diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 1b092f6..827e55c 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 
 AVF components:
 * [pVM firmware](pvmfw/README.md)
+* [Android Boot Loader (ABL)](docs/abl.md)
 * [Microdroid](microdroid/README.md)
 * [Microdroid kernel](microdroid/kernel/README.md)
 * [Microdroid payload](microdroid/payload/README.md)
diff --git a/docs/abl.md b/docs/abl.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b08464e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/abl.md
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+# Android Bootloader (ABL)
+
+[ABL](https://source.android.com/docs/core/architecture/bootloader) is not a component of AVF, but
+it plays a crucial role in loading the necessary AVF components and initializing them in a correct
+way. This doc explains the responsibilities of ABL from the perspective of AVF.
+
+## pVM firmware (pvmfw)
+
+ABL is responsible for the followings:
+
+* locating pvmfw binary from the pvmfw partition,
+* verifying it as part of the [verified
+  boot](https://source.android.com/docs/security/features/verifiedboot) process,
+* loading it into memory, and
+* describing the region where pvmfw is loaded using DT and passing it to hypervisor.
+
+See [ABL Support](../pvmfw/README.md#android-bootloader-abl_support) for more detail.
+
+ABL is also responsible for constructing the pvmfw configuration data. The data consists of the
+following info:
+
+* DICE chain (also known as BCC Handover)
+* DTBO describing [debug policy](debug/README.md#debug-policy) (if available)
+* DTBO describing [assignable devices](device_assignment.md) (if available)
+* Reference DT carrying extra information that needs to be passed to the guest VM
+
+See [Configuration Data](../pvmfw/README.md#configuration-data) for more detail.
+
+## Android
+
+ABL is responsible for setting the following bootconfigs describing the status and capabilities of
+the hypervisor.
+
+* `androidboot.hypervisor.version`: free-form description of the hypervisor
+* `androidboot.hypervisor.vm.supported`: whether traditional VMs (i.e.  non-protected VMS) are
+  supported or not
+* `androidboot.hypervisor.protected_vm.supported`: whether protected VMs are supported or not
+
+Thee bootconfigs are converted into system properties by the init process.
+
+See
+[HypervisorProperties.prop](https://android.googlesource.com/platform/system/libsysprop/+/refs/heads/main/srcs/android/sysprop/HypervisorProperties.sysprop)
+for more detail.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/libs/libfdt/src/iterators.rs b/libs/libfdt/src/iterators.rs
index cb7afda..743c52b 100644
--- a/libs/libfdt/src/iterators.rs
+++ b/libs/libfdt/src/iterators.rs
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
 
 impl<'a> CompatibleIterator<'a> {
     pub(crate) fn new(fdt: &'a Fdt, compatible: &'a CStr) -> Result<Self, FdtError> {
-        let node = fdt.root()?;
+        let node = fdt.root();
         Ok(Self { node, compatible })
     }
 }
diff --git a/libs/libfdt/src/lib.rs b/libs/libfdt/src/lib.rs
index 3339262..2ec097a 100644
--- a/libs/libfdt/src/lib.rs
+++ b/libs/libfdt/src/lib.rs
@@ -669,7 +669,7 @@
     ///
     /// NOTE: This does not support individual "/memory@XXXX" banks.
     pub fn memory(&self) -> Result<MemRegIterator> {
-        let node = self.root()?.subnode(cstr!("memory"))?.ok_or(FdtError::NotFound)?;
+        let node = self.root().subnode(cstr!("memory"))?.ok_or(FdtError::NotFound)?;
         if node.device_type()? != Some(cstr!("memory")) {
             return Err(FdtError::BadValue);
         }
@@ -683,7 +683,7 @@
 
     /// Returns the standard /chosen node.
     pub fn chosen(&self) -> Result<Option<FdtNode>> {
-        self.root()?.subnode(cstr!("chosen"))
+        self.root().subnode(cstr!("chosen"))
     }
 
     /// Returns the standard /chosen node as mutable.
@@ -692,13 +692,13 @@
     }
 
     /// Returns the root node of the tree.
-    pub fn root(&self) -> Result<FdtNode> {
-        Ok(FdtNode { fdt: self, offset: NodeOffset::ROOT })
+    pub fn root(&self) -> FdtNode {
+        FdtNode { fdt: self, offset: NodeOffset::ROOT }
     }
 
     /// Returns the standard /__symbols__ node.
     pub fn symbols(&self) -> Result<Option<FdtNode>> {
-        self.root()?.subnode(cstr!("__symbols__"))
+        self.root().subnode(cstr!("__symbols__"))
     }
 
     /// Returns the standard /__symbols__ node as mutable
@@ -738,8 +738,8 @@
     }
 
     /// Returns the mutable root node of the tree.
-    pub fn root_mut(&mut self) -> Result<FdtNodeMut> {
-        Ok(FdtNodeMut { fdt: self, offset: NodeOffset::ROOT })
+    pub fn root_mut(&mut self) -> FdtNodeMut {
+        FdtNodeMut { fdt: self, offset: NodeOffset::ROOT }
     }
 
