILURE, false);
-		}
-	}
+            default:
+                print_usage_and_exit(argv[0], EXIT_FAILURE, false);
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 static int connect_test(uint repeat)
 {
-	uint i;
-	int  echo_fd;
-	int  dsink_fd;
+    uint i;
+    int echo_fd;
+    int dsink_fd;
+    int custom_fd;
 
-	if (!opt_silent) {
-		printf("%s: repeat = %u\n", __func__, repeat);
-	}
+    if (!opt_silent) {
+        printf("%s: repeat = %u\n", __func__, repeat);
+    }
 
-	for (i = 0; i < repeat; i++) {
-		echo_fd = tipc_connect(dev_name, echo_name);
-		if (echo_fd < 0) {
-			fprintf(stderr, "Failed to connect to '%s' service\n",
-				"echo");
-		}
-		dsink_fd = tipc_connect(dev_name, datasink_name);
-		if (dsink_fd < 0) {
-			fprintf(stderr, "Failed to connect to '%s' service\n",
-				"datasink");
-		}
+    for (i = 0; i < repeat; i++) {
+        if (srv_name) {
+            custom_fd = tipc_connect(dev_name, srv_name);
+            if (custom_fd < 0) {
+                fprintf(stderr, "Failed to connect to '%s' service\n", srv_name);
+            }
+            if (custom_fd >= 0) {
+                tipc_close(custom_fd);
+            }
+        } else {
+            echo_fd = tipc_connect(dev_name, echo_name);
+            if (echo_fd < 0) {
+                fprintf(stderr, "Failed to connect to '%s' service\n", "echo");
+            }
+            dsink_fd = tipc_connect(dev_name, datasink_name);
+            if (dsink_fd < 0) {
+                fprintf(stderr, "Failed to connect to '%s' service\n", "datasink");
+            }
 
-		if (echo_fd >= 0) {
-			tipc_close(echo_fd);
-		}
-		if (dsink_fd >= 0) {
-			tipc_close(dsink_fd);
-		}
-	}
+            if (echo_fd >= 0) {
+                tipc_close(echo_fd);
+            }
+            if (dsink_fd >= 0) {
+                tipc_close(dsink_fd);
+            }
+        }
+    }
 
-	if (!opt_silent) {
-		printf("%s: done\n", __func__);
-	}
+    if (!opt_silent) {
+        printf("%s: done\n", __func__);
+    }
 
-	return 0;
+    return 0;
 }
 
 static int connect_foo(uint repeat)
 {
-	uint i;
-	int  fd;
+    uint i;
+    int fd;
 
-	if (!opt_silent) {
-		printf("%s: repeat = %u\n", __func__, repeat);
-	}
+    if (!opt_silent) {
+        printf("%s: repeat = %u\n", __func__, repeat);
+    }
 
-	for (i = 0; i < repeat; i++) {
-		fd = tipc_connect(dev_name, "foo");
-		if (fd >= 0) {
-			fprintf(stderr, "succeeded to connect to '%s' service\n",
-				"foo");
-			tipc_close(fd);
-		}
-	}
+    for (i = 0; i < repeat; i++) {
+        fd = tipc_connect(dev_name, "foo");
+        if (fd >= 0) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "succeeded to connect to '%s' service\n", "foo");
+            tipc_close(fd);
+        }
+    }
 
-	if (!opt_silent) {
-		printf("%s: done\n", __func__);
-	}
+    if (!opt_silent) {
+        printf("%s: done\n", __func__);
+    }
 
-	return 0;
+    return 0;
 }
 
 
 static int closer1_test(uint repeat)
 {
-	uint i;
-	int  fd;
+    uint i;
+    int fd;
 
-	if (!opt_silent) {
-		printf("%s: repeat = %u\n", __func__, repeat);
-	}
+    if (!opt_silent) {
+        printf("%s: repeat = %u\n", __func__, repeat);
+    }
 
-	for (i = 0; i < repeat; i++) {
-		fd = tipc_connect(dev_name, closer1_name);
-		if (fd < 0) {
-			fprintf(stderr, "Failed to connect to '%s' service\n",
-				"closer1");
-			continue;
-		}
-		if (!opt_silent) {
-			printf("%s: connected\n", __func__);
-		}
-		tipc_close(fd);
-	}
+    for (i = 0; i < repeat; i++) {
+        fd = tipc_connect(dev_name, closer1_name);
+        if (fd < 0) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "Failed to connect to '%s' service\n", "closer1");
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (!opt_silent) {
+            printf("%s: connected\n", __func__);
+        }
+        tipc_close(fd);
+    }
 
-	if (!opt_silent) {
-		printf("%s: done\n", __func__);
-	}
+    if (!opt_silent) {
+        printf("%s: done\n", __func__);
+    }
 
-	return 0;
+    return 0;
 }
 
 static int closer2_test(uint repeat)
 {
-	uint i;
-	int  fd;
+    uint i;
+    int fd;
 
-	if (!opt_silent) {
-		printf("%s: repeat = %u\n", __func__, repeat);
-	}
+    if (!opt_silent) {
+        printf("%s: repeat = %u\n", __func__, repeat);
+    }
 
-	for (i = 0; i < repeat; i++) {
-		fd = tipc_connect(dev_name, closer2_name);
-		if (fd < 0) {
-			if (!opt_silent) {
-				printf("failed to connect to '%s' service\n", "closer2");
-			}
-		} else {
-			/* this should always fail */
-			fprintf(stderr, "connected to '%s' service\n", "closer2");
-			tipc_close(fd);
-		}
-	}
+    for (i = 0; i < repeat; i++) {
+        fd = tipc_connect(dev_name, closer2_name);
+        if (fd < 0) {
+            if (!opt_silent) {
+                printf("failed to connect to '%s' service\n", "closer2");
+            }
+        } else {
+            /* this should always fail */
+            fprintf(stderr, "connected to '%s' service\n", "closer2");
+            tipc_close(fd);
+        }
+    }
 
-	if (!opt_silent) {
-		printf("%s: done\n", __func__);
-	}
+    if (!opt_silent) {
+        printf("%s: done\n", __func__);
+    }
 
-	return 0;
+    return 0;
 }
 
 static int closer3_test(uint repeat)
 {
-	uint i, j;
-	ssize_t rc;
-	int  fd[4];
-	char buf[64];
+    uint i, j;
+    ssize_t rc;
+    int fd[4];
+    char buf[64];
 
