diff --git a/TEST_MAPPING b/TEST_MAPPING
index c37fd19..4f879b4 100644
--- a/TEST_MAPPING
+++ b/TEST_MAPPING
@@ -43,6 +43,9 @@
       "path": "packages/modules/Virtualization/avmd"
     },
     {
+      "path": "packages/modules/Virtualization/encryptedstore"
+    },
+    {
       "path": "packages/modules/Virtualization/virtualizationservice"
     },
     {
diff --git a/apkdmverity/src/main.rs b/apkdmverity/src/main.rs
index 6e12e38..50b6069 100644
--- a/apkdmverity/src/main.rs
+++ b/apkdmverity/src/main.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 
 use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
 use apkverify::{HashAlgorithm, V4Signature};
-use clap::{App, Arg};
+use clap::{arg, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 use dm::loopdevice;
 use dm::util;
 use dm::verity::{DmVerityHashAlgorithm, DmVerityTargetBuilder};
@@ -34,22 +34,12 @@
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 
 fn main() -> Result<()> {
-    let matches = App::new("apkdmverity")
-        .about("Creates a dm-verity block device out of APK signed with APK signature scheme V4.")
-        .arg(Arg::from_usage(
-            "--apk... <apk_path> <idsig_path> <name> <root_hash> \
-                            'Input APK file, idsig file, name of the block device, and root hash. \
-                            The APK file must be signed using the APK signature scheme 4. The \
-                            block device is created at \"/dev/mapper/<name>\".' root_hash is \
-                            optional; idsig file's root hash will be used if specified as \"none\"."
-            ))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("verbose").short('v').long("verbose").help("Shows verbose output"))
-        .get_matches();
+    let matches = clap_command().get_matches();
 
-    let apks = matches.values_of("apk").unwrap();
+    let apks = matches.get_many::<String>("apk").unwrap();
     assert!(apks.len() % 4 == 0);
 
-    let verbose = matches.is_present("verbose");
+    let verbose = matches.get_flag("verbose");
 
     for (apk, idsig, name, roothash) in apks.tuples() {
         let roothash = if roothash != "none" {
@@ -68,6 +58,28 @@
     Ok(())
 }
 
+fn clap_command() -> Command {
+    Command::new("apkdmverity")
+        .about("Creates a dm-verity block device out of APK signed with APK signature scheme V4.")
+        .arg(
+            arg!(--apk ...
+                "Input APK file, idsig file, name of the block device, and root hash. \
+                The APK file must be signed using the APK signature scheme 4. The \
+                block device is created at \"/dev/mapper/<name>\".' root_hash is \
+                optional; idsig file's root hash will be used if specified as \"none\"."
+            )
+            .action(ArgAction::Append)
+            .value_names(&["apk_path", "idsig_path", "name", "root_hash"]),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("verbose")
+                .short('v')
+                .long("verbose")
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
+                .help("Shows verbose output"),
+        )
+}
+
 struct VerityResult {
     data_device: PathBuf,
     hash_device: PathBuf,
@@ -380,4 +392,10 @@
             },
         );
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn verify_command() {
+        // Check that the command parsing has been configured in a valid way.
+        clap_command().debug_assert();
+    }
 }
diff --git a/authfs/TEST_MAPPING b/authfs/TEST_MAPPING
index ab6111b..5e144c7 100644
--- a/authfs/TEST_MAPPING
+++ b/authfs/TEST_MAPPING
@@ -4,6 +4,9 @@
       "name": "authfs_device_test_src_lib"
     },
     {
+      "name": "open_then_run.test"
+    },
+    {
       "name": "AuthFsHostTest"
     }
   ],
diff --git a/authfs/tests/common/Android.bp b/authfs/tests/common/Android.bp
index ec426c7..01ebcfd 100644
--- a/authfs/tests/common/Android.bp
+++ b/authfs/tests/common/Android.bp
@@ -31,3 +31,19 @@
     test_suites: ["general-tests"],
     test_harness: false,
 }
+
+rust_test {
+    name: "open_then_run.test",
+    crate_name: "open_then_run",
+    srcs: ["src/open_then_run.rs"],
+    edition: "2021",
+    rustlibs: [
+        "libandroid_logger",
+        "libanyhow",
+        "libclap",
+        "libcommand_fds",
+        "liblibc",
+        "liblog_rust",
+    ],
+    test_suites: ["general-tests"],
+}
diff --git a/authfs/tests/common/src/open_then_run.rs b/authfs/tests/common/src/open_then_run.rs
index 110d838..6d828e4 100644
--- a/authfs/tests/common/src/open_then_run.rs
+++ b/authfs/tests/common/src/open_then_run.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 //! specified numbers in the child process.
 
 use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
-use clap::{App, Arg, Values};
+use clap::{parser::ValuesRef, Arg, ArgAction};
 use command_fds::{CommandFdExt, FdMapping};
 use log::{debug, error};
 use std::fs::OpenOptions;
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@
 }
 
 fn parse_and_create_file_mapping<F>(
-    values: Option<Values<'_>>,
+    values: Option<ValuesRef<'_, String>>,
     opener: F,
 ) -> Result<Vec<OwnedFdMapping>>
 where
@@ -75,35 +75,35 @@
     }
 }
 
