Merge changes I73e522f9,Ifc92a85b,I9b918dd9,I6f84eff9 into main

* changes:
  doc: add debug/README.md
  doc: major refactoring of the getting started doc
  doc: move the getting started page
  doc: rewrite the front page
diff --git a/javalib/api/test-current.txt b/javalib/api/test-current.txt
index 1298000..cf95770 100644
--- a/javalib/api/test-current.txt
+++ b/javalib/api/test-current.txt
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 
   public static final class VirtualMachineConfig.Builder {
     method @NonNull @RequiresPermission(android.system.virtualmachine.VirtualMachine.USE_CUSTOM_VIRTUAL_MACHINE_PERMISSION) public android.system.virtualmachine.VirtualMachineConfig.Builder setPayloadConfigPath(@NonNull String);
+    method @NonNull @RequiresPermission(android.system.virtualmachine.VirtualMachine.USE_CUSTOM_VIRTUAL_MACHINE_PERMISSION) public android.system.virtualmachine.VirtualMachineConfig.Builder setVendorDiskImage(@NonNull java.io.File);
     method @NonNull public android.system.virtualmachine.VirtualMachineConfig.Builder setVmConsoleInputSupported(boolean);
   }
 
diff --git a/javalib/src/android/system/virtualmachine/VirtualMachineConfig.java b/javalib/src/android/system/virtualmachine/VirtualMachineConfig.java
index b400eeb..4cad2e3 100644
--- a/javalib/src/android/system/virtualmachine/VirtualMachineConfig.java
+++ b/javalib/src/android/system/virtualmachine/VirtualMachineConfig.java
@@ -76,6 +76,7 @@
     private static final String KEY_ENCRYPTED_STORAGE_BYTES = "encryptedStorageBytes";
     private static final String KEY_VM_OUTPUT_CAPTURED = "vmOutputCaptured";
     private static final String KEY_VM_CONSOLE_INPUT_SUPPORTED = "vmConsoleInputSupported";
+    private static final String KEY_VENDOR_DISK_IMAGE_PATH = "vendorDiskImagePath";
 
     /** @hide */
     @Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
@@ -167,6 +168,8 @@
     /** Whether the app can write console input to the VM */
     private final boolean mVmConsoleInputSupported;
 
+    @Nullable private final File mVendorDiskImage;
+
     private VirtualMachineConfig(
             @Nullable String packageName,
             @Nullable String apkPath,
@@ -178,7 +181,8 @@
             @CpuTopology int cpuTopology,
             long encryptedStorageBytes,
             boolean vmOutputCaptured,
-            boolean vmConsoleInputSupported) {
+            boolean vmConsoleInputSupported,
+            @Nullable File vendorDiskImage) {
         // This is only called from Builder.build(); the builder handles parameter validation.
         mPackageName = packageName;
         mApkPath = apkPath;
@@ -191,6 +195,7 @@
         mEncryptedStorageBytes = encryptedStorageBytes;
         mVmOutputCaptured = vmOutputCaptured;
         mVmConsoleInputSupported = vmConsoleInputSupported;
+        mVendorDiskImage = vendorDiskImage;
     }
 
     /** Loads a config from a file. */
@@ -267,6 +272,11 @@
         builder.setVmOutputCaptured(b.getBoolean(KEY_VM_OUTPUT_CAPTURED));
         builder.setVmConsoleInputSupported(b.getBoolean(KEY_VM_CONSOLE_INPUT_SUPPORTED));
 
+        String vendorDiskImagePath = b.getString(KEY_VENDOR_DISK_IMAGE_PATH);
+        if (vendorDiskImagePath != null) {
+            builder.setVendorDiskImage(new File(vendorDiskImagePath));
+        }
+
         return builder.build();
     }
 
@@ -302,6 +312,9 @@
         }
         b.putBoolean(KEY_VM_OUTPUT_CAPTURED, mVmOutputCaptured);
         b.putBoolean(KEY_VM_CONSOLE_INPUT_SUPPORTED, mVmConsoleInputSupported);
+        if (mVendorDiskImage != null) {
+            b.putString(KEY_VENDOR_DISK_IMAGE_PATH, mVendorDiskImage.getAbsolutePath());
+        }
         b.writeToStream(output);
     }
 
@@ -501,6 +514,20 @@
                 vsConfig.cpuTopology = android.system.virtualizationservice.CpuTopology.ONE_CPU;
                 break;
         }
+        if (mVendorDiskImage != null) {
+            VirtualMachineAppConfig.CustomConfig customConfig =
+                    new VirtualMachineAppConfig.CustomConfig();
+            customConfig.taskProfiles = new String[0];
+            try {
+                customConfig.vendorImage =
+                        ParcelFileDescriptor.open(mVendorDiskImage, MODE_READ_ONLY);
+            } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
+                throw new VirtualMachineException(
+                        "Failed to open vendor disk image " + mVendorDiskImage.getAbsolutePath(),
+                        e);
+            }
+            vsConfig.customConfig = customConfig;
+        }
         return vsConfig;
     }
 
@@ -572,6 +599,7 @@
         private long mEncryptedStorageBytes;
         private boolean mVmOutputCaptured = false;
         private boolean mVmConsoleInputSupported = false;
+        @Nullable private File mVendorDiskImage;
 
         /**
          * Creates a builder for the given context.
@@ -645,7 +673,8 @@
                     mCpuTopology,
                     mEncryptedStorageBytes,
                     mVmOutputCaptured,
-                    mVmConsoleInputSupported);
+                    mVmConsoleInputSupported,
+                    mVendorDiskImage);
         }
 
         /**
@@ -863,5 +892,18 @@
             mVmConsoleInputSupported = supported;
             return this;
         }
+
+        /**
+         * Sets the path to the disk image with vendor-specific modules.
+         *
+         * @hide
+         */
+        @TestApi
+        @RequiresPermission(VirtualMachine.USE_CUSTOM_VIRTUAL_MACHINE_PERMISSION)
+        @NonNull
+        public Builder setVendorDiskImage(@NonNull File vendorDiskImage) {
+            mVendorDiskImage = vendorDiskImage;
+            return this;
+        }
     }
 }
diff --git a/libs/hyp/Android.bp b/libs/hyp/Android.bp
index 1bb8722..8baf9dd 100644
--- a/libs/hyp/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/hyp/Android.bp
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@
     srcs: ["src/lib.rs"],
     prefer_rlib: true,
     rustlibs: [
-        "libbitflags",
         "libonce_cell_nostd",
         "libsmccc",
         "libuuid_nostd",
diff --git a/libs/hyp/src/hypervisor/common.rs b/libs/hyp/src/hypervisor/common.rs
index ec7d168..7c030a1 100644
--- a/libs/hyp/src/hypervisor/common.rs
+++ b/libs/hyp/src/hypervisor/common.rs
@@ -16,47 +16,49 @@
 
 use crate::error::Result;
 use crate::util::SIZE_4KB;
-use bitflags::bitflags;
 
 /// Expected MMIO guard granule size, validated during MMIO guard initialization.
 pub const MMIO_GUARD_GRANULE_SIZE: usize = SIZE_4KB;
 
-bitflags! {
-    /// Capabilities that Hypervisor backends can declare support for.
-    pub struct HypervisorCap: u32 {
-        /// Capability for guest to share its memory with host at runtime.
-        const DYNAMIC_MEM_SHARE = 0b1;
+/// Trait for the hypervisor.
+pub trait Hypervisor {
+    /// Returns the hypervisor's MMIO_GUARD implementation, if any.
+    fn as_mmio_guard(&self) -> Option<&dyn MmioGuardedHypervisor> {
+        None
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the hypervisor's dynamic memory sharing implementation, if any.
+    fn as_mem_sharer(&self) -> Option<&dyn MemSharingHypervisor> {
+        None
     }
 }
 
-/// Trait for the hypervisor.
-pub trait Hypervisor {
+pub trait MmioGuardedHypervisor {
     /// Initializes the hypervisor by enrolling a MMIO guard and checking the memory granule size.
     /// By enrolling, all MMIO will be blocked unless allow-listed with `mmio_guard_map`.
     /// Protected VMs are auto-enrolled.
-    fn mmio_guard_init(&self) -> Result<()>;
+    fn init(&self) -> Result<()>;
 
     /// Maps a page containing the given memory address to the hypervisor MMIO guard.
     /// The page size corresponds to the MMIO guard granule size.
-    fn mmio_guard_map(&self, addr: usize) -> Result<()>;
+    fn map(&self, addr: usize) -> Result<()>;
 
     /// Unmaps a page containing the given memory address from the hypervisor MMIO guard.
     /// The page size corresponds to the MMIO guard granule size.
-    fn mmio_guard_unmap(&self, addr: usize) -> Result<()>;
+    fn unmap(&self, addr: usize) -> Result<()>;
+}
 
+pub trait MemSharingHypervisor {
     /// Shares a region of memory with host, granting it read, write and execute permissions.
     /// The size of the region is equal to the memory protection granule returned by
     /// [`hyp_meminfo`].
-    fn mem_share(&self, base_ipa: u64) -> Result<()>;
+    fn share(&self, base_ipa: u64) -> Result<()>;
 
     /// Revokes access permission from host to a memory region previously shared with
     /// [`mem_share`]. The size of the region is equal to the memory protection granule returned by
     /// [`hyp_meminfo`].
-    fn mem_unshare(&self, base_ipa: u64) -> Result<()>;
+    fn unshare(&self, base_ipa: u64) -> Result<()>;
 
     /// Returns the memory protection granule size in bytes.
-    fn memory_protection_granule(&self) -> Result<usize>;
-
-    /// Check if required capabilities are supported.
-    fn has_cap(&self, cap: HypervisorCap) -> bool;
+    fn granule(&self) -> Result<usize>;
 }
diff --git a/libs/hyp/src/hypervisor/geniezone.rs b/libs/hyp/src/hypervisor/geniezone.rs
index 0741978..24eb89e 100644
--- a/libs/hyp/src/hypervisor/geniezone.rs
+++ b/libs/hyp/src/hypervisor/geniezone.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,9 @@
 
 //! Wrappers around calls to the GenieZone hypervisor.
 
-use super::common::{Hypervisor, HypervisorCap, MMIO_GUARD_GRANULE_SIZE};
+use super::common::{
+    Hypervisor, MemSharingHypervisor, MmioGuardedHypervisor, MMIO_GUARD_GRANULE_SIZE,
+};
 use crate::error::{Error, Result};
 use crate::util::page_address;
 use core::fmt::{self, Display, Formatter};
@@ -40,7 +42,6 @@
     // and share the same identification along with guest VMs.
     // The previous uuid was removed due to duplication elsewhere.
     pub const UUID: Uuid = uuid!("7e134ed0-3b82-488d-8cee-69c19211dbe7");
-    const CAPABILITIES: HypervisorCap = HypervisorCap::DYNAMIC_MEM_SHARE;
 }
 
 /// Error from a GenieZone HVC call.
@@ -85,7 +86,17 @@
 }
 
 impl Hypervisor for GeniezoneHypervisor {
-    fn mmio_guard_init(&self) -> Result<()> {
+    fn as_mmio_guard(&self) -> Option<&dyn MmioGuardedHypervisor> {
+        Some(self)
+    }
+
+    fn as_mem_sharer(&self) -> Option<&dyn MemSharingHypervisor> {
+        Some(self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl MmioGuardedHypervisor for GeniezoneHypervisor {
+    fn init(&self) -> Result<()> {
         mmio_guard_enroll()?;
         let mmio_granule = mmio_guard_granule()?;
         if mmio_granule != MMIO_GUARD_GRANULE_SIZE {
@@ -94,43 +105,41 @@
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn mmio_guard_map(&self, addr: usize) -> Result<()> {
+    fn map(&self, addr: usize) -> Result<()> {
         let mut args = [0u64; 17];
         args[0] = page_address(addr);
 
         checked_hvc64_expect_zero(VENDOR_HYP_GZVM_MMIO_GUARD_MAP_FUNC_ID, args)
     }
 
-    fn mmio_guard_unmap(&self, addr: usize) -> Result<()> {
+    fn unmap(&self, addr: usize) -> Result<()> {
         let mut args = [0u64; 17];
         args[0] = page_address(addr);
 
         checked_hvc64_expect_zero(VENDOR_HYP_GZVM_MMIO_GUARD_UNMAP_FUNC_ID, args)
     }
+}
 
