diff --git a/libs/avb_bindgen/Android.bp b/libs/avb_bindgen/Android.bp
index 1035498..1e62864 100644
--- a/libs/avb_bindgen/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/avb_bindgen/Android.bp
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 
 rust_bindgen {
     name: "libavb_bindgen",
+    host_supported: true,
     wrapper_src: "bindgen/avb.h",
     crate_name: "avb_bindgen",
     source_stem: "bindings",
diff --git a/microdroid/Android.bp b/microdroid/Android.bp
index 60f8fd4..b7d844f 100644
--- a/microdroid/Android.bp
+++ b/microdroid/Android.bp
@@ -79,6 +79,7 @@
         "tombstoned",
         "tombstone_transmit.microdroid",
         "cgroups.json",
+        "task_profiles.json",
         "public.libraries.android.txt",
 
         "microdroid_compatibility_matrix",
diff --git a/microdroid_manager/src/main.rs b/microdroid_manager/src/main.rs
index 9e159d2..63a7fb3 100644
--- a/microdroid_manager/src/main.rs
+++ b/microdroid_manager/src/main.rs
@@ -146,17 +146,17 @@
     }
 }
 
-fn dice_derivation(verified_data: MicrodroidData, payload_config_path: &str) -> Result<()> {
+fn dice_derivation(verified_data: &MicrodroidData, payload_config_path: &str) -> Result<()> {
     // Calculate compound digests of code and authorities
     let mut code_hash_ctx = digest::Context::new(&digest::SHA512);
     let mut authority_hash_ctx = digest::Context::new(&digest::SHA512);
     code_hash_ctx.update(verified_data.apk_data.root_hash.as_ref());
     authority_hash_ctx.update(verified_data.apk_data.pubkey.as_ref());
-    for extra_apk in verified_data.extra_apks_data {
+    for extra_apk in &verified_data.extra_apks_data {
         code_hash_ctx.update(extra_apk.root_hash.as_ref());
         authority_hash_ctx.update(extra_apk.pubkey.as_ref());
     }
-    for apex in verified_data.apex_data {
+    for apex in &verified_data.apex_data {
         code_hash_ctx.update(apex.root_digest.as_ref());
         authority_hash_ctx.update(apex.public_key.as_ref());
     }
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@
             authorityHash: authority_hash,
             authorityDescriptor: None,
             mode: if app_debuggable { Mode::DEBUG } else { Mode::NORMAL },
-            hidden: verified_data.salt.try_into().unwrap(),
+            hidden: verified_data.salt.clone().try_into().unwrap(),
         }])
         .context("IDiceMaintenance::demoteSelf failed")?;
     Ok(())
@@ -240,6 +240,10 @@
         instance.write_microdroid_data(&verified_data).context("Failed to write identity data")?;
     }
 
+    // To minimize the exposure to untrusted data, derive dice profile as soon as possible.
+    info!("DICE derivation for payload");
+    dice_derivation(&verified_data, &metadata.payload_config_path)?;
+
     // Before reading a file from the APK, start zipfuse
     run_zipfuse(
         "fscontext=u:object_r:zipfusefs:s0,context=u:object_r:system_file:s0",
@@ -263,9 +267,6 @@
     }
     mount_extra_apks(&config)?;
 
-    info!("DICE derivation for payload");
-    dice_derivation(verified_data, &metadata.payload_config_path)?;
-
     // Wait until apex config is done. (e.g. linker configuration for apexes)
     // TODO(jooyung): wait until sys.boot_completed?
