diff --git a/demo/README.md b/demo/README.md
index c5c87d8..fa4e38a 100644
--- a/demo/README.md
+++ b/demo/README.md
@@ -8,13 +8,18 @@
 
 ## Installing
 
+You can install the app like this:
 ```
-adb install -t out/dist/MicrodroidDemoApp.apk
-adb shell pm grant com.android.microdroid.demo android.permission.MANAGE_VIRTUAL_MACHINE
+adb install -t -g out/dist/MicrodroidDemoApp.apk
 ```
 
-Don't run the app before granting the permission. Or you will have to uninstall
-the app, and then re-install it.
+(-t allows it to be installed even though it is marked as a test app, -g grants
+the necessary permission.)
+
+You can also explicitly grant or revoke the permission, e.g.
+```
+adb shell pm grant com.android.microdroid.demo android.permission.MANAGE_VIRTUAL_MACHINE
+```
 
 ## Running
 
diff --git a/javalib/src/android/system/virtualmachine/VirtualMachine.java b/javalib/src/android/system/virtualmachine/VirtualMachine.java
index 5f39b1c..7713faf 100644
--- a/javalib/src/android/system/virtualmachine/VirtualMachine.java
+++ b/javalib/src/android/system/virtualmachine/VirtualMachine.java
@@ -459,7 +459,7 @@
                 }
             }
 
-            IVirtualizationService service = vm.mVirtualizationService.connect();
+            IVirtualizationService service = vm.mVirtualizationService.getBinder();
 
             try {
                 service.initializeWritablePartition(
@@ -785,7 +785,7 @@
                 throw new VirtualMachineException("Failed to create APK signature file", e);
             }
 
-            IVirtualizationService service = mVirtualizationService.connect();
+            IVirtualizationService service = mVirtualizationService.getBinder();
 
             try {
                 if (mVmOutputCaptured) {
diff --git a/javalib/src/android/system/virtualmachine/VirtualizationService.java b/javalib/src/android/system/virtualmachine/VirtualizationService.java
index c3f2ba3..1cf97b5 100644
--- a/javalib/src/android/system/virtualmachine/VirtualizationService.java
+++ b/javalib/src/android/system/virtualmachine/VirtualizationService.java
@@ -41,6 +41,9 @@
      */
     private final ParcelFileDescriptor mClientFd;
 
+    /* Persistent connection to IVirtualizationService. */
+    private final IVirtualizationService mBinder;
+
     private static native int nativeSpawn();
 
     private native IBinder nativeConnect(int clientFd);
@@ -57,15 +60,18 @@
             throw new VirtualMachineException("Could not spawn VirtualizationService");
         }
         mClientFd = ParcelFileDescriptor.adoptFd(clientFd);
-    }
 
-    /* Connects to the VirtualizationService AIDL service. */
-    public IVirtualizationService connect() throws VirtualMachineException {
         IBinder binder = nativeConnect(mClientFd.getFd());
         if (binder == null) {
             throw new VirtualMachineException("Could not connect to VirtualizationService");
         }
-        return IVirtualizationService.Stub.asInterface(binder);
+        mBinder = IVirtualizationService.Stub.asInterface(binder);
+    }
+
+    /* Returns the IVirtualizationService binder. */
+    @NonNull
+    IVirtualizationService getBinder() {
+        return mBinder;
     }
 
     /*
diff --git a/libs/libfdt/src/iterators.rs b/libs/libfdt/src/iterators.rs
index a7ea0ee..05fdb4a 100644
--- a/libs/libfdt/src/iterators.rs
+++ b/libs/libfdt/src/iterators.rs
@@ -85,6 +85,31 @@
     }
 }
 
+// Converts two cells into bytes of the same size
+fn two_cells_to_bytes(cells: [u32; 2]) -> [u8; 2 * size_of::<u32>()] {
+    // SAFETY: the size of the two arrays are the same
+    unsafe { core::mem::transmute::<[u32; 2], [u8; 2 * size_of::<u32>()]>(cells) }
+}
+
+impl Reg<u64> {
+    const NUM_CELLS: usize = 2;
+    /// Converts addr and (optional) size to the format that is consumable by libfdt.
+    pub fn to_cells(
+        &self,
+    ) -> ([u8; Self::NUM_CELLS * size_of::<u32>()], Option<[u8; Self::NUM_CELLS * size_of::<u32>()]>)
+    {
+        let addr =
+            two_cells_to_bytes([((self.addr >> 32) as u32).to_be(), (self.addr as u32).to_be()]);
+        let size = if self.size.is_some() {
+            let size = self.size.unwrap();
+            Some(two_cells_to_bytes([((size >> 32) as u32).to_be(), (size as u32).to_be()]))
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+        (addr, size)
+    }
+}
+
 /// Iterator over the address ranges defined by the /memory/ node.
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct MemRegIterator<'a> {
@@ -122,7 +147,7 @@
 }
 
 /// An address range from the 'ranges' property of a DT node.
-#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default)]
 pub struct AddressRange<A, P, S> {
     /// The physical address of the range within the child bus's address space.
     pub addr: A,
@@ -202,3 +227,25 @@
         })
     }
 }
+
+impl AddressRange<(u32, u64), u64, u64> {
+    const SIZE_CELLS: usize = 7;
+    /// Converts to the format that is consumable by libfdt
+    pub fn to_cells(&self) -> [u8; Self::SIZE_CELLS * size_of::<u32>()] {
+        let buf = [
+            self.addr.0.to_be(),
+            ((self.addr.1 >> 32) as u32).to_be(),
+            (self.addr.1 as u32).to_be(),
+            ((self.parent_addr >> 32) as u32).to_be(),
+            (self.parent_addr as u32).to_be(),
+            ((self.size >> 32) as u32).to_be(),
+            (self.size as u32).to_be(),
+        ];
+        // SAFETY: the size of the two arrays are the same
+        unsafe {
+            core::mem::transmute::<[u32; Self::SIZE_CELLS], [u8; Self::SIZE_CELLS * size_of::<u32>()]>(
+                buf,
+            )
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/libs/libfdt/src/lib.rs b/libs/libfdt/src/lib.rs
index 1d295eb..7ddf680 100644
--- a/libs/libfdt/src/lib.rs
+++ b/libs/libfdt/src/lib.rs
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 
 pub use iterators::{AddressRange, CellIterator, MemRegIterator, RangesIterator, Reg, RegIterator};
 
+use core::cmp::max;
 use core::ffi::{c_int, c_void, CStr};
 use core::fmt;
 use core::mem;
@@ -196,6 +197,10 @@
 }
 
 impl<'a> FdtNode<'a> {
+    /// Create immutable node from a mutable node at the same offset
+    pub fn from_mut(other: &'a FdtNodeMut) -> Self {
+        FdtNode { fdt: other.fdt, offset: other.offset }
+    }
     /// Find parent node.
     pub fn parent(&self) -> Result<Self> {
         // SAFETY - Accesses (read-only) are constrained to the DT totalsize.
@@ -285,13 +290,31 @@
 
     /// Retrieve the value of a given property.
     pub fn getprop(&self, name: &CStr) -> Result<Option<&'a [u8]>> {
+        if let Some((prop, len)) = Self::getprop_internal(self.fdt, self.offset, name)? {
+            let offset = (prop as usize)
+                .checked_sub(self.fdt.as_ptr() as usize)
+                .ok_or(FdtError::Internal)?;
+
+            Ok(Some(self.fdt.buffer.get(offset..(offset + len)).ok_or(FdtError::Internal)?))
+        } else {
+            Ok(None) // property was not found
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Return the pointer and size of the property named `name`, in a node at offset `offset`, in
+    /// a device tree `fdt`. The pointer is guaranteed to be non-null, in which case error returns.
+    fn getprop_internal(
+        fdt: &'a Fdt,
+        offset: c_int,
+        name: &CStr,
+    ) -> Result<Option<(*const c_void, usize)>> {
         let mut len: i32 = 0;
         // SAFETY - Accesses are constrained to the DT totalsize (validated by ctor) and the
         // function respects the passed number of characters.
         let prop = unsafe {
             libfdt_bindgen::fdt_getprop_namelen(
-                self.fdt.as_ptr(),
-                self.offset,
+                fdt.as_ptr(),
+                offset,
                 name.as_ptr(),
                 // *_namelen functions don't include the trailing nul terminator in 'len'.
                 name.to_bytes().len().try_into().map_err(|_| FdtError::BadPath)?,
@@ -308,11 +331,7 @@
             // We expected an error code in len but still received a valid value?!
             return Err(FdtError::Internal);
         }
-
-        let offset =
-            (prop as usize).checked_sub(self.fdt.as_ptr() as usize).ok_or(FdtError::Internal)?;
-
-        Ok(Some(self.fdt.buffer.get(offset..(offset + len)).ok_or(FdtError::Internal)?))
+        Ok(Some((prop.cast::<c_void>(), len)))
     }
 
     /// Get reference to the containing device tree.
@@ -405,6 +424,23 @@
         fdt_err_expect_zero(ret)
     }
 
+    /// Replace the value of the given property with the given value, and ensure that the given
+    /// value has the same length as the current value length
+    pub fn setprop_inplace(&mut self, name: &CStr, value: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
+        // SAFETY - fdt size is not altered
+        let ret = unsafe {
+            libfdt_bindgen::fdt_setprop_inplace(
+                self.fdt.as_mut_ptr(),
+                self.offset,
+                name.as_ptr(),
+                value.as_ptr().cast::<c_void>(),
+                value.len().try_into().map_err(|_| FdtError::BadValue)?,
+            )
+        };
+
+        fdt_err_expect_zero(ret)
+    }
+
     /// Create or change a flag-like empty property.
     pub fn setprop_empty(&mut self, name: &CStr) -> Result<()> {
         self.setprop(name, &[])
@@ -423,6 +459,31 @@
         fdt_err_expect_zero(ret)
     }
 
+    /// Reduce the size of the given property to new_size
+    pub fn trimprop(&mut self, name: &CStr, new_size: usize) -> Result<()> {
+        let (prop, len) =
+            FdtNode::getprop_internal(self.fdt, self.offset, name)?.ok_or(FdtError::NotFound)?;
+        if len == new_size {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        if new_size > len {
+            return Err(FdtError::NoSpace);
+        }
+
+        // SAFETY - new_size is smaller than the old size
+        let ret = unsafe {
+            libfdt_bindgen::fdt_setprop(
+                self.fdt.as_mut_ptr(),
+                self.offset,
+                name.as_ptr(),
+                prop.cast::<c_void>(),
+                new_size.try_into().map_err(|_| FdtError::BadValue)?,
+            )
+        };
+
+        fdt_err_expect_zero(ret)
+    }
+
     /// Get reference to the containing device tree.
     pub fn fdt(&mut self) -> &mut Fdt {
         self.fdt
@@ -444,6 +505,51 @@
 