-fn parse_args() -> Result<Args> {
-    #[rustfmt::skip]
-    let matches = App::new("open_then_run")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("open-ro")
+#[rustfmt::skip]
+fn args_command() -> clap::Command {
+    clap::Command::new("open_then_run")
+        .arg(Arg::new("open-ro")
              .long("open-ro")
              .value_name("FD:PATH")
              .help("Open <PATH> read-only to pass as fd <FD>")
-             .multiple(true)
-             .number_of_values(1))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("open-rw")
+             .action(ArgAction::Append))
+        .arg(Arg::new("open-rw")
              .long("open-rw")
              .value_name("FD:PATH")
              .help("Open/create <PATH> read-write to pass as fd <FD>")
-             .multiple(true)
-             .number_of_values(1))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("open-dir")
+             .action(ArgAction::Append))
+        .arg(Arg::new("open-dir")
              .long("open-dir")
              .value_name("FD:DIR")
              .help("Open <DIR> to pass as fd <FD>")
-             .multiple(true)
-             .number_of_values(1))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("args")
+             .action(ArgAction::Append))
+        .arg(Arg::new("args")
              .help("Command line to execute with pre-opened FD inherited")
              .last(true)
              .required(true)
-             .multiple(true))
-        .get_matches();
+             .num_args(0..))
+}
 
-    let ro_file_fds = parse_and_create_file_mapping(matches.values_of("open-ro"), |path| {
+fn parse_args() -> Result<Args> {
+    let matches = args_command().get_matches();
+
+    let ro_file_fds = parse_and_create_file_mapping(matches.get_many("open-ro"), |path| {
         Ok(OwnedFd::from(
             OpenOptions::new()
                 .read(true)
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@
         ))
     })?;
 
-    let rw_file_fds = parse_and_create_file_mapping(matches.values_of("open-rw"), |path| {
+    let rw_file_fds = parse_and_create_file_mapping(matches.get_many("open-rw"), |path| {
         Ok(OwnedFd::from(
             OpenOptions::new()
                 .read(true)
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@
         ))
     })?;
 
-    let dir_fds = parse_and_create_file_mapping(matches.values_of("open-dir"), |path| {
+    let dir_fds = parse_and_create_file_mapping(matches.get_many("open-dir"), |path| {
         Ok(OwnedFd::from(
             OpenOptions::new()
                 .custom_flags(libc::O_DIRECTORY)
@@ -133,7 +133,8 @@
         ))
     })?;
 
-    let cmdline_args: Vec<_> = matches.values_of("args").unwrap().map(|s| s.to_string()).collect();
+    let cmdline_args: Vec<_> =
+        matches.get_many::<String>("args").unwrap().map(|s| s.to_string()).collect();
 
     Ok(Args { ro_file_fds, rw_file_fds, dir_fds, cmdline_args })
 }
@@ -168,3 +169,14 @@
         std::process::exit(1);
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn verify_command() {
+        // Check that the command parsing has been configured in a valid way.
+        args_command().debug_assert();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/avmd/Android.bp b/avmd/Android.bp
index 0b87a7b..e5e0553 100644
--- a/avmd/Android.bp
+++ b/avmd/Android.bp
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@
     defaults: ["libavmd_defaults"],
 }
 
-rust_binary {
-    name: "avmdtool",
+rust_defaults {
+    name: "avmdtool.defaults",
     srcs: ["src/main.rs"],
     host_supported: true,
     prefer_rlib: true,
@@ -37,6 +37,17 @@
     ],
 }
 
+rust_binary {
+    name: "avmdtool",
+    defaults: ["avmdtool.defaults"],
+}
+
+rust_test {
+    name: "avmdtool.test",
+    defaults: ["avmdtool.defaults"],
+    test_suites: ["general-tests"],
+}
+
 rust_test {
     name: "avmdtool_tests",
     srcs: ["tests/*_test.rs"],
diff --git a/avmd/TEST_MAPPING b/avmd/TEST_MAPPING
index ea58edb..892eb2c 100644
--- a/avmd/TEST_MAPPING
+++ b/avmd/TEST_MAPPING
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
 {
-  "avf-presubmit" : [
+  "avf-presubmit": [
     {
-      "name" : "avmdtool_tests"
+      "name": "avmdtool.test"
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "avmdtool_tests"
     }
   ]
 }
diff --git a/avmd/src/main.rs b/avmd/src/main.rs
index fc18225..740e9aa 100644
--- a/avmd/src/main.rs
+++ b/avmd/src/main.rs
@@ -18,9 +18,13 @@
 use apexutil::get_payload_vbmeta_image_hash;
 use apkverify::get_apk_digest;
 use avmd::{ApkDescriptor, Avmd, Descriptor, ResourceIdentifier, VbMetaDescriptor};
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgMatches, SubCommand};
+use clap::{
+    builder::ValueParser,
+    parser::{Indices, ValuesRef},
+    Arg, ArgAction, ArgMatches, Command,
+};
 use serde::ser::Serialize;
-use std::fs::File;
+use std::{fs::File, path::PathBuf};
 use vbmeta::VbMetaImage;
 
 fn get_vbmeta_image_hash(file: &str) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
@@ -31,13 +35,13 @@
 /// Iterate over a set of argument values, that could be empty or come in
 /// (<index>, <namespace>, <name>, <file>) tuple.
 struct NamespaceNameFileIterator<'a> {
-    indices: Option<clap::Indices<'a>>,
-    values: Option<clap::Values<'a>>,
+    indices: Option<Indices<'a>>,
+    values: Option<ValuesRef<'a, String>>,
 }
 
 impl<'a> NamespaceNameFileIterator<'a> {
     fn new(args: &'a ArgMatches, name: &'a str) -> Self {
-        NamespaceNameFileIterator { indices: args.indices_of(name), values: args.values_of(name) }
+        NamespaceNameFileIterator { indices: args.indices_of(name), values: args.get_many(name) }
     }
 }
 