     /// Returns a mutable tree node by its full path.
diff --git a/libs/libfdt/tests/api_test.rs b/libs/libfdt/tests/api_test.rs
index 8f5b76d..f521a00 100644
--- a/libs/libfdt/tests/api_test.rs
+++ b/libs/libfdt/tests/api_test.rs
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@
     let data = fs::read(TEST_TREE_WITH_NO_MEMORY_NODE_PATH).unwrap();
     let fdt = Fdt::from_slice(&data).unwrap();
 
-    let root = fdt.root().unwrap();
+    let root = fdt.root();
     assert_eq!(root.name(), Ok(cstr!("")));
 
     let chosen = fdt.chosen().unwrap().unwrap();
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@
 fn node_subnodes() {
     let data = fs::read(TEST_TREE_WITH_NO_MEMORY_NODE_PATH).unwrap();
     let fdt = Fdt::from_slice(&data).unwrap();
-    let root = fdt.root().unwrap();
+    let root = fdt.root();
     let expected = [Ok(cstr!("cpus")), Ok(cstr!("randomnode")), Ok(cstr!("chosen"))];
 
     let root_subnodes = root.subnodes().unwrap();
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@
 fn node_properties() {
     let data = fs::read(TEST_TREE_WITH_NO_MEMORY_NODE_PATH).unwrap();
     let fdt = Fdt::from_slice(&data).unwrap();
-    let root = fdt.root().unwrap();
+    let root = fdt.root();
     let one_be = 0x1_u32.to_be_bytes();
     type Result<T> = core::result::Result<T, FdtError>;
     let expected: Vec<(Result<&CStr>, Result<&[u8]>)> = vec![
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@
     let fdt = Fdt::from_slice(&data).unwrap();
 
     let name = cstr!("node_a");
-    let root = fdt.root().unwrap();
+    let root = fdt.root();
     let node = root.subnode(name).unwrap();
     assert_ne!(None, node);
     let node = node.unwrap();
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@
     let fdt = Fdt::from_slice(&data).unwrap();
 
     let name = b"node_aaaaa";
-    let root = fdt.root().unwrap();
+    let root = fdt.root();
     let node = root.subnode_with_name_bytes(&name[0..6]).unwrap();
     assert_ne!(None, node);
     let node = node.unwrap();
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@
 
     let name = cstr!("node_a");
     let node = {
-        let root = fdt.root().unwrap();
+        let root = fdt.root();
         root.subnode(name).unwrap().unwrap()
     };
 
@@ -378,7 +378,7 @@
     let mut data = fs::read(TEST_TREE_PHANDLE_PATH).unwrap();
     let fdt = Fdt::from_mut_slice(&mut data).unwrap();
 
-    let root = fdt.root_mut().unwrap();
+    let root = fdt.root_mut();
     let mut subnode_iter = root.first_subnode().unwrap();
 
     while let Some(subnode) = subnode_iter {
@@ -389,7 +389,7 @@
         }
     }
 
-    let root = fdt.root().unwrap();
+    let root = fdt.root();
     let expected_names = vec![
         Ok(cstr!("node_a")),
         Ok(cstr!("node_b")),
@@ -416,7 +416,7 @@
     ];
 
     let mut expected_nodes_iter = expected_nodes.iter();
-    let mut iter = fdt.root_mut().unwrap().next_node(0).unwrap();
+    let mut iter = fdt.root_mut().next_node(0).unwrap();
     while let Some((node, depth)) = iter {
         let node_name = node.as_node().name();
         if node_name == Ok(cstr!("node_a")) || node_name == Ok(cstr!("node_zz")) {
@@ -431,7 +431,7 @@
     }
     assert_eq!(None, expected_nodes_iter.next());
 
-    let root = fdt.root().unwrap();
+    let root = fdt.root();
     let all_descendants: Vec<_> =
         root.descendants().map(|(node, depth)| (node.name(), depth)).collect();
     assert_eq!(expected_nodes, all_descendants);
@@ -442,12 +442,12 @@
     let mut data = fs::read(TEST_TREE_WITH_EMPTY_MEMORY_RANGE_PATH).unwrap();
     let fdt = Fdt::from_mut_slice(&mut data).unwrap();
 
-    let mut iter = fdt.root_mut().unwrap().next_node(0).unwrap();
+    let mut iter = fdt.root_mut().next_node(0).unwrap();
     while let Some((node, depth)) = iter {
         iter = node.delete_and_next_node(depth).unwrap();
     }
 
-    let root = fdt.root().unwrap();
+    let root = fdt.root();
     let all_descendants: Vec<_> =
         root.descendants().map(|(node, depth)| (node.name(), depth)).collect();
     assert!(all_descendants.is_empty(), "{all_descendants:?}");
@@ -460,7 +460,7 @@
     let fdt = Fdt::from_slice(&data).unwrap();
 
     let name = {
-        let root = fdt.root().unwrap();
+        let root = fdt.root();
         root.name()
         // Make root to be dropped
     };
@@ -472,12 +472,12 @@
     let mut data = vec![0_u8; 1000];
     let fdt = Fdt::create_empty_tree(&mut data).unwrap();
 
