Merge "build/debian: Allow booting the kernel directly" into main
diff --git a/android/TerminalApp/Android.bp b/android/TerminalApp/Android.bp
index 2bac412..c18ada4 100644
--- a/android/TerminalApp/Android.bp
+++ b/android/TerminalApp/Android.bp
@@ -14,7 +14,9 @@
         // TODO(b/330257000): will be removed when binder RPC is used
         "android.system.virtualizationservice_internal-java",
         "androidx-constraintlayout_constraintlayout",
+        "androidx.navigation_navigation-fragment-ktx",
         "androidx.window_window",
+        "androidx.work_work-runtime",
         "apache-commons-compress",
         "avf_aconfig_flags_java",
         "com.google.android.material_material",
diff --git a/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/Application.kt b/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/Application.kt
index c427337..efe651e 100644
--- a/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/Application.kt
+++ b/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/Application.kt
@@ -18,21 +18,12 @@
 import android.app.Application as AndroidApplication
 import android.app.NotificationChannel
 import android.app.NotificationManager
-import android.content.ComponentName
 import android.content.Context
-import android.content.Intent
-import android.content.ServiceConnection
-import android.os.IBinder
-import androidx.lifecycle.DefaultLifecycleObserver
-import androidx.lifecycle.LifecycleOwner
-import androidx.lifecycle.ProcessLifecycleOwner
 
 public class Application : AndroidApplication() {
     override fun onCreate() {
         super.onCreate()
         setupNotificationChannels()
-        val lifecycleObserver = ApplicationLifecycleObserver()
-        ProcessLifecycleOwner.get().lifecycle.addObserver(lifecycleObserver)
     }
 
     private fun setupNotificationChannels() {
@@ -61,45 +52,4 @@
 
         fun getInstance(c: Context): Application = c.getApplicationContext() as Application
     }
-
-    /**
-     * Observes application lifecycle events and interacts with the VmLauncherService to manage
-     * virtual machine state based on application lifecycle transitions. This class binds to the
-     * VmLauncherService and notifies it of application lifecycle events (onStart, onStop), allowing
-     * the service to manage the VM accordingly.
-     */
-    inner class ApplicationLifecycleObserver() : DefaultLifecycleObserver {
-        private var vmLauncherService: VmLauncherService? = null
-        private val connection =
-            object : ServiceConnection {
-                override fun onServiceConnected(className: ComponentName, service: IBinder) {
-                    val binder = service as VmLauncherService.VmLauncherServiceBinder
-                    vmLauncherService = binder.getService()
-                }
-
-                override fun onServiceDisconnected(arg0: ComponentName) {
-                    vmLauncherService = null
-                }
-            }
-
-        override fun onCreate(owner: LifecycleOwner) {
-            super.onCreate(owner)
-            bindToVmLauncherService()
-        }
-
-        override fun onStart(owner: LifecycleOwner) {
-            super.onStart(owner)
-            vmLauncherService?.processAppLifeCycleEvent(ApplicationLifeCycleEvent.APP_ON_START)
-        }
-
-        override fun onStop(owner: LifecycleOwner) {
-            vmLauncherService?.processAppLifeCycleEvent(ApplicationLifeCycleEvent.APP_ON_STOP)
-            super.onStop(owner)
-        }
-
-        fun bindToVmLauncherService() {
-            val intent = Intent(this@Application, VmLauncherService::class.java)
-            this@Application.bindService(intent, connection, 0) // No BIND_AUTO_CREATE
-        }
-    }
 }
diff --git a/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/ApplicationLifeCycleEvent.kt b/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/ApplicationLifeCycleEvent.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index 4e26c3c..0000000
--- a/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/ApplicationLifeCycleEvent.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2025 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-package com.android.virtualization.terminal
-
-enum class ApplicationLifeCycleEvent {
-    APP_ON_START,
-    APP_ON_STOP,
-}
diff --git a/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/ConfigJson.kt b/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/ConfigJson.kt
index 1fd58cd..5d22790 100644
--- a/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/ConfigJson.kt
+++ b/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/ConfigJson.kt
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@
 import com.android.virtualization.terminal.ConfigJson.InputJson
 import com.android.virtualization.terminal.ConfigJson.PartitionJson
 import com.android.virtualization.terminal.ConfigJson.SharedPathJson
-import com.android.virtualization.terminal.InstalledImage.Companion.getDefault
 import com.google.gson.Gson
 import com.google.gson.annotations.SerializedName
 import java.io.BufferedReader
@@ -313,7 +312,7 @@
         private fun replaceKeywords(r: Reader, context: Context): String {
             val rules: Map<String, String> =
                 mapOf(
-                    "\\\$PAYLOAD_DIR" to getDefault(context).installDir.toString(),
+                    "\\\$PAYLOAD_DIR" to InstalledImage.getDefault(context).installDir.toString(),
                     "\\\$USER_ID" to context.userId.toString(),
                     "\\\$PACKAGE_NAME" to context.getPackageName(),
                     "\\\$APP_DATA_DIR" to context.getDataDir().toString(),
diff --git a/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/DebianServiceImpl.kt b/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/DebianServiceImpl.kt
index 887ae02..2c52283 100644
--- a/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/DebianServiceImpl.kt
+++ b/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/DebianServiceImpl.kt
@@ -18,9 +18,9 @@
 import android.content.Context
 import android.util.Log
 import androidx.annotation.Keep
-import com.android.virtualization.terminal.DebianServiceImpl.ForwarderHostCallback
+import com.android.internal.annotations.GuardedBy
+import com.android.system.virtualmachine.flags.Flags
 import com.android.virtualization.terminal.MainActivity.Companion.TAG
-import com.android.virtualization.terminal.PortsStateManager.Companion.getInstance
 import com.android.virtualization.terminal.proto.DebianServiceGrpc.DebianServiceImplBase
 import com.android.virtualization.terminal.proto.ForwardingRequestItem
 import com.android.virtualization.terminal.proto.QueueOpeningRequest
@@ -28,12 +28,17 @@
 import com.android.virtualization.terminal.proto.ReportVmActivePortsResponse
 import com.android.virtualization.terminal.proto.ShutdownQueueOpeningRequest
 import com.android.virtualization.terminal.proto.ShutdownRequestItem
+import com.android.virtualization.terminal.proto.StorageBalloonQueueOpeningRequest
+import com.android.virtualization.terminal.proto.StorageBalloonRequestItem
+import io.grpc.stub.ServerCallStreamObserver
 import io.grpc.stub.StreamObserver
 
 internal class DebianServiceImpl(context: Context) : DebianServiceImplBase() {
-    private val portsStateManager: PortsStateManager = getInstance(context)
+    private val portsStateManager = PortsStateManager.getInstance(context)
     private var portsStateListener: PortsStateManager.Listener? = null
     private var shutdownRunnable: Runnable? = null
+    private val mLock = Object()
+    @GuardedBy("mLock") private var storageBalloonCallback: StorageBalloonCallback? = null
 
     override fun reportVmActivePorts(
         request: ReportVmActivePortsRequest,
@@ -79,14 +84,74 @@
         request: ShutdownQueueOpeningRequest?,
         responseObserver: StreamObserver<ShutdownRequestItem?>,
     ) {
+        val serverCallStreamObserver =
+            responseObserver as ServerCallStreamObserver<ShutdownRequestItem?>
+        serverCallStreamObserver.setOnCancelHandler { shutdownRunnable = null }
         Log.d(TAG, "openShutdownRequestQueue")
         shutdownRunnable = Runnable {
+            if (serverCallStreamObserver.isCancelled()) {
+                return@Runnable
+            }
             responseObserver.onNext(ShutdownRequestItem.newBuilder().build())
             responseObserver.onCompleted()
             shutdownRunnable = null
         }
     }
 
+    private class StorageBalloonCallback(
+        private val responseObserver: StreamObserver<StorageBalloonRequestItem?>
+    ) {
+        fun setAvailableStorageBytes(availableBytes: Long) {
+            Log.d(TAG, "send setStorageBalloon: $availableBytes")
+            val item =
+                StorageBalloonRequestItem.newBuilder().setAvailableBytes(availableBytes).build()
+            responseObserver.onNext(item)
+        }
+
+        fun closeConnection() {
+            Log.d(TAG, "close StorageBalloonQueue")
+            responseObserver.onCompleted()
+        }
+    }
+
+    fun setAvailableStorageBytes(availableBytes: Long): Boolean {
+        synchronized(mLock) {
+            if (storageBalloonCallback == null) {
+                Log.d(TAG, "storageBalloonCallback is not ready.")
+                return false
+            }
+            storageBalloonCallback!!.setAvailableStorageBytes(availableBytes)
+        }
+        return true
+    }
+
+    override fun openStorageBalloonRequestQueue(
+        request: StorageBalloonQueueOpeningRequest?,
+        responseObserver: StreamObserver<StorageBalloonRequestItem?>,
+    ) {
+        if (!Flags.terminalStorageBalloon()) {
+            return
+        }
+        Log.d(TAG, "openStorageRequestQueue")
+        synchronized(mLock) {
+            if (storageBalloonCallback != null) {
+                Log.d(TAG, "RequestQueue already exists. Closing connection.")
+                storageBalloonCallback!!.closeConnection()
+            }
+            storageBalloonCallback = StorageBalloonCallback(responseObserver)
+        }
+    }
+
+    fun closeStorageBalloonRequestQueue() {
+        Log.d(TAG, "Stopping storage balloon queue")
+        synchronized(mLock) {
+            if (storageBalloonCallback != null) {
+                storageBalloonCallback!!.closeConnection()
+                storageBalloonCallback = null
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     @Keep
     private class ForwarderHostCallback(
         private val responseObserver: StreamObserver<ForwardingRequestItem?>
diff --git a/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/ImageArchive.kt b/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/ImageArchive.kt
index be1f922..54754ff 100644
--- a/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/ImageArchive.kt
+++ b/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/ImageArchive.kt
@@ -146,8 +146,8 @@
     companion object {
         private const val DIR_IN_SDCARD = "linux"
         private const val ARCHIVE_NAME = "images.tar.gz"
-        private const val BUILD_TAG = "latest" // TODO: use actual tag name
-        private const val HOST_URL = "https://dl.google.com/android/ferrochrome/$BUILD_TAG"
+        private val BUILD_TAG = Integer.toString(Build.VERSION.SDK_INT_FULL)
+        private val HOST_URL = "https://dl.google.com/android/ferrochrome/$BUILD_TAG"
 
         fun getSdcardPathForTesting(): Path {
             return Environment.getExternalStoragePublicDirectory(DIR_IN_SDCARD).toPath()
diff --git a/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/InstalledImage.kt b/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/InstalledImage.kt
index 7acc5f3..50aaa33 100644
--- a/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/InstalledImage.kt
+++ b/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/InstalledImage.kt
@@ -19,15 +19,13 @@
 import android.os.FileUtils
 import android.system.ErrnoException
 import android.system.Os
+import android.system.OsConstants
 import android.util.Log
 import com.android.virtualization.terminal.MainActivity.Companion.TAG
 import java.io.BufferedReader
 import java.io.FileReader
 import java.io.IOException
 import java.io.RandomAccessFile
-import java.lang.IllegalArgumentException
-import java.lang.NumberFormatException
-import java.lang.RuntimeException
 import java.nio.file.Files
 import java.nio.file.Path
 import java.nio.file.StandardCopyOption
@@ -86,11 +84,18 @@
     }
 
     @Throws(IOException::class)
-    fun getSize(): Long {
+    fun getApparentSize(): Long {
         return Files.size(rootPartition)
     }
 
     @Throws(IOException::class)
+    fun getPhysicalSize(): Long {
+        val stat = RandomAccessFile(rootPartition.toFile(), "rw").use { raf -> Os.fstat(raf.fd) }
+        // The unit of st_blocks is 512 byte in Android.
+        return 512L * stat.st_blocks
+    }
+
+    @Throws(IOException::class)
     fun getSmallestSizePossible(): Long {
         runE2fsck(rootPartition)
         val p: String = rootPartition.toAbsolutePath().toString()
@@ -114,18 +119,67 @@
     @Throws(IOException::class)
     fun resize(desiredSize: Long): Long {
         val roundedUpDesiredSize = roundUp(desiredSize)
-        val curSize = getSize()
+        val curSize = getApparentSize()
+
+        runE2fsck(rootPartition)
 
         if (roundedUpDesiredSize == curSize) {
             return roundedUpDesiredSize
         }
 
-        runE2fsck(rootPartition)
         if (roundedUpDesiredSize > curSize) {
-            allocateSpace(rootPartition, roundedUpDesiredSize)
+            if (!allocateSpace(roundedUpDesiredSize)) {
+                return curSize
+            }
         }
         resizeFilesystem(rootPartition, roundedUpDesiredSize)
-        return getSize()
+        return getApparentSize()
+    }
+
+    @Throws(IOException::class)
+    private fun allocateSpace(sizeInBytes: Long): Boolean {
+        val curSizeInBytes = getApparentSize()
+        try {
+            RandomAccessFile(rootPartition.toFile(), "rw").use { raf ->
+                Os.posix_fallocate(raf.fd, 0, sizeInBytes)
+            }
+            Log.d(TAG, "Allocated space to: $sizeInBytes bytes")
+            return true
+        } catch (e: ErrnoException) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Failed to allocate space", e)
+            if (e.errno == OsConstants.ENOSPC) {
+                Log.d(TAG, "Trying to truncate disk into the original size")
+                truncate(curSizeInBytes)
+                return false
+            } else {
+                throw IOException("Failed to allocate space", e)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Throws(IOException::class)
+    fun shrinkToMinimumSize(): Long {
+        // Fix filesystem before resizing.
+        runE2fsck(rootPartition)
+
+        val p: String = rootPartition.toAbsolutePath().toString()
+        runCommand("/system/bin/resize2fs", "-M", p)
+        Log.d(TAG, "resize2fs -M completed: $rootPartition")
+
+        // resize2fs may result in an inconsistent filesystem state. Fix with e2fsck.
+        runE2fsck(rootPartition)
+        return getApparentSize()
+    }
+
+    @Throws(IOException::class)
+    fun truncate(size: Long) {
+        try {
+            RandomAccessFile(rootPartition.toFile(), "rw").use { raf -> Os.ftruncate(raf.fd, size) }
+            Log.d(TAG, "Truncated space to: $size bytes")
+        } catch (e: ErrnoException) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Failed to truncate space", e)
+            throw IOException("Failed to truncate space", e)
+        }
     }
 
     companion object {
@@ -145,20 +199,6 @@
         }
 
         @Throws(IOException::class)
-        private fun allocateSpace(path: Path, sizeInBytes: Long) {
-            try {
-                val raf = RandomAccessFile(path.toFile(), "rw")
-                val fd = raf.fd
-                Os.posix_fallocate(fd, 0, sizeInBytes)
-                raf.close()
-                Log.d(TAG, "Allocated space to: $sizeInBytes bytes")
-            } catch (e: ErrnoException) {
-                Log.e(TAG, "Failed to allocate space", e)
-                throw IOException("Failed to allocate space", e)
-            }
-        }
-
-        @Throws(IOException::class)
         private fun runE2fsck(path: Path) {
             val p: String = path.toAbsolutePath().toString()
             runCommand("/system/bin/e2fsck", "-y", "-f", p)
@@ -198,7 +238,7 @@
             }
         }
 
-        private fun roundUp(bytes: Long): Long {
+        internal fun roundUp(bytes: Long): Long {
             // Round up every diskSizeStep MB
             return ceil((bytes.toDouble()) / RESIZE_STEP_BYTES).toLong() * RESIZE_STEP_BYTES
         }
diff --git a/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/Logger.kt b/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/Logger.kt
index 4162247..ba03716 100644
--- a/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/Logger.kt
+++ b/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/Logger.kt
@@ -47,6 +47,10 @@
         }
 
         try {
+            if (Files.isRegularFile(dir)) {
+                Log.i(tag, "Removed legacy log file: $dir")
+                Files.delete(dir)
+            }
             Files.createDirectories(dir)
             deleteOldLogs(dir, 10)
             val logPath = dir.resolve(LocalDateTime.now().toString() + ".txt")
diff --git a/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/MainActivity.kt b/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/MainActivity.kt
index 662fef5..52afef4 100644
--- a/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/MainActivity.kt
+++ b/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/MainActivity.kt
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
  */
 package com.android.virtualization.terminal
 
+import android.app.ForegroundServiceStartNotAllowedException
 import android.app.Notification
 import android.app.PendingIntent
 import android.content.Context
@@ -29,7 +30,6 @@
 import android.os.ConditionVariable
 import android.os.Environment
 import android.os.SystemProperties
-import android.os.Trace
 import android.provider.Settings
 import android.util.DisplayMetrics
 import android.util.Log
@@ -45,19 +45,15 @@
 import androidx.activity.result.ActivityResultCallback
 import androidx.activity.result.ActivityResultLauncher
 import androidx.activity.result.contract.ActivityResultContracts.StartActivityForResult
-import androidx.lifecycle.ViewModelProvider
+import androidx.activity.viewModels
 import androidx.viewpager2.widget.ViewPager2
 import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting
 import com.android.microdroid.test.common.DeviceProperties
-import com.android.system.virtualmachine.flags.Flags.terminalGuiSupport
+import com.android.system.virtualmachine.flags.Flags
 import com.android.virtualization.terminal.ErrorActivity.Companion.start
-import com.android.virtualization.terminal.InstalledImage.Companion.getDefault
-import com.android.virtualization.terminal.VmLauncherService.Companion.run
-import com.android.virtualization.terminal.VmLauncherService.Companion.stop
 import com.android.virtualization.terminal.VmLauncherService.VmLauncherServiceCallback
 import com.google.android.material.tabs.TabLayout
 import com.google.android.material.tabs.TabLayoutMediator
-import java.io.IOException
 import java.net.MalformedURLException
 import java.net.URL
 import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture
@@ -77,17 +73,17 @@
     private lateinit var image: InstalledImage
     private lateinit var accessibilityManager: AccessibilityManager
     private lateinit var manageExternalStorageActivityResultLauncher: ActivityResultLauncher<Intent>
-    private lateinit var terminalViewModel: TerminalViewModel
     private lateinit var viewPager: ViewPager2
     private lateinit var tabLayout: TabLayout
     private lateinit var terminalTabAdapter: TerminalTabAdapter
     private val terminalInfo = CompletableFuture<TerminalInfo>()
+    private val terminalViewModel: TerminalViewModel by viewModels()
 
     override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
         super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
         lockOrientationIfNecessary()
 
-        image = getDefault(this)
+        image = InstalledImage.getDefault(this)
 
         val launchInstaller = installIfNecessary()
 
@@ -116,7 +112,6 @@
     }
 
     private fun initializeUi() {
-        terminalViewModel = ViewModelProvider(this)[TerminalViewModel::class.java]
         setContentView(R.layout.activity_headless)
         tabLayout = findViewById<TabLayout>(R.id.tab_layout)
         displayMenu = findViewById<Button>(R.id.display_button)
@@ -131,9 +126,9 @@
         }
 
         displayMenu?.also {
-            it.visibility = if (terminalGuiSupport()) View.VISIBLE else View.GONE
+            it.visibility = if (Flags.terminalGuiSupport()) View.VISIBLE else View.GONE
             it.setEnabled(false)
-            if (terminalGuiSupport()) {
+            if (Flags.terminalGuiSupport()) {
                 it.setOnClickListener {
                     val intent = Intent(this, DisplayActivity::class.java)
                     intent.flags =
@@ -156,6 +151,20 @@
         TabLayoutMediator(tabLayout, viewPager, false, false) { _: TabLayout.Tab?, _: Int -> }
             .attach()
 
+        tabLayout.addOnTabSelectedListener(
+            object : TabLayout.OnTabSelectedListener {
+                override fun onTabSelected(tab: TabLayout.Tab?) {
+                    tab?.position?.let {
+                        terminalViewModel.selectedTabViewId = terminalTabAdapter.tabs[it].id
+                    }
+                }
+
+                override fun onTabUnselected(tab: TabLayout.Tab?) {}
+
+                override fun onTabReselected(tab: TabLayout.Tab?) {}
+            }
+        )
+
         addTerminalTab()
 
         tabAddButton?.setOnClickListener { addTerminalTab() }
@@ -165,7 +174,9 @@
         val tab = tabLayout.newTab()
         tab.setCustomView(R.layout.tabitem_terminal)
         viewPager.offscreenPageLimit += 1
-        terminalTabAdapter.addTab()
+        val tabId = terminalTabAdapter.addTab()
+        terminalViewModel.selectedTabViewId = tabId
+        terminalViewModel.terminalTabs[tabId] = tab
         tab.customView!!
             .findViewById<Button>(R.id.tab_close_button)
             .setOnClickListener(
@@ -200,7 +211,7 @@
     override fun dispatchKeyEvent(event: KeyEvent): Boolean {
         if (Build.isDebuggable() && event.keyCode == KeyEvent.KEYCODE_UNKNOWN) {
             if (event.action == KeyEvent.ACTION_UP) {
-                start(this, Exception("Debug: KeyEvent.KEYCODE_UNKNOWN"))
+                ErrorActivity.start(this, Exception("Debug: KeyEvent.KEYCODE_UNKNOWN"))
             }
             return true
         }
@@ -228,9 +239,7 @@
                 "&fontWeightBold=" +
                 (FontStyle.FONT_WEIGHT_BOLD + config.fontWeightAdjustment) +
                 "&screenReaderMode=" +
-                accessibilityManager.isEnabled +
-                "&titleFixed=" +
-                getString(R.string.app_name))
+                accessibilityManager.isEnabled)
 
         try {
             return URL("https", ipAddress, port, "/$query")
@@ -254,7 +263,8 @@
         executorService.shutdown()
         getSystemService<AccessibilityManager>(AccessibilityManager::class.java)
             .removeAccessibilityStateChangeListener(this)
-        stop(this)
+        val intent = VmLauncherService.getIntentForShutdown(this, this)
+        startService(intent)
         super.onDestroy()
     }
 
@@ -274,7 +284,7 @@
     override fun onVmError() {
         Log.i(TAG, "onVmError()")
         // TODO: error cause is too simple.
-        start(this, Exception("onVmError"))
+        ErrorActivity.start(this, Exception("onVmError"))
     }
 
     override fun onAccessibilityStateChanged(enabled: Boolean) {
@@ -309,13 +319,11 @@
     }
 
     private fun startVm() {
-        val image = getDefault(this)
+        val image = InstalledImage.getDefault(this)
         if (!image.isInstalled()) {
             return
         }
 
-        resizeDiskIfNecessary(image)
-
         val tapIntent = Intent(this, MainActivity::class.java)
         tapIntent.setFlags(Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_SINGLE_TOP or Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_CLEAR_TOP)
         val tapPendingIntent =
@@ -326,9 +334,7 @@
         val settingsPendingIntent =
             PendingIntent.getActivity(this, 0, settingsIntent, PendingIntent.FLAG_IMMUTABLE)
 
-        val stopIntent = Intent()
-        stopIntent.setClass(this, VmLauncherService::class.java)
-        stopIntent.setAction(VmLauncherService.ACTION_STOP_VM_LAUNCHER_SERVICE)
+        val stopIntent = VmLauncherService.getIntentForShutdown(this, this)
         val stopPendingIntent =
             PendingIntent.getService(
                 this,
@@ -363,8 +369,22 @@
                 )
                 .build()
 
-        Trace.beginAsyncSection("executeTerminal", 0)
-        run(this, this, notification, getDisplayInfo())
+        val diskSize = intent.getLongExtra(EXTRA_DISK_SIZE, image.getApparentSize())
+
+        val intent =
+            VmLauncherService.getIntentForStart(
+                this,
+                this,
+                notification,
+                getDisplayInfo(),
+                diskSize,
+            )
+        try {
+            startForegroundService(intent)
+        } catch (e: ForegroundServiceStartNotAllowedException) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Failed to start VM", e)
+            finish()
+        }
     }
 
     @VisibleForTesting
@@ -372,19 +392,10 @@
         return bootCompleted.block(timeoutMillis)
     }
 
-    private fun resizeDiskIfNecessary(image: InstalledImage) {
-        try {
-            // TODO(b/382190982): Show snackbar message instead when it's recoverable.
-            image.resize(intent.getLongExtra(KEY_DISK_SIZE, image.getSize()))
-        } catch (e: IOException) {
-            start(this, Exception("Failed to resize disk", e))
-            return
-        }
-    }
-
     companion object {
         const val TAG: String = "VmTerminalApp"
-        const val KEY_DISK_SIZE: String = "disk_size"
+        const val PREFIX: String = "com.android.virtualization.terminal."
+        const val EXTRA_DISK_SIZE: String = PREFIX + "EXTRA_DISK_SIZE"
         private val TERMINAL_CONNECTION_TIMEOUT_MS: Int
         private const val REQUEST_CODE_INSTALLER = 0x33
         private const val FONT_SIZE_DEFAULT = 13
diff --git a/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/MemBalloonController.kt b/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/MemBalloonController.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7647d9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/MemBalloonController.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.android.virtualization.terminal
+
+import android.content.Context
+import android.os.Handler
+import android.os.Looper
+import android.system.virtualmachine.VirtualMachine
+import android.util.Log
+import androidx.lifecycle.DefaultLifecycleObserver
+import androidx.lifecycle.LifecycleOwner
+import androidx.lifecycle.ProcessLifecycleOwner
+import com.android.virtualization.terminal.MainActivity.Companion.TAG
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledFuture
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit
+
+/**
+ * MemBalloonController is responsible for adjusting the memory ballon size of a VM depending on
+ * whether the app is visible or running in the background
+ */
+class MemBalloonController(val context: Context, val vm: VirtualMachine) {
+    companion object {
+        private const val INITIAL_PERCENT = 10
+        private const val MAX_PERCENT = 50
+        private const val INFLATION_STEP_PERCENT = 5
+        private const val INFLATION_PERIOD_SEC = 60L
+
+        private val mainHandler = Handler(Looper.getMainLooper())
+
+        private fun runOnMainThread(runnable: Runnable) {
+            mainHandler.post(runnable)
+        }
+    }
+
+    private val executor =
+        Executors.newSingleThreadScheduledExecutor(
+            TerminalThreadFactory(context.getApplicationContext())
+        )
+
+    private val observer =
+        object : DefaultLifecycleObserver {
+
+            // If the app is started or resumed, give deflate the balloon to 0 to give maximum
+            // available memory to the virtual machine
+            override fun onResume(owner: LifecycleOwner) {
+                ongoingInflation?.cancel(false)
+                executor.submit({
+                    Log.v(TAG, "app resumed. deflating mem balloon to the minimum")
+                    vm.setMemoryBalloonByPercent(0)
+                })
+            }
+
+            // If the app goes into background, progressively inflate the balloon from
+            // INITIAL_PERCENT until it reaches MAX_PERCENT
+            override fun onStop(owner: LifecycleOwner) {
+                ongoingInflation?.cancel(false)
+                balloonPercent = INITIAL_PERCENT
+                ongoingInflation =
+                    executor.scheduleAtFixedRate(
+                        {
+                            if (balloonPercent <= MAX_PERCENT) {
+                                Log.v(TAG, "inflating mem balloon to ${balloonPercent} %")
+                                vm.setMemoryBalloonByPercent(balloonPercent)
+                                balloonPercent += INFLATION_STEP_PERCENT
+                            } else {
+                                Log.v(TAG, "mem balloon is inflated to its max (${MAX_PERCENT} %)")
+                                ongoingInflation!!.cancel(false)
+                            }
+                        },
+                        0 /* initialDelay */,
+                        INFLATION_PERIOD_SEC,
+                        TimeUnit.SECONDS,
+                    )
+            }
+        }
+
+    private var balloonPercent = 0
+    private var ongoingInflation: ScheduledFuture<*>? = null
+
+    fun start() {
+        // addObserver is @MainThread
+        runOnMainThread({ ProcessLifecycleOwner.get().lifecycle.addObserver(observer) })
+    }
+
+    fun stop() {
+        // removeObserver is @MainThread
+        runOnMainThread({
+            ProcessLifecycleOwner.get().lifecycle.removeObserver(observer)
+            executor.shutdown()
+        })
+    }
+}
diff --git a/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/ModifierKeysController.kt b/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/ModifierKeysController.kt
index ed340d2..7c3eb69 100644
--- a/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/ModifierKeysController.kt
+++ b/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/ModifierKeysController.kt
@@ -115,10 +115,12 @@
             activeTerminalView!!.hasFocus() &&
             !(activity.resources.configuration.keyboard == Configuration.KEYBOARD_QWERTY)
 
