diff --git a/core/java/android/net/SocketKeepalive.java b/core/java/android/net/SocketKeepalive.java
index 9d91620..46eddde 100644
--- a/core/java/android/net/SocketKeepalive.java
+++ b/core/java/android/net/SocketKeepalive.java
@@ -43,6 +43,10 @@
  * To stop an existing keepalive, call {@link SocketKeepalive#stop}. The system will call
  * {@link SocketKeepalive.Callback#onStopped} if the operation was successful or
  * {@link SocketKeepalive.Callback#onError} if an error occurred.
+ *
+ * The device SHOULD support keepalive offload. If it does not, it MUST reply with
+ * {@link SocketKeepalive.Callback#onError} with {@code ERROR_UNSUPPORTED} to any keepalive offload
+ * request. If it does, it MUST support at least 3 concurrent keepalive slots per transport.
  */
 public abstract class SocketKeepalive implements AutoCloseable {
     static final String TAG = "SocketKeepalive";
diff --git a/core/java/android/net/util/KeepaliveUtils.java b/core/java/android/net/util/KeepaliveUtils.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..569fed1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/java/android/net/util/KeepaliveUtils.java
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net.util;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.content.res.Resources;
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
+import android.text.TextUtils;
+import android.util.AndroidRuntimeException;
+
+import com.android.internal.R;
+
+/**
+ * Collection of utilities for socket keepalive offload.
+ *
+ * @hide
+ */
+public final class KeepaliveUtils {
+
+    public static final String TAG = "KeepaliveUtils";
+
+    // Minimum supported keepalive count per transport if the network supports keepalive.
+    public static final int MIN_SUPPORTED_KEEPALIVE_COUNT = 3;
+
+    public static class KeepaliveDeviceConfigurationException extends AndroidRuntimeException {
+        public KeepaliveDeviceConfigurationException(final String msg) {
+            super(msg);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Read supported keepalive count for each transport type from overlay resource. This should be
+     * used to create a local variable store of resource customization, and use it as the input for
+     * {@link getSupportedKeepalivesForNetworkCapabilities}.
+     *
+     * @param context The context to read resource from.
+     * @return An array of supported keepalive count for each transport type.
+     */
+    @NonNull
+    public static int[] getSupportedKeepalives(@NonNull Context context) {
+        String[] res = null;
+        try {
+            res = context.getResources().getStringArray(
+                    R.array.config_networkSupportedKeepaliveCount);
+        } catch (Resources.NotFoundException unused) {
+        }
+        if (res == null) throw new KeepaliveDeviceConfigurationException("invalid resource");
+
+        final int[] ret = new int[NetworkCapabilities.MAX_TRANSPORT + 1];
+        for (final String row : res) {
+            if (TextUtils.isEmpty(row)) {
+                throw new KeepaliveDeviceConfigurationException("Empty string");
+            }
+            final String[] arr = row.split(",");
+            if (arr.length != 2) {
+                throw new KeepaliveDeviceConfigurationException("Invalid parameter length");
+            }
+
+            int transport;
+            int supported;
+            try {
+                transport = Integer.parseInt(arr[0]);
+                supported = Integer.parseInt(arr[1]);
+            } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
+                throw new KeepaliveDeviceConfigurationException("Invalid number format");
+            }
+
+            if (!NetworkCapabilities.isValidTransport(transport)) {
+                throw new KeepaliveDeviceConfigurationException("Invalid transport " + transport);
+            }
+
+            // Customized values should be either 0 to indicate the network doesn't support
+            // keepalive offload, or a positive value that is at least
+            // MIN_SUPPORTED_KEEPALIVE_COUNT if supported.
+            if (supported != 0 && supported < MIN_SUPPORTED_KEEPALIVE_COUNT) {
+                throw new KeepaliveDeviceConfigurationException(
+                        "Invalid supported count " + supported + " for "
+                                + NetworkCapabilities.transportNameOf(transport));
+            }
+            ret[transport] = supported;
+        }
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get supported keepalive count for the given {@link NetworkCapabilities}.
+     *
+     * @param supportedKeepalives An array of supported keepalive count for each transport type.
+     * @param nc The {@link NetworkCapabilities} of the network the socket keepalive is on.
+     *
+     * @return Supported keepalive count for the given {@link NetworkCapabilities}.
+     */
+    public static int getSupportedKeepalivesForNetworkCapabilities(
+            @NonNull int[] supportedKeepalives, @NonNull NetworkCapabilities nc) {
+        final int[] transports = nc.getTransportTypes();
+        if (transports.length == 0) return 0;
+        int supportedCount = supportedKeepalives[transports[0]];
+        // Iterate through transports and return minimum supported value.
+        for (final int transport : transports) {
+            if (supportedCount > supportedKeepalives[transport]) {
+                supportedCount = supportedKeepalives[transport];
+            }
+        }
+        return supportedCount;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
index 1ed025b..562199a 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.isNetworkTypeValid;
 import static android.net.INetworkMonitor.NETWORK_TEST_RESULT_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY;
 import static android.net.INetworkMonitor.NETWORK_TEST_RESULT_VALID;
-import static android.net.IpSecManager.INVALID_RESOURCE_ID;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_FOREGROUND;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET;
@@ -6859,7 +6858,6 @@
         enforceKeepalivePermission();
         mKeepaliveTracker.startNattKeepalive(
                 getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(network), null /* fd */,
-                INVALID_RESOURCE_ID /* Unused */,
                 intervalSeconds, cb,
                 srcAddr, srcPort, dstAddr, NattSocketKeepalive.NATT_PORT);
     }
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/KeepaliveTracker.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/KeepaliveTracker.java
index bde430c..40aec8f 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/KeepaliveTracker.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/KeepaliveTracker.java
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
 package com.android.server.connectivity;
 
 import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED;
-import static android.net.IpSecManager.INVALID_RESOURCE_ID;
 import static android.net.NattSocketKeepalive.NATT_PORT;
 import static android.net.NetworkAgent.CMD_ADD_KEEPALIVE_PACKET_FILTER;
 import static android.net.NetworkAgent.CMD_REMOVE_KEEPALIVE_PACKET_FILTER;
@@ -30,6 +29,7 @@
 import static android.net.SocketKeepalive.ERROR_INVALID_IP_ADDRESS;
 import static android.net.SocketKeepalive.ERROR_INVALID_NETWORK;
 import static android.net.SocketKeepalive.ERROR_INVALID_SOCKET;
+import static android.net.SocketKeepalive.ERROR_UNSUPPORTED;
 import static android.net.SocketKeepalive.MAX_INTERVAL_SEC;
 import static android.net.SocketKeepalive.MIN_INTERVAL_SEC;
 import static android.net.SocketKeepalive.NO_KEEPALIVE;
@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
 import android.annotation.Nullable;
 import android.content.Context;
-import android.net.IIpSecService;
 import android.net.ISocketKeepaliveCallback;
 import android.net.KeepalivePacketData;
 import android.net.NattKeepalivePacketData;
@@ -48,18 +47,19 @@
 import android.net.SocketKeepalive.InvalidSocketException;
 import android.net.TcpKeepalivePacketData;
 import android.net.util.IpUtils;
+import android.net.util.KeepaliveUtils;
 import android.os.Binder;
 import android.os.Handler;
 import android.os.IBinder;
 import android.os.Message;
 import android.os.Process;
 import android.os.RemoteException;
-import android.os.ServiceManager;
 import android.system.ErrnoException;
 import android.system.Os;
 import android.util.Log;
 import android.util.Pair;
 