         Ok(FdtNode { fdt: &*self.fdt, offset: fdt_err(ret)? })
     }
+
+    /// Return the compatible node of the given name that is next to this node
+    pub fn next_compatible(self, compatible: &CStr) -> Result<Option<Self>> {
+        // SAFETY - Accesses (read-only) are constrained to the DT totalsize.
+        let ret = unsafe {
+            libfdt_bindgen::fdt_node_offset_by_compatible(
+                self.fdt.as_ptr(),
+                self.offset,
+                compatible.as_ptr(),
+            )
+        };
+
+        Ok(fdt_err_or_option(ret)?.map(|offset| Self { fdt: self.fdt, offset }))
+    }
+
+    /// Replace this node and its subtree with nop tags, effectively removing it from the tree, and
+    /// then return the next compatible node of the given name.
+    // Side note: without this, filterint out excessive compatible nodes from the DT is impossible.
+    // The reason is that libfdt ensures that the node from where the search for the next
+    // compatible node is started is always a valid one -- except for the special case of offset =
+    // -1 which is to find the first compatible node. So, we can't delete a node and then find the
+    // next compatible node from it.
+    //
+    // We can't do in the opposite direction either. If we call next_compatible to find the next
+    // node, and delete the current node, the Rust borrow checker kicks in. The next node has a
+    // mutable reference to DT, so we can't use current node (which also has a mutable reference to
+    // DT).
+    pub fn delete_and_next_compatible(self, compatible: &CStr) -> Result<Option<Self>> {
+        // SAFETY - Accesses (read-only) are constrained to the DT totalsize.
+        let ret = unsafe {
+            libfdt_bindgen::fdt_node_offset_by_compatible(
+                self.fdt.as_ptr(),
+                self.offset,
+                compatible.as_ptr(),
+            )
+        };
+        let next_offset = fdt_err_or_option(ret)?;
+
+        // SAFETY - fdt_nop_node alter only the bytes in the blob which contain the node and its
+        // properties and subnodes, and will not alter or move any other part of the tree.
+        let ret = unsafe { libfdt_bindgen::fdt_nop_node(self.fdt.as_mut_ptr(), self.offset) };
+        fdt_err_expect_zero(ret)?;
+
+        Ok(next_offset.map(|offset| Self { fdt: self.fdt, offset }))
+    }
 }
 
 /// Iterator over nodes sharing a same compatible string.
@@ -518,6 +624,21 @@
         mem::transmute::<&mut [u8], &mut Self>(fdt)
     }
 
+    /// Update this FDT from a slice containing another FDT
+    pub fn copy_from_slice(&mut self, new_fdt: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
+        if self.buffer.len() < new_fdt.len() {
+            Err(FdtError::NoSpace)
+        } else {
+            let totalsize = self.totalsize();
+            self.buffer[..new_fdt.len()].clone_from_slice(new_fdt);
+            // Zeroize the remaining part. We zeroize up to the size of the original DT because
+            // zeroizing the entire buffer (max 2MB) is not necessary and may increase the VM boot
+            // time.
+            self.buffer[new_fdt.len()..max(new_fdt.len(), totalsize)].fill(0_u8);
+            Ok(())
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Make the whole slice containing the DT available to libfdt.
     pub fn unpack(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
         // SAFETY - "Opens" the DT in-place (supported use-case) by updating its header and
diff --git a/microdroid/README.md b/microdroid/README.md
index 28785fd..f70965a 100644
--- a/microdroid/README.md
+++ b/microdroid/README.md
@@ -221,6 +221,11 @@
 Use `vm_shell` tool above, and then run `lldbclient.py`.
 
 ```sh
+adb -s localhost:8000 shell 'mount -o remount,exec /data'
 development/scripts/lldbclient.py -s localhost:8000 --chroot . --user '' \
     (-p PID | -n NAME | -r ...)
 ```
+
+**Note:** We need to pass `--chroot .` to skip verifying device, because
+microdroid doesn't match with the host's lunch target. We need to also pass
+`--user ''` as there is no `su` binary in microdroid.
diff --git a/microdroid_manager/src/main.rs b/microdroid_manager/src/main.rs
index ffa2e45..8732be1 100644
--- a/microdroid_manager/src/main.rs
+++ b/microdroid_manager/src/main.rs
@@ -55,8 +55,8 @@
 use std::convert::TryInto;
 use std::env;
 use std::ffi::CString;
-use std::fs::{self, create_dir, OpenOptions};
-use std::io::Write;
+use std::fs::{self, create_dir, OpenOptions, File};
+use std::io::{Read, Write};
 use std::os::unix::process::CommandExt;
 use std::os::unix::process::ExitStatusExt;
 use std::path::Path;
@@ -73,6 +73,7 @@
 const DM_MOUNTED_APK_PATH: &str = "/dev/block/mapper/microdroid-apk";
 const AVF_STRICT_BOOT: &str = "/sys/firmware/devicetree/base/chosen/avf,strict-boot";
 const AVF_NEW_INSTANCE: &str = "/sys/firmware/devicetree/base/chosen/avf,new-instance";
+const AVF_DEBUG_POLICY_RAMDUMP: &str = "/sys/firmware/devicetree/base/avf/guest/common/ramdump";
 const DEBUG_MICRODROID_NO_VERIFIED_BOOT: &str =
     "/sys/firmware/devicetree/base/virtualization/guest/debug-microdroid,no-verified-boot";
 
@@ -314,6 +315,21 @@
     }
 }
 
+/// Get debug policy value in bool. It's true iff the value is explicitly set to <1>.
+fn get_debug_policy_bool(path: &'static str) -> Result<Option<bool>> {
+    let mut file = match File::open(path) {
+        Ok(dp) => dp,
+        Err(e) => {
+            info!("{e:?}. Assumes <0>");
+            return Ok(Some(false));
+        }
+    };
+    let mut log: [u8; 4] = Default::default();
+    file.read_exact(&mut log).context("Malformed data in {path}")?;
+    // DT spec uses big endian although Android is always little endian.
+    Ok(Some(u32::from_be_bytes(log) == 1))
+}
+
 fn try_run_payload(service: &Strong<dyn IVirtualMachineService>) -> Result<i32> {
     let metadata = load_metadata().context("Failed to load payload metadata")?;
     let dice = DiceDriver::new(Path::new("/dev/open-dice0")).context("Failed to load DICE")?;
@@ -781,16 +797,27 @@
     }
 }
 
-/// Loads the crashkernel into memory using kexec if the VM is loaded with `crashkernel=' parameter
-/// in the cmdline.
+/// Loads the crashkernel into memory using kexec if debuggable or debug policy says so.
+/// The VM should be loaded with `crashkernel=' parameter in the cmdline to allocate memory
+/// for crashkernel.
 fn load_crashkernel_if_supported() -> Result<()> {
     let supported = std::fs::read_to_string("/proc/cmdline")?.contains(" crashkernel=");
     info!("ramdump supported: {}", supported);
-    if supported {
+
+    if !supported {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    let debuggable = system_properties::read_bool(DEBUGGABLE_PROP, true)?;
+    let ramdump = get_debug_policy_bool(AVF_DEBUG_POLICY_RAMDUMP)?.unwrap_or_default();
+    let requested = debuggable | ramdump;
+
+    if requested {
         let status = Command::new("/system/bin/kexec_load").status()?;
         if !status.success() {
             return Err(anyhow!("Failed to load crashkernel: {:?}", status));
         }
+        info!("ramdump is loaded: debuggable={debuggable}, ramdump={ramdump}");
     }
     Ok(())
 }
diff --git a/pvmfw/platform.dts b/pvmfw/platform.dts
index 127f69a..a7b1de7 100644
--- a/pvmfw/platform.dts
+++ b/pvmfw/platform.dts
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@
 #define PLACEHOLDER2	PLACEHOLDER PLACEHOLDER
 #define PLACEHOLDER4	PLACEHOLDER2 PLACEHOLDER2
 
+#define IRQ_BASE 4
+
 /dts-v1/;
 
 / {
@@ -214,13 +216,14 @@
 		bus-range = <0x00 0x00>;
 		reg = <0x00 0x10000 0x00 0x1000000>;
 		interrupt-map = <
-			0x0800 0x0 0x0 1 &intc 0 0 GIC_SPI 3 IRQ_TYPE_LEVEL_HIGH
-			0x1000 0x0 0x0 1 &intc 0 0 GIC_SPI 4 IRQ_TYPE_LEVEL_HIGH
-			0x1800 0x0 0x0 1 &intc 0 0 GIC_SPI 5 IRQ_TYPE_LEVEL_HIGH
-			0x2000 0x0 0x0 1 &intc 0 0 GIC_SPI 6 IRQ_TYPE_LEVEL_HIGH
-			0x2800 0x0 0x0 1 &intc 0 0 GIC_SPI 7 IRQ_TYPE_LEVEL_HIGH
-			0x3000 0x0 0x0 1 &intc 0 0 GIC_SPI 8 IRQ_TYPE_LEVEL_HIGH
-			0x3800 0x0 0x0 1 &intc 0 0 GIC_SPI 9 IRQ_TYPE_LEVEL_HIGH
+			0x0800 0x0 0x0 1 &intc 0 0 GIC_SPI (IRQ_BASE + 0) IRQ_TYPE_LEVEL_HIGH
+			0x1000 0x0 0x0 1 &intc 0 0 GIC_SPI (IRQ_BASE + 1) IRQ_TYPE_LEVEL_HIGH
+			0x1800 0x0 0x0 1 &intc 0 0 GIC_SPI (IRQ_BASE + 2) IRQ_TYPE_LEVEL_HIGH
+			0x2000 0x0 0x0 1 &intc 0 0 GIC_SPI (IRQ_BASE + 3) IRQ_TYPE_LEVEL_HIGH
+			0x2800 0x0 0x0 1 &intc 0 0 GIC_SPI (IRQ_BASE + 4) IRQ_TYPE_LEVEL_HIGH
+			0x3000 0x0 0x0 1 &intc 0 0 GIC_SPI (IRQ_BASE + 5) IRQ_TYPE_LEVEL_HIGH
+			0x3800 0x0 0x0 1 &intc 0 0 GIC_SPI (IRQ_BASE + 6) IRQ_TYPE_LEVEL_HIGH
+			0x4000 0x0 0x0 1 &intc 0 0 GIC_SPI (IRQ_BASE + 7) IRQ_TYPE_LEVEL_HIGH
 		>;
 		interrupt-map-mask = <0xf800 0x0 0x0 0x7
 				      0xf800 0x0 0x0 0x7
@@ -228,6 +231,7 @@
 				      0xf800 0x0 0x0 0x7
 				      0xf800 0x0 0x0 0x7
 				      0xf800 0x0 0x0 0x7
+				      0xf800 0x0 0x0 0x7
 				      0xf800 0x0 0x0 0x7>;
 	};
 
diff --git a/pvmfw/src/debug_policy.rs b/pvmfw/src/debug_policy.rs
index 15efa1c..f4b99a6 100644
--- a/pvmfw/src/debug_policy.rs
+++ b/pvmfw/src/debug_policy.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 //! Support for the debug policy overlay in pvmfw
 
 use crate::cstr;
-use alloc::{vec, vec::Vec};
+use alloc::vec::Vec;
 use core::ffi::CStr;
 use core::fmt;
 use libfdt::FdtError;
@@ -64,65 +64,6 @@
     fdt.pack().map_err(|e| DebugPolicyError::OverlaidFdt("Failed to re-pack", e))
 }
 