     wait_for_apex_config_done()?;
diff --git a/pvmfw/Android.bp b/pvmfw/Android.bp
index 66b4c9e..8af40e2 100644
--- a/pvmfw/Android.bp
+++ b/pvmfw/Android.bp
@@ -20,3 +20,28 @@
     },
     apex_available: ["com.android.virt"],
 }
+
+cc_binary {
+    name: "pvmfw",
+    srcs: [
+        "entry.S",
+        "idmap.S",
+    ],
+    static_libs: [
+        "libpvmfw",
+    ],
+    static_executable: true,
+    no_libcrt: true,
+    nocrt: true,
+    system_shared_libs: [],
+    ldflags: [
+        "-Tpackages/modules/Virtualization/pvmfw/image.ld",
+    ],
+    enabled: false,
+    target: {
+        android_arm64: {
+            enabled: true,
+        },
+    },
+    apex_available: ["com.android.virt"],
+}
diff --git a/pvmfw/entry.S b/pvmfw/entry.S
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..787b4ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pvmfw/entry.S
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+.macro adr_l, reg:req, sym:req
+	adrp \reg, \sym
+	add \reg, \reg, :lo12:\sym
+.endm
+
+.macro mov_i, reg:req, imm:req
+	movz \reg, :abs_g3:\imm
+	movk \reg, :abs_g2_nc:\imm
+	movk \reg, :abs_g1_nc:\imm
+	movk \reg, :abs_g0_nc:\imm
+.endm
+
+.set .L_MAIR_DEV_nGnRE,	0x04
+.set .L_MAIR_MEM_WBWA,	0xff
+.set .Lmairval, .L_MAIR_DEV_nGnRE | (.L_MAIR_MEM_WBWA << 8)
+
+/* 4 KiB granule size for TTBR0_EL1. */
+.set .L_TCR_TG0_4KB, 0x0 << 14
+/* 4 KiB granule size for TTBR1_EL1. */
+.set .L_TCR_TG1_4KB, 0x2 << 30
+/* Disable translation table walk for TTBR1_EL1, generating a translation fault instead. */
+.set .L_TCR_EPD1, 0x1 << 23
+/* Translation table walks for TTBR0_EL1 are inner sharable. */
+.set .L_TCR_SH_INNER, 0x3 << 12
+/*
+ * Translation table walks for TTBR0_EL1 are outer write-back read-allocate write-allocate
+ * cacheable.
+ */
+.set .L_TCR_RGN_OWB, 0x1 << 10
+/*
+ * Translation table walks for TTBR0_EL1 are inner write-back read-allocate write-allocate
+ * cacheable.
+ */
+.set .L_TCR_RGN_IWB, 0x1 << 8
+/* Size offset for TTBR0_EL1 is 2**39 bytes (512 GiB). */
+.set .L_TCR_T0SZ_512, 64 - 39
+.set .Ltcrval, .L_TCR_TG0_4KB | .L_TCR_TG1_4KB | .L_TCR_EPD1 | .L_TCR_RGN_OWB
+.set .Ltcrval, .Ltcrval | .L_TCR_RGN_IWB | .L_TCR_SH_INNER | .L_TCR_T0SZ_512
+
+/* Stage 1 instruction access cacheability is unaffected. */
+.set .L_SCTLR_ELx_I, 0x1 << 12
+/* SP alignment fault if SP is not aligned to a 16 byte boundary. */
+.set .L_SCTLR_ELx_SA, 0x1 << 3
+/* Stage 1 data access cacheability is unaffected. */
+.set .L_SCTLR_ELx_C, 0x1 << 2
+/* EL0 and EL1 stage 1 MMU enabled. */
+.set .L_SCTLR_ELx_M, 0x1 << 0
+/* Privileged Access Never is unchanged on taking an exception to EL1. */
+.set .L_SCTLR_EL1_SPAN, 0x1 << 23
+/* SETEND instruction disabled at EL0 in aarch32 mode. */
+.set .L_SCTLR_EL1_SED, 0x1 << 8
+/* Various IT instructions are disabled at EL0 in aarch32 mode. */
+.set .L_SCTLR_EL1_ITD, 0x1 << 7
+.set .L_SCTLR_EL1_RES1, (0x1 << 11) | (0x1 << 20) | (0x1 << 22) | (0x1 << 28) | (0x1 << 29)
+.set .Lsctlrval, .L_SCTLR_ELx_M | .L_SCTLR_ELx_C | .L_SCTLR_ELx_SA | .L_SCTLR_EL1_ITD | .L_SCTLR_EL1_SED
+.set .Lsctlrval, .Lsctlrval | .L_SCTLR_ELx_I | .L_SCTLR_EL1_SPAN | .L_SCTLR_EL1_RES1
+/**
+ * This is a generic entry point for an image. It carries out the operations
+ * required to prepare the loaded image to be run. Specifically, it zeroes the
+ * bss section using registers x25 and above, prepares the stack, enables
+ * floating point, and sets up the exception vector.