@@ -100,54 +104,58 @@
             .packed_format()
             .legacy_enums(),
     )?;
-    std::fs::write(args.value_of("file").unwrap(), &bytes)?;
+    std::fs::write(args.get_one::<PathBuf>("file").unwrap(), &bytes)?;
     Ok(())
 }
 
 fn dump(args: &ArgMatches) -> Result<()> {
-    let file = std::fs::read(args.value_of("file").unwrap())?;
+    let file = std::fs::read(args.get_one::<PathBuf>("file").unwrap())?;
     let avmd: Avmd = serde_cbor::from_slice(&file)?;
     println!("{}", avmd);
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn main() -> Result<()> {
+fn clap_command() -> Command {
     let namespace_name_file = ["namespace", "name", "file"];
-    let app = App::new("avmdtool")
-        .setting(AppSettings::SubcommandRequiredElseHelp)
+
+    Command::new("avmdtool")
+        .subcommand_required(true)
+        .arg_required_else_help(true)
         .subcommand(
-            SubCommand::with_name("create")
-                .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("file").required(true).takes_value(true))
+            Command::new("create")
+                .arg_required_else_help(true)
+                .arg(Arg::new("file").value_parser(ValueParser::path_buf()).required(true))
                 .arg(
-                    Arg::with_name("vbmeta")
+                    Arg::new("vbmeta")
                         .long("vbmeta")
-                        .takes_value(true)
                         .value_names(&namespace_name_file)
-                        .multiple(true),
+                        .num_args(3)
+                        .action(ArgAction::Append),
                 )
                 .arg(
-                    Arg::with_name("apk")
+                    Arg::new("apk")
                         .long("apk")
-                        .takes_value(true)
                         .value_names(&namespace_name_file)
-                        .multiple(true),
+                        .num_args(3)
+                        .action(ArgAction::Append),
                 )
                 .arg(
-                    Arg::with_name("apex-payload")
+                    Arg::new("apex-payload")
                         .long("apex-payload")
-                        .takes_value(true)
                         .value_names(&namespace_name_file)
-                        .multiple(true),
+                        .num_args(3)
+                        .action(ArgAction::Append),
                 ),
         )
         .subcommand(
-            SubCommand::with_name("dump")
-                .setting(AppSettings::ArgRequiredElseHelp)
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("file").required(true).takes_value(true)),
-        );
+            Command::new("dump")
+                .arg_required_else_help(true)
+                .arg(Arg::new("file").value_parser(ValueParser::path_buf()).required(true)),
+        )
+}
 
-    let args = app.get_matches();
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    let args = clap_command().get_matches();
     match args.subcommand() {
         Some(("create", sub_args)) => create(sub_args)?,
         Some(("dump", sub_args)) => dump(sub_args)?,
@@ -155,3 +163,14 @@
     }
     Ok(())
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn verify_command() {
+        // Check that the command parsing has been configured in a valid way.
+        clap_command().debug_assert();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/compos/common/compos_client.rs b/compos/common/compos_client.rs
index 34be1d5..f6811cb 100644
--- a/compos/common/compos_client.rs
+++ b/compos/common/compos_client.rs
@@ -222,10 +222,10 @@
         bail!("Protected VM not supported, unable to start VM");
     }
 
-    let have_unprotected_vm =
+    let have_non_protected_vm =
         system_properties::read_bool("ro.boot.hypervisor.vm.supported", false)?;
-    if have_unprotected_vm {
-        warn!("Protected VM not supported, falling back to unprotected on debuggable build");
+    if have_non_protected_vm {
+        warn!("Protected VM not supported, falling back to non-protected on debuggable build");
         return Ok(false);
     }
 
diff --git a/encryptedstore/Android.bp b/encryptedstore/Android.bp
index 13ef1b9..94ebcfc 100644
--- a/encryptedstore/Android.bp
+++ b/encryptedstore/Android.bp
@@ -29,3 +29,9 @@
     defaults: ["encryptedstore.defaults"],
     bootstrap: true,
 }
+
+rust_test {
+    name: "encryptedstore.test",
+    defaults: ["encryptedstore.defaults"],
+    test_suites: ["general-tests"],
+}
diff --git a/encryptedstore/TEST_MAPPING b/encryptedstore/TEST_MAPPING
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a9e1d87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/encryptedstore/TEST_MAPPING
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+{
+  "avf-presubmit": [
+    {
+      "name": "encryptedstore.test"
+    }
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/encryptedstore/src/main.rs b/encryptedstore/src/main.rs
index 7140ae2..888485b 100644
--- a/encryptedstore/src/main.rs
+++ b/encryptedstore/src/main.rs
@@ -19,9 +19,8 @@
 //! It uses dm_rust lib.
 
 use anyhow::{ensure, Context, Result};
-use clap::{arg, App};
-use dm::crypt::CipherType;
-use dm::util;
+use clap::arg;
+use dm::{crypt::CipherType, util};
 use log::info;
 use std::ffi::CString;
 use std::fs::{create_dir_all, OpenOptions};
@@ -42,18 +41,11 @@
     );
     info!("Starting encryptedstore binary");
 