-    fn mem_share(&self, base_ipa: u64) -> Result<()> {
+impl MemSharingHypervisor for GeniezoneHypervisor {
+    fn share(&self, base_ipa: u64) -> Result<()> {
         let mut args = [0u64; 17];
         args[0] = base_ipa;
 
         checked_hvc64_expect_zero(ARM_SMCCC_GZVM_FUNC_MEM_SHARE, args)
     }
 
-    fn mem_unshare(&self, base_ipa: u64) -> Result<()> {
+    fn unshare(&self, base_ipa: u64) -> Result<()> {
         let mut args = [0u64; 17];
         args[0] = base_ipa;
 
         checked_hvc64_expect_zero(ARM_SMCCC_GZVM_FUNC_MEM_UNSHARE, args)
     }
 
-    fn memory_protection_granule(&self) -> Result<usize> {
+    fn granule(&self) -> Result<usize> {
         let args = [0u64; 17];
         let granule = checked_hvc64(ARM_SMCCC_GZVM_FUNC_HYP_MEMINFO, args)?;
         Ok(granule.try_into().unwrap())
     }
-
-    fn has_cap(&self, cap: HypervisorCap) -> bool {
-        Self::CAPABILITIES.contains(cap)
-    }
 }
 
 fn mmio_guard_granule() -> Result<usize> {
diff --git a/libs/hyp/src/hypervisor/gunyah.rs b/libs/hyp/src/hypervisor/gunyah.rs
index 252430f..45c01bf 100644
--- a/libs/hyp/src/hypervisor/gunyah.rs
+++ b/libs/hyp/src/hypervisor/gunyah.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-use super::common::{Hypervisor, HypervisorCap, MMIO_GUARD_GRANULE_SIZE};
-use crate::error::Result;
+use super::common::Hypervisor;
 use uuid::{uuid, Uuid};
 
 pub(super) struct GunyahHypervisor;
@@ -8,32 +7,4 @@
     pub const UUID: Uuid = uuid!("c1d58fcd-a453-5fdb-9265-ce36673d5f14");
 }
 
-impl Hypervisor for GunyahHypervisor {
-    fn mmio_guard_init(&self) -> Result<()> {
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn mmio_guard_map(&self, _addr: usize) -> Result<()> {
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn mmio_guard_unmap(&self, _addr: usize) -> Result<()> {
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn mem_share(&self, _base_ipa: u64) -> Result<()> {
-        unimplemented!();
-    }
-
-    fn mem_unshare(&self, _base_ipa: u64) -> Result<()> {
-        unimplemented!();
-    }
-
-    fn memory_protection_granule(&self) -> Result<usize> {
-        Ok(MMIO_GUARD_GRANULE_SIZE)
-    }
-
-    fn has_cap(&self, _cap: HypervisorCap) -> bool {
-        false
-    }
-}
+impl Hypervisor for GunyahHypervisor {}
diff --git a/libs/hyp/src/hypervisor/kvm.rs b/libs/hyp/src/hypervisor/kvm.rs
index a89f9b8..a95b8de 100644
--- a/libs/hyp/src/hypervisor/kvm.rs
+++ b/libs/hyp/src/hypervisor/kvm.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,9 @@
 
 //! Wrappers around calls to the KVM hypervisor.
 
-use super::common::{Hypervisor, HypervisorCap, MMIO_GUARD_GRANULE_SIZE};
+use super::common::{
+    Hypervisor, MemSharingHypervisor, MmioGuardedHypervisor, MMIO_GUARD_GRANULE_SIZE,
+};
 use crate::error::{Error, Result};
 use crate::util::page_address;
 use core::fmt::{self, Display, Formatter};
@@ -70,17 +72,30 @@
 const VENDOR_HYP_KVM_MMIO_GUARD_MAP_FUNC_ID: u32 = 0xc6000007;
 const VENDOR_HYP_KVM_MMIO_GUARD_UNMAP_FUNC_ID: u32 = 0xc6000008;
 
-pub(super) struct KvmHypervisor;
+pub(super) struct RegularKvmHypervisor;
 
-impl KvmHypervisor {
+impl RegularKvmHypervisor {
     // Based on ARM_SMCCC_VENDOR_HYP_UID_KVM_REG values listed in Linux kernel source:
     // https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/include/linux/arm-smccc.h
     pub(super) const UUID: Uuid = uuid!("28b46fb6-2ec5-11e9-a9ca-4b564d003a74");
-    const CAPABILITIES: HypervisorCap = HypervisorCap::DYNAMIC_MEM_SHARE;
 }
 
-impl Hypervisor for KvmHypervisor {
-    fn mmio_guard_init(&self) -> Result<()> {
+impl Hypervisor for RegularKvmHypervisor {}
+
+pub(super) struct ProtectedKvmHypervisor;
+
+impl Hypervisor for ProtectedKvmHypervisor {
+    fn as_mmio_guard(&self) -> Option<&dyn MmioGuardedHypervisor> {
+        Some(self)
+    }
+
+    fn as_mem_sharer(&self) -> Option<&dyn MemSharingHypervisor> {
+        Some(self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl MmioGuardedHypervisor for ProtectedKvmHypervisor {
+    fn init(&self) -> Result<()> {
         mmio_guard_enroll()?;
         let mmio_granule = mmio_guard_granule()?;
         if mmio_granule != MMIO_GUARD_GRANULE_SIZE {
@@ -89,7 +104,7 @@
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn mmio_guard_map(&self, addr: usize) -> Result<()> {
+    fn map(&self, addr: usize) -> Result<()> {
         let mut args = [0u64; 17];
         args[0] = page_address(addr);
 
@@ -99,7 +114,7 @@
             .map_err(|e| Error::KvmError(e, VENDOR_HYP_KVM_MMIO_GUARD_MAP_FUNC_ID))
     }
 
-    fn mmio_guard_unmap(&self, addr: usize) -> Result<()> {
+    fn unmap(&self, addr: usize) -> Result<()> {
         let mut args = [0u64; 17];
         args[0] = page_address(addr);
 
@@ -110,30 +125,28 @@
             Err(e) => Err(Error::KvmError(e, VENDOR_HYP_KVM_MMIO_GUARD_UNMAP_FUNC_ID)),
         }
     }
+}
 
-    fn mem_share(&self, base_ipa: u64) -> Result<()> {
+impl MemSharingHypervisor for ProtectedKvmHypervisor {
+    fn share(&self, base_ipa: u64) -> Result<()> {
         let mut args = [0u64; 17];
         args[0] = base_ipa;
 
         checked_hvc64_expect_zero(ARM_SMCCC_KVM_FUNC_MEM_SHARE, args)
     }
 
-    fn mem_unshare(&self, base_ipa: u64) -> Result<()> {
+    fn unshare(&self, base_ipa: u64) -> Result<()> {
         let mut args = [0u64; 17];
         args[0] = base_ipa;
 
         checked_hvc64_expect_zero(ARM_SMCCC_KVM_FUNC_MEM_UNSHARE, args)
     }
 
-    fn memory_protection_granule(&self) -> Result<usize> {
+    fn granule(&self) -> Result<usize> {
         let args = [0u64; 17];
         let granule = checked_hvc64(ARM_SMCCC_KVM_FUNC_HYP_MEMINFO, args)?;
         Ok(granule.try_into().unwrap())
     }
-
-    fn has_cap(&self, cap: HypervisorCap) -> bool {
-        Self::CAPABILITIES.contains(cap)
-    }
 }
 
 fn mmio_guard_granule() -> Result<usize> {
diff --git a/libs/hyp/src/hypervisor/mod.rs b/libs/hyp/src/hypervisor/mod.rs
index 93d53fe..bc9e406 100644
--- a/libs/hyp/src/hypervisor/mod.rs
+++ b/libs/hyp/src/hypervisor/mod.rs
@@ -23,30 +23,31 @@
 
 use crate::error::{Error, Result};
 use alloc::boxed::Box;
-pub use common::Hypervisor;
-pub use common::HypervisorCap;
-pub use common::MMIO_GUARD_GRANULE_SIZE;
+use common::Hypervisor;
+pub use common::{MemSharingHypervisor, MmioGuardedHypervisor, MMIO_GUARD_GRANULE_SIZE};
 pub use geniezone::GeniezoneError;
 use geniezone::GeniezoneHypervisor;
 use gunyah::GunyahHypervisor;
 pub use kvm::KvmError;
-use kvm::KvmHypervisor;
+use kvm::{ProtectedKvmHypervisor, RegularKvmHypervisor};
 use once_cell::race::OnceBox;
 use smccc::hvc64;
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
 enum HypervisorBackend {
-    Kvm,
+    RegularKvm,
     Gunyah,
     Geniezone,
+    ProtectedKvm,
 }
 
 impl HypervisorBackend {
     fn get_hypervisor(&self) -> &'static dyn Hypervisor {
         match self {
-            Self::Kvm => &KvmHypervisor,
+            Self::RegularKvm => &RegularKvmHypervisor,
             Self::Gunyah => &GunyahHypervisor,
             Self::Geniezone => &GeniezoneHypervisor,
+            Self::ProtectedKvm => &ProtectedKvmHypervisor,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -58,7 +59,16 @@
         match uuid {
             GeniezoneHypervisor::UUID => Ok(HypervisorBackend::Geniezone),
             GunyahHypervisor::UUID => Ok(HypervisorBackend::Gunyah),
-            KvmHypervisor::UUID => Ok(HypervisorBackend::Kvm),
+            RegularKvmHypervisor::UUID => {
+                // Protected KVM has the same UUID so differentiate based on MEM_SHARE.
+                match ProtectedKvmHypervisor.as_mem_sharer().unwrap().granule() {
+                    Ok(_) => Ok(HypervisorBackend::ProtectedKvm),
+                    Err(Error::KvmError(KvmError::NotSupported, _)) => {
+                        Ok(HypervisorBackend::RegularKvm)
+                    }
+                    Err(e) => Err(e),
+                }
+            }
             u => Err(Error::UnsupportedHypervisorUuid(u)),
         }
     }
@@ -95,8 +105,18 @@
 }
 
 /// Gets the hypervisor singleton.
-pub fn get_hypervisor() -> &'static dyn Hypervisor {
+fn get_hypervisor() -> &'static dyn Hypervisor {
     static HYPERVISOR: OnceBox<HypervisorBackend> = OnceBox::new();
 
     HYPERVISOR.get_or_init(|| Box::new(detect_hypervisor())).get_hypervisor()
 }
+
+/// Gets the MMIO_GUARD hypervisor singleton, if any.
+pub fn get_mmio_guard() -> Option<&'static dyn MmioGuardedHypervisor> {
+    get_hypervisor().as_mmio_guard()
+}
+
+/// Gets the dynamic memory sharing hypervisor singleton, if any.
+pub fn get_mem_sharer() -> Option<&'static dyn MemSharingHypervisor> {
+    get_hypervisor().as_mem_sharer()
+}
diff --git a/libs/hyp/src/lib.rs b/libs/hyp/src/lib.rs
index 3b3b30a..486a181 100644
--- a/libs/hyp/src/lib.rs
+++ b/libs/hyp/src/lib.rs
@@ -21,8 +21,6 @@
 mod util;
 
 pub use error::{Error, Result};
-pub use hypervisor::{
-    get_hypervisor, Hypervisor, HypervisorCap, KvmError, MMIO_GUARD_GRANULE_SIZE,
-};
+pub use hypervisor::{get_mem_sharer, get_mmio_guard, KvmError, MMIO_GUARD_GRANULE_SIZE};
 
 use hypervisor::GeniezoneError;
diff --git a/microdroid/Android.bp b/microdroid/Android.bp
index 5440695..2d3f084 100644
--- a/microdroid/Android.bp
+++ b/microdroid/Android.bp
@@ -23,6 +23,10 @@
     "apex",
     "linkerconfig",
     "second_stage_resources",
+
+    // Ideally we should only create the /vendor for Microdroid VMs that will mount /vendor, but
+    // for the time being we will just create it unconditionally.
+    "vendor",
 ]
 
 microdroid_symlinks = [
diff --git a/microdroid/bootconfig.x86_64 b/microdroid/bootconfig.x86_64
index 6076889..eed9212 100644
--- a/microdroid/bootconfig.x86_64
+++ b/microdroid/bootconfig.x86_64
@@ -1 +1 @@
-androidboot.boot_devices = pci0000:00/0000:00:04.0,pci0000:00/0000:00:05.0,pci0000:00/0000:00:06.0
+androidboot.boot_devices = pci0000:00/0000:00:04.0,pci0000:00/0000:00:05.0,pci0000:00/0000:00:06.0,pci0000:00/0000:00:07.0
diff --git a/microdroid/fstab.microdroid b/microdroid/fstab.microdroid
index 9478c7c..da000b9 100644
--- a/microdroid/fstab.microdroid
+++ b/microdroid/fstab.microdroid
@@ -1 +1,7 @@
 system /system ext4 noatime,ro,errors=panic wait,slotselect,avb=vbmeta,first_stage_mount,logical
+# This is a temporary solution to unblock other devs that depend on /vendor partition in Microdroid
+# The /vendor partition will only be mounted if the kernel cmdline contains
+# androidboot.microdroid.mount_vendor=1.
+# TODO(b/285855430): this should probably be defined in the DT
+# TODO(b/285855436): should be mounted on top of dm-verity device
+/dev/block/by-name/microdroid-vendor /vendor ext4 noatime,ro,errors=panic wait,first_stage_mount
diff --git a/pvmfw/src/entry.rs b/pvmfw/src/entry.rs
index 3d2fea8..f3bd637 100644
--- a/pvmfw/src/entry.rs
+++ b/pvmfw/src/entry.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 use core::num::NonZeroUsize;
 use core::ops::Range;
 use core::slice;
-use hyp::{get_hypervisor, HypervisorCap};
+use hyp::{get_mem_sharer, get_mmio_guard};
 use log::debug;
 use log::error;
 use log::info;
@@ -33,10 +33,9 @@
 use vmbase::{
     configure_heap, console,
     layout::{self, crosvm},
-    logger, main,
+    main,
     memory::{min_dcache_line_size, MemoryTracker, MEMORY, SIZE_128KB, SIZE_4KB},
     power::reboot,
-    rand,
 };
 use zeroize::Zeroize;
 
