diff --git a/TEST_MAPPING b/TEST_MAPPING
index ea3ab74..14452a3 100644
--- a/TEST_MAPPING
+++ b/TEST_MAPPING
@@ -34,9 +34,7 @@
     },
     {
       "name": "ComposBenchmarkApp"
-    }
-  ],
-  "avf-postsubmit-userdebug": [
+    },
     {
       "name": "AVFHostTestCases"
     }
diff --git a/docs/getting_started/index.md b/docs/getting_started/index.md
index f184862..25eb909 100644
--- a/docs/getting_started/index.md
+++ b/docs/getting_started/index.md
@@ -97,15 +97,6 @@
 If you run into problems, inspect the logs produced by `atest`. Their location is printed at the
 end. The `host_log_*.zip` file should contain the output of individual commands as well as VM logs.
 
-### Custom pvmfw
-
-Hostside tests, which run on the PC and extends `MicrodroidHostTestCaseBase`, can be run with
-a custom `pvmfw`. Use `--module-arg` to push `pvmfw` for individual test methods.
-
-```shell
-atest com.android.microdroid.test.MicrodroidHostTests -- --module-arg MicrodroidHostTestCases:set-option:pvmfw:pvmfw.img
-```
-
 ## Spawning your own VMs with custom kernel
 
 You can spawn your own VMs by passing a JSON config file to the VirtualizationService via the `vm`
diff --git a/encryptedstore/src/main.rs b/encryptedstore/src/main.rs
index 2f54534..96c80db 100644
--- a/encryptedstore/src/main.rs
+++ b/encryptedstore/src/main.rs
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@
     let blkdevice = Path::new(matches.get_one::<String>("blkdevice").unwrap());
     let key = matches.get_one::<String>("key").unwrap();
     let mountpoint = Path::new(matches.get_one::<String>("mountpoint").unwrap());
+    // Note this error context is used in MicrodroidTests.
     encryptedstore_init(blkdevice, key, mountpoint).context(format!(
         "Unable to initialize encryptedstore on {:?} & mount at {:?}",
         blkdevice, mountpoint
diff --git a/javalib/jni/android_system_virtualmachine_VirtualMachine.cpp b/javalib/jni/android_system_virtualmachine_VirtualMachine.cpp
index afdc944..9281e73 100644
--- a/javalib/jni/android_system_virtualmachine_VirtualMachine.cpp
+++ b/javalib/jni/android_system_virtualmachine_VirtualMachine.cpp
@@ -57,6 +57,10 @@
     };
 
     RpcSessionHandle session;
+    // We need a thread pool to be able to support linkToDeath, or callbacks
+    // (b/268335700). This if a fairly arbitrary number, although it happens to
+    // match the default max outgoing threads.
+    ARpcSession_setMaxIncomingThreads(session.get(), 10);
     auto client = ARpcSession_setupPreconnectedClient(session.get(), requestFunc, &args);
     return AIBinder_toJavaBinder(env, client);
 }
diff --git a/microdroid/payload/config/src/lib.rs b/microdroid/payload/config/src/lib.rs
index 08b8b42..925a543 100644
--- a/microdroid/payload/config/src/lib.rs
+++ b/microdroid/payload/config/src/lib.rs
@@ -40,8 +40,8 @@
     pub prefer_staged: bool,
 
     /// Whether to export the tomsbtones (VM crashes) out of VM to host
-    /// This does not have a default & the value is expected to be in json for deserialization
-    pub export_tombstones: bool,
+    /// Default: true for debuggable VMs, false for non-debuggable VMs
+    pub export_tombstones: Option<bool>,
 