+import com.android.internal.R;
 import com.android.internal.util.HexDump;
 import com.android.internal.util.IndentingPrintWriter;
 
@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@
 import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
 import java.net.SocketAddress;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.HashMap;
 
 /**
@@ -92,14 +93,30 @@
     private final TcpKeepaliveController mTcpController;
     @NonNull
     private final Context mContext;
+
+    // Supported keepalive count for each transport type, can be configured through
+    // config_networkSupportedKeepaliveCount. For better error handling, use
+    // {@link getSupportedKeepalivesForNetworkCapabilities} instead of direct access.
     @NonNull
-    private final IIpSecService mIpSec;
+    private final int[] mSupportedKeepalives;
+
+    // Reserved privileged keepalive slots per transport. Caller's permission will be enforced if
+    // the number of remaining keepalive slots is less than or equal to the threshold.
+    private final int mReservedPrivilegedSlots;
+
+    // Allowed unprivileged keepalive slots per uid. Caller's permission will be enforced if
+    // the number of remaining keepalive slots is less than or equal to the threshold.
+    private final int mAllowedUnprivilegedSlotsForUid;
 
     public KeepaliveTracker(Context context, Handler handler) {
         mConnectivityServiceHandler = handler;
         mTcpController = new TcpKeepaliveController(handler);
         mContext = context;
-        mIpSec = IIpSecService.Stub.asInterface(ServiceManager.getService(Context.IPSEC_SERVICE));
+        mSupportedKeepalives = KeepaliveUtils.getSupportedKeepalives(mContext);
+        mReservedPrivilegedSlots = mContext.getResources().getInteger(
+                R.integer.config_reservedPrivilegedKeepaliveSlots);
+        mAllowedUnprivilegedSlotsForUid = mContext.getResources().getInteger(
+                R.integer.config_allowedUnprivilegedKeepalivePerUid);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -118,18 +135,9 @@
         private final int mType;
         private final FileDescriptor mFd;
 
-        private final int mEncapSocketResourceId;
-        // Stores the NATT keepalive resource ID returned by IpSecService.
-        private int mNattIpsecResourceId = INVALID_RESOURCE_ID;
-
         public static final int TYPE_NATT = 1;
         public static final int TYPE_TCP = 2;
 
-        // Max allowed unprivileged keepalive slots per network. Caller's permission will be
-        // enforced if number of existing keepalives reach this limit.
-        // TODO: consider making this limit configurable via resources.
-        private static final int MAX_UNPRIVILEGED_SLOTS = 3;
-
         // Keepalive slot. A small integer that identifies this keepalive among the ones handled
         // by this network.
         private int mSlot = NO_KEEPALIVE;
@@ -150,8 +158,7 @@
                 @NonNull KeepalivePacketData packet,
                 int interval,
                 int type,
-                @Nullable FileDescriptor fd,
-                int encapSocketResourceId) throws InvalidSocketException {
+                @Nullable FileDescriptor fd) throws InvalidSocketException {
             mCallback = callback;
             mPid = Binder.getCallingPid();
             mUid = Binder.getCallingUid();
@@ -162,9 +169,6 @@
             mInterval = interval;
             mType = type;
 
-            mEncapSocketResourceId = encapSocketResourceId;
-            mNattIpsecResourceId = INVALID_RESOURCE_ID;
-
             // For SocketKeepalive, a dup of fd is kept in mFd so the source port from which the
             // keepalives are sent cannot be reused by another app even if the fd gets closed by
             // the user. A null is acceptable here for backward compatibility of PacketKeepalive
@@ -172,7 +176,7 @@
             try {
                 if (fd != null) {
                     mFd = Os.dup(fd);
-                } else {
+                }  else {
                     Log.d(TAG, toString() + " calls with null fd");
                     if (!mPrivileged) {
                         throw new SecurityException(
@@ -220,8 +224,6 @@
                     + IpUtils.addressAndPortToString(mPacket.dstAddress, mPacket.dstPort)
                     + " interval=" + mInterval
                     + " uid=" + mUid + " pid=" + mPid + " privileged=" + mPrivileged
-                    + " nattIpsecRId=" + mNattIpsecResourceId
-                    + " encapSocketRId=" + mEncapSocketResourceId
                     + " packetData=" + HexDump.toHexString(mPacket.getPacket())
                     + " ]";
         }
@@ -263,69 +265,54 @@
 
         private int checkPermission() {
             final HashMap<Integer, KeepaliveInfo> networkKeepalives = mKeepalives.get(mNai);
-            int unprivilegedCount = 0;
             if (networkKeepalives == null) {
                 return ERROR_INVALID_NETWORK;
             }
-            for (KeepaliveInfo ki : networkKeepalives.values()) {
-                if (!ki.mPrivileged) {
-                    unprivilegedCount++;
+
+            if (mPrivileged) return SUCCESS;
+
+            final int supported = KeepaliveUtils.getSupportedKeepalivesForNetworkCapabilities(
+                    mSupportedKeepalives, mNai.networkCapabilities);
+
+            int takenUnprivilegedSlots = 0;
+            for (final KeepaliveInfo ki : networkKeepalives.values()) {
+                if (!ki.mPrivileged) ++takenUnprivilegedSlots;
+            }
+            if (takenUnprivilegedSlots > supported - mReservedPrivilegedSlots) {
+                return ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_RESOURCES;
+            }
+
+            // Count unprivileged keepalives for the same uid across networks.
+            int unprivilegedCountSameUid = 0;
+            for (final HashMap<Integer, KeepaliveInfo> kaForNetwork : mKeepalives.values()) {
+                for (final KeepaliveInfo ki : kaForNetwork.values()) {
+                    if (ki.mUid == mUid) {
+                        unprivilegedCountSameUid++;
+                    }
                 }
-                if (unprivilegedCount >= MAX_UNPRIVILEGED_SLOTS) {
-                    return mPrivileged ? SUCCESS : ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_RESOURCES;
-                }
+            }
+            if (unprivilegedCountSameUid > mAllowedUnprivilegedSlotsForUid) {
+                return ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_RESOURCES;
             }
             return SUCCESS;
         }
 