@@ -85,12 +84,11 @@
 
 impl<'a> MemorySlices<'a> {
     fn new(fdt: usize, kernel: usize, kernel_size: usize) -> Result<Self, RebootReason> {
-        // SAFETY - SIZE_2MB is non-zero.
-        const FDT_SIZE: NonZeroUsize = unsafe { NonZeroUsize::new_unchecked(crosvm::FDT_MAX_SIZE) };
+        let fdt_size = NonZeroUsize::new(crosvm::FDT_MAX_SIZE).unwrap();
         // TODO - Only map the FDT as read-only, until we modify it right before jump_to_payload()
         // e.g. by generating a DTBO for a template DT in main() and, on return, re-map DT as RW,
         // overwrite with the template DT and apply the DTBO.
-        let range = MEMORY.lock().as_mut().unwrap().alloc_mut(fdt, FDT_SIZE).map_err(|e| {
+        let range = MEMORY.lock().as_mut().unwrap().alloc_mut(fdt, fdt_size).map_err(|e| {
             error!("Failed to allocate the FDT range: {e}");
             RebootReason::InternalError
         })?;
@@ -112,8 +110,8 @@
             RebootReason::InvalidFdt
         })?;
 
-        if get_hypervisor().has_cap(HypervisorCap::DYNAMIC_MEM_SHARE) {
-            let granule = get_hypervisor().memory_protection_granule().map_err(|e| {
+        if let Some(mem_sharer) = get_mem_sharer() {
+            let granule = mem_sharer.granule().map_err(|e| {
                 error!("Failed to get memory protection granule: {e}");
                 RebootReason::InternalError
             })?;
@@ -192,21 +190,7 @@
     // - only perform logging once the logger has been initialized
     // - only access non-pvmfw memory once (and while) it has been mapped
 
-    logger::init(LevelFilter::Info).map_err(|_| RebootReason::InternalError)?;
-
-    // Use debug!() to avoid printing to the UART if we failed to configure it as only local
-    // builds that have tweaked the logger::init() call will actually attempt to log the message.
-
-    get_hypervisor().mmio_guard_init().map_err(|e| {
-        debug!("{e}");
-        RebootReason::InternalError
-    })?;
-
-    get_hypervisor().mmio_guard_map(console::BASE_ADDRESS).map_err(|e| {
-        debug!("Failed to configure the UART: {e}");
-        RebootReason::InternalError
-    })?;
-
+    log::set_max_level(LevelFilter::Info);
     crypto::init();
 
     let page_table = memory::init_page_table().map_err(|e| {
@@ -235,11 +219,6 @@
 
     let slices = MemorySlices::new(fdt, payload, payload_size)?;
 
-    rand::init().map_err(|e| {
-        error!("Failed to initialize rand: {e}");
-        RebootReason::InternalError
-    })?;
-
     // This wrapper allows main() to be blissfully ignorant of platform details.
     let next_bcc = crate::main(slices.fdt, slices.kernel, slices.ramdisk, bcc_slice, debug_policy)?;
 
@@ -253,10 +232,12 @@
     })?;
     // Call unshare_all_memory here (instead of relying on the dtor) while UART is still mapped.
     MEMORY.lock().as_mut().unwrap().unshare_all_memory();
-    get_hypervisor().mmio_guard_unmap(console::BASE_ADDRESS).map_err(|e| {
-        error!("Failed to unshare the UART: {e}");
-        RebootReason::InternalError
-    })?;
+    if let Some(mmio_guard) = get_mmio_guard() {
+        mmio_guard.unmap(console::BASE_ADDRESS).map_err(|e| {
+            error!("Failed to unshare the UART: {e}");
+            RebootReason::InternalError
+        })?;
+    }
 
     // Drop MemoryTracker and deactivate page table.
     drop(MEMORY.lock().take());
diff --git a/pvmfw/src/exceptions.rs b/pvmfw/src/exceptions.rs
index 802ebbb..d9f0891 100644
--- a/pvmfw/src/exceptions.rs
+++ b/pvmfw/src/exceptions.rs
@@ -14,95 +14,14 @@
 
 //! Exception handlers.
 
-use aarch64_paging::paging::VirtualAddress;
-use core::fmt;
-use vmbase::console;
-use vmbase::logger;
-use vmbase::memory::{page_4kb_of, MemoryTrackerError, MEMORY};
-use vmbase::read_sysreg;
-use vmbase::{eprintln, power::reboot};
-
-const UART_PAGE: usize = page_4kb_of(console::BASE_ADDRESS);
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-enum HandleExceptionError {
-    PageTableUnavailable,
-    PageTableNotInitialized,
-    InternalError(MemoryTrackerError),
-    UnknownException,
-}
-
-impl From<MemoryTrackerError> for HandleExceptionError {
-    fn from(other: MemoryTrackerError) -> Self {
-        Self::InternalError(other)
-    }
-}
-
-impl fmt::Display for HandleExceptionError {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        match self {
-            Self::PageTableUnavailable => write!(f, "Page table is not available."),
-            Self::PageTableNotInitialized => write!(f, "Page table is not initialized."),
-            Self::InternalError(e) => write!(f, "Error while updating page table: {e}"),
-            Self::UnknownException => write!(f, "An unknown exception occurred, not handled."),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Copy, Clone)]
-enum Esr {
-    DataAbortTranslationFault,
-    DataAbortPermissionFault,
-    DataAbortSyncExternalAbort,
-    Unknown(usize),
-}
-
-impl Esr {
-    const EXT_DABT_32BIT: usize = 0x96000010;
-    const TRANSL_FAULT_BASE_32BIT: usize = 0x96000004;
-    const TRANSL_FAULT_ISS_MASK_32BIT: usize = !0x143;
-    const PERM_FAULT_BASE_32BIT: usize = 0x9600004C;
-    const PERM_FAULT_ISS_MASK_32BIT: usize = !0x103;
-}
-
-impl From<usize> for Esr {
-    fn from(esr: usize) -> Self {
-        if esr == Self::EXT_DABT_32BIT {
-            Self::DataAbortSyncExternalAbort
-        } else if esr & Self::TRANSL_FAULT_ISS_MASK_32BIT == Self::TRANSL_FAULT_BASE_32BIT {
-            Self::DataAbortTranslationFault
-        } else if esr & Self::PERM_FAULT_ISS_MASK_32BIT == Self::PERM_FAULT_BASE_32BIT {
-            Self::DataAbortPermissionFault
-        } else {
-            Self::Unknown(esr)
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl fmt::Display for Esr {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        match self {
-            Self::DataAbortSyncExternalAbort => write!(f, "Synchronous external abort"),
-            Self::DataAbortTranslationFault => write!(f, "Translation fault"),
-            Self::DataAbortPermissionFault => write!(f, "Permission fault"),
-            Self::Unknown(v) => write!(f, "Unknown exception esr={v:#08x}"),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[inline]
-fn handle_translation_fault(far: VirtualAddress) -> Result<(), HandleExceptionError> {
-    let mut guard = MEMORY.try_lock().ok_or(HandleExceptionError::PageTableUnavailable)?;
-    let memory = guard.as_mut().ok_or(HandleExceptionError::PageTableNotInitialized)?;
-    Ok(memory.handle_mmio_fault(far)?)
-}
-
-#[inline]
-fn handle_permission_fault(far: VirtualAddress) -> Result<(), HandleExceptionError> {
-    let mut guard = MEMORY.try_lock().ok_or(HandleExceptionError::PageTableUnavailable)?;
-    let memory = guard.as_mut().ok_or(HandleExceptionError::PageTableNotInitialized)?;
-    Ok(memory.handle_permission_fault(far)?)
-}
+use vmbase::{
+    eprintln,
+    exceptions::{ArmException, Esr, HandleExceptionError},
+    logger,
+    memory::{handle_permission_fault, handle_translation_fault},
+    power::reboot,
+    read_sysreg,
+};
 
 fn handle_exception(exception: &ArmException) -> Result<(), HandleExceptionError> {
     // Handle all translation faults on both read and write, and MMIO guard map
@@ -115,45 +34,6 @@
     }
 }
 
-/// A struct representing an Armv8 exception.
-struct ArmException {
-    /// The value of the exception syndrome register.
-    esr: Esr,
-    /// The faulting virtual address read from the fault address register.
-    far: VirtualAddress,
-}
-
-impl fmt::Display for ArmException {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        write!(f, "ArmException: esr={}, far={}", self.esr, self.far)
-    }
-}
-
-impl ArmException {
-    /// Reads the values of the EL1 exception syndrome register (`esr_el1`)
-    /// and fault address register (`far_el1`) and returns a new instance of
-    /// `ArmException` with these values.
-    fn from_el1_regs() -> Self {
-        let esr: Esr = read_sysreg!("esr_el1").into();
-        let far = read_sysreg!("far_el1");
-        Self { esr, far: VirtualAddress(far) }
-    }
-
-    /// Prints the details of an obj and the exception, excluding UART exceptions.
-    fn print<T: fmt::Display>(&self, exception_name: &str, obj: T, elr: u64) {
-        // Don't print to the UART if we are handling an exception it could raise.
-        if !self.is_uart_exception() {
-            eprintln!("{exception_name}");
-            eprintln!("{obj}");
-            eprintln!("{}, elr={:#08x}", self, elr);
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn is_uart_exception(&self) -> bool {
-        self.esr == Esr::DataAbortSyncExternalAbort && page_4kb_of(self.far.0) == UART_PAGE
-    }
-}
-
 #[no_mangle]
 extern "C" fn sync_exception_current(elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {
     // Disable logging in exception handler to prevent unsafe writes to UART.
diff --git a/pvmfw/src/fdt.rs b/pvmfw/src/fdt.rs
index 319100f..2382b50 100644
--- a/pvmfw/src/fdt.rs
+++ b/pvmfw/src/fdt.rs
@@ -813,7 +813,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-fn read_common_debug_policy(fdt: &Fdt, debug_feature_name: &CStr) -> libfdt::Result<bool> {
+fn has_common_debug_policy(fdt: &Fdt, debug_feature_name: &CStr) -> libfdt::Result<bool> {
     if let Some(node) = fdt.node(cstr!("/avf/guest/common"))? {
         if let Some(value) = node.getprop_u32(debug_feature_name)? {
             return Ok(value == 1);
@@ -823,8 +823,8 @@
 }
 
 fn filter_out_dangerous_bootargs(fdt: &mut Fdt, bootargs: &CStr) -> libfdt::Result<()> {
-    let has_crashkernel = read_common_debug_policy(fdt, cstr!("ramdump"))?;
-    let has_console = read_common_debug_policy(fdt, cstr!("log"))?;
+    let has_crashkernel = has_common_debug_policy(fdt, cstr!("ramdump"))?;
+    let has_console = has_common_debug_policy(fdt, cstr!("log"))?;
 
     let accepted: &[(&str, Box<dyn Fn(Option<&str>) -> bool>)] = &[
         ("panic", Box::new(|v| if let Some(v) = v { v == "=-1" } else { false })),
diff --git a/rialto/src/error.rs b/rialto/src/error.rs
index 84228c4..0c1e25d 100644
--- a/rialto/src/error.rs
+++ b/rialto/src/error.rs
@@ -29,8 +29,6 @@
     Hypervisor(HypervisorError),
     /// Failed when attempting to map some range in the page table.
     PageTableMapping(MapError),
-    /// Failed to initialize the logger.
-    LoggerInit,
     /// Invalid FDT.
     InvalidFdt(FdtError),
     /// Invalid PCI.
@@ -39,6 +37,10 @@
     MemoryOperationFailed(MemoryTrackerError),
     /// Failed to initialize PCI.
     PciInitializationFailed(pci::PciError),
+    /// Failed to create VirtIO Socket device.
+    VirtIOSocketCreationFailed(virtio_drivers::Error),
+    /// Missing socket device.
+    MissingVirtIOSocketDevice,
 }
 
 impl fmt::Display for Error {
@@ -48,11 +50,14 @@
             Self::PageTableMapping(e) => {
                 write!(f, "Failed when attempting to map some range in the page table: {e}.")
             }
-            Self::LoggerInit => write!(f, "Failed to initialize the logger."),
             Self::InvalidFdt(e) => write!(f, "Invalid FDT: {e}"),
             Self::InvalidPci(e) => write!(f, "Invalid PCI: {e}"),
             Self::MemoryOperationFailed(e) => write!(f, "Failed memory operation: {e}"),
             Self::PciInitializationFailed(e) => write!(f, "Failed to initialize PCI: {e}"),
+            Self::VirtIOSocketCreationFailed(e) => {
+                write!(f, "Failed to create VirtIO Socket device: {e}")
+            }
+            Self::MissingVirtIOSocketDevice => write!(f, "Missing VirtIO Socket device."),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/rialto/src/exceptions.rs b/rialto/src/exceptions.rs
index 61f7846..b806b08 100644
--- a/rialto/src/exceptions.rs
+++ b/rialto/src/exceptions.rs
@@ -14,14 +14,37 @@
 
 //! Exception handlers.
 