-    let matches = App::new("encryptedstore")
-        .args(&[
-            arg!(--blkdevice <FILE> "the block device backing the encrypted storage")
-                .required(true),
-            arg!(--key <KEY> "key (in hex) equivalent to 32 bytes)").required(true),
-            arg!(--mountpoint <MOUNTPOINT> "mount point for the storage").required(true),
-        ])
-        .get_matches();
+    let matches = clap_command().get_matches();
 
-    let blkdevice = Path::new(matches.value_of("blkdevice").unwrap());
-    let key = matches.value_of("key").unwrap();
-    let mountpoint = Path::new(matches.value_of("mountpoint").unwrap());
+    let blkdevice = Path::new(matches.get_one::<String>("blkdevice").unwrap());
+    let key = matches.get_one::<String>("key").unwrap();
+    let mountpoint = Path::new(matches.get_one::<String>("mountpoint").unwrap());
     encryptedstore_init(blkdevice, key, mountpoint).context(format!(
         "Unable to initialize encryptedstore on {:?} & mount at {:?}",
         blkdevice, mountpoint
@@ -61,6 +53,14 @@
     Ok(())
 }
 
+fn clap_command() -> clap::Command {
+    clap::Command::new("encryptedstore").args(&[
+        arg!(--blkdevice <FILE> "the block device backing the encrypted storage").required(true),
+        arg!(--key <KEY> "key (in hex) equivalent to 32 bytes)").required(true),
+        arg!(--mountpoint <MOUNTPOINT> "mount point for the storage").required(true),
+    ])
+}
+
 fn encryptedstore_init(blkdevice: &Path, key: &str, mountpoint: &Path) -> Result<()> {
     ensure!(
         std::fs::metadata(&blkdevice)
@@ -160,3 +160,14 @@
         Ok(())
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn verify_command() {
+        // Check that the command parsing has been configured in a valid way.
+        clap_command().debug_assert();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/javalib/src/android/system/virtualmachine/VirtualMachineConfig.java b/javalib/src/android/system/virtualmachine/VirtualMachineConfig.java
index 0e9e86b..d9fc70c 100644
--- a/javalib/src/android/system/virtualmachine/VirtualMachineConfig.java
+++ b/javalib/src/android/system/virtualmachine/VirtualMachineConfig.java
@@ -352,6 +352,7 @@
      * that would alter the identity of the VM (e.g. using a different payload or changing the debug
      * mode) are considered incompatible.
      *
+     * @see VirtualMachine#setConfig
      * @hide
      */
     @SystemApi
@@ -536,6 +537,14 @@
         /**
          * Sets the debug level. Defaults to {@link #DEBUG_LEVEL_NONE}.
          *
+         * <p>If {@link #DEBUG_LEVEL_FULL} is set then logs from inside the VM are exported to the
+         * host and adb connections from the host are possible. This is convenient for debugging but
+         * may compromise the integrity of the VM - including bypassing the protections offered by a
+         * {@linkplain #setProtectedVm protected VM}.
+         *
+         * <p>Note that it isn't possible to {@linkplain #isCompatibleWith change} the debug level
+         * of a VM instance; debug and non-debug VMs always have different secrets.
+         *
          * @hide
          */
         @SystemApi
@@ -552,6 +561,13 @@
          * Sets whether to protect the VM memory from the host. No default is provided, this must be
          * set explicitly.
          *
+         * <p>Note that if debugging is {@linkplain #setDebugLevel enabled} for a protected VM, the
+         * VM is not truly protected - direct memory access by the host is prevented, but e.g. the
+         * debugger can be used to access the VM's internals.
+         *
+         * <p>It isn't possible to {@linkplain #isCompatibleWith change} the protected status of a
+         * VM instance; protected and non-protected VMs always have different secrets.
+         *
          * @see VirtualMachineManager#getCapabilities
          * @hide
          */
@@ -566,7 +582,7 @@
             } else {
                 if (!HypervisorProperties.hypervisor_vm_supported().orElse(false)) {
                     throw new UnsupportedOperationException(
-                            "Unprotected VMs are not supported on this device.");
+                            "Non-protected VMs are not supported on this device.");
                 }
             }
             mProtectedVm = protectedVm;
diff --git a/microdroid/Android.bp b/microdroid/Android.bp
index b46f112..1fc44a2 100644
--- a/microdroid/Android.bp
+++ b/microdroid/Android.bp
@@ -544,7 +544,7 @@
 avb_gen_vbmeta_image {
     name: "microdroid_initrd_normal_hashdesc",
     src: ":microdroid_initrd_normal",
-    partition_name: "vbmeta_initrd_normal",
+    partition_name: "initrd_normal",
     salt: initrd_normal_salt,
     enabled: false,
     arch: {
@@ -564,7 +564,7 @@
 avb_gen_vbmeta_image {
     name: "microdroid_initrd_debug_hashdesc",
     src: ":microdroid_initrd_debuggable",
-    partition_name: "vbmeta_initrd_debug",
+    partition_name: "initrd_debug",
     salt: initrd_debug_salt,
     enabled: false,
     arch: {
@@ -582,7 +582,7 @@
     name: "microdroid_kernel_signed",
     src: "empty_kernel",
     filename: "microdroid_kernel",
-    partition_name: "bootloader",
+    partition_name: "boot",
     private_key: ":microdroid_sign_key",
     salt: bootloader_salt,
     enabled: false,
diff --git a/microdroid/init.rc b/microdroid/init.rc
index 7402481..bc42791 100644
--- a/microdroid/init.rc
+++ b/microdroid/init.rc
@@ -165,7 +165,6 @@
     class core
     critical
     seclabel u:r:ueventd:s0
-    shutdown critical
     capabilities CHOWN DAC_OVERRIDE DAC_READ_SEARCH FOWNER FSETID MKNOD NET_ADMIN SETGID SETUID SYS_MODULE SYS_RAWIO
 