-        private int checkAndLockNattKeepaliveResource() {
-            // Check that apps should be either privileged or fill in an ipsec encapsulated socket
-            // resource id.
-            if (mEncapSocketResourceId == INVALID_RESOURCE_ID) {
-                if (mPrivileged) {
-                    return SUCCESS;
-                } else {
-                    // Invalid access.
-                    return ERROR_INVALID_SOCKET;
-                }
-            }
-
-            // Check if the ipsec encapsulated socket resource id is registered.
+        private int checkLimit() {
             final HashMap<Integer, KeepaliveInfo> networkKeepalives = mKeepalives.get(mNai);
             if (networkKeepalives == null) {
                 return ERROR_INVALID_NETWORK;
             }
-            for (KeepaliveInfo ki : networkKeepalives.values()) {
-                if (ki.mEncapSocketResourceId == mEncapSocketResourceId
-                        && ki.mNattIpsecResourceId != INVALID_RESOURCE_ID) {
-                    Log.d(TAG, "Registered resource found on keepalive " + mSlot
-                            + " when verify NATT socket with uid=" + mUid + " rid="
-                            + mEncapSocketResourceId);
-                    return ERROR_INVALID_SOCKET;
-                }
-            }
-
-            // Ensure that the socket is created by IpSecService, and lock the resource that is
-            // preserved by IpSecService. If succeed, a resource id is stored to keep tracking
-            // the resource preserved by IpSecServce and must be released when stopping keepalive.
-            try {
-                mNattIpsecResourceId =
-                        mIpSec.lockEncapSocketForNattKeepalive(mEncapSocketResourceId, mUid);
-                return SUCCESS;
-            } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
-                // The UID specified does not own the specified UDP encapsulation socket.
-                Log.d(TAG, "Failed to verify NATT socket with uid=" + mUid + " rid="
-                        + mEncapSocketResourceId + ": " + e);
-            } catch (RemoteException e) {
-                Log.wtf(TAG, "Error calling lockEncapSocketForNattKeepalive with "
-                        + this.toString(), e);
-            }
-            return ERROR_INVALID_SOCKET;
+            final int supported = KeepaliveUtils.getSupportedKeepalivesForNetworkCapabilities(
+                    mSupportedKeepalives, mNai.networkCapabilities);
+            if (supported == 0) return ERROR_UNSUPPORTED;
+            if (networkKeepalives.size() > supported) return ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_RESOURCES;
+            return SUCCESS;
         }
 
         private int isValid() {
             synchronized (mNai) {
                 int error = checkInterval();
+                if (error == SUCCESS) error = checkLimit();
                 if (error == SUCCESS) error = checkPermission();
                 if (error == SUCCESS) error = checkNetworkConnected();
                 if (error == SUCCESS) error = checkSourceAddress();
@@ -336,13 +323,6 @@
         void start(int slot) {
             mSlot = slot;
             int error = isValid();
-
-            // Check and lock ipsec resource needed by natt kepalive. This should be only called
-            // once per keepalive.
-            if (error == SUCCESS && mType == TYPE_NATT) {
-                error = checkAndLockNattKeepaliveResource();
-            }
-
             if (error == SUCCESS) {
                 Log.d(TAG, "Starting keepalive " + mSlot + " on " + mNai.name());
                 switch (mType) {
@@ -418,20 +398,6 @@
                 }
             }
 
-            // Release the resource held by keepalive in IpSecService.
-            if (mNattIpsecResourceId != INVALID_RESOURCE_ID) {
-                if (mType != TYPE_NATT) {
-                    Log.wtf(TAG, "natt ipsec resource held by incorrect keepalive "
-                            + this.toString());
-                }
-                try {
-                    mIpSec.releaseNattKeepalive(mNattIpsecResourceId, mUid);
-                } catch (RemoteException e) {
-                    Log.wtf(TAG, "error calling releaseNattKeepalive with " + this.toString(), e);
-                }
-                mNattIpsecResourceId = INVALID_RESOURCE_ID;
-            }
-
             if (reason == SUCCESS) {
                 try {
                     mCallback.onStopped();
@@ -496,10 +462,11 @@
         if (networkKeepalives != null) {
             for (KeepaliveInfo ki : networkKeepalives.values()) {
                 ki.stop(reason);
+                // Clean up keepalives since the network agent is disconnected and unable to pass
+                // back asynchronous result of stop().
+                cleanupStoppedKeepalive(nai, ki.mSlot);
             }
         }
-        // Clean up keepalives will be done as a result of calling ki.stop() after the slots are
-        // freed.
     }
 
     public void handleStopKeepalive(NetworkAgentInfo nai, int slot, int reason) {
@@ -620,7 +587,6 @@
      **/
     public void startNattKeepalive(@Nullable NetworkAgentInfo nai,
             @Nullable FileDescriptor fd,
-            int encapSocketResourceId,
             int intervalSeconds,
             @NonNull ISocketKeepaliveCallback cb,
             @NonNull String srcAddrString,
@@ -652,7 +618,7 @@
         KeepaliveInfo ki = null;
         try {
             ki = new KeepaliveInfo(cb, nai, packet, intervalSeconds,
-                    KeepaliveInfo.TYPE_NATT, fd, encapSocketResourceId);
+                    KeepaliveInfo.TYPE_NATT, fd);
         } catch (InvalidSocketException | IllegalArgumentException | SecurityException e) {
             Log.e(TAG, "Fail to construct keepalive", e);
             notifyErrorCallback(cb, ERROR_INVALID_SOCKET);
@@ -692,7 +658,7 @@
         KeepaliveInfo ki = null;
         try {
             ki = new KeepaliveInfo(cb, nai, packet, intervalSeconds,
-                    KeepaliveInfo.TYPE_TCP, fd, INVALID_RESOURCE_ID /* Unused */);
+                    KeepaliveInfo.TYPE_TCP, fd);
         } catch (InvalidSocketException | IllegalArgumentException | SecurityException e) {
             Log.e(TAG, "Fail to construct keepalive e=" + e);
             notifyErrorCallback(cb, ERROR_INVALID_SOCKET);
@@ -711,12 +677,17 @@
     **/
     public void startNattKeepalive(@Nullable NetworkAgentInfo nai,
             @Nullable FileDescriptor fd,
-            int encapSocketResourceId,
+            int resourceId,
             int intervalSeconds,
             @NonNull ISocketKeepaliveCallback cb,
             @NonNull String srcAddrString,
             @NonNull String dstAddrString,
             int dstPort) {
+        // Ensure that the socket is created by IpSecService.
+        if (!isNattKeepaliveSocketValid(fd, resourceId)) {
+            notifyErrorCallback(cb, ERROR_INVALID_SOCKET);
+        }
+
         // Get src port to adopt old API.
         int srcPort = 0;
         try {
@@ -727,11 +698,29 @@
         }
 