+ */
+.section .init.entry, "ax"
+.global entry
+entry:
+	/* Enable MMU and caches. */
+
+	/*
+	 * Load and apply the memory management configuration.
+	 */
+	adrp x1, idmap
+	mov_i x2, .Lmairval
+	mov_i x3, .Ltcrval
+	mov_i x4, .Lsctlrval
+
+	/* Copy the supported PA range into TCR_EL1.IPS. */
+	mrs x6, id_aa64mmfr0_el1
+	bfi x3, x6, #32, #4
+
+	msr ttbr0_el1, x1
+	msr mair_el1, x2
+	msr tcr_el1, x3
+
+	/*
+	 * Ensure everything before this point has completed, then invalidate any potentially stale
+	 * local TLB entries before they start being used.
+	 */
+	isb
+	tlbi vmalle1
+	ic iallu
+	dsb nsh
+	isb
+
+	/*
+	 * Configure sctlr_el1 to enable MMU and cache and don't proceed until
+	 * this has completed.
+	 */
+	msr sctlr_el1, x4
+	isb
+
+	/* Disable trapping floating point access in EL1. */
+	mrs x30, cpacr_el1
+	orr x30, x30, #(0x3 << 20)
+	msr cpacr_el1, x30
+	isb
+
+	/* Zero out the bss section. */
+	adr_l x29, bss_begin
+	adr_l x30, bss_end
+0:	cmp x29, x30
+	b.hs 1f
+	stp xzr, xzr, [x29], #16
+	b 0b
+
+1:	/* Prepare the stack. */
+	adr x30, boot_stack_end
+	mov sp, x30
+
+	/* Call into Rust code. */
+	bl main
+
+	/* Loop forever waiting for interrupts. */
+2:	wfi
+	b 2b
diff --git a/pvmfw/idmap.S b/pvmfw/idmap.S
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f5050af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pvmfw/idmap.S
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+.set .L_TT_TYPE_BLOCK, 0x1
+.set .L_TT_TYPE_PAGE,  0x3
+.set .L_TT_TYPE_TABLE, 0x3
+
+/* Access flag. */
+.set .L_TT_AF, 0x1 << 10
+/* Not global. */
+.set .L_TT_NG, 0x1 << 11
+.set .L_TT_RO, 0x2 << 6
+.set .L_TT_XN, 0x3 << 53
+
+.set .L_TT_MT_DEV, 0x0 << 2			// MAIR #0 (DEV_nGnRE)
+.set .L_TT_MT_MEM, (0x1 << 2) | (0x3 << 8)	// MAIR #1 (MEM_WBWA), inner shareable
+
+.set .L_BLOCK_RO,  .L_TT_TYPE_BLOCK | .L_TT_MT_MEM | .L_TT_AF | .L_TT_RO | .L_TT_XN
+.set .L_BLOCK_DEV, .L_TT_TYPE_BLOCK | .L_TT_MT_DEV | .L_TT_AF | .L_TT_XN
+.set .L_BLOCK_MEM_XIP, .L_TT_TYPE_BLOCK | .L_TT_MT_MEM | .L_TT_AF | .L_TT_NG
+
+.section ".rodata.idmap", "a", %progbits
+.global idmap
+.align 12
+idmap:
+	/* level 1 */
+	.quad		.L_BLOCK_DEV | 0x0		// 1 GB of device mappings
+	.quad		.L_BLOCK_DEV | 0x40000000	// Another 1 GB of device mapppings
+	.quad		.L_TT_TYPE_TABLE + 0f		// up to 1 GB of DRAM
+	.fill		509, 8, 0x0			// 509 GB of remaining VA space
+
+	/* level 2 */
+0:	.quad		.L_BLOCK_RO  | 0x80000000	// DT provided by VMM
+	.quad		.L_BLOCK_MEM_XIP | 0x80200000	// 2 MB of DRAM containing image
+	.fill		510, 8, 0x0
diff --git a/pvmfw/image.ld b/pvmfw/image.ld
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e08fbe2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pvmfw/image.ld
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+MEMORY
+{
+	dtb_region	: ORIGIN = 0x80000000, LENGTH = 2M
+	image		: ORIGIN = 0x80200000, LENGTH = 2M
+}
+
+/*
+ * Code will start running at this symbol which is placed at the start of the
+ * image.