-    // If terminal's height is less than 30% of the screen height, we need to show modifier keys in
-    // a single line to save the vertical space
-    private fun needsKeysInSingleLine(): Boolean =
-        activeTerminalView!!.height.div(activity.window.decorView.height.toFloat()) < 0.3f
+    // If terminal's height including height of modifier keys is less than 40% of the screen
+    // height, we need to show modifier keys in a single line to save the vertical space
+    private fun needsKeysInSingleLine(): Boolean {
+        val keys = if (keysInSingleLine) keysSingleLine else keysDoubleLine
+        return activeTerminalView!!.height + keys.height < 0.4f * activity.window.decorView.height
+    }
 
     companion object {
         private val BTN_KEY_CODE_MAP =
diff --git a/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/Runner.kt b/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/Runner.kt
index 6454cbd..642cb26 100644
--- a/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/Runner.kt
+++ b/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/Runner.kt
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
 import java.util.concurrent.ForkJoinPool
 
 /** Utility class for creating a VM and waiting for it to finish. */
-internal class Runner private constructor(val vm: VirtualMachine?, callback: Callback) {
+internal class Runner private constructor(val vm: VirtualMachine, callback: Callback) {
     /** Get future about VM's exit status. */
     val exitStatus = callback.finishedSuccessfully
 
diff --git a/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/SettingsActivity.kt b/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/SettingsActivity.kt
index a4a0a84..1183b46 100644
--- a/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/SettingsActivity.kt
+++ b/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/SettingsActivity.kt
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
 import androidx.recyclerview.widget.LinearLayoutManager
 import androidx.recyclerview.widget.RecyclerView
+import com.android.system.virtualmachine.flags.Flags
 import com.google.android.material.appbar.MaterialToolbar
 
 class SettingsActivity : AppCompatActivity() {
@@ -29,27 +30,34 @@
 
         val toolbar: MaterialToolbar = findViewById(R.id.settings_toolbar)
         setSupportActionBar(toolbar)
-        val settingsItems =
-            arrayOf(
+        var settingsItems = mutableListOf<SettingsItem>()
+        if (!Flags.terminalStorageBalloon()) {
+            settingsItems.add(
                 SettingsItem(
                     resources.getString(R.string.settings_disk_resize_title),
                     resources.getString(R.string.settings_disk_resize_sub_title),
                     R.drawable.baseline_storage_24,
                     SettingsItemEnum.DiskResize,
-                ),
-                SettingsItem(
-                    resources.getString(R.string.settings_port_forwarding_title),
-                    resources.getString(R.string.settings_port_forwarding_sub_title),
-                    R.drawable.baseline_call_missed_outgoing_24,
-                    SettingsItemEnum.PortForwarding,
-                ),
-                SettingsItem(
-                    resources.getString(R.string.settings_recovery_title),
-                    resources.getString(R.string.settings_recovery_sub_title),
-                    R.drawable.baseline_settings_backup_restore_24,
-                    SettingsItemEnum.Recovery,
-                ),
+                )
             )
+        }
+        settingsItems.add(
+            SettingsItem(
+                resources.getString(R.string.settings_port_forwarding_title),
+                resources.getString(R.string.settings_port_forwarding_sub_title),
+                R.drawable.baseline_call_missed_outgoing_24,
+                SettingsItemEnum.PortForwarding,
+            )
+        )
+        settingsItems.add(
+            SettingsItem(
+                resources.getString(R.string.settings_recovery_title),
+                resources.getString(R.string.settings_recovery_sub_title),
+                R.drawable.baseline_settings_backup_restore_24,
+                SettingsItemEnum.Recovery,
+            )
+        )
+
         val settingsListItemAdapter = SettingsItemAdapter(settingsItems)
 
         val recyclerView: RecyclerView = findViewById(R.id.settings_list_recycler_view)
diff --git a/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/SettingsDiskResizeActivity.kt b/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/SettingsDiskResizeActivity.kt
index 8ea4b25..da07b19 100644
--- a/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/SettingsDiskResizeActivity.kt
+++ b/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/SettingsDiskResizeActivity.kt
@@ -31,7 +31,9 @@
 import android.widget.TextView
 import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
 import androidx.core.view.isVisible
+import com.android.virtualization.terminal.VmLauncherService.VmLauncherServiceCallback
 import com.google.android.material.dialog.MaterialAlertDialogBuilder
+import com.google.android.material.snackbar.Snackbar
 import java.util.Locale
 import java.util.regex.Pattern
 
@@ -45,6 +47,7 @@
     private lateinit var cancelButton: View
     private lateinit var resizeButton: View
     private lateinit var diskSizeText: TextView
+    private lateinit var diskMaxSizeText: TextView
     private lateinit var diskSizeSlider: SeekBar
 
     private fun bytesToMb(bytes: Long): Long {
@@ -55,6 +58,13 @@
         return bytes shl 20
     }
 
+    private fun getAvailableSizeMb(): Long {
+        val usableSpaceMb =
+            bytesToMb(Environment.getDataDirectory().getUsableSpace()) and
+                (diskSizeStepMb - 1).inv()
+        return diskSizeMb + usableSpaceMb
+    }
+
     private fun mbToProgress(bytes: Long): Int {
         return (bytes / diskSizeStepMb).toInt()
     }
@@ -70,15 +80,12 @@
         diskSizeStepMb = 1L shl resources.getInteger(R.integer.disk_size_round_up_step_size_in_mb)
 
         val image = InstalledImage.getDefault(this)
-        diskSizeMb = bytesToMb(image.getSize())
+        diskSizeMb = bytesToMb(image.getApparentSize())
         val minDiskSizeMb = bytesToMb(image.getSmallestSizePossible()).coerceAtMost(diskSizeMb)
-        val usableSpaceMb =
-            bytesToMb(Environment.getDataDirectory().getUsableSpace()) and
-                (diskSizeStepMb - 1).inv()
-        val maxDiskSizeMb = defaultMaxDiskSizeMb.coerceAtMost(diskSizeMb + usableSpaceMb)
+        val maxDiskSizeMb = defaultMaxDiskSizeMb.coerceAtMost(getAvailableSizeMb())
 
         diskSizeText = findViewById<TextView>(R.id.settings_disk_resize_resize_gb_assigned)!!
-        val diskMaxSizeText = findViewById<TextView>(R.id.settings_disk_resize_resize_gb_max)
+        diskMaxSizeText = findViewById<TextView>(R.id.settings_disk_resize_resize_gb_max)
         diskMaxSizeText.text =
             getString(
                 R.string.settings_disk_resize_resize_gb_max_format,
@@ -137,15 +144,52 @@
     }
 
     private fun resize() {
-        diskSizeMb = progressToMb(diskSizeSlider.progress)
+        val desiredDiskSizeMb = progressToMb(diskSizeSlider.progress)
+        val availableSizeMb = getAvailableSizeMb()
+        if (availableSizeMb < desiredDiskSizeMb) {
+            Snackbar.make(
+                    findViewById(android.R.id.content),
+                    R.string.settings_disk_resize_not_enough_space_message,
+                    Snackbar.LENGTH_SHORT,
+                )
+                .show()
+            diskSizeSlider.max = mbToProgress(availableSizeMb)
+            updateMaxSizeText(availableSizeMb)
+            cancel()
+            return
+        }
+
+        diskSizeMb = desiredDiskSizeMb
         buttons.isVisible = false
 
-        // Restart terminal
-        val intent = baseContext.packageManager.getLaunchIntentForPackage(baseContext.packageName)
-        intent?.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_CLEAR_TASK)
-        intent?.putExtra(MainActivity.KEY_DISK_SIZE, mbToBytes(diskSizeMb))
-        finish()
-        startActivity(intent)
+        // Note: we first stop the VM, and wait for it to fully stop. Then we (re) start the Main
+        // Activity with an extra argument specifying the new size. The actual resizing will be done
+        // there.
+        // TODO: show progress until the stop is confirmed
+        val intent =
+            VmLauncherService.getIntentForShutdown(
+                this,
+                object : VmLauncherServiceCallback {
+                    override fun onVmStart() {}
+
+                    override fun onTerminalAvailable(info: TerminalInfo) {}
+
+                    override fun onVmStop() {
+                        finish()
+
+                        val intent =
+                            baseContext.packageManager.getLaunchIntentForPackage(
+                                baseContext.packageName
+                            )!!
+                        intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_CLEAR_TASK)
+                        intent.putExtra(MainActivity.EXTRA_DISK_SIZE, mbToBytes(diskSizeMb))
+                        startActivity(intent)
+                    }
+
+                    override fun onVmError() {}
+                },
+            )
+        startService(intent)
     }
 
     fun updateSliderText(sizeMb: Long) {
@@ -163,6 +207,14 @@
             )
     }
 
+    fun updateMaxSizeText(sizeMb: Long) {
+        diskMaxSizeText.text =
+            getString(
+                R.string.settings_disk_resize_resize_gb_max_format,
+                localizedFileSize(sizeMb, /* isShort= */ true),
+            )
+    }
+
     fun localizedFileSize(sizeMb: Long, isShort: Boolean): String {
         val sizeGb = sizeMb / (1 shl 10).toFloat()
         val measure = Measure(sizeGb, MeasureUnit.GIGABYTE)
diff --git a/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/SettingsItemAdapter.kt b/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/SettingsItemAdapter.kt
index 132d749..aa0c3f5 100644
--- a/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/SettingsItemAdapter.kt
+++ b/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/SettingsItemAdapter.kt
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 import androidx.recyclerview.widget.RecyclerView
 import com.google.android.material.card.MaterialCardView
 
-class SettingsItemAdapter(private val dataSet: Array<SettingsItem>) :
+class SettingsItemAdapter(private val dataSet: List<SettingsItem>) :
     RecyclerView.Adapter<SettingsItemAdapter.ViewHolder>() {
 
     class ViewHolder(view: View) : RecyclerView.ViewHolder(view) {
diff --git a/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/SplitInitializer.kt b/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/SplitInitializer.kt
index 7562779..2653ba9 100644
--- a/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/SplitInitializer.kt
+++ b/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/SplitInitializer.kt
@@ -15,16 +15,96 @@
  */
 package com.android.virtualization.terminal
 
+import android.content.ComponentName
 import android.content.Context
+import android.content.Intent
 import androidx.startup.Initializer
+import androidx.window.embedding.ActivityFilter
+import androidx.window.embedding.EmbeddingAspectRatio
 import androidx.window.embedding.RuleController
+import androidx.window.embedding.SplitAttributes
+import androidx.window.embedding.SplitPairFilter
+import androidx.window.embedding.SplitPairRule
+import androidx.window.embedding.SplitPlaceholderRule
+import androidx.window.embedding.SplitRule
+import com.android.system.virtualmachine.flags.Flags
 
 class SplitInitializer : Initializer<RuleController> {
 
     override fun create(context: Context): RuleController {
-        return RuleController.getInstance(context).apply {
-            setRules(RuleController.parseRules(context, R.xml.main_split_config))
+        val filters =
+            mutableSetOf(
+                SplitPairFilter(
+                    ComponentName(context, SettingsActivity::class.java),
+                    ComponentName(context, SettingsPortForwardingActivity::class.java),
+                    null,
+                )
+            )
+
+        if (Flags.terminalStorageBalloon()) {
+            filters.add(
+                SplitPairFilter(
+                    ComponentName(context, SettingsActivity::class.java),
+                    ComponentName(context, SettingsDiskResizeActivity::class.java),
+                    null,
+                )
+            )
         }
+
+        filters.add(
+            SplitPairFilter(
+                ComponentName(context, SettingsActivity::class.java),
+                ComponentName(context, SettingsRecoveryActivity::class.java),
+                null,
+            )
+        )
+        val splitPairRules =
+            SplitPairRule.Builder(filters)
+                .setClearTop(true)
+                .setFinishPrimaryWithSecondary(SplitRule.FinishBehavior.ADJACENT)
+                .setFinishSecondaryWithPrimary(SplitRule.FinishBehavior.ALWAYS)
+                .setDefaultSplitAttributes(
+                    SplitAttributes.Builder()
+                        .setLayoutDirection(SplitAttributes.LayoutDirection.LOCALE)
+                        .setSplitType(
+                            SplitAttributes.SplitType.ratio(
+                                context.resources.getFloat(R.dimen.activity_split_ratio)
+                            )
+                        )
+                        .build()
+                )
+                .setMaxAspectRatioInPortrait(EmbeddingAspectRatio.ALWAYS_ALLOW)
+                .setMinWidthDp(context.resources.getInteger(R.integer.split_min_width))
+                .build()
+
+        val placeholderRule =
+            SplitPlaceholderRule.Builder(
+                    setOf(
+                        ActivityFilter(ComponentName(context, SettingsActivity::class.java), null)
+                    ),
+                    Intent(context, SettingsDiskResizeActivity::class.java),
+                )
+                .setFinishPrimaryWithPlaceholder(SplitRule.FinishBehavior.ADJACENT)
+                .setDefaultSplitAttributes(
+                    SplitAttributes.Builder()
+                        .setLayoutDirection(SplitAttributes.LayoutDirection.LOCALE)
+                        .setSplitType(
+                            SplitAttributes.SplitType.ratio(
+                                context.resources.getFloat(R.dimen.activity_split_ratio)
+                            )
+                        )
+                        .build()
+                )
+                .setMaxAspectRatioInPortrait(EmbeddingAspectRatio.ALWAYS_ALLOW)
+                .setMinWidthDp(context.resources.getInteger(R.integer.split_min_width))
+                .setSticky(false)
+                .build()
+
+        val ruleController = RuleController.getInstance(context)
+        ruleController.addRule(splitPairRules)
+        ruleController.addRule(placeholderRule)
+
+        return ruleController
     }
 
     override fun dependencies(): List<Class<out Initializer<*>>> {
diff --git a/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/StorageBalloonWorker.kt b/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/StorageBalloonWorker.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..345bf75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/StorageBalloonWorker.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.android.virtualization.terminal
+
+import android.content.Context
+import android.os.storage.StorageManager
+import android.os.storage.StorageManager.UUID_DEFAULT
+import android.util.Log
+import androidx.work.WorkManager
+import androidx.work.Worker
+import androidx.work.WorkerParameters
+import com.android.virtualization.terminal.MainActivity.Companion.TAG
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit
+
+class StorageBalloonWorker(appContext: Context, workerParams: WorkerParameters) :
+    Worker(appContext, workerParams) {
+
+    override fun doWork(): Result {
+        Log.d(TAG, "StorageBalloonWorker.doWork() called")
+
+        var storageManager =
+            applicationContext.getSystemService(Context.STORAGE_SERVICE) as StorageManager
+        val hostAllocatableBytes = storageManager.getAllocatableBytes(UUID_DEFAULT)
+
+        val guestAvailableBytes = calculateGuestAvailableStorageSize(hostAllocatableBytes)
+        // debianService must be set when this function is called.
+        debianService!!.setAvailableStorageBytes(guestAvailableBytes)
+
+        val delaySeconds = calculateDelaySeconds(hostAllocatableBytes)
+        scheduleNextTask(delaySeconds)
+
+        return Result.success()
+    }
+
+    private fun calculateGuestAvailableStorageSize(hostAllocatableBytes: Long): Long {
+        return hostAllocatableBytes - HOST_RESERVED_BYTES
+    }
+
+    private fun calculateDelaySeconds(hostAvailableBytes: Long): Long {
+        return when {
+            hostAvailableBytes < CRITICAL_STORAGE_THRESHOLD_BYTES -> CRITICAL_DELAY_SECONDS
+            hostAvailableBytes < LOW_STORAGE_THRESHOLD_BYTES -> LOW_STORAGE_DELAY_SECONDS
+            hostAvailableBytes < MODERATE_STORAGE_THRESHOLD_BYTES -> MODERATE_STORAGE_DELAY_SECONDS
+            else -> NORMAL_DELAY_SECONDS
+        }
+    }
+
+    private fun scheduleNextTask(delaySeconds: Long) {
+        val storageBalloonTaskRequest =
+            androidx.work.OneTimeWorkRequest.Builder(StorageBalloonWorker::class.java)
+                .setInitialDelay(delaySeconds, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
+                .build()
+        androidx.work.WorkManager.getInstance(applicationContext)
+            .enqueueUniqueWork(
+                "storageBalloonTask",
+                androidx.work.ExistingWorkPolicy.REPLACE,
+                storageBalloonTaskRequest,
+            )
+        Log.d(TAG, "next storage balloon task is scheduled in $delaySeconds seconds")
+    }
+
+    companion object {
+        private var debianService: DebianServiceImpl? = null
+
+        // Reserve 1GB as host-only region.
+        private const val HOST_RESERVED_BYTES = 1024L * 1024 * 1024
+
+        // Thresholds for deciding time period to report storage information to the guest.
+        // Less storage is available on the host, more frequently the host will report storage
+        // information to the guest.
+        //
+        // Critical: (host storage < 1GB) => report every 5 seconds
+        private const val CRITICAL_STORAGE_THRESHOLD_BYTES = 1L * 1024 * 1024 * 1024
+        private const val CRITICAL_DELAY_SECONDS = 5L
+        // Low: (1GB <= storage < 5GB) => report every 60 seconds
+        private const val LOW_STORAGE_THRESHOLD_BYTES = 5L * 1024 * 1024 * 1024
+        private const val LOW_STORAGE_DELAY_SECONDS = 60L
+        // Moderate: (5GB <= storage < 10GB) => report every 15 minutes
+        private const val MODERATE_STORAGE_THRESHOLD_BYTES = 10L * 1024 * 1024 * 1024
+        private const val MODERATE_STORAGE_DELAY_SECONDS = 15L * 60
+        // Normal: report every 60 minutes
+        private const val NORMAL_DELAY_SECONDS = 60L * 60
+
+        internal fun start(ctx: Context, ds: DebianServiceImpl) {
+            debianService = ds
+            val storageBalloonTaskRequest =
+                androidx.work.OneTimeWorkRequest.Builder(StorageBalloonWorker::class.java)
+                    .setInitialDelay(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
+                    .build()
+            androidx.work.WorkManager.getInstance(ctx)
+                .enqueueUniqueWork(
+                    "storageBalloonTask",
+                    androidx.work.ExistingWorkPolicy.REPLACE,
+                    storageBalloonTaskRequest,
+                )
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/TerminalTabFragment.kt b/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/TerminalTabFragment.kt
index 5c01ead..a0c6e4e 100644
--- a/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/TerminalTabFragment.kt
+++ b/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/TerminalTabFragment.kt
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 import android.graphics.Bitmap
 import android.net.http.SslError
 import android.os.Bundle
-import android.os.Trace
 import android.util.Log
 import android.view.LayoutInflater
 import android.view.View
@@ -32,8 +31,9 @@
 import android.webkit.WebSettings
 import android.webkit.WebView
 import android.webkit.WebViewClient
+import android.widget.TextView
 import androidx.fragment.app.Fragment
-import androidx.lifecycle.ViewModelProvider
+import androidx.fragment.app.activityViewModels
 import com.android.system.virtualmachine.flags.Flags.terminalGuiSupport
 import com.android.virtualization.terminal.CertificateUtils.createOrGetKey
 import com.android.virtualization.terminal.CertificateUtils.writeCertificateToFile
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
     private lateinit var id: String
     private var certificates: Array<X509Certificate>? = null
     private var privateKey: PrivateKey? = null
-    private lateinit var terminalViewModel: TerminalViewModel
+    private val terminalViewModel: TerminalViewModel by activityViewModels()
 
     override fun onCreateView(
         inflater: LayoutInflater,
@@ -60,7 +60,6 @@
 
     override fun onViewCreated(view: View, savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
         super.onViewCreated(view, savedInstanceState)
-        terminalViewModel = ViewModelProvider(this)[TerminalViewModel::class.java]
         terminalView = view.findViewById(R.id.webview)
         bootProgressView = view.findViewById(R.id.boot_progress)
         initializeWebView()
@@ -80,19 +79,46 @@
         terminalView.saveState(outState)
     }
 
+    override fun onResume() {
+        super.onResume()
+        updateFocus()
+    }
+
     private fun initializeWebView() {
         terminalView.settings.databaseEnabled = true
         terminalView.settings.domStorageEnabled = true
         terminalView.settings.javaScriptEnabled = true
         terminalView.settings.cacheMode = WebSettings.LOAD_DEFAULT
 
-        terminalView.webChromeClient = WebChromeClient()
+        terminalView.webChromeClient = TerminalWebChromeClient()
         terminalView.webViewClient = TerminalWebViewClient()
 
         (activity as MainActivity).modifierKeysController.addTerminalView(terminalView)
         terminalViewModel.terminalViews.add(terminalView)
     }
 
+    private inner class TerminalWebChromeClient : WebChromeClient() {
+        override fun onReceivedTitle(view: WebView?, title: String?) {
+            super.onReceivedTitle(view, title)
+            title?.let { originalTitle ->
+                val ttydSuffix = " | login -f droid (localhost)"
+                val displayedTitle =
+                    if (originalTitle.endsWith(ttydSuffix)) {
+                        // When the session is created. The format of the title will be
+                        // 'droid@localhost: ~ | login -f droid (localhost)'.
+                        originalTitle.dropLast(ttydSuffix.length)
+                    } else {
+                        originalTitle
+                    }
+
+                terminalViewModel.terminalTabs[id]
+                    ?.customView
+                    ?.findViewById<TextView>(R.id.tab_title)
+                    ?.text = displayedTitle
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     private inner class TerminalWebViewClient : WebViewClient() {
         private var loadFailed = false
         private var requestId: Long = 0
@@ -145,11 +171,11 @@
                 object : WebView.VisualStateCallback() {
                     override fun onComplete(completedRequestId: Long) {
                         if (completedRequestId == requestId) {
-                            Trace.endAsyncSection("executeTerminal", 0)
                             bootProgressView.visibility = View.GONE
                             terminalView.visibility = View.VISIBLE
                             terminalView.mapTouchToMouseEvent()
                             updateMainActivity()
+                            updateFocus()
                         }
                     }
                 },
@@ -191,6 +217,12 @@
         certificates = arrayOf<X509Certificate>(pke.certificate as X509Certificate)
     }
 
+    private fun updateFocus() {
+        if (terminalViewModel.selectedTabViewId == id) {
+            terminalView.requestFocus()
+        }
+    }
+
     companion object {
         const val TAG: String = "VmTerminalApp"
     }
diff --git a/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/TerminalViewModel.kt b/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/TerminalViewModel.kt
index 4a69f75..dd40143 100644
--- a/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/TerminalViewModel.kt
+++ b/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/TerminalViewModel.kt
@@ -16,7 +16,10 @@
 package com.android.virtualization.terminal
 
 import androidx.lifecycle.ViewModel
+import com.google.android.material.tabs.TabLayout.Tab
 
 class TerminalViewModel : ViewModel() {
     val terminalViews: MutableSet<TerminalView> = mutableSetOf()
+    var selectedTabViewId: String? = null
+    val terminalTabs: MutableMap<String, Tab> = mutableMapOf()
 }
diff --git a/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/VmLauncherService.kt b/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/VmLauncherService.kt
index 345e8dd..84168e5 100644
--- a/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/VmLauncherService.kt
+++ b/android/TerminalApp/java/com/android/virtualization/terminal/VmLauncherService.kt
@@ -31,18 +31,19 @@
 import android.os.Parcel
 import android.os.Parcelable
 import android.os.ResultReceiver
-import android.os.Trace
+import android.os.StatFs
+import android.os.SystemProperties
 import android.system.virtualmachine.VirtualMachine
 import android.system.virtualmachine.VirtualMachineCustomImageConfig
 import android.system.virtualmachine.VirtualMachineCustomImageConfig.AudioConfig
 import android.system.virtualmachine.VirtualMachineException
 import android.util.Log
 import android.widget.Toast
-import com.android.internal.annotations.GuardedBy
-import com.android.system.virtualmachine.flags.Flags.terminalGuiSupport
+import androidx.annotation.WorkerThread
+import com.android.system.virtualmachine.flags.Flags
+import com.android.virtualization.terminal.InstalledImage.Companion.roundUp
+import com.android.virtualization.terminal.MainActivity.Companion.PREFIX
 import com.android.virtualization.terminal.MainActivity.Companion.TAG
-import com.android.virtualization.terminal.Runner.Companion.create
-import com.android.virtualization.terminal.VmLauncherService.VmLauncherServiceCallback
 import io.grpc.Grpc
 import io.grpc.InsecureServerCredentials
 import io.grpc.Metadata
@@ -55,65 +56,27 @@
 import java.io.File
 import java.io.FileOutputStream
 import java.io.IOException
-import java.lang.Math.min
-import java.lang.RuntimeException
 import java.net.InetSocketAddress
 import java.net.SocketAddress
 import java.nio.file.Files
 import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture
 import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService
 import java.util.concurrent.Executors
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit
 
 class VmLauncherService : Service() {
-    inner class VmLauncherServiceBinder : android.os.Binder() {
-        fun getService(): VmLauncherService = this@VmLauncherService
-    }
-
-    private val binder = VmLauncherServiceBinder()
+    // Thread pool
+    private lateinit var bgThreads: ExecutorService
+    // Single thread
+    private lateinit var mainWorkerThread: ExecutorService
+    private lateinit var image: InstalledImage
 
     // TODO: using lateinit for some fields to avoid null
-    private var executorService: ExecutorService? = null
     private var virtualMachine: VirtualMachine? = null
-    private var resultReceiver: ResultReceiver? = null
     private var server: Server? = null
     private var debianService: DebianServiceImpl? = null
     private var portNotifier: PortNotifier? = null
-    private var mLock = Object()
-    @GuardedBy("mLock") private var currentMemBalloonPercent = 0
-
-    @GuardedBy("mLock") private val inflateMemBalloonHandler = Handler(Looper.getMainLooper())
-    private val inflateMemBalloonTask: Runnable =
-        object : Runnable {
-            override fun run() {
-                synchronized(mLock) {
-                    if (
-                        currentMemBalloonPercent < INITIAL_MEM_BALLOON_PERCENT ||
-                            currentMemBalloonPercent > MAX_MEM_BALLOON_PERCENT
-                    ) {
-                        Log.e(
-                            TAG,
-                            "currentBalloonPercent=$currentMemBalloonPercent is invalid," +
-                                " should be in range: " +
-                                "$INITIAL_MEM_BALLOON_PERCENT~$MAX_MEM_BALLOON_PERCENT",
-                        )
-                        return
-                    }
-                    // Increases the balloon size by MEM_BALLOON_PERCENT_STEP% every time
-                    if (currentMemBalloonPercent < MAX_MEM_BALLOON_PERCENT) {
-                        currentMemBalloonPercent =
-                            min(
-                                MAX_MEM_BALLOON_PERCENT,
-                                currentMemBalloonPercent + MEM_BALLOON_PERCENT_STEP,
-                            )
-                        virtualMachine?.setMemoryBalloonByPercent(currentMemBalloonPercent)
-                        inflateMemBalloonHandler.postDelayed(
-                            this,
-                            MEM_BALLOON_INFLATE_INTERVAL_MILLIS,
-                        )
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
+    private var runner: Runner? = null
 
     interface VmLauncherServiceCallback {
         fun onVmStart()
@@ -126,110 +89,169 @@
     }
 
     override fun onBind(intent: Intent?): IBinder? {
-        return binder
+        return null
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Processes application lifecycle events and adjusts the virtual machine's memory balloon
-     * accordingly.
-     *
-     * @param event The application lifecycle event.
-     */
-    fun processAppLifeCycleEvent(event: ApplicationLifeCycleEvent) {
-        when (event) {
-            // When the app starts, reset the memory balloon to 0%.
-            // This gives the app maximum available memory.
-            ApplicationLifeCycleEvent.APP_ON_START -> {
-                synchronized(mLock) {
-                    inflateMemBalloonHandler.removeCallbacks(inflateMemBalloonTask)
-                    currentMemBalloonPercent = 0
-                    virtualMachine?.setMemoryBalloonByPercent(currentMemBalloonPercent)
-                }
-            }
-            ApplicationLifeCycleEvent.APP_ON_STOP -> {
-                // When the app stops, inflate the memory balloon to INITIAL_MEM_BALLOON_PERCENT.
-                // Inflate the balloon by MEM_BALLOON_PERCENT_STEP every
-                // MEM_BALLOON_INFLATE_INTERVAL_MILLIS milliseconds until reaching
-                // MAX_MEM_BALLOON_PERCENT of total memory. This allows the system to reclaim
-                // memory while the app is in the background.
-                synchronized(mLock) {
-                    currentMemBalloonPercent = INITIAL_MEM_BALLOON_PERCENT
-                    virtualMachine?.setMemoryBalloonByPercent(currentMemBalloonPercent)
-                    inflateMemBalloonHandler.postDelayed(
-                        inflateMemBalloonTask,
-                        MEM_BALLOON_INFLATE_INTERVAL_MILLIS,
-                    )
-                }
-            }
-            else -> {
-                Log.e(TAG, "unrecognized lifecycle event: $event")
-            }
-        }
+    override fun onCreate() {
+        super.onCreate()
+        val threadFactory = TerminalThreadFactory(getApplicationContext())
+        bgThreads = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(threadFactory)
+        mainWorkerThread = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor(threadFactory)
+        image = InstalledImage.getDefault(this)
     }
 
     override fun onStartCommand(intent: Intent, flags: Int, startId: Int): Int {
-        if (intent.action == ACTION_STOP_VM_LAUNCHER_SERVICE) {
-            if (debianService != null && debianService!!.shutdownDebian()) {
-                // During shutdown, change the notification content to indicate that it's closing
-                val notification = createNotificationForTerminalClose()
-                getSystemService<NotificationManager?>(NotificationManager::class.java)
-                    .notify(this.hashCode(), notification)
-            } else {
-                // If there is no Debian service or it fails to shutdown, just stop the service.
+        val resultReceiver =
+            intent.getParcelableExtra<ResultReceiver>(
+                Intent.EXTRA_RESULT_RECEIVER,
+                ResultReceiver::class.java,
+            )!!
+
+        when (intent.action) {
+            ACTION_START_VM -> {
+                val notification =
+                    intent.getParcelableExtra<Notification>(
+                        EXTRA_NOTIFICATION,
+                        Notification::class.java,
+                    )!!
+
+                val displayInfo =
+                    intent.getParcelableExtra(EXTRA_DISPLAY_INFO, DisplayInfo::class.java)!!
+
+                // Note: this doesn't always do the resizing. If the current image size is the same
+                // as the requested size which is rounded up to the page alignment, resizing is not
+                // done.
+                val diskSize = intent.getLongExtra(EXTRA_DISK_SIZE, image.getApparentSize())
+
+                mainWorkerThread.submit({
+                    doStart(notification, displayInfo, diskSize, resultReceiver)
+                })
+
+                // Do this outside of the main worker thread, so that we don't cause
+                // ForegroundServiceDidNotStartInTimeException
+                startForeground(this.hashCode(), notification)
+            }
+            ACTION_SHUTDOWN_VM -> mainWorkerThread.submit({ doShutdown(resultReceiver) })
+            else -> {
+                Log.e(TAG, "Unknown command " + intent.action)
                 stopSelf()
             }
-            return START_NOT_STICKY
         }
-        if (virtualMachine != null) {
-            Log.d(TAG, "VM instance is already started")
-            return START_NOT_STICKY
-        }
-        executorService = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(TerminalThreadFactory(applicationContext))
 
