diff --git a/adb/Android.mk b/adb/Android.mk
index 05b0284..2b6df70 100644
--- a/adb/Android.mk
+++ b/adb/Android.mk
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@
 
 # Even though we're building a static library (and thus there's no link step for
 # this to take effect), this adds the includes to our path.
-LOCAL_STATIC_LIBRARIES := libcrypto_utils libcrypto libbase
+LOCAL_STATIC_LIBRARIES := libcrypto_utils libcrypto libqemu_pipe libbase
 
 LOCAL_WHOLE_STATIC_LIBRARIES := libadbd_usb
 
@@ -363,6 +363,7 @@
     libasyncio \
     libavb_user \
     libbase \
+    libqemu_pipe \
     libbootloader_message \
     libfs_mgr \
     libfec \
diff --git a/adb/adb.cpp b/adb/adb.cpp
index 8c24bbb..6b30be8 100644
--- a/adb/adb.cpp
+++ b/adb/adb.cpp
@@ -257,19 +257,6 @@
     send_packet(cp, t);
 }
 
-#if ADB_HOST
-
-void SendConnectOnHost(atransport* t) {
-    // Send an empty message before A_CNXN message. This is because the data toggle of the ep_out on
-    // host and ep_in on device may not be the same.
-    apacket* p = get_apacket();
-    CHECK(p);
-    send_packet(p, t);
-    send_connect(t);
-}
-
-#endif
-
 // qual_overwrite is used to overwrite a qualifier string.  dst is a
 // pointer to a char pointer.  It is assumed that if *dst is non-NULL, it
 // was malloc'ed and needs to freed.  *dst will be set to a dup of src.
@@ -370,7 +357,7 @@
         if (p->msg.arg0){
             send_packet(p, t);
 #if ADB_HOST
-            SendConnectOnHost(t);
+            send_connect(t);
 #endif
         } else {
             t->SetConnectionState(kCsOffline);
diff --git a/adb/adb.h b/adb/adb.h
index 6a9897f..a4d233e 100644
--- a/adb/adb.h
+++ b/adb/adb.h
@@ -224,9 +224,6 @@
 void handle_offline(atransport *t);
 
 void send_connect(atransport *t);
-#if ADB_HOST
-void SendConnectOnHost(atransport* t);
-#endif
 
 void parse_banner(const std::string&, atransport* t);
 
diff --git a/adb/client/usb_libusb.cpp b/adb/client/usb_libusb.cpp
index 7025f28..8120199 100644
--- a/adb/client/usb_libusb.cpp
+++ b/adb/client/usb_libusb.cpp
@@ -333,6 +333,13 @@
             return;
         }
 
+        rc = libusb_set_interface_alt_setting(handle.get(), interface_num, 0);
+        if (rc != 0) {
+            LOG(WARNING) << "failed to set interface alt setting for device '" << device_serial
+                         << "'" << libusb_error_name(rc);
+            return;
+        }
+
         for (uint8_t endpoint : {bulk_in, bulk_out}) {
             rc = libusb_clear_halt(handle.get(), endpoint);
             if (rc != 0) {
diff --git a/adb/framebuffer_service.cpp b/adb/framebuffer_service.cpp
index 7baad8b..6c3a225 100644
--- a/adb/framebuffer_service.cpp
+++ b/adb/framebuffer_service.cpp
@@ -37,10 +37,11 @@
 */
 /* This version number defines the format of the fbinfo struct.
    It must match versioning in ddms where this data is consumed. */
-#define DDMS_RAWIMAGE_VERSION 1
+#define DDMS_RAWIMAGE_VERSION 2
 struct fbinfo {
     unsigned int version;
     unsigned int bpp;
+    unsigned int colorSpace;
     unsigned int size;
     unsigned int width;
     unsigned int height;
@@ -60,7 +61,7 @@
     unsigned int i, bsize;
     char buf[640];
     int fd_screencap;
-    int w, h, f;
+    int w, h, f, c;
     int fds[2];
     pid_t pid;
 
@@ -82,12 +83,14 @@
     adb_close(fds[1]);
     fd_screencap = fds[0];
 
-    /* read w, h & format */
+    /* read w, h, format & color space */
     if(!ReadFdExactly(fd_screencap, &w, 4)) goto done;
     if(!ReadFdExactly(fd_screencap, &h, 4)) goto done;
     if(!ReadFdExactly(fd_screencap, &f, 4)) goto done;
+    if(!ReadFdExactly(fd_screencap, &c, 4)) goto done;
 
     fbinfo.version = DDMS_RAWIMAGE_VERSION;
+    fbinfo.colorSpace = c;
     /* see hardware/hardware.h */
     switch (f) {
         case 1: /* RGBA_8888 */
diff --git a/adb/transport.cpp b/adb/transport.cpp
index 34cc026..089a1ec 100644
--- a/adb/transport.cpp
+++ b/adb/transport.cpp
@@ -1101,11 +1101,4 @@
     keys_.pop_front();
     return result;
 }
-bool atransport::SetSendConnectOnError() {
-    if (has_send_connect_on_error_) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    has_send_connect_on_error_ = true;
-    return true;
-}
 #endif
diff --git a/adb/transport.h b/adb/transport.h
index 79e3075..8c101fd 100644
--- a/adb/transport.h
+++ b/adb/transport.h
@@ -122,7 +122,6 @@
 
 #if ADB_HOST
     std::shared_ptr<RSA> NextKey();
-    bool SetSendConnectOnError();
 #endif
 
     char token[TOKEN_SIZE] = {};
@@ -181,7 +180,6 @@
     std::atomic<ConnectionState> connection_state_;
 #if ADB_HOST
     std::deque<std::shared_ptr<RSA>> keys_;
-    bool has_send_connect_on_error_ = false;
 #endif
 
     DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(atransport);
diff --git a/adb/transport_local.cpp b/adb/transport_local.cpp
index 6cedd92..9cd378c 100644
--- a/adb/transport_local.cpp
+++ b/adb/transport_local.cpp
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@
 #define open    adb_open
 #define read    adb_read
 #define write   adb_write
-#include <system/qemu_pipe.h>
+#include <qemu_pipe.h>
 #undef open
 #undef read
 #undef write
diff --git a/adb/transport_usb.cpp b/adb/transport_usb.cpp
index 6768d31..fdecccf 100644
--- a/adb/transport_usb.cpp
+++ b/adb/transport_usb.cpp
@@ -103,13 +103,6 @@
 
 err_msg:
     p->msg.command = 0;
-    if (t->GetConnectionState() == kCsOffline) {
-        // If the data toggle of ep_out on device and ep_in on host are not the same, we may receive
-        // an error message. In this case, resend one A_CNXN message to connect the device.
-        if (t->SetSendConnectOnError()) {
-            SendConnectOnHost(t);
-        }
-    }
     return 0;
 }
 
@@ -162,8 +155,7 @@
     return 0;
 }
 
-static void remote_close(atransport *t)
-{
+static void remote_close(atransport* t) {
     usb_close(t->usb);
     t->usb = 0;
 }
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr.cpp b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr.cpp
index 874189a..c9af421 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr.cpp
@@ -745,6 +745,12 @@
     return false;
 }
 
+static bool should_use_metadata_encryption(const struct fstab_rec* rec) {
+    if (!(rec->fs_mgr_flags & (MF_FILEENCRYPTION | MF_FORCEFDEORFBE))) return false;
+    if (!(rec->fs_mgr_flags & MF_KEYDIRECTORY)) return false;
+    return true;
+}
+
 // Check to see if a mountable volume has encryption requirements
 static int handle_encryptable(const struct fstab_rec* rec)
 {
@@ -757,8 +763,14 @@
                      << " - allow continue unencrypted";
             return FS_MGR_MNTALL_DEV_NOT_ENCRYPTED;
         }
+    } else if (should_use_metadata_encryption(rec)) {
+        if (umount(rec->mount_point) == 0) {
+            return FS_MGR_MNTALL_DEV_NEEDS_METADATA_ENCRYPTION;
+        } else {
+            PERROR << "Could not umount " << rec->mount_point << " - fail since can't encrypt";
+            return FS_MGR_MNTALL_FAIL;
+        }
     } else if (rec->fs_mgr_flags & (MF_FILEENCRYPTION | MF_FORCEFDEORFBE)) {
-        // Deal with file level encryption
         LINFO << rec->mount_point << " is file encrypted";
         return FS_MGR_MNTALL_DEV_FILE_ENCRYPTED;
     } else if (fs_mgr_is_encryptable(rec)) {
@@ -897,7 +909,6 @@
             continue;
         }
 
-        /* mount(2) returned an error, handle the encryptable/formattable case */
         bool wiped = partition_wiped(fstab->recs[top_idx].blk_device);
         bool crypt_footer = false;
         if (mret && mount_errno != EBUSY && mount_errno != EACCES &&
@@ -937,6 +948,8 @@
                 continue;
             }
         }
+
+        /* mount(2) returned an error, handle the encryptable/formattable case */
         if (mret && mount_errno != EBUSY && mount_errno != EACCES &&
             fs_mgr_is_encryptable(&fstab->recs[attempted_idx])) {
             if (wiped) {
@@ -962,6 +975,9 @@
                 }
             }
             encryptable = FS_MGR_MNTALL_DEV_MIGHT_BE_ENCRYPTED;
+        } else if (mret && mount_errno != EBUSY && mount_errno != EACCES &&
+                   should_use_metadata_encryption(&fstab->recs[attempted_idx])) {
+            encryptable = FS_MGR_MNTALL_DEV_IS_METADATA_ENCRYPTED;
         } else {
             // fs_options might be null so we cannot use PERROR << directly.
             // Use StringPrintf to output "(null)" instead.
@@ -1244,48 +1260,46 @@
     return ret;
 }
 
-/*
- * key_loc must be at least PROPERTY_VALUE_MAX bytes long
- *
- * real_blk_device must be at least PROPERTY_VALUE_MAX bytes long
- */
-int fs_mgr_get_crypt_info(struct fstab *fstab, char *key_loc, char *real_blk_device, int size)
-{
-    int i = 0;
+struct fstab_rec const* fs_mgr_get_crypt_entry(struct fstab const* fstab) {
+    int i;
 
     if (!fstab) {
-        return -1;
-    }
-    /* Initialize return values to null strings */
-    if (key_loc) {
-        *key_loc = '\0';
-    }
-    if (real_blk_device) {
-        *real_blk_device = '\0';
+        return NULL;
     }
 
     /* Look for the encryptable partition to find the data */
     for (i = 0; i < fstab->num_entries; i++) {
         /* Don't deal with vold managed enryptable partitions here */
-        if (fstab->recs[i].fs_mgr_flags & MF_VOLDMANAGED) {
-            continue;
+        if (!(fstab->recs[i].fs_mgr_flags & MF_VOLDMANAGED) &&
+            (fstab->recs[i].fs_mgr_flags &
+             (MF_CRYPT | MF_FORCECRYPT | MF_FORCEFDEORFBE | MF_FILEENCRYPTION))) {
+            return &fstab->recs[i];
         }
-        if (!(fstab->recs[i].fs_mgr_flags
-              & (MF_CRYPT | MF_FORCECRYPT | MF_FORCEFDEORFBE))) {
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        /* We found a match */
-        if (key_loc) {
-            strlcpy(key_loc, fstab->recs[i].key_loc, size);
-        }
-        if (real_blk_device) {
-            strlcpy(real_blk_device, fstab->recs[i].blk_device, size);
-        }
-        break;
     }
+    return NULL;
+}
 
-    return 0;
+/*
+ * key_loc must be at least PROPERTY_VALUE_MAX bytes long
+ *
+ * real_blk_device must be at least PROPERTY_VALUE_MAX bytes long
+ */
+void fs_mgr_get_crypt_info(struct fstab* fstab, char* key_loc, char* real_blk_device, size_t size) {
+    struct fstab_rec const* rec = fs_mgr_get_crypt_entry(fstab);
+    if (key_loc) {
+        if (rec) {
+            strlcpy(key_loc, rec->key_loc, size);
+        } else {
+            *key_loc = '\0';
+        }
+    }
+    if (real_blk_device) {
+        if (rec) {
+            strlcpy(real_blk_device, rec->blk_device, size);
+        } else {
+            *real_blk_device = '\0';
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 bool fs_mgr_load_verity_state(int* mode) {
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_fstab.cpp b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_fstab.cpp
index bce245c..92c6ee8 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_fstab.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_fstab.cpp
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
 
 struct fs_mgr_flag_values {
     char *key_loc;
+    char* key_dir;
     char *verity_loc;
     long long part_length;
     char *label;
@@ -72,34 +73,35 @@
 };
 
 static struct flag_list fs_mgr_flags[] = {
-    { "wait",               MF_WAIT },
-    { "check",              MF_CHECK },
-    { "encryptable=",       MF_CRYPT },
-    { "forceencrypt=",      MF_FORCECRYPT },
-    { "fileencryption=",    MF_FILEENCRYPTION },
-    { "forcefdeorfbe=",     MF_FORCEFDEORFBE },
-    { "nonremovable",       MF_NONREMOVABLE },
-    { "voldmanaged=",       MF_VOLDMANAGED},
-    { "length=",            MF_LENGTH },
-    { "recoveryonly",       MF_RECOVERYONLY },
-    { "swapprio=",          MF_SWAPPRIO },
-    { "zramsize=",          MF_ZRAMSIZE },
-    { "max_comp_streams=",  MF_MAX_COMP_STREAMS },
-    { "verifyatboot",       MF_VERIFYATBOOT },
-    { "verify",             MF_VERIFY },
-    { "avb",                MF_AVB },
-    { "noemulatedsd",       MF_NOEMULATEDSD },
-    { "notrim",             MF_NOTRIM },
-    { "formattable",        MF_FORMATTABLE },
-    { "slotselect",         MF_SLOTSELECT },
-    { "nofail",             MF_NOFAIL },
-    { "latemount",          MF_LATEMOUNT },
-    { "reservedsize=",      MF_RESERVEDSIZE },
-    { "quota",              MF_QUOTA },
-    { "eraseblk=",          MF_ERASEBLKSIZE },
-    { "logicalblk=",        MF_LOGICALBLKSIZE },
-    { "defaults",           0 },
-    { 0,                    0 },
+    {"wait", MF_WAIT},
+    {"check", MF_CHECK},
+    {"encryptable=", MF_CRYPT},
+    {"forceencrypt=", MF_FORCECRYPT},
+    {"fileencryption=", MF_FILEENCRYPTION},
+    {"forcefdeorfbe=", MF_FORCEFDEORFBE},
+    {"keydirectory=", MF_KEYDIRECTORY},
+    {"nonremovable", MF_NONREMOVABLE},
+    {"voldmanaged=", MF_VOLDMANAGED},
+    {"length=", MF_LENGTH},
+    {"recoveryonly", MF_RECOVERYONLY},
+    {"swapprio=", MF_SWAPPRIO},
+    {"zramsize=", MF_ZRAMSIZE},
+    {"max_comp_streams=", MF_MAX_COMP_STREAMS},
+    {"verifyatboot", MF_VERIFYATBOOT},
+    {"verify", MF_VERIFY},
+    {"avb", MF_AVB},
+    {"noemulatedsd", MF_NOEMULATEDSD},
+    {"notrim", MF_NOTRIM},
+    {"formattable", MF_FORMATTABLE},
+    {"slotselect", MF_SLOTSELECT},
+    {"nofail", MF_NOFAIL},
+    {"latemount", MF_LATEMOUNT},
+    {"reservedsize=", MF_RESERVEDSIZE},
+    {"quota", MF_QUOTA},
+    {"eraseblk=", MF_ERASEBLKSIZE},
+    {"logicalblk=", MF_LOGICALBLKSIZE},
+    {"defaults", 0},
+    {0, 0},
 };
 
 #define EM_AES_256_XTS  1
@@ -268,6 +270,11 @@
                     } else {
                         flag_vals->file_names_mode = EM_AES_256_CTS;
                     }
+                } else if ((fl[i].flag == MF_KEYDIRECTORY) && flag_vals) {
+                    /* The metadata flag is followed by an = and the
+                     * directory for the keys.  Get it and return it.
+                     */
+                    flag_vals->key_dir = strdup(strchr(p, '=') + 1);
                 } else if ((fl[i].flag == MF_LENGTH) && flag_vals) {
                     /* The length flag is followed by an = and the
                      * size of the partition.  Get it and return it.
@@ -577,6 +584,7 @@
         fstab->recs[cnt].fs_mgr_flags = parse_flags(p, fs_mgr_flags,
                                                     &flag_vals, NULL, 0);
         fstab->recs[cnt].key_loc = flag_vals.key_loc;
+        fstab->recs[cnt].key_dir = flag_vals.key_dir;
         fstab->recs[cnt].verity_loc = flag_vals.verity_loc;
         fstab->recs[cnt].length = flag_vals.part_length;
         fstab->recs[cnt].label = flag_vals.label;
@@ -736,6 +744,7 @@
         free(fstab->recs[i].fs_type);
         free(fstab->recs[i].fs_options);
         free(fstab->recs[i].key_loc);
+        free(fstab->recs[i].key_dir);
         free(fstab->recs[i].label);
     }
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_priv.h b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_priv.h
index 7423c1f..0f62e18 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_priv.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_priv.h
@@ -109,6 +109,7 @@
 #define MF_ERASEBLKSIZE     0x800000
 #define MF_LOGICALBLKSIZE  0X1000000
 #define MF_AVB             0X2000000
+#define MF_KEYDIRECTORY 0X4000000
 
 #define DM_BUF_SIZE 4096
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/include/fs_mgr.h b/fs_mgr/include/fs_mgr.h
index 3d3faf3..c74f6c8 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/include/fs_mgr.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/include/fs_mgr.h
@@ -53,6 +53,8 @@
 typedef void (*fs_mgr_verity_state_callback)(struct fstab_rec *fstab,
         const char *mount_point, int mode, int status);
 
+#define FS_MGR_MNTALL_DEV_IS_METADATA_ENCRYPTED 7
+#define FS_MGR_MNTALL_DEV_NEEDS_METADATA_ENCRYPTION 6
 #define FS_MGR_MNTALL_DEV_FILE_ENCRYPTED 5
 #define FS_MGR_MNTALL_DEV_NEEDS_RECOVERY 4
 #define FS_MGR_MNTALL_DEV_NEEDS_ENCRYPTION 3
@@ -71,8 +73,8 @@
 int fs_mgr_do_mount_one(struct fstab_rec *rec);
 int fs_mgr_do_tmpfs_mount(const char *n_name);
 int fs_mgr_unmount_all(struct fstab *fstab);
-int fs_mgr_get_crypt_info(struct fstab *fstab, char *key_loc,
-                          char *real_blk_device, int size);
+struct fstab_rec const* fs_mgr_get_crypt_entry(struct fstab const* fstab);
+void fs_mgr_get_crypt_info(struct fstab* fstab, char* key_loc, char* real_blk_device, size_t size);
 bool fs_mgr_load_verity_state(int* mode);
 bool fs_mgr_update_verity_state(fs_mgr_verity_state_callback callback);
 int fs_mgr_swapon_all(struct fstab *fstab);
diff --git a/fs_mgr/include_fstab/fstab/fstab.h b/fs_mgr/include_fstab/fstab/fstab.h
index ef51724..0a8496b 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/include_fstab/fstab/fstab.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/include_fstab/fstab/fstab.h
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@
     char* fs_options;
     int fs_mgr_flags;
     char* key_loc;
+    char* key_dir;
     char* verity_loc;
     long long length;
     char* label;
diff --git a/gatekeeperd/IGateKeeperService.cpp b/gatekeeperd/IGateKeeperService.cpp
index 95fbfd1..1c339f4 100644
--- a/gatekeeperd/IGateKeeperService.cpp
+++ b/gatekeeperd/IGateKeeperService.cpp
@@ -158,6 +158,12 @@
             reply->writeNoException();
             return NO_ERROR;
         }
+        case REPORT_DEVICE_SETUP_COMPLETE: {
+            CHECK_INTERFACE(IGateKeeperService, data, reply);
+            reportDeviceSetupComplete();
+            reply->writeNoException();
+            return NO_ERROR;
+        }
         default:
             return BBinder::onTransact(code, data, reply, flags);
     }
diff --git a/gatekeeperd/IGateKeeperService.h b/gatekeeperd/IGateKeeperService.h
index f070486..2816efc 100644
--- a/gatekeeperd/IGateKeeperService.h
+++ b/gatekeeperd/IGateKeeperService.h
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
         VERIFY_CHALLENGE = IBinder::FIRST_CALL_TRANSACTION + 2,
         GET_SECURE_USER_ID = IBinder::FIRST_CALL_TRANSACTION + 3,
         CLEAR_SECURE_USER_ID = IBinder::FIRST_CALL_TRANSACTION + 4,
+        REPORT_DEVICE_SETUP_COMPLETE = IBinder::FIRST_CALL_TRANSACTION + 5,
     };
 
     enum {
@@ -95,6 +96,12 @@
      * Clears the secure user ID associated with the user.
      */
     virtual void clearSecureUserId(uint32_t uid) = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * Notifies gatekeeper that device setup has been completed and any potentially still existing
+     * state from before a factory reset can be cleaned up (if it has not been already).
+     */
+    virtual void reportDeviceSetupComplete() = 0;
 };
 
 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/gatekeeperd/gatekeeperd.cpp b/gatekeeperd/gatekeeperd.cpp
index 73dab9b..d581736 100644
--- a/gatekeeperd/gatekeeperd.cpp
+++ b/gatekeeperd/gatekeeperd.cpp
@@ -57,19 +57,13 @@
 class GateKeeperProxy : public BnGateKeeperService {
 public:
     GateKeeperProxy() {
+        clear_state_if_needed_done = false;
         hw_device = IGatekeeper::getService();
 
         if (hw_device == nullptr) {
             ALOGW("falling back to software GateKeeper");
             soft_device.reset(new SoftGateKeeperDevice());
         }
-
-        if (mark_cold_boot()) {
-            ALOGI("cold boot: clearing state");
-            if (hw_device != nullptr) {
-                hw_device->deleteAllUsers([](const GatekeeperResponse &){});
-            }
-        }
     }
 
     virtual ~GateKeeperProxy() {
@@ -87,6 +81,21 @@
         close(fd);
     }
 
+    void clear_state_if_needed() {
+        if (clear_state_if_needed_done) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (mark_cold_boot()) {
+            ALOGI("cold boot: clearing state");
+            if (hw_device != nullptr) {
+                hw_device->deleteAllUsers([](const GatekeeperResponse &){});
+            }
+        }
+
+        clear_state_if_needed_done = true;
+    }
+
     bool mark_cold_boot() {
         const char *filename = ".coldboot";
         if (access(filename, F_OK) == -1) {
@@ -141,6 +150,10 @@
             return PERMISSION_DENIED;
         }
 
+        // Make sure to clear any state from before factory reset as soon as a credential is
+        // enrolled (which may happen during device setup).
+        clear_state_if_needed();
+
         // need a desired password to enroll
         if (desired_password_length == 0) return -EINVAL;
 
@@ -355,6 +368,18 @@
         }
     }
 
+    virtual void reportDeviceSetupComplete() {
+        IPCThreadState* ipc = IPCThreadState::self();
+        const int calling_pid = ipc->getCallingPid();
+        const int calling_uid = ipc->getCallingUid();
+        if (!PermissionCache::checkPermission(KEYGUARD_PERMISSION, calling_pid, calling_uid)) {
+            ALOGE("%s: permission denied for [%d:%d]", __func__, calling_pid, calling_uid);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        clear_state_if_needed();
+    }
+
     virtual status_t dump(int fd, const Vector<String16> &) {
         IPCThreadState* ipc = IPCThreadState::self();
         const int pid = ipc->getCallingPid();
@@ -377,6 +402,8 @@
 private:
     sp<IGatekeeper> hw_device;
     std::unique_ptr<SoftGateKeeperDevice> soft_device;
+
+    bool clear_state_if_needed_done;
 };
 }// namespace android
 
diff --git a/healthd/Android.mk b/healthd/Android.mk
index 8b59964..6b14289 100644
--- a/healthd/Android.mk
+++ b/healthd/Android.mk
@@ -33,6 +33,30 @@
 
 include $(CLEAR_VARS)
 
+LOCAL_MODULE := libhealthd_draw
+
+LOCAL_EXPORT_C_INCLUDE_DIRS := $(LOCAL_PATH)
+LOCAL_STATIC_LIBRARIES := \
+	libminui \
+	libbase
+LOCAL_SRC_FILES := healthd_draw.cpp
+
+ifneq ($(TARGET_HEALTHD_DRAW_SPLIT_SCREEN),)
+LOCAL_CFLAGS += -DHEALTHD_DRAW_SPLIT_SCREEN=$(TARGET_HEALTHD_DRAW_SPLIT_SCREEN)
+else
+LOCAL_CFLAGS += -DHEALTHD_DRAW_SPLIT_SCREEN=0
+endif
+
+ifneq ($(TARGET_HEALTHD_DRAW_SPLIT_OFFSET),)
+LOCAL_CFLAGS += -DHEALTHD_DRAW_SPLIT_OFFSET=$(TARGET_HEALTHD_DRAW_SPLIT_OFFSET)
+else
+LOCAL_CFLAGS += -DHEALTHD_DRAW_SPLIT_OFFSET=0
+endif
+
+include $(BUILD_STATIC_LIBRARY)
+
+include $(CLEAR_VARS)
+
 LOCAL_CFLAGS := -Werror
 ifeq ($(strip $(BOARD_CHARGER_DISABLE_INIT_BLANK)),true)
 LOCAL_CFLAGS += -DCHARGER_DISABLE_INIT_BLANK
@@ -58,6 +82,7 @@
     libutils \
     libbase \
     libcutils \
+    libhealthd_draw \
     liblog \
     libm \
     libc \
@@ -101,6 +126,7 @@
 