-    let root = fdt.root_mut().unwrap();
+    let root = fdt.root_mut();
     let names = [cstr!("a"), cstr!("b")];
     root.add_subnodes(&names).unwrap();
 
     let expected: HashSet<_> = names.into_iter().collect();
-    let subnodes = fdt.root().unwrap().subnodes().unwrap();
+    let subnodes = fdt.root().subnodes().unwrap();
     let names: HashSet<_> = subnodes.map(|node| node.name().unwrap()).collect();
 
     assert_eq!(expected, names);
@@ -491,7 +491,7 @@
 
     let name = {
         let node_a = {
-            let root = fdt.root().unwrap();
+            let root = fdt.root();
             root.subnode(cstr!("node_a")).unwrap()
             // Make root to be dropped
         };
@@ -511,7 +511,7 @@
     let first_subnode_name = {
         let first_subnode = {
             let mut subnodes_iter = {
-                let root = fdt.root().unwrap();
+                let root = fdt.root();
                 root.subnodes().unwrap()
                 // Make root to be dropped
             };
@@ -533,7 +533,7 @@
     let first_descendant_name = {
         let (first_descendant, _) = {
             let mut descendants_iter = {
-                let root = fdt.root().unwrap();
+                let root = fdt.root();
                 root.descendants()
                 // Make root to be dropped
             };
diff --git a/microdroid_manager/src/vm_payload_service.rs b/microdroid_manager/src/vm_payload_service.rs
index 959197a..7f4317b 100644
--- a/microdroid_manager/src/vm_payload_service.rs
+++ b/microdroid_manager/src/vm_payload_service.rs
@@ -73,7 +73,6 @@
         challenge: &[u8],
         test_mode: bool,
     ) -> binder::Result<AttestationResult> {
-        self.check_restricted_apis_allowed()?;
         let ClientVmAttestationData { private_key, csr } =
             generate_attestation_key_and_csr(challenge, self.secret.dice_artifacts())
                 .map_err(|e| {
diff --git a/pvmfw/src/device_assignment.rs b/pvmfw/src/device_assignment.rs
index 54b5a47..e427710 100644
--- a/pvmfw/src/device_assignment.rs
+++ b/pvmfw/src/device_assignment.rs
@@ -715,7 +715,7 @@
     }
 
     fn patch_pviommus(&self, fdt: &mut Fdt) -> Result<BTreeMap<PvIommu, Phandle>> {
-        let mut compatible = fdt.root_mut()?.next_compatible(Self::PVIOMMU_COMPATIBLE)?;
+        let mut compatible = fdt.root_mut().next_compatible(Self::PVIOMMU_COMPATIBLE)?;
         let mut pviommu_phandles = BTreeMap::new();
 
         for pviommu in &self.pviommus {
diff --git a/pvmfw/src/fdt.rs b/pvmfw/src/fdt.rs
index 146d012..51ba112 100644
--- a/pvmfw/src/fdt.rs
+++ b/pvmfw/src/fdt.rs
@@ -368,7 +368,7 @@
     n: usize,
     compat: &CStr,
 ) -> libfdt::Result<Option<FdtNodeMut<'a>>> {
-    let mut node = fdt.root_mut()?.next_compatible(compat)?;
+    let mut node = fdt.root_mut().next_compatible(compat)?;
     for _ in 0..n {
         node = node.ok_or(FdtError::NoSpace)?.next_compatible(compat)?;
     }
@@ -479,7 +479,7 @@
     vm_ref_dt: &Fdt,
     props_info: &BTreeMap<CString, Vec<u8>>,
 ) -> libfdt::Result<()> {
-    let root_vm_dt = vm_dt.root_mut()?;
+    let root_vm_dt = vm_dt.root_mut();
     let mut avf_vm_dt = root_vm_dt.add_subnode(cstr!("avf"))?;
     // TODO(b/318431677): Validate nodes beyond /avf.
     let avf_node = vm_ref_dt.node(cstr!("/avf"))?.ok_or(FdtError::NotFound)?;
@@ -714,10 +714,8 @@
 }
 
 fn patch_pci_info(fdt: &mut Fdt, pci_info: &PciInfo) -> libfdt::Result<()> {
-    let mut node = fdt
-        .root_mut()?
-        .next_compatible(cstr!("pci-host-cam-generic"))?
-        .ok_or(FdtError::NotFound)?;
+    let mut node =
+        fdt.root_mut().next_compatible(cstr!("pci-host-cam-generic"))?.ok_or(FdtError::NotFound)?;
 
     let irq_masks_size = pci_info.irq_masks.len() * size_of::<PciIrqMask>();
     node.trimprop(cstr!("interrupt-map-mask"), irq_masks_size)?;
@@ -758,7 +756,7 @@
 /// Patch the DT by deleting the ns16550a compatible nodes whose address are unknown
 fn patch_serial_info(fdt: &mut Fdt, serial_info: &SerialInfo) -> libfdt::Result<()> {
     let name = cstr!("ns16550a");
-    let mut next = fdt.root_mut()?.next_compatible(name);
+    let mut next = fdt.root_mut().next_compatible(name);
     while let Some(current) = next? {
         let reg =
             current.as_node().reg()?.ok_or(FdtError::NotFound)?.next().ok_or(FdtError::NotFound)?;
@@ -806,7 +804,7 @@
 