+        return START_NOT_STICKY
+    }
+
+    private fun calculateSparseDiskSize(): Long {
+        // With storage ballooning enabled, we create a sparse file with 95% of the total size.
+        val statFs = StatFs(filesDir.absolutePath)
+        val hostSize = statFs.totalBytes
+        return roundUp(hostSize * GUEST_SPARSE_DISK_SIZE_PERCENTAGE / 100)
+    }
+
+    private fun truncateDiskIfNecessary(image: InstalledImage) {
+        val curSize = image.getApparentSize()
+        val physicalSize = image.getPhysicalSize()
+
+        val expectedSize = calculateSparseDiskSize()
+        Log.d(
+            TAG,
+            "rootfs apparent size=$curSize, physical size=$physicalSize, expectedSize=$expectedSize",
+        )
+
+        if (curSize != expectedSize) {
+            try {
+                image.truncate(expectedSize)
+            } catch (e: IOException) {
+                throw RuntimeException("Failed to truncate a disk", e)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Convert the rootfs disk to a non-sparse file.
+    private fun convertToNonSparseDiskIfNecessary(image: InstalledImage) {
+        try {
+            val curApparentSize = image.getApparentSize()
+            val curPhysicalSize = image.getPhysicalSize()
+            Log.d(TAG, "Current disk size: apparent=$curApparentSize, physical=$curPhysicalSize")
+
+            // If storage ballooning was enabled via Flags.terminalStorageBalloon() before but it's
+            // now disabled, the disk is still a sparse file whose apparent size is too large.
+            // We need to shrink it to the minimum size.
+            //
+            // The disk file is considered sparse if its apparent disk size matches the expected
+            // sparse disk size.
+            // In addition, we consider it sparse if the physical size is clearly smaller than its
+            // apparent size. This additional condition is a fallback for cases
+            // where the logic of calculating the expected sparse disk size since the disk is
+            // created.
+            if (
+                curApparentSize == calculateSparseDiskSize() ||
+                    curPhysicalSize <
+                        curApparentSize * EXPECTED_PHYSICAL_SIZE_PERCENTAGE_FOR_NON_SPARSE / 100
+            ) {
+                Log.d(TAG, "A sparse disk is detected. Shrink it to the minimum size.")
+                val newSize = image.shrinkToMinimumSize()
+                Log.d(TAG, "Shrink the disk image: $curApparentSize -> $newSize")
+            }
+        } catch (e: IOException) {
+            throw RuntimeException("Failed to shrink rootfs disk", e)
+            return
+        }
+    }
+
+    @WorkerThread
+    private fun doStart(
+        notification: Notification,
+        displayInfo: DisplayInfo,
+        diskSize: Long,
+        resultReceiver: ResultReceiver,
+    ) {
         val image = InstalledImage.getDefault(this)
         val json = ConfigJson.from(this, image.configPath)
         val configBuilder = json.toConfigBuilder(this)
         val customImageConfigBuilder = json.toCustomImageConfigBuilder(this)
-        val displaySize = intent.getParcelableExtra(EXTRA_DISPLAY_INFO, DisplayInfo::class.java)
+
+        if (Flags.terminalStorageBalloon()) {
+            // When storage ballooning flag is enabled, convert rootfs disk into a sparse file.
+            truncateDiskIfNecessary(image)
+        } else {
+            // Convert rootfs disk into a sparse file if storage ballooning flag had been enabled
+            // and then disabled.
+            convertToNonSparseDiskIfNecessary(image)
+
+            // Note: this doesn't always do the resizing. If the current image size is the same as
+            // the requested size which is rounded up to the page alignment, resizing is not done.
+            image.resize(diskSize)
+        }
 
         customImageConfigBuilder.setAudioConfig(
             AudioConfig.Builder().setUseSpeaker(true).setUseMicrophone(true).build()
         )
-        if (overrideConfigIfNecessary(customImageConfigBuilder, displaySize)) {
+        if (overrideConfigIfNecessary(customImageConfigBuilder, displayInfo)) {
             configBuilder.setCustomImageConfig(customImageConfigBuilder.build())
         }
         val config = configBuilder.build()
 
-        Trace.beginSection("vmCreate")
-        val runner: Runner =
+        runner =
             try {
-                create(this, config)
+                Runner.create(this, config)
             } catch (e: VirtualMachineException) {
                 throw RuntimeException("cannot create runner", e)
             }
-        Trace.endSection()
-        Trace.beginAsyncSection("debianBoot", 0)
 
-        virtualMachine = runner.vm
-        resultReceiver =
-            intent.getParcelableExtra<ResultReceiver?>(
-                Intent.EXTRA_RESULT_RECEIVER,
-                ResultReceiver::class.java,
-            )
+        val virtualMachine = runner!!.vm
+        val mbc = MemBalloonController(this, virtualMachine)
+        mbc.start()
 
-        runner.exitStatus.thenAcceptAsync { success: Boolean ->
-            resultReceiver?.send(if (success) RESULT_STOP else RESULT_ERROR, null)
+        runner!!.exitStatus.thenAcceptAsync { success: Boolean ->
+            mbc.stop()
+            resultReceiver.send(if (success) RESULT_STOP else RESULT_ERROR, null)
             stopSelf()
         }
-        val logDir = getFileStreamPath(virtualMachine!!.name + ".log").toPath()
-        Logger.setup(virtualMachine!!, logDir, executorService!!)
+        val logDir = getFileStreamPath(virtualMachine.name + ".log").toPath()
+        Logger.setup(virtualMachine, logDir, bgThreads)
 
-        val notification =
-            intent.getParcelableExtra<Notification?>(EXTRA_NOTIFICATION, Notification::class.java)
-
-        startForeground(this.hashCode(), notification)
-
-        resultReceiver!!.send(RESULT_START, null)
+        resultReceiver.send(RESULT_START, null)
 
         portNotifier = PortNotifier(this)
 
@@ -241,13 +263,20 @@
                     val bundle = Bundle()
                     bundle.putString(KEY_TERMINAL_IPADDRESS, ipAddress)
                     bundle.putInt(KEY_TERMINAL_PORT, port)
-                    resultReceiver!!.send(RESULT_TERMINAL_AVAIL, bundle)
+                    resultReceiver.send(RESULT_TERMINAL_AVAIL, bundle)
                     startDebianServer(ipAddress)
                 },
-                executorService,
+                bgThreads,
             )
-
-        return START_NOT_STICKY
+            .exceptionallyAsync(
+                { e ->
+                    Log.e(TAG, "Failed to start VM", e)
+                    resultReceiver.send(RESULT_ERROR, null)
+                    stopSelf()
+                    null
+                },
+                bgThreads,
+            )
     }
 
     private fun getTerminalServiceInfo(): CompletableFuture<NsdServiceInfo> {
@@ -282,13 +311,15 @@
                 }
             },
         )
+
+        resolvedInfo.orTimeout(VM_BOOT_TIMEOUT_SECONDS.toLong(), TimeUnit.SECONDS)
         return resolvedInfo
     }
 
     private fun createNotificationForTerminalClose(): Notification {
         val stopIntent = Intent()
         stopIntent.setClass(this, VmLauncherService::class.java)
-        stopIntent.setAction(ACTION_STOP_VM_LAUNCHER_SERVICE)
+        stopIntent.setAction(ACTION_SHUTDOWN_VM)
         val stopPendingIntent =
             PendingIntent.getService(
                 this,
@@ -349,7 +380,7 @@
 
         // Set the initial display size
         // TODO(jeongik): set up the display size on demand
-        if (terminalGuiSupport() && displayInfo != null) {
+        if (Flags.terminalGuiSupport() && displayInfo != null) {
             builder
                 .setDisplayConfig(
                     VirtualMachineCustomImageConfig.DisplayConfig.Builder()
@@ -411,7 +442,7 @@
             return
         }
 
-        executorService!!.execute(
+        bgThreads.execute(
             Runnable {
                 // TODO(b/373533555): we can use mDNS for that.
                 val debianServicePortFile = File(filesDir, "debian_service_port")
@@ -424,40 +455,77 @@
                 }
             }
         )
+
+        if (Flags.terminalStorageBalloon()) {
+            StorageBalloonWorker.start(this, debianService!!)
+        }
     }
 
-    override fun onDestroy() {
-        portNotifier?.stop()
-        getSystemService<NotificationManager?>(NotificationManager::class.java).cancelAll()
-        stopDebianServer()
-        if (virtualMachine != null) {
-            if (virtualMachine!!.getStatus() == VirtualMachine.STATUS_RUNNING) {
-                try {
-                    virtualMachine!!.stop()
-                    stopForeground(STOP_FOREGROUND_REMOVE)
-                } catch (e: VirtualMachineException) {
-                    Log.e(TAG, "failed to stop a VM instance", e)
-                }
-            }
-            executorService?.shutdownNow()
-            executorService = null
-            virtualMachine = null
+    @WorkerThread
+    private fun doShutdown(resultReceiver: ResultReceiver?) {
+        runner?.exitStatus?.thenAcceptAsync { success: Boolean ->
+            resultReceiver?.send(if (success) RESULT_STOP else RESULT_ERROR, null)
+            stopSelf()
         }
-        super.onDestroy()
+        if (debianService != null && debianService!!.shutdownDebian()) {
+            // During shutdown, change the notification content to indicate that it's closing
+            val notification = createNotificationForTerminalClose()
+            getSystemService<NotificationManager?>(NotificationManager::class.java)
+                .notify(this.hashCode(), notification)
+
+            runner?.also { r ->
+                // For the case that shutdown from the guest agent fails.
+                // When timeout is set, the original CompletableFuture's every `thenAcceptAsync` is
+                // canceled as well. So add empty `thenAcceptAsync` to avoid interference.
+                r.exitStatus
+                    .thenAcceptAsync {}
+                    .orTimeout(SHUTDOWN_TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
+                    .exceptionally {
+                        Log.e(
+                            TAG,
+                            "Stop the service directly because the VM instance isn't stopped with " +
+                                "graceful shutdown",
+                        )
+                        r.vm.stop()
+                        null
+                    }
+            }
+            runner = null
+        } else {
+            // If there is no Debian service or it fails to shutdown, just stop the service.
+            runner?.vm?.stop()
+            stopSelf()
+        }
     }
 
     private fun stopDebianServer() {
         debianService?.killForwarderHost()
+        debianService?.closeStorageBalloonRequestQueue()
         server?.shutdown()
     }
 
+    override fun onDestroy() {
+        mainWorkerThread.submit({
+            if (runner?.vm?.getStatus() == VirtualMachine.STATUS_RUNNING) {
+                doShutdown(null)
+            }
+        })
+        portNotifier?.stop()
+        getSystemService<NotificationManager?>(NotificationManager::class.java).cancelAll()
+        stopDebianServer()
+        bgThreads.shutdownNow()
+        mainWorkerThread.shutdown()
+        stopForeground(STOP_FOREGROUND_REMOVE)
+        super.onDestroy()
+    }
+
     companion object {
-        private const val EXTRA_NOTIFICATION = "EXTRA_NOTIFICATION"
-        private const val ACTION_START_VM_LAUNCHER_SERVICE =
-            "android.virtualization.START_VM_LAUNCHER_SERVICE"
-        const val EXTRA_DISPLAY_INFO = "EXTRA_DISPLAY_INFO"
-        const val ACTION_STOP_VM_LAUNCHER_SERVICE: String =
-            "android.virtualization.STOP_VM_LAUNCHER_SERVICE"
+        private const val ACTION_START_VM: String = PREFIX + "ACTION_START_VM"
+        private const val EXTRA_NOTIFICATION = PREFIX + "EXTRA_NOTIFICATION"
+        private const val EXTRA_DISPLAY_INFO = PREFIX + "EXTRA_DISPLAY_INFO"
+        private const val EXTRA_DISK_SIZE = PREFIX + "EXTRA_DISK_SIZE"
+
+        private const val ACTION_SHUTDOWN_VM: String = PREFIX + "ACTION_SHUTDOWN_VM"
 
         private const val RESULT_START = 0
         private const val RESULT_STOP = 1
@@ -467,28 +535,29 @@
         private const val KEY_TERMINAL_IPADDRESS = "address"
         private const val KEY_TERMINAL_PORT = "port"
 
-        private const val INITIAL_MEM_BALLOON_PERCENT = 10
-        private const val MAX_MEM_BALLOON_PERCENT = 50
-        private const val MEM_BALLOON_INFLATE_INTERVAL_MILLIS = 60000L
-        private const val MEM_BALLOON_PERCENT_STEP = 5
+        private const val SHUTDOWN_TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 3L
 
-        private fun getMyIntent(context: Context): Intent {
-            return Intent(context.getApplicationContext(), VmLauncherService::class.java)
-        }
+        private const val GUEST_SPARSE_DISK_SIZE_PERCENTAGE = 95
+        private const val EXPECTED_PHYSICAL_SIZE_PERCENTAGE_FOR_NON_SPARSE = 90
 
-        fun run(
-            context: Context,
-            callback: VmLauncherServiceCallback?,
-            notification: Notification?,
-            displayInfo: DisplayInfo,
-        ) {
-            val i = getMyIntent(context)
-            val resultReceiver: ResultReceiver =
+        private val VM_BOOT_TIMEOUT_SECONDS: Int =
+            {
+                val deviceName = SystemProperties.get("ro.product.vendor.device", "")
+                val cuttlefish = deviceName.startsWith("vsoc_")
+                val goldfish = deviceName.startsWith("emu64")
+
+                if (cuttlefish || goldfish) {
+                    3 * 60
+                } else {
+                    30
+                }
+            }()
+
+        private fun prepareIntent(context: Context, callback: VmLauncherServiceCallback): Intent {
+            val intent = Intent(context.getApplicationContext(), VmLauncherService::class.java)
+            val resultReceiver =
                 object : ResultReceiver(Handler(Looper.myLooper()!!)) {
                     override fun onReceiveResult(resultCode: Int, resultData: Bundle?) {
-                        if (callback == null) {
-                            return
-                        }
                         when (resultCode) {
                             RESULT_START -> callback.onVmStart()
                             RESULT_TERMINAL_AVAIL -> {
@@ -498,26 +567,42 @@
                             }
                             RESULT_STOP -> callback.onVmStop()
                             RESULT_ERROR -> callback.onVmError()
+                            else -> Log.e(TAG, "unknown result code: " + resultCode)
                         }
                     }
                 }
-            i.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_RESULT_RECEIVER, getResultReceiverForIntent(resultReceiver))
+
+            val parcel = Parcel.obtain()
+            resultReceiver.writeToParcel(parcel, 0)
+            parcel.setDataPosition(0)
+            intent.putExtra(
+                Intent.EXTRA_RESULT_RECEIVER,
+                ResultReceiver.CREATOR.createFromParcel(parcel).also { parcel.recycle() },
+            )
+            return intent
+        }
+
+        fun getIntentForStart(
+            context: Context,
+            callback: VmLauncherServiceCallback,
+            notification: Notification?,
+            displayInfo: DisplayInfo,
+            diskSize: Long?,
+        ): Intent {
+            val i = prepareIntent(context, callback)
+            i.setAction(ACTION_START_VM)
             i.putExtra(EXTRA_NOTIFICATION, notification)
             i.putExtra(EXTRA_DISPLAY_INFO, displayInfo)
-            context.startForegroundService(i)
+            if (diskSize != null) {
+                i.putExtra(EXTRA_DISK_SIZE, diskSize)
+            }
+            return i
         }
 
-        private fun getResultReceiverForIntent(r: ResultReceiver): ResultReceiver {
-            val parcel = Parcel.obtain()
-            r.writeToParcel(parcel, 0)
-            parcel.setDataPosition(0)
-            return ResultReceiver.CREATOR.createFromParcel(parcel).also { parcel.recycle() }
-        }
-
-        fun stop(context: Context) {
-            val i = getMyIntent(context)
-            i.setAction(ACTION_STOP_VM_LAUNCHER_SERVICE)
-            context.startService(i)
+        fun getIntentForShutdown(context: Context, callback: VmLauncherServiceCallback): Intent {
+            val i = prepareIntent(context, callback)
+            i.setAction(ACTION_SHUTDOWN_VM)
+            return i
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/android/TerminalApp/res/layout/tabitem_terminal.xml b/android/TerminalApp/res/layout/tabitem_terminal.xml
index 92e3802..9eba163 100644
--- a/android/TerminalApp/res/layout/tabitem_terminal.xml
+++ b/android/TerminalApp/res/layout/tabitem_terminal.xml
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
       android:layout_alignParentStart="true"
       android:layout_alignParentTop="true"
       android:layout_toStartOf="@id/tab_close_button"
-      android:gravity="center"
+      android:gravity="center_vertical"
       android:padding="8dp"
       android:text="@string/tab_default_title"/>
 
diff --git a/android/TerminalApp/res/values/config.xml b/android/TerminalApp/res/values/config.xml
index 7f0b5e6..a2c9183 100644
--- a/android/TerminalApp/res/values/config.xml
+++ b/android/TerminalApp/res/values/config.xml
@@ -16,4 +16,5 @@
 
 <resources xmlns:xliff="urn:oasis:names:tc:xliff:document:1.2">
     <bool name="terminal_portrait_only">true</bool>
+    <item name="activity_split_ratio" format="float" type="dimen">0.3</item>
 </resources>
diff --git a/android/TerminalApp/res/values/dimens.xml b/android/TerminalApp/res/values/dimens.xml
deleted file mode 100644
index e00ef7c..0000000
--- a/android/TerminalApp/res/values/dimens.xml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
-<!--  Copyright 2024 The Android Open Source Project
-
-     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-     You may obtain a copy of the License at
-
-          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-
-     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-     limitations under the License.
- -->
-
-<resources>
-    <dimen name="activity_split_ratio">0.3</dimen>
-</resources>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/android/TerminalApp/res/values/strings.xml b/android/TerminalApp/res/values/strings.xml
index a6d461e..273032e 100644
--- a/android/TerminalApp/res/values/strings.xml
+++ b/android/TerminalApp/res/values/strings.xml
@@ -75,6 +75,8 @@
     <string name="settings_disk_resize_resize_gb_assigned_format"><xliff:g id="assigned_size" example="10GB">\u200E%1$s\u200E</xliff:g> assigned</string>
     <!-- Settings menu option description format of the maximum resizable disk size. [CHAR LIMIT=none] -->
     <string name="settings_disk_resize_resize_gb_max_format"><xliff:g id="max_size" example="256GB">\u200E%1$s\u200E</xliff:g> max</string>
+    <!-- Snackbar message for showing not enough space error. [CHAR LIMIT=none] -->
+    <string name="settings_disk_resize_not_enough_space_message">Not enough space on the device to resize disk</string>
     <!-- Settings menu button to cancel disk resize. [CHAR LIMIT=16] -->
     <string name="settings_disk_resize_resize_cancel">Cancel</string>
     <!-- Settings menu button to apply change Terminal app. This will launch a confirmation dialog [CHAR LIMIT=16] -->
diff --git a/android/TerminalApp/res/xml/main_split_config.xml b/android/TerminalApp/res/xml/main_split_config.xml
deleted file mode 100644
index bd0271b..0000000
--- a/android/TerminalApp/res/xml/main_split_config.xml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
-<!--  Copyright 2024 The Android Open Source Project
-
-     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-     You may obtain a copy of the License at
-
-          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-
-     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-     limitations under the License.
- -->
-
-<resources xmlns:window="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto">
-
-    <!-- Define a split for the named activities. -->
-    <SplitPairRule
-        window:clearTop="true"
-        window:finishPrimaryWithSecondary="adjacent"
-        window:finishSecondaryWithPrimary="always"
-        window:splitLayoutDirection="locale"
-        window:splitMaxAspectRatioInPortrait="alwaysAllow"
-        window:splitMinWidthDp="@integer/split_min_width"
-        window:splitRatio="@dimen/activity_split_ratio">
-        <SplitPairFilter
-            window:primaryActivityName="com.android.virtualization.terminal.SettingsActivity"
-            window:secondaryActivityName="com.android.virtualization.terminal.SettingsDiskResizeActivity" />
-        <SplitPairFilter
-            window:primaryActivityName="com.android.virtualization.terminal.SettingsActivity"
-            window:secondaryActivityName="com.android.virtualization.terminal.SettingsPortForwardingActivity" />
-        <SplitPairFilter
-            window:primaryActivityName="com.android.virtualization.terminal.SettingsActivity"
-            window:secondaryActivityName="com.android.virtualization.terminal.SettingsRecoveryActivity" />
-    </SplitPairRule>
-
-    <SplitPlaceholderRule
-        window:placeholderActivityName="com.android.virtualization.terminal.SettingsDiskResizeActivity"
-        window:finishPrimaryWithPlaceholder="adjacent"
-        window:splitLayoutDirection="locale"
-        window:splitMaxAspectRatioInPortrait="alwaysAllow"
-        window:splitMinWidthDp="@integer/split_min_width"
-        window:splitRatio="@dimen/activity_split_ratio"
-        window:stickyPlaceholder="false">
-        <ActivityFilter
-            window:activityName="com.android.virtualization.terminal.SettingsActivity"/>
-    </SplitPlaceholderRule>
-</resources>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/android/virtmgr/src/aidl.rs b/android/virtmgr/src/aidl.rs
index 1c4c2eb..190acc7 100644
--- a/android/virtmgr/src/aidl.rs
+++ b/android/virtmgr/src/aidl.rs
@@ -597,9 +597,10 @@
         config: &VirtualMachineConfig,
     ) -> binder::Result<(VmContext, Cid, PathBuf)> {
         const NUM_ATTEMPTS: usize = 5;
+        let name = get_name(config);
 
         for _ in 0..NUM_ATTEMPTS {
-            let vm_context = GLOBAL_SERVICE.allocateGlobalVmContext(requester_debug_pid)?;
+            let vm_context = GLOBAL_SERVICE.allocateGlobalVmContext(name, requester_debug_pid)?;
             let cid = vm_context.getCid()? as Cid;
             let temp_dir: PathBuf = vm_context.getTemporaryDirectory()?.into();
 
@@ -640,6 +641,24 @@
 
         let calling_partition = find_partition(CALLING_EXE_PATH.as_deref())?;
 
+        let instance_id = extract_instance_id(config);
+        // Require vendor instance IDs to start with a specific prefix so that they don't conflict
+        // with system instance IDs.
+        //
+        // We should also make sure that non-vendor VMs do not use the vendor prefix, but there are
+        // already system VMs in the wild that may have randomly generated IDs with the prefix, so,
+        // for now, we only check in one direction.
+        const INSTANCE_ID_VENDOR_PREFIX: &[u8] = &[0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF];
+        if matches!(calling_partition, CallingPartition::Vendor | CallingPartition::Odm)
+            && !instance_id.starts_with(INSTANCE_ID_VENDOR_PREFIX)
+        {
+            return Err(anyhow!(
+                "vendor initiated VMs must have instance IDs starting with 0xFFFFFFFF, got {}",
+                hex::encode(instance_id)
+            ))
+            .or_service_specific_exception(-1);
+        }
+
         check_config_features(config)?;
 
         if cfg!(early) {
@@ -667,7 +686,6 @@
             check_gdb_allowed(config)?;
         }
 
-        let instance_id = extract_instance_id(config);
         let mut device_tree_overlays = vec![];
         if let Some(dt_overlay) =
             maybe_create_reference_dt_overlay(config, &instance_id, &temporary_directory)?
@@ -797,9 +815,8 @@
                 .or_service_specific_exception(-1)?;
         }
 
-        // Check if files for payloads and bases are NOT coming from /vendor and /odm, as they may
-        // have unstable interfaces.
-        // TODO(b/316431494): remove once Treble interfaces are stabilized.
+        // Check if files for payloads and bases are on the same side of the Treble boundary as the
+        // calling process, as they may have unstable interfaces.
         check_partitions_for_files(config, calling_partition).or_service_specific_exception(-1)?;
 
         let zero_filler_path = temporary_directory.join("zero.img");
@@ -1053,6 +1070,14 @@
     }
 }
 
+/// Returns the name of the config
+fn get_name(config: &VirtualMachineConfig) -> &str {
+    match config {
+        VirtualMachineConfig::AppConfig(config) => &config.name,
+        VirtualMachineConfig::RawConfig(config) => &config.name,
+    }
+}
+
 fn extract_vendor_hashtree_digest(config: &VirtualMachineConfig) -> Result<Option<Vec<u8>>> {
     let VirtualMachineConfig::AppConfig(config) = config else {
         return Ok(None);
diff --git a/android/virtmgr/src/crosvm.rs b/android/virtmgr/src/crosvm.rs
index 5f81e90..15a4199 100644
--- a/android/virtmgr/src/crosvm.rs
+++ b/android/virtmgr/src/crosvm.rs
@@ -677,6 +677,10 @@
         }
     }
 
+    fn is_vm_running(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(&*self.vm_state.lock().unwrap(), VmState::Running { .. })
+    }
+
     /// Returns the last reported state of the VM payload.
     pub fn payload_state(&self) -> PayloadState {
         *self.payload_state.lock().unwrap()
@@ -726,6 +730,9 @@
 
     /// Returns current virtio-balloon size.
     pub fn get_memory_balloon(&self) -> Result<u64, Error> {
+        if !self.is_vm_running() {
+            bail!("get_memory_balloon when VM is not running");
+        }
         if !self.balloon_enabled {
             bail!("virtio-balloon is not enabled");
         }
@@ -748,6 +755,9 @@
     /// Inflates the virtio-balloon by `num_bytes` to reclaim guest memory. Called in response to
     /// memory-trimming notifications.
     pub fn set_memory_balloon(&self, num_bytes: u64) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        if !self.is_vm_running() {
+            bail!("set_memory_balloon when VM is not running");
+        }
         if !self.balloon_enabled {
             bail!("virtio-balloon is not enabled");
         }
diff --git a/android/virtualizationservice/aidl/android/system/virtualizationservice/VirtualMachineAppConfig.aidl b/android/virtualizationservice/aidl/android/system/virtualizationservice/VirtualMachineAppConfig.aidl
index 5193e21..7db5135 100644
--- a/android/virtualizationservice/aidl/android/system/virtualizationservice/VirtualMachineAppConfig.aidl
+++ b/android/virtualizationservice/aidl/android/system/virtualizationservice/VirtualMachineAppConfig.aidl
@@ -23,7 +23,11 @@
     /** Name of VM */
     String name;
 