-use core::arch::asm;
-use vmbase::{console::emergency_write_str, eprintln, power::reboot};
+use vmbase::{
+    console::emergency_write_str,
+    eprintln,
+    exceptions::{ArmException, Esr, HandleExceptionError},
+    logger,
+    memory::{handle_permission_fault, handle_translation_fault},
+    power::reboot,
+    read_sysreg,
+};
+
+fn handle_exception(exception: &ArmException) -> Result<(), HandleExceptionError> {
+    // Handle all translation faults on both read and write, and MMIO guard map
+    // flagged invalid pages or blocks that caused the exception.
+    // Handle permission faults for DBM flagged entries, and flag them as dirty on write.
+    match exception.esr {
+        Esr::DataAbortTranslationFault => handle_translation_fault(exception.far),
+        Esr::DataAbortPermissionFault => handle_permission_fault(exception.far),
+        _ => Err(HandleExceptionError::UnknownException),
+    }
+}
 
 #[no_mangle]
-extern "C" fn sync_exception_current() {
-    emergency_write_str("sync_exception_current\n");
-    print_esr();
-    reboot();
+extern "C" fn sync_exception_current(elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {
+    // Disable logging in exception handler to prevent unsafe writes to UART.
+    let _guard = logger::suppress();
+
+    let exception = ArmException::from_el1_regs();
+    if let Err(e) = handle_exception(&exception) {
+        exception.print("sync_exception_current", e, elr);
+        reboot()
+    }
 }
 
 #[no_mangle]
@@ -71,9 +94,6 @@
 
 #[inline]
 fn print_esr() {
-    let mut esr: u64;
-    unsafe {
-        asm!("mrs {esr}, esr_el1", esr = out(reg) esr);
-    }
+    let esr = read_sysreg!("esr_el1");
     eprintln!("esr={:#08x}", esr);
 }
diff --git a/rialto/src/main.rs b/rialto/src/main.rs
index 5e693c8..bbc9997 100644
--- a/rialto/src/main.rs
+++ b/rialto/src/main.rs
@@ -24,20 +24,26 @@
 
 use crate::error::{Error, Result};
 use core::num::NonZeroUsize;
-use core::result;
 use core::slice;
 use fdtpci::PciInfo;
-use hyp::{get_hypervisor, HypervisorCap, KvmError};
+use hyp::{get_mem_sharer, get_mmio_guard};
 use libfdt::FdtError;
 use log::{debug, error, info};
+use virtio_drivers::{
+    transport::{pci::bus::PciRoot, DeviceType, Transport},
+    Hal,
+};
 use vmbase::{
     configure_heap,
     fdt::SwiotlbInfo,
     layout::{self, crosvm},
     main,
-    memory::{MemoryTracker, PageTable, MEMORY, PAGE_SIZE, SIZE_64KB},
+    memory::{MemoryTracker, PageTable, MEMORY, PAGE_SIZE, SIZE_128KB},
     power::reboot,
-    virtio::pci,
+    virtio::{
+        pci::{self, PciTransportIterator, VirtIOSocket},
+        HalImpl,
+    },
 };
 
 fn new_page_table() -> Result<PageTable> {
@@ -52,21 +58,6 @@
     Ok(page_table)
 }
 
-fn try_init_logger() -> Result<bool> {
-    let mmio_guard_supported = match get_hypervisor().mmio_guard_init() {
-        // pKVM blocks MMIO by default, we need to enable MMIO guard to support logging.
-        Ok(()) => {
-            get_hypervisor().mmio_guard_map(vmbase::console::BASE_ADDRESS)?;
-            true
-        }
-        // MMIO guard enroll is not supported in unprotected VM.
-        Err(hyp::Error::MmioGuardNotsupported) => false,
-        Err(e) => return Err(e.into()),
-    };
-    vmbase::logger::init(log::LevelFilter::Debug).map_err(|_| Error::LoggerInit)?;
-    Ok(mmio_guard_supported)
-}
-
 /// # Safety
 ///
 /// Behavior is undefined if any of the following conditions are violated:
@@ -98,14 +89,14 @@
         e
     })?;
 
-    if get_hypervisor().has_cap(HypervisorCap::DYNAMIC_MEM_SHARE) {
-        let granule = memory_protection_granule()?;
+    if let Some(mem_sharer) = get_mem_sharer() {
+        let granule = mem_sharer.granule()?;
         MEMORY.lock().as_mut().unwrap().init_dynamic_shared_pool(granule).map_err(|e| {
             error!("Failed to initialize dynamically shared pool.");
             e
         })?;
-    } else {
-        let range = SwiotlbInfo::new_from_fdt(fdt)?.fixed_range().ok_or_else(|| {
+    } else if let Ok(swiotlb_info) = SwiotlbInfo::new_from_fdt(fdt) {
+        let range = swiotlb_info.fixed_range().ok_or_else(|| {
             error!("Pre-shared pool range not specified in swiotlb node");
             Error::from(FdtError::BadValue)
         })?;
@@ -113,60 +104,65 @@
             error!("Failed to initialize pre-shared pool.");
             e
         })?;
+    } else {
+        info!("No MEM_SHARE capability detected or swiotlb found: allocating buffers from heap.");
+        MEMORY.lock().as_mut().unwrap().init_heap_shared_pool().map_err(|e| {
+            error!("Failed to initialize heap-based pseudo-shared pool.");
+            e
+        })?;
     }
 
     let pci_info = PciInfo::from_fdt(fdt)?;
     debug!("PCI: {pci_info:#x?}");
-    let pci_root = pci::initialize(pci_info, MEMORY.lock().as_mut().unwrap())
+    let mut pci_root = pci::initialize(pci_info, MEMORY.lock().as_mut().unwrap())
         .map_err(Error::PciInitializationFailed)?;
     debug!("PCI root: {pci_root:#x?}");
+    let socket_device = find_socket_device::<HalImpl>(&mut pci_root)?;
+    debug!("Found socket device: guest cid = {:?}", socket_device.guest_cid());
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn memory_protection_granule() -> result::Result<usize, hyp::Error> {
-    match get_hypervisor().memory_protection_granule() {
-        Ok(granule) => Ok(granule),
-        // Take the default page size when KVM call is not supported in non-protected VMs.
-        Err(hyp::Error::KvmError(KvmError::NotSupported, _)) => Ok(PAGE_SIZE),
-        Err(e) => Err(e),
-    }
+fn find_socket_device<T: Hal>(pci_root: &mut PciRoot) -> Result<VirtIOSocket<T>> {
+    PciTransportIterator::<T>::new(pci_root)
+        .find(|t| DeviceType::Socket == t.device_type())
+        .map(VirtIOSocket::<T>::new)
+        .transpose()
+        .map_err(Error::VirtIOSocketCreationFailed)?
+        .ok_or(Error::MissingVirtIOSocketDevice)
 }
 
-fn try_unshare_all_memory(mmio_guard_supported: bool) -> Result<()> {
+fn try_unshare_all_memory() -> Result<()> {
     info!("Starting unsharing memory...");
 
     // No logging after unmapping UART.
-    if mmio_guard_supported {
-        get_hypervisor().mmio_guard_unmap(vmbase::console::BASE_ADDRESS)?;
+    if let Some(mmio_guard) = get_mmio_guard() {
+        mmio_guard.unmap(vmbase::console::BASE_ADDRESS)?;
     }
     // Unshares all memory and deactivates page table.
     drop(MEMORY.lock().take());
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn unshare_all_memory(mmio_guard_supported: bool) {
-    if let Err(e) = try_unshare_all_memory(mmio_guard_supported) {
+fn unshare_all_memory() {
+    if let Err(e) = try_unshare_all_memory() {
         error!("Failed to unshare the memory: {e}");
     }
 }
 
 /// Entry point for Rialto.
 pub fn main(fdt_addr: u64, _a1: u64, _a2: u64, _a3: u64) {
-    let Ok(mmio_guard_supported) = try_init_logger() else {
-        // Don't log anything if the logger initialization fails.
-        reboot();
-    };
+    log::set_max_level(log::LevelFilter::Debug);
     // SAFETY: `fdt_addr` is supposed to be a valid pointer and points to
     // a valid `Fdt`.
     match unsafe { try_main(fdt_addr as usize) } {
-        Ok(()) => unshare_all_memory(mmio_guard_supported),
+        Ok(()) => unshare_all_memory(),
         Err(e) => {
             error!("Rialto failed with {e}");
-            unshare_all_memory(mmio_guard_supported);
+            unshare_all_memory();
             reboot()
         }
     }
 }
 
 main!(main);
-configure_heap!(SIZE_64KB);
+configure_heap!(SIZE_128KB);
diff --git a/tests/hostside/java/com/android/microdroid/test/DebugPolicyHostTests.java b/tests/hostside/java/com/android/microdroid/test/DebugPolicyHostTests.java
index 014f9f0..9cf28c7 100644
--- a/tests/hostside/java/com/android/microdroid/test/DebugPolicyHostTests.java
+++ b/tests/hostside/java/com/android/microdroid/test/DebugPolicyHostTests.java
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@
                 mAndroidDevice.supportsMicrodroid(/* protectedVm= */ true));
         assumeFalse("Test requires setprop for using custom pvmfw and adb root", isUserBuild());
 
-        mAndroidDevice.enableAdbRoot();
+        assumeTrue("Skip if adb root fails", mAndroidDevice.enableAdbRoot());
 
         // tradefed copies the test artfacts under /tmp when running tests,
         // so we should *find* the artifacts with the file name.
diff --git a/tests/testapk/Android.bp b/tests/testapk/Android.bp
index fe8f5c9..8a31c21 100644
--- a/tests/testapk/Android.bp
+++ b/tests/testapk/Android.bp
@@ -43,7 +43,10 @@
     ],
     min_sdk_version: "33",
     // Defined in ../vmshareapp/Android.bp
-    data: [":MicrodroidVmShareApp"],
+    data: [
+        ":MicrodroidVmShareApp",
+        ":test_microdroid_vendor_image",
+    ],
 }
 
 // Defaults shared between MicrodroidTestNativeLib and MicrodroidPayloadInOtherAppNativeLib shared
diff --git a/tests/testapk/AndroidManifest.xml b/tests/testapk/AndroidManifest.xml
index 2ea3f6c..d6e6004 100644
--- a/tests/testapk/AndroidManifest.xml
+++ b/tests/testapk/AndroidManifest.xml
@@ -22,8 +22,7 @@
     <queries>
         <package android:name="com.android.microdroid.vmshare_app" />
     </queries>
-    <application>
-    </application>
+    <application />
     <instrumentation android:name="androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner"
         android:targetPackage="com.android.microdroid.test"
         android:label="Microdroid Test" />
diff --git a/tests/testapk/AndroidTest.xml b/tests/testapk/AndroidTest.xml
index 929dd31..e72a2e3 100644
--- a/tests/testapk/AndroidTest.xml
+++ b/tests/testapk/AndroidTest.xml
@@ -23,6 +23,14 @@
         <option name="test-file-name" value="MicrodroidTestApp.apk" />
         <option name="test-file-name" value="MicrodroidVmShareApp.apk" />
     </target_preparer>
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.RunCommandTargetPreparer">
+        <option name="run-command" value="mkdir -p /data/local/tmp/cts/microdroid" />
+        <option name="teardown-command" value="rm -rf /data/local/tmp/cts/microdroid" />
+    </target_preparer>
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.compatibility.common.tradefed.targetprep.FilePusher">
+        <option name="cleanup" value="true" />
+        <option name="push" value="test_microdroid_vendor_image.img->/data/local/tmp/cts/microdroid/test_microdroid_vendor_image.img" />
+    </target_preparer>
     <test class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.AndroidJUnitTest" >
         <option name="package" value="com.android.microdroid.test" />
         <option name="runner" value="androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner" />
diff --git a/tests/testapk/src/java/com/android/microdroid/test/MicrodroidTests.java b/tests/testapk/src/java/com/android/microdroid/test/MicrodroidTests.java
index 5ec4ca8..f6dc1b8 100644
--- a/tests/testapk/src/java/com/android/microdroid/test/MicrodroidTests.java
+++ b/tests/testapk/src/java/com/android/microdroid/test/MicrodroidTests.java
@@ -1975,8 +1975,10 @@
                 .isEqualTo(OsConstants.S_IRUSR | OsConstants.S_IXUSR);
     }
 
-    // Taken from bionic/libs/kernel/uapi/linux/mounth.h.
+    // Taken from bionic/libc/kernel/uapi/linux/mount.h
+    private static final int MS_RDONLY = 1;
     private static final int MS_NOEXEC = 8;
+    private static final int MS_NOATIME = 1024;
 
     @Test
     @CddTest(requirements = {"9.17/C-1-5"})
@@ -2050,6 +2052,85 @@
         }
     }
 