     /// Whether the authfs service should be started in the VM. This enables read or write of host
     /// files with integrity checking, but not confidentiality.
diff --git a/microdroid_manager/src/main.rs b/microdroid_manager/src/main.rs
index 13bc9e3..777a42c 100644
--- a/microdroid_manager/src/main.rs
+++ b/microdroid_manager/src/main.rs
@@ -70,13 +70,15 @@
 const EXTRA_APK_PATH_PATTERN: &str = "/dev/block/by-name/extra-apk-*";
 const EXTRA_IDSIG_PATH_PATTERN: &str = "/dev/block/by-name/extra-idsig-*";
 const DM_MOUNTED_APK_PATH: &str = "/dev/block/mapper/microdroid-apk";
-const APKDMVERITY_BIN: &str = "/system/bin/apkdmverity";
-const ZIPFUSE_BIN: &str = "/system/bin/zipfuse";
 const AVF_STRICT_BOOT: &str = "/sys/firmware/devicetree/base/chosen/avf,strict-boot";
 const AVF_NEW_INSTANCE: &str = "/sys/firmware/devicetree/base/chosen/avf,new-instance";
 const DEBUG_MICRODROID_NO_VERIFIED_BOOT: &str =
     "/sys/firmware/devicetree/base/virtualization/guest/debug-microdroid,no-verified-boot";
 
+const APKDMVERITY_BIN: &str = "/system/bin/apkdmverity";
+const ENCRYPTEDSTORE_BIN: &str = "/system/bin/encryptedstore";
+const ZIPFUSE_BIN: &str = "/system/bin/zipfuse";
+
 const APEX_CONFIG_DONE_PROP: &str = "apex_config.done";
 const TOMBSTONE_TRANSMIT_DONE_PROP: &str = "tombstone_transmit.init_done";
 const DEBUGGABLE_PROP: &str = "ro.boot.microdroid.debuggable";
@@ -84,9 +86,7 @@
 // SYNC WITH virtualizationservice/src/crosvm.rs
 const FAILURE_SERIAL_DEVICE: &str = "/dev/ttyS1";
 
-/// Identifier for the key used for encrypted store.
 const ENCRYPTEDSTORE_BACKING_DEVICE: &str = "/dev/block/by-name/encryptedstore";
-const ENCRYPTEDSTORE_BIN: &str = "/system/bin/encryptedstore";
 const ENCRYPTEDSTORE_KEY_IDENTIFIER: &str = "encryptedstore_key";
 const ENCRYPTEDSTORE_KEYSIZE: u32 = 32;
 
@@ -347,6 +347,13 @@
     !Path::new(DEBUG_MICRODROID_NO_VERIFIED_BOOT).exists()
 }
 
+fn should_export_tombstones(config: &VmPayloadConfig) -> bool {
+    match config.export_tombstones {
+        Some(b) => b,
+        None => system_properties::read_bool(DEBUGGABLE_PROP, true).unwrap_or(false),
+    }
+}
+
 fn try_run_payload(service: &Strong<dyn IVirtualMachineService>) -> Result<i32> {
     let metadata = load_metadata().context("Failed to load payload metadata")?;
     let dice = DiceDriver::new(Path::new("/dev/open-dice0")).context("Failed to load DICE")?;
@@ -456,7 +463,7 @@
     setup_config_sysprops(&config)?;
 
     // Start tombstone_transmit if enabled
-    if config.export_tombstones {
+    if should_export_tombstones(&config) {
         system_properties::write("tombstone_transmit.start", "1")
             .context("set tombstone_transmit.start")?;
     } else {
@@ -481,7 +488,7 @@
         .context("set microdroid_manager.init_done")?;
 
     // Wait for tombstone_transmit to init
-    if config.export_tombstones {
+    if should_export_tombstones(&config) {
         wait_for_tombstone_transmit_done()?;
     }
 
@@ -813,7 +820,7 @@
                 apexes: vec![],
                 extra_apks: vec![],
                 prefer_staged: false,
-                export_tombstones: false,
+                export_tombstones: None,
                 enable_authfs: false,
             })
         }
diff --git a/tests/helper/src/java/com/android/microdroid/test/device/MicrodroidDeviceTestBase.java b/tests/helper/src/java/com/android/microdroid/test/device/MicrodroidDeviceTestBase.java
index 419b250..9ec36b3 100644
--- a/tests/helper/src/java/com/android/microdroid/test/device/MicrodroidDeviceTestBase.java
+++ b/tests/helper/src/java/com/android/microdroid/test/device/MicrodroidDeviceTestBase.java
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@
                 String name,
                 StringBuilder result,
                 boolean monitorEvents) {
-            mProcessedBootTimeMetrics = monitorEvents;
+            mProcessedBootTimeMetrics |= monitorEvents;
             new Thread(
                             () -> {
                                 try {
@@ -354,10 +354,6 @@
             return getPayloadStartedNanoTime() - getInitStartedNanoTime();
         }
 
