diff --git a/Tethering/apex/Android.bp b/Tethering/apex/Android.bp
index 19dd492..2878f79 100644
--- a/Tethering/apex/Android.bp
+++ b/Tethering/apex/Android.bp
@@ -102,15 +102,14 @@
         "dscpPolicy.o",
         "netd.o",
         "offload.o",
-        "offload@mainline.o",
         "test.o",
-        "test@mainline.o",
     ],
     apps: [
         "ServiceConnectivityResources",
     ],
     prebuilts: [
         "current_sdkinfo",
+        "netbpfload.31rc",
         "netbpfload.33rc",
         "netbpfload.35rc",
         "ot-daemon.34rc",
diff --git a/Tethering/common/TetheringLib/Android.bp b/Tethering/common/TetheringLib/Android.bp
index e2498e4..d2a8c13 100644
--- a/Tethering/common/TetheringLib/Android.bp
+++ b/Tethering/common/TetheringLib/Android.bp
@@ -111,6 +111,7 @@
         "sdk_module-lib_current_framework-wifi",
     ],
     static_libs: [
+        "modules-utils-build",
         "com.android.net.flags-aconfig-java",
     ],
     aidl: {
diff --git a/Tethering/common/TetheringLib/src/android/net/TetheringManager.java b/Tethering/common/TetheringLib/src/android/net/TetheringManager.java
index 0ac97f0..0a66f01 100644
--- a/Tethering/common/TetheringLib/src/android/net/TetheringManager.java
+++ b/Tethering/common/TetheringLib/src/android/net/TetheringManager.java
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@
 import android.util.Log;
 
 import com.android.internal.annotations.GuardedBy;
+import com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel;
 import com.android.net.flags.Flags;
 
 import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
@@ -664,7 +665,7 @@
     }
 
     private void unsupportedAfterV() {
-        if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT > Build.VERSION_CODES.VANILLA_ICE_CREAM) {
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastB()) {
             throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported after SDK version "
                     + Build.VERSION_CODES.VANILLA_ICE_CREAM);
         }
diff --git a/Tethering/res/values-iw/strings.xml b/Tethering/res/values-iw/strings.xml
index f7fb4d5..b1c0a9c 100644
--- a/Tethering/res/values-iw/strings.xml
+++ b/Tethering/res/values-iw/strings.xml
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 <resources xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
     xmlns:xliff="urn:oasis:names:tc:xliff:document:1.2">
     <string name="tethered_notification_title" msgid="5350162111436634622">"שיתוף האינטרנט או הנקודה לשיתוף אינטרנט פעילים"</string>
-    <string name="tethered_notification_message" msgid="2338023450330652098">"יש להקיש כדי להגדיר."</string>
+    <string name="tethered_notification_message" msgid="2338023450330652098">"יש ללחוץ כדי להגדיר."</string>
     <string name="disable_tether_notification_title" msgid="3183576627492925522">"שיתוף האינטרנט בין מכשירים מושבת"</string>
     <string name="disable_tether_notification_message" msgid="6655882039707534929">"לפרטים, יש לפנות לאדמין"</string>
     <string name="notification_channel_tethering_status" msgid="7030733422705019001">"סטטוס של נקודה לשיתוף אינטרנט ושיתוף אינטרנט בין מכשירים"</string>
diff --git a/Tethering/res/values-nb/strings.xml b/Tethering/res/values-nb/strings.xml
index e9024c0..fe91b82 100644
--- a/Tethering/res/values-nb/strings.xml
+++ b/Tethering/res/values-nb/strings.xml
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 <resources xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
     xmlns:xliff="urn:oasis:names:tc:xliff:document:1.2">
     <string name="tethered_notification_title" msgid="5350162111436634622">"Internettdeling eller wifi-sone er aktiv"</string>
-    <string name="tethered_notification_message" msgid="2338023450330652098">"Trykk for å konfigurere."</string>
+    <string name="tethered_notification_message" msgid="2338023450330652098">"Konfigurer."</string>
     <string name="disable_tether_notification_title" msgid="3183576627492925522">"Internettdeling er slått av"</string>
     <string name="disable_tether_notification_message" msgid="6655882039707534929">"Kontakt administratoren din for å få mer informasjon"</string>
     <string name="notification_channel_tethering_status" msgid="7030733422705019001">"Status for wifi-sone og internettdeling"</string>
diff --git a/Tethering/src/android/net/ip/IpServer.java b/Tethering/src/android/net/ip/IpServer.java
index 609d759..d0ba431 100644
--- a/Tethering/src/android/net/ip/IpServer.java
+++ b/Tethering/src/android/net/ip/IpServer.java
@@ -852,16 +852,13 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private void removeRoutesFromNetworkAndLinkProperties(int netId,
-            @NonNull final List<RouteInfo> toBeRemoved) {
+    private void removeRoutesFromNetwork(int netId, @NonNull final List<RouteInfo> toBeRemoved) {
         final int removalFailures = NetdUtils.removeRoutesFromNetwork(
                 mNetd, netId, toBeRemoved);
         if (removalFailures > 0) {
             mLog.e("Failed to remove " + removalFailures
                     + " IPv6 routes from network " + netId + ".");
         }
-
-        for (RouteInfo route : toBeRemoved) mLinkProperties.removeRoute(route);
     }
 
     private void addInterfaceToNetwork(final int netId, @NonNull final String ifaceName) {
@@ -888,7 +885,7 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private void addRoutesToNetworkAndLinkProperties(int netId,
+    private void addRoutesToNetwork(int netId,
             @NonNull final List<RouteInfo> toBeAdded) {
         // It's safe to call addInterfaceToNetwork() even if
         // the interface is already in the network.
@@ -901,16 +898,16 @@
             mLog.e("Failed to add IPv4/v6 routes to local table: " + e);
             return;
         }
-
-        for (RouteInfo route : toBeAdded) mLinkProperties.addRoute(route);
     }
 
     private void configureLocalIPv6Routes(
             ArraySet<IpPrefix> deprecatedPrefixes, ArraySet<IpPrefix> newPrefixes) {
         // [1] Remove the routes that are deprecated.
         if (!deprecatedPrefixes.isEmpty()) {
-            removeRoutesFromNetworkAndLinkProperties(LOCAL_NET_ID,
-                    getLocalRoutesFor(mIfaceName, deprecatedPrefixes));
+            final List<RouteInfo> routesToBeRemoved =
+                    getLocalRoutesFor(mIfaceName, deprecatedPrefixes);
+            removeRoutesFromNetwork(LOCAL_NET_ID, routesToBeRemoved);
+            for (RouteInfo route : routesToBeRemoved) mLinkProperties.removeRoute(route);
         }
 
         // [2] Add only the routes that have not previously been added.
@@ -921,8 +918,10 @@
             }
 
             if (!addedPrefixes.isEmpty()) {
-                addRoutesToNetworkAndLinkProperties(LOCAL_NET_ID,
-                        getLocalRoutesFor(mIfaceName, addedPrefixes));
+                final List<RouteInfo> routesToBeAdded =
+                        getLocalRoutesFor(mIfaceName, addedPrefixes);
+                addRoutesToNetwork(LOCAL_NET_ID, routesToBeAdded);
+                for (RouteInfo route : routesToBeAdded) mLinkProperties.addRoute(route);
             }
         }
     }
@@ -1126,8 +1125,17 @@
             }
 
             try {
-                NetdUtils.tetherInterface(mNetd, LOCAL_NET_ID, mIfaceName,
-                        asIpPrefix(mIpv4Address));
+                // Enable IPv6, disable accepting RA, etc. See TetherController::tetherInterface()
+                // for more detail.
+                mNetd.tetherInterfaceAdd(mIfaceName);
+                NetdUtils.networkAddInterface(mNetd, LOCAL_NET_ID, mIfaceName,
+                        20 /* maxAttempts */, 50 /* pollingIntervalMs */);
+                // Activate a route to dest and IPv6 link local.
+                NetdUtils.modifyRoute(mNetd, NetdUtils.ModifyOperation.ADD, LOCAL_NET_ID,
+                        new RouteInfo(asIpPrefix(mIpv4Address), null, mIfaceName, RTN_UNICAST));
+                NetdUtils.modifyRoute(mNetd, NetdUtils.ModifyOperation.ADD, LOCAL_NET_ID,
+                        new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix("fe80::/64"), null, mIfaceName,
+                                RTN_UNICAST));
             } catch (RemoteException | ServiceSpecificException | IllegalStateException e) {
                 mLog.e("Error Tethering", e);
                 mLastError = TETHER_ERROR_TETHER_IFACE_ERROR;
@@ -1148,8 +1156,13 @@
             // all in sequence.
             stopIPv6();
 
+            // Reset interface for tethering.
             try {
-                NetdUtils.untetherInterface(mNetd, LOCAL_NET_ID, mIfaceName);
+                try {
+                    mNetd.tetherInterfaceRemove(mIfaceName);
+                } finally {
+                    mNetd.networkRemoveInterface(LOCAL_NET_ID, mIfaceName);
+                }
             } catch (RemoteException | ServiceSpecificException e) {
                 mLastError = TETHER_ERROR_UNTETHER_IFACE_ERROR;
                 mLog.e("Failed to untether interface: " + e);
@@ -1227,13 +1240,16 @@
             }
 
             // Remove deprecated routes from downstream network.
-            removeRoutesFromNetworkAndLinkProperties(LOCAL_NET_ID,
-                    List.of(getDirectConnectedRoute(deprecatedLinkAddress)));
+            final List<RouteInfo> routesToBeRemoved =
+                    List.of(getDirectConnectedRoute(deprecatedLinkAddress));
+            removeRoutesFromNetwork(LOCAL_NET_ID, routesToBeRemoved);
+            for (RouteInfo route : routesToBeRemoved) mLinkProperties.removeRoute(route);
             mLinkProperties.removeLinkAddress(deprecatedLinkAddress);
 