 fn patch_swiotlb_info(fdt: &mut Fdt, swiotlb_info: &SwiotlbInfo) -> libfdt::Result<()> {
     let mut node =
-        fdt.root_mut()?.next_compatible(cstr!("restricted-dma-pool"))?.ok_or(FdtError::NotFound)?;
+        fdt.root_mut().next_compatible(cstr!("restricted-dma-pool"))?.ok_or(FdtError::NotFound)?;
 
     if let Some(range) = swiotlb_info.fixed_range() {
         node.setprop_addrrange_inplace(
@@ -845,7 +843,7 @@
     let value = [addr0, size0.unwrap(), addr1, size1.unwrap()];
 
     let mut node =
-        fdt.root_mut()?.next_compatible(cstr!("arm,gic-v3"))?.ok_or(FdtError::NotFound)?;
+        fdt.root_mut().next_compatible(cstr!("arm,gic-v3"))?.ok_or(FdtError::NotFound)?;
     node.setprop_inplace(cstr!("reg"), flatten(&value))
 }
 
@@ -869,7 +867,7 @@
     let value = value.into_inner();
 
     let mut node =
-        fdt.root_mut()?.next_compatible(cstr!("arm,armv8-timer"))?.ok_or(FdtError::NotFound)?;
+        fdt.root_mut().next_compatible(cstr!("arm,armv8-timer"))?.ok_or(FdtError::NotFound)?;
     node.setprop_inplace(cstr!("interrupts"), value.as_bytes())
 }
 
@@ -877,7 +875,7 @@
     let avf_node = if let Some(node) = fdt.node_mut(cstr!("/avf"))? {
         node
     } else {
-        fdt.root_mut()?.add_subnode(cstr!("avf"))?
+        fdt.root_mut().add_subnode(cstr!("avf"))?
     };
 
     // The node shouldn't already be present; if it is, return the error.
diff --git a/service_vm/fake_chain/src/client_vm.rs b/service_vm/fake_chain/src/client_vm.rs
index 44ea898..6f956a7 100644
--- a/service_vm/fake_chain/src/client_vm.rs
+++ b/service_vm/fake_chain/src/client_vm.rs
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
     HIDDEN_SIZE,
 };
 use log::error;
-use microdroid_kernel_hashes::{INITRD_DEBUG_HASH, KERNEL_HASH};
+use microdroid_kernel_hashes::OS_HASHES;
 
 type CborResult<T> = result::Result<T, ciborium::value::Error>;
 
@@ -176,6 +176,7 @@
 }
 
 fn kernel_code_hash() -> Result<[u8; HASH_SIZE]> {
-    let code_hash = [KERNEL_HASH, INITRD_DEBUG_HASH].concat();
+    let os_hashes = &OS_HASHES[0];
+    let code_hash = [os_hashes.kernel, os_hashes.initrd_debug].concat();
     hash(&code_hash)
 }
diff --git a/service_vm/kernel/Android.bp b/service_vm/kernel/Android.bp
index 79158e6..fbfed8e 100644
--- a/service_vm/kernel/Android.bp
+++ b/service_vm/kernel/Android.bp
@@ -9,13 +9,19 @@
 
 genrule {
     name: "microdroid_kernel_hashes_rs",
-    srcs: [":microdroid_kernel"],
+    srcs: [
+        ":microdroid_kernel",
+        ":microdroid_gki-android14-6.1_kernel",
+    ],
     out: ["lib.rs"],
     tools: [
         "extract_microdroid_kernel_hashes",
         "avbtool",
     ],
-    cmd: "$(location extract_microdroid_kernel_hashes) $(location avbtool) $(in) > $(out)",
+    cmd: "$(location extract_microdroid_kernel_hashes) --avbtool $(location avbtool) " +
+        "--kernel $(location :microdroid_kernel) " +
+        "$(location :microdroid_gki-android14-6.1_kernel) " +
+        "> $(out)",
 }
 
 rust_library_rlib {
diff --git a/service_vm/kernel/extract_microdroid_kernel_hashes.py b/service_vm/kernel/extract_microdroid_kernel_hashes.py
index 148e8be..f2c6ae7 100644
--- a/service_vm/kernel/extract_microdroid_kernel_hashes.py
+++ b/service_vm/kernel/extract_microdroid_kernel_hashes.py
@@ -12,40 +12,60 @@
 """
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 
-import sys
+import argparse
+from collections import defaultdict
 import subprocess
 from typing import Dict
 
 PARTITION_NAME_BOOT = 'boot'
 PARTITION_NAME_INITRD_NORMAL = 'initrd_normal'
 PARTITION_NAME_INITRD_DEBUG = 'initrd_debug'
+HASH_SIZE = 32
 
 def main(args):
     """Main function."""
-    avbtool = args[0]
-    kernel_image_path = args[1]
-    hashes = collect_hashes(avbtool, kernel_image_path)
+    avbtool = args.avbtool
+    num_kernel_images = len(args.kernel)
 
     print("//! This file is generated by extract_microdroid_kernel_hashes.py.")
     print("//! It contains the hashes of the kernel and initrds.\n")
     print("#![no_std]\n#![allow(missing_docs)]\n")
 