+    @Test
+    public void configuringVendorDiskImageRequiresCustomPermission() throws Exception {
+        assumeSupportedDevice();
+
+        File vendorDiskImage =
+                new File("/data/local/tmp/cts/microdroid/test_microdroid_vendor_image.img");
+        VirtualMachineConfig config =
+                newVmConfigBuilder()
+                        .setPayloadBinaryName("MicrodroidTestNativeLib.so")
+                        .setVendorDiskImage(vendorDiskImage)
+                        .setDebugLevel(DEBUG_LEVEL_FULL)
+                        .build();
+
+        VirtualMachine vm =
+                forceCreateNewVirtualMachine("test_vendor_image_req_custom_permission", config);
+
+        SecurityException e =
+                assertThrows(
+                        SecurityException.class, () -> runVmTestService(TAG, vm, (ts, tr) -> {}));
+        assertThat(e)
+                .hasMessageThat()
+                .contains("android.permission.USE_CUSTOM_VIRTUAL_MACHINE permission");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void bootsWithVendorPartition() throws Exception {
+        assumeSupportedDevice();
+
+        grantPermission(VirtualMachine.USE_CUSTOM_VIRTUAL_MACHINE_PERMISSION);
+
+        File vendorDiskImage =
+                new File("/data/local/tmp/cts/microdroid/test_microdroid_vendor_image.img");
+        VirtualMachineConfig config =
+                newVmConfigBuilder()
+                        .setPayloadBinaryName("MicrodroidTestNativeLib.so")
+                        .setVendorDiskImage(vendorDiskImage)
+                        .setDebugLevel(DEBUG_LEVEL_FULL)
+                        .build();
+
+        VirtualMachine vm = forceCreateNewVirtualMachine("test_boot_with_vendor", config);
+
+        TestResults testResults =
+                runVmTestService(
+                        TAG,
+                        vm,
+                        (ts, tr) -> {
+                            tr.mMountFlags = ts.getMountFlags("/vendor");
+                        });
+
+        assertThat(testResults.mException).isNull();
+        int expectedFlags = MS_NOATIME | MS_RDONLY;
+        assertThat(testResults.mMountFlags & expectedFlags).isEqualTo(expectedFlags);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void systemPartitionMountFlags() throws Exception {
+        assumeSupportedDevice();
+
+        VirtualMachineConfig config =
+                newVmConfigBuilder()
+                        .setPayloadBinaryName("MicrodroidTestNativeLib.so")
+                        .setDebugLevel(DEBUG_LEVEL_FULL)
+                        .build();
+
+        VirtualMachine vm = forceCreateNewVirtualMachine("test_system_mount_flags", config);
+
+        TestResults testResults =
+                runVmTestService(
+                        TAG,
+                        vm,
+                        (ts, tr) -> {
+                            tr.mMountFlags = ts.getMountFlags("/");
+                        });
+
+        assertThat(testResults.mException).isNull();
+        int expectedFlags = MS_NOATIME | MS_RDONLY;
+        assertThat(testResults.mMountFlags & expectedFlags).isEqualTo(expectedFlags);
+    }
+
     private static class VmShareServiceConnection implements ServiceConnection {
 
         private final CountDownLatch mLatch = new CountDownLatch(1);
diff --git a/tests/vendor_images/Android.bp b/tests/vendor_images/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..09c657c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/vendor_images/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+package {
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
+}
+
+android_filesystem {
+    name: "test_microdroid_vendor_image",
+    type: "ext4",
+    file_contexts: ":microdroid_vendor_file_contexts.gen",
+}
diff --git a/virtualizationmanager/src/aidl.rs b/virtualizationmanager/src/aidl.rs
index dd74d55..d0a8e85 100644
--- a/virtualizationmanager/src/aidl.rs
+++ b/virtualizationmanager/src/aidl.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 use crate::composite::make_composite_image;
 use crate::crosvm::{CrosvmConfig, DiskFile, PayloadState, VmContext, VmInstance, VmState};
 use crate::debug_config::DebugConfig;
-use crate::payload::{add_microdroid_payload_images, add_microdroid_system_images};
+use crate::payload::{add_microdroid_payload_images, add_microdroid_system_images, add_microdroid_vendor_image};
 use crate::selinux::{getfilecon, SeContext};
 use android_os_permissions_aidl::aidl::android::os::IPermissionController;
 use android_system_virtualizationcommon::aidl::android::system::virtualizationcommon::{
@@ -579,6 +579,15 @@
     Ok(DiskFile { image, writable: disk.writable })
 }
 
+fn append_kernel_param(param: &str, vm_config: &mut VirtualMachineRawConfig) {
+    if let Some(ref mut params) = vm_config.params {
+        params.push(' ');
+        params.push_str(param)
+    } else {
+        vm_config.params = Some(param.to_owned())
+    }
+}
+
 fn load_app_config(
     config: &VirtualMachineAppConfig,
     debug_config: &DebugConfig,
@@ -620,6 +629,11 @@
         }
         vm_config.taskProfiles = custom_config.taskProfiles.clone();
         vm_config.gdbPort = custom_config.gdbPort;
+
+        if let Some(file) = custom_config.vendorImage.as_ref() {
+            add_microdroid_vendor_image(clone_file(file)?, &mut vm_config);
+            append_kernel_param("androidboot.microdroid.mount_vendor=1", &mut vm_config)
+        }
     }
 
     if config.memoryMib > 0 {
@@ -1349,4 +1363,19 @@
         assert!(modified_orig == modified_new, "idsig file was updated unnecessarily");
         Ok(())
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_append_kernel_param_first_param() {
+        let mut vm_config = VirtualMachineRawConfig { ..Default::default() };
+        append_kernel_param("foo=1", &mut vm_config);
+        assert_eq!(vm_config.params, Some("foo=1".to_owned()))
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_append_kernel_param() {
+        let mut vm_config =
+            VirtualMachineRawConfig { params: Some("foo=5".to_owned()), ..Default::default() };
+        append_kernel_param("bar=42", &mut vm_config);
+        assert_eq!(vm_config.params, Some("foo=5 bar=42".to_owned()))
+    }
 }
diff --git a/virtualizationmanager/src/payload.rs b/virtualizationmanager/src/payload.rs
index 733add6..ab6f31c 100644
--- a/virtualizationmanager/src/payload.rs
+++ b/virtualizationmanager/src/payload.rs
@@ -398,6 +398,18 @@
         .collect()
 }
 
+pub fn add_microdroid_vendor_image(vendor_image: File, vm_config: &mut VirtualMachineRawConfig) {
+    vm_config.disks.push(DiskImage {
+        image: None,
+        writable: false,
+        partitions: vec![Partition {
+            label: "microdroid-vendor".to_owned(),
+            image: Some(ParcelFileDescriptor::new(vendor_image)),
+            writable: false,
+        }],
+    })
+}
+
 pub fn add_microdroid_system_images(
     config: &VirtualMachineAppConfig,
     instance_file: File,
diff --git a/virtualizationservice/aidl/android/system/virtualizationservice/VirtualMachineAppConfig.aidl b/virtualizationservice/aidl/android/system/virtualizationservice/VirtualMachineAppConfig.aidl
index 6a0bf7c..2b762c4 100644
--- a/virtualizationservice/aidl/android/system/virtualizationservice/VirtualMachineAppConfig.aidl
+++ b/virtualizationservice/aidl/android/system/virtualizationservice/VirtualMachineAppConfig.aidl
@@ -105,6 +105,9 @@
          * List of task profile names to apply for the VM
          */
         String[] taskProfiles;
+
+        /** A disk image containing vendor specific modules. */
+        @nullable ParcelFileDescriptor vendorImage;
     }
 
     /** Configuration parameters guarded by android.permission.USE_CUSTOM_VIRTUAL_MACHINE */
diff --git a/vm/src/main.rs b/vm/src/main.rs
index 0800f57..d7c2c4d 100644
--- a/vm/src/main.rs
+++ b/vm/src/main.rs
@@ -115,6 +115,10 @@
         /// Path to custom kernel image to use when booting Microdroid.
         #[clap(long)]
         kernel: Option<PathBuf>,
+
+        /// Path to disk image containing vendor-specific modules.
+        #[clap(long)]
+        vendor: Option<PathBuf>,
     },
     /// Run a virtual machine with Microdroid inside
     RunMicrodroid {
@@ -179,6 +183,10 @@
         /// Path to custom kernel image to use when booting Microdroid.
         #[clap(long)]
         kernel: Option<PathBuf>,
+
+        /// Path to disk image containing vendor-specific modules.
+        #[clap(long)]
+        vendor: Option<PathBuf>,
     },
     /// Run a virtual machine
     Run {
@@ -299,6 +307,7 @@
             extra_idsigs,
             gdb,
             kernel,
+            vendor,
         } => command_run_app(
             name,
             get_service()?.as_ref(),
@@ -320,6 +329,7 @@
             &extra_idsigs,
             gdb,
             kernel.as_deref(),
+            vendor.as_deref(),
         ),
         Opt::RunMicrodroid {
             name,
@@ -336,6 +346,7 @@
             task_profiles,
             gdb,
             kernel,
+            vendor,
         } => command_run_microdroid(
             name,
             get_service()?.as_ref(),
@@ -352,6 +363,7 @@
             task_profiles,
             gdb,
             kernel.as_deref(),
+            vendor.as_deref(),
         ),
         Opt::Run { name, config, cpu_topology, task_profiles, console, console_in, log, gdb } => {
             command_run(
diff --git a/vm/src/run.rs b/vm/src/run.rs
index 84072ca..64da2d9 100644
--- a/vm/src/run.rs
+++ b/vm/src/run.rs
@@ -65,6 +65,7 @@
     extra_idsigs: &[PathBuf],
     gdb: Option<NonZeroU16>,
     kernel: Option<&Path>,
+    vendor: Option<&Path>,
 ) -> Result<(), Error> {
     let apk_file = File::open(apk).context("Failed to open APK file")?;
 
@@ -122,6 +123,8 @@
 
     let kernel = kernel.map(|p| open_parcel_file(p, false)).transpose()?;
 
+    let vendor = vendor.map(|p| open_parcel_file(p, false)).transpose()?;
+
     let extra_idsig_files: Result<Vec<File>, _> = extra_idsigs.iter().map(File::open).collect();
     let extra_idsig_fds = extra_idsig_files?.into_iter().map(ParcelFileDescriptor::new).collect();
 
@@ -144,6 +147,7 @@
         customKernelImage: kernel,
         gdbPort: gdb.map(u16::from).unwrap_or(0) as i32, // 0 means no gdb
         taskProfiles: task_profiles,
+        vendorImage: vendor,
     };
 
     let config = VirtualMachineConfig::AppConfig(VirtualMachineAppConfig {
@@ -203,6 +207,7 @@
     task_profiles: Vec<String>,
     gdb: Option<NonZeroU16>,
     kernel: Option<&Path>,
+    vendor: Option<&Path>,
 ) -> Result<(), Error> {
     let apk = find_empty_payload_apk_path()?;
     println!("found path {}", apk.display());
@@ -236,6 +241,7 @@
         &extra_sig,
         gdb,
         kernel,
+        vendor,
     )
 }
 
diff --git a/vmbase/entry.S b/vmbase/entry.S
index 9f6993a..9177a4a 100644
--- a/vmbase/entry.S
+++ b/vmbase/entry.S
@@ -63,72 +63,6 @@
 .set .Lsctlrval, .L_SCTLR_ELx_M | .L_SCTLR_ELx_C | .L_SCTLR_ELx_SA | .L_SCTLR_EL1_ITD | .L_SCTLR_EL1_SED
 .set .Lsctlrval, .Lsctlrval | .L_SCTLR_ELx_I | .L_SCTLR_EL1_SPAN | .L_SCTLR_EL1_RES1 | .L_SCTLR_EL1_WXN
 
-/* SMC function IDs */
-.set .L_SMCCC_VERSION_ID, 0x80000000
-.set .L_SMCCC_TRNG_VERSION_ID, 0x84000050
-.set .L_SMCCC_TRNG_FEATURES_ID, 0x84000051
-.set .L_SMCCC_TRNG_RND64_ID, 0xc4000053
-
-/* SMC function versions */
-.set .L_SMCCC_VERSION_1_1, 0x0101
-.set .L_SMCCC_TRNG_VERSION_1_0, 0x0100
-
-/* Bionic-compatible stack protector */
-.section .data.stack_protector, "aw"
-__bionic_tls:
-	.zero	40
-.global __stack_chk_guard
-__stack_chk_guard:
-	.quad	0
-
-/**
- * This macro stores a random value into a register.
- * If a TRNG backed is not present or if an error occurs, the value remains unchanged.
- */
-.macro rnd_reg reg:req
-	mov x20, x0
-	mov x21, x1
-	mov x22, x2
-	mov x23, x3
-
-	/* Verify SMCCC version >=1.1 */
-	hvc_call .L_SMCCC_VERSION_ID
-	cmp w0, 0
-	b.lt 100f
-	cmp w0, .L_SMCCC_VERSION_1_1
-	b.lt 100f
-
-	/* Verify TRNG ABI version 1.x */
-	hvc_call .L_SMCCC_TRNG_VERSION_ID
-	cmp w0, 0
-	b.lt 100f
-	cmp w0, .L_SMCCC_TRNG_VERSION_1_0
-	b.lt 100f
-
-	/* Call TRNG_FEATURES, ensure TRNG_RND is implemented */
-	mov_i x1, .L_SMCCC_TRNG_RND64_ID
-	hvc_call .L_SMCCC_TRNG_FEATURES_ID
-	cmp w0, 0
-	b.lt 100f
-
-	/* Call TRNG_RND, request 64 bits of entropy */
-	mov x1, #64
-	hvc_call .L_SMCCC_TRNG_RND64_ID
-	cmp x0, 0
-	b.lt 100f
-
-	mov \reg, x3
-	b 101f
-
-100:
-	reset_or_hang
-101:
-	mov x0, x20
-	mov x1, x21
-	mov x2, x22
-	mov x3, x23
-.endm
-
 /**
  * This is a generic entry point for an image. It carries out the operations required to prepare the
  * loaded image to be run. Specifically, it zeroes the bss section using registers x25 and above,
@@ -222,18 +156,17 @@
 	adr x30, vector_table_el1
 	msr vbar_el1, x30
 
-	/* Set up Bionic-compatible thread-local storage. */
+	/*
+	 * Set up Bionic-compatible thread-local storage.
+	 *
+	 * Note that TPIDR_EL0 can't be configured from rust_entry because the
+	 * compiler will dereference it during function entry to access
+	 * __stack_chk_guard and Rust doesn't support LLVM's
+	 * __attribute__((no_stack_protector)).
+	 */
 	adr_l x30, __bionic_tls
 	msr tpidr_el0, x30
 
-	/* Randomize stack protector. */
-	rnd_reg x29
-	adr_l x30, __stack_chk_guard
-	str x29, [x30]
-
-	/* Write a null byte to the top of the stack guard to act as a string terminator. */
-	strb wzr, [x30]
-
 	/* Call into Rust code. */
 	bl rust_entry
 
diff --git a/vmbase/example/src/exceptions.rs b/vmbase/example/src/exceptions.rs
index 0522013..5d7768a 100644
--- a/vmbase/example/src/exceptions.rs
+++ b/vmbase/example/src/exceptions.rs
@@ -14,8 +14,7 @@
 
 //! Exception handlers.
 