 LOCAL_STATIC_LIBRARIES := \
     libhealthd_charger \
+    libhealthd_draw \
     libbatterymonitor \
     libbase \
     libutils \
diff --git a/healthd/healthd_draw.cpp b/healthd/healthd_draw.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ea3d991
--- /dev/null
+++ b/healthd/healthd_draw.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
+#include <batteryservice/BatteryService.h>
+#include <cutils/klog.h>
+
+#include "healthd_draw.h"
+
+#define LOGE(x...) KLOG_ERROR("charger", x);
+#define LOGV(x...) KLOG_DEBUG("charger", x);
+
+HealthdDraw::HealthdDraw(animation* anim)
+  : kSplitScreen(HEALTHD_DRAW_SPLIT_SCREEN),
+    kSplitOffset(HEALTHD_DRAW_SPLIT_OFFSET) {
+  gr_init();
+  gr_font_size(gr_sys_font(), &char_width_, &char_height_);
+
+  screen_width_ = gr_fb_width() / (kSplitScreen ? 2 : 1);
+  screen_height_ = gr_fb_height();
+
+  int res;
+  if (!anim->text_clock.font_file.empty() &&
+      (res = gr_init_font(anim->text_clock.font_file.c_str(),
+                          &anim->text_clock.font)) < 0) {
+    LOGE("Could not load time font (%d)\n", res);
+  }
+  if (!anim->text_percent.font_file.empty() &&
+      (res = gr_init_font(anim->text_percent.font_file.c_str(),
+                          &anim->text_percent.font)) < 0) {
+    LOGE("Could not load percent font (%d)\n", res);
+  }
+}
+
+HealthdDraw::~HealthdDraw() {}
+
+void HealthdDraw::redraw_screen(const animation* batt_anim, GRSurface* surf_unknown) {
+  clear_screen();
+
+  /* try to display *something* */
+  if (batt_anim->cur_level < 0 || batt_anim->num_frames == 0)
+    draw_unknown(surf_unknown);
+  else
+    draw_battery(batt_anim);
+  gr_flip();
+}
+
+void HealthdDraw::blank_screen(bool blank) { gr_fb_blank(blank); }
+
+void HealthdDraw::clear_screen(void) {
+  gr_color(0, 0, 0, 255);
+  gr_clear();
+}
+
+int HealthdDraw::draw_surface_centered(GRSurface* surface) {
+  int w = gr_get_width(surface);
+  int h = gr_get_height(surface);
+  int x = (screen_width_ - w) / 2 + kSplitOffset;
+  int y = (screen_height_ - h) / 2;
+
+  LOGV("drawing surface %dx%d+%d+%d\n", w, h, x, y);
+  gr_blit(surface, 0, 0, w, h, x, y);
+  if (kSplitScreen) {
+    x += screen_width_ - 2 * kSplitOffset;
+    LOGV("drawing surface %dx%d+%d+%d\n", w, h, x, y);
+    gr_blit(surface, 0, 0, w, h, x, y);
+  }
+
+  return y + h;
+}
+
+int HealthdDraw::draw_text(const GRFont* font, int x, int y, const char* str) {
+  int str_len_px = gr_measure(font, str);
+
+  if (x < 0) x = (screen_width_ - str_len_px) / 2;
+  if (y < 0) y = (screen_height_ - char_height_) / 2;
+  gr_text(font, x + kSplitOffset, y, str, false /* bold */);
+  if (kSplitScreen)
+    gr_text(font, x - kSplitOffset + screen_width_, y, str, false /* bold */);
+
+  return y + char_height_;
+}
+
+void HealthdDraw::determine_xy(const animation::text_field& field,
+                               const int length, int* x, int* y) {
+  *x = field.pos_x;
+
+  int str_len_px = length * field.font->char_width;
+  if (field.pos_x == CENTER_VAL) {
+    *x = (screen_width_ - str_len_px) / 2;
+  } else if (field.pos_x >= 0) {
+    *x = field.pos_x;
+  } else {  // position from max edge
+    *x = screen_width_ + field.pos_x - str_len_px - kSplitOffset;
+  }
+
+  *y = field.pos_y;
+
+  if (field.pos_y == CENTER_VAL) {
+    *y = (screen_height_ - field.font->char_height) / 2;
+  } else if (field.pos_y >= 0) {
+    *y = field.pos_y;
+  } else {  // position from max edge
+    *y = screen_height_ + field.pos_y - field.font->char_height;
+  }
+}
+
+void HealthdDraw::draw_clock(const animation* anim) {
+  static constexpr char CLOCK_FORMAT[] = "%H:%M";
+  static constexpr int CLOCK_LENGTH = 6;
+
+  const animation::text_field& field = anim->text_clock;
+
+  if (field.font == nullptr || field.font->char_width == 0 ||
+      field.font->char_height == 0)
+    return;
+
+  time_t rawtime;
+  time(&rawtime);
+  tm* time_info = localtime(&rawtime);
+
+  char clock_str[CLOCK_LENGTH];
+  size_t length = strftime(clock_str, CLOCK_LENGTH, CLOCK_FORMAT, time_info);
+  if (length != CLOCK_LENGTH - 1) {
+    LOGE("Could not format time\n");
+    return;
+  }
+
+  int x, y;
+  determine_xy(field, length, &x, &y);
+
+  LOGV("drawing clock %s %d %d\n", clock_str, x, y);
+  gr_color(field.color_r, field.color_g, field.color_b, field.color_a);
+  draw_text(field.font, x, y, clock_str);
+}
+
+void HealthdDraw::draw_percent(const animation* anim) {
+  int cur_level = anim->cur_level;
+  if (anim->cur_status == BATTERY_STATUS_FULL) {
+    cur_level = 100;
+  }
+
+  if (cur_level <= 0) return;
+
+  const animation::text_field& field = anim->text_percent;
+  if (field.font == nullptr || field.font->char_width == 0 ||
+      field.font->char_height == 0) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  std::string str = base::StringPrintf("%d%%", cur_level);
+
+  int x, y;
+  determine_xy(field, str.size(), &x, &y);
+
+  LOGV("drawing percent %s %d %d\n", str.c_str(), x, y);
+  gr_color(field.color_r, field.color_g, field.color_b, field.color_a);
+  draw_text(field.font, x, y, str.c_str());
+}
+
+void HealthdDraw::draw_battery(const animation* anim) {
+  const animation::frame& frame = anim->frames[anim->cur_frame];
+
+  if (anim->num_frames != 0) {
+    draw_surface_centered(frame.surface);
+    LOGV("drawing frame #%d min_cap=%d time=%d\n", anim->cur_frame,
+         frame.min_level, frame.disp_time);
+  }
+  draw_clock(anim);
+  draw_percent(anim);
+}
+
+void HealthdDraw::draw_unknown(GRSurface* surf_unknown) {
+  int y;
+  if (surf_unknown) {
+    draw_surface_centered(surf_unknown);
+  } else {
+    gr_color(0xa4, 0xc6, 0x39, 255);
+    y = draw_text(gr_sys_font(), -1, -1, "Charging!");
+    draw_text(gr_sys_font(), -1, y + 25, "?\?/100");
+  }
+}
diff --git a/healthd/healthd_draw.h b/healthd/healthd_draw.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6a6ba76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/healthd/healthd_draw.h
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef HEALTHD_DRAW_H
+#define HEALTHD_DRAW_H
+
+#include <linux/input.h>
+#include <minui/minui.h>
+
+#include "animation.h"
+
+using namespace android;
+
+class HealthdDraw {
+ public:
+  // Configures font using given animation.
+  HealthdDraw(animation* anim);
+  virtual ~HealthdDraw();
+
+  // Redraws screen.
+  void redraw_screen(const animation* batt_anim, GRSurface* surf_unknown);
+
+  // Blanks screen if true, unblanks if false.
+  virtual void blank_screen(bool blank);
+
+ protected:
+  virtual void clear_screen();
+
+  // returns the last y-offset of where the surface ends.
+  virtual int draw_surface_centered(GRSurface* surface);
+  // Negative x or y coordinates center text.
+  virtual int draw_text(const GRFont* font, int x, int y, const char* str);
+
+  // Negative x or y coordinates position the text away from the opposite edge
+  // that positive ones do.
+  virtual void determine_xy(const animation::text_field& field,
+                            const int length, int* x, int* y);
+
+  // Draws battery animation, if it exists.
+  virtual void draw_battery(const animation* anim);
+  // Draws clock text, if animation contains text_field data.
+  virtual void draw_clock(const animation* anim);
+  // Draws battery percentage text if animation contains text_field data.
+  virtual void draw_percent(const animation* anim);
+  // Draws charger->surf_unknown or basic text.
+  virtual void draw_unknown(GRSurface* surf_unknown);
+
+  // Pixel sizes of characters for default font.
+  int char_width_;
+  int char_height_;
+
+  // Width and height of screen in pixels.
+  int screen_width_;
+  int screen_height_;
+
+  // Device screen is split vertically.
+  const bool kSplitScreen;
+  // Pixels to offset graphics towards center split.
+  const int kSplitOffset;
+};
+
+#endif  // HEALTHD_DRAW_H
diff --git a/healthd/healthd_mode_charger.cpp b/healthd/healthd_mode_charger.cpp
index c76762d..6c6d738 100644
--- a/healthd/healthd_mode_charger.cpp
+++ b/healthd/healthd_mode_charger.cpp
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (C) 2011-2013 The Android Open Source Project
+ * Copyright (C) 2011-2017 The Android Open Source Project
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <inttypes.h>
-#include <linux/input.h>
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
@@ -34,56 +33,54 @@
 
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/macros.h>
-#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 
-#include <sys/socket.h>
 #include <linux/netlink.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
 
-#include <batteryservice/BatteryService.h>
 #include <cutils/klog.h>
 #include <cutils/misc.h>
-#include <cutils/uevent.h>
 #include <cutils/properties.h>
-#include <minui/minui.h>
+#include <cutils/uevent.h>
 #include <sys/reboot.h>
 
 #ifdef CHARGER_ENABLE_SUSPEND
 #include <suspend/autosuspend.h>
 #endif
 
-#include "animation.h"
 #include "AnimationParser.h"
+#include "healthd_draw.h"
 
 #include <healthd/healthd.h>
 
 using namespace android;
 
-char *locale;
+char* locale;
 
 #ifndef max
-#define max(a,b) ((a) > (b) ? (a) : (b))
+#define max(a, b) ((a) > (b) ? (a) : (b))
 #endif
 
 #ifndef min
-#define min(a,b) ((a) < (b) ? (a) : (b))
+#define min(a, b) ((a) < (b) ? (a) : (b))
 #endif
 
-#define ARRAY_SIZE(x)           (sizeof(x)/sizeof((x)[0]))
+#define ARRAY_SIZE(x) (sizeof(x) / sizeof((x)[0]))
 
-#define MSEC_PER_SEC            (1000LL)
-#define NSEC_PER_MSEC           (1000000LL)
+#define MSEC_PER_SEC (1000LL)
+#define NSEC_PER_MSEC (1000000LL)
 
-#define BATTERY_UNKNOWN_TIME    (2 * MSEC_PER_SEC)
-#define POWER_ON_KEY_TIME       (2 * MSEC_PER_SEC)
+#define BATTERY_UNKNOWN_TIME (2 * MSEC_PER_SEC)
+#define POWER_ON_KEY_TIME (2 * MSEC_PER_SEC)
 #define UNPLUGGED_SHUTDOWN_TIME (10 * MSEC_PER_SEC)
 
-#define LAST_KMSG_MAX_SZ        (32 * 1024)
+#define LAST_KMSG_MAX_SZ (32 * 1024)
 
-#define LOGE(x...) do { KLOG_ERROR("charger", x); } while (0)
-#define LOGW(x...) do { KLOG_WARNING("charger", x); } while (0)
-#define LOGV(x...) do { KLOG_DEBUG("charger", x); } while (0)
+#define LOGE(x...) KLOG_ERROR("charger", x);
+#define LOGW(x...) KLOG_WARNING("charger", x);
+#define LOGV(x...) KLOG_DEBUG("charger", x);
 
-static constexpr const char* animation_desc_path = "/res/values/charger/animation.txt";
+static constexpr const char* animation_desc_path =
+    "/res/values/charger/animation.txt";
 
 struct key_state {
     bool pending;
@@ -98,34 +95,36 @@
     int64_t next_key_check;
     int64_t next_pwr_check;
 
-    struct key_state keys[KEY_MAX + 1];
+    key_state keys[KEY_MAX + 1];
 
-    struct animation *batt_anim;
+    animation* batt_anim;
     GRSurface* surf_unknown;
     int boot_min_cap;
 };
 
-static const struct animation BASE_ANIMATION = {
-    .text_clock = {
-        .pos_x = 0,
-        .pos_y = 0,
+static const animation BASE_ANIMATION = {
+    .text_clock =
+        {
+            .pos_x = 0,
+            .pos_y = 0,
 
-        .color_r = 255,
-        .color_g = 255,
-        .color_b = 255,
-        .color_a = 255,
+            .color_r = 255,
+            .color_g = 255,
+            .color_b = 255,
+            .color_a = 255,
 
-        .font = nullptr,
-    },
-    .text_percent = {
-        .pos_x = 0,
-        .pos_y = 0,
+            .font = nullptr,
+        },
+    .text_percent =
+        {
+            .pos_x = 0,
+            .pos_y = 0,
 
-        .color_r = 255,
-        .color_g = 255,
-        .color_b = 255,
-        .color_a = 255,
-    },
+            .color_r = 255,
+            .color_g = 255,
+            .color_b = 255,
+            .color_a = 255,
+        },
 
     .run = false,
 
@@ -141,8 +140,7 @@
     .cur_status = BATTERY_STATUS_UNKNOWN,
 };
 
-
-static struct animation::frame default_animation_frames[] = {
+static animation::frame default_animation_frames[] = {
     {
         .disp_time = 750,
         .min_level = 0,
@@ -181,35 +179,25 @@
     },
 };
 
-static struct animation battery_animation = BASE_ANIMATION;
+static animation battery_animation = BASE_ANIMATION;
 
-static struct charger charger_state;
-static struct healthd_config *healthd_config;
-static struct android::BatteryProperties *batt_prop;
-static int char_width;
-static int char_height;
-static bool minui_inited;
+static charger charger_state;
+static healthd_config* healthd_config;
+static android::BatteryProperties* batt_prop;
+static std::unique_ptr<HealthdDraw> healthd_draw;
 
 /* current time in milliseconds */
-static int64_t curr_time_ms(void)
-{
-    struct timespec tm;
+static int64_t curr_time_ms() {
+    timespec tm;
     clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &tm);
     return tm.tv_sec * MSEC_PER_SEC + (tm.tv_nsec / NSEC_PER_MSEC);
 }
 
-static void clear_screen(void)
-{
-    gr_color(0, 0, 0, 255);
-    gr_clear();
-}
-
 #define MAX_KLOG_WRITE_BUF_SZ 256
 
-static void dump_last_kmsg(void)
-{
-    char *buf;
-    char *ptr;
+static void dump_last_kmsg(void) {
+    char* buf;
+    char* ptr;
     unsigned sz = 0;
     int len;
 
@@ -239,11 +227,10 @@
     while (len > 0) {
         int cnt = min(len, MAX_KLOG_WRITE_BUF_SZ);
         char yoink;
-        char *nl;
+        char* nl;
 
-        nl = (char *)memrchr(ptr, '\n', cnt - 1);
-        if (nl)
-            cnt = nl - ptr + 1;
+        nl = (char*)memrchr(ptr, '\n', cnt - 1);
+        if (nl) cnt = nl - ptr + 1;
 
         yoink = ptr[cnt];
         ptr[cnt] = '\0';
@@ -263,241 +250,59 @@
 }
 
 #ifdef CHARGER_ENABLE_SUSPEND
-static int request_suspend(bool enable)
-{
+static int request_suspend(bool enable) {
     if (enable)
         return autosuspend_enable();
     else
         return autosuspend_disable();
 }
 #else
-static int request_suspend(bool /*enable*/)
-{
+static int request_suspend(bool /*enable*/) {
     return 0;
 }
 #endif
 
-static int draw_text(const char *str, int x, int y)
-{
-    int str_len_px = gr_measure(gr_sys_font(), str);
-
-    if (x < 0)
-        x = (gr_fb_width() - str_len_px) / 2;
-    if (y < 0)
-        y = (gr_fb_height() - char_height) / 2;
-    gr_text(gr_sys_font(), x, y, str, 0);
-
-    return y + char_height;
-}
-
-static void android_green(void)
-{
-    gr_color(0xa4, 0xc6, 0x39, 255);
-}
-
-// Negative x or y coordinates position the text away from the opposite edge that positive ones do.
-void determine_xy(const animation::text_field& field, const int length, int* x, int* y)
-{
-    *x = field.pos_x;
-    *y = field.pos_y;
-
-    int str_len_px = length * field.font->char_width;
-    if (field.pos_x == CENTER_VAL) {
-        *x = (gr_fb_width() - str_len_px) / 2;
-    } else if (field.pos_x >= 0) {
-        *x = field.pos_x;
-    } else {  // position from max edge
-        *x = gr_fb_width() + field.pos_x - str_len_px;
-    }
-
-    if (field.pos_y == CENTER_VAL) {
-        *y = (gr_fb_height() - field.font->char_height) / 2;
-    } else if (field.pos_y >= 0) {
-        *y = field.pos_y;
-    } else {  // position from max edge
-        *y = gr_fb_height() + field.pos_y - field.font->char_height;
-    }
-}
-
-static void draw_clock(const animation& anim)
-{
-    static constexpr char CLOCK_FORMAT[] = "%H:%M";
-    static constexpr int CLOCK_LENGTH = 6;
-
-    const animation::text_field& field = anim.text_clock;
-
-    if (field.font == nullptr || field.font->char_width == 0 || field.font->char_height == 0) return;
-
-    time_t rawtime;
-    time(&rawtime);
-    struct tm* time_info = localtime(&rawtime);
-
-    char clock_str[CLOCK_LENGTH];
-    size_t length = strftime(clock_str, CLOCK_LENGTH, CLOCK_FORMAT, time_info);
-    if (length != CLOCK_LENGTH - 1) {
-        LOGE("Could not format time\n");
-        return;
-    }
-
-    int x, y;
-    determine_xy(field, length, &x, &y);
-
-    LOGV("drawing clock %s %d %d\n", clock_str, x, y);
-    gr_color(field.color_r, field.color_g, field.color_b, field.color_a);
-    gr_text(field.font, x, y, clock_str, false);
-}
-
-static void draw_percent(const animation& anim)
-{
-    int cur_level = anim.cur_level;
-    if (anim.cur_status == BATTERY_STATUS_FULL) {
-        cur_level = 100;
-    }
-
-    if (cur_level <= 0) return;
-
-    const animation::text_field& field = anim.text_percent;
-    if (field.font == nullptr || field.font->char_width == 0 || field.font->char_height == 0) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    std::string str = base::StringPrintf("%d%%", cur_level);
-
-    int x, y;
-    determine_xy(field, str.size(), &x, &y);
-
-    LOGV("drawing percent %s %d %d\n", str.c_str(), x, y);
-    gr_color(field.color_r, field.color_g, field.color_b, field.color_a);
-    gr_text(field.font, x, y, str.c_str(), false);
-}
-
-/* returns the last y-offset of where the surface ends */
-static int draw_surface_centered(GRSurface* surface)
-{
-    int w;
-    int h;
-    int x;
-    int y;
-
-    w = gr_get_width(surface);
-    h = gr_get_height(surface);
-    x = (gr_fb_width() - w) / 2 ;
-    y = (gr_fb_height() - h) / 2 ;
-
-    LOGV("drawing surface %dx%d+%d+%d\n", w, h, x, y);
-    gr_blit(surface, 0, 0, w, h, x, y);
-    return y + h;
-}
-
-static void draw_unknown(struct charger *charger)
-{
-    int y;
-    if (charger->surf_unknown) {
-        draw_surface_centered(charger->surf_unknown);
-    } else {
-        android_green();
-        y = draw_text("Charging!", -1, -1);
-        draw_text("?\?/100", -1, y + 25);
-    }
-}
-
-static void draw_battery(const struct charger* charger)
-{
-    const struct animation& anim = *charger->batt_anim;
-    const struct animation::frame& frame = anim.frames[anim.cur_frame];
-
-    if (anim.num_frames != 0) {
-        draw_surface_centered(frame.surface);
-        LOGV("drawing frame #%d min_cap=%d time=%d\n",
-             anim.cur_frame, frame.min_level,
-             frame.disp_time);
-    }
-    draw_clock(anim);
-    draw_percent(anim);
-}
-
-static void redraw_screen(struct charger *charger)
-{
-    struct animation *batt_anim = charger->batt_anim;
-
-    clear_screen();
-
-    /* try to display *something* */
-    if (batt_anim->cur_level < 0 || batt_anim->num_frames == 0)
-        draw_unknown(charger);
-    else
-        draw_battery(charger);
-    gr_flip();
-}
-
-static void kick_animation(struct animation *anim)
-{
+static void kick_animation(animation* anim) {
     anim->run = true;
 }
 
-static void reset_animation(struct animation *anim)
-{
+static void reset_animation(animation* anim) {
     anim->cur_cycle = 0;
     anim->cur_frame = 0;
     anim->run = false;
 }
 
-static void init_status_display(struct animation* anim)
-{
-    int res;
-
-    if (!anim->text_clock.font_file.empty()) {
-        if ((res =
-                gr_init_font(anim->text_clock.font_file.c_str(), &anim->text_clock.font)) < 0) {
-            LOGE("Could not load time font (%d)\n", res);
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (!anim->text_percent.font_file.empty()) {
-        if ((res =
-                gr_init_font(anim->text_percent.font_file.c_str(), &anim->text_percent.font)) < 0) {
-            LOGE("Could not load percent font (%d)\n", res);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-static void update_screen_state(struct charger *charger, int64_t now)
-{
-    struct animation *batt_anim = charger->batt_anim;
+static void update_screen_state(charger* charger, int64_t now) {
+    animation* batt_anim = charger->batt_anim;
     int disp_time;
 
     if (!batt_anim->run || now < charger->next_screen_transition) return;
 
-    if (!minui_inited) {
+    if (healthd_draw == nullptr) {
         if (healthd_config && healthd_config->screen_on) {
             if (!healthd_config->screen_on(batt_prop)) {
                 LOGV("[%" PRId64 "] leave screen off\n", now);
                 batt_anim->run = false;
                 charger->next_screen_transition = -1;
-                if (charger->charger_connected)
-                    request_suspend(true);
+                if (charger->charger_connected) request_suspend(true);
                 return;
             }
         }
 
-        gr_init();
-        gr_font_size(gr_sys_font(), &char_width, &char_height);
-        init_status_display(batt_anim);
+        healthd_draw.reset(new HealthdDraw(batt_anim));
 
 #ifndef CHARGER_DISABLE_INIT_BLANK
-        gr_fb_blank(true);
+        healthd_draw->blank_screen(true);
 #endif
-        minui_inited = true;
     }
 
     /* animation is over, blank screen and leave */
     if (batt_anim->num_cycles > 0 && batt_anim->cur_cycle == batt_anim->num_cycles) {
         reset_animation(batt_anim);
         charger->next_screen_transition = -1;
-        gr_fb_blank(true);
+        healthd_draw->blank_screen(true);
         LOGV("[%" PRId64 "] animation done\n", now);
-        if (charger->charger_connected)
-            request_suspend(true);
+        if (charger->charger_connected) request_suspend(true);
         return;
     }
 
@@ -505,7 +310,6 @@
 
     /* animation starting, set up the animation */
     if (batt_anim->cur_frame == 0) {
-
         LOGV("[%" PRId64 "] animation starting\n", now);
         if (batt_prop) {
             batt_anim->cur_level = batt_prop->batteryLevel;
@@ -522,17 +326,16 @@
 
                 // repeat the first frame first_frame_repeats times
                 disp_time = batt_anim->frames[batt_anim->cur_frame].disp_time *
-                    batt_anim->first_frame_repeats;
+                            batt_anim->first_frame_repeats;
             }
         }
     }
 
     /* unblank the screen  on first cycle */
-    if (batt_anim->cur_cycle == 0)
-        gr_fb_blank(false);
+    if (batt_anim->cur_cycle == 0) healthd_draw->blank_screen(false);
 
     /* draw the new frame (@ cur_frame) */
-    redraw_screen(charger);
+    healthd_draw->redraw_screen(charger->batt_anim, charger->surf_unknown);
 
     /* if we don't have anim frames, we only have one image, so just bump
      * the cycle counter and exit
@@ -576,22 +379,18 @@
     }
 }
 
-static int set_key_callback(struct charger *charger, int code, int value)
-{
+static int set_key_callback(charger* charger, int code, int value) {
     int64_t now = curr_time_ms();
     int down = !!value;
 
-    if (code > KEY_MAX)
-        return -1;
+    if (code > KEY_MAX) return -1;
 
     /* ignore events that don't modify our state */
-    if (charger->keys[code].down == down)
-        return 0;
+    if (charger->keys[code].down == down) return 0;
 
     /* only record the down even timestamp, as the amount
      * of time the key spent not being pressed is not useful */
-    if (down)
-        charger->keys[code].timestamp = now;
+    if (down) charger->keys[code].timestamp = now;
     charger->keys[code].down = down;
     charger->keys[code].pending = true;
     if (down) {
@@ -600,34 +399,27 @@
         int64_t duration = now - charger->keys[code].timestamp;
         int64_t secs = duration / 1000;
         int64_t msecs = duration - secs * 1000;
-        LOGV("[%" PRId64 "] key[%d] up (was down for %" PRId64 ".%" PRId64 "sec)\n",
-             now, code, secs, msecs);
+        LOGV("[%" PRId64 "] key[%d] up (was down for %" PRId64 ".%" PRId64 "sec)\n", now, code,
+             secs, msecs);
     }
 
     return 0;
 }
 
-static void update_input_state(struct charger *charger,
-                               struct input_event *ev)
-{
-    if (ev->type != EV_KEY)
-        return;
+static void update_input_state(charger* charger, input_event* ev) {
+    if (ev->type != EV_KEY) return;
     set_key_callback(charger, ev->code, ev->value);
 }
 
-static void set_next_key_check(struct charger *charger,
-                               struct key_state *key,
-                               int64_t timeout)
-{
+static void set_next_key_check(charger* charger, key_state* key, int64_t timeout) {
     int64_t then = key->timestamp + timeout;
 
     if (charger->next_key_check == -1 || then < charger->next_key_check)
         charger->next_key_check = then;
 }
 
-static void process_key(struct charger *charger, int code, int64_t now)
-{
-    struct key_state *key = &charger->keys[code];
+static void process_key(charger* charger, int code, int64_t now) {
+    key_state* key = &charger->keys[code];
 
     if (code == KEY_POWER) {
         if (key->down) {
@@ -644,8 +436,10 @@
                         LOGW("[%" PRId64 "] rebooting\n", now);
                         reboot(RB_AUTOBOOT);
                     } else {
-                        LOGV("[%" PRId64 "] ignore power-button press, battery level "
-                            "less than minimum\n", now);
+                        LOGV("[%" PRId64
+                             "] ignore power-button press, battery level "
+                             "less than minimum\n",
+                             now);
                     }
                 }
             } else {
@@ -654,9 +448,9 @@
                  */
                 set_next_key_check(charger, key, POWER_ON_KEY_TIME);
 