-    /** Id of the VM instance */
+    /**
+     * Id of the VM instance
+     *
+     * See AVirtualMachineRawConfig_setInstanceId for details.
+     */
     byte[64] instanceId;
 
     /** Main APK */
diff --git a/android/virtualizationservice/aidl/android/system/virtualizationservice/VirtualMachineDebugInfo.aidl b/android/virtualizationservice/aidl/android/system/virtualizationservice/VirtualMachineDebugInfo.aidl
index 9f033b1..eb71028 100644
--- a/android/virtualizationservice/aidl/android/system/virtualizationservice/VirtualMachineDebugInfo.aidl
+++ b/android/virtualizationservice/aidl/android/system/virtualizationservice/VirtualMachineDebugInfo.aidl
@@ -19,6 +19,9 @@
 
 /** Information about a running VM, for debug purposes only. */
 parcelable VirtualMachineDebugInfo {
+    /** Name of the VM. */
+    String name;
+
     /** The CID assigned to the VM. */
     int cid;
 
diff --git a/android/virtualizationservice/aidl/android/system/virtualizationservice/VirtualMachineRawConfig.aidl b/android/virtualizationservice/aidl/android/system/virtualizationservice/VirtualMachineRawConfig.aidl
index c5fe982..1e4fe03 100644
--- a/android/virtualizationservice/aidl/android/system/virtualizationservice/VirtualMachineRawConfig.aidl
+++ b/android/virtualizationservice/aidl/android/system/virtualizationservice/VirtualMachineRawConfig.aidl
@@ -31,7 +31,11 @@
     /** Name of VM */
     String name;
 
-    /** Id of the VM instance */
+    /**
+     * Id of the VM instance
+     *
+     * See AVirtualMachineRawConfig_setInstanceId for details.
+     */
     byte[64] instanceId;
 
     /** The kernel image, if any. */
diff --git a/android/virtualizationservice/aidl/android/system/virtualizationservice_internal/IVfioHandler.aidl b/android/virtualizationservice/aidl/android/system/virtualizationservice_internal/IVfioHandler.aidl
index 2cf4efd..4ded2a9 100644
--- a/android/virtualizationservice/aidl/android/system/virtualizationservice_internal/IVfioHandler.aidl
+++ b/android/virtualizationservice/aidl/android/system/virtualizationservice_internal/IVfioHandler.aidl
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 package android.system.virtualizationservice_internal;
 
 import android.system.virtualizationservice.AssignableDevice;
-import android.system.virtualizationservice.VirtualMachineDebugInfo;
 import android.system.virtualizationservice_internal.AtomVmBooted;
 import android.system.virtualizationservice_internal.AtomVmCreationRequested;
 import android.system.virtualizationservice_internal.AtomVmExited;
diff --git a/android/virtualizationservice/aidl/android/system/virtualizationservice_internal/IVirtualizationServiceInternal.aidl b/android/virtualizationservice/aidl/android/system/virtualizationservice_internal/IVirtualizationServiceInternal.aidl
index 4f549cb..3d4a813 100644
--- a/android/virtualizationservice/aidl/android/system/virtualizationservice_internal/IVirtualizationServiceInternal.aidl
+++ b/android/virtualizationservice/aidl/android/system/virtualizationservice_internal/IVirtualizationServiceInternal.aidl
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
      * The resources will not be recycled as long as there is a strong reference
      * to the returned object.
      */
-    IGlobalVmContext allocateGlobalVmContext(int requesterDebugPid);
+    IGlobalVmContext allocateGlobalVmContext(String name, int requesterDebugPid);
 
     /** Forwards a VmBooted atom to statsd. */
     void atomVmBooted(in AtomVmBooted atom);
diff --git a/android/virtualizationservice/src/aidl.rs b/android/virtualizationservice/src/aidl.rs
index 62cede8..e26cd4f 100644
--- a/android/virtualizationservice/src/aidl.rs
+++ b/android/virtualizationservice/src/aidl.rs
@@ -273,6 +273,7 @@
 
     fn allocateGlobalVmContext(
         &self,
+        name: &str,
         requester_debug_pid: i32,
     ) -> binder::Result<Strong<dyn IGlobalVmContext>> {
         check_manage_access()?;
@@ -281,7 +282,7 @@
         let requester_debug_pid = requester_debug_pid as pid_t;
         let state = &mut *self.state.lock().unwrap();
         state
-            .allocate_vm_context(requester_uid, requester_debug_pid)
+            .allocate_vm_context(name, requester_uid, requester_debug_pid)
             .or_binder_exception(ExceptionCode::ILLEGAL_STATE)
     }
 
@@ -311,6 +312,7 @@
             .map(|vm| {
                 let vm = vm.lock().unwrap();
                 VirtualMachineDebugInfo {
+                    name: vm.name.clone(),
                     cid: vm.cid as i32,
                     temporaryDirectory: vm.get_temp_dir().to_string_lossy().to_string(),
                     requesterUid: vm.requester_uid as i32,
@@ -487,6 +489,9 @@
         id.try_fill(&mut rand::thread_rng())
             .context("Failed to allocate instance_id")
             .or_service_specific_exception(-1)?;
+        // Randomly allocated IDs always start with all 7s to avoid colliding with statically
+        // assigned IDs.
+        id[..4].fill(0x77);
         let uid = get_calling_uid();
         info!("Allocated a VM's instance_id: {:?}..., for uid: {:?}", &hex::encode(id)[..8], uid);
         self.try_updating_sk_state(&id);
@@ -665,6 +670,8 @@
 
 #[derive(Debug, Default)]
 struct GlobalVmInstance {
+    /// Name of the VM
+    name: String,
     /// The unique CID assigned to the VM for vsock communication.
     cid: Cid,
     /// UID of the client who requested this VM instance.
@@ -760,6 +767,7 @@
 
     fn allocate_vm_context(
         &mut self,
+        name: &str,
         requester_uid: uid_t,
         requester_debug_pid: pid_t,
     ) -> Result<Strong<dyn IGlobalVmContext>> {
@@ -768,6 +776,7 @@
 
         let cid = self.get_next_available_cid()?;
         let instance = Arc::new(Mutex::new(GlobalVmInstance {
+            name: name.to_owned(),
             cid,
             requester_uid,
             requester_debug_pid,
diff --git a/build/apex/Android.bp b/build/apex/Android.bp
index 8934de0..f0eba7f 100644
--- a/build/apex/Android.bp
+++ b/build/apex/Android.bp
@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@
         "libvirtualizationservice_jni",
         "libvirtualmachine_jni",
     ],
+    native_shared_libs: ["libavf"],
     // TODO(b/295593640) Unfortunately these are added to the apex even though they are unused.
     // Once the build system is fixed, remove this.
     unwanted_transitive_deps: [
@@ -108,7 +109,6 @@
                 "rialto_bin",
                 "android_bootloader_crosvm_aarch64",
             ],
-            native_shared_libs: ["libavf"],
         },
         x86_64: {
             binaries: [
@@ -129,7 +129,6 @@
             prebuilts: [
                 "android_bootloader_crosvm_x86_64",
             ],
-            native_shared_libs: ["libavf"],
         },
     },
     binaries: [
diff --git a/build/avf_flags.aconfig b/build/avf_flags.aconfig
index 921c374..571c359 100644
--- a/build/avf_flags.aconfig
+++ b/build/avf_flags.aconfig
@@ -16,4 +16,12 @@
   namespace: "virtualization"
   description: "Flag for GUI support in terminal"
   bug: "386296118"
+}
+
+flag {
+  name: "terminal_storage_balloon"
+  is_exported: true
+  namespace: "virtualization"
+  description: "Flag for storage ballooning support in terminal"
+  bug: "382174138"
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/build/debian/build.sh b/build/debian/build.sh
index dfbf493..f751b30 100755
--- a/build/debian/build.sh
+++ b/build/debian/build.sh
@@ -215,6 +215,7 @@
 	build_rust_as_deb forwarder_guest
 	build_rust_as_deb forwarder_guest_launcher
 	build_rust_as_deb shutdown_runner
+	build_rust_as_deb storage_balloon_agent
 }
 
 package_custom_kernel() {
diff --git a/build/debian/fai_config/package_config/AVF b/build/debian/fai_config/package_config/AVF
index 3aa8ab0..f1ee065 100644
--- a/build/debian/fai_config/package_config/AVF
+++ b/build/debian/fai_config/package_config/AVF
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 forwarder-guest
 forwarder-guest-launcher
 shutdown-runner
+storage-balloon-agent
 weston
 xwayland
 mesa-vulkan-drivers
diff --git a/build/debian/fai_config/scripts/AVF/20-useradd b/build/debian/fai_config/scripts/AVF/20-useradd
index b92648a..2289a2a 100755
--- a/build/debian/fai_config/scripts/AVF/20-useradd
+++ b/build/debian/fai_config/scripts/AVF/20-useradd
@@ -2,3 +2,7 @@
 
 $ROOTCMD useradd -m -u 1000 -N -G sudo,video,render -s /usr/bin/bash droid
 $ROOTCMD echo 'droid ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL' >> $target/etc/sudoers
+$ROOTCMD cat >> $target/home/droid/.bashrc <<EOF
+# Show title of current running command
+trap 'echo -ne "\e]0;\$BASH_COMMAND\007"' DEBUG
+EOF
diff --git a/guest/microdroid_manager/microdroid_manager.rc b/guest/microdroid_manager/microdroid_manager.rc
index 9fa8a9d..48cc6d7 100644
--- a/guest/microdroid_manager/microdroid_manager.rc
+++ b/guest/microdroid_manager/microdroid_manager.rc
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
     # CAP_SYS_BOOT is required to exec kexecload from microdroid_manager
     # CAP_SETPCAP is required to allow microdroid_manager to drop capabilities
     #   before executing the payload
-    capabilities AUDIT_CONTROL SYS_ADMIN SYS_BOOT SETPCAP SETUID SETGID
+    # CAP_SYS_NICE is required for microdroid_manager to adjust priority of the payload
+    capabilities AUDIT_CONTROL SYS_ADMIN SYS_BOOT SETPCAP SETUID SETGID SYS_NICE
     user root
     socket vm_payload_service stream 0666 system system
diff --git a/guest/microdroid_manager/src/main.rs b/guest/microdroid_manager/src/main.rs
index 4537834..a95bcb2 100644
--- a/guest/microdroid_manager/src/main.rs
+++ b/guest/microdroid_manager/src/main.rs
@@ -710,7 +710,21 @@
     info!("notifying payload started");
     service.notifyPayloadStarted()?;
 
-    let exit_status = command.spawn()?.wait()?;
+    let mut payload_process = command.spawn().context("failed to spawn payload process")?;
+    info!("payload pid = {:?}", payload_process.id());
+
+    // SAFETY: setpriority doesn't take any pointers
+    unsafe {
+        let ret = libc::setpriority(libc::PRIO_PROCESS, payload_process.id(), -20);
+        if ret != 0 {
+            error!(
+                "failed to adjust priority of the payload: {:#?}",
+                std::io::Error::last_os_error()
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    let exit_status = payload_process.wait()?;
     match exit_status.code() {
         Some(exit_code) => Ok(exit_code),
         None => Err(match exit_status.signal() {
diff --git a/guest/pvmfw/Android.bp b/guest/pvmfw/Android.bp
index 6f113c8..cd32f8f 100644
--- a/guest/pvmfw/Android.bp
+++ b/guest/pvmfw/Android.bp
@@ -113,13 +113,15 @@
 
 rust_test {
     name: "libpvmfw.dice.test",
-    srcs: ["src/dice.rs"],
+    srcs: ["src/dice/mod.rs"],
     defaults: ["libpvmfw.test.defaults"],
     rustlibs: [
         "libcbor_util",
         "libciborium",
+        "libcoset_nostd",
         "libdiced_open_dice_nostd",
         "libhwtrust",
+        "liblog_rust",
         "libpvmfw_avb_nostd",
         "libdiced_sample_inputs_nostd",
         "libzerocopy_nostd",
diff --git a/guest/pvmfw/README.md b/guest/pvmfw/README.md
index 652ca90..0288741 100644
--- a/guest/pvmfw/README.md
+++ b/guest/pvmfw/README.md
@@ -1,19 +1,30 @@
 # Protected Virtual Machine Firmware
 
+## Protected VM (_"pVM"_)
+
 In the context of the [Android Virtualization Framework][AVF], a hypervisor
 (_e.g._ [pKVM]) enforces full memory isolation between its virtual machines
-(VMs) and the host.  As a result, the host is only allowed to access memory that
-has been explicitly shared back by a VM. Such _protected VMs_ (“pVMs”) are
-therefore able to manipulate secrets without being at risk of an attacker
-stealing them by compromising the Android host.
+(VMs) and the host. As a result, such VMs are given strong guarantees regarding
+their confidentiality and integrity.
 
-As pVMs are started dynamically by a _virtual machine manager_ (“VMM”) running
-as a host process and as pVMs must not trust the host (see [_Why
-AVF?_][why-avf]), the virtual machine it configures can't be trusted either.
-Furthermore, even though the isolation mentioned above allows pVMs to protect
-their secrets from the host, it does not help with provisioning them during
-boot. In particular, the threat model would prohibit the host from ever having
-access to those secrets, preventing the VMM from passing them to the pVM.
+A _protected VMs_ (“pVMs”) is a VM running in the non-secure or realm world,
+started dynamically by a _virtual machine manager_ (“VMM”) running as a process
+of the untrusted Android host (see [_Why AVF?_][why-avf]) and which is isolated
+from the host OS so that access to its memory is restricted, even in the event
+of a compromised Android host. pVMs support rich environments, including
+Linux-based distributions.
+
+The pVM concept is not Google-exclusive. Partner-defined VMs (SoC/OEM) meeting
+isolation/memory access restrictions are also pVMs.
+
+## Protected VM Root-of-Trust: pvmfw
+
+As pVMs are managed by a VMM running on the untrusted host, the virtual machine
+it configures can't be trusted either. Furthermore, even though the isolation
+mentioned above allows pVMs to protect their secrets from the host, it does not
+help with provisioning them during boot. In particular, the threat model would
+prohibit the host from ever having access to those secrets, preventing the VMM
+from passing them to the pVM.
 
 To address these concerns the hypervisor securely loads the pVM firmware
 (“pvmfw”) in the pVM from a protected memory region (this prevents the host or
@@ -147,6 +158,10 @@
 |  offset = (FOURTH - HEAD)     |
 |  size = (FOURTH_END - FOURTH) |
 +-------------------------------+
+|           [Entry 4]           | <-- Entry 4 is present since version 1.3
+|  offset = (FIFTH - HEAD)      |
+|  size = (FIFTH_END - FIFTH)   |
++-------------------------------+
 |              ...              |
 +-------------------------------+
 |           [Entry n]           |
@@ -168,7 +183,11 @@
 | {Fourth blob: VM reference DT}|
 +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~+ <-- FOURTH_END
 | (Padding to 8-byte alignment) |
-+===============================+
++===============================+ <-- FIFTH
+| {Fifth blob: Reserved Memory} |
++~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~+ <-- FIFTH_END
+| (Padding to 8-byte alignment) |
++===============================+ <-- FIFTH
 |              ...              |
 +===============================+ <-- TAIL
 ```
@@ -238,6 +257,31 @@
 [secretkeeper_key]: https://android.googlesource.com/platform/system/secretkeeper/+/refs/heads/main/README.md#secretkeeper-public-key
 [vendor_hashtree_digest]: ../../build/microdroid/README.md#verification-of-vendor-image
 
+#### Version 1.3 {#pvmfw-data-v1-3}
+
+In version 1.3, a fifth blob is added.
+
+- entry 4, if present, contains potentially confidential data to be passed to
+  specific guests identified from their VM name. If the data is confidential,
+  this feature should only be used with guests using a fixed rollback
+  protection mechanism to prevent rollback attacks from a malicious host. Data
+  is passed as a reserved-memory region through the device tree with the
+  provided properties at an address which is implementation defined. Multiple
+  regions may be passed to the same guest. The format is as follows.
+
+  ```rust
+  #[repr(C)]
+  struct ReservedMemConfigEntry<const N: usize> {
+    /// The number of headers contained in this blob.
+    count: u32,
+    /// The [reserved memory headers](src/reserved_mem.rs) describing the passed data.
+    headers: [RMemHeader; N]
+    /// The actual data being passed. The reserved memory headers point to
+    /// offsets within this array.
+    data: [u8],
+  }
+  ```
+
 #### Virtual Platform DICE Chain Handover
 
 The format of the DICE chain entry mentioned above, compatible with the
@@ -477,12 +521,12 @@
 and its configuration data.
 
 As a quick prototyping solution, a valid DICE chain (such as this [test
-file][bcc.dat]) can be appended to the `pvmfw.bin` image with `pvmfw-tool`.
+file][dice.dat]) can be appended to the `pvmfw.bin` image with `pvmfw-tool`.
 
 ```shell
 m pvmfw-tool pvmfw_bin
 PVMFW_BIN=${ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT}/system/etc/pvmfw.bin
-DICE=${ANDROID_BUILD_TOP}/packages/modules/Virtualization/tests/pvmfw/assets/bcc.dat
+DICE=${ANDROID_BUILD_TOP}/packages/modules/Virtualization/tests/pvmfw/assets/dice.dat
 
