diff --git a/compos/common/lib.rs b/compos/common/lib.rs
index 8d49ff0..1f937c9 100644
--- a/compos/common/lib.rs
+++ b/compos/common/lib.rs
@@ -53,9 +53,6 @@
 /// /system_ext available in CompOS.
 pub const IDSIG_MANIFEST_EXT_APK_FILE: &str = "idsig_manifest_ext_apk";
 
-/// Number of CPUs to run dex2oat (actually the entire compos VM) with
-pub const DEX2OAT_THREADS_PROP_NAME: &str = "dalvik.vm.boot-dex2oat-threads";
-
 /// The Android path of fs-verity build manifest APK for /system.
 pub const BUILD_MANIFEST_APK_PATH: &str = "/system/etc/security/fsverity/BuildManifest.apk";
 
diff --git a/compos/composd/src/instance_manager.rs b/compos/composd/src/instance_manager.rs
index c4791e9..0a6c3d6 100644
--- a/compos/composd/src/instance_manager.rs
+++ b/compos/composd/src/instance_manager.rs
@@ -22,10 +22,8 @@
 use anyhow::{bail, Result};
 use binder::Strong;
 use compos_common::compos_client::VmParameters;
-use compos_common::{CURRENT_INSTANCE_DIR, DEX2OAT_THREADS_PROP_NAME, TEST_INSTANCE_DIR};
-use rustutils::system_properties;
+use compos_common::{CURRENT_INSTANCE_DIR, TEST_INSTANCE_DIR};
 use std::num::NonZeroU32;
-use std::str::FromStr;
 use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex, Weak};
 use virtualizationservice::IVirtualizationService::IVirtualizationService;
 
@@ -79,14 +77,10 @@
 }
 
 fn new_vm_parameters() -> Result<VmParameters> {
-    let cpus = match system_properties::read(DEX2OAT_THREADS_PROP_NAME)? {
-        Some(s) => Some(NonZeroU32::from_str(&s)?),
-        None => {
-            // dex2oat uses all CPUs by default. To match the behavior, give the VM all CPUs by
-            // default.
-            NonZeroU32::new(num_cpus::get() as u32)
-        }
-    };
+    // By default, dex2oat starts as many threads as there are CPUs. This can be overridden with
+    // a system property. Start the VM with all CPUs and assume the guest will start a suitable
+    // number of dex2oat threads.
+    let cpus = NonZeroU32::new(num_cpus::get() as u32);
     let task_profiles = vec!["SCHED_SP_COMPUTE".to_string()];
     Ok(VmParameters { cpus, task_profiles, memory_mib: Some(VM_MEMORY_MIB), ..Default::default() })
 }
diff --git a/compos/verify/verify.rs b/compos/verify/verify.rs
index 71d8bcc..528719f 100644
--- a/compos/verify/verify.rs
+++ b/compos/verify/verify.rs
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
 use log::error;
 use std::fs::File;
 use std::io::Read;
+use std::num::NonZeroU32;
 use std::panic;
 use std::path::Path;
 
@@ -114,7 +115,11 @@
         &idsig,
         &idsig_manifest_apk,
         &idsig_manifest_ext_apk,
-        &VmParameters { debug_mode: args.debug, ..Default::default() },
+        &VmParameters {
+            cpus: Some(NonZeroU32::new(1).unwrap()), // This VM runs very little work at boot
+            debug_mode: args.debug,
+            ..Default::default()
+        },
     )?;
 
     let service = vm_instance.connect_service()?;
diff --git a/docs/getting_started/index.md b/docs/getting_started/index.md
index f184862..25eb909 100644
--- a/docs/getting_started/index.md
+++ b/docs/getting_started/index.md
@@ -97,15 +97,6 @@
 If you run into problems, inspect the logs produced by `atest`. Their location is printed at the
 end. The `host_log_*.zip` file should contain the output of individual commands as well as VM logs.
 
-### Custom pvmfw
-
-Hostside tests, which run on the PC and extends `MicrodroidHostTestCaseBase`, can be run with
-a custom `pvmfw`. Use `--module-arg` to push `pvmfw` for individual test methods.
-
-```shell
-atest com.android.microdroid.test.MicrodroidHostTests -- --module-arg MicrodroidHostTestCases:set-option:pvmfw:pvmfw.img
-```
-
 ## Spawning your own VMs with custom kernel
 
 You can spawn your own VMs by passing a JSON config file to the VirtualizationService via the `vm`
diff --git a/encryptedstore/src/main.rs b/encryptedstore/src/main.rs
index 2f54534..96c80db 100644
--- a/encryptedstore/src/main.rs
+++ b/encryptedstore/src/main.rs
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@
     let blkdevice = Path::new(matches.get_one::<String>("blkdevice").unwrap());
     let key = matches.get_one::<String>("key").unwrap();
     let mountpoint = Path::new(matches.get_one::<String>("mountpoint").unwrap());
+    // Note this error context is used in MicrodroidTests.
     encryptedstore_init(blkdevice, key, mountpoint).context(format!(
         "Unable to initialize encryptedstore on {:?} & mount at {:?}",
         blkdevice, mountpoint
diff --git a/javalib/jni/android_system_virtualmachine_VirtualMachine.cpp b/javalib/jni/android_system_virtualmachine_VirtualMachine.cpp
index afdc944..9281e73 100644
--- a/javalib/jni/android_system_virtualmachine_VirtualMachine.cpp
+++ b/javalib/jni/android_system_virtualmachine_VirtualMachine.cpp
@@ -57,6 +57,10 @@
     };
 
     RpcSessionHandle session;
+    // We need a thread pool to be able to support linkToDeath, or callbacks
+    // (b/268335700). This if a fairly arbitrary number, although it happens to
+    // match the default max outgoing threads.
+    ARpcSession_setMaxIncomingThreads(session.get(), 10);
     auto client = ARpcSession_setupPreconnectedClient(session.get(), requestFunc, &args);
     return AIBinder_toJavaBinder(env, client);
 }
diff --git a/libs/dice/src/bcc.rs b/libs/dice/src/bcc.rs
index 18b5083..a7ef882 100644
--- a/libs/dice/src/bcc.rs
+++ b/libs/dice/src/bcc.rs
@@ -16,21 +16,15 @@
 
 //! Wrapper around dice/android/bcc.h.
 
-use core::ffi::CStr;
 use core::mem;
 use core::ptr;
 
-use open_dice_bcc_bindgen::BccConfigValues;
-use open_dice_bcc_bindgen::BccFormatConfigDescriptor;
 use open_dice_bcc_bindgen::BccHandoverMainFlow;
 use open_dice_bcc_bindgen::BccHandoverParse;
-use open_dice_bcc_bindgen::BCC_INPUT_COMPONENT_NAME;
-use open_dice_bcc_bindgen::BCC_INPUT_COMPONENT_VERSION;
-use open_dice_bcc_bindgen::BCC_INPUT_RESETTABLE;
 
-use crate::check_call;
+use crate::check_result;
 use crate::Cdi;
-use crate::Error;
+use crate::DiceError;
 use crate::InputValues;
 use crate::Result;
 
@@ -56,7 +50,7 @@
 
         // SAFETY - The buffer is only read and never stored and the returned pointers should all
         // point within the address range of the buffer or be NULL.
-        check_call(unsafe {
+        check_result(unsafe {
             BccHandoverParse(
                 buffer.as_ptr(),
                 buffer.len(),
@@ -68,20 +62,20 @@
         })?;
 
         let cdi_attest = {
-            let i = index_from_ptr(buffer, cdi_attest).ok_or(Error::PlatformError)?;
-            let s = buffer.get(i..(i + mem::size_of::<Cdi>())).ok_or(Error::PlatformError)?;
-            s.try_into().map_err(|_| Error::PlatformError)?
+            let i = index_from_ptr(buffer, cdi_attest).ok_or(DiceError::PlatformError)?;
+            let s = buffer.get(i..(i + mem::size_of::<Cdi>())).ok_or(DiceError::PlatformError)?;
+            s.try_into().map_err(|_| DiceError::PlatformError)?
         };
         let cdi_seal = {
-            let i = index_from_ptr(buffer, cdi_seal).ok_or(Error::PlatformError)?;
-            let s = buffer.get(i..(i + mem::size_of::<Cdi>())).ok_or(Error::PlatformError)?;
-            s.try_into().map_err(|_| Error::PlatformError)?
+            let i = index_from_ptr(buffer, cdi_seal).ok_or(DiceError::PlatformError)?;
+            let s = buffer.get(i..(i + mem::size_of::<Cdi>())).ok_or(DiceError::PlatformError)?;
+            s.try_into().map_err(|_| DiceError::PlatformError)?
         };
         let bcc = if bcc.is_null() {
             None
         } else {
-            let i = index_from_ptr(buffer, bcc).ok_or(Error::PlatformError)?;
-            Some(buffer.get(i..(i + bcc_size)).ok_or(Error::PlatformError)?)
+            let i = index_from_ptr(buffer, bcc).ok_or(DiceError::PlatformError)?;
+            Some(buffer.get(i..(i + bcc_size)).ok_or(DiceError::PlatformError)?)
         };
 
         Ok(Self { buffer, cdi_attest, cdi_seal, bcc })
@@ -93,7 +87,7 @@
         let mut size: usize = 0;
         // SAFETY - The function only reads `self.buffer`, writes to `buffer` within its bounds,
         // reads `input_values` as a constant input and doesn't store any pointer.
-        check_call(unsafe {
+        check_result(unsafe {
             BccHandoverMainFlow(
                 context,
                 self.buffer.as_ptr(),
@@ -109,57 +103,6 @@
     }
 }
 