-        public boolean hasProcessedBootTimeMetrics() {
-            return processedBootTimeMetrics;
-        }
-
         public OptionalLong getBootTimeMetricNanoTime(BootTimeMetric metric) {
             if (metric == BootTimeMetric.TOTAL) {
                 return OptionalLong.of(endToEndNanoTime);
diff --git a/tests/hostside/helper/java/com/android/microdroid/test/host/MicrodroidHostTestCaseBase.java b/tests/hostside/helper/java/com/android/microdroid/test/host/MicrodroidHostTestCaseBase.java
index 1766835..20a6045 100644
--- a/tests/hostside/helper/java/com/android/microdroid/test/host/MicrodroidHostTestCaseBase.java
+++ b/tests/hostside/helper/java/com/android/microdroid/test/host/MicrodroidHostTestCaseBase.java
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@
 import com.android.microdroid.test.common.DeviceProperties;
 import com.android.microdroid.test.common.MetricsProcessor;
 import com.android.tradefed.build.IBuildInfo;
-import com.android.tradefed.config.Option;
 import com.android.tradefed.device.DeviceNotAvailableException;
 import com.android.tradefed.device.ITestDevice;
 import com.android.tradefed.device.TestDevice;
@@ -42,15 +41,12 @@
 import java.util.Arrays;
 
 public abstract class MicrodroidHostTestCaseBase extends BaseHostJUnit4Test {
-
     protected static final String TEST_ROOT = "/data/local/tmp/virt/";
     protected static final String LOG_PATH = TEST_ROOT + "log.txt";
     protected static final String CONSOLE_PATH = TEST_ROOT + "console.txt";
     private static final int TEST_VM_ADB_PORT = 8000;
     private static final String MICRODROID_SERIAL = "localhost:" + TEST_VM_ADB_PORT;
     private static final String INSTANCE_IMG = "instance.img";
-    private static final String PVMFW_IMG_PATH = TEST_ROOT + "pvmfw.img";
-    private static final String PVMFW_IMG_PATH_PROP = "hypervisor.pvmfw.path";
 
     private static final long MICRODROID_ADB_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_MINUTES = 5;
     protected static final long MICRODROID_COMMAND_TIMEOUT_MILLIS = 30000;
@@ -59,19 +55,6 @@
             (int) (MICRODROID_ADB_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_MINUTES * 60 * 1000
                 / MICRODROID_COMMAND_RETRY_INTERVAL_MILLIS);
 
-    @Option(
-            name = "pvmfw",
-            description =
-                    "Custom pvmfw.img path on host device."
-                            + " If present, it will be pushed to "
-                            + PVMFW_IMG_PATH,
-            mandatory = false)
-    private static String sCustomPvmfwPathOnHost = "";
-
-    private static boolean isEmptyText(String str) {
-        return str == null || str.length() == 0;
-    }
-
     public static void prepareVirtualizationTestSetup(ITestDevice androidDevice)
             throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
         CommandRunner android = new CommandRunner(androidDevice);
@@ -84,13 +67,6 @@
 
         // remove any leftover files under test root
         android.tryRun("rm", "-rf", TEST_ROOT + "*");
-
-        // prepare custom pvmfw.img if necessary
-        if (!isEmptyText(sCustomPvmfwPathOnHost)) {
-            runOnHost("adb", "root");
-            runOnHost("adb", "push", sCustomPvmfwPathOnHost, PVMFW_IMG_PATH);
-            runOnHost("adb", "shell", "setprop", PVMFW_IMG_PATH_PROP, PVMFW_IMG_PATH);
-        }
     }
 