-    # Microdroid's kernel is just an empty file in unsupportive environments
-    # such as x86, in this case the hashes should be empty.
-    if hashes.keys() != {PARTITION_NAME_BOOT,
-                         PARTITION_NAME_INITRD_NORMAL,
-                         PARTITION_NAME_INITRD_DEBUG}:
-        print("/// The kernel is empty, no hashes are available.")
-        hashes[PARTITION_NAME_BOOT] = ""
-        hashes[PARTITION_NAME_INITRD_NORMAL] = ""
-        hashes[PARTITION_NAME_INITRD_DEBUG] = ""
+    print("pub const HASH_SIZE: usize = " + str(HASH_SIZE) + ";\n")
+    print("pub struct OsHashes {")
+    print("    pub kernel: [u8; HASH_SIZE],")
+    print("    pub initrd_normal: [u8; HASH_SIZE],")
+    print("    pub initrd_debug: [u8; HASH_SIZE],")
+    print("}\n")
 
-    print("pub const KERNEL_HASH: &[u8] = &["
-          f"{format_hex_string(hashes[PARTITION_NAME_BOOT])}];\n")
-    print("pub const INITRD_NORMAL_HASH: &[u8] = &["
-          f"{format_hex_string(hashes[PARTITION_NAME_INITRD_NORMAL])}];\n")
-    print("pub const INITRD_DEBUG_HASH: &[u8] = &["
-          f"{format_hex_string(hashes[PARTITION_NAME_INITRD_DEBUG])}];")
+    hashes = defaultdict(list)
+    for kernel_image_path in args.kernel:
+        collected_hashes = collect_hashes(avbtool, kernel_image_path)
+
+        if collected_hashes.keys() == {PARTITION_NAME_BOOT,
+                                       PARTITION_NAME_INITRD_NORMAL,
+                                       PARTITION_NAME_INITRD_DEBUG}:
+            for partition_name, v in collected_hashes.items():
+                hashes[partition_name].append(v)
+        else:
+            # Microdroid's kernel is just an empty file in unsupportive
+            # environments such as x86, in this case the hashes should be empty.
+            print("/// The kernel is empty, no hashes are available.")
+            hashes[PARTITION_NAME_BOOT].append("")
+            hashes[PARTITION_NAME_INITRD_NORMAL].append("")
+            hashes[PARTITION_NAME_INITRD_DEBUG].append("")
+
+    print("pub const OS_HASHES: [OsHashes; " + str(num_kernel_images) + "] = [")
+    for i in range(num_kernel_images):
+        print("OsHashes {")
+        print("    kernel: [" +
+              format_hex_string(hashes[PARTITION_NAME_BOOT][i]) + "],")
+        print("    initrd_normal: [" +
+              format_hex_string(hashes[PARTITION_NAME_INITRD_NORMAL][i]) + "],")
+        print("    initrd_debug: [" +
+              format_hex_string(hashes[PARTITION_NAME_INITRD_DEBUG][i]) + "],")
+        print("},")
+    print("];")
 
 def collect_hashes(avbtool: str, kernel_image_path: str) -> Dict[str, str]:
     """Collects the hashes from the AVB footer of the kernel image."""
@@ -63,11 +83,22 @@
 
 def format_hex_string(hex_string: str) -> str:
     """Formats a hex string into a Rust array."""
-    assert len(hex_string) % 2 == 0, \
-          "Hex string must have even length: " + hex_string
+    if not hex_string:
+        return "0x00, " * HASH_SIZE
+    assert len(hex_string) == HASH_SIZE * 2, \
+          "Hex string must have length " + str(HASH_SIZE * 2) + ": " + \
+          hex_string
     return ", ".join(["\n0x" + hex_string[i:i+2] if i % 32 == 0
                        else "0x" + hex_string[i:i+2]
                        for i in range(0, len(hex_string), 2)])
 
+def parse_args():
+    """Parses the command line arguments."""
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        "Extracts the hashes from the kernels' AVB footer")
+    parser.add_argument('--avbtool', help='Path to the avbtool binary')
+    parser.add_argument('--kernel', help='Path to the kernel image', nargs='+')
+    return parser.parse_args()
+
 if __name__ == '__main__':
-    main(sys.argv[1:])
+    main(parse_args())
diff --git a/service_vm/requests/src/client_vm.rs b/service_vm/requests/src/client_vm.rs
index d4474cf..15a3bd0 100644
--- a/service_vm/requests/src/client_vm.rs
+++ b/service_vm/requests/src/client_vm.rs
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
 use der::{Decode, Encode};
 use diced_open_dice::{DiceArtifacts, HASH_SIZE};
 use log::{error, info};
-use microdroid_kernel_hashes::{INITRD_DEBUG_HASH, INITRD_NORMAL_HASH, KERNEL_HASH};
+use microdroid_kernel_hashes::{HASH_SIZE as KERNEL_HASH_SIZE, OS_HASHES};
 use service_vm_comm::{ClientVmAttestationParams, Csr, CsrPayload, RequestProcessingError};
 use x509_cert::{certificate::Certificate, name::Name};
 