 service console /system/bin/sh
diff --git a/microdroid/initrd/src/main.rs b/microdroid/initrd/src/main.rs
index 69c6ae4..3f1fab5 100644
--- a/microdroid/initrd/src/main.rs
+++ b/microdroid/initrd/src/main.rs
@@ -54,7 +54,8 @@
         checksum += get_checksum(&bootconfig)?;
     }
 
-    let padding_size: usize = FOOTER_ALIGNMENT - (initrd_size + bootconfig_size) % FOOTER_ALIGNMENT;
+    let padding_size: usize =
+        (FOOTER_ALIGNMENT - (initrd_size + bootconfig_size) % FOOTER_ALIGNMENT) % FOOTER_ALIGNMENT;
     output_file.write_all(&ZEROS[..padding_size])?;
     output_file.write_all(&((padding_size + bootconfig_size) as u32).to_le_bytes())?;
     output_file.write_all(&checksum.to_le_bytes())?;
diff --git a/pvmfw/avb/Android.bp b/pvmfw/avb/Android.bp
index cbec235..d3a5e4e 100644
--- a/pvmfw/avb/Android.bp
+++ b/pvmfw/avb/Android.bp
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@
 avb_add_hash_footer {
     name: "test_image_with_one_hashdesc",
     src: ":unsigned_test_image",
-    partition_name: "bootloader",
+    partition_name: "boot",
     private_key: ":pvmfw_sign_key",
     salt: "1111",
 }
diff --git a/pvmfw/avb/src/verify.rs b/pvmfw/avb/src/verify.rs
index 3e8c71b..fb18626 100644
--- a/pvmfw/avb/src/verify.rs
+++ b/pvmfw/avb/src/verify.rs
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@
     out_pointer: *mut *mut u8,
     out_num_bytes_preloaded: *mut usize,
 ) -> Result<(), AvbIOError> {
-    let ops = as_avbops_ref(ops)?;
+    let ops = as_ref(ops)?;
     let partition = ops.as_ref().get_partition(partition)?;
     let out_pointer = to_nonnull(out_pointer)?;
     // SAFETY: It is safe as the raw pointer `out_pointer` is a nonnull pointer.
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@
     buffer: *mut c_void,
     out_num_read: *mut usize,
 ) -> Result<(), AvbIOError> {
-    let ops = as_avbops_ref(ops)?;
+    let ops = as_ref(ops)?;
     let partition = ops.as_ref().get_partition(partition)?;
     let buffer = to_nonnull(buffer)?;
     // SAFETY: It is safe to copy the requested number of bytes to `buffer` as `buffer`
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@
     partition: *const c_char,
     out_size_num_bytes: *mut u64,
 ) -> Result<(), AvbIOError> {
-    let ops = as_avbops_ref(ops)?;
+    let ops = as_ref(ops)?;
     let partition = ops.as_ref().get_partition(partition)?;
     let partition_size =
         u64::try_from(partition.len()).map_err(|_| AvbIOError::InvalidValueSize)?;
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@
     // `public_key_data` is a valid pointer and it points to an array of length
     // `public_key_length`.
     let public_key = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts(public_key_data, public_key_length) };
-    let ops = as_avbops_ref(ops)?;
+    let ops = as_ref(ops)?;
     // Verifies the public key for the known partitions only.
     ops.as_ref().get_partition(partition)?;
     let trusted_public_key = ops.as_ref().trusted_public_key;
@@ -268,14 +268,14 @@
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn as_avbops_ref<'a>(ops: *mut AvbOps) -> Result<&'a AvbOps, AvbIOError> {
-    let ops = to_nonnull(ops)?;
-    // SAFETY: It is safe as the raw pointer `ops` is a nonnull pointer.
-    unsafe { Ok(ops.as_ref()) }
+fn as_ref<'a, T>(ptr: *mut T) -> Result<&'a T, AvbIOError> {
+    let ptr = to_nonnull(ptr)?;
+    // SAFETY: It is safe as the raw pointer `ptr` is a nonnull pointer.
+    unsafe { Ok(ptr.as_ref()) }
 }
 
-fn to_nonnull<T>(p: *mut T) -> Result<NonNull<T>, AvbIOError> {
-    NonNull::new(p).ok_or(AvbIOError::NoSuchValue)
+fn to_nonnull<T>(ptr: *mut T) -> Result<NonNull<T>, AvbIOError> {
+    NonNull::new(ptr).ok_or(AvbIOError::NoSuchValue)
 }
 
 fn is_not_null<T>(ptr: *const T) -> Result<(), AvbIOError> {
@@ -286,6 +286,41 @@
     }
 }
 