-               /* Turn on the display and kick animation on power-key press
-                * rather than on key release
-                */
+                /* Turn on the display and kick animation on power-key press
+                 * rather than on key release
+                 */
                 kick_animation(charger->batt_anim);
                 request_suspend(false);
             }
@@ -671,21 +465,17 @@
     key->pending = false;
 }
 
-static void handle_input_state(struct charger *charger, int64_t now)
-{
+static void handle_input_state(charger* charger, int64_t now) {
     process_key(charger, KEY_POWER, now);
 
     if (charger->next_key_check != -1 && now > charger->next_key_check)
         charger->next_key_check = -1;
 }
 
-static void handle_power_supply_state(struct charger *charger, int64_t now)
-{
-    if (!charger->have_battery_state)
-        return;
+static void handle_power_supply_state(charger* charger, int64_t now) {
+    if (!charger->have_battery_state) return;
 
     if (!charger->charger_connected) {
-
         /* Last cycle would have stopped at the extreme top of battery-icon
          * Need to show the correct level corresponding to capacity.
          */
@@ -711,9 +501,8 @@
     }
 }
 
-void healthd_mode_charger_heartbeat()
-{
-    struct charger *charger = &charger_state;
+void healthd_mode_charger_heartbeat() {
+    charger* charger = &charger_state;
     int64_t now = curr_time_ms();
 
     handle_input_state(charger, now);
@@ -725,14 +514,11 @@
     update_screen_state(charger, now);
 }
 
-void healthd_mode_charger_battery_update(
-    struct android::BatteryProperties *props)
-{
-    struct charger *charger = &charger_state;
+void healthd_mode_charger_battery_update(android::BatteryProperties* props) {
+    charger* charger = &charger_state;
 
     charger->charger_connected =
-        props->chargerAcOnline || props->chargerUsbOnline ||
-        props->chargerWirelessOnline;
+        props->chargerAcOnline || props->chargerUsbOnline || props->chargerWirelessOnline;
 
     if (!charger->have_battery_state) {
         charger->have_battery_state = true;
@@ -743,19 +529,16 @@
     batt_prop = props;
 }
 
-int healthd_mode_charger_preparetowait(void)
-{
-    struct charger *charger = &charger_state;
+int healthd_mode_charger_preparetowait(void) {
+    charger* charger = &charger_state;
     int64_t now = curr_time_ms();
     int64_t next_event = INT64_MAX;
     int64_t timeout;
 
-    LOGV("[%" PRId64 "] next screen: %" PRId64 " next key: %" PRId64 " next pwr: %" PRId64 "\n", now,
-         charger->next_screen_transition, charger->next_key_check,
-         charger->next_pwr_check);
+    LOGV("[%" PRId64 "] next screen: %" PRId64 " next key: %" PRId64 " next pwr: %" PRId64 "\n",
+         now, charger->next_screen_transition, charger->next_key_check, charger->next_pwr_check);
 
-    if (charger->next_screen_transition != -1)
-        next_event = charger->next_screen_transition;
+    if (charger->next_screen_transition != -1) next_event = charger->next_screen_transition;
     if (charger->next_key_check != -1 && charger->next_key_check < next_event)
         next_event = charger->next_key_check;
     if (charger->next_pwr_check != -1 && charger->next_pwr_check < next_event)
@@ -766,32 +549,27 @@
     else
         timeout = -1;
 
-   return (int)timeout;
+    return (int)timeout;
 }
 
-static int input_callback(struct charger *charger, int fd, unsigned int epevents)
-{
-    struct input_event ev;
+static int input_callback(charger* charger, int fd, unsigned int epevents) {
+    input_event ev;
     int ret;
 
     ret = ev_get_input(fd, epevents, &ev);
-    if (ret)
-        return -1;
+    if (ret) return -1;
     update_input_state(charger, &ev);
     return 0;
 }
 
-static void charger_event_handler(uint32_t /*epevents*/)
-{
+static void charger_event_handler(uint32_t /*epevents*/) {
     int ret;
 
     ret = ev_wait(-1);
-    if (!ret)
-        ev_dispatch();
+    if (!ret) ev_dispatch();
 }
 
-animation* init_animation()
-{
+animation* init_animation() {
     bool parse_success;
 
     std::string content;
@@ -814,32 +592,29 @@
     }
 
     LOGV("Animation Description:\n");
-    LOGV("  animation: %d %d '%s' (%d)\n",
-        battery_animation.num_cycles, battery_animation.first_frame_repeats,
-        battery_animation.animation_file.c_str(), battery_animation.num_frames);
+    LOGV("  animation: %d %d '%s' (%d)\n", battery_animation.num_cycles,
+         battery_animation.first_frame_repeats, battery_animation.animation_file.c_str(),
+         battery_animation.num_frames);
     LOGV("  fail_file: '%s'\n", battery_animation.fail_file.c_str());
-    LOGV("  clock: %d %d %d %d %d %d '%s'\n",
-        battery_animation.text_clock.pos_x, battery_animation.text_clock.pos_y,
-        battery_animation.text_clock.color_r, battery_animation.text_clock.color_g,
-        battery_animation.text_clock.color_b, battery_animation.text_clock.color_a,
-        battery_animation.text_clock.font_file.c_str());
-    LOGV("  percent: %d %d %d %d %d %d '%s'\n",
-        battery_animation.text_percent.pos_x, battery_animation.text_percent.pos_y,
-        battery_animation.text_percent.color_r, battery_animation.text_percent.color_g,
-        battery_animation.text_percent.color_b, battery_animation.text_percent.color_a,
-        battery_animation.text_percent.font_file.c_str());
+    LOGV("  clock: %d %d %d %d %d %d '%s'\n", battery_animation.text_clock.pos_x,
+         battery_animation.text_clock.pos_y, battery_animation.text_clock.color_r,
+         battery_animation.text_clock.color_g, battery_animation.text_clock.color_b,
+         battery_animation.text_clock.color_a, battery_animation.text_clock.font_file.c_str());
+    LOGV("  percent: %d %d %d %d %d %d '%s'\n", battery_animation.text_percent.pos_x,
+         battery_animation.text_percent.pos_y, battery_animation.text_percent.color_r,
+         battery_animation.text_percent.color_g, battery_animation.text_percent.color_b,
+         battery_animation.text_percent.color_a, battery_animation.text_percent.font_file.c_str());
     for (int i = 0; i < battery_animation.num_frames; i++) {
         LOGV("  frame %.2d: %d %d %d\n", i, battery_animation.frames[i].disp_time,
-            battery_animation.frames[i].min_level, battery_animation.frames[i].max_level);
+             battery_animation.frames[i].min_level, battery_animation.frames[i].max_level);
     }
 
     return &battery_animation;
 }
 
-void healthd_mode_charger_init(struct healthd_config* config)
-{
+void healthd_mode_charger_init(struct healthd_config* config) {
     int ret;
-    struct charger *charger = &charger_state;
+    charger* charger = &charger_state;
     int i;
     int epollfd;
 
@@ -847,14 +622,13 @@
 
     LOGW("--------------- STARTING CHARGER MODE ---------------\n");
 
-    ret = ev_init(std::bind(&input_callback, charger, std::placeholders::_1,
-                            std::placeholders::_2));
+    ret = ev_init(std::bind(&input_callback, charger, std::placeholders::_1, std::placeholders::_2));
     if (!ret) {
         epollfd = ev_get_epollfd();
         healthd_register_event(epollfd, charger_event_handler, EVENT_WAKEUP_FD);
     }
 
-    struct animation* anim = init_animation();
+    animation* anim = init_animation();
     charger->batt_anim = anim;
 
     ret = res_create_display_surface(anim->fail_file.c_str(), &charger->surf_unknown);
@@ -871,15 +645,15 @@
     int scale_count;
     int scale_fps;  // Not in use (charger/battery_scale doesn't have FPS text
                     // chunk). We are using hard-coded frame.disp_time instead.
-    ret = res_create_multi_display_surface(anim->animation_file.c_str(),
-        &scale_count, &scale_fps, &scale_frames);
+    ret = res_create_multi_display_surface(anim->animation_file.c_str(), &scale_count, &scale_fps,
+                                           &scale_frames);
     if (ret < 0) {
         LOGE("Cannot load battery_scale image\n");
         anim->num_frames = 0;
         anim->num_cycles = 1;
     } else if (scale_count != anim->num_frames) {
-        LOGE("battery_scale image has unexpected frame count (%d, expected %d)\n",
-             scale_count, anim->num_frames);
+        LOGE("battery_scale image has unexpected frame count (%d, expected %d)\n", scale_count,
+             anim->num_frames);
         anim->num_frames = 0;
         anim->num_cycles = 1;
     } else {
@@ -887,8 +661,8 @@
             anim->frames[i].surface = scale_frames[i];
         }
     }
-    ev_sync_key_state(std::bind(&set_key_callback, charger, std::placeholders::_1,
-                                std::placeholders::_2));
+    ev_sync_key_state(
+        std::bind(&set_key_callback, charger, std::placeholders::_1, std::placeholders::_2));
 
     charger->next_screen_transition = -1;
     charger->next_key_check = -1;
diff --git a/init/Android.bp b/init/Android.bp
index 0e580fc..e906771 100644
--- a/init/Android.bp
+++ b/init/Android.bp
@@ -78,6 +78,8 @@
         "security.cpp",
         "selinux.cpp",
         "service.cpp",
+        "subcontext.cpp",
+        "subcontext.proto",
         "rlimit_parser.cpp",
         "tokenizer.cpp",
         "uevent_listener.cpp",
@@ -173,6 +175,7 @@
         "result_test.cpp",
         "rlimit_parser_test.cpp",
         "service_test.cpp",
+        "subcontext_test.cpp",
         "ueventd_test.cpp",
         "util_test.cpp",
     ],
@@ -188,4 +191,22 @@
     ],
 }
 
+cc_benchmark {
+    name: "init_benchmarks",
+    defaults: ["init_defaults"],
+    srcs: [
+        "subcontext_benchmark.cpp",
+    ],
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libbase",
+        "libcutils",
+    ],
+    static_libs: [
+        "libinit",
+        "libselinux",
+        "libcrypto",
+        "libprotobuf-cpp-lite",
+    ],
+}
+
 subdirs = ["*"]
diff --git a/init/action.cpp b/init/action.cpp
index 60204a8..2617d00 100644
--- a/init/action.cpp
+++ b/init/action.cpp
@@ -24,34 +24,48 @@
 #include "util.h"
 
 using android::base::Join;
+using android::base::StartsWith;
 
 namespace android {
 namespace init {
 
-Command::Command(BuiltinFunction f, const std::vector<std::string>& args, int line)
-    : func_(f), args_(args), line_(line) {}
+Result<Success> RunBuiltinFunction(const BuiltinFunction& function,
+                                   const std::vector<std::string>& args,
+                                   const std::string& context) {
+    auto builtin_arguments = BuiltinArguments(context);
 
-Result<Success> Command::InvokeFunc() const {
-    std::vector<std::string> expanded_args;
-    expanded_args.resize(args_.size());
-    expanded_args[0] = args_[0];
-    for (std::size_t i = 1; i < args_.size(); ++i) {
-        if (!expand_props(args_[i], &expanded_args[i])) {
-            return Error() << "cannot expand '" << args_[i] << "'";
+    builtin_arguments.args.resize(args.size());
+    builtin_arguments.args[0] = args[0];
+    for (std::size_t i = 1; i < args.size(); ++i) {
+        if (!expand_props(args[i], &builtin_arguments.args[i])) {
+            return Error() << "cannot expand '" << args[i] << "'";
         }
     }
 
-    return func_(expanded_args);
+    return function(builtin_arguments);
+}
+
+Command::Command(BuiltinFunction f, bool execute_in_subcontext,
+                 const std::vector<std::string>& args, int line)
+    : func_(std::move(f)), execute_in_subcontext_(execute_in_subcontext), args_(args), line_(line) {}
+
+Result<Success> Command::InvokeFunc(Subcontext* subcontext) const {
+    if (execute_in_subcontext_ && subcontext) {
+        return subcontext->Execute(args_);
+    } else {
+        const std::string& context = subcontext ? subcontext->context() : kInitContext;
+        return RunBuiltinFunction(func_, args_, context);
+    }
 }
 
 std::string Command::BuildCommandString() const {
     return Join(args_, ' ');
 }
 
-Action::Action(bool oneshot, const std::string& filename, int line)
-    : oneshot_(oneshot), filename_(filename), line_(line) {}
+Action::Action(bool oneshot, Subcontext* subcontext, const std::string& filename, int line)
+    : oneshot_(oneshot), subcontext_(subcontext), filename_(filename), line_(line) {}
 
-const KeywordMap<BuiltinFunction>* Action::function_map_ = nullptr;
+const KeywordFunctionMap* Action::function_map_ = nullptr;
 
 Result<Success> Action::AddCommand(const std::vector<std::string>& args, int line) {
     if (!function_map_) {
@@ -61,12 +75,12 @@
     auto function = function_map_->FindFunction(args);
     if (!function) return Error() << function.error();
 
-    AddCommand(*function, args, line);
+    commands_.emplace_back(function->second, function->first, args, line);
     return Success();
 }
 
 void Action::AddCommand(BuiltinFunction f, const std::vector<std::string>& args, int line) {
-    commands_.emplace_back(f, args, line);
+    commands_.emplace_back(f, false, args, line);
 }
 
 std::size_t Action::NumCommands() const {
@@ -88,7 +102,7 @@
 
 void Action::ExecuteCommand(const Command& command) const {
     android::base::Timer t;
-    auto result = command.InvokeFunc();
+    auto result = command.InvokeFunc(subcontext_);
     auto duration = t.duration();
 
     // There are many legacy paths in rootdir/init.rc that will virtually never exist on a new
@@ -261,7 +275,7 @@
 }
 
 void ActionManager::QueueBuiltinAction(BuiltinFunction func, const std::string& name) {
-    auto action = std::make_unique<Action>(true, "<Builtin Action>", 0);
+    auto action = std::make_unique<Action>(true, nullptr, "<Builtin Action>", 0);
     std::vector<std::string> name_vector{name};
 
     if (auto result = action->InitSingleTrigger(name); !result) {
@@ -341,7 +355,17 @@
         return Error() << "Actions must have a trigger";
     }
 
-    auto action = std::make_unique<Action>(false, filename, line);
+    Subcontext* action_subcontext = nullptr;
+    if (subcontexts_) {
+        for (auto& subcontext : *subcontexts_) {
+            if (StartsWith(filename, subcontext.path_prefix().c_str())) {
+                action_subcontext = &subcontext;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    auto action = std::make_unique<Action>(false, action_subcontext, filename, line);
 
     if (auto result = action->InitTriggers(triggers); !result) {
         return Error() << "InitTriggers() failed: " << result.error();
diff --git a/init/action.h b/init/action.h
index d977f82..cdfc6a0 100644
--- a/init/action.h
+++ b/init/action.h
@@ -27,21 +27,27 @@
 #include "keyword_map.h"
 #include "parser.h"
 #include "result.h"
+#include "subcontext.h"
 
 namespace android {
 namespace init {
 
+Result<Success> RunBuiltinFunction(const BuiltinFunction& function,
+                                   const std::vector<std::string>& args, const std::string& context);
+
 class Command {
   public:
-    Command(BuiltinFunction f, const std::vector<std::string>& args, int line);
+    Command(BuiltinFunction f, bool execute_in_subcontext, const std::vector<std::string>& args,
+            int line);
 
-    Result<Success> InvokeFunc() const;
+    Result<Success> InvokeFunc(Subcontext* subcontext) const;
     std::string BuildCommandString() const;
 
     int line() const { return line_; }
 
   private:
     BuiltinFunction func_;
+    bool execute_in_subcontext_;
     std::vector<std::string> args_;
     int line_;
 };
@@ -52,7 +58,7 @@
 
 class Action {
   public:
-    explicit Action(bool oneshot, const std::string& filename, int line);
+    Action(bool oneshot, Subcontext* subcontext, const std::string& filename, int line);
 
     Result<Success> AddCommand(const std::vector<std::string>& args, int line);
     void AddCommand(BuiltinFunction f, const std::vector<std::string>& args, int line);
@@ -70,12 +76,11 @@
     bool oneshot() const { return oneshot_; }
     const std::string& filename() const { return filename_; }
     int line() const { return line_; }
-    static void set_function_map(const KeywordMap<BuiltinFunction>* function_map) {
+    static void set_function_map(const KeywordFunctionMap* function_map) {
         function_map_ = function_map;
     }
 
-
-private:
+  private:
     void ExecuteCommand(const Command& command) const;
     bool CheckPropertyTriggers(const std::string& name = "",
                                const std::string& value = "") const;
@@ -85,9 +90,10 @@
     std::string event_trigger_;
     std::vector<Command> commands_;
     bool oneshot_;
+    Subcontext* subcontext_;
     std::string filename_;
     int line_;
-    static const KeywordMap<BuiltinFunction>* function_map_;
+    static const KeywordFunctionMap* function_map_;
 };
 
 class ActionManager {
@@ -119,8 +125,8 @@
 
 class ActionParser : public SectionParser {
   public:
-    ActionParser(ActionManager* action_manager)
-        : action_manager_(action_manager), action_(nullptr) {}
+    ActionParser(ActionManager* action_manager, std::vector<Subcontext>* subcontexts)
+        : action_manager_(action_manager), subcontexts_(subcontexts), action_(nullptr) {}
     Result<Success> ParseSection(std::vector<std::string>&& args, const std::string& filename,
                                  int line) override;
     Result<Success> ParseLineSection(std::vector<std::string>&& args, int line) override;
@@ -128,6 +134,7 @@
 
   private:
     ActionManager* action_manager_;
+    std::vector<Subcontext>* subcontexts_;
     std::unique_ptr<Action> action_;
 };
 
diff --git a/init/bootchart.cpp b/init/bootchart.cpp
index ec84317..379b4fa 100644
--- a/init/bootchart.cpp
+++ b/init/bootchart.cpp
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@
     return Success();
 }
 
-Result<Success> do_bootchart(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+Result<Success> do_bootchart(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     if (args[1] == "start") return do_bootchart_start();
     return do_bootchart_stop();
 }
diff --git a/init/bootchart.h b/init/bootchart.h
index f614f71..05474ca 100644
--- a/init/bootchart.h
+++ b/init/bootchart.h
@@ -20,12 +20,13 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
+#include "builtin_arguments.h"
 #include "result.h"
 
 namespace android {
 namespace init {
 
-Result<Success> do_bootchart(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
+Result<Success> do_bootchart(const BuiltinArguments& args);
 
 }  // namespace init
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/builtin_arguments.h b/init/builtin_arguments.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1742b78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/builtin_arguments.h
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _INIT_BUILTIN_ARGUMENTS_H
+#define _INIT_BUILTIN_ARGUMENTS_H
+
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
+struct BuiltinArguments {
+    BuiltinArguments(const std::string& context) : context(context) {}
+    BuiltinArguments(std::vector<std::string> args, const std::string& context)
+        : args(std::move(args)), context(context) {}
+
+    const std::string& operator[](std::size_t i) const { return args[i]; }
+    auto begin() const { return args.begin(); }
+    auto end() const { return args.end(); }
+    auto size() const { return args.size(); }
+
+    std::vector<std::string> args;
+    const std::string& context;
+};
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
+
+#endif
diff --git a/init/builtins.cpp b/init/builtins.cpp
index be24573..4c2dc9a 100644
--- a/init/builtins.cpp
+++ b/init/builtins.cpp
@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@
 #include "reboot.h"
 #include "rlimit_parser.h"
 #include "service.h"
+#include "subcontext.h"
 #include "util.h"
 
 using namespace std::literals::string_literals;
@@ -95,36 +96,36 @@
     }
 }
 
-static Result<Success> do_class_start(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> do_class_start(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     // Starting a class does not start services which are explicitly disabled.
     // They must  be started individually.
     ForEachServiceInClass(args[1], &Service::StartIfNotDisabled);
     return Success();
 }
 
-static Result<Success> do_class_stop(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> do_class_stop(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     ForEachServiceInClass(args[1], &Service::Stop);
     return Success();
 }
 
-static Result<Success> do_class_reset(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> do_class_reset(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     ForEachServiceInClass(args[1], &Service::Reset);
     return Success();
 }
 
-static Result<Success> do_class_restart(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> do_class_restart(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     ForEachServiceInClass(args[1], &Service::Restart);
     return Success();
 }
 
-static Result<Success> do_domainname(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> do_domainname(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     if (auto result = WriteFile("/proc/sys/kernel/domainname", args[1]); !result) {
         return Error() << "Unable to write to /proc/sys/kernel/domainname: " << result.error();
     }
     return Success();
 }
 
-static Result<Success> do_enable(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> do_enable(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     Service* svc = ServiceList::GetInstance().FindService(args[1]);
     if (!svc) return Error() << "Could not find service";
 
@@ -135,8 +136,8 @@
     return Success();
 }
 
-static Result<Success> do_exec(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
-    auto service = Service::MakeTemporaryOneshotService(args);
+static Result<Success> do_exec(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
+    auto service = Service::MakeTemporaryOneshotService(args.args);
     if (!service) {
         return Error() << "Could not create exec service";
     }
@@ -148,8 +149,8 @@
     return Success();
 }
 
-static Result<Success> do_exec_background(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
-    auto service = Service::MakeTemporaryOneshotService(args);
+static Result<Success> do_exec_background(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
+    auto service = Service::MakeTemporaryOneshotService(args.args);
     if (!service) {
         return Error() << "Could not create exec background service";
     }
@@ -161,7 +162,7 @@
     return Success();
 }
 
-static Result<Success> do_exec_start(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> do_exec_start(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     Service* service = ServiceList::GetInstance().FindService(args[1]);
     if (!service) {
         return Error() << "Service not found";
@@ -174,21 +175,21 @@
     return Success();
 }
 
-static Result<Success> do_export(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> do_export(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     if (setenv(args[1].c_str(), args[2].c_str(), 1) == -1) {
         return ErrnoError() << "setenv() failed";
     }
     return Success();
 }
 
-static Result<Success> do_hostname(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> do_hostname(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     if (auto result = WriteFile("/proc/sys/kernel/hostname", args[1]); !result) {
         return Error() << "Unable to write to /proc/sys/kernel/hostname: " << result.error();
     }
     return Success();
 }
 
-static Result<Success> do_ifup(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> do_ifup(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     struct ifreq ifr;
 
     strlcpy(ifr.ifr_name, args[1].c_str(), IFNAMSIZ);
@@ -209,7 +210,7 @@
     return Success();
 }
 
-static Result<Success> do_insmod(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> do_insmod(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     int flags = 0;
     auto it = args.begin() + 1;
 
@@ -231,7 +232,7 @@
 }
 
 // mkdir <path> [mode] [owner] [group]
-static Result<Success> do_mkdir(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> do_mkdir(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     mode_t mode = 0755;
     if (args.size() >= 3) {
         mode = std::strtoul(args[2].c_str(), 0, 8);
@@ -287,7 +288,7 @@
 }
 
 /* umount <path> */
-static Result<Success> do_umount(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> do_umount(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     if (umount(args[1].c_str()) < 0) {
         return ErrnoError() << "umount() failed";
     }
@@ -319,7 +320,7 @@
 #define DATA_MNT_POINT "/data"
 
 /* mount <type> <device> <path> <flags ...> <options> */
-static Result<Success> do_mount(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> do_mount(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     const char* options = nullptr;
     unsigned flags = 0;
     bool wait = false;
@@ -498,6 +499,25 @@
         // do anything different from the nonencrypted case.
         ActionManager::GetInstance().QueueEventTrigger("nonencrypted");
         return Success();
+    } else if (code == FS_MGR_MNTALL_DEV_IS_METADATA_ENCRYPTED) {
+        if (e4crypt_install_keyring()) {
+            return Error() << "e4crypt_install_keyring() failed";
+        }
+        property_set("ro.crypto.state", "encrypted");
+        property_set("ro.crypto.type", "file");
+
+        // defaultcrypto detects file/block encryption. init flow is same for each.
+        ActionManager::GetInstance().QueueEventTrigger("defaultcrypto");
+        return Success();
+    } else if (code == FS_MGR_MNTALL_DEV_NEEDS_METADATA_ENCRYPTION) {
+        if (e4crypt_install_keyring()) {
+            return Error() << "e4crypt_install_keyring() failed";
+        }
+        property_set("ro.crypto.type", "file");
+
+        // encrypt detects file/block encryption. init flow is same for each.
+        ActionManager::GetInstance().QueueEventTrigger("encrypt");
+        return Success();
     } else if (code > 0) {
         Error() << "fs_mgr_mount_all() returned unexpected error " << code;
     }
@@ -511,7 +531,7 @@
  * This function might request a reboot, in which case it will
  * not return.
  */
-static Result<Success> do_mount_all(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> do_mount_all(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     std::size_t na = 0;
     bool import_rc = true;
     bool queue_event = true;
@@ -544,7 +564,7 @@
 
     if (import_rc) {
         /* Paths of .rc files are specified at the 2nd argument and beyond */
-        import_late(args, 2, path_arg_end);
+        import_late(args.args, 2, path_arg_end);
     }
 
     if (queue_event) {
@@ -559,7 +579,7 @@
     return Success();
 }
 
-static Result<Success> do_swapon_all(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> do_swapon_all(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     struct fstab *fstab;
     int ret;
 
@@ -571,13 +591,13 @@
     return Success();
 }
 
-static Result<Success> do_setprop(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> do_setprop(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     property_set(args[1], args[2]);
     return Success();
 }
 
-static Result<Success> do_setrlimit(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
-    auto rlimit = ParseRlimit(args);
+static Result<Success> do_setrlimit(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
+    auto rlimit = ParseRlimit(args.args);
     if (!rlimit) return rlimit.error();
 
     if (setrlimit(rlimit->first, &rlimit->second) == -1) {
@@ -586,7 +606,7 @@
     return Success();
 }
 
-static Result<Success> do_start(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> do_start(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     Service* svc = ServiceList::GetInstance().FindService(args[1]);
     if (!svc) return Error() << "service " << args[1] << " not found";
     if (auto result = svc->Start(); !result) {
@@ -595,26 +615,26 @@
     return Success();
 }
 
-static Result<Success> do_stop(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> do_stop(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     Service* svc = ServiceList::GetInstance().FindService(args[1]);
     if (!svc) return Error() << "service " << args[1] << " not found";
     svc->Stop();
     return Success();
 }
 
-static Result<Success> do_restart(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> do_restart(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     Service* svc = ServiceList::GetInstance().FindService(args[1]);
     if (!svc) return Error() << "service " << args[1] << " not found";
     svc->Restart();
     return Success();
 }
 