-/// Formats a configuration descriptor following the BCC's specification.
-///
-/// ```
-/// BccConfigDescriptor = {
-///   ? -70002 : tstr,     ; Component name
-///   ? -70003 : int,      ; Component version
-///   ? -70004 : null,     ; Resettable
-/// }
-/// ```
-pub fn format_config_descriptor(
-    buffer: &mut [u8],
-    name: Option<&CStr>,
-    version: Option<u64>,
-    resettable: bool,
-) -> Result<usize> {
-    let mut inputs = 0;
-
-    if name.is_some() {
-        inputs |= BCC_INPUT_COMPONENT_NAME;
-    }
-
-    if version.is_some() {
-        inputs |= BCC_INPUT_COMPONENT_VERSION;
-    }
-
-    if resettable {
-        inputs |= BCC_INPUT_RESETTABLE;
-    }
-
-    let values = BccConfigValues {
-        inputs,
-        component_name: name.map_or(ptr::null(), |p| p.as_ptr()),
-        component_version: version.unwrap_or(0),
-    };
-
-    let mut buffer_size = 0;
-
-    // SAFETY - The function writes to the buffer, within the given bounds, and only reads the
-    // input values. It writes its result to buffer_size.
-    check_call(unsafe {
-        BccFormatConfigDescriptor(
-            &values as *const _,
-            buffer.len(),
-            buffer.as_mut_ptr(),
-            &mut buffer_size as *mut _,
-        )
-    })?;
-
-    Ok(buffer_size)
-}
-
 fn index_from_ptr(slice: &[u8], pointer: *const u8) -> Option<usize> {
     if slice.as_ptr_range().contains(&pointer) {
         (pointer as usize).checked_sub(slice.as_ptr() as usize)
diff --git a/libs/dice/src/lib.rs b/libs/dice/src/lib.rs
index f0ac2ae..6870eeb 100644
--- a/libs/dice/src/lib.rs
+++ b/libs/dice/src/lib.rs
@@ -18,70 +18,9 @@
 
 #![no_std]
 
-use core::fmt;
-use core::result;
-
-pub use diced_open_dice::{Config, Hash, InputValues, HASH_SIZE};
-pub use open_dice_cbor_bindgen::DiceMode;
-
-use open_dice_cbor_bindgen::DiceHash;
-use open_dice_cbor_bindgen::DiceResult;
-use open_dice_cbor_bindgen::DiceResult_kDiceResultBufferTooSmall as DICE_RESULT_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL;
-use open_dice_cbor_bindgen::DiceResult_kDiceResultInvalidInput as DICE_RESULT_INVALID_INPUT;
-use open_dice_cbor_bindgen::DiceResult_kDiceResultOk as DICE_RESULT_OK;
-use open_dice_cbor_bindgen::DiceResult_kDiceResultPlatformError as DICE_RESULT_PLATFORM_ERROR;
+pub use diced_open_dice::{
+    bcc_format_config_descriptor, check_result, Cdi, Config, DiceError, DiceMode, Hash,
+    InputValues, Result, CDI_SIZE, HASH_SIZE, HIDDEN_SIZE,
+};
 
 pub mod bcc;
-
-const CDI_SIZE: usize = open_dice_cbor_bindgen::DICE_CDI_SIZE as usize;
-
-/// Array type of CDIs.
-pub type Cdi = [u8; CDI_SIZE];
-
-/// Error type used by DICE.
-pub enum Error {
-    /// Provided input was invalid.
-    InvalidInput,
-    /// Provided buffer was too small.
-    BufferTooSmall,
-    /// Unexpected platform error.
-    PlatformError,
-    /// Unexpected return value.
-    Unknown(DiceResult),
-}
-
-impl fmt::Debug for Error {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        match self {
-            Error::InvalidInput => write!(f, "invalid input"),
-            Error::BufferTooSmall => write!(f, "buffer too small"),
-            Error::PlatformError => write!(f, "platform error"),
-            Error::Unknown(n) => write!(f, "unknown error: {}", n),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Result of DICE functions.
-pub type Result<T> = result::Result<T, Error>;
-
-fn check_call(ret: DiceResult) -> Result<()> {
-    match ret {
-        DICE_RESULT_OK => Ok(()),
-        DICE_RESULT_INVALID_INPUT => Err(Error::InvalidInput),
-        DICE_RESULT_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL => Err(Error::BufferTooSmall),
-        DICE_RESULT_PLATFORM_ERROR => Err(Error::PlatformError),
-        n => Err(Error::Unknown(n)),
-    }
-}
-
-fn ctx() -> *mut core::ffi::c_void {
-    core::ptr::null_mut()
-}
-
-/// Hash the provided input using DICE's default hash function.
-pub fn hash(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Hash> {
-    let mut output: Hash = [0; HASH_SIZE];
-    // SAFETY - DiceHash takes a sized input buffer and writes to a constant-sized output buffer.
-    check_call(unsafe { DiceHash(ctx(), bytes.as_ptr(), bytes.len(), output.as_mut_ptr()) })?;
-    Ok(output)
-}
diff --git a/microdroid/payload/config/src/lib.rs b/microdroid/payload/config/src/lib.rs
index 08b8b42..925a543 100644
--- a/microdroid/payload/config/src/lib.rs
+++ b/microdroid/payload/config/src/lib.rs
@@ -40,8 +40,8 @@
     pub prefer_staged: bool,
 
     /// Whether to export the tomsbtones (VM crashes) out of VM to host
-    /// This does not have a default & the value is expected to be in json for deserialization
-    pub export_tombstones: bool,
+    /// Default: true for debuggable VMs, false for non-debuggable VMs
+    pub export_tombstones: Option<bool>,
 
     /// Whether the authfs service should be started in the VM. This enables read or write of host
     /// files with integrity checking, but not confidentiality.
diff --git a/microdroid_manager/Android.bp b/microdroid_manager/Android.bp
index 383f371..bf2d755 100644
--- a/microdroid_manager/Android.bp
+++ b/microdroid_manager/Android.bp
@@ -19,8 +19,7 @@
         "libbinder_rs",
         "libbyteorder",
         "libcap_rust",
-        "libdiced",
-        "libdiced_open_dice_cbor",
+        "libdiced_open_dice",
         "libdiced_sample_inputs",
         "libdiced_utils",
         "libglob",
diff --git a/microdroid_manager/src/dice.rs b/microdroid_manager/src/dice.rs
index 739c944..cf5e73e 100644
--- a/microdroid_manager/src/dice.rs
+++ b/microdroid_manager/src/dice.rs
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@
 
 use anyhow::{bail, Context, Error, Result};
 use byteorder::{NativeEndian, ReadBytesExt};
-use diced_open_dice_cbor::{
-    Config, ContextImpl, DiceMode, Hash, Hidden, InputValuesOwned, OpenDiceCborContext, CDI_SIZE,
+use diced_open_dice::{
+    retry_bcc_main_flow, Config, DiceMode, Hash, Hidden, InputValues, OwnedDiceArtifacts, CDI_SIZE,
 };
 use keystore2_crypto::ZVec;
 use libc::{c_void, mmap, munmap, MAP_FAILED, MAP_PRIVATE, PROT_READ};
@@ -31,12 +31,23 @@
 
 /// Artifacts that are kept in the process address space after the artifacts from the driver have
 /// been consumed.
+/// TODO(b/267575445): Replace with `OwnedDiceArtifacts` from the library `diced_open_dice`.
 pub struct DiceContext {
     pub cdi_attest: [u8; CDI_SIZE],
     pub cdi_seal: [u8; CDI_SIZE],
     pub bcc: Vec<u8>,
 }
 
+impl From<OwnedDiceArtifacts> for DiceContext {
+    fn from(dice_artifacts: OwnedDiceArtifacts) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            cdi_attest: dice_artifacts.cdi_values.cdi_attest,
+            cdi_seal: dice_artifacts.cdi_values.cdi_seal,
+            bcc: dice_artifacts.bcc[..].to_vec(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 impl DiceContext {
     pub fn get_sealing_key(&self, salt: &[u8], identifier: &[u8], keysize: u32) -> Result<ZVec> {
         // Deterministically derive a key to use for sealing data based on salt. Use different salt
@@ -68,13 +79,9 @@
             bail!("Strict boot requires DICE value from driver but none were found");
         } else {
             log::warn!("Using sample DICE values");
-            let (cdi_attest, cdi_seal, bcc) = diced_sample_inputs::make_sample_bcc_and_cdis()
+            let dice_artifacts = diced_sample_inputs::make_sample_bcc_and_cdis()
                 .expect("Failed to create sample dice artifacts.");
-            return Ok(Self::Fake(DiceContext {
-                cdi_attest: cdi_attest[..].try_into().unwrap(),
-                cdi_seal: cdi_seal[..].try_into().unwrap(),
-                bcc,
-            }));
+            return Ok(Self::Fake(dice_artifacts.into()));
         };
 