 pvmfw-tool custom_pvmfw ${PVMFW_BIN} ${DICE}
 ```
@@ -504,7 +548,7 @@
 
 Note: `adb root` is required to set the system property.
 
-[bcc.dat]: https://cs.android.com/android/platform/superproject/main/+/main:packages/modules/Virtualization/tests/pvmfw/assets/bcc.dat
+[dice.dat]: https://cs.android.com/android/platform/superproject/main/+/main:packages/modules/Virtualization/tests/pvmfw/assets/dice.dat
 
 ### Running pVM without pvmfw
 
diff --git a/guest/pvmfw/avb/tests/api_test.rs b/guest/pvmfw/avb/tests/api_test.rs
index b3899d9..b8ec0bf 100644
--- a/guest/pvmfw/avb/tests/api_test.rs
+++ b/guest/pvmfw/avb/tests/api_test.rs
@@ -71,6 +71,7 @@
         expected_rollback_index,
         vec![Capability::TrustySecurityVm],
         None,
+        Some("trusty_test_vm".to_owned()),
     )
 }
 
diff --git a/guest/pvmfw/avb/tests/utils.rs b/guest/pvmfw/avb/tests/utils.rs
index 227daa2..38541c5 100644
--- a/guest/pvmfw/avb/tests/utils.rs
+++ b/guest/pvmfw/avb/tests/utils.rs
@@ -148,6 +148,7 @@
     expected_rollback_index: u64,
     capabilities: Vec<Capability>,
     page_size: Option<usize>,
+    expected_name: Option<String>,
 ) -> Result<()> {
     let public_key = load_trusted_public_key()?;
     let verified_boot_data = verify_payload(
@@ -168,7 +169,7 @@
         capabilities,
         rollback_index: expected_rollback_index,
         page_size,
-        name: None,
+        name: expected_name,
     };
     assert_eq!(expected_boot_data, verified_boot_data);
 
diff --git a/guest/pvmfw/src/arch/aarch64/exceptions.rs b/guest/pvmfw/src/arch/aarch64/exceptions.rs
index 4c867fb..c8c0156 100644
--- a/guest/pvmfw/src/arch/aarch64/exceptions.rs
+++ b/guest/pvmfw/src/arch/aarch64/exceptions.rs
@@ -18,9 +18,7 @@
     arch::aarch64::exceptions::{
         handle_permission_fault, handle_translation_fault, ArmException, Esr, HandleExceptionError,
     },
-    eprintln, logger,
-    power::reboot,
-    read_sysreg,
+    logger, read_sysreg,
 };
 
 fn handle_exception(exception: &ArmException) -> Result<(), HandleExceptionError> {
@@ -41,55 +39,44 @@
 
     let exception = ArmException::from_el1_regs();
     if let Err(e) = handle_exception(&exception) {
-        exception.print("sync_exception_current", e, elr);
-        reboot()
+        exception.print_and_reboot("sync_exception_current", e, elr);
     }
 }
 
 #[no_mangle]
 extern "C" fn irq_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {
-    eprintln!("irq_current");
-    reboot();
+    panic!("irq_current");
 }
 
 #[no_mangle]
 extern "C" fn fiq_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {
-    eprintln!("fiq_current");
-    reboot();
+    panic!("fiq_current");
 }
 
 #[no_mangle]
 extern "C" fn serr_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {
     let esr = read_sysreg!("esr_el1");
-    eprintln!("serr_current");
-    eprintln!("esr={esr:#08x}");
-    reboot();
+    panic!("serr_current, esr={esr:#08x}");
 }
 
 #[no_mangle]
 extern "C" fn sync_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {
     let esr = read_sysreg!("esr_el1");
-    eprintln!("sync_lower");
-    eprintln!("esr={esr:#08x}");
-    reboot();
+    panic!("sync_lower, esr={esr:#08x}");
 }
 
 #[no_mangle]
 extern "C" fn irq_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {
-    eprintln!("irq_lower");
-    reboot();
+    panic!("irq_lower");
 }
 
 #[no_mangle]
 extern "C" fn fiq_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {
-    eprintln!("fiq_lower");
-    reboot();
+    panic!("fiq_lower");
 }
 
 #[no_mangle]
 extern "C" fn serr_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {
     let esr = read_sysreg!("esr_el1");
-    eprintln!("serr_lower");
-    eprintln!("esr={esr:#08x}");
-    reboot();
+    panic!("serr_lower, esr={esr:#08x}");
 }
diff --git a/guest/pvmfw/src/arch/aarch64/payload.rs b/guest/pvmfw/src/arch/aarch64/payload.rs
index 0da8297..3f3ee33 100644
--- a/guest/pvmfw/src/arch/aarch64/payload.rs
+++ b/guest/pvmfw/src/arch/aarch64/payload.rs
@@ -23,13 +23,13 @@
 /// Function boot payload after cleaning all secret from pvmfw memory
 pub fn jump_to_payload(entrypoint: usize, slices: &MemorySlices) -> ! {
     let fdt_address = slices.fdt.as_ptr() as usize;
-    let bcc = slices
-        .dice_chain
+    let dice_handover = slices
+        .dice_handover
         .map(|slice| {
             let r = slice.as_ptr_range();
             (r.start as usize)..(r.end as usize)
         })
-        .expect("Missing DICE chain");
+        .expect("Missing DICE handover");
 
     deactivate_dynamic_page_tables();
 
@@ -50,9 +50,9 @@
     assert_eq!(scratch.start.0 % ASM_STP_ALIGN, 0, "scratch memory is misaligned.");
     assert_eq!(scratch.end.0 % ASM_STP_ALIGN, 0, "scratch memory is misaligned.");
 
-    assert!(bcc.is_within(&(scratch.start.0..scratch.end.0)));
-    assert_eq!(bcc.start % ASM_STP_ALIGN, 0, "Misaligned guest BCC.");
-    assert_eq!(bcc.end % ASM_STP_ALIGN, 0, "Misaligned guest BCC.");
+    assert!(dice_handover.is_within(&(scratch.start.0..scratch.end.0)));
+    assert_eq!(dice_handover.start % ASM_STP_ALIGN, 0, "Misaligned guest DICE handover.");
+    assert_eq!(dice_handover.end % ASM_STP_ALIGN, 0, "Misaligned guest DICE handover.");
 
     let stack = layout::stack_range();
 
@@ -73,17 +73,17 @@
     // SAFETY: We're exiting pvmfw by passing the register values we need to a noreturn asm!().
     unsafe {
         asm!(
-            "cmp {scratch}, {bcc}",
+            "cmp {scratch}, {dice_handover}",
             "b.hs 1f",
 
-            // Zero .data & .bss until BCC.
+            // Zero .data & .bss until DICE handover.
             "0: stp xzr, xzr, [{scratch}], 16",
-            "cmp {scratch}, {bcc}",
+            "cmp {scratch}, {dice_handover}",
             "b.lo 0b",
 
             "1:",
-            // Skip BCC.
-            "mov {scratch}, {bcc_end}",
+            // Skip DICE handover.
+            "mov {scratch}, {dice_handover_end}",
             "cmp {scratch}, {scratch_end}",
             "b.hs 1f",
 
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@
             "b.lo 0b",
 
             "1:",
-            // Flush d-cache over .data & .bss (including BCC).
+            // Flush d-cache over .data & .bss (including DICE handover).
             "0: dc cvau, {cache_line}",
             "add {cache_line}, {cache_line}, {dcache_line_size}",
             "cmp {cache_line}, {scratch_end}",
@@ -159,8 +159,8 @@
             "dsb nsh",
             "br x30",
             sctlr_el1_val = in(reg) SCTLR_EL1_VAL,
-            bcc = in(reg) u64::try_from(bcc.start).unwrap(),
-            bcc_end = in(reg) u64::try_from(bcc.end).unwrap(),
+            dice_handover = in(reg) u64::try_from(dice_handover.start).unwrap(),
+            dice_handover_end = in(reg) u64::try_from(dice_handover.end).unwrap(),
             cache_line = in(reg) u64::try_from(scratch.start.0).unwrap(),
             scratch = in(reg) u64::try_from(scratch.start.0).unwrap(),
             scratch_end = in(reg) u64::try_from(scratch.end.0).unwrap(),
diff --git a/guest/pvmfw/src/config.rs b/guest/pvmfw/src/config.rs
index dbfde15..1f9eacf 100644
--- a/guest/pvmfw/src/config.rs
+++ b/guest/pvmfw/src/config.rs
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@
 
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
 pub enum Entry {
-    Bcc,
+    DiceHandover,
     DebugPolicy,
     VmDtbo,
     VmBaseDtbo,
@@ -136,12 +136,12 @@
     const COUNT: usize = Self::_VARIANT_COUNT as usize;
 
     const ALL_ENTRIES: [Entry; Self::COUNT] =
-        [Self::Bcc, Self::DebugPolicy, Self::VmDtbo, Self::VmBaseDtbo];
+        [Self::DiceHandover, Self::DebugPolicy, Self::VmDtbo, Self::VmBaseDtbo];
 }
 
 #[derive(Default)]
 pub struct Entries<'a> {
-    pub bcc: &'a mut [u8],
+    pub dice_handover: &'a mut [u8],
     pub debug_policy: Option<&'a [u8]>,
     pub vm_dtbo: Option<&'a mut [u8]>,
     pub vm_ref_dt: Option<&'a [u8]>,
@@ -269,8 +269,8 @@
                 entry_size,
             );
         }
-        // Ensures that BCC exists.
-        ranges[Entry::Bcc as usize].ok_or(Error::MissingEntry(Entry::Bcc))?;
+        // Ensures that the DICE handover is present.
+        ranges[Entry::DiceHandover as usize].ok_or(Error::MissingEntry(Entry::DiceHandover))?;
 
         Ok(Self { body, ranges })
     }
@@ -293,15 +293,15 @@
                 entries[i] = Some(chunk);
             }
         }
-        let [bcc, debug_policy, vm_dtbo, vm_ref_dt] = entries;
+        let [dice_handover, debug_policy, vm_dtbo, vm_ref_dt] = entries;
 
-        // The platform BCC has always been required.
-        let bcc = bcc.unwrap();
+        // The platform DICE handover has always been required.
+        let dice_handover = dice_handover.unwrap();
 
         // We have no reason to mutate so drop the `mut`.
         let debug_policy = debug_policy.map(|x| &*x);
         let vm_ref_dt = vm_ref_dt.map(|x| &*x);
 
-        Entries { bcc, debug_policy, vm_dtbo, vm_ref_dt }
+        Entries { dice_handover, debug_policy, vm_dtbo, vm_ref_dt }
     }
 }
diff --git a/guest/pvmfw/src/bcc.rs b/guest/pvmfw/src/dice/chain.rs
similarity index 71%
rename from guest/pvmfw/src/bcc.rs
rename to guest/pvmfw/src/dice/chain.rs
index 9260d7f..c8353fa 100644
--- a/guest/pvmfw/src/bcc.rs
+++ b/guest/pvmfw/src/dice/chain.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-//! Code to inspect/manipulate the BCC (DICE Chain) we receive from our loader (the hypervisor).
+//! Code to inspect/manipulate the DICE Chain we receive from our loader.
 
 // TODO(b/279910232): Unify this, somehow, with the similar but different code in hwtrust.
 
@@ -25,56 +25,58 @@
 use diced_open_dice::{BccHandover, Cdi, DiceArtifacts, DiceMode};
 use log::trace;
 
-type Result<T> = core::result::Result<T, BccError>;
+type Result<T> = core::result::Result<T, DiceChainError>;
 
-pub enum BccError {
+pub enum DiceChainError {
     CborDecodeError,
     CborEncodeError,
     CosetError(coset::CoseError),
     DiceError(diced_open_dice::DiceError),
-    MalformedBcc(&'static str),
-    MissingBcc,
+    Malformed(&'static str),
+    Missing,
 }
 
-impl From<coset::CoseError> for BccError {
+impl From<coset::CoseError> for DiceChainError {
     fn from(e: coset::CoseError) -> Self {
         Self::CosetError(e)
     }
 }
 
-impl fmt::Display for BccError {
+impl fmt::Display for DiceChainError {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         match self {
-            Self::CborDecodeError => write!(f, "Error parsing BCC CBOR"),
-            Self::CborEncodeError => write!(f, "Error encoding BCC CBOR"),
+            Self::CborDecodeError => write!(f, "Error parsing DICE chain CBOR"),
+            Self::CborEncodeError => write!(f, "Error encoding DICE chain CBOR"),
             Self::CosetError(e) => write!(f, "Encountered an error with coset: {e}"),
             Self::DiceError(e) => write!(f, "Dice error: {e:?}"),
-            Self::MalformedBcc(s) => {
-                write!(f, "BCC does not have the expected CBOR structure: {s}")
+            Self::Malformed(s) => {
+                write!(f, "DICE chain does not have the expected CBOR structure: {s}")
             }
-            Self::MissingBcc => write!(f, "Missing BCC"),
+            Self::Missing => write!(f, "Missing DICE chain"),
         }
     }
 }
 
 /// Return a new CBOR encoded BccHandover that is based on the incoming CDIs but does not chain
-/// from the received BCC.
-pub fn truncate(bcc_handover: BccHandover) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+/// from the received DICE chain.
+#[cfg_attr(test, allow(dead_code))]
+pub fn truncate(handover: BccHandover) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
     // Note: The strings here are deliberately different from those used in a normal DICE handover
     // because we want this to not be equivalent to any valid DICE derivation.
-    let cdi_seal = taint_cdi(bcc_handover.cdi_seal(), "TaintCdiSeal")?;
-    let cdi_attest = taint_cdi(bcc_handover.cdi_attest(), "TaintCdiAttest")?;
+    let cdi_seal = taint_cdi(handover.cdi_seal(), "TaintCdiSeal")?;
+    let cdi_attest = taint_cdi(handover.cdi_attest(), "TaintCdiAttest")?;
 
     // BccHandover = {
     //   1 : bstr .size 32,     ; CDI_Attest
     //   2 : bstr .size 32,     ; CDI_Seal
     //   ? 3 : Bcc,             ; Certificate chain
     // }
-    let bcc_handover: Vec<(Value, Value)> =
+    let handover: Vec<(Value, Value)> =
         vec![(1.into(), cdi_attest.as_slice().into()), (2.into(), cdi_seal.as_slice().into())];
-    cbor_util::serialize(&bcc_handover).map_err(|_| BccError::CborEncodeError)
+    cbor_util::serialize(&handover).map_err(|_| DiceChainError::CborEncodeError)
 }
 
+#[cfg_attr(test, allow(dead_code))]
 fn taint_cdi(cdi: &Cdi, info: &str) -> Result<Cdi> {
     // An arbitrary value generated randomly.
     const SALT: [u8; 64] = [
@@ -86,44 +88,39 @@
     ];
     let mut result = [0u8; size_of::<Cdi>()];
     diced_open_dice::kdf(cdi.as_slice(), &SALT, info.as_bytes(), result.as_mut_slice())
-        .map_err(BccError::DiceError)?;
+        .map_err(DiceChainError::DiceError)?;
     Ok(result)
 }
 
-/// Represents a (partially) decoded BCC DICE chain.
-pub struct Bcc {
+/// Represents a (partially) decoded DICE chain.
+pub struct DiceChainInfo {
     is_debug_mode: bool,
     leaf_subject_pubkey: PublicKey,
 }
 
-impl Bcc {
-    /// Returns whether any node in the received DICE chain is marked as debug (and hence is not
-    /// secure).
-    pub fn new(received_bcc: Option<&[u8]>) -> Result<Bcc> {
-        let received_bcc = received_bcc.unwrap_or(&[]);
-        if received_bcc.is_empty() {
-            return Err(BccError::MissingBcc);
-        }
+impl DiceChainInfo {
+    pub fn new(handover: Option<&[u8]>) -> Result<Self> {
+        let handover = handover.filter(|h| !h.is_empty()).ok_or(DiceChainError::Missing)?;
 
-        // We don't attempt to fully validate the BCC (e.g. we don't check the signatures) - we
-        // have to trust our loader. But if it's invalid CBOR or otherwise clearly ill-formed,
+        // We don't attempt to fully validate the DICE chain (e.g. we don't check the signatures) -
+        // we have to trust our loader. But if it's invalid CBOR or otherwise clearly ill-formed,
         // something is very wrong, so we fail.
-        let bcc_cbor =
-            cbor_util::deserialize(received_bcc).map_err(|_| BccError::CborDecodeError)?;
+        let handover_cbor =
+            cbor_util::deserialize(handover).map_err(|_| DiceChainError::CborDecodeError)?;
 
         // Bcc = [
         //   PubKeyEd25519 / PubKeyECDSA256, // DK_pub
         //   + BccEntry,                     // Root -> leaf (KM_pub)
         // ]
-        let bcc = match bcc_cbor {
+        let dice_chain = match handover_cbor {
             Value::Array(v) if v.len() >= 2 => v,
-            _ => return Err(BccError::MalformedBcc("Invalid top level value")),
+            _ => return Err(DiceChainError::Malformed("Invalid top level value")),
         };
         // Decode all the DICE payloads to make sure they are well-formed.
-        let payloads = bcc
+        let payloads = dice_chain
             .into_iter()
             .skip(1)
-            .map(|v| BccEntry::new(v).payload())
+            .map(|v| DiceChainEntry::new(v).payload())
             .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
 
         let is_debug_mode = is_any_payload_debug_mode(&payloads)?;
@@ -132,6 +129,8 @@
         Ok(Self { is_debug_mode, leaf_subject_pubkey })
     }
 
+    /// Returns whether any node in the received DICE chain is marked as debug (and hence is not
+    /// secure).
     pub fn is_debug_mode(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_debug_mode
     }
@@ -141,7 +140,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-fn is_any_payload_debug_mode(payloads: &[BccPayload]) -> Result<bool> {
+fn is_any_payload_debug_mode(payloads: &[DiceChainEntryPayload]) -> Result<bool> {
     // Check if any payload in the chain is marked as Debug mode, which means the device is not
     // secure. (Normal means it is a secure boot, for that stage at least; we ignore recovery
     // & not configured /invalid values, since it's not clear what they would mean in this
@@ -155,10 +154,7 @@
 }
 
 #[repr(transparent)]
-struct BccEntry(Value);
-
-#[repr(transparent)]
-struct BccPayload(Value);
+struct DiceChainEntry(Value);
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct PublicKey {
@@ -167,12 +163,12 @@
     pub cose_alg: iana::Algorithm,
 }
 
-impl BccEntry {
+impl DiceChainEntry {
     pub fn new(entry: Value) -> Self {
         Self(entry)
     }
 
-    pub fn payload(&self) -> Result<BccPayload> {
+    pub fn payload(&self) -> Result<DiceChainEntryPayload> {
         // BccEntry = [                                  // COSE_Sign1 (untagged)
         //     protected : bstr .cbor {
         //         1 : AlgorithmEdDSA / AlgorithmES256,  // Algorithm
@@ -183,11 +179,13 @@
         //                     // ECDSA(SigningKey, bstr .cbor BccEntryInput)
         //     // See RFC 8032 for details of how to encode the signature value for Ed25519.
         // ]
+        let payload = self
+            .payload_bytes()
+            .ok_or(DiceChainError::Malformed("Invalid DiceChainEntryPayload"))?;
         let payload =
-            self.payload_bytes().ok_or(BccError::MalformedBcc("Invalid payload in BccEntry"))?;
-        let payload = cbor_util::deserialize(payload).map_err(|_| BccError::CborDecodeError)?;
-        trace!("Bcc payload: {payload:?}");
-        Ok(BccPayload(payload))
+            cbor_util::deserialize(payload).map_err(|_| DiceChainError::CborDecodeError)?;
+        trace!("DiceChainEntryPayload: {payload:?}");
+        Ok(DiceChainEntryPayload(payload))
     }
 
     fn payload_bytes(&self) -> Option<&Vec<u8>> {
@@ -203,7 +201,10 @@
 const MODE_DEBUG: u8 = DiceMode::kDiceModeDebug as u8;
 const SUBJECT_PUBLIC_KEY: i32 = -4670552;
 
-impl BccPayload {
+#[repr(transparent)]
+struct DiceChainEntryPayload(Value);
+
+impl DiceChainEntryPayload {
     pub fn is_debug_mode(&self) -> Result<bool> {
         // BccPayload = {                     // CWT
         // ...
@@ -219,11 +220,11 @@
         // Profile for DICE spec.
         let mode = if let Some(bytes) = value.as_bytes() {
             if bytes.len() != 1 {
-                return Err(BccError::MalformedBcc("Invalid mode bstr"));
+                return Err(DiceChainError::Malformed("Invalid mode bstr"));
             }
             bytes[0].into()
         } else {
-            value.as_integer().ok_or(BccError::MalformedBcc("Invalid type for mode"))?
+            value.as_integer().ok_or(DiceChainError::Malformed("Invalid type for mode"))?
         };
         Ok(mode == MODE_DEBUG.into())
     }
@@ -237,9 +238,9 @@
         // ...
         // }
         self.value_from_key(SUBJECT_PUBLIC_KEY)
-            .ok_or(BccError::MalformedBcc("Subject public key missing"))?
+            .ok_or(DiceChainError::Malformed("Subject public key missing"))?
             .as_bytes()
-            .ok_or(BccError::MalformedBcc("Subject public key is not a byte string"))
+            .ok_or(DiceChainError::Malformed("Subject public key is not a byte string"))
             .and_then(|v| PublicKey::from_slice(v))
     }
 
@@ -262,7 +263,7 @@
     fn from_slice(slice: &[u8]) -> Result<Self> {
         let key = CoseKey::from_slice(slice)?;
         let Some(Algorithm::Assigned(cose_alg)) = key.alg else {
-            return Err(BccError::MalformedBcc("Invalid algorithm in public key"));
+            return Err(DiceChainError::Malformed("Invalid algorithm in public key"));
         };
         Ok(Self { cose_alg })
     }
diff --git a/guest/pvmfw/src/dice.rs b/guest/pvmfw/src/dice/mod.rs
similarity index 87%
rename from guest/pvmfw/src/dice.rs
rename to guest/pvmfw/src/dice/mod.rs
index 49a3807..8317e48 100644
--- a/guest/pvmfw/src/dice.rs
+++ b/guest/pvmfw/src/dice/mod.rs
@@ -12,12 +12,15 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-//! Support for DICE derivation and BCC generation.
+//! Support for DICE derivation and DICE chain generation.
 extern crate alloc;
 
+pub(crate) mod chain;
+
 use alloc::format;
 use alloc::string::String;
 use alloc::vec::Vec;
+pub use chain::DiceChainInfo;
 use ciborium::cbor;
 use ciborium::Value;
 use core::mem::size_of;
@@ -101,13 +104,13 @@
         Ok(Self { code_hash, auth_hash, mode, security_version, rkp_vm_marker, component_name })
     }
 
-    pub fn write_next_bcc(
+    pub fn write_next_handover(
         self,
-        current_bcc_handover: &[u8],
+        current_handover: &[u8],
         salt: &[u8; HIDDEN_SIZE],
         instance_hash: Option<Hash>,
         deferred_rollback_protection: bool,
-        next_bcc: &mut [u8],
+        next_handover: &mut [u8],
         context: DiceContext,
     ) -> Result<()> {
         let config = self
@@ -121,7 +124,7 @@
             self.mode,
             self.make_hidden(salt, deferred_rollback_protection)?,
         );
-        let _ = bcc_handover_main_flow(current_bcc_handover, &dice_inputs, next_bcc, context)?;
+        let _ = bcc_handover_main_flow(current_handover, &dice_inputs, next_handover, context)?;
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -181,6 +184,7 @@
         SECURITY_VERSION_KEY,
     };
     use ciborium::Value;
+    use diced_open_dice::bcc_handover_parse;
     use diced_open_dice::DiceArtifacts;
     use diced_open_dice::DiceContext;
     use diced_open_dice::DiceMode;
@@ -334,7 +338,7 @@
 
         inputs
             .clone()
-            .write_next_bcc(
+            .write_next_handover(
                 sample_dice_input,
                 &[0u8; HIDDEN_SIZE],
                 Some([0u8; 64]),
@@ -343,11 +347,11 @@
                 context.clone(),
             )
             .unwrap();
-        let bcc_handover1 = diced_open_dice::bcc_handover_parse(&buffer_without_defer).unwrap();
+        let handover1 = from_serialized_handover(&buffer_without_defer);
 
         inputs
             .clone()
-            .write_next_bcc(
+            .write_next_handover(
                 sample_dice_input,
                 &[0u8; HIDDEN_SIZE],
                 Some([0u8; 64]),
@@ -356,11 +360,11 @@
                 context.clone(),
             )
             .unwrap();
-        let bcc_handover2 = diced_open_dice::bcc_handover_parse(&buffer_with_defer).unwrap();
+        let handover2 = from_serialized_handover(&buffer_with_defer);
 
         inputs
             .clone()
-            .write_next_bcc(
+            .write_next_handover(
                 sample_dice_input,
                 &[0u8; HIDDEN_SIZE],
                 Some([0u8; 64]),
@@ -369,25 +373,24 @@
                 context.clone(),
             )
             .unwrap();
-        let bcc_handover3 =
-            diced_open_dice::bcc_handover_parse(&buffer_without_defer_retry).unwrap();
+        let handover3 = from_serialized_handover(&buffer_without_defer_retry);
 
-        assert_ne!(bcc_handover1.cdi_seal(), bcc_handover2.cdi_seal());
-        assert_eq!(bcc_handover1.cdi_seal(), bcc_handover3.cdi_seal());
+        assert_ne!(handover1.cdi_seal(), handover2.cdi_seal());
+        assert_eq!(handover1.cdi_seal(), handover3.cdi_seal());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn dice_derivation_with_different_algorithms_is_valid() {
         let dice_artifacts = make_sample_bcc_and_cdis().unwrap();
-        let bcc_handover0_bytes = to_bcc_handover(&dice_artifacts);
+        let handover0_bytes = to_serialized_handover(&dice_artifacts);
         let vb_data = VerifiedBootData { debug_level: DebugLevel::Full, ..BASE_VB_DATA };
         let inputs = PartialInputs::new(&vb_data).unwrap();
         let mut buffer = [0; 4096];
 
         inputs
             .clone()
-            .write_next_bcc(
-                &bcc_handover0_bytes,
+            .write_next_handover(
+                &handover0_bytes,
                 &[0u8; HIDDEN_SIZE],
                 Some([0u8; 64]),
                 true,
@@ -397,15 +400,15 @@
                     subject_algorithm: KeyAlgorithm::EcdsaP256,
                 },
             )
-            .expect("Failed to derive Ed25519 -> EcdsaP256 BCC");
-        let bcc_handover1 = diced_open_dice::bcc_handover_parse(&buffer).unwrap();
-        let bcc_handover1_bytes = to_bcc_handover(&bcc_handover1);
+            .expect("Failed to derive Ed25519 -> EcdsaP256 DICE chain");
+        let handover1 = from_serialized_handover(&buffer);
+        let handover1_bytes = to_serialized_handover(&handover1);
         buffer.fill(0);
 
         inputs
             .clone()
-            .write_next_bcc(
-                &bcc_handover1_bytes,
+            .write_next_handover(
+                &handover1_bytes,
                 &[0u8; HIDDEN_SIZE],
                 Some([0u8; 64]),
                 true,
@@ -415,15 +418,15 @@
                     subject_algorithm: KeyAlgorithm::EcdsaP384,
                 },
             )
-            .expect("Failed to derive EcdsaP256 -> EcdsaP384 BCC");
-        let bcc_handover2 = diced_open_dice::bcc_handover_parse(&buffer).unwrap();
-        let bcc_handover2_bytes = to_bcc_handover(&bcc_handover2);
+            .expect("Failed to derive EcdsaP256 -> EcdsaP384 DICE chain");
+        let handover2 = from_serialized_handover(&buffer);
+        let handover2_bytes = to_serialized_handover(&handover2);
         buffer.fill(0);
 
         inputs
             .clone()
-            .write_next_bcc(
-                &bcc_handover2_bytes,
+            .write_next_handover(
+                &handover2_bytes,
                 &[0u8; HIDDEN_SIZE],
                 Some([0u8; 64]),
                 true,
@@ -433,21 +436,25 @@
                     subject_algorithm: KeyAlgorithm::Ed25519,
                 },
             )
-            .expect("Failed to derive EcdsaP384 -> Ed25519 BCC");
-        let bcc_handover3 = diced_open_dice::bcc_handover_parse(&buffer).unwrap();
+            .expect("Failed to derive EcdsaP384 -> Ed25519 DICE chain");
+        let handover3 = from_serialized_handover(&buffer);
 
         let mut session = Session::default();
         session.set_allow_any_mode(true);
-        let _chain = dice::Chain::from_cbor(&session, bcc_handover3.bcc().unwrap()).unwrap();
+        let _chain = dice::Chain::from_cbor(&session, handover3.bcc().unwrap()).unwrap();
     }
 
-    fn to_bcc_handover(dice_artifacts: &dyn DiceArtifacts) -> Vec<u8> {
+    fn to_serialized_handover(dice_artifacts: &dyn DiceArtifacts) -> Vec<u8> {
         let dice_chain = cbor_util::deserialize::<Value>(dice_artifacts.bcc().unwrap()).unwrap();
-        let bcc_handover = Value::Map(vec![
+        let handover = Value::Map(vec![
             (Value::Integer(1.into()), Value::Bytes(dice_artifacts.cdi_attest().to_vec())),
             (Value::Integer(2.into()), Value::Bytes(dice_artifacts.cdi_seal().to_vec())),
             (Value::Integer(3.into()), dice_chain),
         ]);
-        cbor_util::serialize(&bcc_handover).unwrap()
+        cbor_util::serialize(&handover).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn from_serialized_handover(bytes: &[u8]) -> diced_open_dice::BccHandover {
+        bcc_handover_parse(bytes).unwrap()
     }
 }
diff --git a/guest/pvmfw/src/entry.rs b/guest/pvmfw/src/entry.rs
index 8ada6a1..46b1971 100644
--- a/guest/pvmfw/src/entry.rs
+++ b/guest/pvmfw/src/entry.rs
@@ -33,8 +33,8 @@
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub enum RebootReason {
-    /// A malformed BCC was received.
-    InvalidBcc,
+    /// A malformed DICE handover was received.
+    InvalidDiceHandover,
     /// An invalid configuration was appended to pvmfw.
     InvalidConfig,
     /// An unexpected internal error happened.
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
 impl RebootReason {
     pub fn as_avf_reboot_string(&self) -> &'static str {
         match self {
-            Self::InvalidBcc => "PVM_FIRMWARE_INVALID_BCC",
+            Self::InvalidDiceHandover => "PVM_FIRMWARE_INVALID_DICE_HANDOVER",
             Self::InvalidConfig => "PVM_FIRMWARE_INVALID_CONFIG_DATA",
             Self::InternalError => "PVM_FIRMWARE_INTERNAL_ERROR",
             Self::InvalidFdt => "PVM_FIRMWARE_INVALID_FDT",
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@
     };
 
     const REBOOT_REASON_CONSOLE: usize = 1;
-    console_writeln!(REBOOT_REASON_CONSOLE, "{}", reboot_reason.as_avf_reboot_string());
+    console_writeln!(REBOOT_REASON_CONSOLE, "{}", reboot_reason.as_avf_reboot_string()).unwrap();
     reboot()
 
     // if we reach this point and return, vmbase::entry::rust_entry() will call power::shutdown().
@@ -135,21 +135,21 @@
     let mut slices = MemorySlices::new(fdt, payload, payload_size)?;
 
     // This wrapper allows main() to be blissfully ignorant of platform details.
-    let (next_bcc, debuggable_payload) = crate::main(
+    let (next_dice_handover, debuggable_payload) = crate::main(
         slices.fdt,
         slices.kernel,
         slices.ramdisk,
-        config_entries.bcc,
+        config_entries.dice_handover,
         config_entries.debug_policy,
         config_entries.vm_dtbo,
         config_entries.vm_ref_dt,
     )?;
-    slices.add_dice_chain(next_bcc);
+    slices.add_dice_handover(next_dice_handover);
     // Keep UART MMIO_GUARD-ed for debuggable payloads, to enable earlycon.
     let keep_uart = cfg!(debuggable_vms_improvements) && debuggable_payload;
 
     // Writable-dirty regions will be flushed when MemoryTracker is dropped.
-    config_entries.bcc.zeroize();
+    config_entries.dice_handover.zeroize();
 
     unshare_all_mmio_except_uart().map_err(|e| {
         error!("Failed to unshare MMIO ranges: {e}");
@@ -180,8 +180,8 @@
 enum AppendedPayload<'a> {
     /// Configuration data.
     Config(config::Config<'a>),
-    /// Deprecated raw BCC, as used in Android T.
-    LegacyBcc(&'a mut [u8]),
+    /// Deprecated raw DICE handover, as used in Android T.
+    LegacyDiceHandover(&'a mut [u8]),
 }
 
 impl<'a> AppendedPayload<'a> {
@@ -201,9 +201,12 @@
                 // SAFETY: Pointer to a valid mut (not accessed elsewhere), 'a lifetime re-used.
                 let data: &'a mut _ = unsafe { &mut *data_ptr };
 
-                const BCC_SIZE: usize = SIZE_4KB;
-                warn!("Assuming the appended data at {:?} to be a raw BCC", data.as_ptr());
-                Some(Self::LegacyBcc(&mut data[..BCC_SIZE]))
+                const DICE_CHAIN_SIZE: usize = SIZE_4KB;
+                warn!(
+                    "Assuming the appended data at {:?} to be a raw DICE handover",
+                    data.as_ptr()
+                );
+                Some(Self::LegacyDiceHandover(&mut data[..DICE_CHAIN_SIZE]))
             }
             Err(e) => {
                 error!("Invalid configuration data at {data_ptr:?}: {e}");
@@ -215,7 +218,9 @@
     fn get_entries(self) -> config::Entries<'a> {
         match self {
             Self::Config(cfg) => cfg.get_entries(),
-            Self::LegacyBcc(bcc) => config::Entries { bcc, ..Default::default() },
+            Self::LegacyDiceHandover(dice_handover) => {
+                config::Entries { dice_handover, ..Default::default() }
+            }
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/guest/pvmfw/src/fdt.rs b/guest/pvmfw/src/fdt.rs
index 59399b3..8adf8e5 100644
--- a/guest/pvmfw/src/fdt.rs
+++ b/guest/pvmfw/src/fdt.rs
@@ -1360,7 +1360,7 @@
 /// Modifies the input DT according to the fields of the configuration.