-static Result<Success> do_trigger(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> do_trigger(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     ActionManager::GetInstance().QueueEventTrigger(args[1]);
     return Success();
 }
 
-static Result<Success> do_symlink(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> do_symlink(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     if (symlink(args[1].c_str(), args[2].c_str()) < 0) {
         // The symlink builtin is often used to create symlinks for older devices to be backwards
         // compatible with new paths, therefore we skip reporting this error.
@@ -626,21 +646,21 @@
     return Success();
 }
 
-static Result<Success> do_rm(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> do_rm(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     if (unlink(args[1].c_str()) < 0) {
         return ErrnoError() << "unlink() failed";
     }
     return Success();
 }
 
-static Result<Success> do_rmdir(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> do_rmdir(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     if (rmdir(args[1].c_str()) < 0) {
         return ErrnoError() << "rmdir() failed";
     }
     return Success();
 }
 
-static Result<Success> do_sysclktz(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> do_sysclktz(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     struct timezone tz = {};
     if (!android::base::ParseInt(args[1], &tz.tz_minuteswest)) {
         return Error() << "Unable to parse mins_west_of_gmt";
@@ -652,7 +672,7 @@
     return Success();
 }
 
-static Result<Success> do_verity_load_state(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> do_verity_load_state(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     int mode = -1;
     bool loaded = fs_mgr_load_verity_state(&mode);
     if (loaded && mode != VERITY_MODE_DEFAULT) {
@@ -668,14 +688,14 @@
     property_set("partition."s + mount_point + ".verified", std::to_string(mode));
 }
 
-static Result<Success> do_verity_update_state(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> do_verity_update_state(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     if (!fs_mgr_update_verity_state(verity_update_property)) {
         return Error() << "fs_mgr_update_verity_state() failed";
     }
     return Success();
 }
 
-static Result<Success> do_write(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> do_write(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     if (auto result = WriteFile(args[1], args[2]); !result) {
         return Error() << "Unable to write to file '" << args[1] << "': " << result.error();
     }
@@ -706,7 +726,7 @@
     return Success();
 }
 
-static Result<Success> do_readahead(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> do_readahead(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     struct stat sb;
 
     if (stat(args[1].c_str(), &sb)) {
@@ -765,7 +785,7 @@
     return Success();
 }
 
-static Result<Success> do_copy(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> do_copy(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     auto file_contents = ReadFile(args[1]);
     if (!file_contents) {
         return Error() << "Could not read input file '" << args[1] << "': " << file_contents.error();
@@ -777,7 +797,7 @@
     return Success();
 }
 
-static Result<Success> do_chown(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> do_chown(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     auto uid = DecodeUid(args[1]);
     if (!uid) {
         return Error() << "Unable to decode UID for '" << args[1] << "': " << uid.error();
@@ -814,7 +834,7 @@
     return mode;
 }
 
-static Result<Success> do_chmod(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> do_chmod(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     mode_t mode = get_mode(args[1].c_str());
     if (fchmodat(AT_FDCWD, args[2].c_str(), mode, AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW) < 0) {
         return ErrnoError() << "fchmodat() failed";
@@ -822,7 +842,7 @@
     return Success();
 }
 
-static Result<Success> do_restorecon(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> do_restorecon(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     int ret = 0;
 
     struct flag_type {const char* name; int value;};
@@ -864,13 +884,13 @@
     return Success();
 }
 
-static Result<Success> do_restorecon_recursive(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
-    std::vector<std::string> non_const_args(args);
+static Result<Success> do_restorecon_recursive(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
+    std::vector<std::string> non_const_args(args.args);
     non_const_args.insert(std::next(non_const_args.begin()), "--recursive");
-    return do_restorecon(non_const_args);
+    return do_restorecon({std::move(non_const_args), args.context});
 }
 
-static Result<Success> do_loglevel(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> do_loglevel(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     // TODO: support names instead/as well?
     int log_level = -1;
     android::base::ParseInt(args[1], &log_level);
@@ -891,17 +911,17 @@
     return Success();
 }
 
-static Result<Success> do_load_persist_props(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> do_load_persist_props(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     load_persist_props();
     return Success();
 }
 
-static Result<Success> do_load_system_props(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> do_load_system_props(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     load_system_props();
     return Success();
 }
 
-static Result<Success> do_wait(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> do_wait(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     auto timeout = kCommandRetryTimeout;
     if (args.size() == 3) {
         int timeout_int;
@@ -918,7 +938,7 @@
     return Success();
 }
 
-static Result<Success> do_wait_for_prop(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> do_wait_for_prop(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     const char* name = args[1].c_str();
     const char* value = args[2].c_str();
     size_t value_len = strlen(value);
@@ -939,7 +959,7 @@
     return android::base::GetProperty("ro.crypto.type", "") == "file";
 }
 
-static Result<Success> do_installkey(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> do_installkey(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     if (!is_file_crypto()) return Success();
 
     auto unencrypted_dir = args[1] + e4crypt_unencrypted_folder;
@@ -948,64 +968,66 @@
     }
     std::vector<std::string> exec_args = {"exec", "/system/bin/vdc", "--wait", "cryptfs",
                                           "enablefilecrypto"};
-    return do_exec(exec_args);
+    return do_exec({std::move(exec_args), args.context});
 }
 
-static Result<Success> do_init_user0(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> do_init_user0(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     std::vector<std::string> exec_args = {"exec", "/system/bin/vdc", "--wait", "cryptfs",
                                           "init_user0"};
-    return do_exec(exec_args);
+    return do_exec({std::move(exec_args), args.context});
 }
 
 const BuiltinFunctionMap::Map& BuiltinFunctionMap::map() const {
     constexpr std::size_t kMax = std::numeric_limits<std::size_t>::max();
     // clang-format off
     static const Map builtin_functions = {
-        {"bootchart",               {1,     1,    do_bootchart}},
-        {"chmod",                   {2,     2,    do_chmod}},
-        {"chown",                   {2,     3,    do_chown}},
-        {"class_reset",             {1,     1,    do_class_reset}},
-        {"class_restart",           {1,     1,    do_class_restart}},
-        {"class_start",             {1,     1,    do_class_start}},
-        {"class_stop",              {1,     1,    do_class_stop}},
-        {"copy",                    {2,     2,    do_copy}},
-        {"domainname",              {1,     1,    do_domainname}},
-        {"enable",                  {1,     1,    do_enable}},
-        {"exec",                    {1,     kMax, do_exec}},
-        {"exec_background",         {1,     kMax, do_exec_background}},
-        {"exec_start",              {1,     1,    do_exec_start}},
-        {"export",                  {2,     2,    do_export}},
-        {"hostname",                {1,     1,    do_hostname}},
-        {"ifup",                    {1,     1,    do_ifup}},
-        {"init_user0",              {0,     0,    do_init_user0}},
-        {"insmod",                  {1,     kMax, do_insmod}},
-        {"installkey",              {1,     1,    do_installkey}},
-        {"load_persist_props",      {0,     0,    do_load_persist_props}},
-        {"load_system_props",       {0,     0,    do_load_system_props}},
-        {"loglevel",                {1,     1,    do_loglevel}},
-        {"mkdir",                   {1,     4,    do_mkdir}},
-        {"mount_all",               {1,     kMax, do_mount_all}},
-        {"mount",                   {3,     kMax, do_mount}},
-        {"umount",                  {1,     1,    do_umount}},
-        {"readahead",               {1,     2,    do_readahead}},
-        {"restart",                 {1,     1,    do_restart}},
-        {"restorecon",              {1,     kMax, do_restorecon}},
-        {"restorecon_recursive",    {1,     kMax, do_restorecon_recursive}},
-        {"rm",                      {1,     1,    do_rm}},
-        {"rmdir",                   {1,     1,    do_rmdir}},
-        {"setprop",                 {2,     2,    do_setprop}},
-        {"setrlimit",               {3,     3,    do_setrlimit}},
-        {"start",                   {1,     1,    do_start}},
-        {"stop",                    {1,     1,    do_stop}},
-        {"swapon_all",              {1,     1,    do_swapon_all}},
-        {"symlink",                 {2,     2,    do_symlink}},
-        {"sysclktz",                {1,     1,    do_sysclktz}},
-        {"trigger",                 {1,     1,    do_trigger}},
-        {"verity_load_state",       {0,     0,    do_verity_load_state}},
-        {"verity_update_state",     {0,     0,    do_verity_update_state}},
-        {"wait",                    {1,     2,    do_wait}},
-        {"wait_for_prop",           {2,     2,    do_wait_for_prop}},
-        {"write",                   {2,     2,    do_write}},
+        {"bootchart",               {1,     1,    {false,  do_bootchart}}},
+        {"chmod",                   {2,     2,    {true,   do_chmod}}},
+        {"chown",                   {2,     3,    {true,   do_chown}}},
+        {"class_reset",             {1,     1,    {false,  do_class_reset}}},
+        {"class_restart",           {1,     1,    {false,  do_class_restart}}},
+        {"class_start",             {1,     1,    {false,  do_class_start}}},
+        {"class_stop",              {1,     1,    {false,  do_class_stop}}},
+        {"copy",                    {2,     2,    {true,   do_copy}}},
+        {"domainname",              {1,     1,    {true,   do_domainname}}},
+        {"enable",                  {1,     1,    {false,  do_enable}}},
+        {"exec",                    {1,     kMax, {false,  do_exec}}},
+        {"exec_background",         {1,     kMax, {false,  do_exec_background}}},
+        {"exec_start",              {1,     1,    {false,  do_exec_start}}},
+        {"export",                  {2,     2,    {false,  do_export}}},
+        {"hostname",                {1,     1,    {true,   do_hostname}}},
+        {"ifup",                    {1,     1,    {true,   do_ifup}}},
+        {"init_user0",              {0,     0,    {false,  do_init_user0}}},
+        {"insmod",                  {1,     kMax, {true,   do_insmod}}},
+        {"installkey",              {1,     1,    {false,  do_installkey}}},
+        {"load_persist_props",      {0,     0,    {false,  do_load_persist_props}}},
+        {"load_system_props",       {0,     0,    {false,  do_load_system_props}}},
+        {"loglevel",                {1,     1,    {false,  do_loglevel}}},
+        {"mkdir",                   {1,     4,    {true,   do_mkdir}}},
+        {"mount_all",               {1,     kMax, {false,  do_mount_all}}},
+        {"mount",                   {3,     kMax, {false,  do_mount}}},
+        {"umount",                  {1,     1,    {false,  do_umount}}},
+        {"readahead",               {1,     2,    {true,   do_readahead}}},
+        {"restart",                 {1,     1,    {false,  do_restart}}},
+        {"restorecon",              {1,     kMax, {true,   do_restorecon}}},
+        {"restorecon_recursive",    {1,     kMax, {true,   do_restorecon_recursive}}},
+        {"rm",                      {1,     1,    {true,   do_rm}}},
+        {"rmdir",                   {1,     1,    {true,   do_rmdir}}},
+        //  TODO: setprop should be run in the subcontext, but property service needs to be split
+        //        out from init before that is possible.
+        {"setprop",                 {2,     2,    {false,  do_setprop}}},
+        {"setrlimit",               {3,     3,    {false,  do_setrlimit}}},
+        {"start",                   {1,     1,    {false,  do_start}}},
+        {"stop",                    {1,     1,    {false,  do_stop}}},
+        {"swapon_all",              {1,     1,    {false,  do_swapon_all}}},
+        {"symlink",                 {2,     2,    {true,   do_symlink}}},
+        {"sysclktz",                {1,     1,    {false,  do_sysclktz}}},
+        {"trigger",                 {1,     1,    {false,  do_trigger}}},
+        {"verity_load_state",       {0,     0,    {false,  do_verity_load_state}}},
+        {"verity_update_state",     {0,     0,    {false,  do_verity_update_state}}},
+        {"wait",                    {1,     2,    {true,   do_wait}}},
+        {"wait_for_prop",           {2,     2,    {true,   do_wait_for_prop}}},
+        {"write",                   {2,     2,    {true,   do_write}}},
     };
     // clang-format on
     return builtin_functions;
diff --git a/init/builtins.h b/init/builtins.h
index f66ae19..814b2d5 100644
--- a/init/builtins.h
+++ b/init/builtins.h
@@ -22,14 +22,17 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
+#include "builtin_arguments.h"
 #include "keyword_map.h"
 #include "result.h"
 
 namespace android {
 namespace init {
 
-using BuiltinFunction = std::function<Result<Success>(const std::vector<std::string>&)>;
-class BuiltinFunctionMap : public KeywordMap<BuiltinFunction> {
+using BuiltinFunction = std::function<Result<Success>(const BuiltinArguments&)>;
+
+using KeywordFunctionMap = KeywordMap<std::pair<bool, BuiltinFunction>>;
+class BuiltinFunctionMap : public KeywordFunctionMap {
   public:
     BuiltinFunctionMap() {}
 
diff --git a/init/init.cpp b/init/init.cpp
index ad045b1..51a98a2 100644
--- a/init/init.cpp
+++ b/init/init.cpp
@@ -84,6 +84,8 @@
 
 std::vector<std::string> late_import_paths;
 
+static std::vector<Subcontext>* subcontexts;
+
 void DumpState() {
     ServiceList::GetInstance().DumpState();
     ActionManager::GetInstance().DumpState();
@@ -92,8 +94,8 @@
 Parser CreateParser(ActionManager& action_manager, ServiceList& service_list) {
     Parser parser;
 
-    parser.AddSectionParser("service", std::make_unique<ServiceParser>(&service_list));
-    parser.AddSectionParser("on", std::make_unique<ActionParser>(&action_manager));
+    parser.AddSectionParser("service", std::make_unique<ServiceParser>(&service_list, subcontexts));
+    parser.AddSectionParser("on", std::make_unique<ActionParser>(&action_manager, subcontexts));
     parser.AddSectionParser("import", std::make_unique<ImportParser>(&parser));
 
     return parser;
@@ -220,7 +222,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-static Result<Success> wait_for_coldboot_done_action(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> wait_for_coldboot_done_action(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     Timer t;
 
     LOG(VERBOSE) << "Waiting for " COLDBOOT_DONE "...";
@@ -241,12 +243,12 @@
     return Success();
 }
 
-static Result<Success> keychord_init_action(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> keychord_init_action(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     keychord_init();
     return Success();
 }
 
-static Result<Success> console_init_action(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> console_init_action(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     std::string console = GetProperty("ro.boot.console", "");
     if (!console.empty()) {
         default_console = "/dev/" + console;
@@ -333,13 +335,13 @@
     if (qemu[0]) import_kernel_cmdline(true, import_kernel_nv);
 }
 
-static Result<Success> property_enable_triggers_action(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> property_enable_triggers_action(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     /* Enable property triggers. */
     property_triggers_enabled = 1;
     return Success();
 }
 
-static Result<Success> queue_property_triggers_action(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> queue_property_triggers_action(const BuiltinArguments& args) {
     ActionManager::GetInstance().QueueBuiltinAction(property_enable_triggers_action, "enable_property_trigger");
     ActionManager::GetInstance().QueueAllPropertyActions();
     return Success();
@@ -446,6 +448,12 @@
         return watchdogd_main(argc, argv);
     }
 
+    if (argc > 1 && !strcmp(argv[1], "subcontext")) {
+        InitKernelLogging(argv);
+        const BuiltinFunctionMap function_map;
+        return SubcontextMain(argc, argv, &function_map);
+    }
+
     if (REBOOT_BOOTLOADER_ON_PANIC) {
         InstallRebootSignalHandlers();
     }
@@ -587,6 +595,8 @@
     const BuiltinFunctionMap function_map;
     Action::set_function_map(&function_map);
 
+    subcontexts = InitializeSubcontexts();
+
     ActionManager& am = ActionManager::GetInstance();
     ServiceList& sm = ServiceList::GetInstance();
 
diff --git a/init/init_test.cpp b/init/init_test.cpp
index 27659f9..29a65ab 100644
--- a/init/init_test.cpp
+++ b/init/init_test.cpp
@@ -25,33 +25,12 @@
 #include "import_parser.h"
 #include "keyword_map.h"
 #include "parser.h"
+#include "test_function_map.h"
 #include "util.h"
 
 namespace android {
 namespace init {
 
-class TestFunctionMap : public KeywordMap<BuiltinFunction> {
-  public:
-    // Helper for argument-less functions
-    using BuiltinFunctionNoArgs = std::function<void(void)>;
-    void Add(const std::string& name, const BuiltinFunctionNoArgs function) {
-        Add(name, 0, 0, [function](const std::vector<std::string>&) {
-            function();
-            return Success();
-        });
-    }
-
-    void Add(const std::string& name, std::size_t min_parameters, std::size_t max_parameters,
-             const BuiltinFunction function) {
-        builtin_functions_[name] = make_tuple(min_parameters, max_parameters, function);
-    }
-
-  private:
-    Map builtin_functions_ = {};
-
-    const Map& map() const override { return builtin_functions_; }
-};
-
 using ActionManagerCommand = std::function<void(ActionManager&)>;
 
 void TestInit(const std::string& init_script_file, const TestFunctionMap& test_function_map,
@@ -61,7 +40,7 @@
     Action::set_function_map(&test_function_map);
 
     Parser parser;
-    parser.AddSectionParser("on", std::make_unique<ActionParser>(&am));
+    parser.AddSectionParser("on", std::make_unique<ActionParser>(&am, nullptr));
     parser.AddSectionParser("import", std::make_unique<ImportParser>(&parser));
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(parser.ParseConfig(init_script_file));
@@ -171,14 +150,14 @@
     ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteStringToFd(start_script, start.fd));
 
     int num_executed = 0;
-    auto execute_command = [&num_executed](const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+    auto execute_command = [&num_executed](const BuiltinArguments& args) {
         EXPECT_EQ(2U, args.size());
         EXPECT_EQ(++num_executed, std::stoi(args[1]));
         return Success();
     };
 
     TestFunctionMap test_function_map;
-    test_function_map.Add("execute", 1, 1, execute_command);
+    test_function_map.Add("execute", 1, 1, false, execute_command);
 
     ActionManagerCommand trigger_boot = [](ActionManager& am) { am.QueueEventTrigger("boot"); };
     std::vector<ActionManagerCommand> commands{trigger_boot};
diff --git a/init/property_service.cpp b/init/property_service.cpp
index 0df96bf..6321fb2 100644
--- a/init/property_service.cpp
+++ b/init/property_service.cpp
@@ -513,7 +513,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-static void load_properties_from_file(const char *, const char *);
+static bool load_properties_from_file(const char *, const char *);
 
 /*
  * Filter is used to decide which properties to load: NULL loads all keys,
@@ -577,17 +577,18 @@
 
 // Filter is used to decide which properties to load: NULL loads all keys,
 // "ro.foo.*" is a prefix match, and "ro.foo.bar" is an exact match.
-static void load_properties_from_file(const char* filename, const char* filter) {
+static bool load_properties_from_file(const char* filename, const char* filter) {
     Timer t;
     auto file_contents = ReadFile(filename);
     if (!file_contents) {
         PLOG(WARNING) << "Couldn't load property file '" << filename
                       << "': " << file_contents.error();
-        return;
+        return false;
     }
     file_contents->push_back('\n');
     load_properties(file_contents->data(), filter);
     LOG(VERBOSE) << "(Loading properties from " << filename << " took " << t << ".)";
+    return true;
 }
 
 // persist.sys.usb.config values can't be combined on build-time when property
@@ -607,7 +608,13 @@
 }
 
 void property_load_boot_defaults() {
-    load_properties_from_file("/default.prop", NULL);
+    if (!load_properties_from_file("/system/etc/prop.default", NULL)) {
+        // Try recovery path
+        if (!load_properties_from_file("/prop.default", NULL)) {
+            // Try legacy path
+            load_properties_from_file("/default.prop", NULL);
+        }
+    }
     load_properties_from_file("/odm/default.prop", NULL);
     load_properties_from_file("/vendor/default.prop", NULL);
 
diff --git a/init/reboot.cpp b/init/reboot.cpp
index 18f493a..d06dcc5 100644
--- a/init/reboot.cpp
+++ b/init/reboot.cpp
@@ -521,8 +521,7 @@
     // Queue shutdown trigger first
     ActionManager::GetInstance().QueueEventTrigger("shutdown");
     // Queue built-in shutdown_done
-    auto shutdown_handler = [cmd, command, reboot_target,
-                             run_fsck](const std::vector<std::string>&) {
+    auto shutdown_handler = [cmd, command, reboot_target, run_fsck](const BuiltinArguments&) {
         DoReboot(cmd, command, reboot_target, run_fsck);
         return Success();
     };
diff --git a/init/security.cpp b/init/security.cpp
index aac8f2e..a3494a2 100644
--- a/init/security.cpp
+++ b/init/security.cpp
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
 // devices/configurations where these I/O operations are blocking for a long
 // time. We do not reboot or halt on failures, as this is a best-effort
 // attempt.
-Result<Success> MixHwrngIntoLinuxRngAction(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+Result<Success> MixHwrngIntoLinuxRngAction(const BuiltinArguments&) {
     unique_fd hwrandom_fd(
         TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open("/dev/hw_random", O_RDONLY | O_NOFOLLOW | O_CLOEXEC)));
     if (hwrandom_fd == -1) {
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@
 // 9e08f57d684a x86: mm: support ARCH_MMAP_RND_BITS
 // ec9ee4acd97c drivers: char: random: add get_random_long()
 // 5ef11c35ce86 mm: ASLR: use get_random_long()
-Result<Success> SetMmapRndBitsAction(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+Result<Success> SetMmapRndBitsAction(const BuiltinArguments&) {
 // values are arch-dependent
 #if defined(USER_MODE_LINUX)
     // uml does not support mmap_rnd_bits
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@
 // Set kptr_restrict to the highest available level.
 //
 // Aborts if unable to set this to an acceptable value.
-Result<Success> SetKptrRestrictAction(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+Result<Success> SetKptrRestrictAction(const BuiltinArguments&) {
     std::string path = KPTR_RESTRICT_PATH;
 
     if (!SetHighestAvailableOptionValue(path, KPTR_RESTRICT_MINVALUE, KPTR_RESTRICT_MAXVALUE)) {
diff --git a/init/security.h b/init/security.h
index 31e5790..6f6b944 100644
--- a/init/security.h
+++ b/init/security.h
@@ -20,14 +20,15 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
+#include "builtin_arguments.h"
 #include "result.h"
 
 namespace android {
 namespace init {
 
-Result<Success> MixHwrngIntoLinuxRngAction(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
-Result<Success> SetMmapRndBitsAction(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
-Result<Success> SetKptrRestrictAction(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
+Result<Success> MixHwrngIntoLinuxRngAction(const BuiltinArguments&);
+Result<Success> SetMmapRndBitsAction(const BuiltinArguments&);
+Result<Success> SetKptrRestrictAction(const BuiltinArguments&);
 
 }  // namespace init
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/service.cpp b/init/service.cpp
index 86b910a..b339bc0 100644
--- a/init/service.cpp
+++ b/init/service.cpp
@@ -155,13 +155,14 @@
 unsigned long Service::next_start_order_ = 1;
 bool Service::is_exec_service_running_ = false;
 
-Service::Service(const std::string& name, const std::vector<std::string>& args)
-    : Service(name, 0, 0, 0, {}, 0, 0, "", args) {}
+Service::Service(const std::string& name, Subcontext* subcontext_for_restart_commands,
+                 const std::vector<std::string>& args)
+    : Service(name, 0, 0, 0, {}, 0, 0, "", subcontext_for_restart_commands, args) {}
 
 Service::Service(const std::string& name, unsigned flags, uid_t uid, gid_t gid,
                  const std::vector<gid_t>& supp_gids, const CapSet& capabilities,
                  unsigned namespace_flags, const std::string& seclabel,
-                 const std::vector<std::string>& args)
+                 Subcontext* subcontext_for_restart_commands, const std::vector<std::string>& args)
     : name_(name),
       classnames_({"default"}),
       flags_(flags),
@@ -173,7 +174,7 @@
       capabilities_(capabilities),
       namespace_flags_(namespace_flags),
       seclabel_(seclabel),
-      onrestart_(false, "<Service '" + name + "' onrestart>", 0),
+      onrestart_(false, subcontext_for_restart_commands, "<Service '" + name + "' onrestart>", 0),
       keychord_id_(0),
       ioprio_class_(IoSchedClass_NONE),
       ioprio_pri_(0),
@@ -1007,7 +1008,7 @@
     }
 
     return std::make_unique<Service>(name, flags, *uid, *gid, supp_gids, no_capabilities,
-                                     namespace_flags, seclabel, str_args);
+                                     namespace_flags, seclabel, nullptr, str_args);
 }
 
 // Shutdown services in the opposite order that they were started.
@@ -1055,8 +1056,18 @@
         return Error() << "ignored duplicate definition of service '" << name << "'";
     }
 
+    Subcontext* restart_action_subcontext = nullptr;
+    if (subcontexts_) {
+        for (auto& subcontext : *subcontexts_) {
+            if (StartsWith(filename, subcontext.path_prefix().c_str())) {
+                restart_action_subcontext = &subcontext;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     std::vector<std::string> str_args(args.begin() + 2, args.end());
-    service_ = std::make_unique<Service>(name, str_args);
+    service_ = std::make_unique<Service>(name, restart_action_subcontext, str_args);
     return Success();
 }
 
diff --git a/init/service.h b/init/service.h
index 67542ca..89dd780 100644
--- a/init/service.h
+++ b/init/service.h
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
 #include "descriptors.h"
 #include "keyword_map.h"
 #include "parser.h"
+#include "subcontext.h"
 
 #define SVC_DISABLED 0x001        // do not autostart with class
 #define SVC_ONESHOT 0x002         // do not restart on exit
@@ -60,12 +61,13 @@
 
 class Service {
   public:
-    Service(const std::string& name, const std::vector<std::string>& args);
+    Service(const std::string& name, Subcontext* subcontext_for_restart_commands,
+            const std::vector<std::string>& args);
 
     Service(const std::string& name, unsigned flags, uid_t uid, gid_t gid,
             const std::vector<gid_t>& supp_gids, const CapSet& capabilities,
             unsigned namespace_flags, const std::string& seclabel,
-            const std::vector<std::string>& args);
+            Subcontext* subcontext_for_restart_commands, const std::vector<std::string>& args);
 
     static std::unique_ptr<Service> MakeTemporaryOneshotService(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
 