-	if (!opt_silent) {
-		printf("%s: repeat = %u\n", __func__, repeat);
-	}
+    if (!opt_silent) {
+        printf("%s: repeat = %u\n", __func__, repeat);
+    }
 
-	for (i = 0; i < repeat; i++) {
+    for (i = 0; i < repeat; i++) {
+        /* open 4 connections to closer3 service */
+        for (j = 0; j < 4; j++) {
+            fd[j] = tipc_connect(dev_name, closer3_name);
+            if (fd[j] < 0) {
+                fprintf(stderr, "fd[%d]: failed to connect to '%s' service\n", j, "closer3");
+            } else {
+                if (!opt_silent) {
+                    printf("%s: fd[%d]=%d: connected\n", __func__, j, fd[j]);
+                }
+                memset(buf, i + j, sizeof(buf));
+                rc = write(fd[j], buf, sizeof(buf));
+                if (rc != sizeof(buf)) {
+                    if (!opt_silent) {
+                        printf("%s: fd[%d]=%d: write returned  = %zd\n", __func__, j, fd[j], rc);
+                    }
+                    perror("closer3_test: write");
+                }
+            }
+        }
 
-		/* open 4 connections to closer3 service */
-		for (j = 0; j < 4; j++) {
-			fd[j] = tipc_connect(dev_name, closer3_name);
-			if (fd[j] < 0) {
-				fprintf(stderr, "fd[%d]: failed to connect to '%s' service\n", j, "closer3");
-			} else {
-				if (!opt_silent) {
-					printf("%s: fd[%d]=%d: connected\n", __func__, j, fd[j]);
-				}
-				memset(buf, i + j, sizeof(buf));
-				rc = write(fd[j], buf, sizeof(buf));
-				if (rc != sizeof(buf)) {
-					if (!opt_silent) {
-						printf("%s: fd[%d]=%d: write returned  = %zd\n",
-							__func__, j, fd[j], rc);
-					}
-					perror("closer3_test: write");
-				}
-			}
-		}
+        /* sleep a bit */
+        sleep(1);
 
-		/* sleep a bit */
-		sleep(1);
+        /* It is expected that they will be closed by remote */
+        for (j = 0; j < 4; j++) {
+            if (fd[j] < 0) continue;
+            rc = write(fd[j], buf, sizeof(buf));
+            if (rc != sizeof(buf)) {
+                if (!opt_silent) {
+                    printf("%s: fd[%d]=%d: write returned = %zd\n", __func__, j, fd[j], rc);
+                }
+                perror("closer3_test: write");
+            }
+        }
 
-		/* It is expected that they will be closed by remote */
-		for (j = 0; j < 4; j++) {
-			if (fd[j] < 0)
-				continue;
-			rc = write(fd[j], buf, sizeof(buf));
-			if (rc != sizeof(buf)) {
-				if (!opt_silent) {
-					printf("%s: fd[%d]=%d: write returned = %zd\n",
-						__func__, j, fd[j], rc);
-				}
-				perror("closer3_test: write");
-			}
-		}
+        /* then they have to be closed by remote */
+        for (j = 0; j < 4; j++) {
+            if (fd[j] >= 0) {
+                tipc_close(fd[j]);
+            }
+        }
+    }
 
-		/* then they have to be closed by remote */
-		for (j = 0; j < 4; j++) {
-			if (fd[j] >= 0) {
-				tipc_close(fd[j]);
-			}
-		}
-	}
+    if (!opt_silent) {
+        printf("%s: done\n", __func__);
+    }
 
-	if (!opt_silent) {
-		printf("%s: done\n", __func__);
-	}
-
-	return 0;
+    return 0;
 }
 
 
 static int echo_test(uint repeat, uint msgsz, bool var)
 {
-	uint i;
-	ssize_t rc;
-	size_t  msg_len;
-	int  echo_fd =-1;
-	char tx_buf[msgsz];
-	char rx_buf[msgsz];
+    uint i;
+    ssize_t rc;
+    size_t msg_len;
+    int echo_fd = -1;
+    char tx_buf[msgsz];
+    char rx_buf[msgsz];
 
-	if (!opt_silent) {
-		printf("%s: repeat %u: msgsz %u: variable %s\n",
-			__func__, repeat, msgsz, var ? "true" : "false");
-	}
+    if (!opt_silent) {
+        printf("%s: repeat %u: msgsz %u: variable %s\n", __func__, repeat, msgsz,
+               var ? "true" : "false");
+    }
 
-	echo_fd = tipc_connect(dev_name, echo_name);
-	if (echo_fd < 0) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to connect to service\n");
-		return echo_fd;
-	}
+    echo_fd = tipc_connect(dev_name, echo_name);
+    if (echo_fd < 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to connect to service\n");
+        return echo_fd;
+    }
 
-	for (i = 0; i < repeat; i++) {
+    for (i = 0; i < repeat; i++) {
+        msg_len = msgsz;
+        if (opt_variable && msgsz) {
+            msg_len = rand() % msgsz;
+        }
 
-		msg_len = msgsz;
-		if (opt_variable && msgsz) {
-			msg_len = rand() % msgsz;
-		}
+        memset(tx_buf, i + 1, msg_len);
 
-		memset(tx_buf, i + 1, msg_len);
+        rc = write(echo_fd, tx_buf, msg_len);
+        if ((size_t)rc != msg_len) {
+            perror("echo_test: write");
+            break;
+        }
 
-		rc = write(echo_fd, tx_buf, msg_len);
-		if ((size_t)rc != msg_len) {
-			perror("echo_test: write");
-			break;
-		}
+        rc = read(echo_fd, rx_buf, msg_len);
+        if (rc < 0) {
+            perror("echo_test: read");
+            break;
+        }
 
-		rc = read(echo_fd, rx_buf, msg_len);
-		if (rc < 0) {
-			perror("echo_test: read");
-			break;
-		}
+        if ((size_t)rc != msg_len) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "data truncated (%zu vs. %zu)\n", rc, msg_len);
+            continue;
+        }
 
-		if ((size_t)rc != msg_len) {
-			fprintf(stderr, "data truncated (%zu vs. %zu)\n",
-			                 rc, msg_len);
-			continue;
-		}
+        if (memcmp(tx_buf, rx_buf, (size_t)rc)) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "data mismatch\n");
+            continue;
+        }
+    }
 