         let mut file = fs::File::open(driver_path)
@@ -142,11 +149,10 @@
         debug: bool,
         hidden: Hidden,
     ) -> Result<DiceContext> {
-        let input_values = InputValuesOwned::new(
+        let input_values = InputValues::new(
             code_hash,
             Config::Descriptor(config_desc),
             authority_hash,
-            None,
             if debug { DiceMode::kDiceModeDebug } else { DiceMode::kDiceModeNormal },
             hidden,
         );
@@ -154,8 +160,7 @@
             Self::Real { cdi_attest, cdi_seal, bcc, .. } => (*cdi_attest, *cdi_seal, *bcc),
             Self::Fake(fake) => (&fake.cdi_attest, &fake.cdi_seal, fake.bcc.as_slice()),
         };
-        let (cdi_attest, cdi_seal, bcc) = OpenDiceCborContext::new()
-            .bcc_main_flow(cdi_attest, cdi_seal, bcc, &input_values)
+        let dice_artifacts = retry_bcc_main_flow(cdi_attest, cdi_seal, bcc, &input_values)
             .context("DICE derive from driver")?;
         if let Self::Real { driver_path, .. } = &self {
             // Writing to the device wipes the artifacts. The string is ignored by the driver but
@@ -163,11 +168,7 @@
             fs::write(driver_path, "wipe")
                 .map_err(|err| Error::new(err).context("Wiping driver"))?;
         }
-        Ok(DiceContext {
-            cdi_attest: cdi_attest[..].try_into().unwrap(),
-            cdi_seal: cdi_seal[..].try_into().unwrap(),
-            bcc,
-        })
+        Ok(dice_artifacts.into())
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/microdroid_manager/src/main.rs b/microdroid_manager/src/main.rs
index 13bc9e3..777a42c 100644
--- a/microdroid_manager/src/main.rs
+++ b/microdroid_manager/src/main.rs
@@ -70,13 +70,15 @@
 const EXTRA_APK_PATH_PATTERN: &str = "/dev/block/by-name/extra-apk-*";
 const EXTRA_IDSIG_PATH_PATTERN: &str = "/dev/block/by-name/extra-idsig-*";
 const DM_MOUNTED_APK_PATH: &str = "/dev/block/mapper/microdroid-apk";
-const APKDMVERITY_BIN: &str = "/system/bin/apkdmverity";
-const ZIPFUSE_BIN: &str = "/system/bin/zipfuse";
 const AVF_STRICT_BOOT: &str = "/sys/firmware/devicetree/base/chosen/avf,strict-boot";
 const AVF_NEW_INSTANCE: &str = "/sys/firmware/devicetree/base/chosen/avf,new-instance";
 const DEBUG_MICRODROID_NO_VERIFIED_BOOT: &str =
     "/sys/firmware/devicetree/base/virtualization/guest/debug-microdroid,no-verified-boot";
 
+const APKDMVERITY_BIN: &str = "/system/bin/apkdmverity";
+const ENCRYPTEDSTORE_BIN: &str = "/system/bin/encryptedstore";
+const ZIPFUSE_BIN: &str = "/system/bin/zipfuse";
+
 const APEX_CONFIG_DONE_PROP: &str = "apex_config.done";
 const TOMBSTONE_TRANSMIT_DONE_PROP: &str = "tombstone_transmit.init_done";
 const DEBUGGABLE_PROP: &str = "ro.boot.microdroid.debuggable";
@@ -84,9 +86,7 @@
 // SYNC WITH virtualizationservice/src/crosvm.rs
 const FAILURE_SERIAL_DEVICE: &str = "/dev/ttyS1";
 
-/// Identifier for the key used for encrypted store.
 const ENCRYPTEDSTORE_BACKING_DEVICE: &str = "/dev/block/by-name/encryptedstore";
-const ENCRYPTEDSTORE_BIN: &str = "/system/bin/encryptedstore";
 const ENCRYPTEDSTORE_KEY_IDENTIFIER: &str = "encryptedstore_key";
 const ENCRYPTEDSTORE_KEYSIZE: u32 = 32;
 
@@ -347,6 +347,13 @@
     !Path::new(DEBUG_MICRODROID_NO_VERIFIED_BOOT).exists()
 }
 
+fn should_export_tombstones(config: &VmPayloadConfig) -> bool {
+    match config.export_tombstones {
+        Some(b) => b,
+        None => system_properties::read_bool(DEBUGGABLE_PROP, true).unwrap_or(false),
+    }
+}
+
 fn try_run_payload(service: &Strong<dyn IVirtualMachineService>) -> Result<i32> {
     let metadata = load_metadata().context("Failed to load payload metadata")?;
     let dice = DiceDriver::new(Path::new("/dev/open-dice0")).context("Failed to load DICE")?;
@@ -456,7 +463,7 @@
     setup_config_sysprops(&config)?;
 
     // Start tombstone_transmit if enabled
-    if config.export_tombstones {
+    if should_export_tombstones(&config) {
         system_properties::write("tombstone_transmit.start", "1")
             .context("set tombstone_transmit.start")?;
     } else {
@@ -481,7 +488,7 @@
         .context("set microdroid_manager.init_done")?;
 
     // Wait for tombstone_transmit to init
-    if config.export_tombstones {
+    if should_export_tombstones(&config) {
         wait_for_tombstone_transmit_done()?;
     }
 
@@ -813,7 +820,7 @@
                 apexes: vec![],
                 extra_apks: vec![],
                 prefer_staged: false,
-                export_tombstones: false,
+                export_tombstones: None,
                 enable_authfs: false,
             })
         }
diff --git a/pvmfw/Android.bp b/pvmfw/Android.bp
index 21f84a5..0d6a9a4 100644
--- a/pvmfw/Android.bp
+++ b/pvmfw/Android.bp
@@ -14,7 +14,8 @@
     rustlibs: [
         "libaarch64_paging",
         "libbuddy_system_allocator",
-        "libdice_nostd",
+        "libdice_nostd", // TODO(b/267575445): Remove this library once the migration is done.
+        "libdiced_open_dice_nostd",
         "libfdtpci",
         "liblibfdt",
         "liblog_rust_nostd",
diff --git a/pvmfw/src/dice.rs b/pvmfw/src/dice.rs
index 4e1e60a..f6a1f3d 100644
--- a/pvmfw/src/dice.rs
+++ b/pvmfw/src/dice.rs
@@ -16,12 +16,11 @@
 
 use core::ffi::CStr;
 use core::mem::size_of;
-use dice::bcc::format_config_descriptor;
 use dice::bcc::Handover;
-use dice::hash;
 use dice::Config;
 use dice::DiceMode;
 use dice::InputValues;
+use diced_open_dice::{bcc_format_config_descriptor, hash, HIDDEN_SIZE};
 use pvmfw_avb::{DebugLevel, Digest, VerifiedBootData};
 
 fn to_dice_mode(debug_level: DebugLevel) -> DiceMode {
@@ -52,22 +51,20 @@
     let mode = to_dice_mode(verified_boot_data.debug_level);
     let component_name = CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"vm_entry\0").unwrap();
     let mut config_descriptor_buffer = [0; 128];
-    let config_descriptor_size = format_config_descriptor(
-        &mut config_descriptor_buffer,
+    let config_descriptor_size = bcc_format_config_descriptor(
         Some(component_name),
         None,  // component_version
         false, // resettable
+        &mut config_descriptor_buffer,
     )?;
     let config = &config_descriptor_buffer[..config_descriptor_size];
 
     let input_values = InputValues::new(
-        &code_hash,
-        None, // code_descriptor
+        code_hash,
         Config::Descriptor(config),
-        &auth_hash,
-        None, // authority_descriptor
+        auth_hash,
         mode,
-        None, // TODO(b/249723852): Get salt from instance.img (virtio-blk) and/or TRNG.
+        [0u8; HIDDEN_SIZE], // TODO(b/249723852): Get salt from instance.img (virtio-blk) and/or TRNG.
     );
 
     bcc.main_flow(&input_values, next_bcc)
diff --git a/tests/benchmark/src/java/com/android/microdroid/benchmark/MicrodroidBenchmarks.java b/tests/benchmark/src/java/com/android/microdroid/benchmark/MicrodroidBenchmarks.java
index f17000a..db87126 100644
--- a/tests/benchmark/src/java/com/android/microdroid/benchmark/MicrodroidBenchmarks.java
+++ b/tests/benchmark/src/java/com/android/microdroid/benchmark/MicrodroidBenchmarks.java
@@ -50,8 +50,11 @@
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.nio.file.Files;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.OptionalLong;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
 import java.util.function.Function;
 
@@ -136,102 +139,87 @@
         mInstrumentation.sendStatus(0, bundle);
     }
 
-    @Test
-    public void testMicrodroidBootTime()
+    private static class BootTimeStats {
+        private final Map<BootTimeMetric, List<Double>> mData = new HashMap<>();
+
+        public BootTimeStats(int trialCount) {
+            for (BootTimeMetric metric : BootTimeMetric.values()) {
+                mData.put(metric, new ArrayList<>(trialCount));
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void collect(BootResult result) {
+            for (BootTimeMetric metric : BootTimeMetric.values()) {
+                OptionalLong value = result.getBootTimeMetricNanoTime(metric);
+                if (value.isPresent()) {
+                    mData.get(metric).add(value.getAsLong() / NANO_TO_MILLI);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public List<Double> get(BootTimeMetric metric) {
+            return Collections.unmodifiableList(mData.get(metric));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private BootTimeStats runBootTimeTest(
+            String name,
+            Function<VirtualMachineConfig.Builder, VirtualMachineConfig.Builder> fnConfig)
             throws VirtualMachineException, InterruptedException, IOException {
         assume().withMessage("Skip on CF; too slow").that(isCuttlefish()).isFalse();
 
         final int trialCount = 10;
 