+ */
+ENTRY(entry)
+
+/*
+ * The following would be useful to check that .init code is not called back
+ * into once it has completed but it isn't supported by ld.lld.
+ *
+ * NOCROSSREFS_TO(.init .text)
+ */
+
+SECTIONS
+{
+	.dtb (NOLOAD) : {
+		dtb_begin = .;
+		. += LENGTH(dtb_region);
+		dtb_end = .;
+	} >dtb_region
+
+	/*
+	 * Collect together the code. This is page aligned so it can be mapped
+	 * as executable-only.
+	 */
+	.init : ALIGN(4096) {
+		text_begin = .;
+		*(.init.entry)
+		*(.init.*)
+	} >image
+	.text : {
+		*(.text.*)
+	} >image
+	text_end = .;
+
+	/*
+	 * Collect together read-only data. This is page aligned so it can be
+	 * mapped as read-only and non-executable.
+	 */
+	.rodata : ALIGN(4096) {
+		rodata_begin = .;
+		*(.rodata.*)
+	} >image
+	.got : {
+		*(.got)
+	} >image
+	rodata_end = .;
+
+	/*
+	 * Collect together the read-write data including .bss at the end which
+	 * will be zero'd by the entry code. This is page aligned so it can be
+	 * mapped as non-executable.
+	 */
+	.data : ALIGN(4096) {
+		data_begin = .;
+		*(.data.*)
+		/*
+		 * The entry point code assumes that .data is a multiple of 32
+		 * bytes long.
+		 */
+		. = ALIGN(32);
+		data_end = .;
+	} >image
+	/* Everything beyond this point will not be included in the binary. */
+	bin_end = .;
+
+	/* The entry point code assumes that .bss is 16-byte aligned. */
+	.bss : ALIGN(16)  {
+		bss_begin = .;
+		*(.bss.*)
+		*(COMMON)
+		. = ALIGN(16);
+		bss_end = .;
+	} >image
+
+	.stack (NOLOAD) : ALIGN(4096) {
+		boot_stack_begin = .;
+		. += 40 * 4096;
+		. = ALIGN(4096);
+		boot_stack_end = .;
+	} >image
+
+	/*
+	 * Remove unused sections from the image.
+	 */
+	/DISCARD/ : {
+		/* The image loads itself so doesn't need these sections. */
+		*(.gnu.hash)
+		*(.hash)
+		*(.interp)
+		*(.eh_frame_hdr)
+		*(.eh_frame)
+		*(.note.gnu.build-id)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/tests/hostside/helper/java/android/virt/test/VirtualizationTestCaseBase.java b/tests/hostside/helper/java/android/virt/test/VirtualizationTestCaseBase.java
index df3e247..440ae18 100644
--- a/tests/hostside/helper/java/android/virt/test/VirtualizationTestCaseBase.java
+++ b/tests/hostside/helper/java/android/virt/test/VirtualizationTestCaseBase.java
@@ -133,6 +133,19 @@
         return result.getStdout().trim();
     }
 
+    // Same as runOnMicrodroid, but keeps retrying on error till timeout
+    private static String runOnMicrodroidRetryingOnFailure(String... cmd) {
+        final long timeoutMs = 30000; // 30 sec. Microdroid is extremely slow on GCE-on-CF.
+        int attempts = (int) MICRODROID_ADB_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_MINUTES * 60 * 1000 / 500;
+        CommandResult result = RunUtil.getDefault()
+                .runTimedCmdRetry(timeoutMs, 500, attempts,
+                        "adb", "-s", MICRODROID_SERIAL, "shell", join(cmd));
+        if (result.getStatus() != CommandStatus.SUCCESS) {
+            fail(join(cmd) + " has failed: " + result);
+        }
+        return result.getStdout().trim();
+    }
+
     // Same as runOnMicrodroid, but returns null on error.
     public static String tryRunOnMicrodroid(String... cmd) {
         CommandResult result = runOnMicrodroidForResult(cmd);
@@ -332,13 +345,16 @@
 
     public static void rootMicrodroid() {
         runOnHost("adb", "-s", MICRODROID_SERIAL, "root");
-
         runOnHostWithTimeout(
                 MICRODROID_ADB_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_MINUTES * 60 * 1000,
                 "adb",
                 "-s",
                 MICRODROID_SERIAL,
                 "wait-for-device");
+        // There have been tests when adb wait-for-device succeeded but the following command
+        // fails with error: closed. Hence, we run adb shell true in microdroid with retries
+        // before returning.