-		if (memcmp(tx_buf, rx_buf, (size_t) rc)) {
-			fprintf(stderr, "data mismatch\n");
-			continue;
-		}
-	}
+    tipc_close(echo_fd);
 
-	tipc_close(echo_fd);
+    if (!opt_silent) {
+        printf("%s: done\n", __func__);
+    }
 
-	if (!opt_silent) {
-		printf("%s: done\n",__func__);
-	}
-
-	return 0;
+    return 0;
 }
 
 static int burst_write_test(uint repeat, uint msgburst, uint msgsz, bool var)
 {
-	int fd;
-	uint i, j;
-	ssize_t rc;
-	size_t  msg_len;
-	char tx_buf[msgsz];
+    int fd;
+    uint i, j;
+    ssize_t rc;
+    size_t msg_len;
+    char tx_buf[msgsz];
 
-	if (!opt_silent) {
-		printf("%s: repeat %u: burst %u: msgsz %u: variable %s\n",
-			__func__, repeat, msgburst, msgsz,
-			var ? "true" : "false");
-	}
+    if (!opt_silent) {
+        printf("%s: repeat %u: burst %u: msgsz %u: variable %s\n", __func__, repeat, msgburst,
+               msgsz, var ? "true" : "false");
+    }
 
-	for (i = 0; i < repeat; i++) {
+    for (i = 0; i < repeat; i++) {
+        fd = tipc_connect(dev_name, datasink_name);
+        if (fd < 0) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "Failed to connect to '%s' service\n", "datasink");
+            break;
+        }
 
-		fd = tipc_connect(dev_name, datasink_name);
-		if (fd < 0) {
-			fprintf(stderr, "Failed to connect to '%s' service\n",
-				"datasink");
-			break;
-		}
+        for (j = 0; j < msgburst; j++) {
+            msg_len = msgsz;
+            if (var && msgsz) {
+                msg_len = rand() % msgsz;
+            }
 
-		for (j = 0; j < msgburst; j++) {
-			msg_len = msgsz;
-			if (var && msgsz) {
-				msg_len = rand() % msgsz;
-			}
+            memset(tx_buf, i + 1, msg_len);
+            rc = write(fd, tx_buf, msg_len);
+            if ((size_t)rc != msg_len) {
+                perror("burst_test: write");
+                break;
+            }
+        }
 
-			memset(tx_buf, i + 1, msg_len);
-			rc = write(fd, tx_buf, msg_len);
-			if ((size_t)rc != msg_len) {
-				perror("burst_test: write");
-				break;
-			}
-		}
+        tipc_close(fd);
+    }
 
-		tipc_close(fd);
-	}
+    if (!opt_silent) {
+        printf("%s: done\n", __func__);
+    }
 
-	if (!opt_silent) {
-		printf("%s: done\n",__func__);
-	}
-
-	return 0;
+    return 0;
 }
 
 
 static int _wait_for_msg(int fd, uint msgsz, int timeout)
 {
-	int rc;
-	fd_set rfds;
-	uint msgcnt = 0;
-	char rx_buf[msgsz];
-	struct timeval tv;
+    int rc;
+    fd_set rfds;
+    uint msgcnt = 0;
+    char rx_buf[msgsz];
+    struct timeval tv;
 
-	if (!opt_silent) {
-		printf("waiting (%d) for msg\n", timeout);
-	}
+    if (!opt_silent) {
+        printf("waiting (%d) for msg\n", timeout);
+    }
 
-	FD_ZERO(&rfds);
-	FD_SET(fd, &rfds);
+    FD_ZERO(&rfds);
+    FD_SET(fd, &rfds);
 
-	tv.tv_sec = timeout;
-	tv.tv_usec = 0;
+    tv.tv_sec = timeout;
+    tv.tv_usec = 0;
 
-	for(;;) {
-		rc = select(fd+1, &rfds, NULL, NULL, &tv);
+    for (;;) {
+        rc = select(fd + 1, &rfds, NULL, NULL, &tv);
 
-		if (rc == 0) {
-			if (!opt_silent) {
-				printf("select timedout\n");
-			}
-			break;
-		}
+        if (rc == 0) {
+            if (!opt_silent) {
+                printf("select timedout\n");
+            }
+            break;
+        }
 
-		if (rc == -1) {
-			perror("select_test: select");
-			return rc;
-		}
+        if (rc == -1) {
+            perror("select_test: select");
+            return rc;
+        }
 
-		rc = read(fd, rx_buf, sizeof(rx_buf));
-		if (rc < 0) {
-			perror("select_test: read");
-			return rc;
-		} else {
-			if (rc > 0) {
-				msgcnt++;
-			}
-		}
-	}
+        rc = read(fd, rx_buf, sizeof(rx_buf));
+        if (rc < 0) {
+            perror("select_test: read");
+            return rc;
+        } else {
+            if (rc > 0) {
+                msgcnt++;
+            }
+        }
+    }
 
-	if (!opt_silent) {
-		printf("got %u messages\n", msgcnt);
-	}
+    if (!opt_silent) {
+        printf("got %u messages\n", msgcnt);
+    }
 
-	return 0;
+    return 0;
 }
 
 
 static int select_test(uint repeat, uint msgburst, uint msgsz)
 {
-	int fd;
-	uint i, j;
-	ssize_t rc;
-	char tx_buf[msgsz];
+    int fd;
+    uint i, j;
+    ssize_t rc;
+    char tx_buf[msgsz];
 
-	if (!opt_silent) {
-		printf("%s: repeat %u\n", __func__, repeat);
-	}
+    if (!opt_silent) {
+        printf("%s: repeat %u\n", __func__, repeat);
+    }
 
-	fd = tipc_connect(dev_name, echo_name);
-	if (fd < 0) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to connect to '%s' service\n",
-			"echo");
-		return fd;
-	}
+    fd = tipc_connect(dev_name, echo_name);
+    if (fd < 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to connect to '%s' service\n", "echo");
+        return fd;
+    }
 
-	for (i = 0; i < repeat; i++) {
+    for (i = 0; i < repeat; i++) {
+        _wait_for_msg(fd, msgsz, 1);
 
-		_wait_for_msg(fd, msgsz, 1);
+        if (!opt_silent) {
+            printf("sending burst: %u msg\n", msgburst);
+        }
 