-        List<Double> bootTimeMetrics = new ArrayList<>();
+        BootTimeStats stats = new BootTimeStats(trialCount);
         for (int i = 0; i < trialCount; i++) {
-            VirtualMachineConfig normalConfig =
+            VirtualMachineConfig.Builder builder =
                     newVmConfigBuilder()
                             .setPayloadBinaryName("MicrodroidIdleNativeLib.so")
-                            .setDebugLevel(DEBUG_LEVEL_NONE)
                             .setMemoryBytes(256 * ONE_MEBI)
-                            .build();
-            forceCreateNewVirtualMachine("test_vm_boot_time", normalConfig);
+                            .setDebugLevel(DEBUG_LEVEL_NONE);
+            VirtualMachineConfig config = fnConfig.apply(builder).build();
+            forceCreateNewVirtualMachine(name, config);
 
-            BootResult result = tryBootVm(TAG, "test_vm_boot_time");
+            BootResult result = tryBootVm(TAG, name);
             assertThat(result.payloadStarted).isTrue();
-
-            bootTimeMetrics.add(result.endToEndNanoTime / NANO_TO_MILLI);
+            stats.collect(result);
         }
+        return stats;
+    }
 
-        reportMetrics(bootTimeMetrics, "boot_time", "ms");
+    @Test
+    public void testMicrodroidBootTime()
+            throws VirtualMachineException, InterruptedException, IOException {
+        BootTimeStats stats = runBootTimeTest("test_vm_boot_time", (builder) -> builder);
+        reportMetrics(stats.get(BootTimeMetric.TOTAL), "boot_time", "ms");
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testMicrodroidMulticoreBootTime()
             throws VirtualMachineException, InterruptedException, IOException {
-        assume().withMessage("Skip on CF; too slow").that(isCuttlefish()).isFalse();
-
-        final int trialCount = 10;
-        final int[] trialNumCpus = {2, 4, 8};
-
-        for (int numCpus : trialNumCpus) {
-            List<Double> bootTimeMetrics = new ArrayList<>();
-            for (int i = 0; i < trialCount; i++) {
-                VirtualMachineConfig normalConfig =
-                        newVmConfigBuilder()
-                                .setPayloadBinaryName("MicrodroidIdleNativeLib.so")
-                                .setDebugLevel(DEBUG_LEVEL_NONE)
-                                .setMemoryBytes(256 * ONE_MEBI)
-                                .setNumCpus(numCpus)
-                                .build();
-                forceCreateNewVirtualMachine("test_vm_boot_time_multicore", normalConfig);
-
-                BootResult result = tryBootVm(TAG, "test_vm_boot_time_multicore");
-                assertThat(result.payloadStarted).isTrue();
-
-                bootTimeMetrics.add(result.endToEndNanoTime / NANO_TO_MILLI);
-            }
-
+        for (int numCpus : new int[] {2, 4, 8}) {
+            BootTimeStats stats =
+                    runBootTimeTest(
+                            "test_vm_boot_time_multicore",
+                            (builder) -> builder.setNumCpus(numCpus));
             String metricName = "boot_time_" + numCpus + "cpus";
-            reportMetrics(bootTimeMetrics, metricName, "ms");
+            reportMetrics(stats.get(BootTimeMetric.TOTAL), metricName, "ms");
         }
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testMicrodroidDebugBootTime()
             throws VirtualMachineException, InterruptedException, IOException {
-        assume().withMessage("Skip on CF; too slow").that(isCuttlefish()).isFalse();
-
-        final int trialCount = 10;
-
-        List<Double> vmStartingTimeMetrics = new ArrayList<>();
-        List<Double> bootTimeMetrics = new ArrayList<>();
-        List<Double> bootloaderTimeMetrics = new ArrayList<>();
-        List<Double> kernelBootTimeMetrics = new ArrayList<>();
-        List<Double> userspaceBootTimeMetrics = new ArrayList<>();
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < trialCount; i++) {
-            // To grab boot events from log, set debug mode to FULL
-            VirtualMachineConfig normalConfig =
-                    newVmConfigBuilder()
-                            .setPayloadBinaryName("MicrodroidIdleNativeLib.so")
-                            .setDebugLevel(DEBUG_LEVEL_FULL)
-                            .setVmOutputCaptured(true)
-                            .setMemoryBytes(256 * ONE_MEBI)
-                            .build();
-            forceCreateNewVirtualMachine("test_vm_boot_time_debug", normalConfig);
-
-            BootResult result = tryBootVm(TAG, "test_vm_boot_time_debug");
-            assertThat(result.payloadStarted).isTrue();
-
-            vmStartingTimeMetrics.add(result.getVMStartingElapsedNanoTime() / NANO_TO_MILLI);
-            bootTimeMetrics.add(result.endToEndNanoTime / NANO_TO_MILLI);
-            bootloaderTimeMetrics.add(result.getBootloaderElapsedNanoTime() / NANO_TO_MILLI);
-            kernelBootTimeMetrics.add(result.getKernelElapsedNanoTime() / NANO_TO_MILLI);
-            userspaceBootTimeMetrics.add(result.getUserspaceElapsedNanoTime() / NANO_TO_MILLI);
-        }
-
-        reportMetrics(vmStartingTimeMetrics, "vm_starting_time", "ms");
-        reportMetrics(bootTimeMetrics, "boot_time", "ms");
-        reportMetrics(bootloaderTimeMetrics, "bootloader_time", "ms");
-        reportMetrics(kernelBootTimeMetrics, "kernel_boot_time", "ms");
-        reportMetrics(userspaceBootTimeMetrics, "userspace_boot_time", "ms");
+        BootTimeStats stats =
+                runBootTimeTest(
+                        "test_vm_boot_time_debug",
+                        (builder) ->
+                                builder.setDebugLevel(DEBUG_LEVEL_FULL).setVmOutputCaptured(true));
+        reportMetrics(stats.get(BootTimeMetric.TOTAL), "boot_time", "ms");
+        reportMetrics(stats.get(BootTimeMetric.VM_START), "vm_starting_time", "ms");
+        reportMetrics(stats.get(BootTimeMetric.BOOTLOADER), "bootloader_time", "ms");
+        reportMetrics(stats.get(BootTimeMetric.KERNEL), "kernel_boot_time", "ms");
+        reportMetrics(stats.get(BootTimeMetric.USERSPACE), "userspace_boot_time", "ms");
     }
 
     @Test
diff --git a/tests/helper/src/java/com/android/microdroid/test/common/DeviceProperties.java b/tests/helper/src/java/com/android/microdroid/test/common/DeviceProperties.java
index 94f7e99..ba82c38 100644
--- a/tests/helper/src/java/com/android/microdroid/test/common/DeviceProperties.java
+++ b/tests/helper/src/java/com/android/microdroid/test/common/DeviceProperties.java
@@ -26,9 +26,11 @@
     }
 
     private static final String KEY_VENDOR_DEVICE = "ro.product.vendor.device";
+    private static final String KEY_BUILD_TYPE = "ro.build.type";
     private static final String KEY_METRICS_TAG = "debug.hypervisor.metrics_tag";
 
     private static final String CUTTLEFISH_DEVICE_PREFIX = "vsoc_";
+    private static final String USER_BUILD_TYPE = "user";
 
     private final PropertyGetter mPropertyGetter;
 
@@ -49,6 +51,13 @@
         return vendorDeviceName != null && vendorDeviceName.startsWith(CUTTLEFISH_DEVICE_PREFIX);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @return whether the device is user build.
+     */
+    public boolean isUserBuild() {
+        return USER_BUILD_TYPE.equals(getProperty(KEY_BUILD_TYPE));
+    }
+
     public String getMetricsTag() {
         return getProperty(KEY_METRICS_TAG);
     }
diff --git a/tests/helper/src/java/com/android/microdroid/test/device/MicrodroidDeviceTestBase.java b/tests/helper/src/java/com/android/microdroid/test/device/MicrodroidDeviceTestBase.java
index f1da43a..9ec36b3 100644
--- a/tests/helper/src/java/com/android/microdroid/test/device/MicrodroidDeviceTestBase.java
+++ b/tests/helper/src/java/com/android/microdroid/test/device/MicrodroidDeviceTestBase.java
@@ -148,8 +148,9 @@
         private OptionalLong mPayloadStartedNanoTime = OptionalLong.empty();
         private StringBuilder mConsoleOutput = new StringBuilder();
         private StringBuilder mLogOutput = new StringBuilder();
+        private boolean mProcessedBootTimeMetrics = false;
 
-        private void processBootEvents(String log) {
+        private void processBootTimeMetrics(String log) {
             if (!mVcpuStartedNanoTime.isPresent()) {
                 mVcpuStartedNanoTime = OptionalLong.of(System.nanoTime());
             }
@@ -165,12 +166,13 @@
             }
         }
 
-        private void logVmOutputAndMonitorBootEvents(
+        private void logVmOutputAndMonitorBootTimeMetrics(
                 String tag,
                 InputStream vmOutputStream,
                 String name,
                 StringBuilder result,
                 boolean monitorEvents) {
+            mProcessedBootTimeMetrics |= monitorEvents;
             new Thread(
                             () -> {
                                 try {
@@ -180,7 +182,7 @@
                                     String line;
                                     while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null
                                             && !Thread.interrupted()) {
-                                        if (monitorEvents) processBootEvents(line);
+                                        if (monitorEvents) processBootTimeMetrics(line);
                                         Log.i(tag, name + ": " + line);
                                         result.append(line + "\n");
                                     }
@@ -191,15 +193,15 @@
                     .start();
         }
 