@@ -237,7 +239,8 @@
 
 class ServiceParser : public SectionParser {
   public:
-    ServiceParser(ServiceList* service_list) : service_list_(service_list), service_(nullptr) {}
+    ServiceParser(ServiceList* service_list, std::vector<Subcontext>* subcontexts)
+        : service_list_(service_list), subcontexts_(subcontexts), service_(nullptr) {}
     Result<Success> ParseSection(std::vector<std::string>&& args, const std::string& filename,
                                  int line) override;
     Result<Success> ParseLineSection(std::vector<std::string>&& args, int line) override;
@@ -247,6 +250,7 @@
     bool IsValidName(const std::string& name) const;
 
     ServiceList* service_list_;
+    std::vector<Subcontext>* subcontexts_;
     std::unique_ptr<Service> service_;
 };
 
diff --git a/init/service_test.cpp b/init/service_test.cpp
index 98d876f..b43c2e9 100644
--- a/init/service_test.cpp
+++ b/init/service_test.cpp
@@ -37,7 +37,8 @@
     }
 
     std::vector<std::string> dummy_args{"/bin/test"};
-    Service* service_in_old_memory = new (old_memory) Service("test_old_memory", dummy_args);
+    Service* service_in_old_memory =
+        new (old_memory) Service("test_old_memory", nullptr, dummy_args);
 
     EXPECT_EQ(0U, service_in_old_memory->flags());
     EXPECT_EQ(0, service_in_old_memory->pid());
@@ -56,8 +57,8 @@
         old_memory[i] = 0xFF;
     }
 
-    Service* service_in_old_memory2 = new (old_memory)
-        Service("test_old_memory", 0U, 0U, 0U, std::vector<gid_t>(), CapSet(), 0U, "", dummy_args);
+    Service* service_in_old_memory2 = new (old_memory) Service(
+        "test_old_memory", 0U, 0U, 0U, std::vector<gid_t>(), CapSet(), 0U, "", nullptr, dummy_args);
 
     EXPECT_EQ(0U, service_in_old_memory2->flags());
     EXPECT_EQ(0, service_in_old_memory2->pid());
diff --git a/init/sigchld_handler.cpp b/init/sigchld_handler.cpp
index fa67199..072a0fb 100644
--- a/init/sigchld_handler.cpp
+++ b/init/sigchld_handler.cpp
@@ -60,22 +60,28 @@
     // want the pid to remain valid throughout that (and potentially future) usages.
     auto reaper = make_scope_guard([pid] { TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(waitpid(pid, nullptr, WNOHANG)); });
 
-    if (PropertyChildReap(pid)) return true;
-
-    Service* service = ServiceList::GetInstance().FindService(pid, &Service::pid);
-
     std::string name;
     std::string wait_string;
-    if (service) {
-        name = StringPrintf("Service '%s' (pid %d)", service->name().c_str(), pid);
-        if (service->flags() & SVC_EXEC) {
-            auto exec_duration = boot_clock::now() - service->time_started();
-            auto exec_duration_ms =
-                std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(exec_duration).count();
-            wait_string = StringPrintf(" waiting took %f seconds", exec_duration_ms / 1000.0f);
-        }
+    Service* service = nullptr;
+
+    if (PropertyChildReap(pid)) {
+        name = "Async property child";
+    } else if (SubcontextChildReap(pid)) {
+        name = "Subcontext";
     } else {
-        name = StringPrintf("Untracked pid %d", pid);
+        service = ServiceList::GetInstance().FindService(pid, &Service::pid);
+
+        if (service) {
+            name = StringPrintf("Service '%s' (pid %d)", service->name().c_str(), pid);
+            if (service->flags() & SVC_EXEC) {
+                auto exec_duration = boot_clock::now() - service->time_started();
+                auto exec_duration_ms =
+                    std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(exec_duration).count();
+                wait_string = StringPrintf(" waiting took %f seconds", exec_duration_ms / 1000.0f);
+            }
+        } else {
+            name = StringPrintf("Untracked pid %d", pid);
+        }
     }
 
     auto status = siginfo.si_status;
diff --git a/init/subcontext.cpp b/init/subcontext.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..85da237
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/subcontext.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,282 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "subcontext.h"
+
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <poll.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android-base/strings.h>
+#include <selinux/android.h>
+
+#include "action.h"
+#include "system/core/init/subcontext.pb.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+using android::base::GetExecutablePath;
+using android::base::Join;
+using android::base::Socketpair;
+using android::base::Split;
+using android::base::StartsWith;
+using android::base::unique_fd;
+
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
+const std::string kInitContext = "u:r:init:s0";
+const std::string kVendorContext = "u:r:vendor_init:s0";
+
+namespace {
+
+constexpr size_t kBufferSize = 4096;
+
+Result<std::string> ReadMessage(int socket) {
+    char buffer[kBufferSize] = {};
+    auto result = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(recv(socket, buffer, sizeof(buffer), 0));
+    if (result <= 0) {
+        return ErrnoError();
+    }
+    return std::string(buffer, result);
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+Result<Success> SendMessage(int socket, const T& message) {
+    std::string message_string;
+    if (!message.SerializeToString(&message_string)) {
+        return Error() << "Unable to serialize message";
+    }
+
+    if (message_string.size() > kBufferSize) {
+        return Error() << "Serialized message too long to send";
+    }
+
+    if (auto result =
+            TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(send(socket, message_string.c_str(), message_string.size(), 0));
+        result != static_cast<long>(message_string.size())) {
+        return ErrnoError() << "send() failed to send message contents";
+    }
+    return Success();
+}
+
+class SubcontextProcess {
+  public:
+    SubcontextProcess(const KeywordFunctionMap* function_map, std::string context, int init_fd)
+        : function_map_(function_map), context_(std::move(context)), init_fd_(init_fd){};
+    void MainLoop();
+
+  private:
+    void RunCommand(const SubcontextCommand::ExecuteCommand& execute_command,
+                    SubcontextReply::ResultMessage* result_message) const;
+
+    const KeywordFunctionMap* function_map_;
+    const std::string context_;
+    const int init_fd_;
+};
+
+void SubcontextProcess::RunCommand(const SubcontextCommand::ExecuteCommand& execute_command,
+                                   SubcontextReply::ResultMessage* result_message) const {
+    // Need to use ArraySplice instead of this code.
+    auto args = std::vector<std::string>();
+    for (const auto& string : execute_command.args()) {
+        args.emplace_back(string);
+    }
+
+    auto map_result = function_map_->FindFunction(args);
+    Result<Success> result;
+    if (!map_result) {
+        result = Error() << "Cannot find command: " << map_result.error();
+    } else {
+        result = RunBuiltinFunction(map_result->second, args, context_);
+    }
+
+    if (result) {
+        result_message->set_success(true);
+    } else {
+        result_message->set_success(false);
+        result_message->set_error_string(result.error_string());
+        result_message->set_error_errno(result.error_errno());
+    }
+}
+
+void SubcontextProcess::MainLoop() {
+    pollfd ufd[1];
+    ufd[0].events = POLLIN;
+    ufd[0].fd = init_fd_;
+
+    while (true) {
+        ufd[0].revents = 0;
+        int nr = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(poll(ufd, arraysize(ufd), -1));
+        if (nr == 0) continue;
+        if (nr < 0) {
+            PLOG(FATAL) << "poll() of subcontext socket failed, continuing";
+        }
+
+        auto init_message = ReadMessage(init_fd_);
+        if (!init_message) {
+            LOG(FATAL) << "Could not read message from init: " << init_message.error();
+        }
+
+        auto subcontext_command = SubcontextCommand();
+        if (!subcontext_command.ParseFromString(*init_message)) {
+            LOG(FATAL) << "Unable to parse message from init";
+        }
+
+        auto reply = SubcontextReply();
+        switch (subcontext_command.command_case()) {
+            case SubcontextCommand::kExecuteCommand: {
+                RunCommand(subcontext_command.execute_command(), reply.mutable_result());
+                break;
+            }
+            default:
+                LOG(FATAL) << "Unknown message type from init: "
+                           << subcontext_command.command_case();
+        }
+
+        if (auto result = SendMessage(init_fd_, reply); !result) {
+            LOG(FATAL) << "Failed to send message to init: " << result.error();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+int SubcontextMain(int argc, char** argv, const KeywordFunctionMap* function_map) {
+    if (argc < 4) LOG(FATAL) << "Fewer than 4 args specified to subcontext (" << argc << ")";
+
+    auto context = std::string(argv[2]);
+    auto init_fd = std::atoi(argv[3]);
+
+    auto subcontext_process = SubcontextProcess(function_map, context, init_fd);
+    subcontext_process.MainLoop();
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void Subcontext::Fork() {
+    unique_fd subcontext_socket;
+    if (!Socketpair(AF_UNIX, SOCK_SEQPACKET | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0, &socket_, &subcontext_socket)) {
+        LOG(FATAL) << "Could not create socket pair to communicate to subcontext";
+        return;
+    }
+
+    auto result = fork();
+
+    if (result == -1) {
+        LOG(FATAL) << "Could not fork subcontext";
+    } else if (result == 0) {
+        socket_.reset();
+
+        // We explicitly do not use O_CLOEXEC here, such that we can reference this FD by number
+        // in the subcontext process after we exec.
+        int child_fd = dup(subcontext_socket);
+        if (child_fd < 0) {
+            PLOG(FATAL) << "Could not dup child_fd";
+        }
+
+        if (setexeccon(context_.c_str()) < 0) {
+            PLOG(FATAL) << "Could not set execcon for '" << context_ << "'";
+        }
+
+        auto init_path = GetExecutablePath();
+        auto child_fd_string = std::to_string(child_fd);
+        const char* args[] = {init_path.c_str(), "subcontext", context_.c_str(),
+                              child_fd_string.c_str(), nullptr};
+        execv(init_path.data(), const_cast<char**>(args));
+
+        PLOG(FATAL) << "Could not execv subcontext init";
+    } else {
+        subcontext_socket.reset();
+        pid_ = result;
+        LOG(INFO) << "Forked subcontext for '" << context_ << "' with pid " << pid_;
+    }
+}
+
+void Subcontext::Restart() {
+    LOG(ERROR) << "Restarting subcontext '" << context_ << "'";
+    if (pid_) {
+        kill(pid_, SIGKILL);
+    }
+    pid_ = 0;
+    socket_.reset();
+    Fork();
+}
+
+Result<Success> Subcontext::Execute(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+    auto subcontext_command = SubcontextCommand();
+    std::copy(
+        args.begin(), args.end(),
+        RepeatedPtrFieldBackInserter(subcontext_command.mutable_execute_command()->mutable_args()));
+
+    if (auto result = SendMessage(socket_, subcontext_command); !result) {
+        Restart();
+        return ErrnoError() << "Failed to send message to subcontext";
+    }
+
+    auto subcontext_message = ReadMessage(socket_);
+    if (!subcontext_message) {
+        Restart();
+        return Error() << "Failed to receive result from subcontext: " << subcontext_message.error();
+    }
+
+    auto subcontext_reply = SubcontextReply();
+    if (!subcontext_reply.ParseFromString(*subcontext_message)) {
+        Restart();
+        return Error() << "Unable to parse message from subcontext";
+    }
+
+    switch (subcontext_reply.reply_case()) {
+        case SubcontextReply::kResult: {
+            auto result = subcontext_reply.result();
+            if (result.success()) {
+                return Success();
+            } else {
+                return ResultError(result.error_string(), result.error_errno());
+            }
+        }
+        default:
+            return Error() << "Unknown message type from subcontext: "
+                           << subcontext_reply.reply_case();
+    }
+}
+
+static std::vector<Subcontext> subcontexts;
+
+std::vector<Subcontext>* InitializeSubcontexts() {
+    static const char* const paths_and_secontexts[][2] = {
+        //  TODO: Enable this once the SEPolicy is in place.
+        //  {"/vendor", kVendorContext.c_str()},
+    };
+    for (const auto& [path_prefix, secontext] : paths_and_secontexts) {
+        subcontexts.emplace_back(path_prefix, secontext);
+    }
+    return &subcontexts;
+}
+
+bool SubcontextChildReap(pid_t pid) {
+    for (auto& subcontext : subcontexts) {
+        if (subcontext.pid() == pid) {
+            subcontext.Restart();
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/subcontext.h b/init/subcontext.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ac77e08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/subcontext.h
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _INIT_SUBCONTEXT_H
+#define _INIT_SUBCONTEXT_H
+
+#include <signal.h>
+
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
+
+#include "builtins.h"
+
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
+extern const std::string kInitContext;
+extern const std::string kVendorContext;
+
+class Subcontext {
+  public:
+    Subcontext(std::string path_prefix, std::string context)
+        : path_prefix_(path_prefix), context_(std::move(context)) {
+        Fork();
+    }
+
+    Result<Success> Execute(const std::vector<std::string>& command);
+    void Restart();
+
+    const std::string& path_prefix() const { return path_prefix_; }
+    const std::string& context() const { return context_; }
+    pid_t pid() const { return pid_; }
+
+  private:
+    void Fork();
+
+    std::string path_prefix_;
+    std::string context_;
+    pid_t pid_;
+    android::base::unique_fd socket_;
+};
+
+// For testing, to kill the subcontext after the test has completed.
+class SubcontextKiller {
+  public:
+    SubcontextKiller(const Subcontext& subcontext) : subcontext_(subcontext) {}
+    ~SubcontextKiller() {
+        if (subcontext_.pid() > 0) {
+            kill(subcontext_.pid(), SIGTERM);
+            kill(subcontext_.pid(), SIGKILL);
+        }
+    }
+
+  private:
+    const Subcontext& subcontext_;
+};
+
+int SubcontextMain(int argc, char** argv, const KeywordFunctionMap* function_map);
+std::vector<Subcontext>* InitializeSubcontexts();
+bool SubcontextChildReap(pid_t pid);
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
+
+#endif
diff --git a/init/subcontext.proto b/init/subcontext.proto
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0d89734
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/subcontext.proto
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+syntax = "proto2";
+option optimize_for = LITE_RUNTIME;
+
+message SubcontextCommand {
+    message ExecuteCommand { repeated string args = 1; }
+    oneof command { ExecuteCommand execute_command = 1; }
+}
+
+message SubcontextReply {
+    message ResultMessage {
+        optional bool success = 1;
+        optional string error_string = 2;
+        optional int32 error_errno = 3;
+    }
+
+    oneof reply { ResultMessage result = 1; }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/init/subcontext_benchmark.cpp b/init/subcontext_benchmark.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a62b959
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/subcontext_benchmark.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "subcontext.h"
+
+#include <benchmark/benchmark.h>
+
+#include "test_function_map.h"
+
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
+static void BenchmarkSuccess(benchmark::State& state) {
+    auto subcontext = Subcontext("path", kVendorContext);
+    auto subcontext_killer = SubcontextKiller(subcontext);
+
+    while (state.KeepRunning()) {
+        subcontext.Execute(std::vector<std::string>{"return_success"});
+    }
+}
+
+BENCHMARK(BenchmarkSuccess);
+
+TestFunctionMap BuildTestFunctionMap() {
+    TestFunctionMap test_function_map;
+    test_function_map.Add("return_success", 0, 0, true,
+                          [](const BuiltinArguments& args) { return Success(); });
+
+    return test_function_map;
+}
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+    if (argc > 1 && !strcmp(basename(argv[1]), "subcontext")) {
+        auto test_function_map = android::init::BuildTestFunctionMap();
+        return android::init::SubcontextMain(argc, argv, &test_function_map);
+    }
+
+    ::benchmark::Initialize(&argc, argv);
+    if (::benchmark::ReportUnrecognizedArguments(argc, argv)) return 1;
+    ::benchmark::RunSpecifiedBenchmarks();
+}
diff --git a/init/subcontext_test.cpp b/init/subcontext_test.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..60b45b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/subcontext_test.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "subcontext.h"
+
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <chrono>
+
+#include <android-base/properties.h>
+#include <android-base/strings.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+#include "builtin_arguments.h"
+#include "test_function_map.h"
+
+using namespace std::literals;
+
+using android::base::GetProperty;
+using android::base::Join;
+using android::base::SetProperty;
+using android::base::Split;
+using android::base::WaitForProperty;
+
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
+TEST(subcontext, CheckDifferentPid) {
+    auto subcontext = Subcontext("path", kVendorContext);
+    auto subcontext_killer = SubcontextKiller(subcontext);
+
+    auto result = subcontext.Execute(std::vector<std::string>{"return_pids_as_error"});
+    ASSERT_FALSE(result);
+
+    auto pids = Split(result.error_string(), " ");
+    ASSERT_EQ(2U, pids.size());
+    auto our_pid = std::to_string(getpid());
+    EXPECT_NE(our_pid, pids[0]);
+    EXPECT_EQ(our_pid, pids[1]);
+}
+
+TEST(subcontext, SetProp) {
+    auto subcontext = Subcontext("path", kVendorContext);
+    auto subcontext_killer = SubcontextKiller(subcontext);
+
+    SetProperty("init.test.subcontext", "fail");
+    WaitForProperty("init.test.subcontext", "fail");
+
+    auto args = std::vector<std::string>{
+        "setprop",
+        "init.test.subcontext",
+        "success",
+    };
+    auto result = subcontext.Execute(args);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(result) << result.error();
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(WaitForProperty("init.test.subcontext", "success", 10s));
+}
+
+TEST(subcontext, MultipleCommands) {
+    auto subcontext = Subcontext("path", kVendorContext);
+    auto subcontext_killer = SubcontextKiller(subcontext);
+
+    auto first_pid = subcontext.pid();
+
+    auto expected_words = std::vector<std::string>{
+        "this",
+        "is",
+        "a",
+        "test",
+    };
+
+    for (const auto& word : expected_words) {
+        auto args = std::vector<std::string>{
+            "add_word",
+            word,
+        };
+        auto result = subcontext.Execute(args);
+        ASSERT_TRUE(result) << result.error();
+    }
+
+    auto result = subcontext.Execute(std::vector<std::string>{"return_words_as_error"});
+    ASSERT_FALSE(result);
+    EXPECT_EQ(Join(expected_words, " "), result.error_string());
+    EXPECT_EQ(first_pid, subcontext.pid());
+}
+
+TEST(subcontext, RecoverAfterAbort) {
+    auto subcontext = Subcontext("path", kVendorContext);
+    auto subcontext_killer = SubcontextKiller(subcontext);
+
+    auto first_pid = subcontext.pid();
+
+    auto result = subcontext.Execute(std::vector<std::string>{"cause_log_fatal"});
+    ASSERT_FALSE(result);
+
+    auto result2 = subcontext.Execute(std::vector<std::string>{"generate_sane_error"});
+    ASSERT_FALSE(result2);
+    EXPECT_EQ("Sane error!", result2.error_string());
+    EXPECT_NE(subcontext.pid(), first_pid);
+}
+
+TEST(subcontext, ContextString) {
+    auto subcontext = Subcontext("path", kVendorContext);
+    auto subcontext_killer = SubcontextKiller(subcontext);
+
+    auto result = subcontext.Execute(std::vector<std::string>{"return_context_as_error"});
+    ASSERT_FALSE(result);
+    ASSERT_EQ(kVendorContext, result.error_string());
+}
+
+TestFunctionMap BuildTestFunctionMap() {
+    TestFunctionMap test_function_map;
+    // For CheckDifferentPid
+    test_function_map.Add("return_pids_as_error", 0, 0, true,
+                          [](const BuiltinArguments& args) -> Result<Success> {
+                              return Error() << getpid() << " " << getppid();
+                          });
+
+    // For SetProp
+    test_function_map.Add("setprop", 2, 2, true, [](const BuiltinArguments& args) {
+        android::base::SetProperty(args[1], args[2]);
+        return Success();
+    });
+
+    // For MultipleCommands
+    // Using a shared_ptr to extend lifetime of words to both lambdas
+    auto words = std::make_shared<std::vector<std::string>>();
+    test_function_map.Add("add_word", 1, 1, true, [words](const BuiltinArguments& args) {
+        words->emplace_back(args[1]);
+        return Success();
+    });
+    test_function_map.Add("return_words_as_error", 0, 0, true,
+                          [words](const BuiltinArguments& args) -> Result<Success> {
+                              return Error() << Join(*words, " ");
+                          });
+
+    // For RecoverAfterAbort
+    test_function_map.Add("cause_log_fatal", 0, 0, true,
+                          [](const BuiltinArguments& args) -> Result<Success> {
+                              return Error() << std::string(4097, 'f');
+                          });
+    test_function_map.Add(
+        "generate_sane_error", 0, 0, true,
+        [](const BuiltinArguments& args) -> Result<Success> { return Error() << "Sane error!"; });
+
+    // For ContextString
+    test_function_map.Add(
+        "return_context_as_error", 0, 0, true,
+        [](const BuiltinArguments& args) -> Result<Success> { return Error() << args.context; });
+
+    return test_function_map;
+}
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+    if (argc > 1 && !strcmp(basename(argv[1]), "subcontext")) {
+        auto test_function_map = android::init::BuildTestFunctionMap();
+        return android::init::SubcontextMain(argc, argv, &test_function_map);
+    }
+
+    testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
+    return RUN_ALL_TESTS();
+}
diff --git a/init/test_function_map.h b/init/test_function_map.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..583df1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/test_function_map.h
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _INIT_TEST_FUNCTION_MAP_H
+#define _INIT_TEST_FUNCTION_MAP_H
+
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "builtin_arguments.h"
+#include "keyword_map.h"
+
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
+class TestFunctionMap : public KeywordFunctionMap {
+  public:
+    // Helper for argument-less functions
+    using BuiltinFunctionNoArgs = std::function<void(void)>;
+    void Add(const std::string& name, const BuiltinFunctionNoArgs function) {
+        Add(name, 0, 0, false, [function](const BuiltinArguments&) {
+            function();
+            return Success();
+        });
+    }
+
+    void Add(const std::string& name, std::size_t min_parameters, std::size_t max_parameters,
+             bool run_in_subcontext, const BuiltinFunction function) {
+        builtin_functions_[name] =
+            make_tuple(min_parameters, max_parameters, make_pair(run_in_subcontext, function));
+    }
+
+  private:
+    Map builtin_functions_ = {};
+
+    const Map& map() const override { return builtin_functions_; }
+};
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
+
+#endif
diff --git a/libappfuse/FuseBridgeLoop.cc b/libappfuse/FuseBridgeLoop.cc
index 3f47066..0792307 100644
--- a/libappfuse/FuseBridgeLoop.cc
+++ b/libappfuse/FuseBridgeLoop.cc
@@ -57,6 +57,12 @@
             return;
     }
 }
+
+void LogResponseError(const std::string& message, const FuseResponse& response) {
+    LOG(ERROR) << message << ": header.len=" << response.header.len
+               << " header.error=" << response.header.error
+               << " header.unique=" << response.header.unique;
+}
 }
 
 class FuseBridgeEntry {
@@ -135,6 +141,7 @@
         }
 
         if (!buffer_.response.Write(device_fd_)) {
+            LogResponseError("Failed to write a reply from proxy to device", buffer_.response);
             return FuseBridgeState::kClosing;
         }
 
@@ -200,6 +207,7 @@
         }
 
         if (!buffer_.response.Write(device_fd_)) {
+            LogResponseError("Failed to write a response to device", buffer_.response);
             return FuseBridgeState::kClosing;
         }
 
@@ -215,6 +223,11 @@
             case ResultOrAgain::kSuccess:
                 return FuseBridgeState::kWaitToReadEither;
             case ResultOrAgain::kFailure:
+                LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to write a request to proxy:"
+                           << " header.len=" << buffer_.request.header.len
+                           << " header.opcode=" << buffer_.request.header.opcode
+                           << " header.unique=" << buffer_.request.header.unique
+                           << " header.nodeid=" << buffer_.request.header.nodeid;
                 return FuseBridgeState::kClosing;
             case ResultOrAgain::kAgain:
                 return FuseBridgeState::kWaitToWriteProxy;
diff --git a/libappfuse/FuseBuffer.cc b/libappfuse/FuseBuffer.cc
index 653e96b..1eab46c 100644
--- a/libappfuse/FuseBuffer.cc
+++ b/libappfuse/FuseBuffer.cc
@@ -115,7 +115,10 @@
                 case EAGAIN:
                     return ResultOrAgain::kAgain;
                 default:
-                    PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to write a FUSE message";
+                    PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to write a FUSE message: "
+                                << "fd=" << fd << " "
+                                << "sockflag=" << sockflag << " "
+                                << "data=" << data;
                     return ResultOrAgain::kFailure;
             }
         }
@@ -248,7 +251,9 @@
 void FuseBuffer::HandleNotImpl() {
   LOG(VERBOSE) << "NOTIMPL op=" << request.header.opcode << " uniq="
       << request.header.unique << " nid=" << request.header.nodeid;
-  const uint64_t unique = request.header.unique;
+  // Add volatile as a workaround for compiler issue which removes the temporary
+  // variable.
+  const volatile uint64_t unique = request.header.unique;
   response.Reset(0, -ENOSYS, unique);
 }
 
diff --git a/libcutils/fs_config.cpp b/libcutils/fs_config.cpp
index bab095e..1d3e5ea 100644
--- a/libcutils/fs_config.cpp
+++ b/libcutils/fs_config.cpp
@@ -133,7 +133,8 @@
     { 00640, AID_ROOT,      AID_SHELL,     0, "data/nativetest64/tests.txt" },
     { 00750, AID_ROOT,      AID_SHELL,     0, "data/nativetest/*" },
     { 00750, AID_ROOT,      AID_SHELL,     0, "data/nativetest64/*" },
-    { 00600, AID_ROOT,      AID_ROOT,      0, "default.prop" },
+    { 00600, AID_ROOT,      AID_ROOT,      0, "default.prop" }, // legacy
+    { 00600, AID_ROOT,      AID_ROOT,      0, "system/etc/prop.default" },
     { 00600, AID_ROOT,      AID_ROOT,      0, "odm/build.prop" },
     { 00600, AID_ROOT,      AID_ROOT,      0, "odm/default.prop" },
     { 00444, AID_ROOT,      AID_ROOT,      0, odm_conf_dir + 1 },
diff --git a/libcutils/include/cutils/native_handle.h b/libcutils/include/cutils/native_handle.h
index 55754b5..10f5bc0 100644
--- a/libcutils/include/cutils/native_handle.h
+++ b/libcutils/include/cutils/native_handle.h
@@ -43,6 +43,8 @@
 #endif
 } native_handle_t;
 