-/// Disables ramdump by removing crashkernel from bootargs in /chosen.
-fn disable_ramdump(fdt: &mut libfdt::Fdt) -> Result<(), DebugPolicyError> {
-    let chosen = match fdt
-        .node(cstr!("/chosen"))
-        .map_err(|e| DebugPolicyError::Fdt("Failed to find /chosen", e))?
-    {
-        Some(node) => node,
-        None => return Ok(()),
-    };
-
-    let bootargs = match chosen
-        .getprop_str(cstr!("bootargs"))
-        .map_err(|e| DebugPolicyError::Fdt("Failed to find bootargs prop", e))?
-    {
-        Some(value) if !value.to_bytes().is_empty() => value,
-        _ => return Ok(()),
-    };
-
-    // TODO: Improve add 'crashkernel=17MB' only when it's unnecessary.
-    //       Currently 'crashkernel=17MB' in virtualizationservice and passed by
-    //       chosen node, because it's not exactly a debug policy but a
-    //       configuration. However, it's actually microdroid specific
-    //       so we need a way to generalize it.
-    let mut args = vec![];
-    for arg in bootargs.to_bytes().split(|byte| byte.is_ascii_whitespace()) {
-        if arg.is_empty() || arg.starts_with(b"crashkernel=") {
-            continue;
-        }
-        args.push(arg);
-    }
-    let mut new_bootargs = args.as_slice().join(&b" "[..]);
-    new_bootargs.push(b'\0');
-
-    // We've checked existence of /chosen node at the beginning.
-    let mut chosen_mut = fdt.node_mut(cstr!("/chosen")).unwrap().unwrap();
-    chosen_mut.setprop(cstr!("bootargs"), new_bootargs.as_slice()).map_err(|e| {
-        DebugPolicyError::OverlaidFdt("Failed to remove crashkernel. FDT might be corrupted", e)
-    })
-}
-
-/// Returns true only if fdt has ramdump prop in the /avf/guest/common node with value <1>
-fn is_ramdump_enabled(fdt: &libfdt::Fdt) -> Result<bool, DebugPolicyError> {
-    let common = match fdt
-        .node(cstr!("/avf/guest/common"))
-        .map_err(|e| DebugPolicyError::DebugPolicyFdt("Failed to find /avf/guest/common node", e))?
-    {
-        Some(node) => node,
-        None => return Ok(false),
-    };
-
-    match common
-        .getprop_u32(cstr!("ramdump"))
-        .map_err(|e| DebugPolicyError::DebugPolicyFdt("Failed to find ramdump prop", e))?
-    {
-        Some(1) => Ok(true),
-        _ => Ok(false),
-    }
-}
-
 /// Enables console output by adding kernel.printk.devkmsg and kernel.console to bootargs.
 /// This uses hardcoded console name 'hvc0' and it should be match with microdroid's bootconfig.debuggable.
 fn enable_console_output(fdt: &mut libfdt::Fdt) -> Result<(), DebugPolicyError> {
@@ -191,13 +132,6 @@
         apply_debug_policy(fdt, dp)?;
     }
 
-    // Handles ramdump in the debug policy
-    if is_ramdump_enabled(fdt)? {
-        info!("ramdump is enabled by debug policy");
-    } else {
-        disable_ramdump(fdt)?;
-    }
-
     // Handles console output in the debug policy
     if is_console_output_enabled(fdt)? {
         enable_console_output(fdt)?;
diff --git a/pvmfw/src/entry.rs b/pvmfw/src/entry.rs
index 106a4ef..8219882 100644
--- a/pvmfw/src/entry.rs
+++ b/pvmfw/src/entry.rs
@@ -109,37 +109,17 @@
             RebootReason::InvalidFdt
         })?;
 
+        let info = fdt::sanitize_device_tree(fdt)?;
         debug!("Fdt passed validation!");
 
-        let memory_range = fdt
-            .memory()
-            .map_err(|e| {
-                error!("Failed to get /memory from the DT: {e}");
-                RebootReason::InvalidFdt
-            })?
-            .ok_or_else(|| {
-                error!("Node /memory was found empty");
-                RebootReason::InvalidFdt
-            })?
-            .next()
-            .ok_or_else(|| {
-                error!("Failed to read the memory size from the FDT");
-                RebootReason::InternalError
-            })?;
-
+        let memory_range = info.memory_range;
         debug!("Resizing MemoryTracker to range {memory_range:#x?}");
-
         memory.shrink(&memory_range).map_err(|_| {
             error!("Failed to use memory range value from DT: {memory_range:#x?}");
             RebootReason::InvalidFdt
         })?;
 
-        let kernel_range = fdt::kernel_range(fdt).map_err(|e| {
-            error!("Error while attempting to read the kernel range from the DT: {e}");
-            RebootReason::InvalidFdt
-        })?;
-
-        let kernel_range = if let Some(r) = kernel_range {
+        let kernel_range = if let Some(r) = info.kernel_range {
             memory.alloc_range(&r).map_err(|e| {
                 error!("Failed to obtain the kernel range with DT range: {e}");
                 RebootReason::InternalError
@@ -165,12 +145,7 @@
         let kernel =
             unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts(kernel_range.start as *const u8, kernel_range.len()) };
 
-        let ramdisk_range = fdt::initrd_range(fdt).map_err(|e| {
-            error!("An error occurred while locating the ramdisk in the device tree: {e}");
-            RebootReason::InternalError
-        })?;
-
-        let ramdisk = if let Some(r) = ramdisk_range {
+        let ramdisk = if let Some(r) = info.initrd_range {
             debug!("Located ramdisk at {r:?}");
             let r = memory.alloc_range(&r).map_err(|e| {
                 error!("Failed to obtain the initrd range: {e}");
diff --git a/pvmfw/src/fdt.rs b/pvmfw/src/fdt.rs
index f56d6e0..7d88455 100644
--- a/pvmfw/src/fdt.rs
+++ b/pvmfw/src/fdt.rs
@@ -15,10 +15,17 @@
 //! High-level FDT functions.
 
 use crate::cstr;
+use crate::helpers::flatten;
 use crate::helpers::GUEST_PAGE_SIZE;
+use crate::helpers::SIZE_4KB;
+use crate::memory::BASE_ADDR;
+use crate::memory::MAX_ADDR;
 use crate::RebootReason;
+use alloc::ffi::CString;
+use core::cmp::max;
+use core::cmp::min;
 use core::ffi::CStr;
-use core::num::NonZeroUsize;
+use core::mem::size_of;
 use core::ops::Range;
 use fdtpci::PciMemoryFlags;
 use fdtpci::PciRangeType;
@@ -26,11 +33,14 @@
 use libfdt::CellIterator;
 use libfdt::Fdt;
 use libfdt::FdtError;
+use libfdt::FdtNode;
+use log::debug;
 use log::error;
 use tinyvec::ArrayVec;
 
-/// Extract from /config the address range containing the pre-loaded kernel.
-pub fn kernel_range(fdt: &libfdt::Fdt) -> libfdt::Result<Option<Range<usize>>> {
+/// Extract from /config the address range containing the pre-loaded kernel. Absence of /config is
+/// not an error.
+fn read_kernel_range_from(fdt: &Fdt) -> libfdt::Result<Option<Range<usize>>> {
     let addr = cstr!("kernel-address");
     let size = cstr!("kernel-size");
 
@@ -46,8 +56,9 @@
     Ok(None)
 }
 
-/// Extract from /chosen the address range containing the pre-loaded ramdisk.
-pub fn initrd_range(fdt: &libfdt::Fdt) -> libfdt::Result<Option<Range<usize>>> {
+/// Extract from /chosen the address range containing the pre-loaded ramdisk. Absence is not an
+/// error as there can be initrd-less VM.
+fn read_initrd_range_from(fdt: &Fdt) -> libfdt::Result<Option<Range<usize>>> {
     let start = cstr!("linux,initrd-start");
     let end = cstr!("linux,initrd-end");
 
@@ -60,145 +71,118 @@
     Ok(None)
 }
 
-/// Read and validate the size and base address of memory, and returns the size
-fn parse_memory_node(fdt: &libfdt::Fdt) -> Result<NonZeroUsize, RebootReason> {
-    let memory_range = fdt
-        .memory()
-        // Actually, these checks are unnecessary because we read /memory node in entry.rs
-        // where the exactly same checks are done. We are repeating the same check just for
-        // extra safety (in case when the code structure changes in the future).
-        .map_err(|e| {
-            error!("Failed to get /memory from the DT: {e}");
-            RebootReason::InvalidFdt
-        })?
-        .ok_or_else(|| {
-            error!("Node /memory was found empty");
-            RebootReason::InvalidFdt
-        })?
-        .next()
-        .ok_or_else(|| {
-            error!("Failed to read memory range from the DT");
-            RebootReason::InvalidFdt
-        })?;
+fn patch_initrd_range(fdt: &mut Fdt, initrd_range: &Range<usize>) -> libfdt::Result<()> {
+    let start = u32::try_from(initrd_range.start).unwrap();
+    let end = u32::try_from(initrd_range.end).unwrap();
 
-    let base = memory_range.start;
-    if base as u64 != DeviceTreeInfo::RAM_BASE_ADDR {
-        error!("Memory base address {:#x} is not {:#x}", base, DeviceTreeInfo::RAM_BASE_ADDR);
+    let mut node = fdt.chosen_mut()?.ok_or(FdtError::NotFound)?;
+    node.setprop(cstr!("linux,initrd-start"), &start.to_be_bytes())?;
+    node.setprop(cstr!("linux,initrd-end"), &end.to_be_bytes())?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn read_bootargs_from(fdt: &Fdt) -> libfdt::Result<Option<CString>> {
+    if let Some(chosen) = fdt.chosen()? {
+        if let Some(bootargs) = chosen.getprop_str(cstr!("bootargs"))? {
+            // We need to copy the string to heap because the original fdt will be invalidated
+            // by the templated DT
+            let copy = CString::new(bootargs.to_bytes()).map_err(|_| FdtError::BadValue)?;
+            return Ok(Some(copy));
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(None)
+}
+
+fn patch_bootargs(fdt: &mut Fdt, bootargs: &CStr) -> libfdt::Result<()> {
+    let mut node = fdt.chosen_mut()?.ok_or(FdtError::NotFound)?;
+    // TODO(b/275306568) filter out dangerous options
+    node.setprop(cstr!("bootargs"), bootargs.to_bytes_with_nul())
+}
+
+/// Read the first range in /memory node in DT
+fn read_memory_range_from(fdt: &Fdt) -> libfdt::Result<Range<usize>> {
+    fdt.memory()?.ok_or(FdtError::NotFound)?.next().ok_or(FdtError::NotFound)
+}
+
+/// Check if memory range is ok
+fn validate_memory_range(range: &Range<usize>) -> Result<(), RebootReason> {
+    let base = range.start;
+    if base != BASE_ADDR {
+        error!("Memory base address {:#x} is not {:#x}", base, BASE_ADDR);
         return Err(RebootReason::InvalidFdt);
     }
 
-    let size = memory_range.len(); // end is exclusive
+    let size = range.len();
     if size % GUEST_PAGE_SIZE != 0 {
         error!("Memory size {:#x} is not a multiple of page size {:#x}", size, GUEST_PAGE_SIZE);
         return Err(RebootReason::InvalidFdt);
     }
-    // In the u-boot implementation, we checked if base + size > u64::MAX, but we don't need that
-    // because memory() function uses checked_add when constructing the Range object. If an
-    // overflow happened, we should have gotten None from the next() call above and would have
-    // bailed already.
 