-        private void logVmOutputAndMonitorBootEvents(
+        private void logVmOutputAndMonitorBootTimeMetrics(
                 String tag, InputStream vmOutputStream, String name, StringBuilder result) {
-            logVmOutputAndMonitorBootEvents(tag, vmOutputStream, name, result, true);
+            logVmOutputAndMonitorBootTimeMetrics(tag, vmOutputStream, name, result, true);
         }
 
         /** Copy output from the VM to logcat. This is helpful when things go wrong. */
         protected void logVmOutput(
                 String tag, InputStream vmOutputStream, String name, StringBuilder result) {
-            logVmOutputAndMonitorBootEvents(tag, vmOutputStream, name, result, false);
+            logVmOutputAndMonitorBootTimeMetrics(tag, vmOutputStream, name, result, false);
         }
 
         public void runToFinish(String logTag, VirtualMachine vm)
@@ -207,7 +209,7 @@
             vm.setCallback(mExecutorService, this);
             vm.run();
             if (vm.getConfig().isVmOutputCaptured()) {
-                logVmOutputAndMonitorBootEvents(
+                logVmOutputAndMonitorBootTimeMetrics(
                         logTag, vm.getConsoleOutput(), "Console", mConsoleOutput);
                 logVmOutput(logTag, vm.getLogOutput(), "Log", mLogOutput);
             }
@@ -238,6 +240,10 @@
             return mLogOutput.toString();
         }
 
+        public boolean hasProcessedBootTimeMetrics() {
+            return mProcessedBootTimeMetrics;
+        }
+
         protected void forceStop(VirtualMachine vm) {
             try {
                 vm.stop();
@@ -266,12 +272,21 @@
         }
     }
 
+    public enum BootTimeMetric {
+        TOTAL,
+        VM_START,
+        BOOTLOADER,
+        KERNEL,
+        USERSPACE,
+    }
+
     public static class BootResult {
         public final boolean payloadStarted;
         public final int deathReason;
         public final long apiCallNanoTime;
         public final long endToEndNanoTime;
 
+        public final boolean processedBootTimeMetrics;
         public final OptionalLong vcpuStartedNanoTime;
         public final OptionalLong kernelStartedNanoTime;
         public final OptionalLong initStartedNanoTime;
@@ -285,6 +300,7 @@
                 int deathReason,
                 long apiCallNanoTime,
                 long endToEndNanoTime,
+                boolean processedBootTimeMetrics,
                 OptionalLong vcpuStartedNanoTime,
                 OptionalLong kernelStartedNanoTime,
                 OptionalLong initStartedNanoTime,
@@ -295,6 +311,7 @@
             this.payloadStarted = payloadStarted;
             this.deathReason = deathReason;
             this.endToEndNanoTime = endToEndNanoTime;
+            this.processedBootTimeMetrics = processedBootTimeMetrics;
             this.vcpuStartedNanoTime = vcpuStartedNanoTime;
             this.kernelStartedNanoTime = kernelStartedNanoTime;
             this.initStartedNanoTime = initStartedNanoTime;
@@ -336,6 +353,27 @@
         public long getUserspaceElapsedNanoTime() {
             return getPayloadStartedNanoTime() - getInitStartedNanoTime();
         }
+
+        public OptionalLong getBootTimeMetricNanoTime(BootTimeMetric metric) {
+            if (metric == BootTimeMetric.TOTAL) {
+                return OptionalLong.of(endToEndNanoTime);
+            }
+
+            if (processedBootTimeMetrics) {
+                switch (metric) {
+                    case VM_START:
+                        return OptionalLong.of(getVMStartingElapsedNanoTime());
+                    case BOOTLOADER:
+                        return OptionalLong.of(getBootloaderElapsedNanoTime());
+                    case KERNEL:
+                        return OptionalLong.of(getKernelElapsedNanoTime());
+                    case USERSPACE:
+                        return OptionalLong.of(getUserspaceElapsedNanoTime());
+                }
+            }
+
+            return OptionalLong.empty();
+        }
     }
 
     public BootResult tryBootVm(String logTag, String vmName)
@@ -366,6 +404,7 @@
                 deathReason.getNow(VmEventListener.STOP_REASON_INFRASTRUCTURE_ERROR),
                 apiCallNanoTime,
                 endTime.getNow(apiCallNanoTime) - apiCallNanoTime,
+                listener.hasProcessedBootTimeMetrics(),
                 listener.getVcpuStartedNanoTime(),
                 listener.getKernelStartedNanoTime(),
                 listener.getInitStartedNanoTime(),
diff --git a/tests/hostside/helper/Android.bp b/tests/hostside/helper/Android.bp
index 6196ec5..e8b6f36 100644
--- a/tests/hostside/helper/Android.bp
+++ b/tests/hostside/helper/Android.bp
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
     name: "MicrodroidHostTestHelper",
     srcs: ["java/**/*.java"],
     libs: [
+        "androidx.annotation_annotation",
         "compatibility-tradefed",
         "tradefed",
         "truth-prebuilt",
diff --git a/tests/hostside/helper/java/com/android/microdroid/test/host/MicrodroidHostTestCaseBase.java b/tests/hostside/helper/java/com/android/microdroid/test/host/MicrodroidHostTestCaseBase.java
index 8d328bc..20a6045 100644
--- a/tests/hostside/helper/java/com/android/microdroid/test/host/MicrodroidHostTestCaseBase.java
+++ b/tests/hostside/helper/java/com/android/microdroid/test/host/MicrodroidHostTestCaseBase.java
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@
 import com.android.microdroid.test.common.DeviceProperties;
 import com.android.microdroid.test.common.MetricsProcessor;
 import com.android.tradefed.build.IBuildInfo;
-import com.android.tradefed.config.Option;
 import com.android.tradefed.device.DeviceNotAvailableException;
 import com.android.tradefed.device.ITestDevice;
 import com.android.tradefed.device.TestDevice;
@@ -42,15 +41,12 @@
 import java.util.Arrays;
 
 public abstract class MicrodroidHostTestCaseBase extends BaseHostJUnit4Test {
-
     protected static final String TEST_ROOT = "/data/local/tmp/virt/";
     protected static final String LOG_PATH = TEST_ROOT + "log.txt";
     protected static final String CONSOLE_PATH = TEST_ROOT + "console.txt";
     private static final int TEST_VM_ADB_PORT = 8000;
     private static final String MICRODROID_SERIAL = "localhost:" + TEST_VM_ADB_PORT;
     private static final String INSTANCE_IMG = "instance.img";
-    private static final String PVMFW_IMG_PATH = TEST_ROOT + "pvmfw.img";
-    private static final String PVMFW_IMG_PATH_PROP = "hypervisor.pvmfw.path";
 
     private static final long MICRODROID_ADB_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_MINUTES = 5;
     protected static final long MICRODROID_COMMAND_TIMEOUT_MILLIS = 30000;
@@ -59,19 +55,6 @@
             (int) (MICRODROID_ADB_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_MINUTES * 60 * 1000
                 / MICRODROID_COMMAND_RETRY_INTERVAL_MILLIS);
 
-    @Option(
-            name = "pvmfw",
-            description =
-                    "Custom pvmfw.img path on host device."
-                            + " If present, it will be pushed to "
-                            + PVMFW_IMG_PATH,
-            mandatory = false)
-    private static String sCustomPvmfwPathOnHost = "";
-
-    private static boolean isEmptyText(String str) {
-        return str == null || str.length() == 0;
-    }
-
     public static void prepareVirtualizationTestSetup(ITestDevice androidDevice)
             throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
         CommandRunner android = new CommandRunner(androidDevice);
@@ -84,13 +67,6 @@
 
         // remove any leftover files under test root
         android.tryRun("rm", "-rf", TEST_ROOT + "*");
-
-        // prepare custom pvmfw.img if necessary
-        if (!isEmptyText(sCustomPvmfwPathOnHost)) {
-            runOnHost("adb", "root");
-            runOnHost("adb", "push", sCustomPvmfwPathOnHost, PVMFW_IMG_PATH);
-            runOnHost("adb", "shell", "setprop", PVMFW_IMG_PATH_PROP, PVMFW_IMG_PATH);
-        }
     }
 
     public static void cleanUpVirtualizationTestSetup(ITestDevice androidDevice)
@@ -104,10 +80,10 @@
         android.tryRun("killall", "crosvm");
         android.tryRun("stop", "virtualizationservice");
         android.tryRun("rm", "-rf", "/data/misc/virtualizationservice/*");
+    }
 