+typedef const native_handle_t* buffer_handle_t;
+
 /*
  * native_handle_close
  * 
diff --git a/libcutils/include/cutils/sched_policy.h b/libcutils/include/cutils/sched_policy.h
index cf8f5c3..4c1113b 100644
--- a/libcutils/include/cutils/sched_policy.h
+++ b/libcutils/include/cutils/sched_policy.h
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@
     SP_AUDIO_APP  = 3,
     SP_AUDIO_SYS  = 4,
     SP_TOP_APP    = 5,
+    SP_RT_APP     = 6,
     SP_CNT,
     SP_MAX        = SP_CNT - 1,
     SP_SYSTEM_DEFAULT = SP_FOREGROUND,
diff --git a/libcutils/sched_policy.cpp b/libcutils/sched_policy.cpp
index f733e90..b00fa85 100644
--- a/libcutils/sched_policy.cpp
+++ b/libcutils/sched_policy.cpp
@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@
 static int bg_schedboost_fd = -1;
 static int fg_schedboost_fd = -1;
 static int ta_schedboost_fd = -1;
+static int rt_schedboost_fd = -1;
 
 /* Add tid to the scheduling group defined by the policy */
 static int add_tid_to_cgroup(int tid, int fd)
@@ -159,6 +160,8 @@
                 fg_schedboost_fd = open(filename, O_WRONLY | O_CLOEXEC);
                 filename = "/dev/stune/background/tasks";
                 bg_schedboost_fd = open(filename, O_WRONLY | O_CLOEXEC);
+                filename = "/dev/stune/rt/tasks";
+                rt_schedboost_fd = open(filename, O_WRONLY | O_CLOEXEC);
             }
         }
     }
@@ -394,6 +397,9 @@
     case SP_SYSTEM:
         SLOGD("/// tid %d (%s)", tid, thread_name);
         break;
+    case SP_RT_APP:
+	SLOGD("RT  tid %d (%s)", tid, thread_name);
+	break;
     default:
         SLOGD("??? tid %d (%s)", tid, thread_name);
         break;
@@ -414,6 +420,9 @@
         case SP_TOP_APP:
             boost_fd = ta_schedboost_fd;
             break;
+        case SP_RT_APP:
+	    boost_fd = rt_schedboost_fd;
+	    break;
         default:
             boost_fd = -1;
             break;
@@ -458,6 +467,7 @@
        [SP_AUDIO_APP]  = "aa",
        [SP_AUDIO_SYS]  = "as",
        [SP_TOP_APP]    = "ta",
+       [SP_RT_APP]    = "rt",
     };
     if ((policy < SP_CNT) && (strings[policy] != NULL))
         return strings[policy];
diff --git a/liblog/Android.bp b/liblog/Android.bp
index d5bb29e..6584c95 100644
--- a/liblog/Android.bp
+++ b/liblog/Android.bp
@@ -42,24 +42,6 @@
     "logd_writer.c",
 ]
 
-cc_library_headers {
-    name: "liblog_headers",
-    host_supported: true,
-    vendor_available: true,
-    export_include_dirs: ["include"],
-    target: {
-        windows: {
-            enabled: true,
-        },
-        linux_bionic: {
-            enabled: true,
-        },
-        vendor: {
-            export_include_dirs: ["include_vndk"],
-        },
-    },
-}
-
 // Shared and static library for host and device
 // ========================================================
 cc_library {
@@ -96,8 +78,7 @@
         },
     },
 
-    header_libs: ["liblog_headers"],
-    export_header_lib_headers: ["liblog_headers"],
+    export_include_dirs: ["include"],
 
     cflags: [
         "-Werror",
@@ -116,7 +97,7 @@
 }
 
 ndk_headers {
-    name: "liblog_ndk_headers",
+    name: "liblog_headers",
     from: "include/android",
     to: "android",
     srcs: ["include/android/log.h"],
diff --git a/libsuspend/autosuspend_wakeup_count.c b/libsuspend/autosuspend_wakeup_count.c
index 4dedf7f..2da204a 100644
--- a/libsuspend/autosuspend_wakeup_count.c
+++ b/libsuspend/autosuspend_wakeup_count.c
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 #include <stddef.h>
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <string.h>
+#include <sys/param.h>
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
@@ -35,12 +36,24 @@
 #define SYS_POWER_STATE "/sys/power/state"
 #define SYS_POWER_WAKEUP_COUNT "/sys/power/wakeup_count"
 
+#define BASE_SLEEP_TIME 100000
+
 static int state_fd;
 static int wakeup_count_fd;
 static pthread_t suspend_thread;
 static sem_t suspend_lockout;
 static const char *sleep_state = "mem";
 static void (*wakeup_func)(bool success) = NULL;
+static int sleep_time = BASE_SLEEP_TIME;
+
+static void update_sleep_time(bool success) {
+    if (success) {
+        sleep_time = BASE_SLEEP_TIME;
+        return;
+    }
+    // double sleep time after each failure up to one minute
+    sleep_time = MIN(sleep_time * 2, 60000000);
+}
 
 static void *suspend_thread_func(void *arg __attribute__((unused)))
 {
@@ -48,10 +61,12 @@
     char wakeup_count[20];
     int wakeup_count_len;
     int ret;
-    bool success;
+    bool success = true;
 
     while (1) {
-        usleep(100000);
+        update_sleep_time(success);
+        usleep(sleep_time);
+        success = false;
         ALOGV("%s: read wakeup_count\n", __func__);
         lseek(wakeup_count_fd, 0, SEEK_SET);
         wakeup_count_len = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(wakeup_count_fd, wakeup_count,
@@ -75,7 +90,6 @@
             continue;
         }
 