             // Add new routes to downstream network.
-            addRoutesToNetworkAndLinkProperties(LOCAL_NET_ID,
-                    List.of(getDirectConnectedRoute(mIpv4Address)));
+            final List<RouteInfo> routesToBeAdded = List.of(getDirectConnectedRoute(mIpv4Address));
+            addRoutesToNetwork(LOCAL_NET_ID, routesToBeAdded);
+            for (RouteInfo route : routesToBeAdded) mLinkProperties.addRoute(route);
             mLinkProperties.addLinkAddress(mIpv4Address);
 
             // Update local DNS caching server with new IPv4 address, otherwise, dnsmasq doesn't
diff --git a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/RequestTracker.java b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/RequestTracker.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3ebe4f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/RequestTracker.java
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.networkstack.tethering;
+
+import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.util.TetheringUtils.createPlaceholderRequest;
+
+import android.net.TetheringManager.TetheringRequest;
+import android.util.Log;
+
+import androidx.annotation.NonNull;
+import androidx.annotation.Nullable;
+
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * Helper class to keep track of tethering requests.
+ * The intended usage of this class is
+ * 1) Add a pending request with {@link #addPendingRequest(TetheringRequest)} before asking the link
+ *    layer to start.
+ * 2) When the link layer is up, use {@link #getOrCreatePendingRequest(int)} to get a request to
+ *    start IP serving with.
+ * 3) Remove all pending requests with {@link #removeAllPendingRequests(int)}.
+ * Note: This class is not thread-safe.
+ * TODO: Add the pending IIntResultListeners at the same time as the pending requests, and
+ *       call them when we get the tether result.
+ * TODO: Add support for multiple Bluetooth requests before the PAN service connects instead of
+ *       using a separate mPendingPanRequestListeners.
+ * TODO: Add support for fuzzy-matched requests.
+ */
+public class RequestTracker {
+    private static final String TAG = RequestTracker.class.getSimpleName();
+
+    private class PendingRequest {
+        @NonNull
+        private final TetheringRequest mTetheringRequest;
+
+        private PendingRequest(@NonNull TetheringRequest tetheringRequest) {
+            mTetheringRequest = tetheringRequest;
+        }
+
+        @NonNull
+        TetheringRequest getTetheringRequest() {
+            return mTetheringRequest;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public enum AddResult {
+        /**
+         * Request was successfully added
+         */
+        SUCCESS,
+        /**
+         * Failure indicating that the request could not be added due to a request of the same type
+         * with conflicting parameters already pending. If so, we must stop tethering for the
+         * pending request before trying to add the result again.
+         */
+        FAILURE_CONFLICTING_PENDING_REQUEST
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * List of pending requests added by {@link #addPendingRequest(TetheringRequest)}. There can be
+     * only one per type, since we remove every request of the same type when we add a request.
+     */
+    private final List<PendingRequest> mPendingRequests = new ArrayList<>();
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    List<TetheringRequest> getPendingTetheringRequests() {
+        List<TetheringRequest> requests = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (PendingRequest pendingRequest : mPendingRequests) {
+            requests.add(pendingRequest.getTetheringRequest());
+        }
+        return requests;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add a pending request and listener. The request should be added before asking the link layer
+     * to start, and should be retrieved with {@link #getNextPendingRequest(int)} once the link
+     * layer comes up. The result of the add operation will be returned as an AddResult code.
+     */
+    public AddResult addPendingRequest(@NonNull final TetheringRequest newRequest) {
+        // Check the existing requests to see if it is OK to add the new request.
+        for (PendingRequest request : mPendingRequests) {
+            TetheringRequest existingRequest = request.getTetheringRequest();
+            if (existingRequest.getTetheringType() != newRequest.getTetheringType()) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // Can't add request if there's a request of the same type with different
+            // parameters.
+            if (!existingRequest.equalsIgnoreUidPackage(newRequest)) {
+                return AddResult.FAILURE_CONFLICTING_PENDING_REQUEST;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Remove the existing pending request of the same type. We already filter out for
+        // conflicting parameters above, so these would have been equivalent anyway (except for
+        // UID).
+        removeAllPendingRequests(newRequest.getTetheringType());
+        mPendingRequests.add(new PendingRequest(newRequest));
+        return AddResult.SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the next pending TetheringRequest of a given type, or creates a placeholder request if
+     * there are none.
+     * Note: There are edge cases where the pending request is absent and we must temporarily
+     * synthesize a placeholder request, such as if stopTethering was called before link
+     * layer went up, or if the link layer goes up without us poking it (e.g. adb shell
+     * cmd wifi start-softap). These placeholder requests only specify the tethering type
+     * and the default connectivity scope.
+     */
+    @NonNull
+    public TetheringRequest getOrCreatePendingRequest(int type) {
+        TetheringRequest pending = getNextPendingRequest(type);
+        if (pending != null) return pending;
+
+        Log.w(TAG, "No pending TetheringRequest for type " + type + " found, creating a"
+                + " placeholder request");
+        return createPlaceholderRequest(type);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Same as {@link #getOrCreatePendingRequest(int)} but returns {@code null} if there's no
+     * pending request found.
+     *
+     * @param type Tethering type of the pending request
+     * @return pending request or {@code null} if there are none.
+     */
+    @Nullable
+    public TetheringRequest getNextPendingRequest(int type) {
+        for (PendingRequest pendingRequest : mPendingRequests) {
+            TetheringRequest tetheringRequest =
+                    pendingRequest.getTetheringRequest();
+            if (tetheringRequest.getTetheringType() == type) return tetheringRequest;
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes all pending requests of the given tethering type.
+     *
+     * @param type Tethering type
+     */
+    public void removeAllPendingRequests(int type) {
+        mPendingRequests.removeIf(r -> r.getTetheringRequest().getTetheringType() == type);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/Tethering.java b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/Tethering.java
index b50831d..1a26658 100644
--- a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/Tethering.java
+++ b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/Tethering.java
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@
 import static android.net.NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK;
 import static android.net.TetheringManager.ACTION_TETHER_STATE_CHANGED;
 import static android.net.TetheringManager.CONNECTIVITY_SCOPE_GLOBAL;
-import static android.net.TetheringManager.CONNECTIVITY_SCOPE_LOCAL;
 import static android.net.TetheringManager.EXTRA_ACTIVE_LOCAL_ONLY;
 import static android.net.TetheringManager.EXTRA_ACTIVE_TETHER;
 import static android.net.TetheringManager.EXTRA_AVAILABLE_TETHER;
@@ -78,6 +77,9 @@
 import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.metrics.TetheringStatsLog.CORE_NETWORKING_TERRIBLE_ERROR_OCCURRED__ERROR_TYPE__TYPE_LEGACY_TETHER_WITH_TYPE_WIFI_SUCCESS;
 import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.metrics.TetheringStatsLog.CORE_NETWORKING_TERRIBLE_ERROR_OCCURRED__ERROR_TYPE__TYPE_TETHER_WITH_PLACEHOLDER_REQUEST;
 import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.util.TetheringMessageBase.BASE_MAIN_SM;
+import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.util.TetheringUtils.createImplicitLocalOnlyTetheringRequest;
+import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.util.TetheringUtils.createLegacyGlobalScopeTetheringRequest;
+import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.util.TetheringUtils.createPlaceholderRequest;
 
 import android.app.usage.NetworkStatsManager;
 import android.bluetooth.BluetoothAdapter;
@@ -115,7 +117,6 @@
 import android.net.wifi.p2p.WifiP2pInfo;
 import android.net.wifi.p2p.WifiP2pManager;
 import android.os.Binder;
-import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.Bundle;
 import android.os.Handler;
 import android.os.Looper;
@@ -144,6 +145,7 @@
 import com.android.internal.util.State;
 import com.android.internal.util.StateMachine;
 import com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel;
+import com.android.net.flags.Flags;
 import com.android.net.module.util.BaseNetdUnsolicitedEventListener;
 import com.android.net.module.util.CollectionUtils;
 import com.android.net.module.util.HandlerUtils;
@@ -241,11 +243,7 @@
     private final SharedLog mLog = new SharedLog(TAG);
     private final RemoteCallbackList<ITetheringEventCallback> mTetheringEventCallbacks =
             new RemoteCallbackList<>();
-    // Currently active tethering requests per tethering type. Only one of each type can be
-    // requested at a time. After a tethering type is requested, the map keeps tethering parameters
-    // to be used after the interface comes up asynchronously.
-    private final SparseArray<TetheringRequest> mPendingTetheringRequests =
-            new SparseArray<>();
+    private final RequestTracker mRequestTracker;
 
     private final Context mContext;
     private final ArrayMap<String, TetherState> mTetherStates;
@@ -292,7 +290,10 @@
     private SettingsObserver mSettingsObserver;
     private BluetoothPan mBluetoothPan;
     private PanServiceListener mBluetoothPanListener;
-    private final ArrayList<IIntResultListener> mPendingPanRequestListeners;
+    // Pending listener for starting Bluetooth tethering before the PAN service is connected. Once
+    // the service is connected, the bluetooth iface will be requested and the listener will be
+    // called.
+    private IIntResultListener mPendingPanRequestListener;
     // AIDL doesn't support Set<Integer>. Maintain a int bitmap here. When the bitmap is passed to
     // TetheringManager, TetheringManager would convert it to a set of Integer types.
     // mSupportedTypeBitmap should always be updated inside tethering internal thread but it may be
@@ -308,11 +309,7 @@
         mLooper = mDeps.makeTetheringLooper();
         mNotificationUpdater = mDeps.makeNotificationUpdater(mContext, mLooper);
         mTetheringMetrics = mDeps.makeTetheringMetrics(mContext);
-
-        // This is intended to ensrure that if something calls startTethering(bluetooth) just after
-        // bluetooth is enabled. Before onServiceConnected is called, store the calls into this
-        // list and handle them as soon as onServiceConnected is called.
-        mPendingPanRequestListeners = new ArrayList<>();
+        mRequestTracker = new RequestTracker();
 
         mTetherStates = new ArrayMap<>();
         mConnectedClientsTracker = new ConnectedClientsTracker();
@@ -464,7 +461,7 @@
     }
 
     boolean isTetheringWithSoftApConfigEnabled() {
-        return mDeps.isTetheringWithSoftApConfigEnabled();
+        return SdkLevel.isAtLeastB() && Flags.tetheringWithSoftApConfig();
     }
 