-        if (!isEmptyText(sCustomPvmfwPathOnHost)) {
-            runOnHost("adb", "shell", "setprop", PVMFW_IMG_PATH_PROP, "\"\"");
-        }
+    public boolean isUserBuild() {
+        return DeviceProperties.create(getDevice()::getProperty).isUserBuild();
     }
 
     protected boolean isCuttlefish() {
diff --git a/tests/hostside/helper/java/com/android/microdroid/test/host/Pvmfw.java b/tests/hostside/helper/java/com/android/microdroid/test/host/Pvmfw.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..95eaa58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/hostside/helper/java/com/android/microdroid/test/host/Pvmfw.java
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.microdroid.test.host;
+
+import static java.nio.ByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN;
+
+import androidx.annotation.NonNull;
+import androidx.annotation.Nullable;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+
+/** pvmfw.bin with custom config payloads on host. */
+public final class Pvmfw {
+    private static final int SIZE_8B = 8; // 8 bytes
+    private static final int SIZE_4K = 4 << 10; // 4 KiB, PAGE_SIZE
+    private static final int BUFFER_SIZE = 1024;
+    private static final int HEADER_SIZE = Integer.BYTES * 8; // Header has 8 integers.
+    private static final int HEADER_MAGIC = 0x666d7670;
+    private static final int HEADER_VERSION = getVersion(1, 0);
+    private static final int HEADER_FLAGS = 0;
+
+    @NonNull private final File mPvmfwBinFile;
+    @NonNull private final File mBccFile;
+    @Nullable private final File mDebugPolicyFile;
+
+    private Pvmfw(
+            @NonNull File pvmfwBinFile, @NonNull File bccFile, @Nullable File debugPolicyFile) {
+        mPvmfwBinFile = Objects.requireNonNull(pvmfwBinFile);
+        mBccFile = Objects.requireNonNull(bccFile);
+        mDebugPolicyFile = debugPolicyFile;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Serializes pvmfw.bin and its config, as written in the <a
+     * href="https://android.googlesource.com/platform/packages/modules/Virtualization/+/master/pvmfw/README.md">README.md</a>
+     */
+    public void serialize(@NonNull File outFile) throws IOException {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(outFile);
+
+        int bccOffset = HEADER_SIZE;
+        int bccSize = (int) mBccFile.length();
+
+        int debugPolicyOffset = alignTo(bccOffset + bccSize, SIZE_8B);
+        int debugPolicySize = mDebugPolicyFile == null ? 0 : (int) mDebugPolicyFile.length();
+
+        int totalSize = debugPolicyOffset + debugPolicySize;
+
+        ByteBuffer header = ByteBuffer.allocate(HEADER_SIZE).order(LITTLE_ENDIAN);
+        header.putInt(HEADER_MAGIC);
+        header.putInt(HEADER_VERSION);
+        header.putInt(totalSize);
+        header.putInt(HEADER_FLAGS);
+        header.putInt(bccOffset);
+        header.putInt(bccSize);
+        header.putInt(debugPolicyOffset);
+        header.putInt(debugPolicySize);
+
+        try (FileOutputStream pvmfw = new FileOutputStream(outFile)) {
+            appendFile(pvmfw, mPvmfwBinFile);
+            padTo(pvmfw, SIZE_4K);
+            pvmfw.write(header.array());
+            padTo(pvmfw, HEADER_SIZE);
+            appendFile(pvmfw, mBccFile);
+            if (mDebugPolicyFile != null) {
+                padTo(pvmfw, SIZE_8B);
+                appendFile(pvmfw, mDebugPolicyFile);
+            }
+            padTo(pvmfw, SIZE_4K);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void appendFile(@NonNull FileOutputStream out, @NonNull File inFile)
+            throws IOException {
+        byte buffer[] = new byte[BUFFER_SIZE];
+        try (FileInputStream in = new FileInputStream(inFile)) {
+            int size;
+            while (true) {
+                size = in.read(buffer);
+                if (size < 0) {
+                    return;
+                }
+                out.write(buffer, /* offset= */ 0, size);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void padTo(@NonNull FileOutputStream out, int size) throws IOException {
+        int streamSize = (int) out.getChannel().size();
+        for (int i = streamSize; i < alignTo(streamSize, size); i++) {
+            out.write(0); // write byte.
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static int alignTo(int x, int size) {
+        return (x + size - 1) & ~(size - 1);
+    }
+
+    private static int getVersion(int major, int minor) {
+        return ((major & 0xFFFF) << 16) | (minor & 0xFFFF);
+    }
+
+    /** Builder for {@link Pvmfw}. */
+    public static final class Builder {
+        @NonNull private final File mPvmfwBinFile;
+        @NonNull private final File mBccFile;
+        @Nullable private File mDebugPolicyFile;
+
+        public Builder(@NonNull File pvmfwBinFile, @NonNull File bccFile) {
+            mPvmfwBinFile = Objects.requireNonNull(pvmfwBinFile);
+            mBccFile = Objects.requireNonNull(bccFile);
+        }
+
+        @NonNull
+        public Builder setDebugPolicyOverlay(@Nullable File debugPolicyFile) {
+            mDebugPolicyFile = debugPolicyFile;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        @NonNull
+        public Pvmfw build() {
+            return new Pvmfw(mPvmfwBinFile, mBccFile, mDebugPolicyFile);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/hostside/java/com/android/microdroid/test/MicrodroidHostTests.java b/tests/hostside/java/com/android/microdroid/test/MicrodroidHostTests.java
index 0623ff2..d40dcba 100644
--- a/tests/hostside/java/com/android/microdroid/test/MicrodroidHostTests.java
+++ b/tests/hostside/java/com/android/microdroid/test/MicrodroidHostTests.java
@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@
 import org.json.JSONObject;
 import org.junit.After;
 import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
 import org.junit.Rule;
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.rules.TestName;
@@ -513,24 +514,7 @@
         vmInfo.mProcess.destroy();
     }
 
-    private boolean isTombstoneGenerated(String configPath, String... crashCommand)
-            throws Exception {
-        // Note this test relies on logcat values being printed by tombstone_transmit on
-        // and the reeceiver on host (virtualization_service)
-        mMicrodroidDevice =
-                MicrodroidBuilder.fromDevicePath(getPathForPackage(PACKAGE_NAME), configPath)
-                        .debugLevel("full")
-                        .memoryMib(minMemorySize())
-                        .numCpus(NUM_VCPUS)
-                        .build(getAndroidDevice());
-        mMicrodroidDevice.waitForBootComplete(BOOT_COMPLETE_TIMEOUT);
-        mMicrodroidDevice.enableAdbRoot();
-
-        CommandRunner microdroid = new CommandRunner(mMicrodroidDevice);
-        microdroid.run(crashCommand);
-
-        // check until microdroid is shut down
-        CommandRunner android = new CommandRunner(getDevice());
+    private void waitForCrosvmExit(CommandRunner android) throws Exception {
         // TODO: improve crosvm exit check. b/258848245
         android.runWithTimeout(
                 15000,
@@ -539,8 +523,12 @@
                 "1",
                 "-e",
                 "'virtualizationmanager::crosvm.*exited with status exit status:'");
+    }
 
-        // Check that tombstone is received (from host logcat)
+    private boolean isTombstoneReceivedFromHostLogcat() throws Exception {
+        // Note this method relies on logcat values being printed by the receiver on host
+        // userspace crash log: virtualizationservice/src/aidl.rs
+        // kernel ramdump log: virtualizationmanager/src/crosvm.rs
         String ramdumpRegex =
                 "Received [0-9]+ bytes from guest & wrote to tombstone file|"
                         + "Ramdump \"[^ ]+/ramdump\" sent to tombstoned";
@@ -560,11 +548,32 @@
         return !result.trim().isEmpty();
     }
 
+    private boolean isTombstoneGeneratedWithCmd(String configPath, String... crashCommand)
+            throws Exception {
+        mMicrodroidDevice =
+                MicrodroidBuilder.fromDevicePath(getPathForPackage(PACKAGE_NAME), configPath)
+                        .debugLevel("full")
+                        .memoryMib(minMemorySize())
+                        .numCpus(NUM_VCPUS)
+                        .build(getAndroidDevice());
+        mMicrodroidDevice.waitForBootComplete(BOOT_COMPLETE_TIMEOUT);
+        mMicrodroidDevice.enableAdbRoot();
+
+        CommandRunner microdroid = new CommandRunner(mMicrodroidDevice);
+        microdroid.run(crashCommand);
+
+        // check until microdroid is shut down
+        CommandRunner android = new CommandRunner(getDevice());
+        waitForCrosvmExit(android);
+
+        return isTombstoneReceivedFromHostLogcat();
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void testTombstonesAreGeneratedUponUserspaceCrash() throws Exception {
         assertThat(
-                        isTombstoneGenerated(
-                                "assets/vm_config_crash.json",
+                        isTombstoneGeneratedWithCmd(
+                                "assets/vm_config.json",
                                 "kill",
                                 "-SIGSEGV",
                                 "$(pidof microdroid_launcher)"))
@@ -574,8 +583,8 @@
     @Test
     public void testTombstonesAreNotGeneratedIfNotExportedUponUserspaceCrash() throws Exception {
         assertThat(
-                        isTombstoneGenerated(
-                                "assets/vm_config_crash_no_tombstone.json",
+                        isTombstoneGeneratedWithCmd(
+                                "assets/vm_config_no_tombstone.json",
                                 "kill",
                                 "-SIGSEGV",
                                 "$(pidof microdroid_launcher)"))
@@ -583,18 +592,50 @@
     }
 
     @Test
+    @Ignore("b/243630590: Temporal workaround until lab devices has flashed new DPM")
     public void testTombstonesAreGeneratedUponKernelCrash() throws Exception {
         assumeFalse("Cuttlefish is not supported", isCuttlefish());
+        assumeFalse("Skipping test because ramdump is disabled on user build", isUserBuild());
         assertThat(
-                        isTombstoneGenerated(
-                                "assets/vm_config_crash.json",
-                                "echo",
-                                "c",
-                                ">",
-                                "/proc/sysrq-trigger"))
+                        isTombstoneGeneratedWithCmd(
+                                "assets/vm_config.json", "echo", "c", ">", "/proc/sysrq-trigger"))
                 .isTrue();
     }
 