-        success = true;
         ALOGV("%s: write %*s to wakeup_count\n", __func__, wakeup_count_len, wakeup_count);
         ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(write(wakeup_count_fd, wakeup_count, wakeup_count_len));
         if (ret < 0) {
@@ -84,8 +98,8 @@
         } else {
             ALOGV("%s: write %s to %s\n", __func__, sleep_state, SYS_POWER_STATE);
             ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(write(state_fd, sleep_state, strlen(sleep_state)));
-            if (ret < 0) {
-                success = false;
+            if (ret >= 0) {
+                success = true;
             }
             void (*func)(bool success) = wakeup_func;
             if (func != NULL) {
diff --git a/libsystem/include/system/qemu_pipe.h b/libsystem/include/system/qemu_pipe.h
deleted file mode 100644
index af25079..0000000
--- a/libsystem/include/system/qemu_pipe.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,134 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2011 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-#ifndef ANDROID_INCLUDE_SYSTEM_QEMU_PIPE_H
-#define ANDROID_INCLUDE_SYSTEM_QEMU_PIPE_H
-
-#include <unistd.h>
-#include <fcntl.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <errno.h>
-
-// Define QEMU_PIPE_DEBUG if you want to print error messages when an error
-// occurs during pipe operations. The macro should simply take a printf-style
-// formatting string followed by optional arguments.
-#ifndef QEMU_PIPE_DEBUG
-#  define  QEMU_PIPE_DEBUG(...)   (void)0
-#endif
-
-// Try to open a new Qemu fast-pipe. This function returns a file descriptor
-// that can be used to communicate with a named service managed by the
-// emulator.
-//
-// This file descriptor can be used as a standard pipe/socket descriptor.
-//
-// 'pipeName' is the name of the emulator service you want to connect to,
-// and must begin with 'pipe:' (e.g. 'pipe:camera' or 'pipe:opengles').
-//
-// On success, return a valid file descriptor, or -1/errno on failure. E.g.:
-//
-// EINVAL  -> unknown/unsupported pipeName
-// ENOSYS  -> fast pipes not available in this system.
-//
-// ENOSYS should never happen, except if you're trying to run within a
-// misconfigured emulator.
-//
-// You should be able to open several pipes to the same pipe service,
-// except for a few special cases (e.g. GSM modem), where EBUSY will be
-// returned if more than one client tries to connect to it.
-static __inline__ int qemu_pipe_open(const char* pipeName) {
-    // Sanity check.
-    if (!pipeName || memcmp(pipeName, "pipe:", 5) != 0) {
-        errno = EINVAL;
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    int fd = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open("/dev/qemu_pipe", O_RDWR));
-    if (fd < 0) {
-        QEMU_PIPE_DEBUG("%s: Could not open /dev/qemu_pipe: %s", __FUNCTION__,
-                        strerror(errno));
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    // Write the pipe name, *including* the trailing zero which is necessary.
-    size_t pipeNameLen = strlen(pipeName);
-    ssize_t ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(write(fd, pipeName, pipeNameLen + 1U));
-    if (ret != (ssize_t)pipeNameLen + 1) {
-        QEMU_PIPE_DEBUG("%s: Could not connect to %s pipe service: %s",
-                        __FUNCTION__, pipeName, strerror(errno));
-        if (ret == 0) {
-            errno = ECONNRESET;
-        } else if (ret > 0) {
-            errno = EINVAL;
-        }
-        return -1;
-    }
-    return fd;
-}
-
-// Send a framed message |buff| of |len| bytes through the |fd| descriptor.
-// This really adds a 4-hexchar prefix describing the payload size.
-// Returns 0 on success, and -1 on error.
-static int __inline__ qemu_pipe_frame_send(int fd,
-                                           const void* buff,
-                                           size_t len) {
-    char header[5];
-    snprintf(header, sizeof(header), "%04zx", len);
-    ssize_t ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(write(fd, header, 4));
-    if (ret != 4) {
-        QEMU_PIPE_DEBUG("Can't write qemud frame header: %s", strerror(errno));
-        return -1;
-    }
-    ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(write(fd, buff, len));
-    if (ret != (ssize_t)len) {
-        QEMU_PIPE_DEBUG("Can't write qemud frame payload: %s", strerror(errno));
-        return -1;
-    }
-    return 0;
-}
-
-// Read a frame message from |fd|, and store it into |buff| of |len| bytes.
-// If the framed message is larger than |len|, then this returns -1 and the
-// content is lost. Otherwise, this returns the size of the message. NOTE:
-// empty messages are possible in a framed wire protocol and do not mean
-// end-of-stream.
-static int __inline__ qemu_pipe_frame_recv(int fd, void* buff, size_t len) {
-    char header[5];
-    ssize_t ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(fd, header, 4));
-    if (ret != 4) {
-        QEMU_PIPE_DEBUG("Can't read qemud frame header: %s", strerror(errno));
-        return -1;
-    }
-    header[4] = '\0';
-    size_t size;
-    if (sscanf(header, "%04zx", &size) != 1) {
-        QEMU_PIPE_DEBUG("Malformed qemud frame header: [%.*s]", 4, header);
-        return -1;
-    }
-    if (size > len) {
-        QEMU_PIPE_DEBUG("Oversized qemud frame (% bytes, expected <= %)", size,
-                        len);
-        return -1;
-    }
-    ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(fd, buff, size));
-    if (ret != (ssize_t)size) {
-        QEMU_PIPE_DEBUG("Could not read qemud frame payload: %s",
-                        strerror(errno));
-        return -1;
-    }
-    return size;
-}
-
-#endif /* ANDROID_INCLUDE_HARDWARE_QEMUD_PIPE_H */
diff --git a/libsystem/include/system/window-deprecated.h b/libsystem/include/system/window-deprecated.h
deleted file mode 100644
index e836aea..0000000
--- a/libsystem/include/system/window-deprecated.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1114 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2011 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-/**************************************************************************************************
- **************************************************************************************************
- ****                                                                                          ****
- ****  DEPRECATED                                                                              ****
- ****                                                                                          ****
- ****  THIS FILE EXISTS ONLY FOR BACKWARD SOURCE COMPATIBILITY.                                ****
- ****                                                                                          ****
- ****  DO NOT ADD TO THIS FILE.                                                                ****
- ****                                                                                          ****
- ****  Driver implementors (vendors) should use vndk/window.h                                  ****
- ****  (frameworks/native/libs/nativewindow/include/vndk/window.h)                             ****
- ****                                                                                          ****
- ****  Internal definition can be found here:                                                  ****
- ****  frameworks/native/libs/nativewindow/include/system/window.h                             ****
- ****                                                                                          ****
- **************************************************************************************************
- **************************************************************************************************/
-
-#pragma once
-
-#include <cutils/native_handle.h>
-#include <errno.h>
-#include <limits.h>
-#include <stdint.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <sys/cdefs.h>
-#include <system/graphics.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-#include <stdbool.h>
-
-#ifndef __UNUSED
-#define __UNUSED __attribute__((__unused__))
-#endif
-#ifndef __deprecated
-#define __deprecated __attribute__((__deprecated__))
-#endif
-
-__BEGIN_DECLS
-
-/*****************************************************************************/
-
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-#define ANDROID_NATIVE_UNSIGNED_CAST(x) static_cast<unsigned int>(x)
-#else
-#define ANDROID_NATIVE_UNSIGNED_CAST(x) ((unsigned int)(x))
-#endif
-
-#define ANDROID_NATIVE_MAKE_CONSTANT(a,b,c,d) \
-    ((ANDROID_NATIVE_UNSIGNED_CAST(a) << 24) | \
-     (ANDROID_NATIVE_UNSIGNED_CAST(b) << 16) | \
-     (ANDROID_NATIVE_UNSIGNED_CAST(c) << 8) | \
-     (ANDROID_NATIVE_UNSIGNED_CAST(d)))
-
-#define ANDROID_NATIVE_WINDOW_MAGIC \
-    ANDROID_NATIVE_MAKE_CONSTANT('_','w','n','d')
-
-#define ANDROID_NATIVE_BUFFER_MAGIC \
-    ANDROID_NATIVE_MAKE_CONSTANT('_','b','f','r')
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-// This #define may be used to conditionally compile device-specific code to
-// support either the prior ANativeWindow interface, which did not pass libsync
-// fences around, or the new interface that does.  This #define is only present
-// when the ANativeWindow interface does include libsync support.
-#define ANDROID_NATIVE_WINDOW_HAS_SYNC 1
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-typedef const native_handle_t* buffer_handle_t;
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-typedef struct android_native_rect_t
-{
-    int32_t left;
-    int32_t top;
-    int32_t right;
-    int32_t bottom;
-} android_native_rect_t;
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-typedef struct android_native_base_t
-{
-    /* a magic value defined by the actual EGL native type */
-    int magic;
-
-    /* the sizeof() of the actual EGL native type */
-    int version;
-
-    void* reserved[4];
-
-    /* reference-counting interface */
-    void (*incRef)(struct android_native_base_t* base);
-    void (*decRef)(struct android_native_base_t* base);
-} android_native_base_t;
-
-typedef struct ANativeWindowBuffer
-{
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-    ANativeWindowBuffer() {
-        common.magic = ANDROID_NATIVE_BUFFER_MAGIC;
-        common.version = sizeof(ANativeWindowBuffer);
-        memset(common.reserved, 0, sizeof(common.reserved));
-    }
-
-    // Implement the methods that sp<ANativeWindowBuffer> expects so that it
-    // can be used to automatically refcount ANativeWindowBuffer's.
-    void incStrong(const void* /*id*/) const {
-        common.incRef(const_cast<android_native_base_t*>(&common));
-    }
-    void decStrong(const void* /*id*/) const {
-        common.decRef(const_cast<android_native_base_t*>(&common));
-    }
-#endif
-
-    struct android_native_base_t common;
-
-    int width;
-    int height;
-    int stride;
-    int format;
-    int usage;
-    uintptr_t layerCount;
-
-    void* reserved[1];
-
-    buffer_handle_t handle;
-
-    void* reserved_proc[8];
-} ANativeWindowBuffer_t;
-
-// Old typedef for backwards compatibility.
-typedef ANativeWindowBuffer_t android_native_buffer_t;
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-/* attributes queriable with query() */
-enum {
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_WIDTH     = 0,
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_HEIGHT    = 1,
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_FORMAT    = 2,
-
-    /* The minimum number of buffers that must remain un-dequeued after a buffer
-     * has been queued.  This value applies only if set_buffer_count was used to
-     * override the number of buffers and if a buffer has since been queued.
-     * Users of the set_buffer_count ANativeWindow method should query this
-     * value before calling set_buffer_count.  If it is necessary to have N
-     * buffers simultaneously dequeued as part of the steady-state operation,
-     * and this query returns M then N+M buffers should be requested via
-     * native_window_set_buffer_count.
-     *
-     * Note that this value does NOT apply until a single buffer has been
-     * queued.  In particular this means that it is possible to:
-     *
-     * 1. Query M = min undequeued buffers
-     * 2. Set the buffer count to N + M
-     * 3. Dequeue all N + M buffers
-     * 4. Cancel M buffers
-     * 5. Queue, dequeue, queue, dequeue, ad infinitum
-     */
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_MIN_UNDEQUEUED_BUFFERS = 3,
-
-    /* Check whether queueBuffer operations on the ANativeWindow send the buffer
-     * to the window compositor.  The query sets the returned 'value' argument
-     * to 1 if the ANativeWindow DOES send queued buffers directly to the window
-     * compositor and 0 if the buffers do not go directly to the window
-     * compositor.
-     *
-     * This can be used to determine whether protected buffer content should be
-     * sent to the ANativeWindow.  Note, however, that a result of 1 does NOT
-     * indicate that queued buffers will be protected from applications or users
-     * capturing their contents.  If that behavior is desired then some other
-     * mechanism (e.g. the GRALLOC_USAGE_PROTECTED flag) should be used in
-     * conjunction with this query.
-     */
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_QUEUES_TO_WINDOW_COMPOSER = 4,
-
-    /* Get the concrete type of a ANativeWindow.  See below for the list of
-     * possible return values.
-     *
-     * This query should not be used outside the Android framework and will
-     * likely be removed in the near future.
-     */
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_CONCRETE_TYPE = 5,
-
-
-    /*
-     * Default width and height of ANativeWindow buffers, these are the
-     * dimensions of the window buffers irrespective of the
-     * NATIVE_WINDOW_SET_BUFFERS_DIMENSIONS call and match the native window
-     * size unless overridden by NATIVE_WINDOW_SET_BUFFERS_USER_DIMENSIONS.
-     */
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_DEFAULT_WIDTH = 6,
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_DEFAULT_HEIGHT = 7,
-
-    /*
-     * transformation that will most-likely be applied to buffers. This is only
-     * a hint, the actual transformation applied might be different.
-     *
-     * INTENDED USE:
-     *
-     * The transform hint can be used by a producer, for instance the GLES
-     * driver, to pre-rotate the rendering such that the final transformation
-     * in the composer is identity. This can be very useful when used in
-     * conjunction with the h/w composer HAL, in situations where it
-     * cannot handle arbitrary rotations.
-     *
-     * 1. Before dequeuing a buffer, the GL driver (or any other ANW client)
-     *    queries the ANW for NATIVE_WINDOW_TRANSFORM_HINT.
-     *
-     * 2. The GL driver overrides the width and height of the ANW to
-     *    account for NATIVE_WINDOW_TRANSFORM_HINT. This is done by querying
-     *    NATIVE_WINDOW_DEFAULT_{WIDTH | HEIGHT}, swapping the dimensions
-     *    according to NATIVE_WINDOW_TRANSFORM_HINT and calling
-     *    native_window_set_buffers_dimensions().
-     *
-     * 3. The GL driver dequeues a buffer of the new pre-rotated size.
-     *
-     * 4. The GL driver renders to the buffer such that the image is
-     *    already transformed, that is applying NATIVE_WINDOW_TRANSFORM_HINT
-     *    to the rendering.
-     *
-     * 5. The GL driver calls native_window_set_transform to apply
-     *    inverse transformation to the buffer it just rendered.
-     *    In order to do this, the GL driver needs
-     *    to calculate the inverse of NATIVE_WINDOW_TRANSFORM_HINT, this is
-     *    done easily:
-     *
-     *        int hintTransform, inverseTransform;
-     *        query(..., NATIVE_WINDOW_TRANSFORM_HINT, &hintTransform);
-     *        inverseTransform = hintTransform;
-     *        if (hintTransform & HAL_TRANSFORM_ROT_90)
-     *            inverseTransform ^= HAL_TRANSFORM_ROT_180;
-     *
-     *
-     * 6. The GL driver queues the pre-transformed buffer.
-     *
-     * 7. The composer combines the buffer transform with the display
-     *    transform.  If the buffer transform happens to cancel out the
-     *    display transform then no rotation is needed.
-     *
-     */
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_TRANSFORM_HINT = 8,
-
-    /*
-     * Boolean that indicates whether the consumer is running more than
-     * one buffer behind the producer.
-     */
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_CONSUMER_RUNNING_BEHIND = 9,
-
-    /*
-     * The consumer gralloc usage bits currently set by the consumer.
-     * The values are defined in hardware/libhardware/include/gralloc.h.
-     */
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_CONSUMER_USAGE_BITS = 10,
-
-    /**
-     * Transformation that will by applied to buffers by the hwcomposer.
-     * This must not be set or checked by producer endpoints, and will
-     * disable the transform hint set in SurfaceFlinger (see
-     * NATIVE_WINDOW_TRANSFORM_HINT).
-     *
-     * INTENDED USE:
-     * Temporary - Please do not use this.  This is intended only to be used
-     * by the camera's LEGACY mode.
-     *
-     * In situations where a SurfaceFlinger client wishes to set a transform
-     * that is not visible to the producer, and will always be applied in the
-     * hardware composer, the client can set this flag with
-     * native_window_set_buffers_sticky_transform.  This can be used to rotate
-     * and flip buffers consumed by hardware composer without actually changing
-     * the aspect ratio of the buffers produced.
-     */
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_STICKY_TRANSFORM = 11,
-
-    /**
-     * The default data space for the buffers as set by the consumer.
-     * The values are defined in graphics.h.
-     */
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_DEFAULT_DATASPACE = 12,
-
-    /*
-     * Returns the age of the contents of the most recently dequeued buffer as
-     * the number of frames that have elapsed since it was last queued. For
-     * example, if the window is double-buffered, the age of any given buffer in
-     * steady state will be 2. If the dequeued buffer has never been queued, its
-     * age will be 0.
-     */
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_BUFFER_AGE = 13,
-
-    /*
-     * Returns the duration of the last dequeueBuffer call in microseconds
-     */
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_LAST_DEQUEUE_DURATION = 14,
-
-    /*
-     * Returns the duration of the last queueBuffer call in microseconds
-     */
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_LAST_QUEUE_DURATION = 15,
-
-    /*
-     * Returns the number of image layers that the ANativeWindow buffer
-     * contains. By default this is 1, unless a buffer is explicitly allocated
-     * to contain multiple layers.
-     */
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_LAYER_COUNT = 16,
-
-    /*
-     * Returns 1 if the native window is valid, 0 otherwise. native window is valid
-     * if it is safe (i.e. no crash will occur) to call any method on it.
-     */
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_IS_VALID = 17,
-
-    /*
-     * Returns 1 if NATIVE_WINDOW_GET_FRAME_TIMESTAMPS will return display
-     * present info, 0 if it won't.
-     */
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_FRAME_TIMESTAMPS_SUPPORTS_PRESENT = 18,
-
-    /*
-     * The consumer end is capable of handling protected buffers, i.e. buffer
-     * with GRALLOC_USAGE_PROTECTED usage bits on.
-     */
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_CONSUMER_IS_PROTECTED = 19,
-};
-
-/* Valid operations for the (*perform)() hook.
- *
- * Values marked as 'deprecated' are supported, but have been superceded by
- * other functionality.
- *
- * Values marked as 'private' should be considered private to the framework.
- * HAL implementation code with access to an ANativeWindow should not use these,
- * as it may not interact properly with the framework's use of the
- * ANativeWindow.
- */
-enum {
-// clang-format off
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_SET_USAGE                 =  0,
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_CONNECT                   =  1,   /* deprecated */
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_DISCONNECT                =  2,   /* deprecated */
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_SET_CROP                  =  3,   /* private */
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_SET_BUFFER_COUNT          =  4,
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_SET_BUFFERS_GEOMETRY      =  5,   /* deprecated */
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_SET_BUFFERS_TRANSFORM     =  6,
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_SET_BUFFERS_TIMESTAMP     =  7,
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_SET_BUFFERS_DIMENSIONS    =  8,
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_SET_BUFFERS_FORMAT        =  9,
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_SET_SCALING_MODE          = 10,   /* private */
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_LOCK                      = 11,   /* private */
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_UNLOCK_AND_POST           = 12,   /* private */
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CONNECT               = 13,   /* private */
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_API_DISCONNECT            = 14,   /* private */
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_SET_BUFFERS_USER_DIMENSIONS = 15, /* private */
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_SET_POST_TRANSFORM_CROP   = 16,   /* private */
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_SET_BUFFERS_STICKY_TRANSFORM = 17,/* private */
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_SET_SIDEBAND_STREAM       = 18,
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_SET_BUFFERS_DATASPACE     = 19,
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_SET_SURFACE_DAMAGE        = 20,   /* private */
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_SET_SHARED_BUFFER_MODE    = 21,
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_SET_AUTO_REFRESH          = 22,
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_GET_REFRESH_CYCLE_DURATION= 23,
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_GET_NEXT_FRAME_ID         = 24,
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_ENABLE_FRAME_TIMESTAMPS   = 25,
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_GET_COMPOSITOR_TIMING     = 26,
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_GET_FRAME_TIMESTAMPS      = 27,
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_GET_WIDE_COLOR_SUPPORT    = 28,
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_GET_HDR_SUPPORT           = 29,
-// clang-format on
-};
-
-/* parameter for NATIVE_WINDOW_[API_][DIS]CONNECT */
-enum {
-    /* Buffers will be queued by EGL via eglSwapBuffers after being filled using
-     * OpenGL ES.
-     */
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_API_EGL = 1,
-
-    /* Buffers will be queued after being filled using the CPU
-     */
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU = 2,
-
-    /* Buffers will be queued by Stagefright after being filled by a video
-     * decoder.  The video decoder can either be a software or hardware decoder.
-     */
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_API_MEDIA = 3,
-
-    /* Buffers will be queued by the the camera HAL.
-     */
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CAMERA = 4,
-};
-
-/* parameter for NATIVE_WINDOW_SET_BUFFERS_TRANSFORM */
-enum {
-    /* flip source image horizontally */
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_TRANSFORM_FLIP_H = HAL_TRANSFORM_FLIP_H ,
-    /* flip source image vertically */
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_TRANSFORM_FLIP_V = HAL_TRANSFORM_FLIP_V,
-    /* rotate source image 90 degrees clock-wise, and is applied after TRANSFORM_FLIP_{H|V} */
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_TRANSFORM_ROT_90 = HAL_TRANSFORM_ROT_90,
-    /* rotate source image 180 degrees */
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_TRANSFORM_ROT_180 = HAL_TRANSFORM_ROT_180,
-    /* rotate source image 270 degrees clock-wise */
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_TRANSFORM_ROT_270 = HAL_TRANSFORM_ROT_270,
-    /* transforms source by the inverse transform of the screen it is displayed onto. This
-     * transform is applied last */
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_TRANSFORM_INVERSE_DISPLAY = 0x08
-};
-
-/* parameter for NATIVE_WINDOW_SET_SCALING_MODE
- * keep in sync with Surface.java in frameworks/base */
-enum {
-    /* the window content is not updated (frozen) until a buffer of
-     * the window size is received (enqueued)
-     */
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_SCALING_MODE_FREEZE           = 0,
-    /* the buffer is scaled in both dimensions to match the window size */
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_SCALING_MODE_SCALE_TO_WINDOW  = 1,
-    /* the buffer is scaled uniformly such that the smaller dimension
-     * of the buffer matches the window size (cropping in the process)
-     */
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_SCALING_MODE_SCALE_CROP       = 2,
-    /* the window is clipped to the size of the buffer's crop rectangle; pixels
-     * outside the crop rectangle are treated as if they are completely
-     * transparent.
-     */
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_SCALING_MODE_NO_SCALE_CROP    = 3,
-};
-
-/* values returned by the NATIVE_WINDOW_CONCRETE_TYPE query */
-enum {
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_FRAMEBUFFER               = 0, /* FramebufferNativeWindow */
-    NATIVE_WINDOW_SURFACE                   = 1, /* Surface */
-};
-
-/* parameter for NATIVE_WINDOW_SET_BUFFERS_TIMESTAMP
- *
- * Special timestamp value to indicate that timestamps should be auto-generated
- * by the native window when queueBuffer is called.  This is equal to INT64_MIN,
- * defined directly to avoid problems with C99/C++ inclusion of stdint.h.
- */
-static const int64_t NATIVE_WINDOW_TIMESTAMP_AUTO = (-9223372036854775807LL-1);
-
-/* parameter for NATIVE_WINDOW_GET_FRAME_TIMESTAMPS
- *
- * Special timestamp value to indicate the timestamps aren't yet known or
- * that they are invalid.
- */
-static const int64_t NATIVE_WINDOW_TIMESTAMP_PENDING = -2;
-static const int64_t NATIVE_WINDOW_TIMESTAMP_INVALID = -1;
-
-struct ANativeWindow
-{
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-    ANativeWindow()
-        : flags(0), minSwapInterval(0), maxSwapInterval(0), xdpi(0), ydpi(0)
-    {
-        common.magic = ANDROID_NATIVE_WINDOW_MAGIC;
-        common.version = sizeof(ANativeWindow);
-        memset(common.reserved, 0, sizeof(common.reserved));
-    }
-
-    /* Implement the methods that sp<ANativeWindow> expects so that it
-       can be used to automatically refcount ANativeWindow's. */
-    void incStrong(const void* /*id*/) const {
-        common.incRef(const_cast<android_native_base_t*>(&common));
-    }
-    void decStrong(const void* /*id*/) const {
-        common.decRef(const_cast<android_native_base_t*>(&common));
-    }
-#endif
-
-    struct android_native_base_t common;
-
-    /* flags describing some attributes of this surface or its updater */
-    const uint32_t flags;
-
-    /* min swap interval supported by this updated */
-    const int   minSwapInterval;
-
-    /* max swap interval supported by this updated */
-    const int   maxSwapInterval;
-
-    /* horizontal and vertical resolution in DPI */
-    const float xdpi;
-    const float ydpi;
-
-    /* Some storage reserved for the OEM's driver. */
-    intptr_t    oem[4];
-
-    /*
-     * Set the swap interval for this surface.
-     *
-     * Returns 0 on success or -errno on error.
-     */
-    int     (*setSwapInterval)(struct ANativeWindow* window,
-                int interval);
-
-    /*
-     * Hook called by EGL to acquire a buffer. After this call, the buffer
-     * is not locked, so its content cannot be modified. This call may block if
-     * no buffers are available.
-     *
-     * The window holds a reference to the buffer between dequeueBuffer and
-     * either queueBuffer or cancelBuffer, so clients only need their own
-     * reference if they might use the buffer after queueing or canceling it.
-     * Holding a reference to a buffer after queueing or canceling it is only
-     * allowed if a specific buffer count has been set.
-     *
-     * Returns 0 on success or -errno on error.
-     *
-     * XXX: This function is deprecated.  It will continue to work for some
-     * time for binary compatibility, but the new dequeueBuffer function that
-     * outputs a fence file descriptor should be used in its place.
-     */
-    int     (*dequeueBuffer_DEPRECATED)(struct ANativeWindow* window,
-                struct ANativeWindowBuffer** buffer);
-
-    /*
-     * hook called by EGL to lock a buffer. This MUST be called before modifying
-     * the content of a buffer. The buffer must have been acquired with
-     * dequeueBuffer first.
-     *
-     * Returns 0 on success or -errno on error.
-     *
-     * XXX: This function is deprecated.  It will continue to work for some
-     * time for binary compatibility, but it is essentially a no-op, and calls
-     * to it should be removed.
-     */
-    int     (*lockBuffer_DEPRECATED)(struct ANativeWindow* window,
-                struct ANativeWindowBuffer* buffer);
-
-    /*
-     * Hook called by EGL when modifications to the render buffer are done.
-     * This unlocks and post the buffer.
-     *
-     * The window holds a reference to the buffer between dequeueBuffer and
-     * either queueBuffer or cancelBuffer, so clients only need their own
-     * reference if they might use the buffer after queueing or canceling it.
-     * Holding a reference to a buffer after queueing or canceling it is only
-     * allowed if a specific buffer count has been set.
-     *
-     * Buffers MUST be queued in the same order than they were dequeued.
-     *
-     * Returns 0 on success or -errno on error.
-     *
-     * XXX: This function is deprecated.  It will continue to work for some
-     * time for binary compatibility, but the new queueBuffer function that
-     * takes a fence file descriptor should be used in its place (pass a value
-     * of -1 for the fence file descriptor if there is no valid one to pass).
-     */
-    int     (*queueBuffer_DEPRECATED)(struct ANativeWindow* window,
-                struct ANativeWindowBuffer* buffer);
-
-    /*
-     * hook used to retrieve information about the native window.
-     *
-     * Returns 0 on success or -errno on error.
-     */
-    int     (*query)(const struct ANativeWindow* window,
-                int what, int* value);
-
-    /*
-     * hook used to perform various operations on the surface.
-     * (*perform)() is a generic mechanism to add functionality to
-     * ANativeWindow while keeping backward binary compatibility.
-     *
-     * DO NOT CALL THIS HOOK DIRECTLY.  Instead, use the helper functions
-     * defined below.
-     *
-     * (*perform)() returns -ENOENT if the 'what' parameter is not supported
-     * by the surface's implementation.
-     *
-     * See above for a list of valid operations, such as
-     * NATIVE_WINDOW_SET_USAGE or NATIVE_WINDOW_CONNECT
-     */
-    int     (*perform)(struct ANativeWindow* window,
-                int operation, ... );
-
-    /*
-     * Hook used to cancel a buffer that has been dequeued.
-     * No synchronization is performed between dequeue() and cancel(), so
-     * either external synchronization is needed, or these functions must be
-     * called from the same thread.
-     *
-     * The window holds a reference to the buffer between dequeueBuffer and
-     * either queueBuffer or cancelBuffer, so clients only need their own
-     * reference if they might use the buffer after queueing or canceling it.
-     * Holding a reference to a buffer after queueing or canceling it is only
-     * allowed if a specific buffer count has been set.
-     *
-     * XXX: This function is deprecated.  It will continue to work for some
-     * time for binary compatibility, but the new cancelBuffer function that
-     * takes a fence file descriptor should be used in its place (pass a value
-     * of -1 for the fence file descriptor if there is no valid one to pass).
-     */
-    int     (*cancelBuffer_DEPRECATED)(struct ANativeWindow* window,
-                struct ANativeWindowBuffer* buffer);
-
-    /*
-     * Hook called by EGL to acquire a buffer. This call may block if no
-     * buffers are available.
-     *
-     * The window holds a reference to the buffer between dequeueBuffer and
-     * either queueBuffer or cancelBuffer, so clients only need their own
-     * reference if they might use the buffer after queueing or canceling it.
-     * Holding a reference to a buffer after queueing or canceling it is only
-     * allowed if a specific buffer count has been set.
-     *
-     * The libsync fence file descriptor returned in the int pointed to by the
-     * fenceFd argument will refer to the fence that must signal before the
-     * dequeued buffer may be written to.  A value of -1 indicates that the
-     * caller may access the buffer immediately without waiting on a fence.  If
-     * a valid file descriptor is returned (i.e. any value except -1) then the
-     * caller is responsible for closing the file descriptor.
-     *
-     * Returns 0 on success or -errno on error.
-     */
-    int     (*dequeueBuffer)(struct ANativeWindow* window,
-                struct ANativeWindowBuffer** buffer, int* fenceFd);
-
-    /*
-     * Hook called by EGL when modifications to the render buffer are done.
-     * This unlocks and post the buffer.
-     *
-     * The window holds a reference to the buffer between dequeueBuffer and
-     * either queueBuffer or cancelBuffer, so clients only need their own
-     * reference if they might use the buffer after queueing or canceling it.
-     * Holding a reference to a buffer after queueing or canceling it is only
-     * allowed if a specific buffer count has been set.
-     *
-     * The fenceFd argument specifies a libsync fence file descriptor for a
-     * fence that must signal before the buffer can be accessed.  If the buffer
-     * can be accessed immediately then a value of -1 should be used.  The
-     * caller must not use the file descriptor after it is passed to
-     * queueBuffer, and the ANativeWindow implementation is responsible for
-     * closing it.
-     *
-     * Returns 0 on success or -errno on error.
-     */
-    int     (*queueBuffer)(struct ANativeWindow* window,
-                struct ANativeWindowBuffer* buffer, int fenceFd);
-
-    /*
-     * Hook used to cancel a buffer that has been dequeued.
-     * No synchronization is performed between dequeue() and cancel(), so
-     * either external synchronization is needed, or these functions must be
-     * called from the same thread.
-     *
-     * The window holds a reference to the buffer between dequeueBuffer and
-     * either queueBuffer or cancelBuffer, so clients only need their own
-     * reference if they might use the buffer after queueing or canceling it.
-     * Holding a reference to a buffer after queueing or canceling it is only
-     * allowed if a specific buffer count has been set.
-     *
-     * The fenceFd argument specifies a libsync fence file decsriptor for a
-     * fence that must signal before the buffer can be accessed.  If the buffer
-     * can be accessed immediately then a value of -1 should be used.
-     *
-     * Note that if the client has not waited on the fence that was returned
-     * from dequeueBuffer, that same fence should be passed to cancelBuffer to
-     * ensure that future uses of the buffer are preceded by a wait on that
-     * fence.  The caller must not use the file descriptor after it is passed
-     * to cancelBuffer, and the ANativeWindow implementation is responsible for
-     * closing it.
-     *
-     * Returns 0 on success or -errno on error.
-     */
-    int     (*cancelBuffer)(struct ANativeWindow* window,
-                struct ANativeWindowBuffer* buffer, int fenceFd);
-};
-
- /* Backwards compatibility: use ANativeWindow (struct ANativeWindow in C).
-  * android_native_window_t is deprecated.
-  */
-typedef struct ANativeWindow ANativeWindow;
-typedef struct ANativeWindow android_native_window_t __deprecated;
-
-/*
- *  native_window_set_usage(..., usage)
- *  Sets the intended usage flags for the next buffers
- *  acquired with (*lockBuffer)() and on.
- *  By default (if this function is never called), a usage of
- *      GRALLOC_USAGE_HW_RENDER | GRALLOC_USAGE_HW_TEXTURE
- *  is assumed.
- *  Calling this function will usually cause following buffers to be
- *  reallocated.
- */
-
-static inline int native_window_set_usage(
-        struct ANativeWindow* window, int usage)
-{
-    return window->perform(window, NATIVE_WINDOW_SET_USAGE, usage);
-}
-
-/* deprecated. Always returns 0. Don't call. */
-static inline int native_window_connect(
-        struct ANativeWindow* window __UNUSED, int api __UNUSED) __deprecated;
-
-static inline int native_window_connect(
-        struct ANativeWindow* window __UNUSED, int api __UNUSED) {
-    return 0;
-}
-
-/* deprecated. Always returns 0. Don't call. */
-static inline int native_window_disconnect(
-        struct ANativeWindow* window __UNUSED, int api __UNUSED) __deprecated;
-
-static inline int native_window_disconnect(
-        struct ANativeWindow* window __UNUSED, int api __UNUSED) {
-    return 0;
-}
-
-/*
- * native_window_set_crop(..., crop)
- * Sets which region of the next queued buffers needs to be considered.
- * Depending on the scaling mode, a buffer's crop region is scaled and/or
- * cropped to match the surface's size.  This function sets the crop in
- * pre-transformed buffer pixel coordinates.
- *
- * The specified crop region applies to all buffers queued after it is called.
- *
- * If 'crop' is NULL, subsequently queued buffers won't be cropped.
- *
- * An error is returned if for instance the crop region is invalid, out of the
- * buffer's bound or if the window is invalid.
- */
-static inline int native_window_set_crop(
-        struct ANativeWindow* window,
-        android_native_rect_t const * crop)
-{
-    return window->perform(window, NATIVE_WINDOW_SET_CROP, crop);
-}
-
-/*
- * native_window_set_post_transform_crop(..., crop)
- * Sets which region of the next queued buffers needs to be considered.
- * Depending on the scaling mode, a buffer's crop region is scaled and/or
- * cropped to match the surface's size.  This function sets the crop in
- * post-transformed pixel coordinates.
- *
- * The specified crop region applies to all buffers queued after it is called.
- *
- * If 'crop' is NULL, subsequently queued buffers won't be cropped.
- *
- * An error is returned if for instance the crop region is invalid, out of the
- * buffer's bound or if the window is invalid.
- */
-static inline int native_window_set_post_transform_crop(
-        struct ANativeWindow* window,
-        android_native_rect_t const * crop)
-{
-    return window->perform(window, NATIVE_WINDOW_SET_POST_TRANSFORM_CROP, crop);
-}
-
-/*
- * native_window_set_active_rect(..., active_rect)
- *
- * This function is deprecated and will be removed soon.  For now it simply
- * sets the post-transform crop for compatibility while multi-project commits
- * get checked.
- */
-static inline int native_window_set_active_rect(
-        struct ANativeWindow* window,
-        android_native_rect_t const * active_rect) __deprecated;
-
-static inline int native_window_set_active_rect(
-        struct ANativeWindow* window,
-        android_native_rect_t const * active_rect)
-{
-    return native_window_set_post_transform_crop(window, active_rect);
-}
-
-/*
- * native_window_set_buffer_count(..., count)
- * Sets the number of buffers associated with this native window.
- */
-static inline int native_window_set_buffer_count(
-        struct ANativeWindow* window,
-        size_t bufferCount)
-{
-    return window->perform(window, NATIVE_WINDOW_SET_BUFFER_COUNT, bufferCount);
-}
-
-/*
- * native_window_set_buffers_geometry(..., int w, int h, int format)
- * All buffers dequeued after this call will have the dimensions and format
- * specified.  A successful call to this function has the same effect as calling
- * native_window_set_buffers_size and native_window_set_buffers_format.
- *
- * XXX: This function is deprecated.  The native_window_set_buffers_dimensions
- * and native_window_set_buffers_format functions should be used instead.
- */
-static inline int native_window_set_buffers_geometry(
-        struct ANativeWindow* window,
-        int w, int h, int format) __deprecated;
-
-static inline int native_window_set_buffers_geometry(
-        struct ANativeWindow* window,
-        int w, int h, int format)
-{
-    return window->perform(window, NATIVE_WINDOW_SET_BUFFERS_GEOMETRY,
-            w, h, format);
-}
-
-/*
- * native_window_set_buffers_dimensions(..., int w, int h)
- * All buffers dequeued after this call will have the dimensions specified.
- * In particular, all buffers will have a fixed-size, independent from the
- * native-window size. They will be scaled according to the scaling mode
- * (see native_window_set_scaling_mode) upon window composition.
- *
- * If w and h are 0, the normal behavior is restored. That is, dequeued buffers
- * following this call will be sized to match the window's size.
- *
- * Calling this function will reset the window crop to a NULL value, which
- * disables cropping of the buffers.
- */
-static inline int native_window_set_buffers_dimensions(
-        struct ANativeWindow* window,
-        int w, int h)
-{
-    return window->perform(window, NATIVE_WINDOW_SET_BUFFERS_DIMENSIONS,
-            w, h);
-}
-
-/*
- * native_window_set_buffers_user_dimensions(..., int w, int h)
- *
- * Sets the user buffer size for the window, which overrides the
- * window's size.  All buffers dequeued after this call will have the
- * dimensions specified unless overridden by
- * native_window_set_buffers_dimensions.  All buffers will have a
- * fixed-size, independent from the native-window size. They will be
- * scaled according to the scaling mode (see
- * native_window_set_scaling_mode) upon window composition.
- *
- * If w and h are 0, the normal behavior is restored. That is, the
- * default buffer size will match the windows's size.
- *
- * Calling this function will reset the window crop to a NULL value, which
- * disables cropping of the buffers.
- */
-static inline int native_window_set_buffers_user_dimensions(
-        struct ANativeWindow* window,
-        int w, int h)
-{
-    return window->perform(window, NATIVE_WINDOW_SET_BUFFERS_USER_DIMENSIONS,
-            w, h);
-}
-
-/*
- * native_window_set_buffers_format(..., int format)
- * All buffers dequeued after this call will have the format specified.
- *
- * If the specified format is 0, the default buffer format will be used.
- */
-static inline int native_window_set_buffers_format(
-        struct ANativeWindow* window,
-        int format)
-{
-    return window->perform(window, NATIVE_WINDOW_SET_BUFFERS_FORMAT, format);
-}
-
-/*
- * native_window_set_buffers_data_space(..., int dataSpace)
- * All buffers queued after this call will be associated with the dataSpace
- * parameter specified.
- *
- * dataSpace specifies additional information about the buffer that's dependent
- * on the buffer format and the endpoints. For example, it can be used to convey
- * the color space of the image data in the buffer, or it can be used to
- * indicate that the buffers contain depth measurement data instead of color
- * images.  The default dataSpace is 0, HAL_DATASPACE_UNKNOWN, unless it has been
- * overridden by the consumer.
- */
-static inline int native_window_set_buffers_data_space(
-        struct ANativeWindow* window,
-        android_dataspace_t dataSpace)
-{
-    return window->perform(window, NATIVE_WINDOW_SET_BUFFERS_DATASPACE,
-            dataSpace);
-}
-
-/*
- * native_window_set_buffers_transform(..., int transform)
- * All buffers queued after this call will be displayed transformed according
- * to the transform parameter specified.
- */
-static inline int native_window_set_buffers_transform(
-        struct ANativeWindow* window,
-        int transform)
-{
-    return window->perform(window, NATIVE_WINDOW_SET_BUFFERS_TRANSFORM,
-            transform);
-}
-
-/*
- * native_window_set_buffers_sticky_transform(..., int transform)
- * All buffers queued after this call will be displayed transformed according
- * to the transform parameter specified applied on top of the regular buffer
- * transform.  Setting this transform will disable the transform hint.
- *
- * Temporary - This is only intended to be used by the LEGACY camera mode, do
- *   not use this for anything else.
- */
-static inline int native_window_set_buffers_sticky_transform(
-        struct ANativeWindow* window,
-        int transform)
-{
-    return window->perform(window, NATIVE_WINDOW_SET_BUFFERS_STICKY_TRANSFORM,
-            transform);
-}
-
-/*
- * native_window_set_buffers_timestamp(..., int64_t timestamp)
- * All buffers queued after this call will be associated with the timestamp
- * parameter specified. If the timestamp is set to NATIVE_WINDOW_TIMESTAMP_AUTO
- * (the default), timestamps will be generated automatically when queueBuffer is
- * called. The timestamp is measured in nanoseconds, and is normally monotonically
- * increasing. The timestamp should be unaffected by time-of-day adjustments,
- * and for a camera should be strictly monotonic but for a media player may be
- * reset when the position is set.
- */
-static inline int native_window_set_buffers_timestamp(
-        struct ANativeWindow* window,
-        int64_t timestamp)
-{
-    return window->perform(window, NATIVE_WINDOW_SET_BUFFERS_TIMESTAMP,
-            timestamp);
-}
-
-/*
- * native_window_set_scaling_mode(..., int mode)
- * All buffers queued after this call will be associated with the scaling mode
- * specified.
- */
-static inline int native_window_set_scaling_mode(
-        struct ANativeWindow* window,
-        int mode)
-{
-    return window->perform(window, NATIVE_WINDOW_SET_SCALING_MODE,
-            mode);
-}
-
-/*
- * native_window_api_connect(..., int api)
- * connects an API to this window. only one API can be connected at a time.
- * Returns -EINVAL if for some reason the window cannot be connected, which
- * can happen if it's connected to some other API.
- */
-static inline int native_window_api_connect(
-        struct ANativeWindow* window, int api)
-{
-    return window->perform(window, NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CONNECT, api);
-}
-
-/*
- * native_window_api_disconnect(..., int api)
- * disconnect the API from this window.
- * An error is returned if for instance the window wasn't connected in the
- * first place.
- */
-static inline int native_window_api_disconnect(
-        struct ANativeWindow* window, int api)
-{
-    return window->perform(window, NATIVE_WINDOW_API_DISCONNECT, api);
-}
-
-/*
- * native_window_dequeue_buffer_and_wait(...)
- * Dequeue a buffer and wait on the fence associated with that buffer.  The
- * buffer may safely be accessed immediately upon this function returning.  An
- * error is returned if either of the dequeue or the wait operations fail.
- */
-static inline int native_window_dequeue_buffer_and_wait(ANativeWindow *anw,
-        struct ANativeWindowBuffer** anb) {
-    return anw->dequeueBuffer_DEPRECATED(anw, anb);
-}
-
-/*
- * native_window_set_sideband_stream(..., native_handle_t*)
- * Attach a sideband buffer stream to a native window.
- */
-static inline int native_window_set_sideband_stream(
-        struct ANativeWindow* window,
-        native_handle_t* sidebandHandle)
-{
-    return window->perform(window, NATIVE_WINDOW_SET_SIDEBAND_STREAM,
-            sidebandHandle);
-}
-
-/*
- * native_window_set_surface_damage(..., android_native_rect_t* rects, int numRects)
- * Set the surface damage (i.e., the region of the surface that has changed
- * since the previous frame). The damage set by this call will be reset (to the
- * default of full-surface damage) after calling queue, so this must be called
- * prior to every frame with damage that does not cover the whole surface if the
- * caller desires downstream consumers to use this optimization.
- *
- * The damage region is specified as an array of rectangles, with the important
- * caveat that the origin of the surface is considered to be the bottom-left
- * corner, as in OpenGL ES.
- *
- * If numRects is set to 0, rects may be NULL, and the surface damage will be
- * set to the full surface (the same as if this function had not been called for
- * this frame).
- */
-static inline int native_window_set_surface_damage(
-        struct ANativeWindow* window,
-        const android_native_rect_t* rects, size_t numRects)
-{
-    return window->perform(window, NATIVE_WINDOW_SET_SURFACE_DAMAGE,
-            rects, numRects);
-}
-
-/*
- * native_window_set_shared_buffer_mode(..., bool sharedBufferMode)
- * Enable/disable shared buffer mode
- */
-static inline int native_window_set_shared_buffer_mode(
-        struct ANativeWindow* window,
-        bool sharedBufferMode)
-{
-    return window->perform(window, NATIVE_WINDOW_SET_SHARED_BUFFER_MODE,
-            sharedBufferMode);
-}
-
-/*
- * native_window_set_auto_refresh(..., autoRefresh)
- * Enable/disable auto refresh when in shared buffer mode
- */
-static inline int native_window_set_auto_refresh(
-        struct ANativeWindow* window,
-        bool autoRefresh)
-{
-    return window->perform(window, NATIVE_WINDOW_SET_AUTO_REFRESH, autoRefresh);
-}
-
-static inline int native_window_get_refresh_cycle_duration(
-        struct ANativeWindow* window,
-        int64_t* outRefreshDuration)
-{
-    return window->perform(window, NATIVE_WINDOW_GET_REFRESH_CYCLE_DURATION,
-            outRefreshDuration);
-}
-
-static inline int native_window_get_next_frame_id(
-        struct ANativeWindow* window, uint64_t* frameId)
-{
-    return window->perform(window, NATIVE_WINDOW_GET_NEXT_FRAME_ID, frameId);
-}
-
-static inline int native_window_enable_frame_timestamps(
-        struct ANativeWindow* window, bool enable)
-{
-    return window->perform(window, NATIVE_WINDOW_ENABLE_FRAME_TIMESTAMPS,
-            enable);
-}
-
-static inline int native_window_get_compositor_timing(
-        struct ANativeWindow* window,
-        int64_t* compositeDeadline, int64_t* compositeInterval,
-        int64_t* compositeToPresentLatency)
-{
-    return window->perform(window, NATIVE_WINDOW_GET_COMPOSITOR_TIMING,
-            compositeDeadline, compositeInterval, compositeToPresentLatency);
-}
-
-static inline int native_window_get_frame_timestamps(
-        struct ANativeWindow* window, uint64_t frameId,
-        int64_t* outRequestedPresentTime, int64_t* outAcquireTime,
-        int64_t* outLatchTime, int64_t* outFirstRefreshStartTime,
-        int64_t* outLastRefreshStartTime, int64_t* outGpuCompositionDoneTime,
-        int64_t* outDisplayPresentTime, int64_t* outDequeueReadyTime,
-        int64_t* outReleaseTime)
-{
-    return window->perform(window, NATIVE_WINDOW_GET_FRAME_TIMESTAMPS,
-            frameId, outRequestedPresentTime, outAcquireTime, outLatchTime,
-            outFirstRefreshStartTime, outLastRefreshStartTime,
-            outGpuCompositionDoneTime, outDisplayPresentTime,
-            outDequeueReadyTime, outReleaseTime);
-}
-
-static inline int native_window_get_wide_color_support(
-    struct ANativeWindow* window, bool* outSupport) {
-  return window->perform(window, NATIVE_WINDOW_GET_WIDE_COLOR_SUPPORT,
-                         outSupport);
-}
-
-static inline int native_window_get_hdr_support(struct ANativeWindow* window,
-                                                bool* outSupport) {
-  return window->perform(window, NATIVE_WINDOW_GET_HDR_SUPPORT, outSupport);
-}
-
-__END_DECLS
diff --git a/libsystem/include/system/window.h b/libsystem/include/system/window.h
deleted file mode 100644
index efa10d6..0000000
--- a/libsystem/include/system/window.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2011 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef SYSTEM_CORE_INCLUDE_ANDROID_WINDOW_H
-#define SYSTEM_CORE_INCLUDE_ANDROID_WINDOW_H
-
-#include <system/window-deprecated.h>
-
-#endif /* SYSTEM_CORE_INCLUDE_ANDROID_WINDOW_H */
diff --git a/libutils/Android.bp b/libutils/Android.bp
index 038fd73..adcde81 100644
--- a/libutils/Android.bp
+++ b/libutils/Android.bp
@@ -18,12 +18,10 @@
     host_supported: true,
 
     header_libs: [
-        "liblog_headers",
         "libsystem_headers",
         "libcutils_headers"
     ],
     export_header_lib_headers: [
-        "liblog_headers",
         "libsystem_headers",
         "libcutils_headers"
     ],
diff --git a/libutils/RefBase.cpp b/libutils/RefBase.cpp
index 24737b9..f5f881f 100644
--- a/libutils/RefBase.cpp
+++ b/libutils/RefBase.cpp
@@ -442,6 +442,11 @@
     // and all accesses to refs happen before its deletion in the final decWeak.
     // The destructor can safely access mRefs because either it's deleting
     // mRefs itself, or it's running entirely before the final mWeak decrement.
+    //
+    // Since we're doing atomic loads of `flags`, the static analyzer assumes
+    // they can change between `delete this;` and `refs->decWeak(id);`. This is
+    // not the case. The analyzer may become more okay with this patten when
+    // https://bugs.llvm.org/show_bug.cgi?id=34365 gets resolved. NOLINTNEXTLINE
     refs->decWeak(id);
 }
 
diff --git a/libvndksupport/linker.c b/libvndksupport/linker.c
index 289f153..696e978 100644
--- a/libvndksupport/linker.c
+++ b/libvndksupport/linker.c
@@ -31,7 +31,9 @@
         };
         void* handle = android_dlopen_ext(name, flag, &dlextinfo);
         if (!handle) {
-            ALOGE("Could not load %s from sphal namespace: %s.", name, dlerror());
+            ALOGE(
+                "Could not load %s from sphal namespace: %s. ",
+                name, dlerror());
         }
         return handle;
     } else {
@@ -43,4 +45,6 @@
     }
 }
 