     /**
@@ -638,7 +635,7 @@
         // TODO: fix the teardown path to stop depending on interface state notifications.
         // These are not necessary since most/all link layers have their own teardown
         // notifications, and can race with those notifications.
-        if (enabled && Build.VERSION.SDK_INT > Build.VERSION_CODES.VANILLA_ICE_CREAM) {
+        if (enabled && SdkLevel.isAtLeastB()) {
             return;
         }
 
@@ -704,14 +701,13 @@
             final IIntResultListener listener) {
         mHandler.post(() -> {
             final int type = request.getTetheringType();
-            final TetheringRequest unfinishedRequest = mPendingTetheringRequests.get(type);
-            // If tethering is already enabled with a different request,
-            // disable before re-enabling.
-            if (unfinishedRequest != null && !unfinishedRequest.equalsIgnoreUidPackage(request)) {
-                enableTetheringInternal(false /* disabled */, unfinishedRequest, null);
-                mEntitlementMgr.stopProvisioningIfNeeded(type);
+            RequestTracker.AddResult result = mRequestTracker.addPendingRequest(request);
+            // If tethering is already pending with a conflicting request, stop tethering before
+            // starting.
+            if (result == RequestTracker.AddResult.FAILURE_CONFLICTING_PENDING_REQUEST) {
+                stopTetheringInternal(type); // Also removes the request from the tracker.
+                mRequestTracker.addPendingRequest(request);
             }
-            mPendingTetheringRequests.put(type, request);
 
             if (request.isExemptFromEntitlementCheck()) {
                 mEntitlementMgr.setExemptedDownstreamType(type);
@@ -731,9 +727,7 @@
     }
 
     private boolean isTetheringTypePendingOrServing(final int type) {
-        for (int i = 0; i < mPendingTetheringRequests.size(); i++) {
-            if (mPendingTetheringRequests.valueAt(i).getTetheringType() == type) return true;
-        }
+        if (mRequestTracker.getNextPendingRequest(type) != null) return true;
         for (TetherState state : mTetherStates.values()) {
             // TODO: isCurrentlyServing only starts returning true once the IpServer has processed
             // the CMD_TETHER_REQUESTED. Ensure that we consider the request to be serving even when
@@ -764,7 +758,7 @@
     }
 
     void stopTetheringInternal(int type) {
-        mPendingTetheringRequests.remove(type);
+        mRequestTracker.removeAllPendingRequests(type);
 
         // Using a placeholder here is ok since none of the disable APIs use the request for
         // anything. We simply need the tethering type to know which link layer to poke for removal.
@@ -822,7 +816,7 @@
         // If changing tethering fail, remove corresponding request
         // no matter who trigger the start/stop.
         if (result != TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR) {
-            mPendingTetheringRequests.remove(type);
+            mRequestTracker.removeAllPendingRequests(type);
             mTetheringMetrics.updateErrorCode(type, result);
             mTetheringMetrics.sendReport(type);
         }
@@ -866,15 +860,21 @@
         if (!enable) {
             // The service is not connected. If disabling tethering, there's no point starting
             // the service just to stop tethering since tethering is not started. Just remove
-            // any pending requests to enable tethering, and notify them that they have failed.
-            for (IIntResultListener pendingListener : mPendingPanRequestListeners) {
-                sendTetherResult(pendingListener, TETHER_ERROR_SERVICE_UNAVAIL,
+            // any pending request to enable tethering, and notify them that they have failed.
+            if (mPendingPanRequestListener != null) {
+                sendTetherResult(mPendingPanRequestListener, TETHER_ERROR_SERVICE_UNAVAIL,
                         TETHERING_BLUETOOTH);
             }
-            mPendingPanRequestListeners.clear();
+            mPendingPanRequestListener = null;
             return TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR;
         }
-        mPendingPanRequestListeners.add(listener);
+
+        // Only allow one pending request at a time.
+        if (mPendingPanRequestListener != null) {
+            return TETHER_ERROR_SERVICE_UNAVAIL;
+        }
+
+        mPendingPanRequestListener = listener;
 
         // Bluetooth tethering is not a popular feature. To avoid bind to bluetooth pan service all
         // the time but user never use bluetooth tethering. mBluetoothPanListener is created first
@@ -901,12 +901,12 @@
                 mBluetoothPan = (BluetoothPan) proxy;
                 mIsConnected = true;
 
-                for (IIntResultListener pendingListener : mPendingPanRequestListeners) {
+                if (mPendingPanRequestListener != null) {
                     final int result = setBluetoothTetheringSettings(mBluetoothPan,
                             true /* enable */);
-                    sendTetherResult(pendingListener, result, TETHERING_BLUETOOTH);
+                    sendTetherResult(mPendingPanRequestListener, result, TETHERING_BLUETOOTH);
                 }
-                mPendingPanRequestListeners.clear();
+                mPendingPanRequestListener = null;
             });
         }
 
@@ -917,11 +917,11 @@
                 // reachable before next onServiceConnected.
                 mIsConnected = false;
 
-                for (IIntResultListener pendingListener : mPendingPanRequestListeners) {
-                    sendTetherResult(pendingListener, TETHER_ERROR_SERVICE_UNAVAIL,
+                if (mPendingPanRequestListener != null) {
+                    sendTetherResult(mPendingPanRequestListener, TETHER_ERROR_SERVICE_UNAVAIL,
                             TETHERING_BLUETOOTH);
                 }
-                mPendingPanRequestListeners.clear();
+                mPendingPanRequestListener = null;
                 mBluetoothIfaceRequest = null;
                 mBluetoothCallback = null;
                 maybeDisableBluetoothIpServing();
@@ -991,7 +991,7 @@
             if (this != mBluetoothCallback) return;
 
             final TetheringRequest request =
-                    getOrCreatePendingTetheringRequest(TETHERING_BLUETOOTH);
+                    mRequestTracker.getOrCreatePendingRequest(TETHERING_BLUETOOTH);
             enableIpServing(request, iface);
             mConfiguredBluetoothIface = iface;
         }
@@ -1048,7 +1048,8 @@
                 return;
             }
 
-            final TetheringRequest request = getOrCreatePendingTetheringRequest(TETHERING_ETHERNET);
+            final TetheringRequest request = mRequestTracker.getOrCreatePendingRequest(
+                    TETHERING_ETHERNET);
             enableIpServing(request, iface);
             mConfiguredEthernetIface = iface;
         }
@@ -1080,63 +1081,8 @@
         return TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR;
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Create a legacy tethering request for calls to the legacy tether() API, which doesn't take an
-     * explicit request. These are always CONNECTIVITY_SCOPE_GLOBAL, per historical behavior.
-     */
-    private TetheringRequest createLegacyGlobalScopeTetheringRequest(int type) {
-        final TetheringRequest request = new TetheringRequest.Builder(type).build();
-        request.getParcel().requestType = TetheringRequest.REQUEST_TYPE_LEGACY;
-        request.getParcel().connectivityScope = CONNECTIVITY_SCOPE_GLOBAL;
-        return request;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Create a local-only implicit tethering request. This is used for Wifi local-only hotspot and
-     * Wifi P2P, which start tethering based on the WIFI_(AP/P2P)_STATE_CHANGED broadcasts.
-     */
-    @NonNull
-    private TetheringRequest createImplicitLocalOnlyTetheringRequest(int type) {
-        final TetheringRequest request = new TetheringRequest.Builder(type).build();
-        request.getParcel().requestType = TetheringRequest.REQUEST_TYPE_IMPLICIT;
-        request.getParcel().connectivityScope = CONNECTIVITY_SCOPE_LOCAL;
-        return request;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Create a placeholder request. This is used in case we try to find a pending request but there
-     * is none (e.g. stopTethering removed a pending request), or for cases where we only have the
-     * tethering type (e.g. stopTethering(int)).
-     */
-    @NonNull
-    private TetheringRequest createPlaceholderRequest(int type) {
-        final TetheringRequest request = new TetheringRequest.Builder(type).build();
-        request.getParcel().requestType = TetheringRequest.REQUEST_TYPE_LEGACY;
-        request.getParcel().connectivityScope = CONNECTIVITY_SCOPE_GLOBAL;
-        return request;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the TetheringRequest that #startTethering was called with but is waiting for the link
-     * layer event to indicate the interface is available to tether.
-     * Note: There are edge cases where the pending request is absent and we must temporarily
-     *       synthesize a placeholder request, such as if stopTethering was called before link layer
-     *       went up, or if the link layer goes up without us poking it (e.g. adb shell cmd wifi
-     *       start-softap). These placeholder requests only specify the tethering type and the
-     *       default connectivity scope.
-     */
-    @NonNull
-    private TetheringRequest getOrCreatePendingTetheringRequest(int type) {
-        TetheringRequest pending = mPendingTetheringRequests.get(type);
-        if (pending != null) return pending;
-
-        Log.w(TAG, "No pending TetheringRequest for type " + type + " found, creating a placeholder"
-                + " request");
-        return createPlaceholderRequest(type);
-    }
-
     private void handleLegacyTether(String iface, final IIntResultListener listener) {
-        if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT > Build.VERSION_CODES.VANILLA_ICE_CREAM) {
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastB()) {
             // After V, the TetheringManager and ConnectivityManager tether and untether methods
             // throw UnsupportedOperationException, so this cannot happen in normal use. Ensure
             // that this code cannot run even if callers use raw binder calls or other
@@ -1152,7 +1098,10 @@
             } catch (RemoteException e) { }
         }
 