         // Forward request to old API.
-        startNattKeepalive(nai, fd, encapSocketResourceId, intervalSeconds, cb, srcAddrString,
-                srcPort, dstAddrString, dstPort);
+        startNattKeepalive(nai, fd, intervalSeconds, cb, srcAddrString, srcPort,
+                dstAddrString, dstPort);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Verify if the IPsec NAT-T file descriptor and resource Id hold for IPsec keepalive is valid.
+     **/
+    public static boolean isNattKeepaliveSocketValid(@Nullable FileDescriptor fd, int resourceId) {
+        // TODO: 1. confirm whether the fd is called from system api or created by IpSecService.
+        //       2. If the fd is created from the system api, check that it's bounded. And
+        //          call dup to keep the fd open.
+        //       3. If the fd is created from IpSecService, check if the resource ID is valid. And
+        //          hold the resource needed in IpSecService.
+        if (null == fd) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
     }
 
     public void dump(IndentingPrintWriter pw) {
+        pw.println("Supported Socket keepalives: " + Arrays.toString(mSupportedKeepalives));
+        pw.println("Reserved Privileged keepalives: " + mReservedPrivilegedSlots);
+        pw.println("Allowed Unprivileged keepalives per uid: " + mAllowedUnprivilegedSlotsForUid);
         pw.println("Socket keepalives:");
         pw.increaseIndent();
         for (NetworkAgentInfo nai : mKeepalives.keySet()) {
diff --git a/tests/net/Android.bp b/tests/net/Android.bp
index 1fbb658..3fe867b 100644
--- a/tests/net/Android.bp
+++ b/tests/net/Android.bp
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@
         "libbpf",
         "libbpf_android",
         "libc++",
-        "libcgrouprc",
         "libcrypto",
         "libcutils",
         "libdexfile",
diff --git a/tests/net/common/java/android/net/LinkPropertiesTest.java b/tests/net/common/java/android/net/LinkPropertiesTest.java
index 709f5f6..e1c4238 100644
--- a/tests/net/common/java/android/net/LinkPropertiesTest.java
+++ b/tests/net/common/java/android/net/LinkPropertiesTest.java
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
@@ -46,28 +47,80 @@
 @RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
 @SmallTest
 public class LinkPropertiesTest {
-    private static InetAddress ADDRV4 = NetworkUtils.numericToInetAddress("75.208.6.1");
-    private static InetAddress ADDRV6 = NetworkUtils.numericToInetAddress(
+    private static final InetAddress ADDRV4 = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("75.208.6.1");
+    private static final InetAddress ADDRV6 = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress(
             "2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334");
-    private static InetAddress DNS1 = NetworkUtils.numericToInetAddress("75.208.7.1");
-    private static InetAddress DNS2 = NetworkUtils.numericToInetAddress("69.78.7.1");
-    private static InetAddress DNS6 = NetworkUtils.numericToInetAddress("2001:4860:4860::8888");
-    private static InetAddress PCSCFV6 =  NetworkUtils.numericToInetAddress(
+    private static final InetAddress DNS1 = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("75.208.7.1");
+    private static final InetAddress DNS2 = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("69.78.7.1");
+    private static final InetAddress DNS6 = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress(
+            "2001:4860:4860::8888");
+    private static final InetAddress PRIVDNS1 = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("1.1.1.1");
+    private static final InetAddress PRIVDNS2 = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("1.0.0.1");
+    private static final InetAddress PRIVDNS6 = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress(
+            "2606:4700:4700::1111");
+    private static final InetAddress PCSCFV4 = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("10.77.25.37");
+    private static final InetAddress PCSCFV6 = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress(
             "2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:1");
-    private static InetAddress GATEWAY1 = NetworkUtils.numericToInetAddress("75.208.8.1");
-    private static InetAddress GATEWAY2 = NetworkUtils.numericToInetAddress("69.78.8.1");
-    private static InetAddress GATEWAY61 = NetworkUtils.numericToInetAddress("fe80::6:0000:613");
-    private static InetAddress GATEWAY62 = NetworkUtils.numericToInetAddress("fe80::6:2222");
-    private static String NAME = "qmi0";
-    private static int MTU = 1500;
-
-    private static LinkAddress LINKADDRV4 = new LinkAddress(ADDRV4, 32);
-    private static LinkAddress LINKADDRV6 = new LinkAddress(ADDRV6, 128);
-    private static LinkAddress LINKADDRV6LINKLOCAL = new LinkAddress("fe80::1/64");
+    private static final InetAddress GATEWAY1 = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("75.208.8.1");
+    private static final InetAddress GATEWAY2 = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("69.78.8.1");
+    private static final InetAddress GATEWAY61 = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress(
+            "fe80::6:0000:613");
+    private static final InetAddress GATEWAY62 = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("fe80::6:2222");
+    private static final String NAME = "qmi0";
+    private static final String DOMAINS = "google.com";
+    private static final String PRIV_DNS_SERVER_NAME = "private.dns.com";
+    private static final String TCP_BUFFER_SIZES = "524288,1048576,2097152,262144,524288,1048576";
+    private static final int MTU = 1500;
+    private static final LinkAddress LINKADDRV4 = new LinkAddress(ADDRV4, 32);
+    private static final LinkAddress LINKADDRV6 = new LinkAddress(ADDRV6, 128);
+    private static final LinkAddress LINKADDRV6LINKLOCAL = new LinkAddress("fe80::1/64");
 