+        runOnMicrodroidRetryingOnFailure("true");
     }
 
     // Establish an adb connection to microdroid by letting Android forward the connection to
diff --git a/virtualizationservice/src/aidl.rs b/virtualizationservice/src/aidl.rs
index 73cbcfa..a2e856c 100644
--- a/virtualizationservice/src/aidl.rs
+++ b/virtualizationservice/src/aidl.rs
@@ -132,139 +132,26 @@
         console_fd: Option<&ParcelFileDescriptor>,
         log_fd: Option<&ParcelFileDescriptor>,
     ) -> binder::Result<Strong<dyn IVirtualMachine>> {
-        check_manage_access()?;
-        let state = &mut *self.state.lock().unwrap();
-        let console_fd = console_fd.map(clone_file).transpose()?;
-        let log_fd = log_fd.map(clone_file).transpose()?;
-        let requester_uid = ThreadState::get_calling_uid();
-        let requester_sid = get_calling_sid()?;
-        let requester_debug_pid = ThreadState::get_calling_pid();
-        let cid = next_cid().or(Err(ExceptionCode::ILLEGAL_STATE))?;
-
-        // Counter to generate unique IDs for temporary image files.
-        let mut next_temporary_image_id = 0;
-        // Files which are referred to from composite images. These must be mapped to the crosvm
-        // child process, and not closed before it is started.
-        let mut indirect_files = vec![];
-
-        // Make directory for temporary files.
-        let temporary_directory: PathBuf = format!("{}/{}", TEMPORARY_DIRECTORY, cid).into();
-        create_dir(&temporary_directory).map_err(|e| {
-            // At this point, we do not know the protected status of Vm
-            // setting it to false, though this may not be correct.
-            write_vm_creation_stats(false, false);
-            error!(
-                "Failed to create temporary directory {:?} for VM files: {}",
-                temporary_directory, e
-            );
-            new_binder_exception(
-                ExceptionCode::SERVICE_SPECIFIC,
-                format!(
-                    "Failed to create temporary directory {:?} for VM files: {}",
-                    temporary_directory, e
-                ),
-            )
-        })?;
-
-        let is_app_config = matches!(config, VirtualMachineConfig::AppConfig(_));
-
-        let config = match config {
-            VirtualMachineConfig::AppConfig(config) => BorrowedOrOwned::Owned(
-                load_app_config(config, &temporary_directory).map_err(|e| {
-                    error!("Failed to load app config from {}: {}", &config.configPath, e);
-                    write_vm_creation_stats(config.protectedVm, false);
-                    new_binder_exception(
-                        ExceptionCode::SERVICE_SPECIFIC,
-                        format!("Failed to load app config from {}: {}", &config.configPath, e),
-                    )
-                })?,
-            ),
-            VirtualMachineConfig::RawConfig(config) => BorrowedOrOwned::Borrowed(config),
-        };
-        let config = config.as_ref();
-        let protected = config.protectedVm;
-
-        // Check if partition images are labeled incorrectly. This is to prevent random images
-        // which are not protected by the Android Verified Boot (e.g. bits downloaded by apps) from
-        // being loaded in a pVM.  Specifically, for images in the raw config, nothing is allowed
-        // to be labeled as app_data_file. For images in the app config, nothing but the instance
-        // partition is allowed to be labeled as such.
-        config
-            .disks
-            .iter()
-            .flat_map(|disk| disk.partitions.iter())
-            .filter(|partition| {
-                if is_app_config {
-                    partition.label != "vm-instance"
-                } else {
-                    true // all partitions are checked
-                }
-            })
-            .try_for_each(check_label_for_partition)
-            .map_err(|e| new_binder_exception(ExceptionCode::SERVICE_SPECIFIC, e.to_string()))?;
-
-        let zero_filler_path = temporary_directory.join("zero.img");
-        write_zero_filler(&zero_filler_path).map_err(|e| {
-            error!("Failed to make composite image: {}", e);
-            write_vm_creation_stats(protected, false);
-            new_binder_exception(
-                ExceptionCode::SERVICE_SPECIFIC,
-                format!("Failed to make composite image: {}", e),
-            )
-        })?;
-
-        // Assemble disk images if needed.