-        final TetheringRequest request = createLegacyGlobalScopeTetheringRequest(type);
+        TetheringRequest request = mRequestTracker.getNextPendingRequest(type);
+        if (request == null) {
+            request = createLegacyGlobalScopeTetheringRequest(type);
+        }
         int result = tetherInternal(request, iface);
         switch (type) {
             case TETHERING_WIFI:
@@ -1222,7 +1171,7 @@
         // processed, this will be a no-op and it will not return an error.
         //
         // This code cannot race with untether() because they both run on the handler thread.
-        mPendingTetheringRequests.remove(request.getTetheringType());
+        mRequestTracker.removeAllPendingRequests(request.getTetheringType());
         tetherState.ipServer.enable(request);
         if (request.getRequestType() == REQUEST_TYPE_PLACEHOLDER) {
             TerribleErrorLog.logTerribleError(TetheringStatsLog::write,
@@ -1234,7 +1183,7 @@
     }
 
     void legacyUntether(String iface, final IIntResultListener listener) {
-        if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT > Build.VERSION_CODES.VANILLA_ICE_CREAM) {
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastB()) {
             // After V, the TetheringManager and ConnectivityManager tether and untether methods
             // throw UnsupportedOperationException, so this cannot happen in normal use. Ensure
             // that this code cannot run even if callers use raw binder calls or other
@@ -1588,8 +1537,8 @@
     }
 
     @VisibleForTesting
-    SparseArray<TetheringRequest> getPendingTetheringRequests() {
-        return mPendingTetheringRequests;
+    List<TetheringRequest> getPendingTetheringRequests() {
+        return mRequestTracker.getPendingTetheringRequests();
     }
 
     @VisibleForTesting
@@ -1649,10 +1598,6 @@
         }
     }
 
-    final TetheringRequest getPendingTetheringRequest(int type) {
-        return mPendingTetheringRequests.get(type, null);
-    }
-
     private void enableIpServing(@NonNull TetheringRequest request, String ifname) {
         enableIpServing(request, ifname, false /* isNcm */);
     }
@@ -1740,7 +1685,7 @@
         switch (wifiIpMode) {
             case IFACE_IP_MODE_TETHERED:
                 type = maybeInferWifiTetheringType(ifname);
-                request = getOrCreatePendingTetheringRequest(type);
+                request = mRequestTracker.getOrCreatePendingRequest(type);
                 // Wifi requests will always have CONNECTIVITY_SCOPE_GLOBAL, because
                 // TetheringRequest.Builder will not allow callers to set CONNECTIVITY_SCOPE_LOCAL
                 // for TETHERING_WIFI. However, if maybeInferWifiTetheringType returns a non-Wifi
@@ -1795,7 +1740,7 @@
             return;
         }
 
-        final TetheringRequest request = getOrCreatePendingTetheringRequest(tetheringType);
+        final TetheringRequest request = mRequestTracker.getOrCreatePendingRequest(tetheringType);
         if (ifaces != null) {
             for (String iface : ifaces) {
                 if (ifaceNameToType(iface) == tetheringType) {
diff --git a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringConfiguration.java b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringConfiguration.java
index b3e9c1b..3c91a1b 100644
--- a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringConfiguration.java
+++ b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringConfiguration.java
@@ -130,9 +130,6 @@
     public static final String TETHER_ENABLE_WEAR_TETHERING =
             "tether_enable_wear_tethering";
 
-    public static final String TETHER_FORCE_RANDOM_PREFIX_BASE_SELECTION =
-            "tether_force_random_prefix_base_selection";
-
     public static final String TETHER_ENABLE_SYNC_SM = "tether_enable_sync_sm";
 
     /**
@@ -142,7 +139,7 @@
     public static final int DEFAULT_TETHER_OFFLOAD_POLL_INTERVAL_MS = 5000;
 
     /** A flag for using synchronous or asynchronous state machine. */
-    public static boolean USE_SYNC_SM = false;
+    public static boolean USE_SYNC_SM = true;
 
     /**
      * A feature flag to control whether the active sessions metrics should be enabled.
@@ -195,6 +192,10 @@
             return DeviceConfigUtils.isTetheringFeatureEnabled(context, name);
         }
 
+        boolean isFeatureNotChickenedOut(@NonNull Context context, @NonNull String name) {
+            return DeviceConfigUtils.isTetheringFeatureNotChickenedOut(context, name);
+        }
+
         boolean getDeviceConfigBoolean(@NonNull String namespace, @NonNull String name,
                 boolean defaultValue) {
             return DeviceConfig.getBoolean(namespace, name, defaultValue);
@@ -394,7 +395,7 @@
      * use the async state machine.
      */
     public void readEnableSyncSM(final Context ctx) {
-        USE_SYNC_SM = mDeps.isFeatureEnabled(ctx, TETHER_ENABLE_SYNC_SM);
+        USE_SYNC_SM = mDeps.isFeatureNotChickenedOut(ctx, TETHER_ENABLE_SYNC_SM);
     }
 
     /** Does the dumping.*/
diff --git a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringDependencies.java b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringDependencies.java
index 8e17085..bd35cf2 100644
--- a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringDependencies.java
+++ b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringDependencies.java
@@ -214,7 +214,6 @@
      * Wrapper for tethering_with_soft_ap_config feature flag.
      */
     public boolean isTetheringWithSoftApConfigEnabled() {
-        return Build.VERSION.SDK_INT > Build.VERSION_CODES.VANILLA_ICE_CREAM
-                && Flags.tetheringWithSoftApConfig();
+        return SdkLevel.isAtLeastB() && Flags.tetheringWithSoftApConfig();
     }
 }
diff --git a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/util/TetheringUtils.java b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/util/TetheringUtils.java
index 76c2f0d..79e6e16 100644
--- a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/util/TetheringUtils.java
+++ b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/util/TetheringUtils.java
@@ -15,7 +15,11 @@
  */
 package com.android.networkstack.tethering.util;
 
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.CONNECTIVITY_SCOPE_GLOBAL;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.CONNECTIVITY_SCOPE_LOCAL;
+
 import android.net.TetherStatsParcel;
+import android.net.TetheringManager.TetheringRequest;
 import android.util.Log;
 
 import androidx.annotation.NonNull;
@@ -166,4 +170,41 @@
             return null;
         }
     }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a legacy tethering request for calls to the legacy tether() API, which doesn't take an
+     * explicit request. These are always CONNECTIVITY_SCOPE_GLOBAL, per historical behavior.
+     */
+    @NonNull
+    public static TetheringRequest createLegacyGlobalScopeTetheringRequest(int type) {
+        final TetheringRequest request = new TetheringRequest.Builder(type).build();
+        request.getParcel().requestType = TetheringRequest.REQUEST_TYPE_LEGACY;
+        request.getParcel().connectivityScope = CONNECTIVITY_SCOPE_GLOBAL;
+        return request;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a local-only implicit tethering request. This is used for Wifi local-only hotspot and
+     * Wifi P2P, which start tethering based on the WIFI_(AP/P2P)_STATE_CHANGED broadcasts.
+     */
+    @NonNull
+    public static TetheringRequest createImplicitLocalOnlyTetheringRequest(int type) {
+        final TetheringRequest request = new TetheringRequest.Builder(type).build();
+        request.getParcel().requestType = TetheringRequest.REQUEST_TYPE_IMPLICIT;
+        request.getParcel().connectivityScope = CONNECTIVITY_SCOPE_LOCAL;
+        return request;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a placeholder request. This is used in case we try to find a pending request but there
+     * is none (e.g. stopTethering removed a pending request), or for cases where we only have the
+     * tethering type (e.g. stopTethering(int)).
+     */
+    @NonNull
+    public static TetheringRequest createPlaceholderRequest(int type) {
+        final TetheringRequest request = new TetheringRequest.Builder(type).build();
+        request.getParcel().requestType = TetheringRequest.REQUEST_TYPE_PLACEHOLDER;
+        request.getParcel().connectivityScope = CONNECTIVITY_SCOPE_GLOBAL;
+        return request;
+    }
 }
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/integration/src/android/net/EthernetTetheringTest.java b/Tethering/tests/integration/src/android/net/EthernetTetheringTest.java
index 5c8d347..3a5728e 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/integration/src/android/net/EthernetTetheringTest.java
+++ b/Tethering/tests/integration/src/android/net/EthernetTetheringTest.java
@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@
 import androidx.test.filters.LargeTest;
 import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
 
+import com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel;
 import com.android.net.module.util.BpfDump;
 import com.android.net.module.util.Ipv6Utils;
 import com.android.net.module.util.Struct;
@@ -89,6 +90,7 @@
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
 
+import java.io.File;
 import java.io.FileDescriptor;
 import java.net.Inet4Address;
 import java.net.Inet6Address;
@@ -1051,6 +1053,16 @@
         assertEquals(0, statsValue.txErrors);
     }
 