     // TODO: replace all calls to NetworkUtils.numericToInetAddress with calls to this method.
     private InetAddress Address(String addrString) {
-        return NetworkUtils.numericToInetAddress(addrString);
+        return InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress(addrString);
+    }
+
+    private void checkEmpty(final LinkProperties lp) {
+        assertEquals(0, lp.getAllInterfaceNames().size());
+        assertEquals(0, lp.getAllAddresses().size());
+        assertEquals(0, lp.getDnsServers().size());
+        assertEquals(0, lp.getValidatedPrivateDnsServers().size());
+        assertEquals(0, lp.getPcscfServers().size());
+        assertEquals(0, lp.getAllRoutes().size());
+        assertEquals(0, lp.getAllLinkAddresses().size());
+        assertEquals(0, lp.getStackedLinks().size());
+        assertEquals(0, lp.getMtu());
+        assertNull(lp.getPrivateDnsServerName());
+        assertNull(lp.getDomains());
+        assertNull(lp.getHttpProxy());
+        assertNull(lp.getTcpBufferSizes());
+        assertNull(lp.getNat64Prefix());
+        assertFalse(lp.isProvisioned());
+        assertFalse(lp.isIpv4Provisioned());
+        assertFalse(lp.isIpv6Provisioned());
+        assertFalse(lp.isPrivateDnsActive());
+    }
+
+    private LinkProperties makeTestObject() {
+        final LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+        lp.setInterfaceName(NAME);
+        lp.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV4);
+        lp.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV6);
+        lp.addDnsServer(DNS1);
+        lp.addDnsServer(DNS2);
+        lp.addValidatedPrivateDnsServer(PRIVDNS1);
+        lp.addValidatedPrivateDnsServer(PRIVDNS2);
+        lp.setUsePrivateDns(true);
+        lp.setPrivateDnsServerName(PRIV_DNS_SERVER_NAME);
+        lp.addPcscfServer(PCSCFV6);
+        lp.setDomains(DOMAINS);
+        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(GATEWAY1));
+        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(GATEWAY2));
+        lp.setHttpProxy(ProxyInfo.buildDirectProxy("test", 8888));
+        lp.setMtu(MTU);
+        lp.setTcpBufferSizes(TCP_BUFFER_SIZES);
+        lp.setNat64Prefix(new IpPrefix("2001:db8:0:64::/96"));
+        return lp;
     }
 
     public void assertLinkPropertiesEqual(LinkProperties source, LinkProperties target) {
@@ -170,8 +223,7 @@
         target.clear();
         target.setInterfaceName(NAME);
         // change link addresses
-        target.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress(
-                NetworkUtils.numericToInetAddress("75.208.6.2"), 32));
+        target.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress(Address("75.208.6.2"), 32));
         target.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV6);
         target.addDnsServer(DNS1);
         target.addDnsServer(DNS2);
@@ -186,7 +238,7 @@
         target.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV4);
         target.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV6);
         // change dnses
-        target.addDnsServer(NetworkUtils.numericToInetAddress("75.208.7.2"));
+        target.addDnsServer(Address("75.208.7.2"));
         target.addDnsServer(DNS2);
         target.addPcscfServer(PCSCFV6);
         target.addRoute(new RouteInfo(GATEWAY1));
@@ -198,11 +250,10 @@
         target.setInterfaceName(NAME);
         target.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV4);
         target.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV6);
-        target.addDnsServer(NetworkUtils.numericToInetAddress("75.208.7.2"));
+        target.addDnsServer(Address("75.208.7.2"));
         target.addDnsServer(DNS2);
         // change pcscf
-        target.addPcscfServer(NetworkUtils.numericToInetAddress(
-            "2001::1"));
+        target.addPcscfServer(Address("2001::1"));
         target.addRoute(new RouteInfo(GATEWAY1));
         target.addRoute(new RouteInfo(GATEWAY2));
         target.setMtu(MTU);
@@ -215,7 +266,7 @@
         target.addDnsServer(DNS1);
         target.addDnsServer(DNS2);
         // change gateway
-        target.addRoute(new RouteInfo(NetworkUtils.numericToInetAddress("75.208.8.2")));
+        target.addRoute(new RouteInfo(Address("75.208.8.2")));
         target.addRoute(new RouteInfo(GATEWAY2));
         target.setMtu(MTU);
         assertFalse(source.equals(target));
@@ -285,10 +336,15 @@
         }
     }
 
+    private void assertAllRoutesNotHaveInterface(String iface, LinkProperties lp) {
+        for (RouteInfo r : lp.getRoutes()) {
+            assertNotEquals(iface, r.getInterface());
+        }
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void testRouteInterfaces() {
-        LinkAddress prefix = new LinkAddress(
-            NetworkUtils.numericToInetAddress("2001:db8::"), 32);
+        LinkAddress prefix = new LinkAddress(Address("2001:db8::"), 32);
         InetAddress address = ADDRV6;
 
         // Add a route with no interface to a LinkProperties with no interface. No errors.
@@ -312,6 +368,8 @@
         // Change the interface name. All the routes should change their interface name too.
         lp.setInterfaceName("rmnet0");
         assertAllRoutesHaveInterface("rmnet0", lp);
+        assertAllRoutesNotHaveInterface(null, lp);
+        assertAllRoutesNotHaveInterface("wlan0", lp);
 
         // Now add a route with the wrong interface. This causes an exception too.
         try {
@@ -325,6 +383,7 @@
         lp.addRoute(r);
         assertEquals(2, lp.getRoutes().size());
         assertAllRoutesHaveInterface("wlan0", lp);
+        assertAllRoutesNotHaveInterface("rmnet0", lp);
 
         // Routes with null interfaces are converted to wlan0.
         r = RouteInfo.makeHostRoute(ADDRV6, null);
@@ -334,14 +393,23 @@
 
         // Check comparisons work.
         LinkProperties lp2 = new LinkProperties(lp);
-        assertAllRoutesHaveInterface("wlan0", lp);
+        assertAllRoutesHaveInterface("wlan0", lp2);
         assertEquals(0, lp.compareAllRoutes(lp2).added.size());
         assertEquals(0, lp.compareAllRoutes(lp2).removed.size());
 
         lp2.setInterfaceName("p2p0");
         assertAllRoutesHaveInterface("p2p0", lp2);
+        assertAllRoutesNotHaveInterface("wlan0", lp2);
         assertEquals(3, lp.compareAllRoutes(lp2).added.size());
         assertEquals(3, lp.compareAllRoutes(lp2).removed.size());
+
+        // Check remove works
+        lp.removeRoute(new RouteInfo(prefix, address, null));
+        assertEquals(3, lp.getRoutes().size());
+        lp.removeRoute(new RouteInfo(prefix, address, "wlan0"));
+        assertEquals(2, lp.getRoutes().size());
+        assertAllRoutesHaveInterface("wlan0", lp);
+        assertAllRoutesNotHaveInterface("p2p0", lp);
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -488,18 +556,26 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testSetLinkAddresses() {
-        LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+    public void testLinkAddresses() {
+        final LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
         lp.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV4);
         lp.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV6);
 
-        LinkProperties lp2 = new LinkProperties();
+        final LinkProperties lp2 = new LinkProperties();
         lp2.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV6);
 