     public static void cleanUpVirtualizationTestSetup(ITestDevice androidDevice)
@@ -104,10 +80,6 @@
         android.tryRun("killall", "crosvm");
         android.tryRun("stop", "virtualizationservice");
         android.tryRun("rm", "-rf", "/data/misc/virtualizationservice/*");
-
-        if (!isEmptyText(sCustomPvmfwPathOnHost)) {
-            runOnHost("adb", "shell", "setprop", PVMFW_IMG_PATH_PROP, "\"\"");
-        }
     }
 
     public boolean isUserBuild() {
diff --git a/tests/hostside/java/com/android/microdroid/test/MicrodroidHostTests.java b/tests/hostside/java/com/android/microdroid/test/MicrodroidHostTests.java
index a890770..d40dcba 100644
--- a/tests/hostside/java/com/android/microdroid/test/MicrodroidHostTests.java
+++ b/tests/hostside/java/com/android/microdroid/test/MicrodroidHostTests.java
@@ -514,24 +514,7 @@
         vmInfo.mProcess.destroy();
     }
 
-    private boolean isTombstoneGenerated(String configPath, String... crashCommand)
-            throws Exception {
-        // Note this test relies on logcat values being printed by tombstone_transmit on
-        // and the reeceiver on host (virtualization_service)
-        mMicrodroidDevice =
-                MicrodroidBuilder.fromDevicePath(getPathForPackage(PACKAGE_NAME), configPath)
-                        .debugLevel("full")
-                        .memoryMib(minMemorySize())
-                        .numCpus(NUM_VCPUS)
-                        .build(getAndroidDevice());
-        mMicrodroidDevice.waitForBootComplete(BOOT_COMPLETE_TIMEOUT);
-        mMicrodroidDevice.enableAdbRoot();
-
-        CommandRunner microdroid = new CommandRunner(mMicrodroidDevice);
-        microdroid.run(crashCommand);
-
-        // check until microdroid is shut down
-        CommandRunner android = new CommandRunner(getDevice());
+    private void waitForCrosvmExit(CommandRunner android) throws Exception {
         // TODO: improve crosvm exit check. b/258848245
         android.runWithTimeout(
                 15000,
@@ -540,8 +523,12 @@
                 "1",
                 "-e",
                 "'virtualizationmanager::crosvm.*exited with status exit status:'");
+    }
 
-        // Check that tombstone is received (from host logcat)
+    private boolean isTombstoneReceivedFromHostLogcat() throws Exception {
+        // Note this method relies on logcat values being printed by the receiver on host
+        // userspace crash log: virtualizationservice/src/aidl.rs
+        // kernel ramdump log: virtualizationmanager/src/crosvm.rs
         String ramdumpRegex =
                 "Received [0-9]+ bytes from guest & wrote to tombstone file|"
                         + "Ramdump \"[^ ]+/ramdump\" sent to tombstoned";
@@ -561,11 +548,32 @@
         return !result.trim().isEmpty();
     }
 
+    private boolean isTombstoneGeneratedWithCmd(String configPath, String... crashCommand)
+            throws Exception {
+        mMicrodroidDevice =
+                MicrodroidBuilder.fromDevicePath(getPathForPackage(PACKAGE_NAME), configPath)
+                        .debugLevel("full")
+                        .memoryMib(minMemorySize())
+                        .numCpus(NUM_VCPUS)
+                        .build(getAndroidDevice());
+        mMicrodroidDevice.waitForBootComplete(BOOT_COMPLETE_TIMEOUT);
+        mMicrodroidDevice.enableAdbRoot();
+
+        CommandRunner microdroid = new CommandRunner(mMicrodroidDevice);
+        microdroid.run(crashCommand);
+
+        // check until microdroid is shut down
+        CommandRunner android = new CommandRunner(getDevice());
+        waitForCrosvmExit(android);
+
+        return isTombstoneReceivedFromHostLogcat();
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void testTombstonesAreGeneratedUponUserspaceCrash() throws Exception {
         assertThat(
-                        isTombstoneGenerated(
-                                "assets/vm_config_crash.json",
+                        isTombstoneGeneratedWithCmd(
+                                "assets/vm_config.json",
                                 "kill",
                                 "-SIGSEGV",
                                 "$(pidof microdroid_launcher)"))
@@ -575,8 +583,8 @@
     @Test
     public void testTombstonesAreNotGeneratedIfNotExportedUponUserspaceCrash() throws Exception {
         assertThat(
-                        isTombstoneGenerated(
-                                "assets/vm_config_crash_no_tombstone.json",
+                        isTombstoneGeneratedWithCmd(
+                                "assets/vm_config_no_tombstone.json",
                                 "kill",
                                 "-SIGSEGV",
                                 "$(pidof microdroid_launcher)"))
@@ -589,15 +597,45 @@
         assumeFalse("Cuttlefish is not supported", isCuttlefish());
         assumeFalse("Skipping test because ramdump is disabled on user build", isUserBuild());
         assertThat(
-                        isTombstoneGenerated(
-                                "assets/vm_config_crash.json",
-                                "echo",
-                                "c",
-                                ">",
-                                "/proc/sysrq-trigger"))
+                        isTombstoneGeneratedWithCmd(
+                                "assets/vm_config.json", "echo", "c", ">", "/proc/sysrq-trigger"))
                 .isTrue();
     }
 