-use core::arch::asm;
-use vmbase::{eprintln, power::reboot};
+use vmbase::{eprintln, power::reboot, read_sysreg};
 
 #[no_mangle]
 extern "C" fn sync_exception_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {
@@ -71,9 +70,6 @@
 
 #[inline]
 fn print_esr() {
-    let mut esr: u64;
-    unsafe {
-        asm!("mrs {esr}, esr_el1", esr = out(reg) esr);
-    }
+    let esr = read_sysreg!("esr_el1");
     eprintln!("esr={:#08x}", esr);
 }
diff --git a/vmbase/example/src/layout.rs b/vmbase/example/src/layout.rs
index b032a30..fc578bc 100644
--- a/vmbase/example/src/layout.rs
+++ b/vmbase/example/src/layout.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 //! Memory layout.
 
 use aarch64_paging::paging::{MemoryRegion, VirtualAddress};
-use core::arch::asm;
 use core::ops::Range;
 use log::info;
 use vmbase::layout;
@@ -55,13 +54,3 @@
         boot_stack.end - boot_stack.start
     );
 }
-
-/// Bionic-compatible thread-local storage entry, at the given offset from TPIDR_EL0.
-pub fn bionic_tls(off: usize) -> u64 {
-    let mut base: usize;
-    unsafe {
-        asm!("mrs {base}, tpidr_el0", base = out(reg) base);
-        let ptr = (base + off) as *const u64;
-        *ptr
-    }
-}
diff --git a/vmbase/example/src/main.rs b/vmbase/example/src/main.rs
index 4176626..a6f3bfa 100644
--- a/vmbase/example/src/main.rs
+++ b/vmbase/example/src/main.rs
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 
 #![no_main]
 #![no_std]
+#![deny(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]
+#![deny(clippy::undocumented_unsafe_blocks)]
 
 mod exceptions;
 mod layout;
@@ -23,7 +25,7 @@
 
 extern crate alloc;
 
-use crate::layout::{bionic_tls, boot_stack_range, print_addresses, DEVICE_REGION};
+use crate::layout::{boot_stack_range, print_addresses, DEVICE_REGION};
 use crate::pci::{check_pci, get_bar_region};
 use aarch64_paging::paging::MemoryRegion;
 use aarch64_paging::MapError;
@@ -32,9 +34,9 @@
 use libfdt::Fdt;
 use log::{debug, error, info, trace, warn, LevelFilter};
 use vmbase::{
-    configure_heap, cstr,
-    layout::{dtb_range, rodata_range, scratch_range, stack_chk_guard, text_range},
-    logger, main,
+    bionic, configure_heap, cstr,
+    layout::{dtb_range, rodata_range, scratch_range, text_range},
+    linker, logger, main,
     memory::{PageTable, SIZE_64KB},
 };
 
@@ -69,7 +71,7 @@
 
 /// Entry point for VM bootloader.
 pub fn main(arg0: u64, arg1: u64, arg2: u64, arg3: u64) {
-    logger::init(LevelFilter::Debug).unwrap();
+    log::set_max_level(LevelFilter::Debug);
 
     info!("Hello world");
     info!("x0={:#018x}, x1={:#018x}, x2={:#018x}, x3={:#018x}", arg0, arg1, arg2, arg3);
@@ -80,8 +82,9 @@
 
     info!("Checking FDT...");
     let fdt = dtb_range();
-    let fdt =
-        unsafe { core::slice::from_raw_parts_mut(fdt.start.0 as *mut u8, fdt.end.0 - fdt.start.0) };
+    let fdt_size = fdt.end.0 - fdt.start.0;
+    // SAFETY: The DTB range is valid, writable memory, and we don't construct any aliases to it.
+    let fdt = unsafe { core::slice::from_raw_parts_mut(fdt.start.0 as *mut u8, fdt_size) };
     let fdt = Fdt::from_mut_slice(fdt).unwrap();
     info!("FDT passed verification.");
     check_fdt(fdt);
@@ -98,6 +101,7 @@
     check_data();
     check_dice();
 
+    // SAFETY: This is the only place where `make_pci_root` is called.
     let mut pci_root = unsafe { pci_info.make_pci_root() };
     check_pci(&mut pci_root);
 
@@ -105,42 +109,58 @@
 }
 
 fn check_stack_guard() {
-    const BIONIC_TLS_STACK_GRD_OFF: usize = 40;
-
     info!("Testing stack guard");
-    assert_eq!(bionic_tls(BIONIC_TLS_STACK_GRD_OFF), stack_chk_guard());
+    // SAFETY: No concurrency issue should occur when running these tests.
+    let stack_guard = unsafe { bionic::TLS.stack_guard };
+    assert_ne!(stack_guard, 0);
+    // Check that a NULL-terminating value is added for C functions consuming strings from stack.
+    assert_eq!(stack_guard.to_ne_bytes().last(), Some(&0));
+    // Check that the TLS and guard are properly accessible from the dedicated register.
+    assert_eq!(stack_guard, bionic::__get_tls().stack_guard);
+    // Check that the LLVM __stack_chk_guard alias is also properly set up.
+    assert_eq!(
+        stack_guard,
+        // SAFETY: No concurrency issue should occur when running these tests.
+        unsafe { linker::__stack_chk_guard },
+    );
 }
 
 fn check_data() {
     info!("INITIALISED_DATA: {:?}", INITIALISED_DATA.as_ptr());
-    unsafe {
-        info!("ZEROED_DATA: {:?}", ZEROED_DATA.as_ptr());
-        info!("MUTABLE_DATA: {:?}", MUTABLE_DATA.as_ptr());
-    }
+    // SAFETY: We only print the addresses of the static mutable variable, not actually access it.
+    info!("ZEROED_DATA: {:?}", unsafe { ZEROED_DATA.as_ptr() });
+    // SAFETY: We only print the addresses of the static mutable variable, not actually access it.
+    info!("MUTABLE_DATA: {:?}", unsafe { MUTABLE_DATA.as_ptr() });
 
     assert_eq!(INITIALISED_DATA[0], 1);
     assert_eq!(INITIALISED_DATA[1], 2);
     assert_eq!(INITIALISED_DATA[2], 3);
     assert_eq!(INITIALISED_DATA[3], 4);
 
-    unsafe {
-        for element in ZEROED_DATA.iter() {
-            assert_eq!(*element, 0);
-        }
-        ZEROED_DATA[0] = 13;
-        assert_eq!(ZEROED_DATA[0], 13);
-        ZEROED_DATA[0] = 0;
-        assert_eq!(ZEROED_DATA[0], 0);
+    // SAFETY: Nowhere else in the program accesses this static mutable variable, so there is no
+    // chance of concurrent access.
+    let zeroed_data = unsafe { &mut ZEROED_DATA };
+    // SAFETY: Nowhere else in the program accesses this static mutable variable, so there is no
+    // chance of concurrent access.
+    let mutable_data = unsafe { &mut MUTABLE_DATA };
 
-        assert_eq!(MUTABLE_DATA[0], 1);
-        assert_eq!(MUTABLE_DATA[1], 2);
-        assert_eq!(MUTABLE_DATA[2], 3);
-        assert_eq!(MUTABLE_DATA[3], 4);
-        MUTABLE_DATA[0] += 41;
-        assert_eq!(MUTABLE_DATA[0], 42);
-        MUTABLE_DATA[0] -= 41;
-        assert_eq!(MUTABLE_DATA[0], 1);
+    for element in zeroed_data.iter() {
+        assert_eq!(*element, 0);
     }
+    zeroed_data[0] = 13;
+    assert_eq!(zeroed_data[0], 13);
+    zeroed_data[0] = 0;
+    assert_eq!(zeroed_data[0], 0);
+
+    assert_eq!(mutable_data[0], 1);
+    assert_eq!(mutable_data[1], 2);
+    assert_eq!(mutable_data[2], 3);
+    assert_eq!(mutable_data[3], 4);
+    mutable_data[0] += 41;
+    assert_eq!(mutable_data[0], 42);
+    mutable_data[0] -= 41;
+    assert_eq!(mutable_data[0], 1);
+
     info!("Data looks good");
 }
 
diff --git a/vmbase/example/src/pci.rs b/vmbase/example/src/pci.rs
index 6d33215..26bc29b 100644
--- a/vmbase/example/src/pci.rs
+++ b/vmbase/example/src/pci.rs
@@ -120,11 +120,21 @@
 
 struct HalImpl;
 
+/// SAFETY: See the 'Implementation Safety' comments on methods below for how they fulfill the
+/// safety requirements of the unsafe `Hal` trait.
 unsafe impl Hal for HalImpl {
+    /// # Implementation Safety
+    ///
+    /// `dma_alloc` ensures the returned DMA buffer is not aliased with any other allocation or
+    /// reference in the program until it is deallocated by `dma_dealloc` by allocating a unique
+    /// block of memory using `alloc_zeroed`, which is guaranteed to allocate valid, unique and
+    /// zeroed memory. We request an alignment of at least `PAGE_SIZE` from `alloc_zeroed`.
     fn dma_alloc(pages: usize, _direction: BufferDirection) -> (PhysAddr, NonNull<u8>) {
         debug!("dma_alloc: pages={}", pages);
-        let layout = Layout::from_size_align(pages * PAGE_SIZE, PAGE_SIZE).unwrap();
-        // Safe because the layout has a non-zero size.
+        let layout =
+            Layout::from_size_align(pages.checked_mul(PAGE_SIZE).unwrap(), PAGE_SIZE).unwrap();
+        assert_ne!(layout.size(), 0);
+        // SAFETY: We just checked that the layout has a non-zero size.
         let vaddr = unsafe { alloc_zeroed(layout) };
         let vaddr =
             if let Some(vaddr) = NonNull::new(vaddr) { vaddr } else { handle_alloc_error(layout) };
@@ -135,14 +145,19 @@
     unsafe fn dma_dealloc(paddr: PhysAddr, vaddr: NonNull<u8>, pages: usize) -> i32 {
         debug!("dma_dealloc: paddr={:#x}, pages={}", paddr, pages);
         let layout = Layout::from_size_align(pages * PAGE_SIZE, PAGE_SIZE).unwrap();
-        // Safe because the memory was allocated by `dma_alloc` above using the same allocator, and
-        // the layout is the same as was used then.
+        // SAFETY: The memory was allocated by `dma_alloc` above using the same allocator, and the
+        // layout is the same as was used then.
         unsafe {
             dealloc(vaddr.as_ptr(), layout);
         }
         0
     }
 
+    /// # Implementation Safety
+    ///
+    /// The returned pointer must be valid because the `paddr` describes a valid MMIO region, and we
+    /// previously mapped the entire PCI MMIO range. It can't alias any other allocations because
+    /// the PCI MMIO range doesn't overlap with any other memory ranges.
     unsafe fn mmio_phys_to_virt(paddr: PhysAddr, _size: usize) -> NonNull<u8> {
         NonNull::new(paddr as _).unwrap()
     }
diff --git a/vmbase/sections.ld b/vmbase/sections.ld
index 5232d30..c7ef0ec 100644
--- a/vmbase/sections.ld
+++ b/vmbase/sections.ld
@@ -107,6 +107,9 @@
 		. = init_stack_pointer;
 	} >writable_data
 
+	/* Make our Bionic stack protector compatible with mainline LLVM */
+	__stack_chk_guard = __bionic_tls + 40;
+
 	/*
 	 * Remove unused sections from the image.
 	 */
diff --git a/vmbase/src/bionic.rs b/vmbase/src/bionic.rs
index 5af9ebc..2ce0e83 100644
--- a/vmbase/src/bionic.rs
+++ b/vmbase/src/bionic.rs
@@ -23,9 +23,36 @@
 
 use crate::console;
 use crate::eprintln;
+use crate::read_sysreg;
 
 const EOF: c_int = -1;
 
+/// Bionic thread-local storage.
+#[repr(C)]
+pub struct Tls {
+    /// Unused.
+    _unused: [u8; 40],
+    /// Use by the compiler as stack canary value.
+    pub stack_guard: u64,
+}
+
+/// Bionic TLS.
+///
+/// Provides the TLS used by Bionic code. This is unique as vmbase only supports one thread.
+///
+/// Note that the linker script re-exports __bionic_tls.stack_guard as __stack_chk_guard for
+/// compatibility with non-Bionic LLVM.
+#[link_section = ".data.stack_protector"]
+#[export_name = "__bionic_tls"]
+pub static mut TLS: Tls = Tls { _unused: [0; 40], stack_guard: 0 };
+
+/// Gets a reference to the TLS from the dedicated system register.
+pub fn __get_tls() -> &'static mut Tls {
+    let tpidr = read_sysreg!("tpidr_el0");
+    // SAFETY: The register is currently only written to once, from entry.S, with a valid value.
+    unsafe { &mut *(tpidr as *mut Tls) }
+}
+
 #[no_mangle]
 extern "C" fn __stack_chk_fail() -> ! {
     panic!("stack guard check failed");
diff --git a/vmbase/src/entry.rs b/vmbase/src/entry.rs
index 0a96d86..24b5035 100644
--- a/vmbase/src/entry.rs
+++ b/vmbase/src/entry.rs
@@ -14,14 +14,51 @@
 
 //! Rust entry point.
 