+    // on S/Sv2 without a new enough DnsResolver apex, NetBpfLoad does not
+    // get triggered, and thus no mainline programs get loaded.
+    private boolean isNetBpfLoadEnabled() {
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastT()) return true;
+        if (!SdkLevel.isAtLeastS()) return false;
+
+        File f = new File("/apex/com.android.resolv/NetBpfLoad-S.flag");
+        return f.isFile();
+    }
+
     /**
      * BPF offload IPv4 UDP tethering test. Verify that UDP tethered packets are offloaded by BPF.
      * Minimum test requirement:
@@ -1065,6 +1077,7 @@
     public void testTetherBpfOffloadUdpV4() throws Exception {
         assumeTrue("Tethering config disabled BPF offload", isTetherConfigBpfOffloadEnabled());
         assumeKernelSupportBpfOffloadUdpV4();
+        assumeTrue("Mainline NetBpfLoad not available", isNetBpfLoadEnabled());
 
         runUdp4Test();
     }
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/unit/Android.bp b/Tethering/tests/unit/Android.bp
index d0d23ac..c282618 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/unit/Android.bp
+++ b/Tethering/tests/unit/Android.bp
@@ -51,12 +51,15 @@
         "src/**/*.kt",
     ],
     static_libs: [
+        // Include mockito extended first so it takes precedence, as other libraries like
+        // TetheringCommonTests bundle non-extended mockito.
+        // TODO: use non-extended mockito in tethering tests instead
+        "mockito-target-extended-minus-junit4",
         "TetheringCommonTests",
         "androidx.test.rules",
         "frameworks-base-testutils",
-        "mockito-target-extended-minus-junit4",
-        "net-tests-utils",
         "testables",
+        "truth",
     ],
     // TODO(b/147200698) change sdk_version to module-current and
     // remove framework-minus-apex, ext, and framework-res
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/FakeTetheringConfiguration.java b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/FakeTetheringConfiguration.java
index 087be26..c97fa3d 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/FakeTetheringConfiguration.java
+++ b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/FakeTetheringConfiguration.java
@@ -33,6 +33,11 @@
             }
 
             @Override
+            boolean isFeatureNotChickenedOut(@NonNull Context context, @NonNull String name) {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            @Override
             boolean getDeviceConfigBoolean(@NonNull String namespace, @NonNull String name,
                     boolean defaultValue) {
                 return defaultValue;
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/PrivateAddressCoordinatorTest.java b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/PrivateAddressCoordinatorTest.java
index f9e3a6a..ada88fb 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/PrivateAddressCoordinatorTest.java
+++ b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/PrivateAddressCoordinatorTest.java
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@
 import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHERING_WIFI_P2P;
 import static android.net.ip.IpServer.CMD_NOTIFY_PREFIX_CONFLICT;
 
-import static com.android.net.module.util.PrivateAddressCoordinator.TETHER_FORCE_RANDOM_PREFIX_BASE_SELECTION;
 import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.util.PrefixUtils.asIpPrefix;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
@@ -51,6 +50,7 @@
 import android.net.Network;
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
 import android.net.ip.IpServer;
+import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.IBinder;
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
@@ -58,8 +58,10 @@
 
 import com.android.net.module.util.IIpv4PrefixRequest;
 import com.android.net.module.util.PrivateAddressCoordinator;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
 
 import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Rule;
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
 import org.mockito.Mock;
@@ -71,6 +73,9 @@
 @RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
 @SmallTest
 public final class PrivateAddressCoordinatorTest {
+    @Rule
+    public final DevSdkIgnoreRule mIgnoreRule = new DevSdkIgnoreRule();
+
     private static final String TEST_IFNAME = "test0";
 
     @Mock private IpServer mHotspotIpServer;
@@ -231,11 +236,9 @@
         assertEquals(usbAddress, newUsbAddress);
 
         final UpstreamNetworkState wifiUpstream = buildUpstreamNetworkState(mWifiNetwork,
-                new LinkAddress("192.168.88.23/16"), null,
-                makeNetworkCapabilities(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
+                hotspotAddress, null, makeNetworkCapabilities(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
         updateUpstreamPrefix(wifiUpstream);
         verify(mHotspotIpServer).sendMessage(IpServer.CMD_NOTIFY_PREFIX_CONFLICT);
-        verify(mUsbIpServer).sendMessage(IpServer.CMD_NOTIFY_PREFIX_CONFLICT);
     }
 
     private UpstreamNetworkState buildUpstreamNetworkState(final Network network,
@@ -323,10 +326,9 @@
         assertFalse(localHotspotPrefix.containsPrefix(hotspotPrefix));
     }
 
+    @DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.VANILLA_ICE_CREAM)
     @Test
     public void testStartedPrefixRange() throws Exception {
-        when(mDeps.isFeatureEnabled(TETHER_FORCE_RANDOM_PREFIX_BASE_SELECTION)).thenReturn(true);
-
         startedPrefixBaseTest("192.168.0.0/16", 0);
 
         startedPrefixBaseTest("192.168.0.0/16", 1);
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/RequestTrackerTest.java b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/RequestTrackerTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e00e9f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/RequestTrackerTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.networkstack.tethering;
+
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHERING_USB;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHERING_WIFI;
+
+import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.util.TetheringUtils.createPlaceholderRequest;
+
+import static com.google.common.truth.Truth.assertThat;
+
+import android.net.TetheringManager.TetheringRequest;
+
+import androidx.test.ext.junit.runners.AndroidJUnit4;
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+
+import com.android.networkstack.tethering.RequestTracker.AddResult;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@SmallTest
+public class RequestTrackerTest {
+    private RequestTracker mRequestTracker;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() {
+        mRequestTracker = new RequestTracker();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNoRequestsAdded_noPendingRequests() {
+        assertThat(mRequestTracker.getNextPendingRequest(TETHERING_WIFI)).isNull();
+        assertThat(mRequestTracker.getOrCreatePendingRequest(TETHERING_WIFI))
+                .isEqualTo(createPlaceholderRequest(TETHERING_WIFI));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAddRequest_successResultAndBecomesNextPending() {
+        final TetheringRequest request = new TetheringRequest.Builder(TETHERING_WIFI).build();
+
+        final AddResult result = mRequestTracker.addPendingRequest(request);
+
+        assertThat(result).isEqualTo(AddResult.SUCCESS);
+        assertThat(mRequestTracker.getNextPendingRequest(TETHERING_WIFI)).isEqualTo(request);
+        assertThat(mRequestTracker.getOrCreatePendingRequest(TETHERING_WIFI)).isEqualTo(request);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAddRequest_equalRequestExists_successResultAndBecomesNextPending() {
+        final TetheringRequest request = new TetheringRequest.Builder(TETHERING_WIFI).build();
+        mRequestTracker.addPendingRequest(request);
+
+        final TetheringRequest equalRequest = new TetheringRequest.Builder(TETHERING_WIFI).build();
+        final AddResult result = mRequestTracker.addPendingRequest(equalRequest);
+
+        assertThat(result).isEqualTo(AddResult.SUCCESS);
+        assertThat(mRequestTracker.getNextPendingRequest(TETHERING_WIFI)).isEqualTo(request);
+        assertThat(mRequestTracker.getOrCreatePendingRequest(TETHERING_WIFI)).isEqualTo(request);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAddRequest_equalButDifferentUidRequest_successResultAndBecomesNextPending() {
+        final TetheringRequest request = new TetheringRequest.Builder(TETHERING_WIFI).build();
+        request.setUid(1000);
+        request.setPackageName("package");
+        final TetheringRequest differentUid = new TetheringRequest.Builder(TETHERING_WIFI).build();
+        differentUid.setUid(2000);
+        differentUid.setPackageName("package2");
+        mRequestTracker.addPendingRequest(request);
+
+        final AddResult result = mRequestTracker.addPendingRequest(differentUid);
+
+        assertThat(result).isEqualTo(AddResult.SUCCESS);
+        assertThat(mRequestTracker.getNextPendingRequest(TETHERING_WIFI)).isEqualTo(differentUid);
+        assertThat(mRequestTracker.getOrCreatePendingRequest(TETHERING_WIFI))
+                .isEqualTo(differentUid);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAddConflictingRequest_returnsFailureConflictingPendingRequest() {
+        final TetheringRequest request = new TetheringRequest.Builder(TETHERING_WIFI).build();
+        final TetheringRequest conflictingRequest = new TetheringRequest.Builder(TETHERING_WIFI)
+                .setExemptFromEntitlementCheck(true).build();
+        mRequestTracker.addPendingRequest(request);
+
+        final AddResult result = mRequestTracker.addPendingRequest(conflictingRequest);
+
+        assertThat(result).isEqualTo(AddResult.FAILURE_CONFLICTING_PENDING_REQUEST);
+        assertThat(mRequestTracker.getNextPendingRequest(TETHERING_WIFI)).isEqualTo(request);
+        assertThat(mRequestTracker.getOrCreatePendingRequest(TETHERING_WIFI)).isEqualTo(request);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRemoveAllPendingRequests_noPendingRequestsLeft() {
+        final TetheringRequest firstRequest = new TetheringRequest.Builder(TETHERING_WIFI).build();
+        firstRequest.setUid(1000);
+        firstRequest.setPackageName("package");
+        mRequestTracker.addPendingRequest(firstRequest);
+        final TetheringRequest secondRequest = new TetheringRequest.Builder(TETHERING_WIFI).build();
+        secondRequest.setUid(2000);
+        secondRequest.setPackageName("package2");
+        mRequestTracker.addPendingRequest(secondRequest);
+
+        mRequestTracker.removeAllPendingRequests(TETHERING_WIFI);
+
+        assertThat(mRequestTracker.getNextPendingRequest(TETHERING_WIFI)).isNull();
+        assertThat(mRequestTracker.getOrCreatePendingRequest(TETHERING_WIFI))
+                .isEqualTo(createPlaceholderRequest(TETHERING_WIFI));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRemoveAllPendingRequests_differentTypeExists_doesNotRemoveDifferentType() {
+        final TetheringRequest differentType = new TetheringRequest.Builder(TETHERING_USB).build();
+        mRequestTracker.addPendingRequest(differentType);
+
+        mRequestTracker.removeAllPendingRequests(TETHERING_WIFI);
+
+        assertThat(mRequestTracker.getNextPendingRequest(TETHERING_USB)).isEqualTo(differentType);
+        assertThat(mRequestTracker.getOrCreatePendingRequest(TETHERING_USB))
+                .isEqualTo(differentType);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringConfigurationTest.java b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringConfigurationTest.java
index dd51c7a..0159573 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringConfigurationTest.java
+++ b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringConfigurationTest.java
@@ -160,6 +160,11 @@
         }
 