-        assertFalse(lp.equals(lp2));
+        final LinkProperties lp3 = new LinkProperties();
+        final List<LinkAddress> linkAddresses = Arrays.asList(LINKADDRV4);
+        lp3.setLinkAddresses(linkAddresses);
 
-        lp2.setLinkAddresses(lp.getLinkAddresses());
-        assertTrue(lp.equals(lp));
+        assertFalse(lp.equals(lp2));
+        assertFalse(lp2.equals(lp3));
+
+        lp.removeLinkAddress(LINKADDRV4);
+        assertTrue(lp.equals(lp2));
+
+        lp2.setLinkAddresses(lp3.getLinkAddresses());
+        assertTrue(lp2.equals(lp3));
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -675,9 +751,9 @@
         assertTrue(v4lp.isReachable(DNS2));
 
         final LinkProperties v6lp = new LinkProperties();
-        final InetAddress kLinkLocalDns = NetworkUtils.numericToInetAddress("fe80::6:1");
-        final InetAddress kLinkLocalDnsWithScope = NetworkUtils.numericToInetAddress("fe80::6:2%43");
-        final InetAddress kOnLinkDns = NetworkUtils.numericToInetAddress("2001:db8:85a3::53");
+        final InetAddress kLinkLocalDns = Address("fe80::6:1");
+        final InetAddress kLinkLocalDnsWithScope = Address("fe80::6:2%43");
+        final InetAddress kOnLinkDns = Address("2001:db8:85a3::53");
         assertFalse(v6lp.isReachable(kLinkLocalDns));
         assertFalse(v6lp.isReachable(kLinkLocalDnsWithScope));
         assertFalse(v6lp.isReachable(kOnLinkDns));
@@ -686,8 +762,7 @@
         // Add a link-local route, making the link-local DNS servers reachable. Because
         // we assume the presence of an IPv6 link-local address, link-local DNS servers
         // are considered reachable, but only those with a non-zero scope identifier.
-        assertTrue(v6lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(
-                new IpPrefix(NetworkUtils.numericToInetAddress("fe80::"), 64))));
+        assertTrue(v6lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(Address("fe80::"), 64))));
         assertFalse(v6lp.isReachable(kLinkLocalDns));
         assertTrue(v6lp.isReachable(kLinkLocalDnsWithScope));
         assertFalse(v6lp.isReachable(kOnLinkDns));
@@ -703,8 +778,7 @@
         // Add a global route on link, but no global address yet. DNS servers reachable
         // via a route that doesn't require a gateway: give them the benefit of the
         // doubt and hope the link-local source address suffices for communication.
-        assertTrue(v6lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(
-                new IpPrefix(NetworkUtils.numericToInetAddress("2001:db8:85a3::"), 64))));
+        assertTrue(v6lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(Address("2001:db8:85a3::"), 64))));
         assertFalse(v6lp.isReachable(kLinkLocalDns));
         assertTrue(v6lp.isReachable(kLinkLocalDnsWithScope));
         assertTrue(v6lp.isReachable(kOnLinkDns));
@@ -766,8 +840,8 @@
         LinkProperties rmnet1 = new LinkProperties();
         rmnet1.setInterfaceName("rmnet1");
         rmnet1.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress("10.0.0.3/8"));
-        RouteInfo defaultRoute1 = new RouteInfo((IpPrefix) null,
-                NetworkUtils.numericToInetAddress("10.0.0.1"), rmnet1.getInterfaceName());
+        RouteInfo defaultRoute1 = new RouteInfo((IpPrefix) null, Address("10.0.0.1"),
+                rmnet1.getInterfaceName());
         RouteInfo directRoute1 = new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix("10.0.0.0/8"), null,
                 rmnet1.getInterfaceName());
         rmnet1.addRoute(defaultRoute1);
@@ -785,8 +859,8 @@
         rmnet2.setInterfaceName("rmnet2");
         rmnet2.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress("fe80::cafe/64"));
         rmnet2.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress("2001:db8::2/64"));
-        RouteInfo defaultRoute2 = new RouteInfo((IpPrefix) null,
-                NetworkUtils.numericToInetAddress("2001:db8::1"), rmnet2.getInterfaceName());
+        RouteInfo defaultRoute2 = new RouteInfo((IpPrefix) null, Address("2001:db8::1"),
+                rmnet2.getInterfaceName());
         RouteInfo directRoute2 = new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix("2001:db8::/64"), null,
                 rmnet2.getInterfaceName());
         RouteInfo linkLocalRoute2 = new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix("fe80::/64"), null,
@@ -876,4 +950,111 @@
         LinkProperties empty = new LinkProperties();
         TestUtils.assertParcelingIsLossless(empty);
     }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConstructor() {
+        LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+        checkEmpty(lp);
+        assertLinkPropertiesEqual(lp, new LinkProperties(lp));
+        assertLinkPropertiesEqual(lp, new LinkProperties());
+
+        lp = makeTestObject();
+        assertLinkPropertiesEqual(lp, new LinkProperties(lp));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDnsServers() {
+        final LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+        final List<InetAddress> dnsServers = Arrays.asList(DNS1, DNS2);
+        lp.setDnsServers(dnsServers);
+        assertEquals(2, lp.getDnsServers().size());
+        assertEquals(DNS1, lp.getDnsServers().get(0));
+        assertEquals(DNS2, lp.getDnsServers().get(1));
+
+        lp.removeDnsServer(DNS1);
+        assertEquals(1, lp.getDnsServers().size());
+        assertEquals(DNS2, lp.getDnsServers().get(0));
+
+        lp.addDnsServer(DNS6);
+        assertEquals(2, lp.getDnsServers().size());
+        assertEquals(DNS2, lp.getDnsServers().get(0));
+        assertEquals(DNS6, lp.getDnsServers().get(1));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testValidatedPrivateDnsServers() {
+        final LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+        final List<InetAddress> privDnsServers = Arrays.asList(PRIVDNS1, PRIVDNS2);
+        lp.setValidatedPrivateDnsServers(privDnsServers);
+        assertEquals(2, lp.getValidatedPrivateDnsServers().size());
+        assertEquals(PRIVDNS1, lp.getValidatedPrivateDnsServers().get(0));
+        assertEquals(PRIVDNS2, lp.getValidatedPrivateDnsServers().get(1));
+
+        lp.removeValidatedPrivateDnsServer(PRIVDNS1);
+        assertEquals(1, lp.getValidatedPrivateDnsServers().size());
+        assertEquals(PRIVDNS2, lp.getValidatedPrivateDnsServers().get(0));
+
+        lp.addValidatedPrivateDnsServer(PRIVDNS6);
+        assertEquals(2, lp.getValidatedPrivateDnsServers().size());
+        assertEquals(PRIVDNS2, lp.getValidatedPrivateDnsServers().get(0));
+        assertEquals(PRIVDNS6, lp.getValidatedPrivateDnsServers().get(1));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPcscfServers() {
+        final LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+        final List<InetAddress> pcscfServers = Arrays.asList(PCSCFV4);
+        lp.setPcscfServers(pcscfServers);
+        assertEquals(1, lp.getPcscfServers().size());
+        assertEquals(PCSCFV4, lp.getPcscfServers().get(0));
+
+        lp.removePcscfServer(PCSCFV4);
+        assertEquals(0, lp.getPcscfServers().size());
+
+        lp.addPcscfServer(PCSCFV6);
+        assertEquals(1, lp.getPcscfServers().size());
+        assertEquals(PCSCFV6, lp.getPcscfServers().get(0));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTcpBufferSizes() {
+        final LinkProperties lp = makeTestObject();
+        assertEquals(TCP_BUFFER_SIZES, lp.getTcpBufferSizes());
+