-use crate::{console, heap, power::shutdown};
+use crate::{
+    bionic, console, heap, logger,
+    power::{reboot, shutdown},
+    rand,
+};
+use core::mem::size_of;
+use hyp::{self, get_mmio_guard};
+
+fn try_console_init() -> Result<(), hyp::Error> {
+    console::init();
+
+    if let Some(mmio_guard) = get_mmio_guard() {
+        mmio_guard.init()?;
+        mmio_guard.map(console::BASE_ADDRESS)?;
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
 
 /// This is the entry point to the Rust code, called from the binary entry point in `entry.S`.
 #[no_mangle]
 extern "C" fn rust_entry(x0: u64, x1: u64, x2: u64, x3: u64) -> ! {
     // SAFETY: Only called once, from here, and inaccessible to client code.
     unsafe { heap::init() };
-    console::init();
+
+    if try_console_init().is_err() {
+        // Don't panic (or log) here to avoid accessing the console.
+        reboot()
+    }
+
+    logger::init().expect("Failed to initialize the logger");
+    // We initialize the logger to Off (like the log crate) and clients should log::set_max_level.
+
+    const SIZE_OF_STACK_GUARD: usize = size_of::<u64>();
+    let mut stack_guard = [0u8; SIZE_OF_STACK_GUARD];
+    // We keep a null byte at the top of the stack guard to act as a string terminator.
+    let random_guard = &mut stack_guard[..(SIZE_OF_STACK_GUARD - 1)];
+
+    rand::init().expect("Failed to initialize a source of entropy");
+    rand::fill_with_entropy(random_guard).expect("Failed to get stack canary entropy");
+    bionic::__get_tls().stack_guard = u64::from_ne_bytes(stack_guard);
+
+    // Note: If rust_entry ever returned (which it shouldn't by being -> !), the compiler-injected
+    // stack guard comparison would detect a mismatch and call __stack_chk_fail.
+
     // SAFETY: `main` is provided by the application using the `main!` macro, and we make sure it
     // has the right type.
     unsafe {
@@ -37,16 +74,21 @@
 
 /// Marks the main function of the binary.
 ///
+/// Once main is entered, it can assume that:
+/// - The panic_handler has been configured and panic!() and friends are available;
+/// - The global_allocator has been configured and heap memory is available;
+/// - The logger has been configured and the log::{info, warn, error, ...} macros are available.
+///
 /// Example:
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// use vmbase::{logger, main};
+/// use vmbase::main;
 /// use log::{info, LevelFilter};
 ///
 /// main!(my_main);
 ///
 /// fn my_main() {
-///     logger::init(LevelFilter::Info).unwrap();
+///     log::set_max_level(LevelFilter::Info);
 ///     info!("Hello world");
 /// }
 /// ```
diff --git a/vmbase/src/exceptions.rs b/vmbase/src/exceptions.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7833334
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vmbase/src/exceptions.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+// Copyright 2023, The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+//! Helper functions and structs for exception handlers.
+
+use crate::{
+    console, eprintln,
+    memory::{page_4kb_of, MemoryTrackerError},
+    read_sysreg,
+};
+use aarch64_paging::paging::VirtualAddress;
+use core::fmt;
+
+const UART_PAGE: usize = page_4kb_of(console::BASE_ADDRESS);
+
+/// Represents an error that can occur while handling an exception.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum HandleExceptionError {
+    /// The page table is unavailable.
+    PageTableUnavailable,
+    /// The page table has not been initialized.
+    PageTableNotInitialized,
+    /// An internal error occurred in the memory tracker.
+    InternalError(MemoryTrackerError),
+    /// An unknown exception occurred.
+    UnknownException,
+}
+
+impl From<MemoryTrackerError> for HandleExceptionError {
+    fn from(other: MemoryTrackerError) -> Self {
+        Self::InternalError(other)
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for HandleExceptionError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::PageTableUnavailable => write!(f, "Page table is not available."),
+            Self::PageTableNotInitialized => write!(f, "Page table is not initialized."),
+            Self::InternalError(e) => write!(f, "Error while updating page table: {e}"),
+            Self::UnknownException => write!(f, "An unknown exception occurred, not handled."),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Represents the possible types of exception syndrome register (ESR) values.
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Copy, Clone)]
+pub enum Esr {
+    /// Data abort due to translation fault.
+    DataAbortTranslationFault,
+    /// Data abort due to permission fault.
+    DataAbortPermissionFault,
+    /// Data abort due to a synchronous external abort.
+    DataAbortSyncExternalAbort,
+    /// An unknown ESR value.
+    Unknown(usize),
+}
+
+impl Esr {
+    const EXT_DABT_32BIT: usize = 0x96000010;
+    const TRANSL_FAULT_BASE_32BIT: usize = 0x96000004;
+    const TRANSL_FAULT_ISS_MASK_32BIT: usize = !0x143;
+    const PERM_FAULT_BASE_32BIT: usize = 0x9600004C;
+    const PERM_FAULT_ISS_MASK_32BIT: usize = !0x103;
+}
+
+impl From<usize> for Esr {
+    fn from(esr: usize) -> Self {
+        if esr == Self::EXT_DABT_32BIT {
+            Self::DataAbortSyncExternalAbort
+        } else if esr & Self::TRANSL_FAULT_ISS_MASK_32BIT == Self::TRANSL_FAULT_BASE_32BIT {
+            Self::DataAbortTranslationFault
+        } else if esr & Self::PERM_FAULT_ISS_MASK_32BIT == Self::PERM_FAULT_BASE_32BIT {
+            Self::DataAbortPermissionFault
+        } else {
+            Self::Unknown(esr)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for Esr {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::DataAbortSyncExternalAbort => write!(f, "Synchronous external abort"),
+            Self::DataAbortTranslationFault => write!(f, "Translation fault"),
+            Self::DataAbortPermissionFault => write!(f, "Permission fault"),
+            Self::Unknown(v) => write!(f, "Unknown exception esr={v:#08x}"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+/// A struct representing an Armv8 exception.
+pub struct ArmException {
+    /// The value of the exception syndrome register.
+    pub esr: Esr,
+    /// The faulting virtual address read from the fault address register.
+    pub far: VirtualAddress,
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for ArmException {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "ArmException: esr={}, far={}", self.esr, self.far)
+    }
+}
+
+impl ArmException {
+    /// Reads the values of the EL1 exception syndrome register (`esr_el1`)
+    /// and fault address register (`far_el1`) and returns a new instance of
+    /// `ArmException` with these values.
+    pub fn from_el1_regs() -> Self {
+        let esr: Esr = read_sysreg!("esr_el1").into();
+        let far = read_sysreg!("far_el1");
+        Self { esr, far: VirtualAddress(far) }
+    }
+
+    /// Prints the details of an obj and the exception, excluding UART exceptions.
+    pub fn print<T: fmt::Display>(&self, exception_name: &str, obj: T, elr: u64) {
+        // Don't print to the UART if we are handling an exception it could raise.
+        if !self.is_uart_exception() {
+            eprintln!("{exception_name}");
+            eprintln!("{obj}");
+            eprintln!("{}, elr={:#08x}", self, elr);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_uart_exception(&self) -> bool {
+        self.esr == Esr::DataAbortSyncExternalAbort && page_4kb_of(self.far.0) == UART_PAGE
+    }
+}
diff --git a/vmbase/src/hvc.rs b/vmbase/src/hvc.rs
index 9a5e716..ebd1625 100644
--- a/vmbase/src/hvc.rs
+++ b/vmbase/src/hvc.rs
@@ -22,20 +22,19 @@
 };
 
 const ARM_SMCCC_TRNG_VERSION: u32 = 0x8400_0050;
-#[allow(dead_code)]
 const ARM_SMCCC_TRNG_FEATURES: u32 = 0x8400_0051;
 #[allow(dead_code)]
 const ARM_SMCCC_TRNG_GET_UUID: u32 = 0x8400_0052;
 #[allow(dead_code)]
 const ARM_SMCCC_TRNG_RND32: u32 = 0x8400_0053;
-const ARM_SMCCC_TRNG_RND64: u32 = 0xc400_0053;
+pub const ARM_SMCCC_TRNG_RND64: u32 = 0xc400_0053;
 
 /// Returns the (major, minor) version tuple, as defined by the SMCCC TRNG.
-pub fn trng_version() -> trng::Result<(u16, u16)> {
+pub fn trng_version() -> trng::Result<trng::Version> {
     let args = [0u64; 17];
 
     let version = positive_or_error_64::<Error>(hvc64(ARM_SMCCC_TRNG_VERSION, args)[0])?;
-    Ok(((version >> 16) as u16, version as u16))
+    (version as u32 as i32).try_into()
 }
 
 pub type TrngRng64Entropy = (u64, u64, u64);
@@ -49,3 +48,10 @@
 
     Ok((regs[1], regs[2], regs[3]))
 }
+
+pub fn trng_features(fid: u32) -> trng::Result<u64> {
+    let mut args = [0u64; 17];
+    args[0] = fid as u64;
+
+    positive_or_error_64::<Error>(hvc64(ARM_SMCCC_TRNG_FEATURES, args)[0])
+}
diff --git a/vmbase/src/hvc/trng.rs b/vmbase/src/hvc/trng.rs
index 6331d66..efb86f6 100644
--- a/vmbase/src/hvc/trng.rs
+++ b/vmbase/src/hvc/trng.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 use core::result;
 
 /// Standard SMCCC TRNG error values as described in DEN 0098 1.0 REL0.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
 pub enum Error {
     /// The call is not supported by the implementation.
     NotSupported,
@@ -55,3 +55,40 @@
 }
 
 pub type Result<T> = result::Result<T, Error>;
+
+/// A version of the SMCCC TRNG interface.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, Ord, PartialEq, PartialOrd)]
+pub struct Version {
+    pub major: u16,
+    pub minor: u16,
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for Version {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "{}.{}", self.major, self.minor)
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for Version {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        fmt::Display::fmt(self, f)
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<i32> for Version {
+    type Error = Error;
+
+    fn try_from(value: i32) -> core::result::Result<Self, Error> {
+        if value < 0 {
+            Err((value as i64).into())
+        } else {
+            Ok(Self { major: (value >> 16) as u16, minor: value as u16 })
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Version> for u32 {
+    fn from(version: Version) -> Self {
+        (u32::from(version.major) << 16) | u32::from(version.minor)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/vmbase/src/lib.rs b/vmbase/src/lib.rs
index e490faa..ca8756d 100644
--- a/vmbase/src/lib.rs
+++ b/vmbase/src/lib.rs
@@ -21,14 +21,15 @@
 extern crate alloc;
 
 pub mod arch;
-mod bionic;
+pub mod bionic;
 pub mod console;
 mod entry;
+pub mod exceptions;
 pub mod fdt;
 pub mod heap;
 mod hvc;
 pub mod layout;
-mod linker;
+pub mod linker;
 pub mod logger;
 pub mod memory;
 pub mod power;
diff --git a/vmbase/src/logger.rs b/vmbase/src/logger.rs
index 226d905..9130918 100644
--- a/vmbase/src/logger.rs
+++ b/vmbase/src/logger.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 
 use crate::console::println;
 use core::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};
-use log::{LevelFilter, Log, Metadata, Record, SetLoggerError};
+use log::{Log, Metadata, Record, SetLoggerError};
 
 struct Logger {
     is_enabled: AtomicBool,
@@ -70,9 +70,8 @@
 }
 
 /// Initialize vmbase logger with a given max logging level.
-pub fn init(max_level: LevelFilter) -> Result<(), SetLoggerError> {
+pub(crate) fn init() -> Result<(), SetLoggerError> {
     log::set_logger(&LOGGER)?;
-    log::set_max_level(max_level);
     Ok(())
 }
 
diff --git a/vmbase/src/memory/mod.rs b/vmbase/src/memory/mod.rs
index 5e78565..898aa10 100644
--- a/vmbase/src/memory/mod.rs
+++ b/vmbase/src/memory/mod.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,10 @@
 
 pub use error::MemoryTrackerError;
 pub use page_table::PageTable;
-pub use shared::{alloc_shared, dealloc_shared, MemoryRange, MemoryTracker, MEMORY};
+pub use shared::{
+    alloc_shared, dealloc_shared, handle_permission_fault, handle_translation_fault, MemoryRange,
+    MemoryTracker, MEMORY,
+};
 pub use util::{
     flush, flushed_zeroize, min_dcache_line_size, page_4kb_of, phys_to_virt, virt_to_phys,
     PAGE_SIZE, SIZE_128KB, SIZE_2MB, SIZE_4KB, SIZE_4MB, SIZE_64KB,
diff --git a/vmbase/src/memory/shared.rs b/vmbase/src/memory/shared.rs
index 1e29c79..173c0ec 100644
--- a/vmbase/src/memory/shared.rs
+++ b/vmbase/src/memory/shared.rs
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 use super::page_table::{is_leaf_pte, PageTable, MMIO_LAZY_MAP_FLAG};
 use super::util::{page_4kb_of, virt_to_phys};
 use crate::dsb;
+use crate::exceptions::HandleExceptionError;
 use crate::util::RangeExt as _;
 use aarch64_paging::paging::{Attributes, Descriptor, MemoryRegion as VaRange, VirtualAddress};
 use alloc::alloc::{alloc_zeroed, dealloc, handle_alloc_error};
@@ -26,11 +27,12 @@
 use alloc::vec::Vec;
 use buddy_system_allocator::{FrameAllocator, LockedFrameAllocator};
 use core::alloc::Layout;
+use core::mem::size_of;
 use core::num::NonZeroUsize;
 use core::ops::Range;
 use core::ptr::NonNull;
 use core::result;
-use hyp::{get_hypervisor, HypervisorCap, MMIO_GUARD_GRANULE_SIZE};
+use hyp::{get_mem_sharer, get_mmio_guard, MMIO_GUARD_GRANULE_SIZE};
 use log::{debug, error, trace};
 use once_cell::race::OnceBox;
 use spin::mutex::SpinMutex;
@@ -178,10 +180,17 @@
             return Err(MemoryTrackerError::Full);
         }
 