         @Override
+        boolean isFeatureNotChickenedOut(@NonNull Context context, @NonNull String name) {
+            return isMockFlagEnabled(name, true /* defaultEnabled */);
+        }
+
+        @Override
         boolean getDeviceConfigBoolean(@NonNull String namespace, @NonNull String name,
                 boolean defaultValue) {
             // Flags should use isFeatureEnabled instead of getBoolean; see comments in
@@ -767,9 +772,9 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testEnableSyncSMFlag() throws Exception {
-        // Test default disabled
+        // Test default enabled
         setTetherEnableSyncSMFlagEnabled(null);
-        assertEnableSyncSM(false);
+        assertEnableSyncSM(true);
 
         setTetherEnableSyncSMFlagEnabled(true);
         assertEnableSyncSM(true);
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringTest.java b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringTest.java
index e1c2db9..2a22c6d 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringTest.java
+++ b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringTest.java
@@ -101,6 +101,7 @@
 import static org.mockito.Matchers.eq;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.any;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.atLeast;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.atLeastOnce;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.doThrow;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.inOrder;
@@ -964,7 +965,7 @@
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
 
         assertEquals(1, mTethering.getPendingTetheringRequests().size());
-        assertEquals(request, mTethering.getPendingTetheringRequests().get(TETHERING_USB));
+        assertTrue(mTethering.getPendingTetheringRequests().get(0).equals(request));
 
         if (mTethering.getTetheringConfiguration().isUsingNcm()) {
             verify(mUsbManager).setCurrentFunctions(UsbManager.FUNCTION_NCM);
@@ -2879,6 +2880,44 @@
     }
 
     @Test
+    @IgnoreAfter(Build.VERSION_CODES.VANILLA_ICE_CREAM)
+    public void testRequestStaticIpLegacyTether() throws Exception {
+        initTetheringOnTestThread();
+
+        // Call startTethering with static ip
+        final LinkAddress serverLinkAddr = new LinkAddress("192.168.0.123/24");
+        final LinkAddress clientLinkAddr = new LinkAddress("192.168.0.42/24");
+        final String serverAddr = "192.168.0.123";
+        final int clientAddrParceled = 0xc0a8002a;
+        final ArgumentCaptor<DhcpServingParamsParcel> dhcpParamsCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(DhcpServingParamsParcel.class);
+        when(mWifiManager.startTetheredHotspot(any())).thenReturn(true);
+        mTethering.startTethering(createTetheringRequest(TETHERING_WIFI,
+                        serverLinkAddr, clientLinkAddr, false, CONNECTIVITY_SCOPE_GLOBAL, null),
+                TEST_CALLER_PKG, null);
+        mLooper.dispatchAll();
+        verify(mWifiManager, times(1)).startTetheredHotspot(any());
+        mTethering.interfaceStatusChanged(TEST_WLAN_IFNAME, true);
+
+        // Call legacyTether on the interface before the link layer event comes back.
+        // This happens, for example, in pre-T bluetooth tethering: Settings calls startTethering,
+        // and then the bluetooth code calls the tether() API.
+        final ResultListener tetherResult = new ResultListener(TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR);
+        mTethering.legacyTether(TEST_WLAN_IFNAME, tetherResult);
+        mLooper.dispatchAll();
+        tetherResult.assertHasResult();
+
+        // Verify that the static ip set in startTethering is used
+        verify(mNetd).interfaceSetCfg(argThat(cfg -> serverAddr.equals(cfg.ipv4Addr)));
+        verify(mIpServerDependencies, times(1)).makeDhcpServer(any(), dhcpParamsCaptor.capture(),
+                any());
+        final DhcpServingParamsParcel params = dhcpParamsCaptor.getValue();
+        assertEquals(serverAddr, intToInet4AddressHTH(params.serverAddr).getHostAddress());
+        assertEquals(24, params.serverAddrPrefixLength);
+        assertEquals(clientAddrParceled, params.singleClientAddr);
+    }
+
+    @Test
     public void testUpstreamNetworkChanged() throws Exception {
         initTetheringOnTestThread();
         final InOrder inOrder = inOrder(mNotificationUpdater);
@@ -3533,6 +3572,32 @@
         failedEnable.assertHasResult();
     }
 
+    @Test
+    public void testStartBluetoothTetheringFailsWhenTheresAnExistingRequestWaitingForPanService()
+            throws Exception {
+        initTetheringOnTestThread();
+
+        mockBluetoothSettings(true /* bluetoothOn */, true /* tetheringOn */);
+        final ResultListener firstResult = new ResultListener(TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR);
+        mTethering.startTethering(createTetheringRequest(TETHERING_BLUETOOTH),
+                TEST_CALLER_PKG, firstResult);
+        mLooper.dispatchAll();
+        firstResult.assertDoesNotHaveResult();
+
+        // Second request should fail.
+        final ResultListener secondResult = new ResultListener(TETHER_ERROR_SERVICE_UNAVAIL);
+        mTethering.startTethering(createTetheringRequest(TETHERING_BLUETOOTH),
+                TEST_CALLER_PKG, secondResult);
+        mLooper.dispatchAll();
+        secondResult.assertHasResult();
+        firstResult.assertDoesNotHaveResult();
+
+        // Bind to PAN service should succeed for first listener only. If the second result is
+        // called with TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR, ResultListener will fail an assertion.
+        verifySetBluetoothTethering(true /* enable */, true /* bindToPanService */);
+        firstResult.assertHasResult();
+    }
+
     private void mockBluetoothSettings(boolean bluetoothOn, boolean tetheringOn) {
         when(mBluetoothAdapter.isEnabled()).thenReturn(bluetoothOn);
         when(mBluetoothPan.isTetheringOn()).thenReturn(tetheringOn);
@@ -3580,7 +3645,7 @@
     private ServiceListener verifySetBluetoothTethering(final boolean enable,
             final boolean bindToPanService) throws Exception {
         ServiceListener listener = null;
-        verify(mBluetoothAdapter).isEnabled();
+        verify(mBluetoothAdapter, atLeastOnce()).isEnabled();
         if (bindToPanService) {
             final ArgumentCaptor<ServiceListener> listenerCaptor =
                     ArgumentCaptor.forClass(ServiceListener.class);
diff --git a/bpf/dns_helper/DnsBpfHelper.cpp b/bpf/dns_helper/DnsBpfHelper.cpp
index 0719ade..cf2fa2b 100644
--- a/bpf/dns_helper/DnsBpfHelper.cpp
+++ b/bpf/dns_helper/DnsBpfHelper.cpp
@@ -32,12 +32,44 @@
     }                                                                                              \
   } while (0)
 
+// copied from BpfHandler.cpp
+static bool mainlineNetBpfLoadDone() {
+  return !access("/sys/fs/bpf/netd_shared/mainline_done", F_OK);
+}
+
+// copied from BpfHandler.cpp
+static inline void waitForNetProgsLoaded() {
+  // infinite loop until success with 5/10/20/40/60/60/60... delay
+  for (int delay = 5;; delay *= 2) {
+    if (delay > 60) delay = 60;
+    if (base::WaitForProperty("init.svc.mdnsd_netbpfload", "stopped", std::chrono::seconds(delay))
+      && mainlineNetBpfLoadDone()) return;
+    LOG(WARNING) << "Waited " << delay << "s for init.svc.mdnsd_netbpfload=stopped, still waiting.";
+  }
+}
+
 base::Result<void> DnsBpfHelper::init() {
-  if (!android::modules::sdklevel::IsAtLeastT()) {
-    LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": Unsupported before Android T.";
+  if (!android::modules::sdklevel::IsAtLeastS()) {
+    LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": Unsupported before Android S.";
     return base::Error(EOPNOTSUPP);
   }
 
+  if (!android::modules::sdklevel::IsAtLeastT()) {
+    LOG(INFO) << "performing Android S mainline NetBpfload magic!";
+    if (!mainlineNetBpfLoadDone()) {
+      // We're on S/Sv2 & it's the first time netd is starting up (unless crashlooping)
+      if (!base::SetProperty("ctl.start", "mdnsd_netbpfload")) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to set property ctl.start=mdnsd_netbpfload, see dmesg for reason.";
+        return base::Error(ENOEXEC);
+      }
+
+      LOG(INFO) << "Waiting for Networking BPF programs";
+      waitForNetProgsLoaded();
+      LOG(INFO) << "Networking BPF programs are loaded";
+    }
+    return {};
+  }
+
   RETURN_IF_RESULT_NOT_OK(mConfigurationMap.init(CONFIGURATION_MAP_PATH));
   RETURN_IF_RESULT_NOT_OK(mUidOwnerMap.init(UID_OWNER_MAP_PATH));
   RETURN_IF_RESULT_NOT_OK(mDataSaverEnabledMap.init(DATA_SAVER_ENABLED_MAP_PATH));
diff --git a/bpf/headers/include/bpf_helpers.h b/bpf/headers/include/bpf_helpers.h
index 6a0e5a8..9d6b6f6 100644
--- a/bpf/headers/include/bpf_helpers.h
+++ b/bpf/headers/include/bpf_helpers.h
@@ -46,12 +46,12 @@
 #define BPFLOADER_U_QPR2_VERSION 41u
 #define BPFLOADER_PLATFORM_VERSION BPFLOADER_U_QPR2_VERSION
 
-// Android Mainline - this bpfloader should eventually go back to T (or even S)
+// Android Mainline BpfLoader when running on Android S (sdk=31)
 // Note: this value (and the following +1u's) are hardcoded in NetBpfLoad.cpp
-#define BPFLOADER_MAINLINE_VERSION 42u
+#define BPFLOADER_MAINLINE_S_VERSION 42u
 
 // Android Mainline BpfLoader when running on Android T (sdk=33)
-#define BPFLOADER_MAINLINE_T_VERSION (BPFLOADER_MAINLINE_VERSION + 1u)
+#define BPFLOADER_MAINLINE_T_VERSION (BPFLOADER_MAINLINE_S_VERSION + 1u)
 