+    private boolean isTombstoneGeneratedWithCrashPayload(boolean debuggable) throws Exception {
+        // we can't use microdroid builder as it wants ADB connection (debuggable)
+        CommandRunner android = new CommandRunner(getDevice());
+
+        android.run("rm", "-rf", TEST_ROOT + "*");
+        android.run("mkdir", "-p", TEST_ROOT + "*");
+
+        final String apkPath = getPathForPackage(PACKAGE_NAME);
+        final String idsigPath = TEST_ROOT + "idsig";
+        final String instanceImgPath = TEST_ROOT + "instance.img";
+        android.run(
+                VIRT_APEX + "bin/vm",
+                "run-app",
+                "--payload-binary-name",
+                "MicrodroidCrashNativeLib.so",
+                "--debug",
+                debuggable ? "full" : "none",
+                apkPath,
+                idsigPath,
+                instanceImgPath);
+
+        return isTombstoneReceivedFromHostLogcat();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTombstonesAreGeneratedWithCrashPayload() throws Exception {
+        assertThat(isTombstoneGeneratedWithCrashPayload(true /* debuggable */)).isTrue();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTombstonesAreNotGeneratedWithCrashPayloadWhenNonDebuggable() throws Exception {
+        assertThat(isTombstoneGeneratedWithCrashPayload(false /* debuggable */)).isFalse();
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void testTelemetryPushedAtoms() throws Exception {
         // Reset statsd config and report before the test
diff --git a/tests/testapk/Android.bp b/tests/testapk/Android.bp
index 5f9b915..3c487ee 100644
--- a/tests/testapk/Android.bp
+++ b/tests/testapk/Android.bp
@@ -2,12 +2,22 @@
     default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
 }
 
-android_test {
-    name: "MicrodroidTestApp",
+java_defaults {
+    name: "MicrodroidTestAppsDefaults",
     test_suites: [
         "cts",
         "general-tests",
     ],
+    sdk_version: "test_current",
+    jni_uses_platform_apis: true,
+    use_embedded_native_libs: true,
+    // We only support 64-bit ABI, but CTS demands all APKs to be multi-ABI.
+    compile_multilib: "both",
+}
+
+android_test {
+    name: "MicrodroidTestApp",
+    defaults: ["MicrodroidTestAppsDefaults"],
     srcs: ["src/java/**/*.java"],
     static_libs: [
         "MicrodroidDeviceTestHelper",
@@ -19,23 +29,24 @@
         "truth-prebuilt",
         "compatibility-common-util-devicesidelib",
     ],
-    sdk_version: "test_current",
     jni_libs: [
         "MicrodroidTestNativeLib",
         "MicrodroidIdleNativeLib",
         "MicrodroidEmptyNativeLib",
         "MicrodroidExitNativeLib",
         "MicrodroidPrivateLinkingNativeLib",
+        "MicrodroidCrashNativeLib",
     ],
-    jni_uses_platform_apis: true,
-    use_embedded_native_libs: true,
-    // We only support 64-bit ABI, but CTS demands all APKs to be multi-ABI.
-    compile_multilib: "both",
     min_sdk_version: "33",
+    // Defined in ../vmshareapp/Android.bp
+    data: [":MicrodroidVmShareApp"],
 }
 