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+enum PartitionName {
+    Kernel,
+    InitrdNormal,
+    InitrdDebug,
+}
+
+impl PartitionName {
+    const KERNEL_PARTITION_NAME: &[u8] = b"boot\0";
+    const INITRD_NORMAL_PARTITION_NAME: &[u8] = b"initrd_normal\0";
+    const INITRD_DEBUG_PARTITION_NAME: &[u8] = b"initrd_debug\0";
+
+    fn as_cstr(&self) -> &CStr {
+        let partition_name = match self {
+            Self::Kernel => Self::KERNEL_PARTITION_NAME,
+            Self::InitrdNormal => Self::INITRD_NORMAL_PARTITION_NAME,
+            Self::InitrdDebug => Self::INITRD_DEBUG_PARTITION_NAME,
+        };
+        CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(partition_name).unwrap()
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<&CStr> for PartitionName {
+    type Error = AvbIOError;
+
+    fn try_from(partition_name: &CStr) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        match partition_name.to_bytes_with_nul() {
+            Self::KERNEL_PARTITION_NAME => Ok(Self::Kernel),
+            Self::INITRD_NORMAL_PARTITION_NAME => Ok(Self::InitrdNormal),
+            Self::INITRD_DEBUG_PARTITION_NAME => Ok(Self::InitrdDebug),
+            _ => Err(AvbIOError::NoSuchPartition),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 struct Payload<'a> {
     kernel: &'a [u8],
     initrd: Option<&'a [u8]>,
@@ -304,22 +339,17 @@
 }
 
 impl<'a> Payload<'a> {
-    const KERNEL_PARTITION_NAME: &[u8] = b"bootloader\0";
-    const INITRD_NORMAL_PARTITION_NAME: &[u8] = b"initrd_normal\0";
-    const INITRD_DEBUG_PARTITION_NAME: &[u8] = b"initrd_debug\0";
-
     const MAX_NUM_OF_HASH_DESCRIPTORS: usize = 3;
 
     fn get_partition(&self, partition_name: *const c_char) -> Result<&[u8], AvbIOError> {
         is_not_null(partition_name)?;
         // SAFETY: It is safe as the raw pointer `partition_name` is a nonnull pointer.
         let partition_name = unsafe { CStr::from_ptr(partition_name) };
-        match partition_name.to_bytes_with_nul() {
-            Self::KERNEL_PARTITION_NAME => Ok(self.kernel),
-            Self::INITRD_NORMAL_PARTITION_NAME | Self::INITRD_DEBUG_PARTITION_NAME => {
+        match partition_name.try_into()? {
+            PartitionName::Kernel => Ok(self.kernel),
+            PartitionName::InitrdNormal | PartitionName::InitrdDebug => {
                 self.initrd.ok_or(AvbIOError::NoSuchPartition)
             }
-            _ => Err(AvbIOError::NoSuchPartition),
         }
     }
 
@@ -377,8 +407,7 @@
     trusted_public_key: &[u8],
 ) -> Result<(), AvbSlotVerifyError> {
     let mut payload = Payload { kernel, initrd, trusted_public_key };
-    let kernel = CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(Payload::KERNEL_PARTITION_NAME).unwrap();
-    let requested_partitions = [kernel];
+    let requested_partitions = [PartitionName::Kernel.as_cstr()];
     payload.verify_partitions(&requested_partitions)
 }
 
diff --git a/rialto/tests/test.rs b/rialto/tests/test.rs
index 0447cd3..b25034f 100644
--- a/rialto/tests/test.rs
+++ b/rialto/tests/test.rs
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
 
 const RIALTO_PATH: &str = "/data/local/tmp/rialto_test/arm64/rialto.bin";
 
-/// Runs the Rialto VM as an unprotected VM via VirtualizationService.
+/// Runs the Rialto VM as a non-protected VM via VirtualizationService.
 #[test]
 fn test_boots() -> Result<(), Error> {
     android_logger::init_once(
diff --git a/virtualizationservice/src/aidl.rs b/virtualizationservice/src/aidl.rs
index 0859a76..f110af7 100644
--- a/virtualizationservice/src/aidl.rs
+++ b/virtualizationservice/src/aidl.rs
@@ -664,6 +664,16 @@
             .try_for_each(check_label_for_partition)
             .map_err(|e| Status::new_service_specific_error_str(-1, Some(format!("{:?}", e))))?;
 
+        let kernel = maybe_clone_file(&config.kernel)?;
+        let initrd = maybe_clone_file(&config.initrd)?;
+
+        // In a protected VM, we require custom kernels to come from a trusted source (b/237054515).
+        if config.protectedVm {
+            check_label_for_kernel_files(&kernel, &initrd).map_err(|e| {
+                Status::new_service_specific_error_str(-1, Some(format!("{:?}", e)))
+            })?;
+        }
+
         let zero_filler_path = temporary_directory.join("zero.img");
         write_zero_filler(&zero_filler_path).map_err(|e| {
             error!("Failed to make composite image: {:?}", e);
@@ -706,8 +716,8 @@
             cid,
             name: config.name.clone(),
             bootloader: maybe_clone_file(&config.bootloader)?,
-            kernel: maybe_clone_file(&config.kernel)?,
-            initrd: maybe_clone_file(&config.initrd)?,
+            kernel,
+            initrd,
             disks,
             params: config.params.to_owned(),
             protected: *is_protected,
@@ -971,14 +981,8 @@
     check_permission("android.permission.USE_CUSTOM_VIRTUAL_MACHINE")
 }
 