-		if (!opt_silent) {
-			printf("sending burst: %u msg\n", msgburst);
-		}
+        for (j = 0; j < msgburst; j++) {
+            memset(tx_buf, i + j, msgsz);
+            rc = write(fd, tx_buf, msgsz);
+            if ((size_t)rc != msgsz) {
+                perror("burst_test: write");
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
 
-		for (j = 0; j < msgburst; j++) {
-			memset(tx_buf, i + j, msgsz);
-			rc = write(fd, tx_buf, msgsz);
-			if ((size_t)rc != msgsz) {
-				perror("burst_test: write");
-				break;
-			}
-		}
-	}
+    tipc_close(fd);
 
-	tipc_close(fd);
+    if (!opt_silent) {
+        printf("%s: done\n", __func__);
+    }
 
-	if (!opt_silent) {
-		printf("%s: done\n",__func__);
-	}
-
-	return 0;
+    return 0;
 }
 
 static int blocked_read_test(uint repeat)
 {
-	int fd;
-	uint i;
-	ssize_t rc;
-	char rx_buf[512];
+    int fd;
+    uint i;
+    ssize_t rc;
+    char rx_buf[512];
 
-	if (!opt_silent) {
-		printf("%s: repeat %u\n", __func__, repeat);
-	}
+    if (!opt_silent) {
+        printf("%s: repeat %u\n", __func__, repeat);
+    }
 
-	fd = tipc_connect(dev_name, echo_name);
-	if (fd < 0) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to connect to '%s' service\n",
-			"echo");
-		return fd;
-	}
+    fd = tipc_connect(dev_name, echo_name);
+    if (fd < 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to connect to '%s' service\n", "echo");
+        return fd;
+    }
 
-	for (i = 0; i < repeat; i++) {
-		rc = read(fd, rx_buf, sizeof(rx_buf));
-		if (rc < 0) {
-			perror("select_test: read");
-			break;
-		} else {
-			if (!opt_silent) {
-				printf("got %zd bytes\n", rc);
-			}
-		}
-	}
+    for (i = 0; i < repeat; i++) {
+        rc = read(fd, rx_buf, sizeof(rx_buf));
+        if (rc < 0) {
+            perror("select_test: read");
+            break;
+        } else {
+            if (!opt_silent) {
+                printf("got %zd bytes\n", rc);
+            }
+        }
+    }
 
-	tipc_close(fd);
+    tipc_close(fd);
 
-	if (!opt_silent) {
-		printf("%s: done\n",__func__);
-	}
+    if (!opt_silent) {
+        printf("%s: done\n", __func__);
+    }
 
-	return 0;
+    return 0;
 }
 
 static int ta2ta_ipc_test(void)
 {
-	enum test_message_header {
-		TEST_PASSED = 0,
-		TEST_FAILED = 1,
-		TEST_MESSAGE = 2,
-	};
+    enum test_message_header {
+        TEST_PASSED = 0,
+        TEST_FAILED = 1,
+        TEST_MESSAGE = 2,
+    };
 
-	int fd;
-	int ret;
-	unsigned char rx_buf[256];
+    int fd;
+    int ret;
+    unsigned char rx_buf[256];
 
-	if (!opt_silent) {
-		printf("%s:\n", __func__);
-	}
+    if (!opt_silent) {
+        printf("%s:\n", __func__);
+    }
 
-	fd = tipc_connect(dev_name, main_ctrl_name);
-	if (fd < 0) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to connect to '%s' service\n",
-			"main_ctrl");
-		return fd;
-	}
+    fd = tipc_connect(dev_name, main_ctrl_name);
+    if (fd < 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to connect to '%s' service\n", "main_ctrl");
+        return fd;
+    }
 
-	/* Wait for tests to complete and read status */
-	while (true) {
-		ret = read(fd, rx_buf, sizeof(rx_buf));
-		if (ret <= 0 || ret >= (int)sizeof(rx_buf)) {
-			fprintf(stderr, "%s: Read failed: %d\n", __func__, ret);
-			tipc_close(fd);
-			return -1;
-		}
+    /* Wait for tests to complete and read status */
+    while (true) {
+        ret = read(fd, rx_buf, sizeof(rx_buf));
+        if (ret <= 0 || ret >= (int)sizeof(rx_buf)) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "%s: Read failed: %d\n", __func__, ret);
+            tipc_close(fd);
+            return -1;
+        }
 
-		if (rx_buf[0] == TEST_PASSED) {
-			break;
-		} else if (rx_buf[0] == TEST_FAILED) {
-			break;
-		} else if (rx_buf[0] == TEST_MESSAGE) {
-			write(STDOUT_FILENO, rx_buf + 1, ret - 1);
-		} else {
-			fprintf(stderr, "%s: Bad message header: %d\n",
-			        __func__, rx_buf[0]);
-			break;
-		}
-	}
+        if (rx_buf[0] == TEST_PASSED) {
+            break;
+        } else if (rx_buf[0] == TEST_FAILED) {
+            break;
+        } else if (rx_buf[0] == TEST_MESSAGE) {
+            write(STDOUT_FILENO, rx_buf + 1, ret - 1);
+        } else {
+            fprintf(stderr, "%s: Bad message header: %d\n", __func__, rx_buf[0]);
+            break;
+        }
+    }
 
-	tipc_close(fd);
+    tipc_close(fd);
 