 // Android Mainline BpfLoader when running on Android U (sdk=34)
 #define BPFLOADER_MAINLINE_U_VERSION (BPFLOADER_MAINLINE_T_VERSION + 1u)
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@
     unsigned int _bpfloader_max_ver SECTION("bpfloader_max_ver") = BPFLOADER_MAX_VER;              \
     size_t _size_of_bpf_map_def SECTION("size_of_bpf_map_def") = sizeof(struct bpf_map_def);       \
     size_t _size_of_bpf_prog_def SECTION("size_of_bpf_prog_def") = sizeof(struct bpf_prog_def);    \
-    unsigned _btf_min_bpfloader_ver SECTION("btf_min_bpfloader_ver") = BPFLOADER_MAINLINE_VERSION; \
+    unsigned _btf_min_bpfloader_ver SECTION("btf_min_bpfloader_ver") = BPFLOADER_MAINLINE_S_VERSION; \
     unsigned _btf_user_min_bpfloader_ver SECTION("btf_user_min_bpfloader_ver") = 0xFFFFFFFFu;      \
     char _license[] SECTION("license") = (NAME)
 
diff --git a/bpf/headers/include/bpf_map_def.h b/bpf/headers/include/bpf_map_def.h
index e95ca5f..2e5afca 100644
--- a/bpf/headers/include/bpf_map_def.h
+++ b/bpf/headers/include/bpf_map_def.h
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@
     enum bpf_map_type type;
     unsigned int key_size;
     unsigned int value_size;
-    int max_entries;  // negative means BPF_F_NO_PREALLOC, but *might* not work with S
+    unsigned int max_entries;
     unsigned int map_flags;
 
     // The following are not supported by the Android bpfloader:
diff --git a/bpf/loader/Android.bp b/bpf/loader/Android.bp
index b08913a..345e92b 100644
--- a/bpf/loader/Android.bp
+++ b/bpf/loader/Android.bp
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@
     shared_libs: [
         "libbase",
         "liblog",
+        "libbpf",
     ],
     srcs: ["NetBpfLoad.cpp"],
     apex_available: [
@@ -56,11 +57,22 @@
     installable: false,
 }
 
-// Versioned netbpfload init rc: init system will process it only on api T/33+ devices
+// Versioned netbpfload init rc: init system will process it only on api R/30 S/31 Sv2/32 devices
 // Note: R[30] S[31] Sv2[32] T[33] U[34] V[35])
 //
 // For details of versioned rc files see:
 // https://android.googlesource.com/platform/system/core/+/HEAD/init/README.md#versioned-rc-files-within-apexs
+//
+// However, .Xrc versioning doesn't work on S, so we use unversioned, and thus *do* trigger on R,
+// luckily nothing ever uses the new service on R, so you can think of it as being S/Sv2 only
+prebuilt_etc {
+    name: "netbpfload.31rc",
+    src: "netbpfload.31rc",
+    filename: "netbpfload.rc", // intentional: .31rc wouldn't take effect on S
+    installable: false,
+}
+
+// Versioned netbpfload init rc: init system will process it only on api T/33+ devices
 prebuilt_etc {
     name: "netbpfload.33rc",
     src: "netbpfload.33rc",
diff --git a/bpf/loader/NetBpfLoad.cpp b/bpf/loader/NetBpfLoad.cpp
index 9486e75..b9ef766 100644
--- a/bpf/loader/NetBpfLoad.cpp
+++ b/bpf/loader/NetBpfLoad.cpp
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #define LOG_TAG "NetBpfLoad"
 
 #include <arpa/inet.h>
+#include <bpf/libbpf.h>
 #include <dirent.h>
 #include <elf.h>
 #include <errno.h>
@@ -60,7 +61,7 @@
 #include "bpf_map_def.h"
 
 // The following matches bpf_helpers.h, which is only for inclusion in bpf code
-#define BPFLOADER_MAINLINE_VERSION 42u
+#define BPFLOADER_MAINLINE_S_VERSION 42u
 #define BPFLOADER_MAINLINE_25Q2_VERSION 47u
 
 using android::base::EndsWith;
@@ -122,6 +123,7 @@
 struct Location {
     const char* const dir = "";
     const char* const prefix = "";
+    const bool t_plus = true;
 };
 
 // Returns the build type string (from ro.build.type).
@@ -1187,7 +1189,7 @@
     ret = readCodeSections(elfFile, cs);
     // BPF .o's with no programs are only supported by mainline netbpfload,
     // make sure .o's targeting non-mainline (ie. S) bpfloader don't show up.
-    if (ret == -ENOENT && bpfLoaderMinVer >= BPFLOADER_MAINLINE_VERSION)
+    if (ret == -ENOENT && bpfLoaderMinVer >= BPFLOADER_MAINLINE_S_VERSION)
         return 0;
     if (ret) {
         ALOGE("Couldn't read all code sections in %s", elfPath);
@@ -1216,8 +1218,9 @@
 const Location locations[] = {
         // S+ Tethering mainline module (network_stack): tether offload
         {
-                .dir = BPFROOT "/",
+                .dir = BPFROOT "/tethering/",
                 .prefix = "tethering/",
+                .t_plus = false,
         },
         // T+ Tethering mainline module (shared with netd & system server)
         // netutils_wrapper (for iptables xt_bpf) has access to programs
@@ -1412,6 +1415,13 @@
 }
 
 static int doLoad(char** argv, char * const envp[]) {
+    if (!isAtLeastS) {
+        ALOGE("Impossible - not reachable on Android <S.");
+        // for safety, we don't fail, this is a just-in-case workaround
+        // for any possible busted 'optimized' start everything vendor init hacks on R
+        return 0;
+    }
+
     const bool runningAsRoot = !getuid();  // true iff U QPR3 or V+
 
     const int first_api_level = GetIntProperty("ro.board.first_api_level", api_level);
@@ -1422,17 +1432,19 @@
     const bool has_platform_netbpfload_rc = exists("/system/etc/init/netbpfload.rc");
 
     // Version of Network BpfLoader depends on the Android OS version
-    unsigned int bpfloader_ver = BPFLOADER_MAINLINE_VERSION;  // [42u]
+    unsigned int bpfloader_ver = BPFLOADER_MAINLINE_S_VERSION;  // [42u]
     if (isAtLeastT) ++bpfloader_ver;     // [43] BPFLOADER_MAINLINE_T_VERSION
     if (isAtLeastU) ++bpfloader_ver;     // [44] BPFLOADER_MAINLINE_U_VERSION
     if (runningAsRoot) ++bpfloader_ver;  // [45] BPFLOADER_MAINLINE_U_QPR3_VERSION
     if (isAtLeastV) ++bpfloader_ver;     // [46] BPFLOADER_MAINLINE_V_VERSION
     if (isAtLeast25Q2) ++bpfloader_ver;  // [47] BPFLOADER_MAINLINE_25Q2_VERSION
 
-    ALOGI("NetBpfLoad v0.%u (%s) api:%d/%d kver:%07x (%s) uid:%d rc:%d%d",
+    ALOGI("NetBpfLoad v0.%u (%s) api:%d/%d kver:%07x (%s) libbpf: v%u.%u "
+          "uid:%d rc:%d%d",
           bpfloader_ver, argv[0], android_get_device_api_level(), api_level,
-          kernelVersion(), describeArch(), getuid(),
-          has_platform_bpfloader_rc, has_platform_netbpfload_rc);
+          kernelVersion(), describeArch(), libbpf_major_version(),
+          libbpf_minor_version(), getuid(), has_platform_bpfloader_rc,
+          has_platform_netbpfload_rc);
 
     if (!has_platform_bpfloader_rc && !has_platform_netbpfload_rc) {
         ALOGE("Unable to find platform's bpfloader & netbpfload init scripts.");
@@ -1446,14 +1458,9 @@
 
     logTetheringApexVersion();
 
-    if (!isAtLeastT) {
-        ALOGE("Impossible - not reachable on Android <T.");
-        return 1;
-    }
-
     // both S and T require kernel 4.9 (and eBpf support)
-    if (isAtLeastT && !isAtLeastKernelVersion(4, 9, 0)) {
-        ALOGE("Android T requires kernel 4.9.");
+    if (!isAtLeastKernelVersion(4, 9, 0)) {
+        ALOGE("Android S & T require kernel 4.9.");
         return 1;
     }
 
@@ -1622,18 +1629,22 @@
     //  which could otherwise fail with ENOENT during object pinning or renaming,
     //  due to ordering issues)
     for (const auto& location : locations) {
+        if (location.t_plus && !isAtLeastT) continue;
         if (createSysFsBpfSubDir(location.prefix)) return 1;
     }
 
-    // Note: there's no actual src dir for fs_bpf_loader .o's,
-    // so it is not listed in 'locations[].prefix'.
-    // This is because this is primarily meant for triggering genfscon rules,
-    // and as such this will likely always be the case.
-    // Thus we need to manually create the /sys/fs/bpf/loader subdirectory.
-    if (createSysFsBpfSubDir("loader")) return 1;
+    if (isAtLeastT) {
+        // Note: there's no actual src dir for fs_bpf_loader .o's,
+        // so it is not listed in 'locations[].prefix'.
+        // This is because this is primarily meant for triggering genfscon rules,
+        // and as such this will likely always be the case.
+        // Thus we need to manually create the /sys/fs/bpf/loader subdirectory.
+        if (createSysFsBpfSubDir("loader")) return 1;
+    }
 
     // Load all ELF objects, create programs and maps, and pin them
     for (const auto& location : locations) {
+        if (location.t_plus && !isAtLeastT) continue;
         if (loadAllElfObjects(bpfloader_ver, location) != 0) {
             ALOGE("=== CRITICAL FAILURE LOADING BPF PROGRAMS FROM %s ===", location.dir);
             ALOGE("If this triggers reliably, you're probably missing kernel options or patches.");
@@ -1654,6 +1665,9 @@
         return 1;
     }
 