@@ -159,10 +159,10 @@
 /// embedded during the build time.
 fn validate_kernel_code_hash(dice_chain: &ClientVmDiceChain) -> Result<()> {
     let kernel = dice_chain.microdroid_kernel();
-    if expected_kernel_code_hash_normal()? == kernel.code_hash {
+    if matches_any_kernel_code_hash(&kernel.code_hash, /* is_debug= */ false)? {
         return Ok(());
     }
-    if expected_kernel_code_hash_debug()? == kernel.code_hash {
+    if matches_any_kernel_code_hash(&kernel.code_hash, /* is_debug= */ true)? {
         if dice_chain.all_entries_are_secure() {
             error!("The Microdroid kernel has debug initrd but the DICE chain is secure");
             return Err(RequestProcessingError::InvalidDiceChain);
@@ -173,18 +173,20 @@
     Err(RequestProcessingError::InvalidDiceChain)
 }
 
-fn expected_kernel_code_hash_normal() -> bssl_avf::Result<Vec<u8>> {
-    let mut code_hash = [0u8; 64];
-    code_hash[0..32].copy_from_slice(KERNEL_HASH);
-    code_hash[32..].copy_from_slice(INITRD_NORMAL_HASH);
-    Digester::sha512().digest(&code_hash)
-}
-
-fn expected_kernel_code_hash_debug() -> bssl_avf::Result<Vec<u8>> {
-    let mut code_hash = [0u8; 64];
-    code_hash[0..32].copy_from_slice(KERNEL_HASH);
-    code_hash[32..].copy_from_slice(INITRD_DEBUG_HASH);
-    Digester::sha512().digest(&code_hash)
+fn matches_any_kernel_code_hash(actual_code_hash: &[u8], is_debug: bool) -> bssl_avf::Result<bool> {
+    for os_hash in OS_HASHES {
+        let mut code_hash = [0u8; KERNEL_HASH_SIZE * 2];
+        code_hash[0..KERNEL_HASH_SIZE].copy_from_slice(&os_hash.kernel);
+        if is_debug {
+            code_hash[KERNEL_HASH_SIZE..].copy_from_slice(&os_hash.initrd_debug);
+        } else {
+            code_hash[KERNEL_HASH_SIZE..].copy_from_slice(&os_hash.initrd_normal);
+        }
+        if Digester::sha512().digest(&code_hash)? == actual_code_hash {
+            return Ok(true);
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(false)
 }
 
 fn expected_kernel_authority_hash(service_vm_entry: &Value) -> Result<[u8; HASH_SIZE]> {
diff --git a/service_vm/test_apk/assets/config.json b/service_vm/test_apk/assets/config.json
deleted file mode 100644
index caae3ce..0000000
--- a/service_vm/test_apk/assets/config.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-{
-    "os": {
-      "name": "microdroid"
-    },
-    "task": {
-      "type": "microdroid_launcher",
-      "command": "libvm_attestation_test_payload.so"
-    },
-    "export_tombstones": true
-  }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/service_vm/test_apk/src/java/com/android/virt/vm_attestation/testapp/VmAttestationTests.java b/service_vm/test_apk/src/java/com/android/virt/vm_attestation/testapp/VmAttestationTests.java
index 7771e83..af99711 100644
--- a/service_vm/test_apk/src/java/com/android/virt/vm_attestation/testapp/VmAttestationTests.java
+++ b/service_vm/test_apk/src/java/com/android/virt/vm_attestation/testapp/VmAttestationTests.java
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
 @RunWith(Parameterized.class)
 public class VmAttestationTests extends MicrodroidDeviceTestBase {
     private static final String TAG = "VmAttestationTest";
-    private static final String DEFAULT_CONFIG = "assets/config.json";
+    private static final String VM_PAYLOAD_PATH = "libvm_attestation_test_payload.so";
 
     @Parameterized.Parameter(0)
     public String mGki;
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@
         assumeFeatureEnabled(VirtualMachineManager.FEATURE_REMOTE_ATTESTATION);
 
         VirtualMachineConfig.Builder builder =
-                newVmConfigBuilderWithPayloadConfig(DEFAULT_CONFIG)
+                newVmConfigBuilderWithPayloadBinary(VM_PAYLOAD_PATH)
                         .setDebugLevel(DEBUG_LEVEL_FULL)
                         .setVmOutputCaptured(true);
         VirtualMachineConfig config = builder.build();
diff --git a/virtualizationmanager/src/dt_overlay.rs b/virtualizationmanager/src/dt_overlay.rs
index b39ba3a..108ed61 100644
--- a/virtualizationmanager/src/dt_overlay.rs
+++ b/virtualizationmanager/src/dt_overlay.rs
@@ -61,8 +61,8 @@
 