-/// Check if a partition has selinux labels that are not allowed
-fn check_label_for_partition(partition: &Partition) -> Result<()> {
-    let ctx = getfilecon(partition.image.as_ref().unwrap().as_ref())?;
-    check_label_is_allowed(&ctx).with_context(|| format!("Partition {} invalid", &partition.label))
-}
-
-// Return whether a partition is exempt from selinux label checks, because we know that it does
-// not contain code and is likely to be generated in an app-writable directory.
+/// Return whether a partition is exempt from selinux label checks, because we know that it does
+/// not contain code and is likely to be generated in an app-writable directory.
 fn is_safe_app_partition(label: &str) -> bool {
     // See add_microdroid_system_images & add_microdroid_payload_images in payload.rs.
     label == "vm-instance"
@@ -988,23 +992,46 @@
         || label.starts_with("extra-idsig-")
 }
 
-fn check_label_is_allowed(ctx: &SeContext) -> Result<()> {
-    // We only want to allow code in a VM payload to be sourced from places that apps, and the
-    // system, do not have write access to.
-    // (Note that sepolicy must also grant read access for these types to both virtualization
-    // service and crosvm.)
-    // App private data files are deliberately excluded, to avoid arbitrary payloads being run on
-    // user devices (W^X).
-    match ctx.selinux_type()? {
+/// Check that a file SELinux label is acceptable.
+///
+/// We only want to allow code in a VM to be sourced from places that apps, and the
+/// system, do not have write access to.
+///
+/// Note that sepolicy must also grant read access for these types to both virtualization
+/// service and crosvm.
+///
+/// App private data files are deliberately excluded, to avoid arbitrary payloads being run on
+/// user devices (W^X).
+fn check_label_is_allowed(context: &SeContext) -> Result<()> {
+    match context.selinux_type()? {
         | "system_file" // immutable dm-verity protected partition
         | "apk_data_file" // APKs of an installed app
         | "staging_data_file" // updated/staged APEX images
         | "shell_data_file" // test files created via adb shell
          => Ok(()),
-        _ => bail!("Label {} is not allowed", ctx),
+        _ => bail!("Label {} is not allowed", context),
     }
 }
 
+fn check_label_for_partition(partition: &Partition) -> Result<()> {
+    let file = partition.image.as_ref().unwrap().as_ref();
+    check_label_is_allowed(&getfilecon(file)?)
+        .with_context(|| format!("Partition {} invalid", &partition.label))
+}
+
+fn check_label_for_kernel_files(kernel: &Option<File>, initrd: &Option<File>) -> Result<()> {
+    if let Some(f) = kernel {
+        check_label_for_file(f, "kernel")?;
+    }
+    if let Some(f) = initrd {
+        check_label_for_file(f, "initrd")?;
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+fn check_label_for_file(file: &File, name: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    check_label_is_allowed(&getfilecon(file)?).with_context(|| format!("{} file invalid", name))
+}
+
 /// Implementation of the AIDL `IVirtualMachine` interface. Used as a handle to a VM.
 #[derive(Debug)]
 struct VirtualMachine {
diff --git a/virtualizationservice/src/virtmgr.rs b/virtualizationservice/src/virtmgr.rs
index 5616097..dca64cb 100644
--- a/virtualizationservice/src/virtmgr.rs
+++ b/virtualizationservice/src/virtmgr.rs
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
 use nix::fcntl::{fcntl, F_GETFD, F_SETFD, FdFlag};
 use nix::unistd::{Pid, Uid};
 use std::os::unix::raw::{pid_t, uid_t};
+use rustutils::system_properties;
 
 const LOG_TAG: &str = "virtmgr";
 
@@ -91,6 +92,11 @@
     Ok(unsafe { OwnedFd::from_raw_fd(raw_fd) })
 }
 
+fn is_property_set(name: &str) -> bool {
+    system_properties::read_bool(name, false)
+        .unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("Failed to read {name}: {e:?}"))
+}
+
 fn main() {
     android_logger::init_once(
         android_logger::Config::default()
@@ -99,6 +105,15 @@
             .with_log_id(android_logger::LogId::System),
     );
 
+    let non_protected_vm_supported = is_property_set("ro.boot.hypervisor.vm.supported");
+    let protected_vm_supported = is_property_set("ro.boot.hypervisor.protected_vm.supported");
+    if !non_protected_vm_supported && !protected_vm_supported {
+        // This should never happen, it indicates a misconfigured device where the virt APEX
+        // is present but VMs are not supported. If it does happen, fail fast to avoid wasting
+        // resources trying.
+        panic!("Device doesn't support protected or unprotected VMs");
+    }
+
     let args = Args::parse();
 
     let mut owned_fds = vec![];
diff --git a/vm/TEST_MAPPING b/vm/TEST_MAPPING
index a8d1fa6..485c3af 100644
--- a/vm/TEST_MAPPING
+++ b/vm/TEST_MAPPING
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
-  "avf-presubmit" : [
+  "avf-presubmit": [
     {
-      "name" : "vm.test"
+      "name": "vm.test"
     }
   ]
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/main.rs b/vm/src/main.rs
index 9fa805e..bfc7920 100644
--- a/vm/src/main.rs
+++ b/vm/src/main.rs
@@ -358,15 +358,15 @@
 