+        lp.setTcpBufferSizes(null);
+        assertNull(lp.getTcpBufferSizes());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHasIpv6DefaultRoute() {
+        final LinkProperties lp = makeTestObject();
+        assertFalse(lp.hasIPv6DefaultRoute());
+
+        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(GATEWAY61));
+        assertTrue(lp.hasIPv6DefaultRoute());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHttpProxy() {
+        final LinkProperties lp = makeTestObject();
+        assertTrue(lp.getHttpProxy().equals(ProxyInfo.buildDirectProxy("test", 8888)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPrivateDnsServerName() {
+        final LinkProperties lp = makeTestObject();
+        assertEquals(PRIV_DNS_SERVER_NAME, lp.getPrivateDnsServerName());
+
+        lp.setPrivateDnsServerName(null);
+        assertNull(lp.getPrivateDnsServerName());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUsePrivateDns() {
+        final LinkProperties lp = makeTestObject();
+        assertTrue(lp.isPrivateDnsActive());
+
+        lp.clear();
+        assertFalse(lp.isPrivateDnsActive());
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/net/java/android/net/util/KeepaliveUtilsTest.kt b/tests/net/java/android/net/util/KeepaliveUtilsTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..814e06e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/net/java/android/net/util/KeepaliveUtilsTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net.util
+
+import android.content.Context
+import android.content.res.Resources
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.MAX_TRANSPORT
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_ETHERNET
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_VPN
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest
+import com.android.internal.R
+import org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals
+import org.junit.Assert.assertEquals
+import org.junit.Assert.fail
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+import org.junit.runners.JUnit4
+import org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers
+import org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn
+import org.mockito.Mockito.mock
+
+/**
+ * Tests for [KeepaliveUtils].
+ *
+ * Build, install and run with:
+ * atest android.net.util.KeepaliveUtilsTest
+ */
+@RunWith(JUnit4::class)
+@SmallTest
+class KeepaliveUtilsTest {
+
+    // Prepare mocked context with given resource strings.
+    private fun getMockedContextWithStringArrayRes(id: Int, res: Array<out String?>?): Context {
+        val mockRes = mock(Resources::class.java)
+        doReturn(res).`when`(mockRes).getStringArray(ArgumentMatchers.eq(id))
+
+        return mock(Context::class.java).apply {
+            doReturn(mockRes).`when`(this).getResources()
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testGetSupportedKeepalives() {
+        fun assertRunWithException(res: Array<out String?>?) {
+            try {
+                val mockContext = getMockedContextWithStringArrayRes(
+                        R.array.config_networkSupportedKeepaliveCount, res)
+                KeepaliveUtils.getSupportedKeepalives(mockContext)
+                fail("Expected KeepaliveDeviceConfigurationException")
+            } catch (expected: KeepaliveUtils.KeepaliveDeviceConfigurationException) {
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Check resource with various invalid format.
+        assertRunWithException(null)
+        assertRunWithException(arrayOf<String?>(null))
+        assertRunWithException(arrayOfNulls<String?>(10))
+        assertRunWithException(arrayOf(""))
+        assertRunWithException(arrayOf("3,ABC"))
+        assertRunWithException(arrayOf("6,3,3"))
+        assertRunWithException(arrayOf("5"))
+
+        // Check resource with invalid slots value.
+        assertRunWithException(arrayOf("2,2"))
+        assertRunWithException(arrayOf("3,-1"))
+
+        // Check resource with invalid transport type.
+        assertRunWithException(arrayOf("-1,3"))
+        assertRunWithException(arrayOf("10,3"))
+
+        // Check valid customization generates expected array.
+        val validRes = arrayOf("0,3", "1,0", "4,4")
+        val expectedValidRes = intArrayOf(3, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0)
+
+        val mockContext = getMockedContextWithStringArrayRes(
+                R.array.config_networkSupportedKeepaliveCount, validRes)
+        val actual = KeepaliveUtils.getSupportedKeepalives(mockContext)
+        assertArrayEquals(expectedValidRes, actual)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testGetSupportedKeepalivesForNetworkCapabilities() {
+        // Mock customized supported keepalives for each transport type, and assuming:
+        //   3 for cellular,
+        //   6 for wifi,
+        //   0 for others.
+        val cust = IntArray(MAX_TRANSPORT + 1).apply {
+            this[TRANSPORT_CELLULAR] = 3
+            this[TRANSPORT_WIFI] = 6
+        }
+
+        val nc = NetworkCapabilities()
+        // Check supported keepalives with single transport type.
+        nc.transportTypes = intArrayOf(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+        assertEquals(3, KeepaliveUtils.getSupportedKeepalivesForNetworkCapabilities(cust, nc))
+
+        // Check supported keepalives with multiple transport types.
+        nc.transportTypes = intArrayOf(TRANSPORT_WIFI, TRANSPORT_VPN)
+        assertEquals(0, KeepaliveUtils.getSupportedKeepalivesForNetworkCapabilities(cust, nc))
+
+        // Check supported keepalives with non-customized transport type.
+        nc.transportTypes = intArrayOf(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET)
+        assertEquals(0, KeepaliveUtils.getSupportedKeepalivesForNetworkCapabilities(cust, nc))
+
+        // Check supported keepalives with undefined transport type.
+        nc.transportTypes = intArrayOf(MAX_TRANSPORT + 1)
+        try {
+            KeepaliveUtils.getSupportedKeepalivesForNetworkCapabilities(cust, nc)
+            fail("Expected ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException")
+        } catch (expected: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException) {
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
index eb6c1d8..23cfbd4 100644
--- a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
+++ b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
@@ -4276,25 +4276,6 @@
             callback.expectStarted();
             ka.stop();
             callback.expectStopped();
-
-            // Check that the same NATT socket cannot be used by 2 keepalives.
-            try (SocketKeepalive ka2 = mCm.createSocketKeepalive(
-                    myNet, testSocket, myIPv4, dstIPv4, executor, callback)) {
-                // Check that second keepalive cannot be started if the first one is running.
-                ka.start(validKaInterval);
-                callback.expectStarted();
-                ka2.start(validKaInterval);
-                callback.expectError(SocketKeepalive.ERROR_INVALID_SOCKET);
-                ka.stop();
-                callback.expectStopped();
-
-                // Check that second keepalive can be started/stopped normally if the first one is
-                // stopped.
-                ka2.start(validKaInterval);
-                callback.expectStarted();
-                ka2.stop();
-                callback.expectStopped();
-            }
         }
 
