diff --git a/build/debian/build.sh b/build/debian/build.sh
index 63035ae..9c4d4b1 100755
--- a/build/debian/build.sh
+++ b/build/debian/build.sh
@@ -114,14 +114,6 @@
 		)
 	fi
 
-	# TODO(b/365955006): remove these lines when uboot supports x86_64 EFI application
-	if [[ "$arch" == "x86_64" ]]; then
-		packages+=(
-			libguestfs-tools
-			linux-image-generic
-		)
-	fi
-
 	if [[ "$use_generic_kernel" != 1 ]]; then
 		packages+=(
 			bc
@@ -326,9 +318,8 @@
 
 generate_output_package() {
 	fdisk -l "${raw_disk_image}"
-	local vm_config="$SCRIPT_DIR/vm_config.json.${arch}"
+	local vm_config="$SCRIPT_DIR/vm_config.json"
 	local root_partition_num=1
-	local bios_partition_num=14
 	local efi_partition_num=15
 
 	pushd ${workdir} > /dev/null
@@ -337,9 +328,6 @@
 
 	loop=$(losetup -f --show --partscan $raw_disk_image)
 	dd if="${loop}p$root_partition_num" of=root_part
-	if [[ "$arch" == "x86_64" ]]; then
-		dd if="${loop}p$bios_partition_num" of=bios_part
-	fi
 	dd if="${loop}p$efi_partition_num" of=efi_part
 	losetup -d "${loop}"
 
@@ -350,36 +338,19 @@
 	fi
 
 	sed -i "s/{root_part_guid}/$(sfdisk --part-uuid $raw_disk_image $root_partition_num)/g" vm_config.json
-	if [[ "$arch" == "x86_64" ]]; then
-		sed -i "s/{bios_part_guid}/$(sfdisk --part-uuid $raw_disk_image $bios_partition_num)/g" vm_config.json
-	fi
 	sed -i "s/{efi_part_guid}/$(sfdisk --part-uuid $raw_disk_image $efi_partition_num)/g" vm_config.json
 
-	images=()
-	if [[ "$arch" == "aarch64" ]]; then
-		images+=(
-			root_part
-			efi_part
-		)
-	# TODO(b/365955006): remove these lines when uboot supports x86_64 EFI application
-	elif [[ "$arch" == "x86_64" ]]; then
-		rm -f vmlinuz initrd.img
-		virt-get-kernel -a "${raw_disk_image}"
-		mv vmlinuz* vmlinuz
-		mv initrd.img* initrd.img
-		images+=(
-			bios_part
-			root_part
-			efi_part
-			vmlinuz
-			initrd.img
-		)
-	fi
-
 	popd > /dev/null
 
+	contents=(
+		build_id
+		root_part
+		efi_part
+		vm_config.json
+	)
+
 	# --sparse option isn't supported in apache-commons-compress
-	tar czv -f ${output} -C ${workdir} build_id "${images[@]}" vm_config.json
+	tar czv -f ${output} -C ${workdir} "${contents[@]}"
 }
 
 clean_up() {
diff --git a/build/debian/vm_config.json.aarch64 b/build/debian/vm_config.json
similarity index 100%
rename from build/debian/vm_config.json.aarch64
rename to build/debian/vm_config.json
diff --git a/build/debian/vm_config.json.x86_64 b/build/debian/vm_config.json.x86_64
deleted file mode 100644
index bc4e00a..0000000
--- a/build/debian/vm_config.json.x86_64
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-{
-    "name": "debian",
-    "disks": [
-        {
-            "partitions": [
-                {
-                    "label": "ROOT",
-                    "path": "$PAYLOAD_DIR/root_part",
-                    "writable": true,
-                    "guid": "{root_part_guid}"
-                },
-                {
-                    "label": "BIOS",
-                    "path": "$PAYLOAD_DIR/bios_part",
-                    "writable": true,
-                    "guid": "{bios_part_guid}"
-                },
-                {
-                    "label": "EFI",
-                    "path": "$PAYLOAD_DIR/efi_part",
-                    "writable": false,
-                    "guid": "{efi_part_guid}"
-                }
-            ],
-            "writable": true
-        }
-    ],
-    "sharedPath": [
-        {
-            "sharedPath": "/storage/emulated"
-        },
-        {
-            "sharedPath": "$APP_DATA_DIR/files"
-        }
-    ],
-    "kernel": "$PAYLOAD_DIR/vmlinuz",
-    "initrd": "$PAYLOAD_DIR/initrd.img",
-    "params": "root=/dev/vda1",
-    "protected": false,
-    "cpu_topology": "match_host",
-    "platform_version": "~1.0",
-    "memory_mib": 4096,
-    "debuggable": true,
-    "console_out": true,
-    "console_input_device": "ttyS0",
-    "network": true,
-    "auto_memory_balloon": true,
-    "gpu": {
-        "backend": "2d"
-    }
-}
diff --git a/guest/microdroid_manager/src/main.rs b/guest/microdroid_manager/src/main.rs
index d665c87..4537834 100644
--- a/guest/microdroid_manager/src/main.rs
+++ b/guest/microdroid_manager/src/main.rs
@@ -244,13 +244,14 @@
 fn verify_payload_with_instance_img(
     metadata: &Metadata,
     dice: &DiceDriver,
+    state: &mut VmInstanceState,
 ) -> Result<MicrodroidData> {
     let mut instance = InstanceDisk::new().context("Failed to load instance.img")?;
     let saved_data = instance.read_microdroid_data(dice).context("Failed to read identity data")?;
 