+    private boolean isTombstoneGeneratedWithCrashPayload(boolean debuggable) throws Exception {
+        // we can't use microdroid builder as it wants ADB connection (debuggable)
+        CommandRunner android = new CommandRunner(getDevice());
+
+        android.run("rm", "-rf", TEST_ROOT + "*");
+        android.run("mkdir", "-p", TEST_ROOT + "*");
+
+        final String apkPath = getPathForPackage(PACKAGE_NAME);
+        final String idsigPath = TEST_ROOT + "idsig";
+        final String instanceImgPath = TEST_ROOT + "instance.img";
+        android.run(
+                VIRT_APEX + "bin/vm",
+                "run-app",
+                "--payload-binary-name",
+                "MicrodroidCrashNativeLib.so",
+                "--debug",
+                debuggable ? "full" : "none",
+                apkPath,
+                idsigPath,
+                instanceImgPath);
+
+        return isTombstoneReceivedFromHostLogcat();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTombstonesAreGeneratedWithCrashPayload() throws Exception {
+        assertThat(isTombstoneGeneratedWithCrashPayload(true /* debuggable */)).isTrue();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTombstonesAreNotGeneratedWithCrashPayloadWhenNonDebuggable() throws Exception {
+        assertThat(isTombstoneGeneratedWithCrashPayload(false /* debuggable */)).isFalse();
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void testTelemetryPushedAtoms() throws Exception {
         // Reset statsd config and report before the test
diff --git a/tests/hostside/tools/Android.bp b/tests/hostside/tools/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f3cc275
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/hostside/tools/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+package {
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
+}
+
+java_binary_host {
+    name: "pvmfw-tool",
+    manifest: "pvmfw-tool-manifest.txt",
+    srcs: ["PvmfwTool.java"],
+    static_libs: ["MicrodroidHostTestHelper"],
+}
diff --git a/tests/hostside/tools/PvmfwTool.java b/tests/hostside/tools/PvmfwTool.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..18dd6d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/hostside/tools/PvmfwTool.java
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.microdroid;
+
+import com.android.microdroid.test.host.Pvmfw;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+/** CLI for {@link com.android.microdroid.test.host.Pvmfw}. */
+public class PvmfwTool {
+    public static void printUsage() {
+        System.out.println("pvmfw-tool: Appends pvmfw.bin and config payloads.");
+        System.out.println("Requires BCC and debug policy dtbo files");
+        System.out.println("");
+        System.out.println("Usage: pvmfw-tool <pvmfw_with_config> <pvmfw_bin> <bcc.dat> <dp.dtbo>");
+    }
+
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        if (args.length != 4) {
+            printUsage();
+            System.exit(1);
+        }
+
+        File out = new File(args[0]);
+        File pvmfw_bin = new File(args[1]);
+        File bcc_dat = new File(args[2]);
+        File dtbo = new File(args[3]);
+
+        try {
+            Pvmfw pvmfw = new Pvmfw.Builder(pvmfw_bin, bcc_dat).setDebugPolicyOverlay(dtbo).build();
+            pvmfw.serialize(out);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+            printUsage();
+            System.exit(1);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/hostside/tools/pvmfw-tool-manifest.txt b/tests/hostside/tools/pvmfw-tool-manifest.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dc71fd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/hostside/tools/pvmfw-tool-manifest.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Manifest-Version: 1.0
+Main-Class: com.android.microdroid.PvmfwTool
diff --git a/tests/testapk/Android.bp b/tests/testapk/Android.bp
index 5f9b915..3c487ee 100644
--- a/tests/testapk/Android.bp
+++ b/tests/testapk/Android.bp
@@ -2,12 +2,22 @@
     default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
 }
 
-android_test {
-    name: "MicrodroidTestApp",
+java_defaults {
+    name: "MicrodroidTestAppsDefaults",
     test_suites: [
         "cts",
         "general-tests",
     ],
+    sdk_version: "test_current",
+    jni_uses_platform_apis: true,
+    use_embedded_native_libs: true,
+    // We only support 64-bit ABI, but CTS demands all APKs to be multi-ABI.
+    compile_multilib: "both",
+}
+
+android_test {
+    name: "MicrodroidTestApp",
+    defaults: ["MicrodroidTestAppsDefaults"],
     srcs: ["src/java/**/*.java"],
     static_libs: [
         "MicrodroidDeviceTestHelper",
@@ -19,23 +29,24 @@
         "truth-prebuilt",
         "compatibility-common-util-devicesidelib",
     ],
-    sdk_version: "test_current",
     jni_libs: [
         "MicrodroidTestNativeLib",
         "MicrodroidIdleNativeLib",
         "MicrodroidEmptyNativeLib",
         "MicrodroidExitNativeLib",
         "MicrodroidPrivateLinkingNativeLib",
+        "MicrodroidCrashNativeLib",
     ],
-    jni_uses_platform_apis: true,
-    use_embedded_native_libs: true,
-    // We only support 64-bit ABI, but CTS demands all APKs to be multi-ABI.
-    compile_multilib: "both",
     min_sdk_version: "33",
+    // Defined in ../vmshareapp/Android.bp
+    data: [":MicrodroidVmShareApp"],
 }
 
-cc_library_shared {
-    name: "MicrodroidTestNativeLib",
+// Defaults shared between MicrodroidTestNativeLib and MicrodroidPayloadInOtherAppNativeLib shared
+// libs. They are expected to share everything apart from the name, so that one app
+// (MicrodroidTestApp) can start a payload defined in the another app (MicrodroidVmShareApp).
+cc_defaults {
+    name: "MicrodroidTestNativeLibDefaults",
     srcs: ["src/native/testbinary.cpp"],
     stl: "libc++_static",
     header_libs: ["vm_payload_restricted_headers"],
@@ -55,6 +66,16 @@
 }
 
 cc_library_shared {
+    name: "MicrodroidPayloadInOtherAppNativeLib",
+    defaults: ["MicrodroidTestNativeLibDefaults"],
+}
+
+cc_library_shared {
+    name: "MicrodroidTestNativeLib",
+    defaults: ["MicrodroidTestNativeLibDefaults"],
+}
+
+cc_library_shared {
     name: "MicrodroidTestNativeLibSub",
     srcs: ["src/native/testlib.cpp"],
     stl: "libc++_static",
@@ -92,3 +113,11 @@
     shared_libs: ["libselinux#latest"],
     stl: "libc++_static",
 }
+
+// A payload that crashes immediately on start
+cc_library_shared {
+    name: "MicrodroidCrashNativeLib",
+    srcs: ["src/native/crashbinary.cpp"],
+    header_libs: ["vm_payload_headers"],
+    stl: "libc++_static",
+}
diff --git a/tests/testapk/AndroidManifest.xml b/tests/testapk/AndroidManifest.xml
index fefd20a..2ea3f6c 100644
--- a/tests/testapk/AndroidManifest.xml
+++ b/tests/testapk/AndroidManifest.xml
@@ -19,6 +19,9 @@
     <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.USE_CUSTOM_VIRTUAL_MACHINE" />
     <uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion="33" android:targetSdkVersion="33" />
     <uses-feature android:name="android.software.virtualization_framework" android:required="false" />
+    <queries>
+        <package android:name="com.android.microdroid.vmshare_app" />
+    </queries>
     <application>
     </application>
     <instrumentation android:name="androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner"
diff --git a/tests/testapk/AndroidTest.xml b/tests/testapk/AndroidTest.xml
index 787ebd4..929dd31 100644
--- a/tests/testapk/AndroidTest.xml
+++ b/tests/testapk/AndroidTest.xml
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
     <option name="config-descriptor:metadata" key="parameter" value="secondary_user" />
     <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.suite.SuiteApkInstaller">
         <option name="test-file-name" value="MicrodroidTestApp.apk" />
+        <option name="test-file-name" value="MicrodroidVmShareApp.apk" />
     </target_preparer>
     <test class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.AndroidJUnitTest" >
         <option name="package" value="com.android.microdroid.test" />
diff --git a/tests/testapk/assets/vm_config_crash.json b/tests/testapk/assets/vm_config_crash.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 3ec34a3..0000000
--- a/tests/testapk/assets/vm_config_crash.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-{
-    "os": {
-      "name": "microdroid"
-    },
-    "task": {
-      "type": "microdroid_launcher",
-      "command": "MicrodroidIdleNativeLib.so"
-    },
-    "export_tombstones": true
-  }
diff --git a/tests/testapk/assets/vm_config_crash_no_tombstone.json b/tests/testapk/assets/vm_config_crash_no_tombstone.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 9678e38..0000000
--- a/tests/testapk/assets/vm_config_crash_no_tombstone.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-{
-    "os": {
-      "name": "microdroid"
-    },
-    "task": {
-      "type": "microdroid_launcher",
-      "command": "MicrodroidIdleNativeLib.so"
-    },
-    "export_tombstones": false
-  }
diff --git a/tests/testapk/assets/vm_config_no_tombstone.json b/tests/testapk/assets/vm_config_no_tombstone.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..97e764d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/testapk/assets/vm_config_no_tombstone.json
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+{
+  "os": {
+    "name": "microdroid"
+  },
+  "task": {
+    "type": "microdroid_launcher",
+    "command": "MicrodroidTestNativeLib.so"
+  },
+  "export_tombstones": false
+}
diff --git a/tests/testapk/src/java/com/android/microdroid/test/MicrodroidTests.java b/tests/testapk/src/java/com/android/microdroid/test/MicrodroidTests.java
index 9cafd68..e0748c1 100644
--- a/tests/testapk/src/java/com/android/microdroid/test/MicrodroidTests.java
+++ b/tests/testapk/src/java/com/android/microdroid/test/MicrodroidTests.java
@@ -125,6 +125,8 @@
     private static final long MIN_MEM_X86_64 = 196 * ONE_MEBI;
     private static final String EXAMPLE_STRING = "Literally any string!! :)";
 