-cc_library_shared {
-    name: "MicrodroidTestNativeLib",
+// Defaults shared between MicrodroidTestNativeLib and MicrodroidPayloadInOtherAppNativeLib shared
+// libs. They are expected to share everything apart from the name, so that one app
+// (MicrodroidTestApp) can start a payload defined in the another app (MicrodroidVmShareApp).
+cc_defaults {
+    name: "MicrodroidTestNativeLibDefaults",
     srcs: ["src/native/testbinary.cpp"],
     stl: "libc++_static",
     header_libs: ["vm_payload_restricted_headers"],
@@ -55,6 +66,16 @@
 }
 
 cc_library_shared {
+    name: "MicrodroidPayloadInOtherAppNativeLib",
+    defaults: ["MicrodroidTestNativeLibDefaults"],
+}
+
+cc_library_shared {
+    name: "MicrodroidTestNativeLib",
+    defaults: ["MicrodroidTestNativeLibDefaults"],
+}
+
+cc_library_shared {
     name: "MicrodroidTestNativeLibSub",
     srcs: ["src/native/testlib.cpp"],
     stl: "libc++_static",
@@ -92,3 +113,11 @@
     shared_libs: ["libselinux#latest"],
     stl: "libc++_static",
 }
+
+// A payload that crashes immediately on start
+cc_library_shared {
+    name: "MicrodroidCrashNativeLib",
+    srcs: ["src/native/crashbinary.cpp"],
+    header_libs: ["vm_payload_headers"],
+    stl: "libc++_static",
+}
diff --git a/tests/testapk/AndroidManifest.xml b/tests/testapk/AndroidManifest.xml
index fefd20a..2ea3f6c 100644
--- a/tests/testapk/AndroidManifest.xml
+++ b/tests/testapk/AndroidManifest.xml
@@ -19,6 +19,9 @@
     <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.USE_CUSTOM_VIRTUAL_MACHINE" />
     <uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion="33" android:targetSdkVersion="33" />
     <uses-feature android:name="android.software.virtualization_framework" android:required="false" />
+    <queries>
+        <package android:name="com.android.microdroid.vmshare_app" />
+    </queries>
     <application>
     </application>
     <instrumentation android:name="androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner"
diff --git a/tests/testapk/AndroidTest.xml b/tests/testapk/AndroidTest.xml
index 787ebd4..929dd31 100644
--- a/tests/testapk/AndroidTest.xml
+++ b/tests/testapk/AndroidTest.xml
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
     <option name="config-descriptor:metadata" key="parameter" value="secondary_user" />
     <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.suite.SuiteApkInstaller">
         <option name="test-file-name" value="MicrodroidTestApp.apk" />
+        <option name="test-file-name" value="MicrodroidVmShareApp.apk" />
     </target_preparer>
     <test class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.AndroidJUnitTest" >
         <option name="package" value="com.android.microdroid.test" />
diff --git a/tests/testapk/assets/vm_config_crash.json b/tests/testapk/assets/vm_config_crash.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 3ec34a3..0000000
--- a/tests/testapk/assets/vm_config_crash.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-{
-    "os": {
-      "name": "microdroid"
-    },
-    "task": {
-      "type": "microdroid_launcher",
-      "command": "MicrodroidIdleNativeLib.so"
-    },
-    "export_tombstones": true
-  }
diff --git a/tests/testapk/assets/vm_config_crash_no_tombstone.json b/tests/testapk/assets/vm_config_crash_no_tombstone.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 9678e38..0000000
--- a/tests/testapk/assets/vm_config_crash_no_tombstone.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-{
-    "os": {
-      "name": "microdroid"
-    },
-    "task": {
-      "type": "microdroid_launcher",
-      "command": "MicrodroidIdleNativeLib.so"
-    },
-    "export_tombstones": false
-  }
diff --git a/tests/testapk/assets/vm_config_no_tombstone.json b/tests/testapk/assets/vm_config_no_tombstone.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..97e764d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/testapk/assets/vm_config_no_tombstone.json
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+{
+  "os": {
+    "name": "microdroid"
+  },
+  "task": {
+    "type": "microdroid_launcher",
+    "command": "MicrodroidTestNativeLib.so"
+  },
+  "export_tombstones": false
+}
diff --git a/tests/testapk/src/java/com/android/microdroid/test/MicrodroidTests.java b/tests/testapk/src/java/com/android/microdroid/test/MicrodroidTests.java
index 9cafd68..e0748c1 100644
--- a/tests/testapk/src/java/com/android/microdroid/test/MicrodroidTests.java
+++ b/tests/testapk/src/java/com/android/microdroid/test/MicrodroidTests.java
@@ -125,6 +125,8 @@
     private static final long MIN_MEM_X86_64 = 196 * ONE_MEBI;
     private static final String EXAMPLE_STRING = "Literally any string!! :)";
 