-        let disks = config
-            .disks
-            .iter()
-            .map(|disk| {
-                assemble_disk_image(
-                    disk,
-                    &zero_filler_path,
-                    &temporary_directory,
-                    &mut next_temporary_image_id,
-                    &mut indirect_files,
-                )
-            })
-            .collect::<Result<Vec<DiskFile>, _>>()?;
-
-        // Actually start the VM.
-        let crosvm_config = CrosvmConfig {
-            cid,
-            bootloader: maybe_clone_file(&config.bootloader)?,
-            kernel: maybe_clone_file(&config.kernel)?,
-            initrd: maybe_clone_file(&config.initrd)?,
-            disks,
-            params: config.params.to_owned(),
-            protected,
-            memory_mib: config.memoryMib.try_into().ok().and_then(NonZeroU32::new),
-            cpus: config.numCpus.try_into().ok().and_then(NonZeroU32::new),
-            cpu_affinity: config.cpuAffinity.clone(),
-            console_fd,
-            log_fd,
-            indirect_files,
-            platform_version: parse_platform_version_req(&config.platformVersion)?,
-        };
-        let instance = Arc::new(
-            VmInstance::new(
-                crosvm_config,
-                temporary_directory,
-                requester_uid,
-                requester_sid,
-                requester_debug_pid,
-            )
-            .map_err(|e| {
-                error!("Failed to create VM with config {:?}: {}", config, e);
-                write_vm_creation_stats(protected, false);
-                new_binder_exception(
-                    ExceptionCode::SERVICE_SPECIFIC,
-                    format!("Failed to create VM: {}", e),
-                )
-            })?,
-        );
-        state.add_vm(Arc::downgrade(&instance));
-        write_vm_creation_stats(protected, true);
-        Ok(VirtualMachine::create(instance))
+        let mut is_protected = false;
+        let ret = self.create_vm_internal(config, console_fd, log_fd, &mut is_protected);
+        match ret {
+            Ok(_) => {
+                let ok_status = Status::ok();
+                write_vm_creation_stats(
+                    is_protected,
+                    /*creation_succeeded*/ true,
+                    ok_status.exception_code() as i32,
+                );
+            }
+            Err(ref e) => {
+                write_vm_creation_stats(
+                    is_protected,
+                    /*creation_succeeded*/ false,
+                    e.exception_code() as i32,
+                );
+            }
+        }
+        ret
     }
 
     /// Initialise an empty partition image of the given size to be used as a writable partition.
@@ -466,11 +353,149 @@
         });
         service
     }
+
+    fn create_vm_internal(
+        &self,
+        config: &VirtualMachineConfig,
+        console_fd: Option<&ParcelFileDescriptor>,
+        log_fd: Option<&ParcelFileDescriptor>,
+        is_protected: &mut bool,
+    ) -> binder::Result<Strong<dyn IVirtualMachine>> {
+        check_manage_access()?;
+        let state = &mut *self.state.lock().unwrap();
+        let console_fd = console_fd.map(clone_file).transpose()?;
+        let log_fd = log_fd.map(clone_file).transpose()?;
+        let requester_uid = ThreadState::get_calling_uid();
+        let requester_sid = get_calling_sid()?;
+        let requester_debug_pid = ThreadState::get_calling_pid();
+        let cid = next_cid().or(Err(ExceptionCode::ILLEGAL_STATE))?;
+
+        // Counter to generate unique IDs for temporary image files.
+        let mut next_temporary_image_id = 0;
+        // Files which are referred to from composite images. These must be mapped to the crosvm
+        // child process, and not closed before it is started.
+        let mut indirect_files = vec![];
+
+        // Make directory for temporary files.
+        let temporary_directory: PathBuf = format!("{}/{}", TEMPORARY_DIRECTORY, cid).into();
+        create_dir(&temporary_directory).map_err(|e| {
+            // At this point, we do not know the protected status of Vm
+            // setting it to false, though this may not be correct.