-        self.page_table.map_device_lazy(&get_va_range(&range)).map_err(|e| {
-            error!("Error during MMIO device mapping: {e}");
-            MemoryTrackerError::FailedToMap
-        })?;
+        if get_mmio_guard().is_some() {
+            self.page_table.map_device_lazy(&get_va_range(&range)).map_err(|e| {
+                error!("Error during lazy MMIO device mapping: {e}");
+                MemoryTrackerError::FailedToMap
+            })?;
+        } else {
+            self.page_table.map_device(&get_va_range(&range)).map_err(|e| {
+                error!("Error during MMIO device mapping: {e}");
+                MemoryTrackerError::FailedToMap
+            })?;
+        }
 
         if self.mmio_regions.try_push(range).is_some() {
             return Err(MemoryTrackerError::Full);
@@ -218,10 +227,12 @@
     ///
     /// Note that they are not unmapped from the page table.
     pub fn mmio_unmap_all(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
-        for range in &self.mmio_regions {
-            self.page_table
-                .modify_range(&get_va_range(range), &mmio_guard_unmap_page)
-                .map_err(|_| MemoryTrackerError::FailedToUnmap)?;
+        if get_mmio_guard().is_some() {
+            for range in &self.mmio_regions {
+                self.page_table
+                    .modify_range(&get_va_range(range), &mmio_guard_unmap_page)
+                    .map_err(|_| MemoryTrackerError::FailedToUnmap)?;
+            }
         }
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -263,6 +274,19 @@
         Ok(())
     }
 
+    /// Initialize the shared heap to use heap memory directly.
+    ///
+    /// When running on "non-protected" hypervisors which permit host direct accesses to guest
+    /// memory, there is no need to perform any memory sharing and/or allocate buffers from a
+    /// dedicated region so this function instructs the shared pool to use the global allocator.
+    pub fn init_heap_shared_pool(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
+        // As MemorySharer only calls MEM_SHARE methods if the hypervisor supports them, internally
+        // using init_dynamic_shared_pool() on a non-protected platform will make use of the heap
+        // without any actual "dynamic memory sharing" taking place and, as such, the granule may
+        // be set to the one of the global_allocator i.e. a byte.
+        self.init_dynamic_shared_pool(size_of::<u8>())
+    }
+
     /// Unshares any memory that may have been shared.
     pub fn unshare_all_memory(&mut self) {
         drop(SHARED_MEMORY.lock().take());
@@ -270,13 +294,14 @@
 
     /// Handles translation fault for blocks flagged for lazy MMIO mapping by enabling the page
     /// table entry and MMIO guard mapping the block. Breaks apart a block entry if required.
-    pub fn handle_mmio_fault(&mut self, addr: VirtualAddress) -> Result<()> {
+    fn handle_mmio_fault(&mut self, addr: VirtualAddress) -> Result<()> {
         let page_start = VirtualAddress(page_4kb_of(addr.0));
         let page_range: VaRange = (page_start..page_start + MMIO_GUARD_GRANULE_SIZE).into();
+        let mmio_guard = get_mmio_guard().unwrap();
         self.page_table
             .modify_range(&page_range, &verify_lazy_mapped_block)
             .map_err(|_| MemoryTrackerError::InvalidPte)?;
-        get_hypervisor().mmio_guard_map(page_start.0)?;
+        mmio_guard.map(page_start.0)?;
         // Maps a single device page, breaking up block mappings if necessary.
         self.page_table.map_device(&page_range).map_err(|_| MemoryTrackerError::FailedToMap)
     }
@@ -301,7 +326,7 @@
     /// Handles permission fault for read-only blocks by setting writable-dirty state.
     /// In general, this should be called from the exception handler when hardware dirty
     /// state management is disabled or unavailable.
-    pub fn handle_permission_fault(&mut self, addr: VirtualAddress) -> Result<()> {
+    fn handle_permission_fault(&mut self, addr: VirtualAddress) -> Result<()> {
         self.page_table
             .modify_range(&(addr..addr + 1).into(), &mark_dirty_block)
             .map_err(|_| MemoryTrackerError::SetPteDirtyFailed)
@@ -384,11 +409,11 @@
         let base = shared.as_ptr() as usize;
         let end = base.checked_add(layout.size()).unwrap();
 
-        if get_hypervisor().has_cap(HypervisorCap::DYNAMIC_MEM_SHARE) {
+        if let Some(mem_sharer) = get_mem_sharer() {
             trace!("Sharing memory region {:#x?}", base..end);
             for vaddr in (base..end).step_by(self.granule) {
                 let vaddr = NonNull::new(vaddr as *mut _).unwrap();
-                get_hypervisor().mem_share(virt_to_phys(vaddr).try_into().unwrap()).unwrap();
+                mem_sharer.share(virt_to_phys(vaddr).try_into().unwrap()).unwrap();
             }
         }
 
@@ -400,12 +425,12 @@
 impl Drop for MemorySharer {
     fn drop(&mut self) {
         while let Some((base, layout)) = self.frames.pop() {
-            if get_hypervisor().has_cap(HypervisorCap::DYNAMIC_MEM_SHARE) {
+            if let Some(mem_sharer) = get_mem_sharer() {
                 let end = base.checked_add(layout.size()).unwrap();
                 trace!("Unsharing memory region {:#x?}", base..end);
                 for vaddr in (base..end).step_by(self.granule) {
                     let vaddr = NonNull::new(vaddr as *mut _).unwrap();
-                    get_hypervisor().mem_unshare(virt_to_phys(vaddr).try_into().unwrap()).unwrap();
+                    mem_sharer.unshare(virt_to_phys(vaddr).try_into().unwrap()).unwrap();
                 }
             }
 
@@ -461,9 +486,25 @@
         // Since mmio_guard_map takes IPAs, if pvmfw moves non-ID address mapping, page_base
         // should be converted to IPA. However, since 0x0 is a valid MMIO address, we don't use
         // virt_to_phys here, and just pass page_base instead.
-        get_hypervisor().mmio_guard_unmap(page_base).map_err(|e| {
+        get_mmio_guard().unwrap().unmap(page_base).map_err(|e| {
             error!("Error MMIO guard unmapping: {e}");
         })?;
     }
     Ok(())
 }
+
+/// Handles a translation fault with the given fault address register (FAR).
+#[inline]
+pub fn handle_translation_fault(far: VirtualAddress) -> result::Result<(), HandleExceptionError> {
+    let mut guard = MEMORY.try_lock().ok_or(HandleExceptionError::PageTableUnavailable)?;
+    let memory = guard.as_mut().ok_or(HandleExceptionError::PageTableNotInitialized)?;
+    Ok(memory.handle_mmio_fault(far)?)
+}
+
+/// Handles a permission fault with the given fault address register (FAR).
+#[inline]
+pub fn handle_permission_fault(far: VirtualAddress) -> result::Result<(), HandleExceptionError> {
+    let mut guard = MEMORY.try_lock().ok_or(HandleExceptionError::PageTableUnavailable)?;
+    let memory = guard.as_mut().ok_or(HandleExceptionError::PageTableNotInitialized)?;
+    Ok(memory.handle_permission_fault(far)?)
+}
diff --git a/vmbase/src/rand.rs b/vmbase/src/rand.rs
index 26fb51a..6b8d7e0 100644
--- a/vmbase/src/rand.rs
+++ b/vmbase/src/rand.rs
@@ -14,16 +14,29 @@
 
 //! Functions and drivers for obtaining true entropy.
 
-use crate::hvc;
+use crate::hvc::{self, TrngRng64Entropy};
 use core::fmt;
 use core::mem::size_of;
+use smccc::{self, Hvc};
 
 /// Error type for rand operations.
 pub enum Error {
+    /// No source of entropy found.
+    NoEntropySource,
+    /// Error during architectural SMCCC call.
+    Smccc(smccc::arch::Error),
     /// Error during SMCCC TRNG call.
     Trng(hvc::trng::Error),
+    /// Unsupported SMCCC version.
+    UnsupportedSmcccVersion(smccc::arch::Version),
     /// Unsupported SMCCC TRNG version.
-    UnsupportedVersion((u16, u16)),
+    UnsupportedTrngVersion(hvc::trng::Version),
+}
+
+impl From<smccc::arch::Error> for Error {
+    fn from(e: smccc::arch::Error) -> Self {
+        Self::Smccc(e)
+    }
 }
 
 impl From<hvc::trng::Error> for Error {
@@ -38,10 +51,11 @@
 impl fmt::Display for Error {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         match self {
+            Self::NoEntropySource => write!(f, "No source of entropy available"),
+            Self::Smccc(e) => write!(f, "Architectural SMCCC error: {e}"),
             Self::Trng(e) => write!(f, "SMCCC TRNG error: {e}"),
-            Self::UnsupportedVersion((x, y)) => {
-                write!(f, "Unsupported SMCCC TRNG version v{x}.{y}")
-            }
+            Self::UnsupportedSmcccVersion(v) => write!(f, "Unsupported SMCCC version {v}"),
+            Self::UnsupportedTrngVersion(v) => write!(f, "Unsupported SMCCC TRNG version {v}"),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -53,15 +67,35 @@
 }
 
 /// Configure the source of entropy.
-pub fn init() -> Result<()> {
-    match hvc::trng_version()? {
-        (1, _) => Ok(()),
-        version => Err(Error::UnsupportedVersion(version)),
+pub(crate) fn init() -> Result<()> {
+    // SMCCC TRNG requires SMCCC v1.1.
+    match smccc::arch::version::<Hvc>()? {
+        smccc::arch::Version { major: 1, minor } if minor >= 1 => (),
+        version => return Err(Error::UnsupportedSmcccVersion(version)),
     }
+
+    // TRNG_RND requires SMCCC TRNG v1.0.
+    match hvc::trng_version()? {
+        hvc::trng::Version { major: 1, minor: _ } => (),
+        version => return Err(Error::UnsupportedTrngVersion(version)),
+    }
+
+    // TRNG_RND64 doesn't define any special capabilities so ignore the successful result.
+    let _ = hvc::trng_features(hvc::ARM_SMCCC_TRNG_RND64).map_err(|e| {
+        if e == hvc::trng::Error::NotSupported {
+            // SMCCC TRNG is currently our only source of entropy.
+            Error::NoEntropySource
+        } else {
+            e.into()
+        }
+    })?;
+
+    Ok(())
 }
 
-fn fill_with_entropy(s: &mut [u8]) -> Result<()> {
-    const MAX_BYTES_PER_CALL: usize = size_of::<hvc::TrngRng64Entropy>();
+/// Fills a slice of bytes with true entropy.
+pub fn fill_with_entropy(s: &mut [u8]) -> Result<()> {
+    const MAX_BYTES_PER_CALL: usize = size_of::<TrngRng64Entropy>();
 
     let (aligned, remainder) = s.split_at_mut(s.len() - s.len() % MAX_BYTES_PER_CALL);
 
@@ -89,13 +123,14 @@
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn repeat_trng_rnd(n_bytes: usize) -> hvc::trng::Result<hvc::TrngRng64Entropy> {
+fn repeat_trng_rnd(n_bytes: usize) -> Result<TrngRng64Entropy> {
     let bits = usize::try_from(u8::BITS).unwrap();
     let n_bits = (n_bytes * bits).try_into().unwrap();
     loop {
         match hvc::trng_rnd64(n_bits) {
-            Err(hvc::trng::Error::NoEntropy) => continue,
-            res => return res,
+            Ok(entropy) => return Ok(entropy),
+            Err(hvc::trng::Error::NoEntropy) => (),
+            Err(e) => return Err(e.into()),
         }
     }
 }