-	return rx_buf[0] == TEST_PASSED ? 0 : -1;
+    return rx_buf[0] == TEST_PASSED ? 0 : -1;
 }
 
 typedef struct uuid
 {
-	uint32_t time_low;
-	uint16_t time_mid;
-	uint16_t time_hi_and_version;
-	uint8_t clock_seq_and_node[8];
+    uint32_t time_low;
+    uint16_t time_mid;
+    uint16_t time_hi_and_version;
+    uint8_t clock_seq_and_node[8];
 } uuid_t;
 
 static void print_uuid(const char *dev, uuid_t *uuid)
 {
-	printf("%s:", dev);
-	printf("uuid: %08x-%04x-%04x-%02x%02x-%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x\n",
-	       uuid->time_low,
-	       uuid->time_mid,
-	       uuid->time_hi_and_version,
-	       uuid->clock_seq_and_node[0],
-	       uuid->clock_seq_and_node[1],
-	       uuid->clock_seq_and_node[2],
-	       uuid->clock_seq_and_node[3],
-	       uuid->clock_seq_and_node[4],
-	       uuid->clock_seq_and_node[5],
-	       uuid->clock_seq_and_node[6],
-	       uuid->clock_seq_and_node[7]
-	       );
+    printf("%s:", dev);
+    printf("uuid: %08x-%04x-%04x-%02x%02x-%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x\n", uuid->time_low,
+           uuid->time_mid, uuid->time_hi_and_version, uuid->clock_seq_and_node[0],
+           uuid->clock_seq_and_node[1], uuid->clock_seq_and_node[2], uuid->clock_seq_and_node[3],
+           uuid->clock_seq_and_node[4], uuid->clock_seq_and_node[5], uuid->clock_seq_and_node[6],
+           uuid->clock_seq_and_node[7]);
 }
 
 static int dev_uuid_test(void)
 {
-	int fd;
-	ssize_t rc;
-	uuid_t uuid;
+    int fd;
+    ssize_t rc;
+    uuid_t uuid;
 
-	fd = tipc_connect(dev_name, uuid_name);
-	if (fd < 0) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to connect to '%s' service\n",
-			"uuid");
-		return fd;
-	}
+    fd = tipc_connect(dev_name, uuid_name);
+    if (fd < 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to connect to '%s' service\n", "uuid");
+        return fd;
+    }
 
-	/* wait for test to complete */
-	rc = read(fd, &uuid, sizeof(uuid));
-	if (rc < 0) {
-		perror("dev_uuid_test: read");
-	} else if (rc != sizeof(uuid)) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "unexpected uuid size (%d vs. %d)\n",
-			(int)rc, (int)sizeof(uuid));
-	} else {
-		print_uuid(dev_name, &uuid);
-	}
+    /* wait for test to complete */
+    rc = read(fd, &uuid, sizeof(uuid));
+    if (rc < 0) {
+        perror("dev_uuid_test: read");
+    } else if (rc != sizeof(uuid)) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "unexpected uuid size (%d vs. %d)\n", (int)rc, (int)sizeof(uuid));
+    } else {
+        print_uuid(dev_name, &uuid);
+    }
 
-	tipc_close(fd);
+    tipc_close(fd);
 
-	return 0;
+    return 0;
 }
 
 static int ta_access_test(void)
 {
-	int fd;
+    int fd;
 
-	if (!opt_silent) {
-		printf("%s:\n", __func__);
-	}
+    if (!opt_silent) {
+        printf("%s:\n", __func__);
+    }
 
-	fd = tipc_connect(dev_name, ta_only_name);
-	if (fd >= 0) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "Succeed to connect to '%s' service\n",
-			"ta_only");
-		tipc_close(fd);
-	}
+    fd = tipc_connect(dev_name, ta_only_name);
+    if (fd >= 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Succeed to connect to '%s' service\n", "ta_only");
+        tipc_close(fd);
+    }
 
-	fd = tipc_connect(dev_name, ns_only_name);
-	if (fd < 0) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to connect to '%s' service\n",
-			"ns_only");
-		return fd;
-	}
-	tipc_close(fd);
+    fd = tipc_connect(dev_name, ns_only_name);
+    if (fd < 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to connect to '%s' service\n", "ns_only");
+        return fd;
+    }
+    tipc_close(fd);
 
-	if (!opt_silent) {
-		printf("%s: done\n",__func__);
-	}
+    if (!opt_silent) {
+        printf("%s: done\n", __func__);
+    }
 
-	return 0;
+    return 0;
 }
 
 
 static int writev_test(uint repeat, uint msgsz, bool var)
 {
-	uint i;
-	ssize_t rc;
-	size_t  msg_len;
-	int  echo_fd = -1;
-	char tx0_buf[msgsz];
-	char tx1_buf[msgsz];
-	char rx_buf [msgsz];
-	struct iovec iovs[2]= {{tx0_buf, 0}, {tx1_buf, 0}};
+    uint i;
+    ssize_t rc;
+    size_t msg_len;
+    int echo_fd = -1;
+    char tx0_buf[msgsz];
+    char tx1_buf[msgsz];
+    char rx_buf[msgsz];
+    struct iovec iovs[2] = {{tx0_buf, 0}, {tx1_buf, 0}};
 
-	if (!opt_silent) {
-		printf("%s: repeat %u: msgsz %u: variable %s\n",
-			__func__, repeat, msgsz, var ? "true" : "false");
-	}
+    if (!opt_silent) {
+        printf("%s: repeat %u: msgsz %u: variable %s\n", __func__, repeat, msgsz,
+               var ? "true" : "false");
+    }
 
-	echo_fd = tipc_connect(dev_name, echo_name);
-	if (echo_fd < 0) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to connect to service\n");
-		return echo_fd;
-	}
+    echo_fd = tipc_connect(dev_name, echo_name);
+    if (echo_fd < 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to connect to service\n");
+        return echo_fd;
+    }
 
-	for (i = 0; i < repeat; i++) {
+    for (i = 0; i < repeat; i++) {
+        msg_len = msgsz;
+        if (opt_variable && msgsz) {
+            msg_len = rand() % msgsz;
+        }
 
-		msg_len = msgsz;
-		if (opt_variable && msgsz) {
-			msg_len = rand() % msgsz;
-		}
+        iovs[0].iov_len = msg_len / 3;
+        iovs[1].iov_len = msg_len - iovs[0].iov_len;
 
-		iovs[0].iov_len = msg_len / 3;
-		iovs[1].iov_len = msg_len - iovs[0].iov_len;
+        memset(tx0_buf, i + 1, iovs[0].iov_len);
+        memset(tx1_buf, i + 2, iovs[1].iov_len);
+        memset(rx_buf, i + 3, sizeof(rx_buf));
 
-		memset(tx0_buf, i + 1, iovs[0].iov_len);
-		memset(tx1_buf, i + 2, iovs[1].iov_len);
-		memset(rx_buf,  i + 3, sizeof(rx_buf));
+        rc = writev(echo_fd, iovs, 2);
+        if (rc < 0) {
+            perror("writev_test: writev");
+            break;
+        }
 