     let fdt =
         Fdt::create_empty_tree(buffer).map_err(|e| anyhow!("Failed to create empty Fdt: {e:?}"))?;
-    let root = fdt.root_mut().map_err(|e| anyhow!("Failed to get root node: {e:?}"))?;
-    let mut fragment = root
+    let mut fragment = fdt
+        .root_mut()
         .add_subnode(cstr!("fragment@0"))
         .map_err(|e| anyhow!("Failed to add fragment node: {e:?}"))?;
     fragment
diff --git a/virtualizationservice/Android.bp b/virtualizationservice/Android.bp
index 843873b..38a9ec5 100644
--- a/virtualizationservice/Android.bp
+++ b/virtualizationservice/Android.bp
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
     rustlibs: [
         "android.hardware.security.rkp-V3-rust",
         "android.system.virtualizationcommon-rust",
+        "android.system.virtualizationmaintenance-rust",
         "android.system.virtualizationservice-rust",
         "android.system.virtualizationservice_internal-rust",
         "android.system.virtualmachineservice-rust",
diff --git a/virtualizationservice/aidl/Android.bp b/virtualizationservice/aidl/Android.bp
index 8ca375a..66de092 100644
--- a/virtualizationservice/aidl/Android.bp
+++ b/virtualizationservice/aidl/Android.bp
@@ -55,6 +55,23 @@
 }
 
 aidl_interface {
+    name: "android.system.virtualizationmaintenance",
+    srcs: ["android/system/virtualizationmaintenance/**/*.aidl"],
+    unstable: true,
+    backend: {
+        java: {
+            sdk_version: "module_current",
+        },
+        rust: {
+            enabled: true,
+            apex_available: [
+                "com.android.virt",
+            ],
+        },
+    },
+}
+
+aidl_interface {
     name: "android.system.virtualmachineservice",
     srcs: ["android/system/virtualmachineservice/**/*.aidl"],
     imports: [
diff --git a/virtualizationservice/aidl/android/system/virtualizationmaintenance/IVirtualizationMaintenance.aidl b/virtualizationservice/aidl/android/system/virtualizationmaintenance/IVirtualizationMaintenance.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..161673a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/virtualizationservice/aidl/android/system/virtualizationmaintenance/IVirtualizationMaintenance.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.system.virtualizationmaintenance;
+
+interface IVirtualizationMaintenance {
+    void appRemoved(int userId, int appId);
+
+    void userRemoved(int userId);
+
+    // TODO: Something for daily reconciliation
+}
diff --git a/virtualizationservice/src/aidl.rs b/virtualizationservice/src/aidl.rs
index c7ae5f0..c7a33ba 100644
--- a/virtualizationservice/src/aidl.rs
+++ b/virtualizationservice/src/aidl.rs
@@ -59,7 +59,9 @@
     IGlobalVmContext::{BnGlobalVmContext, IGlobalVmContext},
     IVfioHandler::VfioDev::VfioDev,
     IVfioHandler::{BpVfioHandler, IVfioHandler},
-    IVirtualizationServiceInternal::IVirtualizationServiceInternal,
+    IVirtualizationServiceInternal::{
+        BnVirtualizationServiceInternal, IVirtualizationServiceInternal,
+    },
 };
 use virtualmachineservice::IVirtualMachineService::VM_TOMBSTONES_SERVICE_PORT;
 use vsock::{VsockListener, VsockStream};
@@ -67,8 +69,6 @@
 /// The unique ID of a VM used (together with a port number) for vsock communication.
 pub type Cid = u32;
 
-pub const BINDER_SERVICE_IDENTIFIER: &str = "android.system.virtualizationservice";
-
 /// Directory in which to write disk image files used while running VMs.
 pub const TEMPORARY_DIRECTORY: &str = "/data/misc/virtualizationservice";
 
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@
 }
 
 impl VirtualizationServiceInternal {
-    pub fn init() -> VirtualizationServiceInternal {
+    pub fn init() -> Strong<dyn IVirtualizationServiceInternal> {
         let service = VirtualizationServiceInternal::default();
 
         std::thread::spawn(|| {
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@
             }
         });
 
-        service
+        BnVirtualizationServiceInternal::new_binder(service, BinderFeatures::default())
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/virtualizationservice/src/main.rs b/virtualizationservice/src/main.rs
index ad21e89..97bb38f 100644
--- a/virtualizationservice/src/main.rs
+++ b/virtualizationservice/src/main.rs
@@ -16,18 +16,15 @@
 
 mod aidl;
 mod atom;
+mod maintenance;
 mod remote_provisioning;
 mod rkpvm;
 
-use crate::aidl::{
-    remove_temporary_dir, BINDER_SERVICE_IDENTIFIER, TEMPORARY_DIRECTORY,
-    VirtualizationServiceInternal
-};
+use crate::aidl::{remove_temporary_dir, VirtualizationServiceInternal, TEMPORARY_DIRECTORY};
 use android_logger::{Config, FilterBuilder};
-use android_system_virtualizationservice_internal::aidl::android::system::virtualizationservice_internal::IVirtualizationServiceInternal::BnVirtualizationServiceInternal;
-use anyhow::Error;
-use binder::{register_lazy_service, BinderFeatures, ProcessState, ThreadState};
-use log::{info, LevelFilter};
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Error, Result};
+use binder::{register_lazy_service, ProcessState, ThreadState};
+use log::{error, info, LevelFilter};
 use std::fs::{create_dir, read_dir};
 use std::os::unix::raw::{pid_t, uid_t};
 use std::path::Path;
@@ -35,6 +32,8 @@
 const LOG_TAG: &str = "VirtualizationService";
 pub(crate) const REMOTELY_PROVISIONED_COMPONENT_SERVICE_NAME: &str =
     "android.hardware.security.keymint.IRemotelyProvisionedComponent/avf";
+const INTERNAL_SERVICE_NAME: &str = "android.system.virtualizationservice";
+const MAINTENANCE_SERVICE_NAME: &str = "android.system.virtualizationmaintenance";
 