     if is_strict_boot() {
         // Provisioning must happen on the first boot and never again.
-        if is_new_instance_legacy() {
+        if Path::new(AVF_NEW_INSTANCE).exists() {
             ensure!(
                 saved_data.is_none(),
                 MicrodroidError::PayloadInvalidConfig(
@@ -286,12 +287,14 @@
             );
             info!("Saved data is verified.");
         }
+        *state = VmInstanceState::PreviouslySeen;
         saved_data
     } else {
         info!("Saving verified data.");
         instance
             .write_microdroid_data(&extracted_data, dice)
             .context("Failed to write identity data")?;
+        *state = VmInstanceState::NewlyCreated;
         extracted_data
     };
     Ok(instance_data)
@@ -321,13 +324,14 @@
             .context("Failed to load DICE from driver")?
     };
 
+    let mut state = VmInstanceState::Unknown;
     // Microdroid skips checking payload against instance image iff the device supports
-    // secretkeeper. In that case Microdroid use VmSecret::V2, which provide protection against
-    // rollback of boot images and packages.
+    // secretkeeper. In that case Microdroid use VmSecret::V2, which provides instance state
+    // and protection against rollback of boot images and packages.
     let instance_data = if should_defer_rollback_protection() {
         verify_payload(&metadata, None)?
     } else {
-        verify_payload_with_instance_img(&metadata, &dice)?
+        verify_payload_with_instance_img(&metadata, &dice, &mut state)?
     };
 
     let payload_metadata = metadata.payload.ok_or_else(|| {
@@ -337,7 +341,6 @@
     // To minimize the exposure to untrusted data, derive dice profile as soon as possible.
     info!("DICE derivation for payload");
     let dice_artifacts = dice_derivation(dice, &instance_data, &payload_metadata)?;
-    let mut state = VmInstanceState::Unknown;
     let vm_secret = VmSecret::new(dice_artifacts, service, &mut state)
         .context("Failed to create VM secrets")?;
 
@@ -345,15 +348,7 @@
         VmInstanceState::NewlyCreated => true,
         VmInstanceState::PreviouslySeen => false,
         VmInstanceState::Unknown => {
-            // VmSecret instantiation was not able to determine the state. This should only happen
-            // for legacy secret mechanism (V1) - in which case fallback to legacy
-            // instance.img based determination of state.
-            ensure!(
-                !should_defer_rollback_protection(),
-                "VmInstanceState is Unknown whilst guest is expected to use V2 based secrets.
-                This should've never happened"
-            );
-            is_new_instance_legacy()
+            bail!("Vm instance state is still unknown, this should not have happened");
         }
     };
 
@@ -519,10 +514,6 @@
     Path::new(AVF_STRICT_BOOT).exists()
 }
 
-fn is_new_instance_legacy() -> bool {
-    Path::new(AVF_NEW_INSTANCE).exists()
-}
-
 fn is_verified_boot() -> bool {
     !Path::new(DEBUG_MICRODROID_NO_VERIFIED_BOOT).exists()
 }
diff --git a/tests/testapk/src/java/com/android/microdroid/test/MicrodroidTests.java b/tests/testapk/src/java/com/android/microdroid/test/MicrodroidTests.java
index 418a88e..9d08ed7 100644
--- a/tests/testapk/src/java/com/android/microdroid/test/MicrodroidTests.java
+++ b/tests/testapk/src/java/com/android/microdroid/test/MicrodroidTests.java
@@ -2166,11 +2166,6 @@
         assumeFalse(
                 "Cuttlefish/Goldfish doesn't support device tree under /proc/device-tree",
                 isCuttlefish() || isGoldfish());
-        if (!isUpdatableVmSupported()) {
-            // TODO(b/389611249): Non protected VMs using legacy secret mechanisms do not reliably
-            // implement `AVmPayload_isNewInstance`.
-            assumeProtectedVM();
-        }
         VirtualMachine vm = forceCreateNewVirtualMachine("test_vm_a", config);
         TestResults testResults =
                 runVmTestService(