-int android_unload_sphal_library(void* handle) { return dlclose(handle); }
+int android_unload_sphal_library(void* handle) {
+    return dlclose(handle);
+}
diff --git a/logd/tests/AndroidTest.xml b/logd/tests/AndroidTest.xml
index b16bdfd..8704611 100644
--- a/logd/tests/AndroidTest.xml
+++ b/logd/tests/AndroidTest.xml
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
      limitations under the License.
 -->
 <configuration description="Config for CTS Logging Daemon test cases">
+    <option name="config-descriptor:metadata" key="component" value="systems" />
     <target_preparer class="com.android.compatibility.common.tradefed.targetprep.FilePusher">
         <option name="cleanup" value="true" />
         <option name="push" value="CtsLogdTestCases->/data/local/tmp/CtsLogdTestCases" />
diff --git a/logd/tests/logd_test.cpp b/logd/tests/logd_test.cpp
index 8ee5ea1..9e1541b 100644
--- a/logd/tests/logd_test.cpp
+++ b/logd/tests/logd_test.cpp
@@ -1099,7 +1099,7 @@
     // and dac_read_search on every try to get past the message
     // de-duper.  We will also rotate the file name in the directory
     // as another measure.
-    static const char file[] = "/data/backup/cannot_access_directory_%u";
+    static const char file[] = "/data/drm/cannot_access_directory_%u";
     static const unsigned avc_requests_per_access = 2;
 
     rate /= avc_requests_per_access;
diff --git a/qemu_pipe/Android.bp b/qemu_pipe/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..93c347b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qemu_pipe/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+// Copyright 2011 The Android Open Source Project
+
+cc_library_static {
+    name: "libqemu_pipe",
+    vendor_available: true,
+    sanitize: {
+        misc_undefined: ["integer"],
+    },
+    srcs: ["qemu_pipe.cpp"],
+    local_include_dirs: ["include"],
+    static_libs: ["libbase"],
+    export_include_dirs: ["include"],
+    cflags: ["-Werror"],
+}
diff --git a/qemu_pipe/include/qemu_pipe.h b/qemu_pipe/include/qemu_pipe.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0987498
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qemu_pipe/include/qemu_pipe.h
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2011 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+#ifndef ANDROID_CORE_INCLUDE_QEMU_PIPE_H
+#define ANDROID_CORE_INCLUDE_QEMU_PIPE_H
+
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+// Try to open a new Qemu fast-pipe. This function returns a file descriptor
+// that can be used to communicate with a named service managed by the
+// emulator.
+//
+// This file descriptor can be used as a standard pipe/socket descriptor.
+//
+// 'pipeName' is the name of the emulator service you want to connect to,
+// and should begin with 'pipe:' (e.g. 'pipe:camera' or 'pipe:opengles').
+// For backward compatibility, the 'pipe:' prefix can be omitted, and in
+// that case, qemu_pipe_open will add it for you.
+
+// On success, return a valid file descriptor, or -1/errno on failure. E.g.:
+//
+// EINVAL  -> unknown/unsupported pipeName
+// ENOSYS  -> fast pipes not available in this system.
+//
+// ENOSYS should never happen, except if you're trying to run within a
+// misconfigured emulator.
+//
+// You should be able to open several pipes to the same pipe service,
+// except for a few special cases (e.g. GSM modem), where EBUSY will be
+// returned if more than one client tries to connect to it.
+int qemu_pipe_open(const char* pipeName);
+
+// Send a framed message |buff| of |len| bytes through the |fd| descriptor.
+// This really adds a 4-hexchar prefix describing the payload size.
+// Returns 0 on success, and -1 on error.
+int qemu_pipe_frame_send(int fd, const void* buff, size_t len);
+
+// Read a frame message from |fd|, and store it into |buff| of |len| bytes.
+// If the framed message is larger than |len|, then this returns -1 and the
+// content is lost. Otherwise, this returns the size of the message. NOTE:
+// empty messages are possible in a framed wire protocol and do not mean
+// end-of-stream.
+int qemu_pipe_frame_recv(int fd, void* buff, size_t len);
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+
+#endif /* ANDROID_CORE_INCLUDE_QEMU_PIPE_H */
diff --git a/qemu_pipe/qemu_pipe.cpp b/qemu_pipe/qemu_pipe.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..beeccb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qemu_pipe/qemu_pipe.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2011 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "qemu_pipe.h"
+
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+#include <android-base/file.h>
+
+using android::base::ReadFully;
+using android::base::WriteFully;
+
+// Define QEMU_PIPE_DEBUG if you want to print error messages when an error
+// occurs during pipe operations. The macro should simply take a printf-style
+// formatting string followed by optional arguments.
+#ifndef QEMU_PIPE_DEBUG
+#  define  QEMU_PIPE_DEBUG(...)   (void)0
+#endif
+
+int qemu_pipe_open(const char* pipeName) {
+    // Sanity check.
+    if (!pipeName) {
+        errno = EINVAL;
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    int fd = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open("/dev/qemu_pipe", O_RDWR));
+    if (fd < 0) {
+        QEMU_PIPE_DEBUG("%s: Could not open /dev/qemu_pipe: %s", __FUNCTION__,
+                        strerror(errno));
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    // Write the pipe name, *including* the trailing zero which is necessary.
+    size_t pipeNameLen = strlen(pipeName);
+    if (WriteFully(fd, pipeName, pipeNameLen + 1U)) {
+        return fd;
+    }
+
+    // now, add 'pipe:' prefix and try again
+    // Note: host side will wait for the trailing '\0' to start
+    // service lookup.
+    const char pipe_prefix[] = "pipe:";
+    if (WriteFully(fd, pipe_prefix, strlen(pipe_prefix)) &&
+            WriteFully(fd, pipeName, pipeNameLen + 1U)) {
+        return fd;
+    }
+    QEMU_PIPE_DEBUG("%s: Could not write to %s pipe service: %s",
+            __FUNCTION__, pipeName, strerror(errno));
+    close(fd);
+    return -1;
+}
+
+int qemu_pipe_frame_send(int fd, const void* buff, size_t len) {
+    char header[5];
+    snprintf(header, sizeof(header), "%04zx", len);
+    if (!WriteFully(fd, header, 4)) {
+        QEMU_PIPE_DEBUG("Can't write qemud frame header: %s", strerror(errno));
+        return -1;
+    }
+    if (!WriteFully(fd, buff, len)) {
+        QEMU_PIPE_DEBUG("Can't write qemud frame payload: %s", strerror(errno));
+        return -1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int qemu_pipe_frame_recv(int fd, void* buff, size_t len) {
+    char header[5];
+    if (!ReadFully(fd, header, 4)) {
+        QEMU_PIPE_DEBUG("Can't read qemud frame header: %s", strerror(errno));
+        return -1;
+    }
+    header[4] = '\0';
+    size_t size;
+    if (sscanf(header, "%04zx", &size) != 1) {
+        QEMU_PIPE_DEBUG("Malformed qemud frame header: [%.*s]", 4, header);
+        return -1;
+    }
+    if (size > len) {
+        QEMU_PIPE_DEBUG("Oversized qemud frame (% bytes, expected <= %)", size,
+                        len);
+        return -1;
+    }
+    if (!ReadFully(fd, buff, size)) {
+        QEMU_PIPE_DEBUG("Could not read qemud frame payload: %s",
+                        strerror(errno));
+        return -1;
+    }
+    return size;
+}
diff --git a/rootdir/Android.mk b/rootdir/Android.mk
index e199ed4..1bac36c 100644
--- a/rootdir/Android.mk
+++ b/rootdir/Android.mk
@@ -101,6 +101,21 @@
   $(foreach binary, $(SANITIZE_ASAN_OPTIONS_FOR), $(eval $(call create-asan-options-module,$(binary))))
 endif
 
+# ASAN extration.
+ASAN_EXTRACT_FILES :=
+ifeq ($(SANITIZE_TARGET_SYSTEM),true)
+include $(CLEAR_VARS)
+LOCAL_MODULE:= asan_extract
+LOCAL_MODULE_TAGS := optional
+LOCAL_MODULE_CLASS := EXECUTABLES
+LOCAL_SRC_FILES := asan_extract.sh
+LOCAL_INIT_RC := asan_extract.rc
+# We need bzip2 on device for extraction.
+LOCAL_REQUIRED_MODULES := bzip2
+include $(BUILD_PREBUILT)
+ASAN_EXTRACT_FILES := asan_extract
+endif
+
 endif
 
 #######################################
@@ -114,7 +129,7 @@
 EXPORT_GLOBAL_ASAN_OPTIONS :=
 ifneq ($(filter address,$(SANITIZE_TARGET)),)
   EXPORT_GLOBAL_ASAN_OPTIONS := export ASAN_OPTIONS include=/system/asan.options
-  LOCAL_REQUIRED_MODULES := asan.options $(ASAN_OPTIONS_FILES)
+  LOCAL_REQUIRED_MODULES := asan.options $(ASAN_OPTIONS_FILES) $(ASAN_EXTRACT_FILES)
 endif
 
 EXPORT_GLOBAL_GCOV_OPTIONS :=
diff --git a/rootdir/asan_extract.rc b/rootdir/asan_extract.rc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4aea6a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rootdir/asan_extract.rc
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# When /data is available, look for /system/asan.tar.gz and potentially extract.
+on post-fs-data
+    exec - system system -- /system/bin/asan_extract
diff --git a/rootdir/asan_extract.sh b/rootdir/asan_extract.sh
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2d72320
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rootdir/asan_extract.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+#!/system/bin/sh
+
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+#
+
+# This script will extract ASAN libraries from /system/asan.tar.gz to /data and then reboot.
+
+# TODO:
+#   * Timestamp or something to know when to run this again. Right now take the existence of
+#     /data/lib as we're already done.
+#   * Need to distinguish pre- from post-decryption for FDE.
+
+SRC=/system/asan.tar.bz2
+MD5_FILE=/data/asan.md5sum
+ASAN_DIR=/data/asan
+# Minimum /data size in blocks. Arbitrarily 512M.
+MIN_DATA_SIZE=131072
+
+# Checks for FDE pre-decrypt state.
+
+VOLD_STATUS=$(getprop vold.decrypt)
+if [ "$VOLD_STATUS" = "trigger_restart_min_framework" ] ; then
+  log -p i -t asan_install "Pre-decrypt FDE detected (by vold property)!"
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+STATFS_BLOCKS=$(stat -f -c '%b' /data)
+if [ "$STATFS_BLOCKS" -le "$MIN_DATA_SIZE" ] ; then
+  log -p i -t asan_install "Pre-decrypt FDE detected (by /data size)!"
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+# Check for ASAN source.
+
+if ! test -f $SRC ; then
+  log -p i -t asan_install "Did not find $SRC!"
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+log -p i -t asan_install "Found $SRC, checking whether we need to apply it."
+
+# Checksum check.
+
+ASAN_TAR_MD5=$(md5sum $SRC)
+if test -f $MD5_FILE ; then
+  INSTALLED_MD5=$(cat $MD5_FILE)
+  if [ "x$ASAN_TAR_MD5" = "x$INSTALLED_MD5" ] ; then
+    log -p i -t asan_install "Checksums match, nothing to be done here."
+    exit 0
+  fi
+fi
+
+# Actually apply the source.
+
+# Just clean up, helps with restorecon.
+rm -rf $ASAN_DIR
+
+log -p i -t asan_install "Untarring $SRC..."
+
+# Unzip from /system/asan.tar.gz into data. Need to pipe as gunzip is not on device.
+bzip2 -c -d $SRC | tar -x -f - --no-same-owner -C / || exit 1
+
+# Cannot log here, log would run with system_data_file.
+
+# Set correct permission bits.
+chmod -R 744 $ASAN_DIR
+cd $ASAN_DIR ; find . -type d -exec chmod 755 {} \;
+
+restorecon -R -F $ASAN_DIR/*/lib*
+
+log -p i -t asan_install "Fixed selinux labels..."
+
+
+# Now write down our checksum to mark the extraction complete.
+echo "$ASAN_TAR_MD5" > $MD5_FILE
+
+# We want to reboot now. It seems it is not possible to run "reboot" here, the device will
+# just be stuck.
+
+log -p i -t asan_install "Signaling init to reboot..."
+
+setprop sys.powerctl reboot
diff --git a/rootdir/etc/ld.config.txt b/rootdir/etc/ld.config.txt
index 436589e..56066bc 100644
--- a/rootdir/etc/ld.config.txt
+++ b/rootdir/etc/ld.config.txt
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@
 dir.system = /system/bin/
 dir.system = /system/xbin/
 dir.vendor = /vendor/bin/
+dir.test = /data/nativetest/
+dir.test = /data/nativetest64/
+dir.test = /data/benchmarktest/
+dir.test = /data/benchmarktest64/
 
 [system]
 additional.namespaces = sphal,vndk,rs
@@ -84,7 +88,7 @@
 namespace.rs.asan.permitted.paths = /data/asan/vendor/${LIB}:/vendor/${LIB}:/data
 
 namespace.rs.links = default,vndk
-namespace.rs.link.default.shared_libs = libc.so:libz.so:libm.so:libdl.so:libstdc++.so:liblog.so:libnativewindow.so:libEGL.so:libsync.so:libGLESv1_CM.so:libGLESv2.so:libmediandk.so:libui.so:libvndksupport.so
+namespace.rs.link.default.shared_libs = libc.so:libz.so:libm.so:libdl.so:libstdc++.so:liblog.so:libnativewindow.so:libEGL.so:libsync.so:libGLESv1_CM.so:libGLESv2.so:libmediandk.so:libvndksupport.so
 namespace.rs.link.vndk.shared_libs = android.hardware.renderscript@1.0.so:android.hardware.graphics.allocator@2.0.so:android.hardware.graphics.mapper@2.0.so:android.hardware.graphics.common@1.0.so:android.hidl.memory@1.0.so:libhwbinder.so:libbase.so:libcutils.so:libhardware.so:libhidlbase.so:libhidlmemory.so:libhidltransport.so:libion.so:libutils.so:libc++.so
 
 ###############################################################################
@@ -105,9 +109,23 @@
 namespace.vndk.links = default
 namespace.vndk.link.default.shared_libs = android.hidl.memory@1.0-impl.so:libc.so:libz.so:libm.so:libdl.so:libstdc++.so:liblog.so:libnativewindow.so:libEGL.so:libsync.so:libvndksupport.so
 
-
+###############################################################################
+# Namespace config for vendor processes. In O, no restriction is enforced for
+# them. However, in O-MR1, access to /system/${LIB} will not be allowed to
+# the default namespace. 'system' namespace will be added to give limited
+# (LL-NDK only) access.
+###############################################################################
 [vendor]
 namespace.default.isolated = false
 namespace.default.search.paths = /vendor/${LIB}:/vendor/${LIB}/vndk-sp:/system/${LIB}/vndk-sp:/system/${LIB}
 
 namespace.default.asan.search.paths = /data/asan/vendor/${LIB}:/vendor/${LIB}:/data/asan/vendor/${LIB}/vndk-sp:/vendor/${LIB}/vndk-sp:/data/asan/system/${LIB}/vndk-sp:/system/${LIB}/vndk-sp:/data/asan/system/${LIB}:/system/${LIB}
+
+###############################################################################
+# Namespace config for tests. No VNDK restriction is enforced for these tests.
+###############################################################################
+[test]
+namespace.default.isolated = false
+namespace.default.search.paths = /vendor/${LIB}:/vendor/${LIB}/vndk-sp:/system/${LIB}/vndk-sp:/system/${LIB}
+
+namespace.default.asan.search.paths = /data/asan/vendor/${LIB}:/vendor/${LIB}:/data/asan/vendor/${LIB}/vndk-sp:/vendor/${LIB}/vndk-sp:/data/asan/system/${LIB}/vndk-sp:/system/${LIB}/vndk-sp:/data/asan/system/${LIB}:/system/${LIB}
diff --git a/rootdir/init.rc b/rootdir/init.rc
index fb1fbd4..87920fb 100644
--- a/rootdir/init.rc
+++ b/rootdir/init.rc
@@ -61,18 +61,22 @@
     mkdir /dev/stune/foreground
     mkdir /dev/stune/background
     mkdir /dev/stune/top-app
+    mkdir /dev/stune/rt
     chown system system /dev/stune
     chown system system /dev/stune/foreground
     chown system system /dev/stune/background
     chown system system /dev/stune/top-app
+    chown system system /dev/stune/rt
     chown system system /dev/stune/tasks
     chown system system /dev/stune/foreground/tasks
     chown system system /dev/stune/background/tasks
     chown system system /dev/stune/top-app/tasks
+    chown system system /dev/stune/rt/tasks
     chmod 0664 /dev/stune/tasks
     chmod 0664 /dev/stune/foreground/tasks
     chmod 0664 /dev/stune/background/tasks
     chmod 0664 /dev/stune/top-app/tasks
+    chmod 0664 /dev/stune/rt/tasks
 
     # Mount staging areas for devices managed by vold
     # See storage config details at http://source.android.com/tech/storage/
diff --git a/trusty/keymaster/Android.bp b/trusty/keymaster/Android.bp
index 3b6867c..6b9d723 100644
--- a/trusty/keymaster/Android.bp
+++ b/trusty/keymaster/Android.bp
@@ -33,7 +33,8 @@
     shared_libs: [
         "libcrypto",
         "libcutils",
-        "libkeymaster1",
+        "libkeymaster_portable",
+        "libkeymaster_staging",
         "libtrusty",
         "libkeymaster_messages",
         "libsoftkeymasterdevice",
diff --git a/trusty/keymaster/trusty_keymaster_device_test.cpp b/trusty/keymaster/trusty_keymaster_device_test.cpp
index e8f5c0b..9227964 100644
--- a/trusty/keymaster/trusty_keymaster_device_test.cpp
+++ b/trusty/keymaster/trusty_keymaster_device_test.cpp
@@ -15,9 +15,9 @@
  */
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <fstream>
+#include <memory>
 
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
-#include <nativehelper/UniquePtr.h>
 #include <openssl/engine.h>
 
 #include <hardware/keymaster0.h>
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@
 
     keymaster_rsa_sign_params_t sig_params = {DIGEST_NONE, PADDING_NONE};
     size_t message_len = params.modulus_size / 8;
-    UniquePtr<uint8_t[]> message(build_message(message_len));
+    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> message(build_message(message_len));
     uint8_t* signature;
     size_t siglen;
     EXPECT_EQ(KM_ERROR_OK, device.sign_data(&sig_params, ptr, size, message.get(), message_len,
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@
 
     keymaster_rsa_sign_params_t sig_params = {DIGEST_NONE, PADDING_NONE};
     size_t message_len = params.modulus_size / 8 - 1;
-    UniquePtr<uint8_t[]> message(build_message(message_len));
+    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> message(build_message(message_len));
     uint8_t* signature;
     size_t siglen;
     EXPECT_EQ(KM_ERROR_UNKNOWN_ERROR, device.sign_data(&sig_params, ptr, size, message.get(),
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@
 
     keymaster_rsa_sign_params_t sig_params = {DIGEST_NONE, PADDING_NONE};
     size_t message_len = params.modulus_size / 8 + 1;
-    UniquePtr<uint8_t[]> message(build_message(message_len));
+    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> message(build_message(message_len));
     uint8_t* signature;
     size_t siglen;
     EXPECT_EQ(KM_ERROR_UNKNOWN_ERROR, device.sign_data(&sig_params, ptr, size, message.get(),
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@
 
     keymaster_ec_sign_params_t sig_params = {DIGEST_NONE};
     size_t message_len = 1024 * 7;
-    UniquePtr<uint8_t[]> message(new uint8_t[message_len]);
+    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> message(new uint8_t[message_len]);
     // contents of message don't matter.
     uint8_t* signature;
     size_t siglen;
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@
 
     keymaster_rsa_sign_params_t sig_params = {DIGEST_NONE, PADDING_NONE};
     size_t message_len = params.modulus_size / 8;
-    UniquePtr<uint8_t[]> message(build_message(message_len));
+    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> message(build_message(message_len));
     uint8_t* signature;
     size_t siglen;
     EXPECT_EQ(KM_ERROR_OK, device.sign_data(&sig_params, ptr, size, message.get(), message_len,
@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@
 
     keymaster_rsa_sign_params_t sig_params = {DIGEST_NONE, PADDING_NONE};
     size_t message_len = params.modulus_size / 8;
-    UniquePtr<uint8_t[]> message(build_message(message_len));
+    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> message(build_message(message_len));
     uint8_t* signature;
     size_t siglen;
     EXPECT_EQ(KM_ERROR_OK, device.sign_data(&sig_params, ptr, size, message.get(), message_len,
@@ -338,7 +338,7 @@
 
     keymaster_rsa_sign_params_t sig_params = {DIGEST_NONE, PADDING_NONE};
     size_t message_len = params.modulus_size / 8;
-    UniquePtr<uint8_t[]> message(build_message(message_len));
+    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> message(build_message(message_len));
     uint8_t* signature;
     size_t siglen;
     EXPECT_EQ(KM_ERROR_OK, device.sign_data(&sig_params, ptr, size, message.get(), message_len,
@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@
 
     keymaster_rsa_sign_params_t sig_params = {DIGEST_NONE, PADDING_NONE};
     size_t message_len = params.modulus_size / 8;
-    UniquePtr<uint8_t[]> message(build_message(message_len));
+    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> message(build_message(message_len));
     uint8_t* signature;
     size_t siglen;
     EXPECT_EQ(KM_ERROR_OK, device.sign_data(&sig_params, ptr, size, message.get(), message_len,
@@ -382,7 +382,7 @@
 
     keymaster_rsa_sign_params_t sig_params = {DIGEST_NONE, PADDING_NONE};
     size_t message_len = params.modulus_size / 8;
-    UniquePtr<uint8_t[]> message(build_message(message_len + 1));
+    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> message(build_message(message_len + 1));
     uint8_t* signature;
     size_t siglen;
     EXPECT_EQ(KM_ERROR_OK, device.sign_data(&sig_params, ptr, size, message.get(), message_len,
@@ -422,7 +422,7 @@
 
     keymaster_ec_sign_params_t sig_params = {DIGEST_NONE};
     size_t message_len = 1024 * 7;
-    UniquePtr<uint8_t[]> message(new uint8_t[message_len]);
+    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> message(new uint8_t[message_len]);
     // contents of message don't matter.
     uint8_t* signature;
     size_t siglen;
@@ -453,7 +453,7 @@
 
     keymaster_rsa_sign_params_t sig_params = {DIGEST_NONE, PADDING_NONE};
     size_t message_size = 1024 /* key size */ / 8;
-    UniquePtr<uint8_t[]> message(new uint8_t[message_size]);
+    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> message(new uint8_t[message_size]);
     memset(message.get(), 'a', message_size);
     uint8_t* signature;
     size_t siglen;
@@ -491,9 +491,9 @@
 
 static void VerifySignature(const uint8_t* key, size_t key_len, const uint8_t* signature,
                             size_t signature_len, const uint8_t* message, size_t message_len) {
-    UniquePtr<EVP_PKEY, EVP_PKEY_Delete> pkey(d2i_PUBKEY(NULL, &key, key_len));
+    std::unique_ptr<EVP_PKEY, EVP_PKEY_Delete> pkey(d2i_PUBKEY(NULL, &key, key_len));
     ASSERT_TRUE(pkey.get() != NULL);
-    UniquePtr<EVP_PKEY_CTX, EVP_PKEY_CTX_Delete> ctx(EVP_PKEY_CTX_new(pkey.get(), NULL));
+    std::unique_ptr<EVP_PKEY_CTX, EVP_PKEY_CTX_Delete> ctx(EVP_PKEY_CTX_new(pkey.get(), NULL));
     ASSERT_TRUE(ctx.get() != NULL);
     ASSERT_EQ(1, EVP_PKEY_verify_init(ctx.get()));
     if (EVP_PKEY_type(pkey->type) == EVP_PKEY_RSA)
@@ -518,7 +518,7 @@
     // Sign a message so we can verify it with the exported pubkey.
     keymaster_rsa_sign_params_t sig_params = {DIGEST_NONE, PADDING_NONE};
     size_t message_len = params.modulus_size / 8;
-    UniquePtr<uint8_t[]> message(build_message(message_len));
+    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> message(build_message(message_len));
     uint8_t* signature;
     size_t siglen;
     EXPECT_EQ(KM_ERROR_OK, device.sign_data(&sig_params, ptr, size, message.get(), message_len,