-		rc = writev(echo_fd, iovs, 2);
-		if (rc < 0) {
-			perror("writev_test: writev");
-			break;
-		}
+        if ((size_t)rc != msg_len) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s: data size mismatch (%zd vs. %zd)\n", __func__, "writev",
+                    (size_t)rc, msg_len);
+            break;
+        }
 
-		if ((size_t)rc != msg_len) {
-			fprintf(stderr,
-				"%s: %s: data size mismatch (%zd vs. %zd)\n",
-				__func__, "writev", (size_t)rc, msg_len);
-			break;
-		}
+        rc = read(echo_fd, rx_buf, sizeof(rx_buf));
+        if (rc < 0) {
+            perror("writev_test: read");
+            break;
+        }
 
-		rc = read(echo_fd, rx_buf, sizeof(rx_buf));
-		if (rc < 0) {
-			perror("writev_test: read");
-			break;
-		}
+        if ((size_t)rc != msg_len) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s: data size mismatch (%zd vs. %zd)\n", __func__, "read",
+                    (size_t)rc, msg_len);
+            break;
+        }
 
-		if ((size_t)rc != msg_len) {
-			fprintf(stderr,
-				"%s: %s: data size mismatch (%zd vs. %zd)\n",
-				__func__, "read", (size_t)rc, msg_len);
-			break;
-		}
+        if (memcmp(tx0_buf, rx_buf, iovs[0].iov_len)) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "%s: data mismatch: buf 0\n", __func__);
+            break;
+        }
 
-		if (memcmp(tx0_buf, rx_buf, iovs[0].iov_len)) {
-			fprintf(stderr, "%s: data mismatch: buf 0\n", __func__);
-			break;
-		}
+        if (memcmp(tx1_buf, rx_buf + iovs[0].iov_len, iovs[1].iov_len)) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "%s: data mismatch, buf 1\n", __func__);
+            break;
+        }
+    }
 
-		if (memcmp(tx1_buf, rx_buf + iovs[0].iov_len, iovs[1].iov_len)) {
-			fprintf(stderr, "%s: data mismatch, buf 1\n", __func__);
-			break;
-		}
-	}
+    tipc_close(echo_fd);
 
-	tipc_close(echo_fd);
+    if (!opt_silent) {
+        printf("%s: done\n", __func__);
+    }
 
-	if (!opt_silent) {
-		printf("%s: done\n",__func__);
-	}
-
-	return 0;
+    return 0;
 }
 
 static int readv_test(uint repeat, uint msgsz, bool var)
 {
-	uint i;
-	ssize_t rc;
-	size_t  msg_len;
-	int  echo_fd = -1;
-	char tx_buf [msgsz];
-	char rx0_buf[msgsz];
-	char rx1_buf[msgsz];
-	struct iovec iovs[2]= {{rx0_buf, 0}, {rx1_buf, 0}};
+    uint i;
+    ssize_t rc;
+    size_t msg_len;
+    int echo_fd = -1;
+    char tx_buf[msgsz];
+    char rx0_buf[msgsz];
+    char rx1_buf[msgsz];
+    struct iovec iovs[2] = {{rx0_buf, 0}, {rx1_buf, 0}};
 
-	if (!opt_silent) {
-		printf("%s: repeat %u: msgsz %u: variable %s\n",
-			__func__, repeat, msgsz, var ? "true" : "false");
-	}
+    if (!opt_silent) {
+        printf("%s: repeat %u: msgsz %u: variable %s\n", __func__, repeat, msgsz,
+               var ? "true" : "false");
+    }
 
-	echo_fd = tipc_connect(dev_name, echo_name);
-	if (echo_fd < 0) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to connect to service\n");
-		return echo_fd;
-	}
+    echo_fd = tipc_connect(dev_name, echo_name);
+    if (echo_fd < 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to connect to service\n");
+        return echo_fd;
+    }
 
-	for (i = 0; i < repeat; i++) {
+    for (i = 0; i < repeat; i++) {
+        msg_len = msgsz;
+        if (opt_variable && msgsz) {
+            msg_len = rand() % msgsz;
+        }
 
-		msg_len = msgsz;
-		if (opt_variable && msgsz) {
-			msg_len = rand() % msgsz;
-		}
+        iovs[0].iov_len = msg_len / 3;
+        iovs[1].iov_len = msg_len - iovs[0].iov_len;
 
-		iovs[0].iov_len = msg_len / 3;
-		iovs[1].iov_len = msg_len - iovs[0].iov_len;
+        memset(tx_buf, i + 1, sizeof(tx_buf));
+        memset(rx0_buf, i + 2, iovs[0].iov_len);
+        memset(rx1_buf, i + 3, iovs[1].iov_len);
 
-		memset(tx_buf,  i + 1, sizeof(tx_buf));
-		memset(rx0_buf, i + 2, iovs[0].iov_len);
-		memset(rx1_buf, i + 3, iovs[1].iov_len);
+        rc = write(echo_fd, tx_buf, msg_len);
+        if (rc < 0) {
+            perror("readv_test: write");
+            break;
+        }
 
-		rc = write(echo_fd, tx_buf, msg_len);
-		if (rc < 0) {
-			perror("readv_test: write");
-			break;
-		}
+        if ((size_t)rc != msg_len) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s: data size mismatch (%zd vs. %zd)\n", __func__, "write",
+                    (size_t)rc, msg_len);
+            break;
+        }
 
-		if ((size_t)rc != msg_len) {
-			fprintf(stderr,
-				"%s: %s: data size mismatch (%zd vs. %zd)\n",
-				__func__, "write", (size_t)rc, msg_len);
-			break;
-		}
+        rc = readv(echo_fd, iovs, 2);
+        if (rc < 0) {
+            perror("readv_test: readv");
+            break;
+        }
 
-		rc = readv(echo_fd, iovs, 2);
-		if (rc < 0) {
-			perror("readv_test: readv");
-			break;
-		}
+        if ((size_t)rc != msg_len) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s: data size mismatch (%zd vs. %zd)\n", __func__, "write",
+                    (size_t)rc, msg_len);
+            break;
+        }
 
-		if ((size_t)rc != msg_len) {
-			fprintf(stderr,
-				"%s: %s: data size mismatch (%zd vs. %zd)\n",
-				__func__, "write", (size_t)rc, msg_len);
-			break;
-		}
+        if (memcmp(rx0_buf, tx_buf, iovs[0].iov_len)) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "%s: data mismatch: buf 0\n", __func__);
+            break;
+        }
 