 pub fn modify_for_next_stage(
     fdt: &mut Fdt,
-    bcc: &[u8],
+    dice_handover: &[u8],
     new_instance: bool,
     strict_boot: bool,
     debug_policy: Option<&[u8]>,
@@ -1382,7 +1382,7 @@
         fdt.unpack()?;
     }
 
-    patch_dice_node(fdt, bcc.as_ptr() as usize, bcc.len())?;
+    patch_dice_node(fdt, dice_handover)?;
 
     if let Some(mut chosen) = fdt.chosen_mut()? {
         empty_or_delete_prop(&mut chosen, c"avf,strict-boot", strict_boot)?;
@@ -1400,17 +1400,15 @@
     Ok(())
 }
 
-/// Patch the "google,open-dice"-compatible reserved-memory node to point to the bcc range
-fn patch_dice_node(fdt: &mut Fdt, addr: usize, size: usize) -> libfdt::Result<()> {
-    // We reject DTs with missing reserved-memory node as validation should have checked that the
-    // "swiotlb" subnode (compatible = "restricted-dma-pool") was present.
-    let node = fdt.node_mut(c"/reserved-memory")?.ok_or(libfdt::FdtError::NotFound)?;
-
+/// Patch the "google,open-dice"-compatible reserved-memory node to point to the DICE handover.
+fn patch_dice_node(fdt: &mut Fdt, handover: &[u8]) -> libfdt::Result<()> {
+    // The node is assumed to be present in the template DT.
+    let node = fdt.node_mut(c"/reserved-memory")?.ok_or(FdtError::NotFound)?;
     let mut node = node.next_compatible(c"google,open-dice")?.ok_or(FdtError::NotFound)?;
 
-    let addr: u64 = addr.try_into().unwrap();
-    let size: u64 = size.try_into().unwrap();
-    node.setprop_inplace(c"reg", [addr.to_be_bytes(), size.to_be_bytes()].as_flattened())
+    let addr = (handover.as_ptr() as usize).try_into().unwrap();
+    let size = handover.len().try_into().unwrap();
+    node.setprop_addrrange_inplace(c"reg", addr, size)
 }
 
 fn empty_or_delete_prop(
diff --git a/guest/pvmfw/src/main.rs b/guest/pvmfw/src/main.rs
index 9afbcc3..9f1b5e6 100644
--- a/guest/pvmfw/src/main.rs
+++ b/guest/pvmfw/src/main.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@
 extern crate alloc;
 
 mod arch;
-mod bcc;
 mod bootargs;
 mod config;
 mod device_assignment;
@@ -32,8 +31,7 @@
 mod memory;
 mod rollback;
 
-use crate::bcc::Bcc;
-use crate::dice::PartialInputs;
+use crate::dice::{DiceChainInfo, PartialInputs};
 use crate::entry::RebootReason;
 use crate::fdt::{modify_for_next_stage, read_instance_id, sanitize_device_tree};
 use crate::rollback::perform_rollback_protection;
@@ -41,7 +39,6 @@
 use alloc::boxed::Box;
 use bssl_avf::Digester;
 use diced_open_dice::{bcc_handover_parse, DiceArtifacts, DiceContext, Hidden, VM_KEY_ALGORITHM};
-use hypervisor_backends::get_mem_sharer;
 use libfdt::Fdt;
 use log::{debug, error, info, trace, warn};
 use pvmfw_avb::verify_payload;
@@ -55,7 +52,7 @@
     untrusted_fdt: &mut Fdt,
     signed_kernel: &[u8],
     ramdisk: Option<&[u8]>,
-    current_bcc_handover: &[u8],
+    current_dice_handover: &[u8],
     mut debug_policy: Option<&[u8]>,
     vm_dtbo: Option<&mut [u8]>,
     vm_ref_dt: Option<&[u8]>,
@@ -70,21 +67,21 @@
         debug!("Ramdisk: None");
     }
 
-    let bcc_handover = bcc_handover_parse(current_bcc_handover).map_err(|e| {
-        error!("Invalid BCC Handover: {e:?}");
-        RebootReason::InvalidBcc
+    let dice_handover = bcc_handover_parse(current_dice_handover).map_err(|e| {
+        error!("Invalid DICE Handover: {e:?}");
+        RebootReason::InvalidDiceHandover
     })?;
-    trace!("BCC: {bcc_handover:x?}");
+    trace!("DICE handover: {dice_handover:x?}");
 
-    let bcc = Bcc::new(bcc_handover.bcc()).map_err(|e| {
+    let dice_chain_info = DiceChainInfo::new(dice_handover.bcc()).map_err(|e| {
         error!("{e}");
-        RebootReason::InvalidBcc
+        RebootReason::InvalidDiceHandover
     })?;
 
     // The bootloader should never pass us a debug policy when the boot is secure (the bootloader
     // is locked). If it gets it wrong, disregard it & log it, to avoid it causing problems.
-    if debug_policy.is_some() && !bcc.is_debug_mode() {
-        warn!("Ignoring debug policy, BCC does not indicate Debug mode");
+    if debug_policy.is_some() && !dice_chain_info.is_debug_mode() {
+        warn!("Ignoring debug policy, DICE handover does not indicate Debug mode");
         debug_policy = None;
     }
 
@@ -99,26 +96,19 @@
     }
 
     let guest_page_size = verified_boot_data.page_size.unwrap_or(SIZE_4KB);
-    // TODO(ptosi): Cache the (single?) granule once, in vmbase.
-    let hyp_page_size = if let Some(mem_sharer) = get_mem_sharer() {
-        Some(mem_sharer.granule().map_err(|e| {
-            error!("Failed to get granule size: {e}");
-            RebootReason::InternalError
-        })?)
-    } else {
-        None
-    };
+    let hyp_page_size = hypervisor_backends::get_granule_size();
     let _ =
         sanitize_device_tree(untrusted_fdt, vm_dtbo, vm_ref_dt, guest_page_size, hyp_page_size)?;
     let fdt = untrusted_fdt; // DT has now been sanitized.
 
-    let next_bcc_size = guest_page_size;
-    let next_bcc = heap::aligned_boxed_slice(next_bcc_size, guest_page_size).ok_or_else(|| {
-        error!("Failed to allocate the next-stage BCC");
-        RebootReason::InternalError
-    })?;
+    let next_dice_handover_size = guest_page_size;
+    let next_dice_handover = heap::aligned_boxed_slice(next_dice_handover_size, guest_page_size)
+        .ok_or_else(|| {
+            error!("Failed to allocate the next-stage DICE handover");
+            RebootReason::InternalError
+        })?;
     // By leaking the slice, its content will be left behind for the next stage.
-    let next_bcc = Box::leak(next_bcc);
+    let next_dice_handover = Box::leak(next_dice_handover);
 
     let dice_inputs = PartialInputs::new(&verified_boot_data).map_err(|e| {
         error!("Failed to compute partial DICE inputs: {e:?}");
@@ -130,49 +120,50 @@
         fdt,
         &verified_boot_data,
         &dice_inputs,
-        bcc_handover.cdi_seal(),
+        dice_handover.cdi_seal(),
         instance_hash,
     )?;
     trace!("Got salt for instance: {salt:x?}");
 
-    let new_bcc_handover = if cfg!(dice_changes) {
-        Cow::Borrowed(current_bcc_handover)
+    let new_dice_handover = if cfg!(dice_changes) {
+        Cow::Borrowed(current_dice_handover)
     } else {
         // It is possible that the DICE chain we were given is rooted in the UDS. We do not want to
         // give such a chain to the payload, or even the associated CDIs. So remove the
         // entire chain we were given and taint the CDIs. Note that the resulting CDIs are
         // still deterministically derived from those we received, so will vary iff they do.
         // TODO(b/280405545): Remove this post Android 14.
-        let truncated_bcc_handover = bcc::truncate(bcc_handover).map_err(|e| {
+        let truncated_dice_handover = dice::chain::truncate(dice_handover).map_err(|e| {
             error!("{e}");
             RebootReason::InternalError
         })?;
-        Cow::Owned(truncated_bcc_handover)
+        Cow::Owned(truncated_dice_handover)
     };
 
-    trace!("BCC leaf subject public key algorithm: {:?}", bcc.leaf_subject_pubkey().cose_alg);
+    let cose_alg = dice_chain_info.leaf_subject_pubkey().cose_alg;
+    trace!("DICE chain leaf subject public key algorithm: {:?}", cose_alg);
 
     let dice_context = DiceContext {
-        authority_algorithm: bcc.leaf_subject_pubkey().cose_alg.try_into().map_err(|e| {
+        authority_algorithm: cose_alg.try_into().map_err(|e| {
             error!("{e}");
             RebootReason::InternalError
         })?,
         subject_algorithm: VM_KEY_ALGORITHM,
     };
     dice_inputs
-        .write_next_bcc(
-            new_bcc_handover.as_ref(),
+        .write_next_handover(
+            new_dice_handover.as_ref(),
             &salt,
             instance_hash,
             defer_rollback_protection,
-            next_bcc,
+            next_dice_handover,
             dice_context,
         )
         .map_err(|e| {
             error!("Failed to derive next-stage DICE secrets: {e:?}");
             RebootReason::SecretDerivationError
         })?;
-    flush(next_bcc);
+    flush(next_dice_handover);
 
     let kaslr_seed = u64::from_ne_bytes(rand::random_array().map_err(|e| {
         error!("Failed to generated guest KASLR seed: {e}");
@@ -181,7 +172,7 @@
     let strict_boot = true;
     modify_for_next_stage(
         fdt,
-        next_bcc,
+        next_dice_handover,
         new_instance,
         strict_boot,
         debug_policy,
@@ -194,7 +185,7 @@
     })?;
 
     info!("Starting payload...");
-    Ok((next_bcc, debuggable))
+    Ok((next_dice_handover, debuggable))
 }
 
 // Get the "salt" which is one of the input for DICE derivation.
diff --git a/guest/pvmfw/src/memory.rs b/guest/pvmfw/src/memory.rs
index a663008..8af5aae 100644
--- a/guest/pvmfw/src/memory.rs
+++ b/guest/pvmfw/src/memory.rs
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
     pub fdt: &'a mut libfdt::Fdt,
     pub kernel: &'a [u8],
     pub ramdisk: Option<&'a [u8]>,
-    pub dice_chain: Option<&'a [u8]>,
+    pub dice_handover: Option<&'a [u8]>,
 }
 
 impl<'a> MemorySlices<'a> {
@@ -112,12 +112,12 @@
             None
         };
 
-        let dice_chain = None;
+        let dice_handover = None;
 
-        Ok(Self { fdt: untrusted_fdt, kernel, ramdisk, dice_chain })
+        Ok(Self { fdt: untrusted_fdt, kernel, ramdisk, dice_handover })
     }
 
-    pub fn add_dice_chain(&mut self, dice_chain: &'a [u8]) {
-        self.dice_chain = Some(dice_chain)
+    pub fn add_dice_handover(&mut self, slice: &'a [u8]) {
+        self.dice_handover = Some(slice)
     }
 }
diff --git a/guest/rialto/src/exceptions.rs b/guest/rialto/src/exceptions.rs
index 467a3a6..c8c0156 100644
--- a/guest/rialto/src/exceptions.rs
+++ b/guest/rialto/src/exceptions.rs
@@ -18,9 +18,7 @@
     arch::aarch64::exceptions::{
         handle_permission_fault, handle_translation_fault, ArmException, Esr, HandleExceptionError,
     },
-    eprintln, logger,
-    power::reboot,
-    read_sysreg,
+    logger, read_sysreg,
 };
 
 fn handle_exception(exception: &ArmException) -> Result<(), HandleExceptionError> {
@@ -41,58 +39,44 @@
 
     let exception = ArmException::from_el1_regs();
     if let Err(e) = handle_exception(&exception) {
-        exception.print("sync_exception_current", e, elr);
-        reboot()
+        exception.print_and_reboot("sync_exception_current", e, elr);
     }
 }
 
 #[no_mangle]
-extern "C" fn irq_current() {
-    eprintln!("irq_current");
-    reboot();
+extern "C" fn irq_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {
+    panic!("irq_current");
 }
 
 #[no_mangle]
-extern "C" fn fiq_current() {
-    eprintln!("fiq_current");
-    reboot();
+extern "C" fn fiq_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {
+    panic!("fiq_current");
 }
 
 #[no_mangle]
-extern "C" fn serr_current() {
-    eprintln!("serr_current");
-    print_esr();
-    reboot();
-}
-
-#[no_mangle]
-extern "C" fn sync_lower() {
-    eprintln!("sync_lower");
-    print_esr();
-    reboot();
-}
-
-#[no_mangle]
-extern "C" fn irq_lower() {
-    eprintln!("irq_lower");
-    reboot();
-}
-
-#[no_mangle]
-extern "C" fn fiq_lower() {
-    eprintln!("fiq_lower");
-    reboot();
-}
-
-#[no_mangle]
-extern "C" fn serr_lower() {
-    eprintln!("serr_lower");
-    print_esr();
-    reboot();
-}
-
-#[inline]
-fn print_esr() {
+extern "C" fn serr_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {
     let esr = read_sysreg!("esr_el1");
-    eprintln!("esr={:#08x}", esr);
+    panic!("serr_current, esr={esr:#08x}");
+}
+
+#[no_mangle]
+extern "C" fn sync_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {
+    let esr = read_sysreg!("esr_el1");
+    panic!("sync_lower, esr={esr:#08x}");
+}
+
+#[no_mangle]
+extern "C" fn irq_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {
+    panic!("irq_lower");
+}
+
+#[no_mangle]
+extern "C" fn fiq_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {
+    panic!("fiq_lower");
+}
+
+#[no_mangle]
+extern "C" fn serr_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {
+    let esr = read_sysreg!("esr_el1");
+    panic!("serr_lower, esr={esr:#08x}");
 }
diff --git a/guest/storage_balloon_agent/.cargo/config.toml b/guest/storage_balloon_agent/.cargo/config.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a451cda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guest/storage_balloon_agent/.cargo/config.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+[target.aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu]
+linker = "aarch64-linux-gnu-gcc"
+rustflags = ["-C", "target-feature=+crt-static"]
+
+[target.x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu]
+rustflags = ["-C", "target-feature=+crt-static"]
diff --git a/guest/storage_balloon_agent/.gitignore b/guest/storage_balloon_agent/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ea8c4bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guest/storage_balloon_agent/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/target
diff --git a/guest/storage_balloon_agent/Cargo.toml b/guest/storage_balloon_agent/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ce0e5d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guest/storage_balloon_agent/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+[package]
+name = "storage_balloon_agent"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+license = "Apache-2.0"
+
+[dependencies]
+anyhow = "1.0.94"
+clap = { version = "4.5.20", features = ["derive"] }
+env_logger = "0.10.2"
+log = "0.4.22"
+netdev = "0.31.0"
+nix = { version = "0.28.0", features = ["fs"] }
+prost = "0.13.3"
+tokio = { version = "1.40.0", features = ["rt-multi-thread"] }
+tonic = "0.12.3"
+
+[build-dependencies]
+tonic-build = "0.12.3"
+
+[package.metadata.deb]
+maintainer = "ferrochrome-dev@google.com"
+copyright = "2025, The Android Open Source Project"
+depends = "$auto"
+maintainer-scripts = "debian/"
+systemd-units = { }
diff --git a/guest/storage_balloon_agent/build.rs b/guest/storage_balloon_agent/build.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e3939d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guest/storage_balloon_agent/build.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    let proto_file = "../../libs/debian_service/proto/DebianService.proto";
+
+    tonic_build::compile_protos(proto_file).unwrap();
+
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/guest/storage_balloon_agent/debian/service b/guest/storage_balloon_agent/debian/service
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0e9b03a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guest/storage_balloon_agent/debian/service
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+[Unit]
+After=syslog.target
+After=network.target
+After=virtiofs_internal.service
+
+[Service]
+ExecStart=/usr/bin/bash -c '/usr/bin/storage_balloon_agent --grpc_port_file /mnt/internal/debian_service_port'
+Type=simple
+Restart=on-failure
+RestartSec=1
+User=root
+Group=root
+StandardOutput=journal
+StandardError=journal
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=multi-user.target
diff --git a/guest/storage_balloon_agent/rustfmt.toml b/guest/storage_balloon_agent/rustfmt.toml
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..be3dbe2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guest/storage_balloon_agent/rustfmt.toml
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+../../../../../build/soong/scripts/rustfmt.toml
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/guest/storage_balloon_agent/src/main.rs b/guest/storage_balloon_agent/src/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..817b337
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guest/storage_balloon_agent/src/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+//! gRPC daemon for the storage ballooning feature.
+
+use anyhow::anyhow;
+use anyhow::Context;
+use anyhow::Result;
+use api::debian_service_client::DebianServiceClient;
+use api::StorageBalloonQueueOpeningRequest;
+use api::StorageBalloonRequestItem;
+use clap::Parser;
+use log::debug;
+use log::error;
+use log::info;
+use nix::sys::statvfs::statvfs;
+pub mod api {
+    tonic::include_proto!("com.android.virtualization.terminal.proto");
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+/// Flags for running command
+pub struct Args {
+    /// IP address
+    #[arg(long)]
+    addr: Option<String>,
+
+    /// path to a file where grpc port number is written
+    #[arg(long)]
+    #[arg(alias = "grpc_port_file")]
+    grpc_port_file: String,
+}
+
+// Calculates how many blocks to be reserved.
+fn calculate_clusters_count(guest_available_bytes: u64) -> Result<u64> {
+    let stat = statvfs("/").context("failed to get statvfs")?;
+    let fr_size = stat.fragment_size() as u64;
+
+    if fr_size == 0 {
+        return Err(anyhow::anyhow!("fragment size is zero, fr_size: {}", fr_size));
+    }
+
+    let total = fr_size.checked_mul(stat.blocks() as u64).context(format!(
+        "overflow in total size calculation, fr_size: {}, blocks: {}",
+        fr_size,
+        stat.blocks()
+    ))?;
+
+    let free = fr_size.checked_mul(stat.blocks_available() as u64).context(format!(
+        "overflow in free size calculation, fr_size: {}, blocks_available: {}",
+        fr_size,
+        stat.blocks_available()
+    ))?;
+
+    let used = total
+        .checked_sub(free)
+        .context(format!("underflow in used size calculation (free > total), which should not happen, total: {}, free: {}", total, free))?;
+
+    let avail = std::cmp::min(free, guest_available_bytes);
+    let balloon_size_bytes = free - avail;
+
+    let reserved_clusters_count = balloon_size_bytes.div_ceil(fr_size);
+
+    debug!("total: {total}, free: {free}, used: {used}, avail: {avail}, balloon: {balloon_size_bytes}, clusters_count: {reserved_clusters_count}");
+
+    Ok(reserved_clusters_count)
+}
+
+fn set_reserved_clusters(clusters_count: u64) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    const ROOTFS_DEVICE_NAME: &str = "vda1";
+    std::fs::write(
+        format!("/sys/fs/ext4/{ROOTFS_DEVICE_NAME}/reserved_clusters"),
+        clusters_count.to_string(),
+    )
+    .context("failed to write reserved_clusters")?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    env_logger::builder().filter_level(log::LevelFilter::Debug).init();
+
+    let args = Args::parse();
+    let gateway_ip_addr = netdev::get_default_gateway()?.ipv4[0];
+    let addr = args.addr.unwrap_or_else(|| gateway_ip_addr.to_string());
+
+    // Wait for `grpc_port_file` becomes available.
+    const GRPC_PORT_MAX_RETRY_COUNT: u32 = 10;
+    for _ in 0..GRPC_PORT_MAX_RETRY_COUNT {
+        if std::path::Path::new(&args.grpc_port_file).exists() {
+            break;
+        }
+        debug!("{} does not exist. Wait 1 second", args.grpc_port_file);
+        tokio::time::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_secs(1)).await;
+    }
+    let grpc_port = std::fs::read_to_string(&args.grpc_port_file)?.trim().to_string();
+    let server_addr = format!("http://{}:{}", addr, grpc_port);
+
+    info!("connect to grpc server {}", server_addr);
+    let mut client = DebianServiceClient::connect(server_addr)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|e| anyhow!("failed to connect to grpc server: {:#}", e))?;
+    info!("connection established");
+
+    let mut res_stream = client
+        .open_storage_balloon_request_queue(tonic::Request::new(
+            StorageBalloonQueueOpeningRequest {},
+        ))
+        .await
+        .map_err(|e| anyhow!("failed to open storage balloon queue: {:#}", e))?
+        .into_inner();
+
+    while let Some(StorageBalloonRequestItem { available_bytes }) =
+        res_stream.message().await.map_err(|e| anyhow!("failed to receive message: {:#}", e))?
+    {
+        let clusters_count = match calculate_clusters_count(available_bytes) {
+            Ok(c) => c,
+            Err(e) => {
+                error!("failed to calculate cluster size to be reserved: {:#}", e);
+                continue;
+            }
+        };
+
+        if let Err(e) = set_reserved_clusters(clusters_count) {
+            error!("failed to set storage balloon size: {}", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/guest/trusty/security_vm/security_vm.mk b/guest/trusty/security_vm/security_vm.mk
index 89c9cdc..8717399 100644
--- a/guest/trusty/security_vm/security_vm.mk
+++ b/guest/trusty/security_vm/security_vm.mk
@@ -14,10 +14,14 @@
 
 
 ifeq ($(findstring enabled, $(TRUSTY_SYSTEM_VM)),enabled)
-PRODUCT_PACKAGES += \
-	trusty_security_vm.elf \
+
+# This is the default set of packages to load the trusty system vm.
+# It can be overridden by device-specific configuration.
+TRUSTY_SYSTEM_VM_PRODUCT_PACKAGES ?= trusty_security_vm.elf \
 	trusty_security_vm_launcher \
 	trusty_security_vm_launcher.rc \
 	early_vms.xml \
 
+PRODUCT_PACKAGES += $(TRUSTY_SYSTEM_VM_PRODUCT_PACKAGES)
+
 endif
diff --git a/guest/trusty/security_vm/vm/Android.bp b/guest/trusty/security_vm/vm/Android.bp
index 6fa0c32..9928b56 100644
--- a/guest/trusty/security_vm/vm/Android.bp
+++ b/guest/trusty/security_vm/vm/Android.bp
@@ -123,6 +123,10 @@
             name: "com.android.virt.cap",
             value: "trusty_security_vm",
         },
+        {
+            name: "com.android.virt.name",
+            value: "trusty_security_vm",
+        },
     ],
     src: select(soong_config_variable("trusty_system_vm", "enabled"), {
         true: ":trusty_security_vm_unsigned",
diff --git a/guest/trusty/test_vm/AndroidTest.xml b/guest/trusty/test_vm/AndroidTest.xml
index 925b43c..43d9ef8 100644
--- a/guest/trusty/test_vm/AndroidTest.xml
+++ b/guest/trusty/test_vm/AndroidTest.xml
@@ -15,10 +15,10 @@
   limitations under the License.
   -->
     <configuration description="Runs {MODULE}">
-    <!-- object type="module_controller" class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.suite.module.CommandSuccessModuleController" -->
+    <object type="module_controller" class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.suite.module.CommandSuccessModuleController">
         <!--Skip the test when trusty VM is not enabled. -->
-        <!--option name="run-command" value="getprop trusty.test_vm.nonsecure_vm_ready | grep 1" /-->
-    <!--/object-->
+        <option name="run-command" value="getprop trusty.security_vm.enabled | grep 1" />
+    </object>
     <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.RootTargetPreparer" />
     <!-- Target Preparers - Run Shell Commands -->
     <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.PushFilePreparer">
@@ -38,13 +38,19 @@
         <option name="run-command" value="start storageproxyd_test_vm" />
         <option name="teardown-command" value="stop storageproxyd_test_vm" />
         <option name="teardown-command" value="killall storageproxyd_test_vm || true" />
+        <!--option name="teardown-command" value="rm -rf /data/local/trusty_test_vm"/-->
     </target_preparer>
     <test class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.binary.ExecutableTargetTest" >
         <option name="parse-gtest" value="true" />
         <option name="abort-if-device-lost" value="true"/>
         <option name="abort-if-root-lost" value="true" />
         <option name="per-binary-timeout" value="10m" />
+        <option name="test-command-line" key="com.android.trusty.rust.authmgr_be_lib.test" value="/data/local/tmp/trusty_test_vm/trusty-ut-ctrl.sh com.android.trusty.rust.authmgr_be_lib.test"/>
         <option name="test-command-line" key="com.android.trusty.rust.hwcryptokey_test.test" value="/data/local/tmp/trusty_test_vm/trusty-ut-ctrl.sh com.android.trusty.rust.hwcryptokey_test.test"/>
         <option name="test-command-line" key="com.android.trusty.rust.storage_unittest_aidl.test" value="/data/local/tmp/trusty_test_vm/trusty-ut-ctrl.sh com.android.trusty.rust.storage_unittest_aidl.test"/>
     </test>
+    <metrics_collector class="com.android.tradefed.device.metric.FilePullerLogCollector">
+        <option name="directory-keys" value="/data/local/tmp/trusty_test_vm/logs" />
+        <option name="clean-up" value="false"/>
+    </metrics_collector>
     </configuration>
diff --git a/guest/trusty/test_vm/README.md b/guest/trusty/test_vm/README.md
index 71368b5..81382c5 100644
--- a/guest/trusty/test_vm/README.md
+++ b/guest/trusty/test_vm/README.md
@@ -11,3 +11,16 @@
 The Trusty test_vm also includes the VINTF test which allows to check the vendor
 support of the Trusted HALs (version and API hash), against the expected
 compatibility matrix for a given Android Dessert Release.
+
+### instructions
+
+`atest -s <device-serial-port> VtsSeeHalTargetTest
+
+### test_vm console
+
+The test_vm console can be retrieved from `/data/local/tmp/trusty_test_vm/logs/console.log`.
+The script `trusty-vm-laucher.sh` uses `/apex/com.android.virt/bin/vm run` with the option
+`--console` to store the console log.
+
+This log can be consulted when the tests are running and will be uploaded
+by the Tradefed FilePullerLogCollector runner (see AndroidTest.xml).
diff --git a/guest/trusty/test_vm/TEST_MAPPING b/guest/trusty/test_vm/TEST_MAPPING
deleted file mode 100644
index aa9d65d..0000000
--- a/guest/trusty/test_vm/TEST_MAPPING
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "trusty_test_vm_presubmit": [
-  ],
-  "trusty_test_vm_postsubmit": [
-    {
-        "name": "TrustyTestVM_UnitTests"
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/guest/trusty/test_vm/trusty-vm-launcher.sh b/guest/trusty/test_vm/trusty-vm-launcher.sh
index cb8661f..079a66a 100755
--- a/guest/trusty/test_vm/trusty-vm-launcher.sh
+++ b/guest/trusty/test_vm/trusty-vm-launcher.sh
@@ -14,4 +14,7 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
 
-/apex/com.android.virt/bin/vm run /data/local/tmp/trusty_test_vm/trusty-test_vm-config.json
+mkdir -p /data/local/tmp/trusty_test_vm/logs || true
+/apex/com.android.virt/bin/vm run \
+   --console /data/local/tmp/trusty_test_vm/logs/console.log \
+   /data/local/tmp/trusty_test_vm/trusty-test_vm-config.json
diff --git a/guest/trusty/test_vm/vm/Android.bp b/guest/trusty/test_vm/vm/Android.bp
index f978c92..b919599 100644
--- a/guest/trusty/test_vm/vm/Android.bp
+++ b/guest/trusty/test_vm/vm/Android.bp
@@ -101,6 +101,10 @@
             name: "com.android.virt.cap",
             value: "trusty_security_vm",
         },
+        {
+            name: "com.android.virt.name",
+            value: "trusty_test_vm",
+        },
     ],
     src: ":trusty_test_vm_unsigned",
     enabled: false,
diff --git a/guest/trusty/test_vm_os/AndroidTest.xml b/guest/trusty/test_vm_os/AndroidTest.xml
index be5c467..5adafff 100644
--- a/guest/trusty/test_vm_os/AndroidTest.xml
+++ b/guest/trusty/test_vm_os/AndroidTest.xml
@@ -15,10 +15,10 @@
   limitations under the License.
   -->
     <configuration description="Runs {MODULE}">
-    <!-- object type="module_controller" class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.suite.module.CommandSuccessModuleController" -->
+    <object type="module_controller" class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.suite.module.CommandSuccessModuleController">
         <!--Skip the test when trusty VM is not enabled. -->
-        <!--option name="run-command" value="getprop trusty.test_vm.nonsecure_vm_ready | grep 1" /-->
-    <!--/object-->
+        <option name="run-command" value="getprop trusty.security_vm.enabled | grep 1" />
+    </object>
     <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.RootTargetPreparer" />
     <!-- Target Preparers - Run Shell Commands -->
     <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.PushFilePreparer">
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@
         <option name="run-command" value="start storageproxyd_test_vm_os" />
         <option name="teardown-command" value="stop storageproxyd_test_vm_os" />
         <option name="teardown-command" value="killall storageproxyd_test_vm_os || true" />
+        <!--option name="teardown-command" value="rm -rf /data/local/trusty_test_vm_os"/-->
     </target_preparer>
     <test class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.binary.ExecutableTargetTest" >
         <option name="parse-gtest" value="true" />
@@ -79,4 +80,10 @@
         <option name="test-command-line" key="com.android.trusty.rust.binder_rpc_test.test" value="/data/local/tmp/trusty_test_vm_os/trusty-ut-ctrl.sh com.android.trusty.rust.binder_rpc_test.test"/>
         <option name="test-command-line" key="com.android.trusty.binder.test" value="/data/local/tmp/trusty_test_vm_os/trusty-ut-ctrl.sh com.android.trusty.binder.test"/>
     </test>
+    <metrics_collector class="com.android.tradefed.device.metric.FilePullerLogCollector">
+        <option name="directory-keys" value="/data/local/tmp/trusty_test_vm_os/logs" />
+        <option name="collect-on-run-ended-only" value="true" />
+        <option name="clean-up" value="true"/>
+        <option name="collect-on-run-ended-only" value="false" />
+    </metrics_collector>
     </configuration>
diff --git a/guest/trusty/test_vm_os/README.md b/guest/trusty/test_vm_os/README.md
index 4d65d9f..b37a4da 100644
--- a/guest/trusty/test_vm_os/README.md
+++ b/guest/trusty/test_vm_os/README.md
@@ -5,3 +5,6 @@
 - Trusty kernel OS test
 - Trusty/Binder IPC tests
 - Trusty user-space tests for service TAs (DT tree for example)
+
+
+see instructions at [test_vm/README.md](../test_vm/README.md)
diff --git a/guest/trusty/test_vm_os/TEST_MAPPING b/guest/trusty/test_vm_os/TEST_MAPPING
deleted file mode 100644
index 1506720..0000000
--- a/guest/trusty/test_vm_os/TEST_MAPPING
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "trusty_test_vm_presubmit": [
-  ],
-  "trusty_test_vm_postsubmit": [
-    {
-        "name": "TrustyVMOS_UnitTests"
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/guest/trusty/test_vm_os/trusty-vm-launcher.sh b/guest/trusty/test_vm_os/trusty-vm-launcher.sh
index 497b188..bc256ed 100755
--- a/guest/trusty/test_vm_os/trusty-vm-launcher.sh
+++ b/guest/trusty/test_vm_os/trusty-vm-launcher.sh
@@ -14,4 +14,7 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
 
-/apex/com.android.virt/bin/vm run /data/local/tmp/trusty_test_vm_os/trusty-test_vm-config.json
+mkdir -p /data/local/tmp/trusty_test_vm_os/logs || true
+/apex/com.android.virt/bin/vm run \
+   --console /data/local/tmp/trusty_test_vm_os/logs/console.log \
+   /data/local/tmp/trusty_test_vm_os/trusty-test_vm-config.json
diff --git a/guest/trusty/test_vm_os/vm/Android.bp b/guest/trusty/test_vm_os/vm/Android.bp
index 2e81828..0e4116c 100644
--- a/guest/trusty/test_vm_os/vm/Android.bp
+++ b/guest/trusty/test_vm_os/vm/Android.bp
@@ -100,6 +100,10 @@
             name: "com.android.virt.cap",
             value: "trusty_security_vm",
         },
+        {
+            name: "com.android.virt.name",
+            value: "trusty_test_vm_os",
+        },
     ],
     src: ":trusty_test_vm_os_unsigned",
     enabled: false,
diff --git a/guest/vmbase_example/src/exceptions.rs b/guest/vmbase_example/src/exceptions.rs
index 5d7768a..0eb415c 100644
--- a/guest/vmbase_example/src/exceptions.rs
+++ b/guest/vmbase_example/src/exceptions.rs
@@ -14,62 +14,51 @@
 
 //! Exception handlers.
 
-use vmbase::{eprintln, power::reboot, read_sysreg};
+use vmbase::{arch::aarch64::exceptions::ArmException, read_sysreg};
 
 #[no_mangle]
-extern "C" fn sync_exception_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {
-    eprintln!("sync_exception_current");
-    print_esr();