-    NonZeroUsize::new(size).ok_or_else(|| {
-        error!("Memory size can't be 0");
-        RebootReason::InvalidFdt
-    })
+    if size == 0 {
+        error!("Memory size is 0");
+        return Err(RebootReason::InvalidFdt);
+    }
+    Ok(())
 }
 
-/// Read the number of CPUs
-fn parse_cpu_nodes(fdt: &libfdt::Fdt) -> Result<NonZeroUsize, RebootReason> {
-    let num = fdt
-        .compatible_nodes(cstr!("arm,arm-v8"))
-        .map_err(|e| {
-            error!("Failed to read compatible nodes \"arm,arm-v8\" from DT: {e}");
-            RebootReason::InvalidFdt
-        })?
-        .count();
-    NonZeroUsize::new(num).ok_or_else(|| {
+fn patch_memory_range(fdt: &mut Fdt, memory_range: &Range<usize>) -> libfdt::Result<()> {
+    let size = memory_range.len() as u64;
+    fdt.node_mut(cstr!("/memory"))?
+        .ok_or(FdtError::NotFound)?
+        .setprop_inplace(cstr!("reg"), flatten(&[BASE_ADDR.to_be_bytes(), size.to_be_bytes()]))
+}
+
+/// Read the number of CPUs from DT
+fn read_num_cpus_from(fdt: &Fdt) -> libfdt::Result<usize> {
+    Ok(fdt.compatible_nodes(cstr!("arm,arm-v8"))?.count())
+}
+
+/// Validate number of CPUs
+fn validate_num_cpus(num_cpus: usize) -> Result<(), RebootReason> {
+    if num_cpus == 0 {
         error!("Number of CPU can't be 0");
-        RebootReason::InvalidFdt
-    })
+        return Err(RebootReason::InvalidFdt);
+    }
+    if DeviceTreeInfo::GIC_REDIST_SIZE_PER_CPU.checked_mul(num_cpus.try_into().unwrap()).is_none() {
+        error!("Too many CPUs for gic: {}", num_cpus);
+        return Err(RebootReason::InvalidFdt);
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Patch DT by keeping `num_cpus` number of arm,arm-v8 compatible nodes, and pruning the rest.
+fn patch_num_cpus(fdt: &mut Fdt, num_cpus: usize) -> libfdt::Result<()> {
+    let cpu = cstr!("arm,arm-v8");
+    let mut next = fdt.root_mut()?.next_compatible(cpu)?;
+    for _ in 0..num_cpus {
+        next = if let Some(current) = next {
+            current.next_compatible(cpu)?
+        } else {
+            return Err(FdtError::NoSpace);
+        };
+    }
+    while let Some(current) = next {
+        next = current.delete_and_next_compatible(cpu)?;
+    }
+    Ok(())
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
-#[allow(dead_code)] // TODO: remove this
 struct PciInfo {
-    ranges: [Range<u64>; 2],
-    num_irq: usize,
+    ranges: [PciAddrRange; 2],
+    irq_masks: ArrayVec<[PciIrqMask; PciInfo::MAX_IRQS]>,
+    irq_maps: ArrayVec<[PciIrqMap; PciInfo::MAX_IRQS]>,
 }
 
-/// Read and validate PCI node
-fn parse_pci_nodes(fdt: &libfdt::Fdt) -> Result<PciInfo, RebootReason> {
-    let node = fdt
-        .compatible_nodes(cstr!("pci-host-cam-generic"))
-        .map_err(|e| {
-            error!("Failed to read compatible node \"pci-host-cam-generic\" from DT: {e}");
-            RebootReason::InvalidFdt
-        })?
-        .next()
-        .ok_or_else(|| {
-            // pvmfw requires at least one pci device (virtio-blk) for the instance disk. So,
-            // let's fail early.
-            error!("Compatible node \"pci-host-cam-generic\" doesn't exist");
-            RebootReason::InvalidFdt
-        })?;
-
-    let mut iter = node
-        .ranges::<(u32, u64), u64, u64>()
-        .map_err(|e| {
-            error!("Failed to read ranges from PCI node: {e}");
-            RebootReason::InvalidFdt
-        })?
-        .ok_or_else(|| {
-            error!("PCI node missing ranges property");
-            RebootReason::InvalidFdt
-        })?;
-
-    let range0 = iter.next().ok_or_else(|| {
-        error!("First range missing in PCI node");
-        RebootReason::InvalidFdt
-    })?;
-    let range0 = get_and_validate_pci_range(&range0)?;
-
-    let range1 = iter.next().ok_or_else(|| {
-        error!("Second range missing in PCI node");
-        RebootReason::InvalidFdt
-    })?;
-    let range1 = get_and_validate_pci_range(&range1)?;
-
-    let num_irq = count_and_validate_pci_irq_masks(&node)?;
-
-    validate_pci_irq_maps(&node)?;
-
-    Ok(PciInfo { ranges: [range0, range1], num_irq })
+impl PciInfo {
+    const IRQ_MASK_CELLS: usize = 4;
+    const IRQ_MAP_CELLS: usize = 10;
+    const MAX_IRQS: usize = 8;
 }
 
-fn get_and_validate_pci_range(
-    range: &AddressRange<(u32, u64), u64, u64>,
-) -> Result<Range<u64>, RebootReason> {
-    let mem_flags = PciMemoryFlags(range.addr.0);
-    let range_type = mem_flags.range_type();
-    let prefetchable = mem_flags.prefetchable();
-    let bus_addr = range.addr.1;
-    let cpu_addr = range.parent_addr;
-    let size = range.size;
-    if range_type != PciRangeType::Memory64 {
-        error!("Invalid range type {:?} for bus address {:#x} in PCI node", range_type, bus_addr);
-        return Err(RebootReason::InvalidFdt);
-    }
-    if prefetchable {
-        error!("PCI bus address {:#x} in PCI node is prefetchable", bus_addr);
-        return Err(RebootReason::InvalidFdt);
-    }
-    // Enforce ID bus-to-cpu mappings, as used by crosvm.
-    if bus_addr != cpu_addr {
-        error!("PCI bus address: {:#x} is different from CPU address: {:#x}", bus_addr, cpu_addr);
-        return Err(RebootReason::InvalidFdt);
-    }
-    let bus_end = bus_addr.checked_add(size).ok_or_else(|| {
-        error!("PCI address range size {:#x} too big", size);
-        RebootReason::InvalidFdt
-    })?;
-    Ok(bus_addr..bus_end)
-}
+type PciAddrRange = AddressRange<(u32, u64), u64, u64>;
+type PciIrqMask = [u32; PciInfo::IRQ_MASK_CELLS];
+type PciIrqMap = [u32; PciInfo::IRQ_MAP_CELLS];
 
 /// Iterator that takes N cells as a chunk
 struct CellChunkIterator<'a, const N: usize> {
@@ -222,39 +206,104 @@
     }
 }
 
-fn count_and_validate_pci_irq_masks(pci_node: &libfdt::FdtNode) -> Result<usize, RebootReason> {
-    const IRQ_MASK_CELLS: usize = 4;
+/// Read pci host controller ranges, irq maps, and irq map masks from DT
+fn read_pci_info_from(fdt: &Fdt) -> libfdt::Result<PciInfo> {
+    let node =
+        fdt.compatible_nodes(cstr!("pci-host-cam-generic"))?.next().ok_or(FdtError::NotFound)?;
+
+    let mut ranges = node.ranges::<(u32, u64), u64, u64>()?.ok_or(FdtError::NotFound)?;
+    let range0 = ranges.next().ok_or(FdtError::NotFound)?;
+    let range1 = ranges.next().ok_or(FdtError::NotFound)?;
+
+    let irq_masks = node.getprop_cells(cstr!("interrupt-map-mask"))?.ok_or(FdtError::NotFound)?;
+    let irq_masks = CellChunkIterator::<{ PciInfo::IRQ_MASK_CELLS }>::new(irq_masks);
+    let irq_masks: ArrayVec<[PciIrqMask; PciInfo::MAX_IRQS]> =
+        irq_masks.take(PciInfo::MAX_IRQS).collect();
+
+    let irq_maps = node.getprop_cells(cstr!("interrupt-map"))?.ok_or(FdtError::NotFound)?;
+    let irq_maps = CellChunkIterator::<{ PciInfo::IRQ_MAP_CELLS }>::new(irq_maps);
+    let irq_maps: ArrayVec<[PciIrqMap; PciInfo::MAX_IRQS]> =
+        irq_maps.take(PciInfo::MAX_IRQS).collect();
+
+    Ok(PciInfo { ranges: [range0, range1], irq_masks, irq_maps })
+}
+
+fn validate_pci_info(pci_info: &PciInfo, memory_range: &Range<usize>) -> Result<(), RebootReason> {
+    for range in pci_info.ranges.iter() {
+        validate_pci_addr_range(range, memory_range)?;
+    }
+    for irq_mask in pci_info.irq_masks.iter() {
+        validate_pci_irq_mask(irq_mask)?;
+    }
+    for (idx, irq_map) in pci_info.irq_maps.iter().enumerate() {
+        validate_pci_irq_map(irq_map, idx)?;
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn validate_pci_addr_range(
+    range: &PciAddrRange,
+    memory_range: &Range<usize>,
+) -> Result<(), RebootReason> {
+    let mem_flags = PciMemoryFlags(range.addr.0);
+    let range_type = mem_flags.range_type();
+    let prefetchable = mem_flags.prefetchable();
+    let bus_addr = range.addr.1;
+    let cpu_addr = range.parent_addr;
+    let size = range.size;
+
+    if range_type != PciRangeType::Memory64 {
+        error!("Invalid range type {:?} for bus address {:#x} in PCI node", range_type, bus_addr);
+        return Err(RebootReason::InvalidFdt);
+    }
+    if prefetchable {
+        error!("PCI bus address {:#x} in PCI node is prefetchable", bus_addr);
+        return Err(RebootReason::InvalidFdt);
+    }
+    // Enforce ID bus-to-cpu mappings, as used by crosvm.
+    if bus_addr != cpu_addr {
+        error!("PCI bus address: {:#x} is different from CPU address: {:#x}", bus_addr, cpu_addr);
+        return Err(RebootReason::InvalidFdt);
+    }
+
+    let Some(bus_end) = bus_addr.checked_add(size) else {
+        error!("PCI address range size {:#x} overflows", size);
+        return Err(RebootReason::InvalidFdt);
+    };
+    if bus_end > MAX_ADDR.try_into().unwrap() {
+        error!("PCI address end {:#x} is outside of translatable range", bus_end);
+        return Err(RebootReason::InvalidFdt);
+    }
+
+    let memory_start = memory_range.start.try_into().unwrap();
+    let memory_end = memory_range.end.try_into().unwrap();
+
+    if max(bus_addr, memory_start) < min(bus_end, memory_end) {
+        error!(
+            "PCI address range {:#x}-{:#x} overlaps with main memory range {:#x}-{:#x}",
+            bus_addr, bus_end, memory_start, memory_end
+        );
+        return Err(RebootReason::InvalidFdt);
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn validate_pci_irq_mask(irq_mask: &PciIrqMask) -> Result<(), RebootReason> {
     const IRQ_MASK_ADDR_HI: u32 = 0xf800;
     const IRQ_MASK_ADDR_ME: u32 = 0x0;
     const IRQ_MASK_ADDR_LO: u32 = 0x0;
     const IRQ_MASK_ANY_IRQ: u32 = 0x7;
-    const EXPECTED: [u32; IRQ_MASK_CELLS] =
+    const EXPECTED: PciIrqMask =
         [IRQ_MASK_ADDR_HI, IRQ_MASK_ADDR_ME, IRQ_MASK_ADDR_LO, IRQ_MASK_ANY_IRQ];
-
-    let mut irq_count: usize = 0;
-    for irq_mask in CellChunkIterator::<IRQ_MASK_CELLS>::new(
-        pci_node
-            .getprop_cells(cstr!("interrupt-map-mask"))
-            .map_err(|e| {
-                error!("Failed to read interrupt-map-mask property: {e}");
-                RebootReason::InvalidFdt
-            })?
-            .ok_or_else(|| {
-                error!("PCI node missing interrupt-map-mask property");
-                RebootReason::InvalidFdt
-            })?,
-    ) {
-        if irq_mask != EXPECTED {
-            error!("invalid irq mask {:?}", irq_mask);
-            return Err(RebootReason::InvalidFdt);
-        }
-        irq_count += 1;
+    if *irq_mask != EXPECTED {
+        error!("Invalid PCI irq mask {:#?}", irq_mask);
+        return Err(RebootReason::InvalidFdt);
     }
-    Ok(irq_count)
+    Ok(())
 }
 
-fn validate_pci_irq_maps(pci_node: &libfdt::FdtNode) -> Result<(), RebootReason> {
-    const IRQ_MAP_CELLS: usize = 10;
+fn validate_pci_irq_map(irq_map: &PciIrqMap, idx: usize) -> Result<(), RebootReason> {
     const PCI_DEVICE_IDX: usize = 11;
     const PCI_IRQ_ADDR_ME: u32 = 0;
     const PCI_IRQ_ADDR_LO: u32 = 0;
@@ -263,163 +312,139 @@
     const GIC_SPI: u32 = 0;
     const IRQ_TYPE_LEVEL_HIGH: u32 = 4;
 