+            error!(
+                "Failed to create temporary directory {:?} for VM files: {}",
+                temporary_directory, e
+            );
+            new_binder_exception(
+                ExceptionCode::SERVICE_SPECIFIC,
+                format!(
+                    "Failed to create temporary directory {:?} for VM files: {}",
+                    temporary_directory, e
+                ),
+            )
+        })?;
+
+        let is_app_config = matches!(config, VirtualMachineConfig::AppConfig(_));
+
+        let config = match config {
+            VirtualMachineConfig::AppConfig(config) => BorrowedOrOwned::Owned(
+                load_app_config(config, &temporary_directory).map_err(|e| {
+                    error!("Failed to load app config from {}: {}", &config.configPath, e);
+                    *is_protected = config.protectedVm;
+                    new_binder_exception(
+                        ExceptionCode::SERVICE_SPECIFIC,
+                        format!("Failed to load app config from {}: {}", &config.configPath, e),
+                    )
+                })?,
+            ),
+            VirtualMachineConfig::RawConfig(config) => BorrowedOrOwned::Borrowed(config),
+        };
+        let config = config.as_ref();
+        *is_protected = config.protectedVm;
+
+        // Check if partition images are labeled incorrectly. This is to prevent random images
+        // which are not protected by the Android Verified Boot (e.g. bits downloaded by apps) from
+        // being loaded in a pVM.  Specifically, for images in the raw config, nothing is allowed
+        // to be labeled as app_data_file. For images in the app config, nothing but the instance
+        // partition is allowed to be labeled as such.
+        config
+            .disks
+            .iter()
+            .flat_map(|disk| disk.partitions.iter())
+            .filter(|partition| {
+                if is_app_config {
+                    partition.label != "vm-instance"
+                } else {
+                    true // all partitions are checked
+                }
+            })
+            .try_for_each(check_label_for_partition)
+            .map_err(|e| new_binder_exception(ExceptionCode::SERVICE_SPECIFIC, e.to_string()))?;
+
+        let zero_filler_path = temporary_directory.join("zero.img");
+        write_zero_filler(&zero_filler_path).map_err(|e| {
+            error!("Failed to make composite image: {}", e);
+            new_binder_exception(
+                ExceptionCode::SERVICE_SPECIFIC,
+                format!("Failed to make composite image: {}", e),
+            )
+        })?;
+
+        // Assemble disk images if needed.
+        let disks = config
+            .disks
+            .iter()
+            .map(|disk| {
+                assemble_disk_image(
+                    disk,
+                    &zero_filler_path,
+                    &temporary_directory,
+                    &mut next_temporary_image_id,
+                    &mut indirect_files,
+                )
+            })
+            .collect::<Result<Vec<DiskFile>, _>>()?;
+
+        // Actually start the VM.
+        let crosvm_config = CrosvmConfig {
+            cid,
+            bootloader: maybe_clone_file(&config.bootloader)?,
+            kernel: maybe_clone_file(&config.kernel)?,
+            initrd: maybe_clone_file(&config.initrd)?,
+            disks,
+            params: config.params.to_owned(),
+            protected: *is_protected,
+            memory_mib: config.memoryMib.try_into().ok().and_then(NonZeroU32::new),
+            cpus: config.numCpus.try_into().ok().and_then(NonZeroU32::new),
+            cpu_affinity: config.cpuAffinity.clone(),
+            console_fd,
+            log_fd,
+            indirect_files,
+            platform_version: parse_platform_version_req(&config.platformVersion)?,
+        };
+        let instance = Arc::new(
+            VmInstance::new(
+                crosvm_config,
+                temporary_directory,
+                requester_uid,
+                requester_sid,
+                requester_debug_pid,
+            )
+            .map_err(|e| {
+                error!("Failed to create VM with config {:?}: {}", config, e);
+                new_binder_exception(
+                    ExceptionCode::SERVICE_SPECIFIC,
+                    format!("Failed to create VM: {}", e),
+                )
+            })?,
+        );
+        state.add_vm(Arc::downgrade(&instance));
+        Ok(VirtualMachine::create(instance))
+    }
 }
 
 /// Write the stats of VMCreation to statsd
-fn write_vm_creation_stats(protected: bool, success: bool) {
-    match stats_write(Hypervisor::Pkvm, protected, success) {
+fn write_vm_creation_stats(is_protected: bool, creation_succeeded: bool, exception_code: i32) {
+    match stats_write(Hypervisor::Pkvm, is_protected, creation_succeeded, exception_code) {
         Err(e) => {
             warn!("statslog_rust failed with error: {}", e);
         }