 /// Print information about supported VM types.
 fn command_info() -> Result<(), Error> {
-    let unprotected_vm_supported =
+    let non_protected_vm_supported =
         system_properties::read_bool("ro.boot.hypervisor.vm.supported", false)?;
     let protected_vm_supported =
         system_properties::read_bool("ro.boot.hypervisor.protected_vm.supported", false)?;
-    match (unprotected_vm_supported, protected_vm_supported) {
+    match (non_protected_vm_supported, protected_vm_supported) {
         (false, false) => println!("VMs are not supported."),
         (false, true) => println!("Only protected VMs are supported."),
-        (true, false) => println!("Only unprotected VMs are supported."),
-        (true, true) => println!("Both protected and unprotected VMs are supported."),
+        (true, false) => println!("Only non-protected VMs are supported."),
+        (true, true) => println!("Both protected and non-protected VMs are supported."),
     }
 
     if let Some(version) = system_properties::read("ro.boot.hypervisor.version")? {
@@ -387,10 +387,11 @@
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
-    use clap::IntoApp;
+    use clap::CommandFactory;
 
     #[test]
     fn verify_app() {
-        Opt::into_app().debug_assert();
+        // Check that the command parsing has been configured in a valid way.
+        Opt::command().debug_assert();
     }
 }
diff --git a/zipfuse/src/main.rs b/zipfuse/src/main.rs
index 365d236..5e9e160 100644
--- a/zipfuse/src/main.rs
+++ b/zipfuse/src/main.rs
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 mod inode;
 
 use anyhow::{Context as AnyhowContext, Result};
-use clap::{App, Arg};
+use clap::{builder::ValueParser, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 use fuse::filesystem::*;
 use fuse::mount::*;
 use rustutils::system_properties;
@@ -34,65 +34,58 @@
 use std::mem::size_of;
 use std::os::unix::io::AsRawFd;
 use std::path::Path;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
 use std::sync::Mutex;
 
 use crate::inode::{DirectoryEntry, Inode, InodeData, InodeKind, InodeTable};
 
 fn main() -> Result<()> {
-    let matches = App::new("zipfuse")
+    let matches = clap_command().get_matches();
+
+    let zip_file = matches.get_one::<PathBuf>("ZIPFILE").unwrap();
+    let mount_point = matches.get_one::<PathBuf>("MOUNTPOINT").unwrap();
+    let options = matches.get_one::<String>("options");
+    let noexec = matches.get_flag("noexec");
+    let ready_prop = matches.get_one::<String>("readyprop");
+    let uid: u32 = matches.get_one::<String>("uid").map_or(0, |s| s.parse().unwrap());
+    let gid: u32 = matches.get_one::<String>("gid").map_or(0, |s| s.parse().unwrap());
+    run_fuse(zip_file, mount_point, options, noexec, ready_prop, uid, gid)?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn clap_command() -> Command {
+    Command::new("zipfuse")
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("options")
+            Arg::new("options")
                 .short('o')
-                .takes_value(true)
                 .required(false)
                 .help("Comma separated list of mount options"),
         )
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("noexec")
+            Arg::new("noexec")
                 .long("noexec")
-                .takes_value(false)
+                .action(ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .help("Disallow the execution of binary files"),
         )
         .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("readyprop")
+            Arg::new("readyprop")
                 .short('p')
-                .takes_value(true)
                 .help("Specify a property to be set when mount is ready"),
         )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("uid")
-                .short('u')
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .help("numeric UID who's the owner of the files"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("gid")
-                .short('g')
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .help("numeric GID who's the group of the files"),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("ZIPFILE").required(true))
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("MOUNTPOINT").required(true))
-        .get_matches();
-
-    let zip_file = matches.value_of("ZIPFILE").unwrap().as_ref();
-    let mount_point = matches.value_of("MOUNTPOINT").unwrap().as_ref();
-    let options = matches.value_of("options");
-    let noexec = matches.is_present("noexec");
-    let ready_prop = matches.value_of("readyprop");
-    let uid: u32 = matches.value_of("uid").map_or(0, |s| s.parse().unwrap());
-    let gid: u32 = matches.value_of("gid").map_or(0, |s| s.parse().unwrap());
-    run_fuse(zip_file, mount_point, options, noexec, ready_prop, uid, gid)?;
-    Ok(())
+        .arg(Arg::new("uid").short('u').help("numeric UID who's the owner of the files"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("gid").short('g').help("numeric GID who's the group of the files"))
+        .arg(Arg::new("ZIPFILE").value_parser(ValueParser::path_buf()).required(true))
+        .arg(Arg::new("MOUNTPOINT").value_parser(ValueParser::path_buf()).required(true))
 }
 
 /// Runs a fuse filesystem by mounting `zip_file` on `mount_point`.
 pub fn run_fuse(
     zip_file: &Path,
     mount_point: &Path,
-    extra_options: Option<&str>,
+    extra_options: Option<&String>,
     noexec: bool,
-    ready_prop: Option<&str>,
+    ready_prop: Option<&String>,
     uid: u32,
     gid: u32,
 ) -> Result<()> {
@@ -471,11 +464,11 @@
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use anyhow::{bail, Result};
+    use super::*;
+    use anyhow::bail;
     use nix::sys::statfs::{statfs, FsType};
     use std::collections::BTreeSet;
     use std::fs;
-    use std::fs::File;
     use std::io::Write;
     use std::os::unix::fs::MetadataExt;
     use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
@@ -873,4 +866,10 @@
         // Start zipfuse over to the loop device (not the zip file)
         run_fuse_and_check_test_zip(&test_dir.path(), &ld.path().unwrap());
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn verify_command() {
+        // Check that the command parsing has been configured in a valid way.
+        clap_command().debug_assert();
+    }
 }