-    let mut phys_hi: u32 = 0;
-    let mut irq_nr = AARCH64_IRQ_BASE;
+    let pci_addr = (irq_map[0], irq_map[1], irq_map[2]);
+    let pci_irq_number = irq_map[3];
+    let _controller_phandle = irq_map[4]; // skipped.
+    let gic_addr = (irq_map[5], irq_map[6]); // address-cells is <2> for GIC
+                                             // interrupt-cells is <3> for GIC
+    let gic_peripheral_interrupt_type = irq_map[7];
+    let gic_irq_number = irq_map[8];
+    let gic_irq_type = irq_map[9];
 
-    for irq_map in CellChunkIterator::<IRQ_MAP_CELLS>::new(
-        pci_node
-            .getprop_cells(cstr!("interrupt-map"))
-            .map_err(|e| {
-                error!("Failed to read interrupt-map property: {e}");
-                RebootReason::InvalidFdt
-            })?
-            .ok_or_else(|| {
-                error!("PCI node missing interrupt-map property");
-                RebootReason::InvalidFdt
-            })?,
-    ) {
-        phys_hi += 0x1 << PCI_DEVICE_IDX;
+    let phys_hi: u32 = (0x1 << PCI_DEVICE_IDX) * (idx + 1) as u32;
+    let expected_pci_addr = (phys_hi, PCI_IRQ_ADDR_ME, PCI_IRQ_ADDR_LO);
 
-        let pci_addr = (irq_map[0], irq_map[1], irq_map[2]);
-        let pci_irq_number = irq_map[3];
-        let _controller_phandle = irq_map[4]; // skipped.
-        let gic_addr = (irq_map[5], irq_map[6]); // address-cells is <2> for GIC
-                                                 // interrupt-cells is <3> for GIC
-        let gic_peripheral_interrupt_type = irq_map[7];
-        let gic_irq_number = irq_map[8];
-        let gic_irq_type = irq_map[9];
+    if pci_addr != expected_pci_addr {
+        error!("PCI device address {:#x} {:#x} {:#x} in interrupt-map is different from expected address \
+               {:#x} {:#x} {:#x}",
+               pci_addr.0, pci_addr.1, pci_addr.2, expected_pci_addr.0, expected_pci_addr.1, expected_pci_addr.2);
+        return Err(RebootReason::InvalidFdt);
+    }
 
-        let expected_pci_addr = (phys_hi, PCI_IRQ_ADDR_ME, PCI_IRQ_ADDR_LO);
+    if pci_irq_number != PCI_IRQ_INTC {
+        error!(
+            "PCI INT# {:#x} in interrupt-map is different from expected value {:#x}",
+            pci_irq_number, PCI_IRQ_INTC
+        );
+        return Err(RebootReason::InvalidFdt);
+    }
 
-        if pci_addr != expected_pci_addr {
-            error!("PCI device address {:#x} {:#x} {:#x} in interrupt-map is different from expected address \
-                   {:#x} {:#x} {:#x}",
-                   pci_addr.0, pci_addr.1, pci_addr.2, expected_pci_addr.0, expected_pci_addr.1, expected_pci_addr.2);
-            return Err(RebootReason::InvalidFdt);
-        }
-        if pci_irq_number != PCI_IRQ_INTC {
-            error!(
-                "PCI INT# {:#x} in interrupt-map is different from expected value {:#x}",
-                pci_irq_number, PCI_IRQ_INTC
-            );
-            return Err(RebootReason::InvalidFdt);
-        }
-        if gic_addr != (0, 0) {
-            error!(
-                "GIC address {:#x} {:#x} in interrupt-map is different from expected address \
-                   {:#x} {:#x}",
-                gic_addr.0, gic_addr.1, 0, 0
-            );
-            return Err(RebootReason::InvalidFdt);
-        }
-        if gic_peripheral_interrupt_type != GIC_SPI {
-            error!("GIC peripheral interrupt type {:#x} in interrupt-map is different from expected value \
-                   {:#x}", gic_peripheral_interrupt_type, GIC_SPI);
-            return Err(RebootReason::InvalidFdt);
-        }
-        if gic_irq_number != irq_nr {
-            error!(
-                "GIC irq number {:#x} in interrupt-map is unexpected. Expected {:#x}",
-                gic_irq_number, irq_nr
-            );
-            return Err(RebootReason::InvalidFdt);
-        }
-        irq_nr += 1; // move to next irq
-        if gic_irq_type != IRQ_TYPE_LEVEL_HIGH {
-            error!(
-                "IRQ type in {:#x} is invalid. Must be LEVEL_HIGH {:#x}",
-                gic_irq_type, IRQ_TYPE_LEVEL_HIGH
-            );
-            return Err(RebootReason::InvalidFdt);
+    if gic_addr != (0, 0) {
+        error!(
+            "GIC address {:#x} {:#x} in interrupt-map is different from expected address \
+               {:#x} {:#x}",
+            gic_addr.0, gic_addr.1, 0, 0
+        );
+        return Err(RebootReason::InvalidFdt);
+    }
+
+    if gic_peripheral_interrupt_type != GIC_SPI {
+        error!("GIC peripheral interrupt type {:#x} in interrupt-map is different from expected value \
+               {:#x}", gic_peripheral_interrupt_type, GIC_SPI);
+        return Err(RebootReason::InvalidFdt);
+    }
+
+    let irq_nr: u32 = AARCH64_IRQ_BASE + (idx as u32);
+    if gic_irq_number != irq_nr {
+        error!(
+            "GIC irq number {:#x} in interrupt-map is unexpected. Expected {:#x}",
+            gic_irq_number, irq_nr
+        );
+        return Err(RebootReason::InvalidFdt);
+    }
+
+    if gic_irq_type != IRQ_TYPE_LEVEL_HIGH {
+        error!(
+            "IRQ type in {:#x} is invalid. Must be LEVEL_HIGH {:#x}",
+            gic_irq_type, IRQ_TYPE_LEVEL_HIGH
+        );
+        return Err(RebootReason::InvalidFdt);
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn patch_pci_info(fdt: &mut Fdt, pci_info: &PciInfo) -> libfdt::Result<()> {
+    let mut node = fdt
+        .root_mut()?
+        .next_compatible(cstr!("pci-host-cam-generic"))?
+        .ok_or(FdtError::NotFound)?;
+
+    let irq_masks_size = pci_info.irq_masks.len() * size_of::<PciIrqMask>();
+    node.trimprop(cstr!("interrupt-map-mask"), irq_masks_size)?;
+
+    let irq_maps_size = pci_info.irq_maps.len() * size_of::<PciIrqMap>();
+    node.trimprop(cstr!("interrupt-map"), irq_maps_size)?;
+
+    node.setprop_inplace(
+        cstr!("ranges"),
+        flatten(&[pci_info.ranges[0].to_cells(), pci_info.ranges[1].to_cells()]),
+    )
+}
+
+#[derive(Default, Debug)]
+struct SerialInfo {
+    addrs: ArrayVec<[u64; Self::MAX_SERIALS]>,
+}
+
+impl SerialInfo {
+    const MAX_SERIALS: usize = 4;
+}
+
+fn read_serial_info_from(fdt: &Fdt) -> libfdt::Result<SerialInfo> {
+    let mut addrs: ArrayVec<[u64; SerialInfo::MAX_SERIALS]> = Default::default();
+    for node in fdt.compatible_nodes(cstr!("ns16550a"))?.take(SerialInfo::MAX_SERIALS) {
+        let reg = node.reg()?.ok_or(FdtError::NotFound)?.next().ok_or(FdtError::NotFound)?;
+        addrs.push(reg.addr);
+    }
+    Ok(SerialInfo { addrs })
+}
+
+/// Patch the DT by deleting the ns16550a compatible nodes whose address are unknown
+fn patch_serial_info(fdt: &mut Fdt, serial_info: &SerialInfo) -> libfdt::Result<()> {
+    let name = cstr!("ns16550a");
+    let mut next = fdt.root_mut()?.next_compatible(name);
+    while let Some(current) = next? {
+        let reg = FdtNode::from_mut(&current)
+            .reg()?
+            .ok_or(FdtError::NotFound)?
+            .next()
+            .ok_or(FdtError::NotFound)?;
+        next = if !serial_info.addrs.contains(&reg.addr) {
+            current.delete_and_next_compatible(name)
+        } else {
+            current.next_compatible(name)
         }
     }
     Ok(())
 }
 
-#[derive(Default, Debug)]
-#[allow(dead_code)] // TODO: remove this
-pub struct SerialInfo {
-    addrs: ArrayVec<[u64; Self::SERIAL_MAX_COUNT]>,
-}
-
-impl SerialInfo {
-    const SERIAL_MAX_COUNT: usize = 4;
-}
-
-fn parse_serial_nodes(fdt: &libfdt::Fdt) -> Result<SerialInfo, RebootReason> {
-    let mut ret: SerialInfo = Default::default();
-    for (i, node) in fdt
-        .compatible_nodes(cstr!("ns16550a"))
-        .map_err(|e| {
-            error!("Failed to read compatible nodes \"ns16550a\" from DT: {e}");
-            RebootReason::InvalidFdt
-        })?
-        .enumerate()
-    {
-        if i >= ret.addrs.capacity() {
-            error!("Too many serials: {i}");
-            return Err(RebootReason::InvalidFdt);
-        }
-        let reg = node
-            .reg()
-            .map_err(|e| {
-                error!("Failed to read reg property from \"ns16550a\" node: {e}");
-                RebootReason::InvalidFdt
-            })?
-            .ok_or_else(|| {
-                error!("No reg property in \"ns16550a\" node");
-                RebootReason::InvalidFdt
-            })?
-            .next()
-            .ok_or_else(|| {
-                error!("No value in reg property of \"ns16550a\" node");
-                RebootReason::InvalidFdt
-            })?;
-        ret.addrs.push(reg.addr);
-    }
-    Ok(ret)
-}
-
 #[derive(Debug)]
-#[allow(dead_code)] // TODO: remove this
-pub struct SwiotlbInfo {
+struct SwiotlbInfo {
     size: u64,
     align: u64,
 }
 
-fn parse_swiotlb_nodes(fdt: &libfdt::Fdt) -> Result<SwiotlbInfo, RebootReason> {
-    let node = fdt
-        .compatible_nodes(cstr!("restricted-dma-pool"))
-        .map_err(|e| {
-            error!("Failed to read compatible nodes \"restricted-dma-pool\" from DT: {e}");
-            RebootReason::InvalidFdt
-        })?
-        .next()
-        .ok_or_else(|| {
-            error!("No compatible node \"restricted-dma-pool\" in DT");
-            RebootReason::InvalidFdt
-        })?;
-    let size = node
-        .getprop_u64(cstr!("size"))
-        .map_err(|e| {
-            error!("Failed to read \"size\" property of \"restricted-dma-pool\": {e}");
-            RebootReason::InvalidFdt
-        })?
-        .ok_or_else(|| {
-            error!("No \"size\" property in \"restricted-dma-pool\"");
-            RebootReason::InvalidFdt
-        })?;
+fn read_swiotlb_info_from(fdt: &Fdt) -> libfdt::Result<SwiotlbInfo> {
+    let node =
+        fdt.compatible_nodes(cstr!("restricted-dma-pool"))?.next().ok_or(FdtError::NotFound)?;
+    let size = node.getprop_u64(cstr!("size"))?.ok_or(FdtError::NotFound)?;
+    let align = node.getprop_u64(cstr!("alignment"))?.ok_or(FdtError::NotFound)?;
+    Ok(SwiotlbInfo { size, align })
+}
 