+    private static final String VM_SHARE_APP_PACKAGE_NAME = "com.android.microdroid.vmshare_app";
+
     @Test
     @CddTest(requirements = {"9.17/C-1-1", "9.17/C-2-1"})
     public void createAndConnectToVm() throws Exception {
@@ -1303,6 +1305,65 @@
 
     @Test
     @CddTest(requirements = {"9.17/C-1-1", "9.17/C-2-1"})
+    public void encryptedStorageIsInaccessibleToDifferentVm() throws Exception {
+        assumeSupportedKernel();
+
+        VirtualMachineConfig config =
+                newVmConfigBuilder()
+                        .setPayloadBinaryName("MicrodroidTestNativeLib.so")
+                        .setMemoryBytes(minMemoryRequired())
+                        .setEncryptedStorageBytes(4_000_000)
+                        .setDebugLevel(DEBUG_LEVEL_FULL)
+                        .setVmOutputCaptured(true)
+                        .build();
+
+        VirtualMachine vm = forceCreateNewVirtualMachine("test_vm", config);
+
+        TestResults testResults =
+                runVmTestService(
+                        vm,
+                        (ts, tr) -> {
+                            ts.writeToFile(
+                                    /* content= */ EXAMPLE_STRING,
+                                    /* path= */ "/mnt/encryptedstore/test_file");
+                        });
+        assertThat(testResults.mException).isNull();
+
+        // Start a different vm (this changes the vm identity)
+        VirtualMachine diff_test_vm = forceCreateNewVirtualMachine("diff_test_vm", config);
+
+        // Replace the backing storage image to the original one
+        File storageImgOrig = getVmFile("test_vm", "storage.img");
+        File storageImgNew = getVmFile("diff_test_vm", "storage.img");
+        Files.copy(storageImgOrig.toPath(), storageImgNew.toPath(), REPLACE_EXISTING);
+        assertFileContentsAreEqualInTwoVms("storage.img", "test_vm", "diff_test_vm");
+
+        CompletableFuture<Boolean> onPayloadReadyExecuted = new CompletableFuture<>();
+        CompletableFuture<Boolean> onStoppedExecuted = new CompletableFuture<>();
+        VmEventListener listener =
+                new VmEventListener() {
+                    @Override
+                    public void onPayloadReady(VirtualMachine vm) {
+                        onPayloadReadyExecuted.complete(true);
+                        super.onPayloadReady(vm);
+                    }
+
+                    @Override
+                    public void onStopped(VirtualMachine vm, int reason) {
+                        onStoppedExecuted.complete(true);
+                        super.onStopped(vm, reason);
+                    }
+                };
+        listener.runToFinish(TAG, diff_test_vm);
+
+        // Assert that payload never started & logs contains encryptedstore initialization error
+        assertThat(onStoppedExecuted.getNow(false)).isTrue();
+        assertThat(onPayloadReadyExecuted.getNow(false)).isFalse();
+        assertThat(listener.getConsoleOutput()).contains("Unable to initialize encryptedstore");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @CddTest(requirements = {"9.17/C-1-1", "9.17/C-2-1"})
     public void microdroidLauncherHasEmptyCapabilities() throws Exception {
         assumeSupportedKernel();
 
@@ -1458,6 +1519,33 @@
         assertThat(checkVmOutputIsRedirectedToLogcat(false)).isFalse();
     }
 
+    @Test
+    public void testStartVmWithPayloadOfAnotherApp() throws Exception {
+        assumeSupportedKernel();
+
+        Context ctx = getContext();
+        Context otherAppCtx = ctx.createPackageContext(VM_SHARE_APP_PACKAGE_NAME, 0);
+
+        VirtualMachineConfig config =
+                new VirtualMachineConfig.Builder(otherAppCtx)
+                        .setDebugLevel(DEBUG_LEVEL_FULL)
+                        .setProtectedVm(isProtectedVm())
+                        .setPayloadBinaryName("MicrodroidPayloadInOtherAppNativeLib.so")
+                        .build();
+
+        try (VirtualMachine vm = forceCreateNewVirtualMachine("vm_from_another_app", config)) {
+            TestResults results =
+                    runVmTestService(
+                            vm,
+                            (ts, tr) -> {
+                                tr.mAddInteger = ts.addInteger(101, 303);
+                            });
+            assertThat(results.mAddInteger).isEqualTo(404);
+        }
+
+        getVirtualMachineManager().delete("vm_from_another_app");
+    }
+
     private void assertFileContentsAreEqualInTwoVms(String fileName, String vmName1, String vmName2)
             throws IOException {
         File file1 = getVmFile(vmName1, fileName);
@@ -1531,6 +1619,11 @@
                             mTestService =
                                     ITestService.Stub.asInterface(
                                             vm.connectToVsockServer(ITestService.SERVICE_PORT));
+                            // Make sure linkToDeath works, and include it in the log in case it's
+                            // helpful.
+                            mTestService
+                                    .asBinder()
+                                    .linkToDeath(() -> Log.i(TAG, "ITestService binder died"), 0);
                         } catch (Exception e) {
                             testResults.mException = e;
                         }
diff --git a/tests/testapk/src/native/crashbinary.cpp b/tests/testapk/src/native/crashbinary.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..27f10ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/testapk/src/native/crashbinary.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+// A binary killing itself by SIGABRT.
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+extern "C" int AVmPayload_main() {
+    abort();
+}
diff --git a/tests/vmshareapp/Android.bp b/tests/vmshareapp/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2b117a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/vmshareapp/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+package {
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
+}
+
+// Helper app to verify that we can create a VM using others app payload, and share VMs between apps
+android_test_helper_app {
+    name: "MicrodroidVmShareApp",
+    // Defaults are defined in ../testapk/Android.bp
+    defaults: ["MicrodroidTestAppsDefaults"],
+    jni_libs: [
+        // Defined in ../testapk/Android.bp
+        "MicrodroidPayloadInOtherAppNativeLib",
+    ],
+    min_sdk_version: "UpsideDownCake",
+}
diff --git a/tests/vmshareapp/AndroidManifest.xml b/tests/vmshareapp/AndroidManifest.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eed3364
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/vmshareapp/AndroidManifest.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!-- Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+
+     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+     You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+     limitations under the License.
+-->
+<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
+      package="com.android.microdroid.vmshare_app">
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.MANAGE_VIRTUAL_MACHINE" />
+
+    <uses-feature android:name="android.software.virtualization_framework"
+                  android:required="false" />
+
+    <application />
+</manifest>
diff --git a/virtualizationmanager/src/aidl.rs b/virtualizationmanager/src/aidl.rs
index cab7c71..678c91f 100644
--- a/virtualizationmanager/src/aidl.rs
+++ b/virtualizationmanager/src/aidl.rs
@@ -611,7 +611,7 @@
         apexes: vec![],
         extra_apks: vec![],
         prefer_staged: false,
-        export_tombstones: false,
+        export_tombstones: None,
         enable_authfs: false,
     })
 }
diff --git a/virtualizationmanager/src/crosvm.rs b/virtualizationmanager/src/crosvm.rs
index 8f88daf..19d862a 100644
--- a/virtualizationmanager/src/crosvm.rs
+++ b/virtualizationmanager/src/crosvm.rs
@@ -663,6 +663,24 @@
     }
 }
 
+fn should_configure_ramdump(protected: bool) -> bool {
+    if protected {
+        // Protected VM needs ramdump configuration here.
+        // pvmfw will disable ramdump if unnecessary.
+        true
+    } else {
+        // For unprotected VM, ramdump should be handled here.
+        // ramdump wouldn't be enabled if ramdump is explicitly set to <1>.
+        if let Ok(mut file) = File::open("/proc/device-tree/avf/guest/common/ramdump") {
+            let mut ramdump: [u8; 4] = Default::default();
+            file.read_exact(&mut ramdump).map_err(|_| false).unwrap();
+            // DT spec uses big endian although Android is always little endian.
+            return u32::from_be_bytes(ramdump) == 1;
+        }
+        false
+    }
+}
+
 /// Starts an instance of `crosvm` to manage a new VM.
 fn run_vm(
     config: CrosvmConfig,
@@ -779,7 +797,10 @@
     debug!("Preserving FDs {:?}", preserved_fds);
     command.preserved_fds(preserved_fds);
 
-    command.arg("--params").arg("crashkernel=17M");
+    if should_configure_ramdump(config.protected) {
+        command.arg("--params").arg("crashkernel=17M");
+    }
+
     print_crosvm_args(&command);
 
     let result = SharedChild::spawn(&mut command)?;
diff --git a/vmbase/example/Android.bp b/vmbase/example/Android.bp
index 94eb21a..26be51b 100644
--- a/vmbase/example/Android.bp
+++ b/vmbase/example/Android.bp
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
     rustlibs: [
         "libaarch64_paging",
         "libbuddy_system_allocator",
-        "libdice_nostd",
+        "libdiced_open_dice_nostd",
         "libfdtpci",
         "liblibfdt",
         "liblog_rust_nostd",
diff --git a/vmbase/example/src/main.rs b/vmbase/example/src/main.rs
index ec28a11..3b0e9db 100644
--- a/vmbase/example/src/main.rs
+++ b/vmbase/example/src/main.rs
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@
 
 fn check_dice() {
     info!("Testing DICE integration...");
-    let hash = dice::hash("hello world".as_bytes()).expect("DiceHash failed");
+    let hash = diced_open_dice::hash("hello world".as_bytes()).expect("DiceHash failed");
     assert_eq!(
         hash,
         [