+    private static final String VM_SHARE_APP_PACKAGE_NAME = "com.android.microdroid.vmshare_app";
+
     @Test
     @CddTest(requirements = {"9.17/C-1-1", "9.17/C-2-1"})
     public void createAndConnectToVm() throws Exception {
@@ -1303,6 +1305,65 @@
 
     @Test
     @CddTest(requirements = {"9.17/C-1-1", "9.17/C-2-1"})
+    public void encryptedStorageIsInaccessibleToDifferentVm() throws Exception {
+        assumeSupportedKernel();
+
+        VirtualMachineConfig config =
+                newVmConfigBuilder()
+                        .setPayloadBinaryName("MicrodroidTestNativeLib.so")
+                        .setMemoryBytes(minMemoryRequired())
+                        .setEncryptedStorageBytes(4_000_000)
+                        .setDebugLevel(DEBUG_LEVEL_FULL)
+                        .setVmOutputCaptured(true)
+                        .build();
+
+        VirtualMachine vm = forceCreateNewVirtualMachine("test_vm", config);
+
+        TestResults testResults =
+                runVmTestService(
+                        vm,
+                        (ts, tr) -> {
+                            ts.writeToFile(
+                                    /* content= */ EXAMPLE_STRING,
+                                    /* path= */ "/mnt/encryptedstore/test_file");
+                        });
+        assertThat(testResults.mException).isNull();
+
+        // Start a different vm (this changes the vm identity)
+        VirtualMachine diff_test_vm = forceCreateNewVirtualMachine("diff_test_vm", config);
+
+        // Replace the backing storage image to the original one
+        File storageImgOrig = getVmFile("test_vm", "storage.img");
+        File storageImgNew = getVmFile("diff_test_vm", "storage.img");
+        Files.copy(storageImgOrig.toPath(), storageImgNew.toPath(), REPLACE_EXISTING);
+        assertFileContentsAreEqualInTwoVms("storage.img", "test_vm", "diff_test_vm");
+
+        CompletableFuture<Boolean> onPayloadReadyExecuted = new CompletableFuture<>();
+        CompletableFuture<Boolean> onStoppedExecuted = new CompletableFuture<>();
+        VmEventListener listener =
+                new VmEventListener() {
+                    @Override
+                    public void onPayloadReady(VirtualMachine vm) {
+                        onPayloadReadyExecuted.complete(true);
+                        super.onPayloadReady(vm);
+                    }
+
+                    @Override
+                    public void onStopped(VirtualMachine vm, int reason) {
+                        onStoppedExecuted.complete(true);
+                        super.onStopped(vm, reason);
+                    }
+                };
+        listener.runToFinish(TAG, diff_test_vm);
+
+        // Assert that payload never started & logs contains encryptedstore initialization error
+        assertThat(onStoppedExecuted.getNow(false)).isTrue();
+        assertThat(onPayloadReadyExecuted.getNow(false)).isFalse();
+        assertThat(listener.getConsoleOutput()).contains("Unable to initialize encryptedstore");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @CddTest(requirements = {"9.17/C-1-1", "9.17/C-2-1"})
     public void microdroidLauncherHasEmptyCapabilities() throws Exception {
         assumeSupportedKernel();
 