-    let align = node
-        .getprop_u64(cstr!("alignment"))
-        .map_err(|e| {
-            error!("Failed to read \"alignment\" property of \"restricted-dma-pool\": {e}");
-            RebootReason::InvalidFdt
-        })?
-        .ok_or_else(|| {
-            error!("No \"alignment\" property in \"restricted-dma-pool\"");
-            RebootReason::InvalidFdt
-        })?;
+fn validate_swiotlb_info(swiotlb_info: &SwiotlbInfo) -> Result<(), RebootReason> {
+    let size = swiotlb_info.size;
+    let align = swiotlb_info.align;
 
     if size == 0 || (size % GUEST_PAGE_SIZE as u64) != 0 {
         error!("Invalid swiotlb size {:#x}", size);
@@ -430,34 +455,217 @@
         error!("Invalid swiotlb alignment {:#x}", align);
         return Err(RebootReason::InvalidFdt);
     }
+    Ok(())
+}
 
-    Ok(SwiotlbInfo { size, align })
+fn patch_swiotlb_info(fdt: &mut Fdt, swiotlb_info: &SwiotlbInfo) -> libfdt::Result<()> {
+    let mut node =
+        fdt.root_mut()?.next_compatible(cstr!("restricted-dma-pool"))?.ok_or(FdtError::NotFound)?;
+    node.setprop_inplace(cstr!("size"), &swiotlb_info.size.to_be_bytes())?;
+    node.setprop_inplace(cstr!("alignment"), &swiotlb_info.align.to_be_bytes())?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn patch_gic(fdt: &mut Fdt, num_cpus: usize) -> libfdt::Result<()> {
+    let node = fdt.compatible_nodes(cstr!("arm,gic-v3"))?.next().ok_or(FdtError::NotFound)?;
+    let mut ranges = node.reg()?.ok_or(FdtError::NotFound)?;
+    let range0 = ranges.next().ok_or(FdtError::NotFound)?;
+    let mut range1 = ranges.next().ok_or(FdtError::NotFound)?;
+
+    let addr = range0.addr;
+    // SAFETY - doesn't overflow. checked in validate_num_cpus
+    let size: u64 =
+        DeviceTreeInfo::GIC_REDIST_SIZE_PER_CPU.checked_mul(num_cpus.try_into().unwrap()).unwrap();
+
+    // range1 is just below range0
+    range1.addr = addr - size;
+    range1.size = Some(size);
+
+    let range0 = range0.to_cells();
+    let range1 = range1.to_cells();
+    let value = [
+        range0.0,          // addr
+        range0.1.unwrap(), //size
+        range1.0,          // addr
+        range1.1.unwrap(), //size
+    ];
+
+    let mut node =
+        fdt.root_mut()?.next_compatible(cstr!("arm,gic-v3"))?.ok_or(FdtError::NotFound)?;
+    node.setprop_inplace(cstr!("reg"), flatten(&value))
+}
+
+fn patch_timer(fdt: &mut Fdt, num_cpus: usize) -> libfdt::Result<()> {
+    const NUM_INTERRUPTS: usize = 4;
+    const CELLS_PER_INTERRUPT: usize = 3;
+    let node = fdt.compatible_nodes(cstr!("arm,armv8-timer"))?.next().ok_or(FdtError::NotFound)?;
+    let interrupts = node.getprop_cells(cstr!("interrupts"))?.ok_or(FdtError::NotFound)?;
+    let mut value: ArrayVec<[u32; NUM_INTERRUPTS * CELLS_PER_INTERRUPT]> =
+        interrupts.take(NUM_INTERRUPTS * CELLS_PER_INTERRUPT).collect();
+
+    let num_cpus: u32 = num_cpus.try_into().unwrap();
+    let cpu_mask: u32 = (((0x1 << num_cpus) - 1) & 0xff) << 8;
+    for v in value.iter_mut().skip(2).step_by(CELLS_PER_INTERRUPT) {
+        *v |= cpu_mask;
+    }
+    for v in value.iter_mut() {
+        *v = v.to_be();
+    }
+
+    // SAFETY - array size is the same
+    let value = unsafe {
+        core::mem::transmute::<
+            [u32; NUM_INTERRUPTS * CELLS_PER_INTERRUPT],
+            [u8; NUM_INTERRUPTS * CELLS_PER_INTERRUPT * size_of::<u32>()],
+        >(value.into_inner())
+    };
+
+    let mut node =
+        fdt.root_mut()?.next_compatible(cstr!("arm,armv8-timer"))?.ok_or(FdtError::NotFound)?;
+    node.setprop_inplace(cstr!("interrupts"), value.as_slice())
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
-#[allow(dead_code)] // TODO: remove this
 pub struct DeviceTreeInfo {
-    memory_size: NonZeroUsize,
-    num_cpu: NonZeroUsize,
+    pub kernel_range: Option<Range<usize>>,
+    pub initrd_range: Option<Range<usize>>,
+    pub memory_range: Range<usize>,
+    bootargs: Option<CString>,
+    num_cpus: usize,
     pci_info: PciInfo,
     serial_info: SerialInfo,
     swiotlb_info: SwiotlbInfo,
 }
 
 impl DeviceTreeInfo {
-    const RAM_BASE_ADDR: u64 = 0x8000_0000;
+    const GIC_REDIST_SIZE_PER_CPU: u64 = (32 * SIZE_4KB) as u64;
 }
 
-pub fn parse_device_tree(fdt: &libfdt::Fdt) -> Result<DeviceTreeInfo, RebootReason> {
+pub fn sanitize_device_tree(fdt: &mut Fdt) -> Result<DeviceTreeInfo, RebootReason> {
+    let info = parse_device_tree(fdt)?;
+    debug!("Device tree info: {:?}", info);
+
+    fdt.copy_from_slice(pvmfw_fdt_template::RAW).map_err(|e| {
+        error!("Failed to instantiate FDT from the template DT: {e}");
+        RebootReason::InvalidFdt
+    })?;
+
+    patch_device_tree(fdt, &info)?;
+    Ok(info)
+}
+
+fn parse_device_tree(fdt: &libfdt::Fdt) -> Result<DeviceTreeInfo, RebootReason> {
+    let kernel_range = read_kernel_range_from(fdt).map_err(|e| {
+        error!("Failed to read kernel range from DT: {e}");
+        RebootReason::InvalidFdt
+    })?;
+
+    let initrd_range = read_initrd_range_from(fdt).map_err(|e| {
+        error!("Failed to read initrd range from DT: {e}");
+        RebootReason::InvalidFdt
+    })?;
+
+    let memory_range = read_memory_range_from(fdt).map_err(|e| {
+        error!("Failed to read memory range from DT: {e}");
+        RebootReason::InvalidFdt
+    })?;
+    validate_memory_range(&memory_range)?;
+
+    let bootargs = read_bootargs_from(fdt).map_err(|e| {
+        error!("Failed to read bootargs from DT: {e}");
+        RebootReason::InvalidFdt
+    })?;
+
+    let num_cpus = read_num_cpus_from(fdt).map_err(|e| {
+        error!("Failed to read num cpus from DT: {e}");
+        RebootReason::InvalidFdt
+    })?;
+    validate_num_cpus(num_cpus)?;
+
+    let pci_info = read_pci_info_from(fdt).map_err(|e| {
+        error!("Failed to read pci info from DT: {e}");
+        RebootReason::InvalidFdt
+    })?;
+    validate_pci_info(&pci_info, &memory_range)?;
+
+    let serial_info = read_serial_info_from(fdt).map_err(|e| {
+        error!("Failed to read serial info from DT: {e}");
+        RebootReason::InvalidFdt
+    })?;
+
+    let swiotlb_info = read_swiotlb_info_from(fdt).map_err(|e| {
+        error!("Failed to read swiotlb info from DT: {e}");
+        RebootReason::InvalidFdt
+    })?;
+    validate_swiotlb_info(&swiotlb_info)?;
+
     Ok(DeviceTreeInfo {
-        memory_size: parse_memory_node(fdt)?,
-        num_cpu: parse_cpu_nodes(fdt)?,
-        pci_info: parse_pci_nodes(fdt)?,
-        serial_info: parse_serial_nodes(fdt)?,
-        swiotlb_info: parse_swiotlb_nodes(fdt)?,
+        kernel_range,
+        initrd_range,
+        memory_range,
+        bootargs,
+        num_cpus,
+        pci_info,
+        serial_info,
+        swiotlb_info,
     })
 }
 
+fn patch_device_tree(fdt: &mut Fdt, info: &DeviceTreeInfo) -> Result<(), RebootReason> {
+    fdt.unpack().map_err(|e| {
+        error!("Failed to unpack DT for patching: {e}");
+        RebootReason::InvalidFdt
+    })?;
+
+    if let Some(initrd_range) = &info.initrd_range {
+        patch_initrd_range(fdt, initrd_range).map_err(|e| {
+            error!("Failed to patch initrd range to DT: {e}");
+            RebootReason::InvalidFdt
+        })?;
+    }
+    patch_memory_range(fdt, &info.memory_range).map_err(|e| {
+        error!("Failed to patch memory range to DT: {e}");
+        RebootReason::InvalidFdt
+    })?;
+    if let Some(bootargs) = &info.bootargs {
+        patch_bootargs(fdt, bootargs.as_c_str()).map_err(|e| {
+            error!("Failed to patch bootargs to DT: {e}");
+            RebootReason::InvalidFdt
+        })?;
+    }
+    patch_num_cpus(fdt, info.num_cpus).map_err(|e| {
+        error!("Failed to patch cpus to DT: {e}");
+        RebootReason::InvalidFdt
+    })?;
+    patch_pci_info(fdt, &info.pci_info).map_err(|e| {
+        error!("Failed to patch pci info to DT: {e}");
+        RebootReason::InvalidFdt
+    })?;
+    patch_serial_info(fdt, &info.serial_info).map_err(|e| {
+        error!("Failed to patch serial info to DT: {e}");
+        RebootReason::InvalidFdt
+    })?;
+    patch_swiotlb_info(fdt, &info.swiotlb_info).map_err(|e| {
+        error!("Failed to patch swiotlb info to DT: {e}");
+        RebootReason::InvalidFdt
+    })?;
+    patch_gic(fdt, info.num_cpus).map_err(|e| {
+        error!("Failed to patch gic info to DT: {e}");
+        RebootReason::InvalidFdt
+    })?;
+    patch_timer(fdt, info.num_cpus).map_err(|e| {
+        error!("Failed to patch timer info to DT: {e}");
+        RebootReason::InvalidFdt
+    })?;
+
+    fdt.pack().map_err(|e| {
+        error!("Failed to pack DT after patching: {e}");
+        RebootReason::InvalidFdt
+    })?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 /// Modifies the input DT according to the fields of the configuration.
 pub fn modify_for_next_stage(
     fdt: &mut Fdt,
@@ -467,7 +675,7 @@
 ) -> libfdt::Result<()> {
     fdt.unpack()?;
 
-    add_dice_node(fdt, bcc.as_ptr() as usize, bcc.len())?;
+    patch_dice_node(fdt, bcc.as_ptr() as usize, bcc.len())?;
 
     set_or_clear_chosen_flag(fdt, cstr!("avf,strict-boot"), strict_boot)?;
     set_or_clear_chosen_flag(fdt, cstr!("avf,new-instance"), new_instance)?;
@@ -477,24 +685,17 @@
     Ok(())
 }
 
-/// Add a "google,open-dice"-compatible reserved-memory node to the tree.
-fn add_dice_node(fdt: &mut Fdt, addr: usize, size: usize) -> libfdt::Result<()> {
+/// Patch the "google,open-dice"-compatible reserved-memory node to point to the bcc range
+fn patch_dice_node(fdt: &mut Fdt, addr: usize, size: usize) -> libfdt::Result<()> {
     // We reject DTs with missing reserved-memory node as validation should have checked that the
     // "swiotlb" subnode (compatible = "restricted-dma-pool") was present.
-    let mut reserved_memory =
-        fdt.node_mut(cstr!("/reserved-memory"))?.ok_or(libfdt::FdtError::NotFound)?;
+    let node = fdt.node_mut(cstr!("/reserved-memory"))?.ok_or(libfdt::FdtError::NotFound)?;
 