-    reboot();
+extern "C" fn sync_exception_current(elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {
+    ArmException::from_el1_regs().print_and_reboot(
+        "sync_exception_current",
+        "Unexpected synchronous exception",
+        elr,
+    );
 }
 
 #[no_mangle]
 extern "C" fn irq_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {
-    eprintln!("irq_current");
-    reboot();
+    panic!("irq_current");
 }
 
 #[no_mangle]
 extern "C" fn fiq_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {
-    eprintln!("fiq_current");
-    reboot();
+    panic!("fiq_current");
 }
 
 #[no_mangle]
 extern "C" fn serr_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {
-    eprintln!("serr_current");
-    print_esr();
-    reboot();
+    let esr = read_sysreg!("esr_el1");
+    panic!("serr_current, esr={:#08x}", esr);
 }
 
 #[no_mangle]
 extern "C" fn sync_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {
-    eprintln!("sync_lower");
-    print_esr();
-    reboot();
+    let esr = read_sysreg!("esr_el1");
+    panic!("sync_lower, esr={:#08x}", esr);
 }
 
 #[no_mangle]
 extern "C" fn irq_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {
-    eprintln!("irq_lower");
-    reboot();
+    panic!("irq_lower");
 }
 
 #[no_mangle]
 extern "C" fn fiq_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {
-    eprintln!("fiq_lower");
-    reboot();
+    panic!("fiq_lower");
 }
 
 #[no_mangle]
 extern "C" fn serr_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {
-    eprintln!("serr_lower");
-    print_esr();
-    reboot();
-}
-
-#[inline]
-fn print_esr() {
     let esr = read_sysreg!("esr_el1");
-    eprintln!("esr={:#08x}", esr);
+    panic!("serr_lower, esr={:#08x}", esr);
 }
diff --git a/libs/debian_service/proto/DebianService.proto b/libs/debian_service/proto/DebianService.proto
index 43955fa..e52b28a 100644
--- a/libs/debian_service/proto/DebianService.proto
+++ b/libs/debian_service/proto/DebianService.proto
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
   rpc ReportVmActivePorts (ReportVmActivePortsRequest) returns (ReportVmActivePortsResponse) {}
   rpc OpenForwardingRequestQueue (QueueOpeningRequest) returns (stream ForwardingRequestItem) {}
   rpc OpenShutdownRequestQueue (ShutdownQueueOpeningRequest) returns (stream ShutdownRequestItem) {}
+  rpc OpenStorageBalloonRequestQueue (StorageBalloonQueueOpeningRequest) returns (stream StorageBalloonRequestItem) {}
 }
 
 message QueueOpeningRequest {
@@ -52,3 +53,9 @@
 message ShutdownQueueOpeningRequest {}
 
 message ShutdownRequestItem {}
+
+message StorageBalloonQueueOpeningRequest {}
+
+message StorageBalloonRequestItem {
+  uint64 available_bytes = 1;
+}
diff --git a/libs/dice/TEST_MAPPING b/libs/dice/TEST_MAPPING
index a43d7a2..d2d89e4 100644
--- a/libs/dice/TEST_MAPPING
+++ b/libs/dice/TEST_MAPPING
@@ -12,6 +12,9 @@
       "name": "libdiced_open_dice.integration_test"
     },
     {
+      "name": "libdiced_open_dice_multialg.integration_test"
+    },
+    {
       "name": "libdiced_open_dice_nostd.integration_test"
     },
     {
diff --git a/libs/dice/open_dice/Android.bp b/libs/dice/open_dice/Android.bp
index 986f496..9e4544d 100644
--- a/libs/dice/open_dice/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/dice/open_dice/Android.bp
@@ -61,6 +61,35 @@
         "//apex_available:platform",
         "com.android.virt",
     ],
+    min_sdk_version: "35",
+}
+
+rust_library {
+    name: "libdiced_open_dice_multialg",
+    defaults: ["libdiced_open_dice_defaults"],
+    host_supported: true,
+    vendor_available: true,
+    rustlibs: [
+        "libcoset",
+        "libopen_dice_android_bindgen_multialg",
+        "libopen_dice_cbor_bindgen_multialg",
+        "libzeroize",
+    ],
+    features: [
+        "std",
+        "multialg",
+    ],
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libcrypto",
+    ],
+    visibility: [
+        "//system/software_defined_vehicle:__subpackages__",
+    ],
+    apex_available: [
+        "//apex_available:platform",
+        "com.android.virt",
+    ],
+    min_sdk_version: "35",
 }
 
 rust_defaults {
@@ -80,6 +109,18 @@
 }
 
 rust_test {
+    name: "libdiced_open_dice_multialg.integration_test",
+    defaults: ["libdiced_open_dice_test_defaults"],
+    rustlibs: [
+        "libdiced_open_dice_multialg",
+        "libcoset",
+    ],
+    features: [
+        "multialg",
+    ],
+}
+
+rust_test {
     name: "libdiced_open_dice_nostd.integration_test",
     defaults: ["libdiced_open_dice_test_defaults"],
     rustlibs: [
@@ -171,6 +212,22 @@
     ],
     whole_static_libs: ["libopen_dice_cbor"],
     shared_libs: ["libcrypto"],
+    min_sdk_version: "35",
+}
+
+rust_bindgen {
+    name: "libopen_dice_cbor_bindgen_multialg",
+    defaults: [
+        "libopen_dice.rust_defaults",
+        "libopen_dice_cbor_bindgen.rust_defaults",
+    ],
+    bindgen_flags: [
+        "--rustified-enum DiceKeyAlgorithm",
+        "--allowlist-type=DiceContext",
+    ],
+    whole_static_libs: ["libopen_dice_cbor_multialg"],
+    shared_libs: ["libcrypto"],
+    min_sdk_version: "35",
 }
 
 rust_bindgen {
@@ -228,6 +285,20 @@
         "libopen_dice_cbor_bindgen",
     ],
     whole_static_libs: ["libopen_dice_android"],
+    min_sdk_version: "35",
+}
+
+rust_bindgen {
+    name: "libopen_dice_android_bindgen_multialg",
+    defaults: [
+        "libopen_dice.rust_defaults",
+        "libopen_dice_android_bindgen.rust_defaults",
+    ],
+    rustlibs: [
+        "libopen_dice_cbor_bindgen_multialg",
+    ],
+    whole_static_libs: ["libopen_dice_android_multialg"],
+    min_sdk_version: "35",
 }
 
 rust_bindgen {
diff --git a/libs/dice/open_dice/src/error.rs b/libs/dice/open_dice/src/error.rs
index c9eb5cc..87d463e 100644
--- a/libs/dice/open_dice/src/error.rs
+++ b/libs/dice/open_dice/src/error.rs
@@ -33,6 +33,8 @@
     UnsupportedKeyAlgorithm(coset::iana::Algorithm),
     /// A failed fallible allocation. Used in no_std environments.
     MemoryAllocationError,
+    /// DICE chain not found in artifacts.
+    DiceChainNotFound,
 }
 
 /// This makes `DiceError` accepted by anyhow.
@@ -51,6 +53,7 @@
                 write!(f, "Unsupported key algorithm: {algorithm:?}")
             }
             Self::MemoryAllocationError => write!(f, "Memory allocation failed"),
+            Self::DiceChainNotFound => write!(f, "DICE chain not found in artifacts"),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/libs/dice/open_dice/src/lib.rs b/libs/dice/open_dice/src/lib.rs
index 33fb65c..9268b03 100644
--- a/libs/dice/open_dice/src/lib.rs
+++ b/libs/dice/open_dice/src/lib.rs
@@ -43,11 +43,19 @@
 };
 pub use error::{DiceError, Result};
 pub use ops::{
-    derive_cdi_leaf_priv, generate_certificate, hash, kdf, keypair_from_seed, sign,
-    sign_cose_sign1, sign_cose_sign1_with_cdi_leaf_priv, verify,
+    derive_cdi_leaf_priv, generate_certificate, hash, kdf, keypair_from_seed, sign, verify,
+};
+#[cfg(feature = "multialg")]
+pub use ops::{
+    derive_cdi_leaf_priv_multialg, keypair_from_seed_multialg, sign_cose_sign1_multialg,
+    sign_cose_sign1_with_cdi_leaf_priv_multialg, verify_multialg,
 };
 pub use retry::{
     retry_bcc_format_config_descriptor, retry_bcc_main_flow, retry_dice_main_flow,
     retry_generate_certificate, retry_sign_cose_sign1, retry_sign_cose_sign1_with_cdi_leaf_priv,
     OwnedDiceArtifacts,
 };
+#[cfg(feature = "multialg")]
+pub use retry::{
+    retry_sign_cose_sign1_multialg, retry_sign_cose_sign1_with_cdi_leaf_priv_multialg,
+};
diff --git a/libs/dice/open_dice/src/ops.rs b/libs/dice/open_dice/src/ops.rs
index 2014118..b22b113 100644
--- a/libs/dice/open_dice/src/ops.rs
+++ b/libs/dice/open_dice/src/ops.rs
@@ -21,11 +21,17 @@
     PRIVATE_KEY_SEED_SIZE, PRIVATE_KEY_SIZE, VM_KEY_ALGORITHM,
 };
 use crate::error::{check_result, DiceError, Result};
+#[cfg(feature = "multialg")]
+use crate::KeyAlgorithm;
 use alloc::{vec, vec::Vec};
+#[cfg(feature = "multialg")]
+use open_dice_cbor_bindgen::DiceContext_;
 use open_dice_cbor_bindgen::{
     DiceCoseSignAndEncodeSign1, DiceGenerateCertificate, DiceHash, DiceKdf, DiceKeypairFromSeed,
     DicePrincipal, DiceSign, DiceVerify,
 };
+#[cfg(feature = "multialg")]
+use std::ffi::c_void;
 use std::ptr;
 
 /// Hashes the provided input using DICE's hash function `DiceHash`.
@@ -100,6 +106,44 @@
     Ok((public_key, private_key))
 }
 
+/// Deterministically generates a public and private key pair from `seed` and `key_algorithm`.
+/// Since this is deterministic, `seed` is as sensitive as a private key and can
+/// be used directly as the private key.
+#[cfg(feature = "multialg")]
+pub fn keypair_from_seed_multialg(
+    seed: &[u8; PRIVATE_KEY_SEED_SIZE],
+    key_algorithm: KeyAlgorithm,
+) -> Result<(Vec<u8>, PrivateKey)> {
+    let mut public_key = vec![0u8; key_algorithm.public_key_size()];
+    let mut private_key = PrivateKey::default();
+    // This function is used with an open-dice config that uses the same algorithms for the
+    // subject and authority. Therefore, the principal is irrelevant in this context as this
+    // function only derives the key pair cryptographically without caring about which
+    // principal it is for. Hence, we arbitrarily set it to `DicePrincipal::kDicePrincipalSubject`.
+    let principal = DicePrincipal::kDicePrincipalSubject;
+    let context = DiceContext_ {
+        authority_algorithm: key_algorithm.into(),
+        subject_algorithm: key_algorithm.into(),
+    };
+    check_result(
+        // SAFETY: The function writes to the `public_key` and `private_key` within the given
+        // bounds, and only reads the `seed`.
+        // The first argument is a pointer to a valid |DiceContext_| object for multi-alg
+        // open-dice.
+        unsafe {
+            DiceKeypairFromSeed(
+                &context as *const DiceContext_ as *mut c_void,
+                principal,
+                seed.as_ptr(),
+                public_key.as_mut_ptr(),
+                private_key.as_mut_ptr(),
+            )
+        },
+        public_key.len(),
+    )?;
+    Ok((public_key, private_key))
+}
+
 /// Derives the CDI_Leaf_Priv from the provided `dice_artifacts`.
 ///
 /// The corresponding public key is included in the leaf certificate of the DICE chain
@@ -114,6 +158,17 @@
     Ok(private_key)
 }
 
+/// Multialg variant of `derive_cdi_leaf_priv`.
+#[cfg(feature = "multialg")]
+pub fn derive_cdi_leaf_priv_multialg(
+    dice_artifacts: &dyn DiceArtifacts,
+    key_algorithm: KeyAlgorithm,
+) -> Result<PrivateKey> {
+    let cdi_priv_key_seed = derive_cdi_private_key_seed(dice_artifacts.cdi_attest())?;
+    let (_, private_key) = keypair_from_seed_multialg(cdi_priv_key_seed.as_array(), key_algorithm)?;
+    Ok(private_key)
+}
+
 /// Signs the `message` with the given `private_key` using `DiceSign`.
 pub fn sign(message: &[u8], private_key: &[u8; PRIVATE_KEY_SIZE]) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
     let mut signature = vec![0u8; VM_KEY_ALGORITHM.signature_size()];
@@ -173,6 +228,45 @@
     Ok(encoded_signature_actual_size)
 }
 
+/// Multialg variant of `sign_cose_sign1`.
+#[cfg(feature = "multialg")]
+pub fn sign_cose_sign1_multialg(
+    message: &[u8],
+    aad: &[u8],
+    private_key: &[u8; PRIVATE_KEY_SIZE],
+    encoded_signature: &mut [u8],
+    key_algorithm: KeyAlgorithm,
+) -> Result<usize> {
+    let mut encoded_signature_actual_size = 0;
+    let context = DiceContext_ {
+        authority_algorithm: key_algorithm.into(),
+        subject_algorithm: key_algorithm.into(),
+    };
+    check_result(
+        // SAFETY: The function writes to `encoded_signature` and `encoded_signature_actual_size`
+        // within the given bounds. It only reads `message`, `aad`, and `private_key` within their
+        // given bounds.
+        //
+        // The first argument is a pointer to a valid |DiceContext_| object for multi-alg
+        // open-dice.
+        unsafe {
+            DiceCoseSignAndEncodeSign1(
+                &context as *const DiceContext_ as *mut c_void,
+                message.as_ptr(),
+                message.len(),
+                aad.as_ptr(),
+                aad.len(),
+                private_key.as_ptr(),
+                encoded_signature.len(),
+                encoded_signature.as_mut_ptr(),
+                &mut encoded_signature_actual_size,
+            )
+        },
+        encoded_signature_actual_size,
+    )?;
+    Ok(encoded_signature_actual_size)
+}
+
 /// Signs the `message` with a private key derived from the given `dice_artifacts`
 /// CDI Attest. On success, places a `CoseSign1` encoded object in `encoded_signature`.
 /// Uses `DiceCoseSignAndEncodeSign1`.
@@ -188,6 +282,19 @@
     sign_cose_sign1(message, aad, private_key.as_array(), encoded_signature)
 }
 
+/// Multialg variant of `sign_cose_sign1_with_cdi_leaf_priv`.
+#[cfg(feature = "multialg")]
+pub fn sign_cose_sign1_with_cdi_leaf_priv_multialg(
+    message: &[u8],
+    aad: &[u8],
+    dice_artifacts: &dyn DiceArtifacts,
+    encoded_signature: &mut [u8],
+    key_algorithm: KeyAlgorithm,
+) -> Result<usize> {
+    let private_key = derive_cdi_leaf_priv_multialg(dice_artifacts, key_algorithm)?;
+    sign_cose_sign1_multialg(message, aad, private_key.as_array(), encoded_signature, key_algorithm)
+}
+
 /// Verifies the `signature` of the `message` with the given `public_key` using `DiceVerify`.
 pub fn verify(message: &[u8], signature: &[u8], public_key: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
     if signature.len() != VM_KEY_ALGORITHM.signature_size()
@@ -212,6 +319,40 @@
     )
 }
 
+/// Multialg variant of `verify`.
+#[cfg(feature = "multialg")]
+pub fn verify_multialg(
+    message: &[u8],
+    signature: &[u8],
+    public_key: &[u8],
+    key_algorithm: KeyAlgorithm,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    if signature.len() != key_algorithm.signature_size()
+        || public_key.len() != key_algorithm.public_key_size()
+    {
+        return Err(DiceError::InvalidInput);
+    }
+    let context = DiceContext_ {
+        authority_algorithm: key_algorithm.into(),
+        subject_algorithm: key_algorithm.into(),
+    };
+    check_result(
+        // SAFETY: only reads the messages, signature and public key as constant values.
+        // The first argument is a pointer to a valid |DiceContext_| object for multi-alg
+        // open-dice.
+        unsafe {
+            DiceVerify(
+                &context as *const DiceContext_ as *mut c_void,
+                message.as_ptr(),
+                message.len(),
+                signature.as_ptr(),
+                public_key.as_ptr(),
+            )
+        },
+        0,
+    )
+}
+
 /// Generates an X.509 certificate from the given `subject_private_key_seed` and
 /// `input_values`, and signed by `authority_private_key_seed`.
 /// The subject private key seed is supplied here so the implementation can choose
diff --git a/libs/dice/open_dice/src/retry.rs b/libs/dice/open_dice/src/retry.rs
index cf36bc0..2b7b740 100644
--- a/libs/dice/open_dice/src/retry.rs
+++ b/libs/dice/open_dice/src/retry.rs
@@ -17,13 +17,18 @@
 //! of this buffer may fail and callers will see Error::MemoryAllocationError.
 //! When running with std, allocation may fail.
 
-use crate::bcc::{bcc_format_config_descriptor, bcc_main_flow, DiceConfigValues};
+use crate::bcc::{bcc_format_config_descriptor, bcc_main_flow, BccHandover, DiceConfigValues};
 use crate::dice::{
     dice_main_flow, Cdi, CdiValues, DiceArtifacts, InputValues, CDI_SIZE, PRIVATE_KEY_SEED_SIZE,
     PRIVATE_KEY_SIZE,
 };
 use crate::error::{DiceError, Result};
 use crate::ops::{generate_certificate, sign_cose_sign1, sign_cose_sign1_with_cdi_leaf_priv};
+#[cfg(feature = "multialg")]
+use crate::{
+    ops::{sign_cose_sign1_multialg, sign_cose_sign1_with_cdi_leaf_priv_multialg},
+    KeyAlgorithm,
+};
 use alloc::vec::Vec;
 #[cfg(feature = "serde_derive")]
 use serde_derive::{Deserialize, Serialize};
@@ -55,6 +60,20 @@
     }
 }
 
+impl TryFrom<BccHandover<'_>> for OwnedDiceArtifacts {
+    type Error = DiceError;
+
+    fn try_from(artifacts: BccHandover<'_>) -> Result<Self> {
+        let cdi_attest = artifacts.cdi_attest().to_vec().try_into().unwrap();
+        let cdi_seal = artifacts.cdi_seal().to_vec().try_into().unwrap();
+        let bcc = artifacts
+            .bcc()
+            .map(|bcc_slice| bcc_slice.to_vec())
+            .ok_or(DiceError::DiceChainNotFound)?;
+        Ok(OwnedDiceArtifacts { cdi_values: CdiValues { cdi_attest, cdi_seal }, bcc })
+    }
+}
+
 /// Retries the given function with bigger measured buffer size.
 fn retry_with_measured_buffer<F>(mut f: F) -> Result<Vec<u8>>
 where
@@ -158,6 +177,19 @@
     })
 }
 
+/// Multialg variant of `retry_sign_cose_sign1`.
+#[cfg(feature = "multialg")]
+pub fn retry_sign_cose_sign1_multialg(
+    message: &[u8],
+    aad: &[u8],
+    private_key: &[u8; PRIVATE_KEY_SIZE],
+    key_algorithm: KeyAlgorithm,
+) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    retry_with_measured_buffer(|encoded_signature| {
+        sign_cose_sign1_multialg(message, aad, private_key, encoded_signature, key_algorithm)
+    })
+}
+
 /// Signs a message with the given the private key derived from the
 /// CDI Attest of the given `dice_artifacts` and returns the signature
 /// as an encoded CoseSign1 object.
@@ -170,3 +202,22 @@
         sign_cose_sign1_with_cdi_leaf_priv(message, aad, dice_artifacts, encoded_signature)
     })
 }
+
+/// Multialg variant of `retry_sign_cose_sign1_with_cdi_leaf_priv`.
+#[cfg(feature = "multialg")]
+pub fn retry_sign_cose_sign1_with_cdi_leaf_priv_multialg(
+    message: &[u8],
+    aad: &[u8],
+    dice_artifacts: &dyn DiceArtifacts,
+    key_algorithm: KeyAlgorithm,
+) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    retry_with_measured_buffer(|encoded_signature| {
+        sign_cose_sign1_with_cdi_leaf_priv_multialg(
+            message,
+            aad,
+            dice_artifacts,
+            encoded_signature,
+            key_algorithm,
+        )
+    })
+}
diff --git a/libs/dice/open_dice/tests/api_test.rs b/libs/dice/open_dice/tests/api_test.rs
index b0c2ca7..0f8af10 100644
--- a/libs/dice/open_dice/tests/api_test.rs
+++ b/libs/dice/open_dice/tests/api_test.rs
@@ -21,6 +21,11 @@
         retry_sign_cose_sign1, retry_sign_cose_sign1_with_cdi_leaf_priv, sign, verify,
         DiceArtifacts, PrivateKey, CDI_SIZE, HASH_SIZE, ID_SIZE, PRIVATE_KEY_SEED_SIZE,
     };
+    #[cfg(feature = "multialg")]
+    use diced_open_dice::{
+        keypair_from_seed_multialg, retry_sign_cose_sign1_multialg,
+        retry_sign_cose_sign1_with_cdi_leaf_priv_multialg, verify_multialg, KeyAlgorithm,
+    };
 
     use coset::{CborSerializable, CoseSign1};
 
@@ -93,7 +98,21 @@
         0xfc, 0x23, 0xc9, 0x21, 0x5c, 0x48, 0x21, 0x47, 0xee, 0x5b, 0xfa, 0xaf, 0x88, 0x9a, 0x52,
         0xf1, 0x61, 0x06, 0x37,
     ];
-
+    #[cfg(feature = "multialg")]
+    const EXPECTED_EC_P256_PUB_KEY: &[u8] = &[
+        0xa7, 0x93, 0x70, 0x16, 0xff, 0xe8, 0x3c, 0x23, 0x5f, 0x6b, 0xf9, 0x38, 0x7e, 0x9c, 0xe5,
+        0x21, 0xb5, 0x8a, 0x9b, 0x68, 0x5a, 0x2f, 0x62, 0xf4, 0x15, 0x94, 0x1c, 0x61, 0xb3, 0xbb,
+        0xe1, 0x26, 0x61, 0x47, 0x97, 0xbf, 0x3a, 0x1f, 0x6b, 0x87, 0x86, 0x47, 0x5e, 0xc3, 0xa6,
+        0x8b, 0x95, 0x89, 0x9e, 0x29, 0xd5, 0x55, 0x2a, 0xdd, 0x2a, 0x3f, 0xe5, 0xf0, 0x7a, 0xd6,
+        0xc4, 0x7b, 0x64, 0xe0,
+    ];
+    #[cfg(feature = "multialg")]
+    const EXPECTED_EC_P256_PRIV_KEY: &[u8] = &[
+        0x62, 0x32, 0x1b, 0xb, 0x5c, 0xac, 0x8f, 0x20, 0x61, 0xb7, 0xa3, 0xbb, 0x46, 0x2b, 0x4e,
+        0xb3, 0x3f, 0xa7, 0xf6, 0x9b, 0x2f, 0x5b, 0x80, 0xa8, 0x55, 0x5e, 0x80, 0x26, 0xbb, 0x72,
+        0xbe, 0xe7, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0,
+        0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0,
+    ];
     const EXPECTED_SIGNATURE: &[u8] = &[
         0x44, 0xae, 0xcc, 0xe2, 0xb9, 0x96, 0x18, 0x39, 0x0e, 0x61, 0x0f, 0x53, 0x07, 0xbf, 0xf2,
         0x32, 0x3d, 0x44, 0xd4, 0xf2, 0x07, 0x23, 0x30, 0x85, 0x32, 0x18, 0xd2, 0x69, 0xb8, 0x29,
@@ -140,6 +159,41 @@
         assert!(verify_result.is_err());
     }
 
+    #[cfg(feature = "multialg")]
+    #[test]
+    fn sign_cose_sign1_verify_multialg() {
+        let (pub_key, priv_key) = get_test_key_pair_ec_p256();
+
+        let signature_res = retry_sign_cose_sign1_multialg(
+            b"MyMessage",
+            b"MyAad",
+            priv_key.as_array(),
+            KeyAlgorithm::EcdsaP256,
+        );
+        assert!(signature_res.is_ok());
+        let signature = signature_res.unwrap();
+        let cose_sign1_res = CoseSign1::from_slice(&signature);
+        assert!(cose_sign1_res.is_ok());
+        let mut cose_sign1 = cose_sign1_res.unwrap();
+
+        let mut verify_result = cose_sign1.verify_signature(b"MyAad", |sign, data| {
+            verify_multialg(data, sign, &pub_key, KeyAlgorithm::EcdsaP256)
+        });
+        assert!(verify_result.is_ok());
+
+        verify_result = cose_sign1.verify_signature(b"BadAad", |sign, data| {
+            verify_multialg(data, sign, &pub_key, KeyAlgorithm::EcdsaP256)
+        });
+        assert!(verify_result.is_err());
+
+        // if we modify the signature, the payload should no longer verify
+        cose_sign1.signature.push(0xAA);
+        verify_result = cose_sign1.verify_signature(b"MyAad", |sign, data| {
+            verify_multialg(data, sign, &pub_key, KeyAlgorithm::EcdsaP256)
+        });
+        assert!(verify_result.is_err());
+    }
+
     struct TestArtifactsForSigning {}
 
     impl DiceArtifacts for TestArtifactsForSigning {
@@ -182,6 +236,41 @@
         assert!(verify_result.is_err());
     }
 
+    #[cfg(feature = "multialg")]
+    #[test]
+    fn sign_cose_sign1_with_cdi_leaf_priv_verify_multialg() {
+        let dice = TestArtifactsForSigning {};
+
+        let signature_res = retry_sign_cose_sign1_with_cdi_leaf_priv_multialg(
+            b"MyMessage",
+            b"MyAad",
+            &dice,
+            KeyAlgorithm::EcdsaP256,
+        );
+        assert!(signature_res.is_ok());
+        let signature = signature_res.unwrap();
+        let cose_sign1_res = CoseSign1::from_slice(&signature);
+        assert!(cose_sign1_res.is_ok());
+        let mut cose_sign1 = cose_sign1_res.unwrap();
+
+        let mut verify_result = cose_sign1.verify_signature(b"MyAad", |sign, data| {
+            verify_multialg(data, sign, EXPECTED_EC_P256_PUB_KEY, KeyAlgorithm::EcdsaP256)
+        });
+        assert!(verify_result.is_ok());
+
+        verify_result = cose_sign1.verify_signature(b"BadAad", |sign, data| {
+            verify_multialg(data, sign, EXPECTED_EC_P256_PUB_KEY, KeyAlgorithm::EcdsaP256)
+        });
+        assert!(verify_result.is_err());
+
+        // if we modify the signature, the payload should no longer verify
+        cose_sign1.signature.push(0xAA);
+        verify_result = cose_sign1.verify_signature(b"MyAad", |sign, data| {
+            verify_multialg(data, sign, EXPECTED_EC_P256_PUB_KEY, KeyAlgorithm::EcdsaP256)
+        });
+        assert!(verify_result.is_err());
+    }
+
     fn get_test_key_pair() -> (Vec<u8>, PrivateKey) {
         let seed = hash(b"MySeedString").unwrap();
         assert_eq!(seed, EXPECTED_SEED);
@@ -196,4 +285,23 @@
 
         (pub_key, priv_key)
     }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "multialg")]
+    fn get_test_key_pair_ec_p256() -> (Vec<u8>, PrivateKey) {
+        let seed = hash(b"MySeedString").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(seed, EXPECTED_SEED);
+        let cdi_attest = &seed[..CDI_SIZE];
+        assert_eq!(cdi_attest, EXPECTED_CDI_ATTEST);
+        let cdi_private_key_seed =
+            derive_cdi_private_key_seed(cdi_attest.try_into().unwrap()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(cdi_private_key_seed.as_array(), EXPECTED_CDI_PRIVATE_KEY_SEED);
+        let (pub_key, priv_key) =
+            keypair_from_seed_multialg(cdi_private_key_seed.as_array(), KeyAlgorithm::EcdsaP256)
+                .unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(&pub_key, EXPECTED_EC_P256_PUB_KEY);
+        assert_eq!(priv_key.as_array(), EXPECTED_EC_P256_PRIV_KEY);
+
+        (pub_key, priv_key)
+    }
 }
diff --git a/libs/dice/sample_inputs/Android.bp b/libs/dice/sample_inputs/Android.bp
index c1c4566..4010741 100644
--- a/libs/dice/sample_inputs/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/dice/sample_inputs/Android.bp
@@ -80,3 +80,9 @@
     ],
     static_libs: ["libopen_dice_clear_memory"],
 }
+
+dirgroup {
+    name: "trusty_dirgroup_packages_modules_virtualization_libs_dice_sample_inputs",
+    visibility: ["//trusty/vendor/google/aosp/scripts"],
+    dirs: ["."],
+}
diff --git a/libs/framework-virtualization/src/android/system/virtualmachine/VirtualMachine.java b/libs/framework-virtualization/src/android/system/virtualmachine/VirtualMachine.java
index ad63206..4f58cd6 100644
--- a/libs/framework-virtualization/src/android/system/virtualmachine/VirtualMachine.java
+++ b/libs/framework-virtualization/src/android/system/virtualmachine/VirtualMachine.java
@@ -813,6 +813,10 @@
      */
     @GuardedBy("mLock")
     private void dropVm() {
+        if (mInputEventExecutor != null) {
+            mInputEventExecutor.shutdownNow();
+            mInputEventExecutor = null;
+        }
         if (mMemoryManagementCallbacks != null) {
             mContext.unregisterComponentCallbacks(mMemoryManagementCallbacks);
         }
@@ -1825,9 +1829,6 @@
             try {
                 mVirtualMachine.stop();
                 dropVm();
-                if (mInputEventExecutor != null) {
-                    mInputEventExecutor.shutdownNow();
-                }
             } catch (RemoteException e) {
                 throw e.rethrowAsRuntimeException();
             } catch (ServiceSpecificException e) {
diff --git a/libs/libavf/Android.bp b/libs/libavf/Android.bp
index aceb927..4469af5 100644
--- a/libs/libavf/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/libavf/Android.bp
@@ -40,30 +40,8 @@
     defaults: ["libavf.default"],
 }
 
-soong_config_module_type {
-    name: "virt_cc_defaults",
-    module_type: "cc_defaults",
-    config_namespace: "ANDROID",
-    bool_variables: [
-        "avf_enabled",
-    ],
-    properties: [
-        "apex_available",
-    ],
-}
-
-virt_cc_defaults {
-    name: "libavf_apex_available_defaults",
-    soong_config_variables: {
-        avf_enabled: {
-            apex_available: ["com.android.virt"],
-        },
-    },
-}
-
 cc_library {
     name: "libavf",
-    defaults: ["libavf_apex_available_defaults"],
     llndk: {
         symbol_file: "libavf.map.txt",
         moved_to_apex: true,
@@ -79,4 +57,5 @@
     stubs: {
         symbol_file: "libavf.map.txt",
     },
+    apex_available: ["com.android.virt"],
 }
diff --git a/libs/libavf/include/android/virtualization.h b/libs/libavf/include/android/virtualization.h
index 4bfe47a..e907ac4 100644
--- a/libs/libavf/include/android/virtualization.h
+++ b/libs/libavf/include/android/virtualization.h
@@ -78,6 +78,9 @@
  * The `instanceId` is expected to be re-used for the VM instance with an associated state (secret,
  * encrypted storage) - i.e., rebooting the VM must not change the instanceId.
  *
+ * `instanceId` MUST start with 0xFFFFFFFF if and only if this library is being
+ * called from code in a vendor or odm partition,
+ *
  * \param config a virtual machine config object.
  * \param instanceId a pointer to a 64-byte buffer for the instance ID.
  * \param instanceIdSize the number of bytes in `instanceId`.
diff --git a/libs/libhypervisor_backends/src/hypervisor.rs b/libs/libhypervisor_backends/src/hypervisor.rs
index aa65133..7c274f5 100644
--- a/libs/libhypervisor_backends/src/hypervisor.rs
+++ b/libs/libhypervisor_backends/src/hypervisor.rs
@@ -152,3 +152,8 @@
 pub fn get_device_assigner() -> Option<&'static dyn DeviceAssigningHypervisor> {
     get_hypervisor().as_device_assigner()
 }
+
+/// Gets the unique hypervisor granule size, if any.
+pub fn get_granule_size() -> Option<usize> {
+    get_hypervisor().get_granule_size()
+}
diff --git a/libs/libhypervisor_backends/src/hypervisor/common.rs b/libs/libhypervisor_backends/src/hypervisor/common.rs
index bfe638f..f229e14 100644
--- a/libs/libhypervisor_backends/src/hypervisor/common.rs
+++ b/libs/libhypervisor_backends/src/hypervisor/common.rs
@@ -32,6 +32,13 @@
     fn as_device_assigner(&self) -> Option<&dyn DeviceAssigningHypervisor> {
         None
     }
+
+    /// Returns the granule used by all APIs (MEM_SHARE, MMIO_GUARD, device assignment, ...).
+    ///
+    /// If no such API is supported or if they support different granule sizes, returns None.
+    fn get_granule_size(&self) -> Option<usize> {
+        None
+    }
 }
 
 pub trait MmioGuardedHypervisor {
diff --git a/libs/libhypervisor_backends/src/hypervisor/geniezone.rs b/libs/libhypervisor_backends/src/hypervisor/geniezone.rs
index 76e010b..0913ff3 100644
--- a/libs/libhypervisor_backends/src/hypervisor/geniezone.rs
+++ b/libs/libhypervisor_backends/src/hypervisor/geniezone.rs
@@ -84,6 +84,10 @@
     fn as_mem_sharer(&self) -> Option<&dyn MemSharingHypervisor> {
         Some(self)
     }
+
+    fn get_granule_size(&self) -> Option<usize> {
+        <Self as MemSharingHypervisor>::granule(self).ok()
+    }
 }
 
 impl MmioGuardedHypervisor for GeniezoneHypervisor {
diff --git a/libs/libhypervisor_backends/src/hypervisor/kvm_aarch64.rs b/libs/libhypervisor_backends/src/hypervisor/kvm_aarch64.rs
index 233097b..f183107 100644
--- a/libs/libhypervisor_backends/src/hypervisor/kvm_aarch64.rs
+++ b/libs/libhypervisor_backends/src/hypervisor/kvm_aarch64.rs
@@ -90,6 +90,10 @@
     fn as_device_assigner(&self) -> Option<&dyn DeviceAssigningHypervisor> {
         Some(self)
     }
+
+    fn get_granule_size(&self) -> Option<usize> {
+        <Self as MemSharingHypervisor>::granule(self).ok()
+    }
 }
 
 impl MmioGuardedHypervisor for ProtectedKvmHypervisor {
diff --git a/libs/libhypervisor_backends/src/hypervisor/kvm_x86.rs b/libs/libhypervisor_backends/src/hypervisor/kvm_x86.rs
index 7f9ea4d..d72f788 100644
--- a/libs/libhypervisor_backends/src/hypervisor/kvm_x86.rs
+++ b/libs/libhypervisor_backends/src/hypervisor/kvm_x86.rs
@@ -84,6 +84,10 @@
     fn as_mem_sharer(&self) -> Option<&dyn MemSharingHypervisor> {
         Some(self)
     }
+
+    fn get_granule_size(&self) -> Option<usize> {
+        <Self as MemSharingHypervisor>::granule(self).ok()
+    }
 }
 
 macro_rules! vmcall {
diff --git a/libs/libhypervisor_backends/src/lib.rs b/libs/libhypervisor_backends/src/lib.rs
index 33dc5ad..3c81ac8 100644
--- a/libs/libhypervisor_backends/src/lib.rs
+++ b/libs/libhypervisor_backends/src/lib.rs
@@ -24,5 +24,6 @@
 
 pub use error::{Error, Result};
 pub use hypervisor::{
-    get_device_assigner, get_mem_sharer, get_mmio_guard, DeviceAssigningHypervisor, KvmError,
+    get_device_assigner, get_granule_size, get_mem_sharer, get_mmio_guard,
+    DeviceAssigningHypervisor, KvmError,
 };
diff --git a/libs/libvmbase/README.md b/libs/libvmbase/README.md
index 28d930a..3c05cc3 100644
--- a/libs/libvmbase/README.md
+++ b/libs/libvmbase/README.md
@@ -79,23 +79,16 @@
 use vmbase::power::reboot;
 
 extern "C" fn sync_exception_current() {
-    eprintln!("sync_exception_current");
-
     let mut esr: u64;
     unsafe {
         asm!("mrs {esr}, esr_el1", esr = out(reg) esr);
     }
-    eprintln!("esr={:#08x}", esr);
-
-    reboot();
+    panic!("sync_exception_current, esr={:#08x}", esr);
 }
 ```
 