         // Check that deleting the IP address stops the keepalive.
@@ -4358,10 +4339,6 @@
                 testSocket.close();
                 testSocket2.close();
             }
-
-            // Check that the closed socket cannot be used to start keepalive.
-            ka.start(validKaInterval);
-            callback.expectError(SocketKeepalive.ERROR_INVALID_SOCKET);
         }
 
         // Check that there is no port leaked after all keepalives and sockets are closed.
diff --git a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceTest.java b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceTest.java
index 6b5a220..4a35015 100644
--- a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceTest.java
+++ b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceTest.java
@@ -118,7 +118,6 @@
     INetd mMockNetd;
     IpSecService.IpSecServiceConfiguration mMockIpSecSrvConfig;
     IpSecService mIpSecService;
-    int mUid = Os.getuid();
 
     @Before
     public void setUp() throws Exception {
@@ -666,99 +665,4 @@
         mIpSecService.releaseNetId(releasedNetId);
         assertEquals(releasedNetId, mIpSecService.reserveNetId());
     }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testLockEncapSocketForNattKeepalive() throws Exception {
-        IpSecUdpEncapResponse udpEncapResp =
-                mIpSecService.openUdpEncapsulationSocket(0, new Binder());
-        assertNotNull(udpEncapResp);
-        assertEquals(IpSecManager.Status.OK, udpEncapResp.status);
-
-        // Verify no NATT keepalive records upon startup
-        IpSecService.UserRecord userRecord = mIpSecService.mUserResourceTracker.getUserRecord(mUid);
-        assertEquals(0, userRecord.mNattKeepaliveRecords.size());
-
-        int nattKeepaliveResourceId =
-                mIpSecService.lockEncapSocketForNattKeepalive(udpEncapResp.resourceId, mUid);
-
-        // Validate response, and record was added
-        assertNotEquals(IpSecManager.INVALID_RESOURCE_ID, nattKeepaliveResourceId);
-        assertEquals(1, userRecord.mNattKeepaliveRecords.size());
-
-        // Validate keepalive can be released and removed.
-        mIpSecService.releaseNattKeepalive(nattKeepaliveResourceId, mUid);
-        assertEquals(0, userRecord.mNattKeepaliveRecords.size());
-
-        mIpSecService.closeUdpEncapsulationSocket(udpEncapResp.resourceId);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testLockEncapSocketForNattKeepaliveInvalidUid() throws Exception {
-        IpSecUdpEncapResponse udpEncapResp =
-                mIpSecService.openUdpEncapsulationSocket(0, new Binder());
-        assertNotNull(udpEncapResp);
-        assertEquals(IpSecManager.Status.OK, udpEncapResp.status);
-
-        // Verify no NATT keepalive records upon startup
-        IpSecService.UserRecord userRecord = mIpSecService.mUserResourceTracker.getUserRecord(mUid);
-        assertEquals(0, userRecord.mNattKeepaliveRecords.size());
-
-        try {
-            int nattKeepaliveResourceId =
-                    mIpSecService.lockEncapSocketForNattKeepalive(
-                            udpEncapResp.resourceId, mUid + 1);
-            fail("Expected SecurityException for invalid user");
-        } catch (SecurityException expected) {
-        }
-
-        // Validate keepalive was not added to lists
-        assertEquals(0, userRecord.mNattKeepaliveRecords.size());
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testLockEncapSocketForNattKeepaliveInvalidResourceId() throws Exception {
-        // Verify no NATT keepalive records upon startup
-        IpSecService.UserRecord userRecord = mIpSecService.mUserResourceTracker.getUserRecord(mUid);
-        assertEquals(0, userRecord.mNattKeepaliveRecords.size());
-
-        try {
-            int nattKeepaliveResourceId =
-                    mIpSecService.lockEncapSocketForNattKeepalive(12345, mUid);
-            fail("Expected IllegalArgumentException for invalid resource ID");
-        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
-        }
-
-        // Validate keepalive was not added to lists
-        assertEquals(0, userRecord.mNattKeepaliveRecords.size());
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testEncapSocketReleasedBeforeKeepaliveReleased() throws Exception {
-        IpSecUdpEncapResponse udpEncapResp =
-                mIpSecService.openUdpEncapsulationSocket(0, new Binder());
-        assertNotNull(udpEncapResp);
-        assertEquals(IpSecManager.Status.OK, udpEncapResp.status);
-
-        // Get encap socket record, verify initial starting refcount.
-        IpSecService.UserRecord userRecord = mIpSecService.mUserResourceTracker.getUserRecord(mUid);
-        IpSecService.RefcountedResource encapSocketRefcountedRecord =
-                userRecord.mEncapSocketRecords.getRefcountedResourceOrThrow(
-                        udpEncapResp.resourceId);
-        assertEquals(1, encapSocketRefcountedRecord.mRefCount);
-
-        // Verify that the reference was added
-        int nattKeepaliveResourceId =
-                mIpSecService.lockEncapSocketForNattKeepalive(udpEncapResp.resourceId, mUid);
-        assertNotEquals(IpSecManager.INVALID_RESOURCE_ID, nattKeepaliveResourceId);
-        assertEquals(2, encapSocketRefcountedRecord.mRefCount);
-
-        // Close UDP encap socket, but expect the refcountedRecord to still have a reference.
-        mIpSecService.closeUdpEncapsulationSocket(udpEncapResp.resourceId);
-        assertEquals(1, encapSocketRefcountedRecord.mRefCount);
-
-        // Verify UDP encap socket cleaned up once reference is removed. Expect -1 if cleanup
-        // was properly completed.
-        mIpSecService.releaseNattKeepalive(nattKeepaliveResourceId, mUid);
-        assertEquals(-1, encapSocketRefcountedRecord.mRefCount);
-    }
 }