-    let mut dice = reserved_memory.add_subnode(cstr!("dice"))?;
+    let mut node = node.next_compatible(cstr!("google,open-dice"))?.ok_or(FdtError::NotFound)?;
 
-    dice.appendprop(cstr!("compatible"), b"google,open-dice\0")?;
-
-    dice.appendprop(cstr!("no-map"), &[])?;
-
-    let addr = addr.try_into().unwrap();
-    let size = size.try_into().unwrap();
-    dice.appendprop_addrrange(cstr!("reg"), addr, size)?;
-
-    Ok(())
+    let addr: u64 = addr.try_into().unwrap();
+    let size: u64 = size.try_into().unwrap();
+    node.setprop_inplace(cstr!("reg"), flatten(&[addr.to_be_bytes(), size.to_be_bytes()]))
 }
 
 fn set_or_clear_chosen_flag(fdt: &mut Fdt, flag: &CStr, value: bool) -> libfdt::Result<()> {
diff --git a/pvmfw/src/helpers.rs b/pvmfw/src/helpers.rs
index fddd8c3..4df9386 100644
--- a/pvmfw/src/helpers.rs
+++ b/pvmfw/src/helpers.rs
@@ -114,6 +114,15 @@
     flush(reg)
 }
 
+/// Flatten [[T; N]] into &[T]
+/// TODO: use slice::flatten when it graduates from experimental
+pub fn flatten<T, const N: usize>(original: &[[T; N]]) -> &[T] {
+    // SAFETY: no overflow because original (whose size is len()*N) is already in memory
+    let len = original.len() * N;
+    // SAFETY: [T] has the same layout as [T;N]
+    unsafe { core::slice::from_raw_parts(original.as_ptr().cast(), len) }
+}
+
 /// Create &CStr out of &str literal
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! cstr {
diff --git a/pvmfw/src/instance.rs b/pvmfw/src/instance.rs
index fbf2040..a974543 100644
--- a/pvmfw/src/instance.rs
+++ b/pvmfw/src/instance.rs
@@ -258,11 +258,11 @@
 
 impl EntryHeader {
     fn new(uuid: Uuid, payload_size: usize) -> Self {
-        Self { uuid: uuid.as_u128(), payload_size: u64::try_from(payload_size).unwrap().to_le() }
+        Self { uuid: uuid.to_u128_le(), payload_size: u64::try_from(payload_size).unwrap().to_le() }
     }
 
     fn uuid(&self) -> Uuid {
-        Uuid::from_u128(self.uuid)
+        Uuid::from_u128_le(self.uuid)
     }
 
     fn payload_size(&self) -> usize {
diff --git a/pvmfw/src/main.rs b/pvmfw/src/main.rs
index e1ecac4..00ff61f 100644
--- a/pvmfw/src/main.rs
+++ b/pvmfw/src/main.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 
 #![no_main]
 #![no_std]
-#![feature(default_alloc_error_handler)]
 
 extern crate alloc;
 
@@ -45,7 +44,6 @@
 use crate::dice::PartialInputs;
 use crate::entry::RebootReason;
 use crate::fdt::modify_for_next_stage;
-use crate::fdt::parse_device_tree;
 use crate::helpers::flush;
 use crate::helpers::GUEST_PAGE_SIZE;
 use crate::instance::get_or_generate_instance_salt;
@@ -84,11 +82,6 @@
     })?;
     trace!("BCC: {bcc_handover:x?}");
 
-    // This parsing step includes validation. So this effectively ensures that the DT can't be
-    // abused by the host to attack pvmfw in pci::initialize below.
-    let device_tree_info = parse_device_tree(fdt)?;
-    debug!("Device tree info: {:?}", device_tree_info);
-
     // Set up PCI bus for VirtIO devices.
     let pci_info = PciInfo::from_fdt(fdt).map_err(handle_pci_error)?;
     debug!("PCI: {:#x?}", pci_info);
diff --git a/pvmfw/src/memory.rs b/pvmfw/src/memory.rs
index 17dd36b..b223f82 100644
--- a/pvmfw/src/memory.rs
+++ b/pvmfw/src/memory.rs
@@ -35,6 +35,11 @@
 use log::error;
 use tinyvec::ArrayVec;
 
+/// Base of the system's contiguous "main" memory.
+pub const BASE_ADDR: usize = 0x8000_0000;
+/// First address that can't be translated by a level 1 TTBR0_EL1.
+pub const MAX_ADDR: usize = 1 << 40;
+
 pub type MemoryRange = Range<usize>;
 
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default)]
@@ -129,15 +134,11 @@
 impl MemoryTracker {
     const CAPACITY: usize = 5;
     const MMIO_CAPACITY: usize = 5;
-    /// Base of the system's contiguous "main" memory.
-    const BASE: usize = 0x8000_0000;
-    /// First address that can't be translated by a level 1 TTBR0_EL1.
-    const MAX_ADDR: usize = 1 << 39;
 
     /// Create a new instance from an active page table, covering the maximum RAM size.
     pub fn new(page_table: mmu::PageTable) -> Self {
         Self {
-            total: Self::BASE..Self::MAX_ADDR,
+            total: BASE_ADDR..MAX_ADDR,
             page_table,
             regions: ArrayVec::new(),
             mmio_regions: ArrayVec::new(),
diff --git a/rialto/src/main.rs b/rialto/src/main.rs
index 3b730f4..59ee0b6 100644
--- a/rialto/src/main.rs
+++ b/rialto/src/main.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 
 #![no_main]
 #![no_std]
-#![feature(default_alloc_error_handler)]
 
 mod exceptions;
 
diff --git a/tests/benchmark/src/java/com/android/microdroid/benchmark/MicrodroidBenchmarks.java b/tests/benchmark/src/java/com/android/microdroid/benchmark/MicrodroidBenchmarks.java
index 4b11d77..9851a17 100644
--- a/tests/benchmark/src/java/com/android/microdroid/benchmark/MicrodroidBenchmarks.java
+++ b/tests/benchmark/src/java/com/android/microdroid/benchmark/MicrodroidBenchmarks.java
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 import android.system.virtualmachine.VirtualMachine;
 import android.system.virtualmachine.VirtualMachineConfig;
 import android.system.virtualmachine.VirtualMachineException;
+import android.system.Os;
 import android.util.Log;
 
 import com.android.microdroid.test.common.MetricsProcessor;
@@ -347,16 +348,7 @@
 
         CrosvmStats(Function<String, String> shellExecutor) {
             try {
-                List<Integer> crosvmPids =
-                        ProcessUtil.getProcessMap(shellExecutor).entrySet().stream()
-                                .filter(e -> e.getValue().contains("crosvm"))
-                                .map(e -> e.getKey())
-                                .collect(java.util.stream.Collectors.toList());
-                if (crosvmPids.size() != 1) {
-                    throw new IllegalStateException(
-                            "expected to find exactly one crosvm processes, found "
-                                    + crosvmPids.size());
-                }
+                int crosvmPid = ProcessUtil.getCrosvmPid(Os.getpid(), shellExecutor);
 
                 long hostRss = 0;
                 long hostPss = 0;
@@ -364,7 +356,7 @@
                 long guestPss = 0;
                 boolean hasGuestMaps = false;
                 for (ProcessUtil.SMapEntry entry :
-                        ProcessUtil.getProcessSmaps(crosvmPids.get(0), shellExecutor)) {
+                        ProcessUtil.getProcessSmaps(crosvmPid, shellExecutor)) {
                     long rss = entry.metrics.get("Rss");
                     long pss = entry.metrics.get("Pss");
                     if (entry.name.contains("crosvm_guest")) {
diff --git a/tests/helper/src/java/com/android/microdroid/test/common/ProcessUtil.java b/tests/helper/src/java/com/android/microdroid/test/common/ProcessUtil.java
index 940ec9c..c72d91e 100644
--- a/tests/helper/src/java/com/android/microdroid/test/common/ProcessUtil.java
+++ b/tests/helper/src/java/com/android/microdroid/test/common/ProcessUtil.java
@@ -22,9 +22,12 @@
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.function.Function;
+import java.util.stream.IntStream;
 
 /** This class provides process utility for both device tests and host tests. */
 public final class ProcessUtil {
+    private static final String CROSVM_BIN = "/apex/com.android.virt/bin/crosvm";
+    private static final String VIRTMGR_BIN = "/apex/com.android.virt/bin/virtmgr";
 
     /** A memory map entry from /proc/{pid}/smaps */
     public static class SMapEntry {
@@ -89,6 +92,35 @@
         return processMap;
     }
 
+    private static IntStream getChildProcesses(
+            int pid, String cmdlineFilter, Function<String, String> shellExecutor) {
+        String cmd = "pgrep -P " + pid;
+        if (cmdlineFilter != null) {
+            cmd += " -f " + cmdlineFilter;
+        }
+        return shellExecutor.apply(cmd).trim().lines().mapToInt(Integer::parseInt);
+    }
+
+    private static int getSingleChildProcess(
+            int parentPid, String cmdlineFilter, Function<String, String> shellExecutor) {
+        int[] pids = getChildProcesses(parentPid, cmdlineFilter, shellExecutor).toArray();
+        if (pids.length == 0) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("No process found for " + cmdlineFilter);
+        } else if (pids.length > 1) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("More than one process found for " + cmdlineFilter);
+        }
+        return pids[0];
+    }
+
+    public static int getVirtmgrPid(int parentPid, Function<String, String> shellExecutor) {
+        return getSingleChildProcess(parentPid, VIRTMGR_BIN, shellExecutor);
+    }
+
+    public static int getCrosvmPid(int parentPid, Function<String, String> shellExecutor) {
+        int virtmgrPid = getVirtmgrPid(parentPid, shellExecutor);
+        return getSingleChildProcess(virtmgrPid, CROSVM_BIN, shellExecutor);
+    }
+
     // To ensures that only one object is created at a time.
     private ProcessUtil() {}
 
diff --git a/tests/hostside/Android.bp b/tests/hostside/Android.bp
index 6330b20..4b5cbda 100644
--- a/tests/hostside/Android.bp
+++ b/tests/hostside/Android.bp
@@ -9,20 +9,6 @@
 }
 