@@ -1458,6 +1519,33 @@
         assertThat(checkVmOutputIsRedirectedToLogcat(false)).isFalse();
     }
 
+    @Test
+    public void testStartVmWithPayloadOfAnotherApp() throws Exception {
+        assumeSupportedKernel();
+
+        Context ctx = getContext();
+        Context otherAppCtx = ctx.createPackageContext(VM_SHARE_APP_PACKAGE_NAME, 0);
+
+        VirtualMachineConfig config =
+                new VirtualMachineConfig.Builder(otherAppCtx)
+                        .setDebugLevel(DEBUG_LEVEL_FULL)
+                        .setProtectedVm(isProtectedVm())
+                        .setPayloadBinaryName("MicrodroidPayloadInOtherAppNativeLib.so")
+                        .build();
+
+        try (VirtualMachine vm = forceCreateNewVirtualMachine("vm_from_another_app", config)) {
+            TestResults results =
+                    runVmTestService(
+                            vm,
+                            (ts, tr) -> {
+                                tr.mAddInteger = ts.addInteger(101, 303);
+                            });
+            assertThat(results.mAddInteger).isEqualTo(404);
+        }
+
+        getVirtualMachineManager().delete("vm_from_another_app");
+    }
+
     private void assertFileContentsAreEqualInTwoVms(String fileName, String vmName1, String vmName2)
             throws IOException {
         File file1 = getVmFile(vmName1, fileName);
@@ -1531,6 +1619,11 @@
                             mTestService =
                                     ITestService.Stub.asInterface(
                                             vm.connectToVsockServer(ITestService.SERVICE_PORT));
+                            // Make sure linkToDeath works, and include it in the log in case it's
+                            // helpful.
+                            mTestService
+                                    .asBinder()
+                                    .linkToDeath(() -> Log.i(TAG, "ITestService binder died"), 0);
                         } catch (Exception e) {
                             testResults.mException = e;
                         }
diff --git a/tests/testapk/src/native/crashbinary.cpp b/tests/testapk/src/native/crashbinary.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..27f10ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/testapk/src/native/crashbinary.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+// A binary killing itself by SIGABRT.
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+extern "C" int AVmPayload_main() {
+    abort();
+}
diff --git a/tests/vmshareapp/Android.bp b/tests/vmshareapp/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2b117a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/vmshareapp/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+package {
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
+}
+
+// Helper app to verify that we can create a VM using others app payload, and share VMs between apps
+android_test_helper_app {
+    name: "MicrodroidVmShareApp",
+    // Defaults are defined in ../testapk/Android.bp
+    defaults: ["MicrodroidTestAppsDefaults"],
+    jni_libs: [
+        // Defined in ../testapk/Android.bp
+        "MicrodroidPayloadInOtherAppNativeLib",
+    ],
+    min_sdk_version: "UpsideDownCake",
+}
diff --git a/tests/vmshareapp/AndroidManifest.xml b/tests/vmshareapp/AndroidManifest.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eed3364
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/vmshareapp/AndroidManifest.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!-- Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+
+     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+     You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+     limitations under the License.
+-->
+<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
+      package="com.android.microdroid.vmshare_app">
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.MANAGE_VIRTUAL_MACHINE" />
+
+    <uses-feature android:name="android.software.virtualization_framework"
+                  android:required="false" />
+
+    <application />
+</manifest>
diff --git a/virtualizationmanager/src/aidl.rs b/virtualizationmanager/src/aidl.rs
index cab7c71..678c91f 100644
--- a/virtualizationmanager/src/aidl.rs
+++ b/virtualizationmanager/src/aidl.rs
@@ -611,7 +611,7 @@
         apexes: vec![],
         extra_apks: vec![],
         prefer_staged: false,
-        export_tombstones: false,
+        export_tombstones: None,
         enable_authfs: false,
     })
 }