 fn get_calling_pid() -> pid_t {
     ThreadState::get_calling_pid()
@@ -45,6 +44,13 @@
 }
 
 fn main() {
+    if let Err(e) = try_main() {
+        error!("failed with {e:?}");
+        std::process::exit(1);
+    }
+}
+
+fn try_main() -> Result<()> {
     android_logger::init_once(
         Config::default()
             .with_tag(LOG_TAG)
@@ -57,31 +63,33 @@
             ),
     );
 
-    clear_temporary_files().expect("Failed to delete old temporary files");
+    clear_temporary_files().context("Failed to delete old temporary files")?;
 
     let common_dir_path = Path::new(TEMPORARY_DIRECTORY).join("common");
-    create_dir(common_dir_path).expect("Failed to create common directory");
+    create_dir(common_dir_path).context("Failed to create common directory")?;
 
     ProcessState::start_thread_pool();
-
-    let service = VirtualizationServiceInternal::init();
-    let service = BnVirtualizationServiceInternal::new_binder(service, BinderFeatures::default());
-    register_lazy_service(BINDER_SERVICE_IDENTIFIER, service.as_binder()).unwrap();
-    info!("Registered Binder service {}.", BINDER_SERVICE_IDENTIFIER);
+    register(INTERNAL_SERVICE_NAME, VirtualizationServiceInternal::init())?;
 
     if cfg!(remote_attestation) {
         // The IRemotelyProvisionedComponent service is only supposed to be triggered by rkpd for
         // RKP VM attestation.
-        let remote_provisioning_service = remote_provisioning::new_binder();
-        register_lazy_service(
-            REMOTELY_PROVISIONED_COMPONENT_SERVICE_NAME,
-            remote_provisioning_service.as_binder(),
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-        info!("Registered Binder service {}.", REMOTELY_PROVISIONED_COMPONENT_SERVICE_NAME);
+        register(REMOTELY_PROVISIONED_COMPONENT_SERVICE_NAME, remote_provisioning::new_binder())?;
+    }
+
+    if cfg!(llpvm_changes) {
+        register(MAINTENANCE_SERVICE_NAME, maintenance::new_binder())?;
     }
 
     ProcessState::join_thread_pool();
+    bail!("Thread pool unexpectedly ended");
+}
+
+fn register<T: binder::FromIBinder + ?Sized>(name: &str, service: binder::Strong<T>) -> Result<()> {
+    register_lazy_service(name, service.as_binder())
+        .with_context(|| format!("Failed to register {name}"))?;
+    info!("Registered Binder service {name}.");
+    Ok(())
 }
 
 /// Remove any files under `TEMPORARY_DIRECTORY`.
diff --git a/virtualizationservice/src/maintenance.rs b/virtualizationservice/src/maintenance.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..191d39a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/virtualizationservice/src/maintenance.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+// Copyright 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use android_system_virtualizationmaintenance::aidl::android::system::virtualizationmaintenance;
+use anyhow::anyhow;
+use binder::{BinderFeatures, ExceptionCode, Interface, IntoBinderResult, Strong};
+use virtualizationmaintenance::IVirtualizationMaintenance::{
+    BnVirtualizationMaintenance, IVirtualizationMaintenance,
+};
+
+pub(crate) fn new_binder() -> Strong<dyn IVirtualizationMaintenance> {
+    BnVirtualizationMaintenance::new_binder(
+        VirtualizationMaintenanceService {},
+        BinderFeatures::default(),
+    )
+}
+
+pub struct VirtualizationMaintenanceService;
+
+impl Interface for VirtualizationMaintenanceService {}
+
+#[allow(non_snake_case)]
+impl IVirtualizationMaintenance for VirtualizationMaintenanceService {
+    fn appRemoved(&self, _user_id: i32, _app_id: i32) -> binder::Result<()> {
+        Err(anyhow!("appRemoved not supported"))
+            .or_binder_exception(ExceptionCode::UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION)
+    }
+
+    fn userRemoved(&self, _user_id: i32) -> binder::Result<()> {
+        Err(anyhow!("userRemoved not supported"))
+            .or_binder_exception(ExceptionCode::UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/virtualizationservice/src/rkpvm.rs b/virtualizationservice/src/rkpvm.rs
index 79e09b0..67ba740 100644
--- a/virtualizationservice/src/rkpvm.rs
+++ b/virtualizationservice/src/rkpvm.rs
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
     let request = Request::RequestClientVmAttestation(params);
     match vm.process_request(request).context("Failed to process request")? {
         Response::RequestClientVmAttestation(cert) => Ok(cert),
-        _ => bail!("Incorrect response type"),
+        other => bail!("Incorrect response type {other:?}"),
     }
 }