 The `println!` macro shouldn't be used in exception handlers, because it relies on a global instance
 of the UART driver which might be locked when the exception happens, which would result in deadlock.
-Instead you can use `eprintln!`, which will re-initialize the UART every time to ensure that it can
-be used. This should still be used with care, as it may interfere with whatever the rest of the
-program is doing with the UART.
 
 See [example/src/exceptions.rs](examples/src/exceptions.rs) for a complete example.
 
diff --git a/libs/libvmbase/src/arch/aarch64/exceptions.rs b/libs/libvmbase/src/arch/aarch64/exceptions.rs
index 1868bf7..787ef37 100644
--- a/libs/libvmbase/src/arch/aarch64/exceptions.rs
+++ b/libs/libvmbase/src/arch/aarch64/exceptions.rs
@@ -14,12 +14,17 @@
 
 //! Helper functions and structs for exception handlers.
 
-use crate::memory::{MemoryTrackerError, MEMORY};
 use crate::{
-    arch::aarch64::layout::UART_PAGE_ADDR, arch::VirtualAddress, eprintln, memory::page_4kb_of,
+    arch::{
+        aarch64::layout::UART_PAGE_ADDR,
+        platform::{emergency_uart, DEFAULT_EMERGENCY_CONSOLE_INDEX},
+        VirtualAddress,
+    },
+    memory::{page_4kb_of, MemoryTrackerError, MEMORY},
+    power::reboot,
     read_sysreg,
 };
-use core::fmt;
+use core::fmt::{self, Write};
 use core::result;
 
 /// Represents an error that can occur while handling an exception.
@@ -122,14 +127,23 @@
         Self { esr, far: VirtualAddress(far) }
     }
 
-    /// Prints the details of an obj and the exception, excluding UART exceptions.
-    pub fn print<T: fmt::Display>(&self, exception_name: &str, obj: T, elr: u64) {
+    /// Prints the details of an obj and the exception, excluding UART exceptions, and then reboots.
+    ///
+    /// This uses the emergency console so can safely be called even for synchronous exceptions
+    /// without causing a deadlock.
+    pub fn print_and_reboot<T: fmt::Display>(&self, exception_name: &str, obj: T, elr: u64) -> ! {
         // Don't print to the UART if we are handling an exception it could raise.
         if !self.is_uart_exception() {
-            eprintln!("{exception_name}");
-            eprintln!("{obj}");
-            eprintln!("{}, elr={:#08x}", self, elr);
+            // SAFETY: We always reboot at the end of this method so there is no way for the
+            // original UART driver to be used after this.
+            if let Some(mut console) = unsafe { emergency_uart(DEFAULT_EMERGENCY_CONSOLE_INDEX) } {
+                // Ignore errors writing to emergency console, as we are about to reboot anyway.
+                _ = writeln!(console, "{exception_name}");
+                _ = writeln!(console, "{obj}");
+                _ = writeln!(console, "{}, elr={:#08x}", self, elr);
+            }
         }
+        reboot();
     }
 
     fn is_uart_exception(&self) -> bool {
diff --git a/libs/libvmbase/src/arch/aarch64/platform.rs b/libs/libvmbase/src/arch/aarch64/platform.rs
index b33df68..7e002d0 100644
--- a/libs/libvmbase/src/arch/aarch64/platform.rs
+++ b/libs/libvmbase/src/arch/aarch64/platform.rs
@@ -104,18 +104,25 @@
 
 /// Return platform uart with specific index
 ///
-/// Panics if console was not initialized by calling [`init`] first.
-pub fn uart(id: usize) -> &'static spin::mutex::SpinMutex<Uart> {
-    CONSOLES[id].get().unwrap()
+/// Returns `None` if console was not initialized by calling [`init`] first.
+pub fn uart(id: usize) -> Option<&'static SpinMutex<Uart>> {
+    CONSOLES[id].get()
 }
 
-/// Reinitializes the emergency UART driver and returns it.
+/// Reinitializes the n-th UART driver and returns it.
 ///
 /// This is intended for use in situations where the UART may be in an unknown state or the global
-/// instance may be locked, such as in an exception handler or panic handler.
-pub fn emergency_uart() -> Uart {
+/// instance may be locked, such as in the synchronous exception handler.
+///
+/// # Safety
+///
+/// This takes over the UART from wherever it is being used, the existing UART instance should not
+/// be used after this is called. This should only be used immediately before aborting the VM.
+pub unsafe fn emergency_uart(id: usize) -> Option<Uart> {
+    let addr = *ADDRESSES[id].get()?;
+
     // SAFETY: Initialization of UART using dedicated const address.
-    unsafe { Uart::new(UART_ADDRESSES[DEFAULT_EMERGENCY_CONSOLE_INDEX]) }
+    Some(unsafe { Uart::new(addr) })
 }
 
 /// Makes a `PSCI_SYSTEM_OFF` call to shutdown the VM.
diff --git a/libs/libvmbase/src/console.rs b/libs/libvmbase/src/console.rs
index 6d9a4fe..dcaf1ad 100644
--- a/libs/libvmbase/src/console.rs
+++ b/libs/libvmbase/src/console.rs
@@ -14,33 +14,26 @@
 
 //! Console driver for 8250 UART.
 
-use crate::arch::platform;
-use core::fmt::{write, Arguments, Write};
+use crate::arch::platform::{self, emergency_uart, DEFAULT_EMERGENCY_CONSOLE_INDEX};
+use crate::power::reboot;
+use core::fmt::{self, write, Arguments, Write};
+use core::panic::PanicInfo;
 
 /// Writes a formatted string followed by a newline to the n-th console.
 ///
-/// Panics if the n-th console was not initialized by calling [`init`] first.
-pub fn writeln(n: usize, format_args: Arguments) {
-    let uart = &mut *platform::uart(n).lock();
-    write(uart, format_args).unwrap();
-    let _ = uart.write_str("\n");
-}
+/// Returns an error if the n-th console was not initialized by calling [`init`] first.
+pub fn writeln(n: usize, format_args: Arguments) -> fmt::Result {
+    let uart = &mut *platform::uart(n).ok_or(fmt::Error)?.lock();
 
-/// Reinitializes the emergency UART driver and writes a formatted string followed by a newline to
-/// it.
-///
-/// This is intended for use in situations where the UART may be in an unknown state or the global
-/// instance may be locked, such as in an exception handler or panic handler.
-pub fn ewriteln(format_args: Arguments) {
-    let mut uart = platform::emergency_uart();
-    let _ = write(&mut uart, format_args);
-    let _ = uart.write_str("\n");
+    write(uart, format_args)?;
+    uart.write_str("\n")?;
+    Ok(())
 }
 
 /// Prints the given formatted string to the n-th console, followed by a newline.
 ///
-/// Panics if the console has not yet been initialized. May hang if used in an exception context;
-/// use `eprintln!` instead.
+/// Returns an error if the console has not yet been initialized. May deadlock if used in a
+/// synchronous exception handler.
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! console_writeln {
     ($n:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => ({
@@ -48,27 +41,24 @@
     })
 }
 
-pub(crate) use console_writeln;
-
 /// Prints the given formatted string to the console, followed by a newline.
 ///
-/// Panics if the console has not yet been initialized. May hang if used in an exception context;
-/// use `eprintln!` instead.
+/// Panics if the console has not yet been initialized. May hang if used in an exception context.
 macro_rules! println {
     ($($arg:tt)*) => ({
-        $crate::console::console_writeln!($crate::arch::platform::DEFAULT_CONSOLE_INDEX, $($arg)*)
+        $crate::console_writeln!($crate::arch::platform::DEFAULT_CONSOLE_INDEX, $($arg)*).unwrap()
     })
 }
 
 pub(crate) use println; // Make it available in this crate.
 
-/// Prints the given string followed by a newline to the console in an emergency, such as an
-/// exception handler.
-///
-/// Never panics.
-#[macro_export]
-macro_rules! eprintln {
-    ($($arg:tt)*) => ({
-        $crate::console::ewriteln(format_args!($($arg)*))
-    })
+#[panic_handler]
+fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {
+    // SAFETY: We always reboot at the end of this method so there is no way for the
+    // original UART driver to be used after this.
+    if let Some(mut console) = unsafe { emergency_uart(DEFAULT_EMERGENCY_CONSOLE_INDEX) } {
+        // Ignore errors, to avoid a panic loop.
+        let _ = writeln!(console, "{}", info);
+    }
+    reboot()
 }
diff --git a/libs/libvmbase/src/lib.rs b/libs/libvmbase/src/lib.rs
index d254038..afb62fc 100644
--- a/libs/libvmbase/src/lib.rs
+++ b/libs/libvmbase/src/lib.rs
@@ -32,12 +32,3 @@
 pub mod uart;
 pub mod util;
 pub mod virtio;
-
-use core::panic::PanicInfo;
-use power::reboot;
-
-#[panic_handler]
-fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {
-    eprintln!("{}", info);
-    reboot()
-}
diff --git a/libs/libvmbase/src/logger.rs b/libs/libvmbase/src/logger.rs
index 9130918..0059d11 100644
--- a/libs/libvmbase/src/logger.rs
+++ b/libs/libvmbase/src/logger.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 //!
 //! Internally uses the println! vmbase macro, which prints to crosvm's UART.
 //! Note: may not work if the VM is in an inconsistent state. Exception handlers
-//! should avoid using this logger and instead print with eprintln!.
+//! should avoid using this logger.
 
 use crate::console::println;
 use core::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};
diff --git a/tests/helper/src/java/com/android/microdroid/test/device/MicrodroidDeviceTestBase.java b/tests/helper/src/java/com/android/microdroid/test/device/MicrodroidDeviceTestBase.java
index 4294df4..4523572 100644
--- a/tests/helper/src/java/com/android/microdroid/test/device/MicrodroidDeviceTestBase.java
+++ b/tests/helper/src/java/com/android/microdroid/test/device/MicrodroidDeviceTestBase.java
@@ -625,7 +625,7 @@
             stdout.transferTo(out);
             stderr.transferTo(out);
             String output = out.toString("UTF-8");
-            Log.i(tag, "Got output : " + stdout);
+            Log.i(tag, "Got stdout + stderr : " + output);
             return output;
         } catch (IOException e) {
             Log.e(tag, "Error executing: " + command, e);
diff --git a/tests/hostside/helper/java/com/android/microdroid/test/host/MicrodroidHostTestCaseBase.java b/tests/hostside/helper/java/com/android/microdroid/test/host/MicrodroidHostTestCaseBase.java
index fcef19a..7eb7748 100644
--- a/tests/hostside/helper/java/com/android/microdroid/test/host/MicrodroidHostTestCaseBase.java
+++ b/tests/hostside/helper/java/com/android/microdroid/test/host/MicrodroidHostTestCaseBase.java
@@ -262,6 +262,11 @@
     }
 
     public List<String> getSupportedOSList() throws Exception {
+        // The --os flag was introduced in SDK level 36. When running tests on earlier dessert
+        // releases only use "microdroid" OS.
+        if (getAndroidDevice().getApiLevel() < 36) {
+            return Arrays.asList("microdroid");
+        }
         return parseStringArrayFieldsFromVmInfo("Available OS list: ");
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/hostside/java/com/android/microdroid/test/MicrodroidHostTests.java b/tests/hostside/java/com/android/microdroid/test/MicrodroidHostTests.java
index 2434ed0..379ac98 100644
--- a/tests/hostside/java/com/android/microdroid/test/MicrodroidHostTests.java
+++ b/tests/hostside/java/com/android/microdroid/test/MicrodroidHostTests.java
@@ -496,15 +496,20 @@
         final String configPath = "assets/vm_config_apex.json";
 
         // Act
-        mMicrodroidDevice =
+        MicrodroidBuilder microdroidBuilder =
                 MicrodroidBuilder.fromDevicePath(getPathForPackage(PACKAGE_NAME), configPath)
                         .debugLevel(DEBUG_LEVEL_FULL)
                         .memoryMib(minMemorySize())
                         .cpuTopology("match_host")
                         .protectedVm(true)
-                        .os(SUPPORTED_OSES.get(os))
-                        .name("protected_vm_runs_pvmfw")
-                        .build(getAndroidDevice());
+                        .name("protected_vm_runs_pvmfw");
+
+        // --os flag was introduced in SDK 36
+        if (getAndroidDevice().getApiLevel() >= 36) {
+            microdroidBuilder.os(SUPPORTED_OSES.get(os));
+        }
+
+        mMicrodroidDevice = microdroidBuilder.build(getAndroidDevice());
 
         // Assert
         mMicrodroidDevice.waitForBootComplete(BOOT_COMPLETE_TIMEOUT);
@@ -647,14 +652,18 @@
         CommandRunner android = new CommandRunner(getDevice());
         String testStartTime = android.runWithTimeout(1000, "date", "'+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%N'");
 
-        mMicrodroidDevice =
+        MicrodroidBuilder microdroidBuilder =
                 MicrodroidBuilder.fromDevicePath(getPathForPackage(PACKAGE_NAME), configPath)
                         .debugLevel(DEBUG_LEVEL_FULL)
                         .memoryMib(minMemorySize())
                         .cpuTopology("match_host")
-                        .protectedVm(protectedVm)
-                        .os(SUPPORTED_OSES.get(os))
-                        .build(getAndroidDevice());
+                        .protectedVm(protectedVm);
+
+        if (getAndroidDevice().getApiLevel() >= 36) {
+            microdroidBuilder.os(SUPPORTED_OSES.get(os));
+        }
+
+        mMicrodroidDevice = microdroidBuilder.build(getAndroidDevice());
         mMicrodroidDevice.waitForBootComplete(BOOT_COMPLETE_TIMEOUT);
         mMicrodroidDevice.enableAdbRoot();
 
@@ -874,15 +883,20 @@
         // Create VM with microdroid
         TestDevice device = getAndroidDevice();
         final String configPath = "assets/vm_config_apex.json"; // path inside the APK
-        ITestDevice microdroid =
+        MicrodroidBuilder microdroidBuilder =
                 MicrodroidBuilder.fromDevicePath(getPathForPackage(PACKAGE_NAME), configPath)
                         .debugLevel(DEBUG_LEVEL_FULL)
                         .memoryMib(minMemorySize())
                         .cpuTopology("match_host")
                         .protectedVm(protectedVm)
-                        .os(SUPPORTED_OSES.get(os))
-                        .name("test_telemetry_pushed_atoms")
-                        .build(device);
+                        .name("test_telemetry_pushed_atoms");
+
+        if (device.getApiLevel() >= 36) {
+            microdroidBuilder.os(SUPPORTED_OSES.get(os));
+        }
+
+        ITestDevice microdroid = microdroidBuilder.build(device);
+
         microdroid.waitForBootComplete(BOOT_COMPLETE_TIMEOUT);
         device.shutdownMicrodroid(microdroid);
 
@@ -1026,14 +1040,18 @@
         assumeVmTypeSupported(os, protectedVm);
 
         final String configPath = "assets/vm_config.json"; // path inside the APK
-        testMicrodroidBootsWithBuilder(
+        MicrodroidBuilder microdroidBuilder =
                 MicrodroidBuilder.fromDevicePath(getPathForPackage(PACKAGE_NAME), configPath)
                         .debugLevel(DEBUG_LEVEL_FULL)
                         .memoryMib(minMemorySize())
                         .cpuTopology("match_host")
                         .protectedVm(protectedVm)
-                        .name("test_microdroid_boots")
-                        .os(SUPPORTED_OSES.get(os)));
+                        .name("test_microdroid_boots");
+        if (getAndroidDevice().getApiLevel() >= 36) {
+            microdroidBuilder.os(SUPPORTED_OSES.get(os));
+        }
+
+        testMicrodroidBootsWithBuilder(microdroidBuilder);
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -1064,15 +1082,18 @@
         assumeVmTypeSupported(os, protectedVm);
 
         final String configPath = "assets/vm_config.json";
-        mMicrodroidDevice =
+        MicrodroidBuilder microdroidBuilder =
                 MicrodroidBuilder.fromDevicePath(getPathForPackage(PACKAGE_NAME), configPath)
                         .debugLevel(DEBUG_LEVEL_FULL)
                         .memoryMib(minMemorySize())
                         .cpuTopology("match_host")
                         .protectedVm(protectedVm)
-                        .os(SUPPORTED_OSES.get(os))
-                        .name("test_microdroid_ram_usage")
-                        .build(getAndroidDevice());
+                        .name("test_microdroid_ram_usage");
+        if (getAndroidDevice().getApiLevel() >= 36) {
+            microdroidBuilder.os(SUPPORTED_OSES.get(os));
+        }
+
+        mMicrodroidDevice = microdroidBuilder.build(getAndroidDevice());
         mMicrodroidDevice.waitForBootComplete(BOOT_COMPLETE_TIMEOUT);
         mMicrodroidDevice.enableAdbRoot();
 
@@ -1362,16 +1383,18 @@
         Objects.requireNonNull(device);
         final String configPath = "assets/vm_config.json";
 
-        mMicrodroidDevice =
+        MicrodroidBuilder microdroidBuilder =
                 MicrodroidBuilder.fromDevicePath(getPathForPackage(PACKAGE_NAME), configPath)
                         .debugLevel(DEBUG_LEVEL_FULL)
                         .memoryMib(minMemorySize())
                         .cpuTopology("match_host")
                         .protectedVm(protectedVm)
-                        .os(SUPPORTED_OSES.get(os))
-                        .addAssignableDevice(device)
-                        .build(getAndroidDevice());
+                        .addAssignableDevice(device);
+        if (getAndroidDevice().getApiLevel() >= 36) {
+            microdroidBuilder.os(SUPPORTED_OSES.get(os));
+        }
 
+        mMicrodroidDevice = microdroidBuilder.build(getAndroidDevice());
         assertThat(mMicrodroidDevice.waitForBootComplete(BOOT_COMPLETE_TIMEOUT)).isTrue();
         assertThat(mMicrodroidDevice.enableAdbRoot()).isTrue();
     }
@@ -1408,16 +1431,19 @@
         android.run("echo advise > " + SHMEM_ENABLED_PATH);
 
         final String configPath = "assets/vm_config.json";
-        mMicrodroidDevice =
+        MicrodroidBuilder microdroidBuilder =
                 MicrodroidBuilder.fromDevicePath(getPathForPackage(PACKAGE_NAME), configPath)
                         .debugLevel(DEBUG_LEVEL_FULL)
                         .memoryMib(minMemorySize())
                         .cpuTopology("match_host")
                         .protectedVm(protectedVm)
-                        .os(SUPPORTED_OSES.get(os))
                         .hugePages(true)
-                        .name("test_huge_pages")
-                        .build(getAndroidDevice());
+                        .name("test_huge_pages");
+        if (getAndroidDevice().getApiLevel() >= 36) {
+            microdroidBuilder.os(SUPPORTED_OSES.get(os));
+        }
+
+        mMicrodroidDevice = microdroidBuilder.build(getAndroidDevice());
         mMicrodroidDevice.waitForBootComplete(BOOT_COMPLETE_TIMEOUT);
 
         android.run("echo never >" + SHMEM_ENABLED_PATH);
diff --git a/tests/pvmfw/Android.bp b/tests/pvmfw/Android.bp
index 7f5f2af..f7a8aed 100644
--- a/tests/pvmfw/Android.bp
+++ b/tests/pvmfw/Android.bp
@@ -63,6 +63,6 @@
 filegroup {
     name: "test_avf_bcc_dat",
     srcs: [
-        "assets/bcc.dat",
+        "assets/dice.dat",
     ],
 }
diff --git a/tests/pvmfw/assets/bcc.dat b/tests/pvmfw/assets/bcc.dat
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..0bf1fec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/pvmfw/assets/bcc.dat
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+dice.dat
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/pvmfw/assets/bcc.dat b/tests/pvmfw/assets/dice.dat
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/pvmfw/assets/bcc.dat
rename to tests/pvmfw/assets/dice.dat
Binary files differ
diff --git a/tests/pvmfw/java/com/android/pvmfw/test/CustomPvmfwHostTestCaseBase.java b/tests/pvmfw/java/com/android/pvmfw/test/CustomPvmfwHostTestCaseBase.java
index 296604b..1e9efae 100644
--- a/tests/pvmfw/java/com/android/pvmfw/test/CustomPvmfwHostTestCaseBase.java
+++ b/tests/pvmfw/java/com/android/pvmfw/test/CustomPvmfwHostTestCaseBase.java
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
 /** Base class for testing custom pvmfw */
 public class CustomPvmfwHostTestCaseBase extends MicrodroidHostTestCaseBase {
     @NonNull public static final String PVMFW_FILE_NAME = "pvmfw_test.bin";
-    @NonNull public static final String BCC_FILE_NAME = "bcc.dat";
+    @NonNull public static final String BCC_FILE_NAME = "dice.dat";
     @NonNull public static final String PACKAGE_FILE_NAME = "MicrodroidTestApp.apk";
     @NonNull public static final String PACKAGE_NAME = "com.android.microdroid.test";
     @NonNull public static final String MICRODROID_DEBUG_FULL = "full";
diff --git a/tests/pvmfw/tools/PvmfwTool.java b/tests/pvmfw/tools/PvmfwTool.java
index 9f0cb42..5df0b48 100644
--- a/tests/pvmfw/tools/PvmfwTool.java
+++ b/tests/pvmfw/tools/PvmfwTool.java
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
         System.out.println("            Requires BCC. VM Reference DT, VM DTBO, and Debug policy");
         System.out.println("            can optionally be specified");
         System.out.println(
-                "Usage: pvmfw-tool <out> <pvmfw.bin> <bcc.dat> [VM reference DT] [VM DTBO] [debug"
+                "Usage: pvmfw-tool <out> <pvmfw.bin> <dice.dat> [VM reference DT] [VM DTBO] [debug"
                         + " policy]");
     }