-		if (memcmp(rx0_buf, tx_buf, iovs[0].iov_len)) {
-			fprintf(stderr, "%s: data mismatch: buf 0\n", __func__);
-			break;
-		}
+        if (memcmp(rx1_buf, tx_buf + iovs[0].iov_len, iovs[1].iov_len)) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "%s: data mismatch, buf 1\n", __func__);
+            break;
+        }
+    }
 
-		if (memcmp(rx1_buf, tx_buf + iovs[0].iov_len, iovs[1].iov_len)) {
-			fprintf(stderr, "%s: data mismatch, buf 1\n", __func__);
-			break;
-		}
-	}
+    tipc_close(echo_fd);
 
-	tipc_close(echo_fd);
+    if (!opt_silent) {
+        printf("%s: done\n", __func__);
+    }
 
-	if (!opt_silent) {
-		printf("%s: done\n",__func__);
-	}
-
-	return 0;
+    return 0;
 }
 
 static int send_fd_test(void) {
@@ -964,51 +944,51 @@
 
 int main(int argc, char **argv)
 {
-	int rc = 0;
+    int rc = 0;
 
-	if (argc <= 1) {
-		print_usage_and_exit(argv[0], EXIT_FAILURE, false);
-	}
+    if (argc <= 1) {
+        print_usage_and_exit(argv[0], EXIT_FAILURE, false);
+    }
 
-	parse_options(argc, argv);
+    parse_options(argc, argv);
 
-	if (!dev_name) {
-		dev_name = TIPC_DEFAULT_DEVNAME;
-	}
+    if (!dev_name) {
+        dev_name = TIPC_DEFAULT_DEVNAME;
+    }
 
-	if (!test_name) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "need a Test to run\n");
-		print_usage_and_exit(argv[0], EXIT_FAILURE, true);
-	}
+    if (!test_name) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "need a Test to run\n");
+        print_usage_and_exit(argv[0], EXIT_FAILURE, true);
+    }
 
-	if (strcmp(test_name, "connect") == 0) {
-		rc = connect_test(opt_repeat);
-	} else if (strcmp(test_name, "connect_foo") == 0) {
-		rc = connect_foo(opt_repeat);
-	} else if (strcmp(test_name, "burst_write") == 0) {
-		rc = burst_write_test(opt_repeat, opt_msgburst, opt_msgsize, opt_variable);
-	} else if (strcmp(test_name, "select") == 0) {
-		rc = select_test(opt_repeat, opt_msgburst,  opt_msgsize);
-	} else if (strcmp(test_name, "blocked_read") == 0) {
-		rc = blocked_read_test(opt_repeat);
-	} else if (strcmp(test_name, "closer1") == 0) {
-		rc = closer1_test(opt_repeat);
-	} else if (strcmp(test_name, "closer2") == 0) {
-		rc = closer2_test(opt_repeat);
-	} else if (strcmp(test_name, "closer3") == 0) {
-		rc = closer3_test(opt_repeat);
-	} else if (strcmp(test_name, "echo") == 0) {
-		rc = echo_test(opt_repeat, opt_msgsize, opt_variable);
-	} else if(strcmp(test_name, "ta2ta-ipc") == 0) {
-		rc = ta2ta_ipc_test();
-	} else if (strcmp(test_name, "dev-uuid") == 0) {
-		rc = dev_uuid_test();
-	} else if (strcmp(test_name, "ta-access") == 0) {
-		rc = ta_access_test();
-	} else if (strcmp(test_name, "writev") == 0) {
-		rc = writev_test(opt_repeat, opt_msgsize, opt_variable);
-	} else if (strcmp(test_name, "readv") == 0) {
-		rc = readv_test(opt_repeat, opt_msgsize, opt_variable);
+    if (strcmp(test_name, "connect") == 0) {
+        rc = connect_test(opt_repeat);
+    } else if (strcmp(test_name, "connect_foo") == 0) {
+        rc = connect_foo(opt_repeat);
+    } else if (strcmp(test_name, "burst_write") == 0) {
+        rc = burst_write_test(opt_repeat, opt_msgburst, opt_msgsize, opt_variable);
+    } else if (strcmp(test_name, "select") == 0) {
+        rc = select_test(opt_repeat, opt_msgburst, opt_msgsize);
+    } else if (strcmp(test_name, "blocked_read") == 0) {
+        rc = blocked_read_test(opt_repeat);
+    } else if (strcmp(test_name, "closer1") == 0) {
+        rc = closer1_test(opt_repeat);
+    } else if (strcmp(test_name, "closer2") == 0) {
+        rc = closer2_test(opt_repeat);
+    } else if (strcmp(test_name, "closer3") == 0) {
+        rc = closer3_test(opt_repeat);
+    } else if (strcmp(test_name, "echo") == 0) {
+        rc = echo_test(opt_repeat, opt_msgsize, opt_variable);
+    } else if (strcmp(test_name, "ta2ta-ipc") == 0) {
+        rc = ta2ta_ipc_test();
+    } else if (strcmp(test_name, "dev-uuid") == 0) {
+        rc = dev_uuid_test();
+    } else if (strcmp(test_name, "ta-access") == 0) {
+        rc = ta_access_test();
+    } else if (strcmp(test_name, "writev") == 0) {
+        rc = writev_test(opt_repeat, opt_msgsize, opt_variable);
+    } else if (strcmp(test_name, "readv") == 0) {
+        rc = readv_test(opt_repeat, opt_msgsize, opt_variable);
     } else if (strcmp(test_name, "send-fd") == 0) {
         rc = send_fd_test();
     } else {
diff --git a/trusty/storage/proxy/rpmb.c b/trusty/storage/proxy/rpmb.c
index a40105f..8b8aee2 100644
--- a/trusty/storage/proxy/rpmb.c
+++ b/trusty/storage/proxy/rpmb.c
@@ -107,16 +107,61 @@
 
 static const char* UFS_WAKE_LOCK_NAME = "ufs_seq_wakelock";
 