 genrule {
-    name: "test_avf_debug_policy_with_ramdump",
-    defaults: ["test_avf_debug_policy_overlay"],
-    srcs: ["assets/avf_debug_policy_with_ramdump.dts"],
-    out: ["avf_debug_policy_with_ramdump.dtbo"],
-}
-
-genrule {
-    name: "test_avf_debug_policy_without_ramdump",
-    defaults: ["test_avf_debug_policy_overlay"],
-    srcs: ["assets/avf_debug_policy_without_ramdump.dts"],
-    out: ["avf_debug_policy_without_ramdump.dtbo"],
-}
-
-genrule {
     name: "test_avf_debug_policy_with_log.dtbo",
     defaults: ["test_avf_debug_policy_overlay"],
     srcs: ["assets/avf_debug_policy_with_log.dts"],
@@ -74,8 +60,6 @@
         ":test.com.android.virt.pem",
         ":test2.com.android.virt.pem",
         ":pvmfw_test",
-        ":test_avf_debug_policy_with_ramdump",
-        ":test_avf_debug_policy_without_ramdump",
         ":test_avf_debug_policy_with_log.dtbo",
         ":test_avf_debug_policy_without_log.dtbo",
         ":test_avf_debug_policy_with_adb",
diff --git a/tests/hostside/assets/avf_debug_policy_with_ramdump.dts b/tests/hostside/assets/avf_debug_policy_with_ramdump.dts
deleted file mode 100644
index 26db7be..0000000
--- a/tests/hostside/assets/avf_debug_policy_with_ramdump.dts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-/dts-v1/;
-/plugin/;
-
-/ {
-    fragment@avf {
-        target-path = "/";
-
-        __overlay__ {
-            avf {
-                guest {
-                    common {
-                        ramdump = <1>;
-                    };
-                    microdroid {
-                        adb = <1>; // adb is required to check VM's bootargs.
-                    };
-                };
-            };
-        };
-    };
-};
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/hostside/assets/avf_debug_policy_without_ramdump.dts b/tests/hostside/assets/avf_debug_policy_without_ramdump.dts
deleted file mode 100644
index 194e314..0000000
--- a/tests/hostside/assets/avf_debug_policy_without_ramdump.dts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-/dts-v1/;
-/plugin/;
-
-/ {
-    fragment@avf {
-        target-path = "/";
-
-        __overlay__ {
-            avf {
-                guest {
-                    common {
-                        ramdump = <0>;
-                    };
-                    microdroid {
-                        adb = <1>; // adb is required to check VM's bootargs.
-                    };
-                };
-            };
-        };
-    };
-};
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/hostside/java/com/android/microdroid/test/PvmfwDebugPolicyHostTests.java b/tests/hostside/java/com/android/microdroid/test/PvmfwDebugPolicyHostTests.java
index 0d64442..18aa273 100644
--- a/tests/hostside/java/com/android/microdroid/test/PvmfwDebugPolicyHostTests.java
+++ b/tests/hostside/java/com/android/microdroid/test/PvmfwDebugPolicyHostTests.java
@@ -151,33 +151,6 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testRamdump() throws Exception {
-        Pvmfw pvmfw = createPvmfw("avf_debug_policy_with_ramdump.dtbo");
-        pvmfw.serialize(mCustomPvmfwBinFileOnHost);
-        mMicrodroidDevice = launchProtectedVmAndWaitForBootCompleted(MICRODROID_DEBUG_FULL);
-
-        assertThat(readMicrodroidFileAsString(MICRODROID_CMDLINE_PATH)).contains("crashkernel=");
-        assertThat(readMicrodroidFileAsString(MICRODROID_DT_BOOTARGS_PATH))
-                .contains("crashkernel=");
-        assertThat(readMicrodroidFileAsHexString(MICRODROID_DT_RAMDUMP_PATH))
-                .isEqualTo(HEX_STRING_ONE);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testNoRamdump() throws Exception {
-        Pvmfw pvmfw = createPvmfw("avf_debug_policy_without_ramdump.dtbo");
-        pvmfw.serialize(mCustomPvmfwBinFileOnHost);
-        mMicrodroidDevice = launchProtectedVmAndWaitForBootCompleted(MICRODROID_DEBUG_FULL);
-
-        assertThat(readMicrodroidFileAsString(MICRODROID_CMDLINE_PATH))
-                .doesNotContain("crashkernel=");
-        assertThat(readMicrodroidFileAsString(MICRODROID_DT_BOOTARGS_PATH))
-                .doesNotContain("crashkernel=");
-        assertThat(readMicrodroidFileAsHexString(MICRODROID_DT_RAMDUMP_PATH))
-                .isEqualTo(HEX_STRING_ZERO);
-    }
-
-    @Test
     public void testLog_consoleOutput() throws Exception {
         Pvmfw pvmfw = createPvmfw("avf_debug_policy_with_log.dtbo");
         pvmfw.serialize(mCustomPvmfwBinFileOnHost);
diff --git a/tests/testapk/src/java/com/android/microdroid/test/MicrodroidTests.java b/tests/testapk/src/java/com/android/microdroid/test/MicrodroidTests.java
index b7dbcd8..7044ae7 100644
--- a/tests/testapk/src/java/com/android/microdroid/test/MicrodroidTests.java
+++ b/tests/testapk/src/java/com/android/microdroid/test/MicrodroidTests.java
@@ -66,7 +66,6 @@
 
 import org.junit.After;
 import org.junit.Before;
-import org.junit.Ignore;
 import org.junit.Rule;
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.function.ThrowingRunnable;
@@ -1183,7 +1182,6 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    @Ignore("b/249723852")
     @CddTest(requirements = {
             "9.17/C-1-1",
             "9.17/C-2-7"
diff --git a/virtualizationmanager/src/crosvm.rs b/virtualizationmanager/src/crosvm.rs
index 19f5f01..7201670 100644
--- a/virtualizationmanager/src/crosvm.rs
+++ b/virtualizationmanager/src/crosvm.rs
@@ -492,6 +492,10 @@
         // first, as monitor_vm_exit() takes it as well.
         monitor_vm_exit_thread.map(JoinHandle::join);
 
+        // Now that the VM has been killed, shut down the VirtualMachineService
+        // server to eagerly free up the server threads.
+        self.vm_context.vm_server.shutdown()?;
+
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -723,8 +727,7 @@
         command.arg("--unmap-guest-memory-on-fork");
 
         if config.ramdump.is_some() {
-            // Protected VM needs to reserve memory for ramdump here. pvmfw will drop This
-            // if ramdump should be disabled (via debug policy). Note that we reserve more
+            // Protected VM needs to reserve memory for ramdump here. Note that we reserve more
             // memory for the restricted dma pool.
             let ramdump_reserve = RAMDUMP_RESERVED_MIB + swiotlb_size_mib;
             command.arg("--params").arg(format!("crashkernel={ramdump_reserve}M"));
diff --git a/virtualizationmanager/src/debug_config.rs b/virtualizationmanager/src/debug_config.rs
index 666c98d..ec3d591 100644
--- a/virtualizationmanager/src/debug_config.rs
+++ b/virtualizationmanager/src/debug_config.rs
@@ -48,10 +48,7 @@
     let enabled_in_dp =
         get_debug_policy_bool("/proc/device-tree/avf/guest/common/ramdump").unwrap_or_default();
     let debuggable = match config {
-        VirtualMachineConfig::RawConfig(_) => {
-            // custom VMs are considered debuggable for flexibility
-            true
-        }
+        VirtualMachineConfig::RawConfig(_) => false,
         VirtualMachineConfig::AppConfig(config) => config.debugLevel == DebugLevel::FULL,
     };
 
diff --git a/vmbase/example/src/main.rs b/vmbase/example/src/main.rs
index 3b0e9db..9ec2dc4 100644
--- a/vmbase/example/src/main.rs
+++ b/vmbase/example/src/main.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 
 #![no_main]
 #![no_std]
-#![feature(default_alloc_error_handler)]
 
 mod exceptions;
 mod layout;
diff --git a/vmbase/example/src/pci.rs b/vmbase/example/src/pci.rs
index c0a2d2b..117cbc8 100644
--- a/vmbase/example/src/pci.rs
+++ b/vmbase/example/src/pci.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 use fdtpci::PciInfo;
 use log::{debug, info};
 use virtio_drivers::{
-    device::blk::VirtIOBlk,
+    device::{blk::VirtIOBlk, console::VirtIOConsole},
     transport::{
         pci::{bus::PciRoot, virtio_device_type, PciTransport},
         DeviceType, Transport,
@@ -53,29 +53,41 @@
         }
     }
 
-    assert_eq!(checked_virtio_device_count, 1);
+    assert_eq!(checked_virtio_device_count, 4);
 }
 
 /// Checks the given VirtIO device, if we know how to.
 ///
 /// Returns true if the device was checked, or false if it was ignored.
 fn check_virtio_device(transport: impl Transport, device_type: DeviceType) -> bool {
-    if device_type == DeviceType::Block {
-        let mut blk = VirtIOBlk::<HalImpl, _>::new(transport).expect("failed to create blk driver");
-        info!("Found {} KiB block device.", blk.capacity() * SECTOR_SIZE_BYTES as u64 / 1024);
-        assert_eq!(blk.capacity(), EXPECTED_SECTOR_COUNT as u64);
-        let mut data = [0; SECTOR_SIZE_BYTES * EXPECTED_SECTOR_COUNT];
-        for i in 0..EXPECTED_SECTOR_COUNT {
-            blk.read_block(i, &mut data[i * SECTOR_SIZE_BYTES..(i + 1) * SECTOR_SIZE_BYTES])
-                .expect("Failed to read block device.");
+    match device_type {
+        DeviceType::Block => {
+            let mut blk =
+                VirtIOBlk::<HalImpl, _>::new(transport).expect("failed to create blk driver");
+            info!("Found {} KiB block device.", blk.capacity() * SECTOR_SIZE_BYTES as u64 / 1024);
+            assert_eq!(blk.capacity(), EXPECTED_SECTOR_COUNT as u64);
+            let mut data = [0; SECTOR_SIZE_BYTES * EXPECTED_SECTOR_COUNT];
+            for i in 0..EXPECTED_SECTOR_COUNT {
+                blk.read_block(i, &mut data[i * SECTOR_SIZE_BYTES..(i + 1) * SECTOR_SIZE_BYTES])
+                    .expect("Failed to read block device.");
+            }
+            for (i, chunk) in data.chunks(size_of::<u32>()).enumerate() {
+                assert_eq!(chunk, &(i as u32).to_le_bytes());
+            }
+            info!("Read expected data from block device.");
+            true
         }
-        for (i, chunk) in data.chunks(size_of::<u32>()).enumerate() {
-            assert_eq!(chunk, &(i as u32).to_le_bytes());
+        DeviceType::Console => {
+            let mut console = VirtIOConsole::<HalImpl, _>::new(transport)
+                .expect("Failed to create VirtIO console driver");
+            info!("Found console device: {:?}", console.info());
+            for &c in b"Hello VirtIO console\n" {
+                console.send(c).expect("Failed to send character to VirtIO console device");
+            }
+            info!("Wrote to VirtIO console.");
+            true
         }
-        info!("Read expected data from block device.");
-        true
-    } else {
-        false
+        _ => false,
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/vmbase/example/tests/test.rs b/vmbase/example/tests/test.rs
index 930e137..8f0eaa5 100644
--- a/vmbase/example/tests/test.rs
+++ b/vmbase/example/tests/test.rs
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
 use log::info;
 use std::{
     fs::File,
-    io::{self, BufRead, BufReader, Write},
+    io::{self, BufRead, BufReader, Read, Write},
     os::unix::io::FromRawFd,
     panic, thread,
 };
@@ -90,8 +90,8 @@
         gdbPort: 0, // no gdb
     });
     let console = android_log_fd()?;
-    let log = android_log_fd()?;
-    let vm = VmInstance::create(service.as_ref(), &config, Some(console), Some(log), None)
+    let (mut log_reader, log_writer) = pipe()?;
+    let vm = VmInstance::create(service.as_ref(), &config, Some(console), Some(log_writer), None)
         .context("Failed to create VM")?;
     vm.start().context("Failed to start VM")?;
     info!("Started example VM.");
@@ -100,15 +100,17 @@
     let death_reason = vm.wait_for_death();
     assert_eq!(death_reason, DeathReason::Shutdown);
 
+    // Check that the expected string was written to the log VirtIO console device.
+    let expected = "Hello VirtIO console\n";
+    let mut log_output = String::new();
+    assert_eq!(log_reader.read_to_string(&mut log_output)?, expected.len());
+    assert_eq!(log_output, expected);
+
     Ok(())
 }
 
 fn android_log_fd() -> io::Result<File> {
-    let (reader_fd, writer_fd) = nix::unistd::pipe()?;
-
-    // SAFETY: These are new FDs with no previous owner.
-    let reader = unsafe { File::from_raw_fd(reader_fd) };
-    let writer = unsafe { File::from_raw_fd(writer_fd) };
+    let (reader, writer) = pipe()?;
 
     thread::spawn(|| {
         for line in BufReader::new(reader).lines() {
@@ -117,3 +119,13 @@
     });
     Ok(writer)
 }
+
+fn pipe() -> io::Result<(File, File)> {
+    let (reader_fd, writer_fd) = nix::unistd::pipe()?;
+
+    // SAFETY: These are new FDs with no previous owner.
+    let reader = unsafe { File::from_raw_fd(reader_fd) };
+    let writer = unsafe { File::from_raw_fd(writer_fd) };
+
+    Ok((reader, writer))
+}