-static void print_buf(FILE* handle, const char* prefix, const uint8_t* buf, size_t size) {
+/**
+ * log_buf - Log a byte buffer to the android log.
+ * @priority: One of ANDROID_LOG_* priority levels from android_LogPriority in
+ *            android/log.h
+ * @prefix:   A null-terminated string that identifies this buffer. Must be less
+ *            than 128 bytes.
+ * @buf:      Buffer to dump.
+ * @size:     Length of @buf in bytes.
+ */
+#define LOG_BUF_SIZE 256
+static int log_buf(int priority, const char* prefix, const uint8_t* buf, size_t size) {
+    int rc;
     size_t i;
+    char line[LOG_BUF_SIZE] = {0};
+    char* cur = line;
 
-    fprintf(handle, "%s @%p [%zu]", prefix, buf, size);
-    for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
-        if (i && i % 32 == 0) fprintf(handle, "\n%*s", (int)strlen(prefix), "");
-        fprintf(handle, " %02x", buf[i]);
+    rc = snprintf(line, LOG_BUF_SIZE, "%s @%p [%zu]", prefix, buf, size);
+    if (rc < 0 || rc >= LOG_BUF_SIZE) {
+        goto err;
     }
-    fprintf(handle, "\n");
-    fflush(handle);
+    cur += rc;
+    for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+        if (i % 32 == 0) {
+            /*
+             * Flush the line out to the log after we have printed 32 bytes
+             * (also flushes the header line on the first iteration and sets up
+             * for printing the buffer itself)
+             */
+            LOG_PRI(priority, LOG_TAG, "%s", line);
+            memset(line, 0, LOG_BUF_SIZE);
+            cur = line;
+            /* Shift output over by the length of the prefix */
+            rc = snprintf(line, LOG_BUF_SIZE, "%*s", (int)strlen(prefix), "");
+            if (rc < 0 || rc >= LOG_BUF_SIZE) {
+                goto err;
+            }
+            cur += rc;
+        }
+        rc = snprintf(cur, LOG_BUF_SIZE - (cur - line), "%02x ", buf[i]);
+        if (rc < 0 || rc >= LOG_BUF_SIZE - (cur - line)) {
+            goto err;
+        }
+        cur += rc;
+    }
+    LOG_PRI(priority, LOG_TAG, "%s", line);
+
+    return 0;
+
+err:
+    if (rc < 0) {
+        return rc;
+    } else {
+        ALOGE("log_buf prefix was too long");
+        return -1;
+    }
 }
 
 static void set_sg_io_hdr(sg_io_hdr_t* io_hdrp, int dxfer_direction, unsigned char cmd_len,
@@ -134,8 +179,15 @@
     io_hdrp->timeout = TIMEOUT;
 }
 
-/* Returns false if the sense data was valid and no errors were present */
-static bool check_scsi_sense(const uint8_t* sense_buf, size_t len) {
+/**
+ * unexpected_scsi_sense - Check for unexpected codes in the sense buffer.
+ * @sense_buf: buffer containing sense data
+ * @len:       length of @sense_buf
+ *
+ * Return: %true if the sense data is not valid or contains an unexpected sense
+ * code, %false otherwise.
+ */
+static bool unexpected_scsi_sense(const uint8_t* sense_buf, size_t len) {
     uint8_t response_code = 0;
     uint8_t sense_key = 0;
     uint8_t additional_sense_code = 0;
@@ -144,14 +196,14 @@
 
     if (!sense_buf || len == 0) {
         ALOGE("Invalid SCSI sense buffer, length: %zu\n", len);
-        return false;
+        return true;
     }
 
     response_code = 0x7f & sense_buf[0];
 
     if (response_code < 0x70 || response_code > 0x73) {
         ALOGE("Invalid SCSI sense response code: %hhu\n", response_code);
-        return false;
+        return true;
     }
 
     if (response_code >= 0x72) {
@@ -189,13 +241,13 @@
         case 0x0f: /* COMPLETED, not present in kernel headers */
             ALOGD("SCSI success with sense data: key=%hhu, asc=%hhu, ascq=%hhu\n", sense_key,
                   additional_sense_code, additional_sense_code_qualifier);
-            return true;
+            return false;
     }
 
     ALOGE("Unexpected SCSI sense data: key=%hhu, asc=%hhu, ascq=%hhu\n", sense_key,
           additional_sense_code, additional_sense_code_qualifier);
-    print_buf(stderr, "sense buffer: ", sense_buf, len);
-    return false;
+    log_buf(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, "sense buffer: ", sense_buf, len);
+    return true;
 }
 
 static void check_sg_io_hdr(const sg_io_hdr_t* io_hdrp) {
@@ -208,7 +260,7 @@
     }
 
     if (io_hdrp->masked_status != GOOD && io_hdrp->sb_len_wr > 0) {
-        bool sense_error = check_scsi_sense(io_hdrp->sbp, io_hdrp->sb_len_wr);
+        bool sense_error = unexpected_scsi_sense(io_hdrp->sbp, io_hdrp->sb_len_wr);
         if (sense_error) {
             ALOGE("Unexpected SCSI sense. masked_status: %hhu, host_status: %hu, driver_status: "
                   "%hu\n",
@@ -257,7 +309,7 @@
         mmc_ioc_cmd_set_data((*cmd), write_buf);
 #ifdef RPMB_DEBUG
         ALOGI("opcode: 0x%x, write_flag: 0x%x\n", cmd->opcode, cmd->write_flag);
-        print_buf(stdout, "request: ", write_buf, req->reliable_write_size);
+        log_buf(ANDROID_LOG_INFO, "request: ", write_buf, req->reliable_write_size);
 #endif
         write_buf += req->reliable_write_size;
         mmc.multi.num_of_cmds++;
@@ -273,7 +325,7 @@
         mmc_ioc_cmd_set_data((*cmd), write_buf);
 #ifdef RPMB_DEBUG
         ALOGI("opcode: 0x%x, write_flag: 0x%x\n", cmd->opcode, cmd->write_flag);
-        print_buf(stdout, "request: ", write_buf, req->write_size);
+        log_buf(ANDROID_LOG_INFO, "request: ", write_buf, req->write_size);
 #endif
         write_buf += req->write_size;
         mmc.multi.num_of_cmds++;
@@ -460,7 +512,7 @@
         goto err_response;
     }
 #ifdef RPMB_DEBUG
-    if (req->read_size) print_buf(stdout, "response: ", read_buf, req->read_size);
+    if (req->read_size) log_buf(ANDROID_LOG_INFO, "response: ", read_buf, req->read_size);
 #endif
 
     if (msg->flags & STORAGE_MSG_FLAG_POST_COMMIT) {