+    // on S we haven't created this subdir yet, but we need it for 'mainline_done' flag below
+    if (!isAtLeastT && createSysFsBpfSubDir("netd_shared")) return 1;
+
     // leave a flag that we're done
     if (createSysFsBpfSubDir("netd_shared/mainline_done")) return 1;
 
@@ -1688,7 +1702,12 @@
 }  // namespace android
 
 int main(int argc, char** argv, char * const envp[]) {
-    InitLogging(argv, &KernelLogger);
+    if (android::bpf::isAtLeastT) {
+        InitLogging(argv, &KernelLogger);
+    } else {
+        // S lacks the sepolicy to make non-root uid KernelLogger viable
+        InitLogging(argv);
+    }
 
     if (argc == 2 && !strcmp(argv[1], "done")) {
         // we're being re-exec'ed from platform bpfloader to 'finalize' things
diff --git a/bpf/loader/netbpfload.31rc b/bpf/loader/netbpfload.31rc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bca7dc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bpf/loader/netbpfload.31rc
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# This file takes effect only on S and Sv2
+# (Note: it does take effect on R as well, but isn't actually used)
+#
+# The service is started from netd's dnsresolver call into ADnsHelper_init()
+# on initial (boot time) startup of netd.
+
+service mdnsd_netbpfload /apex/com.android.tethering/bin/netbpfload
+    capabilities CHOWN SYS_ADMIN NET_ADMIN
+    group system root graphics network_stack net_admin net_bw_acct net_bw_stats net_raw
+    user system
+    rlimit memlock 1073741824 1073741824
+    oneshot
+    reboot_on_failure reboot,netbpfload-failed
diff --git a/bpf/netd/BpfHandler.cpp b/bpf/netd/BpfHandler.cpp
index e3e508b..d41aa81 100644
--- a/bpf/netd/BpfHandler.cpp
+++ b/bpf/netd/BpfHandler.cpp
@@ -341,8 +341,8 @@
     if (chargeUid == AID_CLAT) return -EPERM;
 
     // The socket destroy listener only monitors on the group {INET_TCP, INET_UDP, INET6_TCP,
-    // INET6_UDP}. Tagging listener unsupported socket causes that the tag can't be removed from
-    // tag map automatically. Eventually, the tag map may run out of space because of dead tag
+    // INET6_UDP}. Tagging listener unsupported sockets (on <5.10) means the tag cannot be
+    // removed from tag map automatically. Eventually, it may run out of space due to dead tag
     // entries. Note that although tagSocket() of net client has already denied the family which
     // is neither AF_INET nor AF_INET6, the family validation is still added here just in case.
     // See tagSocket in system/netd/client/NetdClient.cpp and
@@ -360,15 +360,19 @@
         return -EAFNOSUPPORT;
     }
 
-    int socketProto;
-    socklen_t protoLen = sizeof(socketProto);
-    if (getsockopt(sockFd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_PROTOCOL, &socketProto, &protoLen)) {
-        ALOGE("Failed to getsockopt SO_PROTOCOL: %s, fd: %d", strerror(errno), sockFd);
-        return -errno;
-    }
-    if (socketProto != IPPROTO_UDP && socketProto != IPPROTO_TCP) {
-        ALOGV("Unsupported protocol: %d", socketProto);
-        return -EPROTONOSUPPORT;
+    // On 5.10+ the BPF_CGROUP_INET_SOCK_RELEASE hook takes care of cookie tag map cleanup
+    // during socket destruction. As such the socket destroy listener is superfluous.
+    if (!isAtLeastKernelVersion(5, 10, 0)) {
+        int socketProto;
+        socklen_t protoLen = sizeof(socketProto);
+        if (getsockopt(sockFd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_PROTOCOL, &socketProto, &protoLen)) {
+            ALOGE("Failed to getsockopt SO_PROTOCOL: %s, fd: %d", strerror(errno), sockFd);
+            return -errno;
+        }
+        if (socketProto != IPPROTO_UDP && socketProto != IPPROTO_TCP) {
+            ALOGV("Unsupported protocol: %d", socketProto);
+            return -EPROTONOSUPPORT;
+        }
     }
 
     uint64_t sock_cookie = getSocketCookie(sockFd);
diff --git a/bpf/netd/BpfHandlerTest.cpp b/bpf/netd/BpfHandlerTest.cpp
index b38fa16..4002b4c 100644
--- a/bpf/netd/BpfHandlerTest.cpp
+++ b/bpf/netd/BpfHandlerTest.cpp
@@ -191,7 +191,11 @@
     int rawSocket = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_RAW | SOCK_CLOEXEC, IPPROTO_RAW);
     EXPECT_LE(0, rawSocket);
     EXPECT_NE(NONEXISTENT_COOKIE, getSocketCookie(rawSocket));
-    EXPECT_EQ(-EPROTONOSUPPORT, mBh.tagSocket(rawSocket, TEST_TAG, TEST_UID, TEST_UID));
+    if (isAtLeastKernelVersion(5, 10, 0)) {
+        EXPECT_EQ(0, mBh.tagSocket(rawSocket, TEST_TAG, TEST_UID, TEST_UID));
+    } else {
+        EXPECT_EQ(-EPROTONOSUPPORT, mBh.tagSocket(rawSocket, TEST_TAG, TEST_UID, TEST_UID));
+    }
 }
 
 TEST_F(BpfHandlerTest, TestTagSocketWithoutPermission) {
diff --git a/bpf/progs/Android.bp b/bpf/progs/Android.bp
index 20d194c..2bfe613 100644
--- a/bpf/progs/Android.bp
+++ b/bpf/progs/Android.bp
@@ -69,32 +69,16 @@
     sub_dir: "net_shared",
 }
 
-// Ships to Android S, the bpfloader of which fails to parse BTF enabled .o's.
 bpf {
     name: "offload.o",
     srcs: ["offload.c"],
-    btf: false,
+    sub_dir: "tethering",
 }
 
-// This version ships to Android T+ which uses mainline netbpfload.
-bpf {
-    name: "offload@mainline.o",
-    srcs: ["offload@mainline.c"],
-    cflags: ["-DMAINLINE"],
-}
-
-// Ships to Android S, the bpfloader of which fails to parse BTF enabled .o's.
 bpf {
     name: "test.o",
     srcs: ["test.c"],
-    btf: false,
-}
-
-// This version ships to Android T+ which uses mainline netbpfload.
-bpf {
-    name: "test@mainline.o",
-    srcs: ["test@mainline.c"],
-    cflags: ["-DMAINLINE"],
+    sub_dir: "tethering",
 }
 
 bpf {
diff --git a/bpf/progs/clatd.c b/bpf/progs/clatd.c
index 2d4551e..2bb9d6f 100644
--- a/bpf/progs/clatd.c
+++ b/bpf/progs/clatd.c
@@ -288,6 +288,9 @@
     // We cannot handle IP options, just standard 20 byte == 5 dword minimal IPv4 header
     if (ip4->ihl != 5) return TC_ACT_PIPE;
 
+    // Packet must not be multicast
+    if ((ip4->daddr & 0xf0000000) == 0xe0000000) return TC_ACT_PIPE;
+
     // Calculate the IPv4 one's complement checksum of the IPv4 header.
     __wsum sum4 = 0;
     for (unsigned i = 0; i < sizeof(*ip4) / sizeof(__u16); ++i) {
diff --git a/bpf/progs/offload.c b/bpf/progs/offload.c
index 0f23844..b34fe6f 100644
--- a/bpf/progs/offload.c
+++ b/bpf/progs/offload.c
@@ -14,16 +14,8 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#ifdef MAINLINE
-// BTF is incompatible with bpfloaders < v0.10, hence for S (v0.2) we must
-// ship a different file than for later versions, but we need bpfloader v0.25+
-// for obj@ver.o support
-#define BPFLOADER_MIN_VER BPFLOADER_MAINLINE_T_VERSION
-#else /* MAINLINE */
-// The resulting .o needs to load on the Android S bpfloader
-#define BPFLOADER_MIN_VER BPFLOADER_S_VERSION
-#define BPFLOADER_MAX_VER BPFLOADER_T_VERSION
-#endif /* MAINLINE */
+// The resulting .o needs to load on Android S+
+#define BPFLOADER_MIN_VER BPFLOADER_MAINLINE_S_VERSION
 
 #include "bpf_net_helpers.h"
 #include "offload.h"
diff --git a/bpf/progs/test.c b/bpf/progs/test.c
index 8585118..4dba6b9 100644
--- a/bpf/progs/test.c
+++ b/bpf/progs/test.c
@@ -14,16 +14,8 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#ifdef MAINLINE
-// BTF is incompatible with bpfloaders < v0.10, hence for S (v0.2) we must
-// ship a different file than for later versions, but we need bpfloader v0.25+
-// for obj@ver.o support
-#define BPFLOADER_MIN_VER BPFLOADER_MAINLINE_T_VERSION
-#else /* MAINLINE */
-// The resulting .o needs to load on the Android S bpfloader
-#define BPFLOADER_MIN_VER BPFLOADER_S_VERSION
-#define BPFLOADER_MAX_VER BPFLOADER_T_VERSION
-#endif /* MAINLINE */
+// The resulting .o needs to load on Android S+
+#define BPFLOADER_MIN_VER BPFLOADER_MAINLINE_S_VERSION
 
 // This is non production code, only used for testing
 // Needed because the bitmap array definition is non-kosher for pre-T OS devices.
diff --git a/bpf/tests/mts/bpf_existence_test.cpp b/bpf/tests/mts/bpf_existence_test.cpp
index 75fb8e9..4d5f9b5 100644
--- a/bpf/tests/mts/bpf_existence_test.cpp
+++ b/bpf/tests/mts/bpf_existence_test.cpp
@@ -196,7 +196,12 @@
 
     // S requires Linux Kernel 4.9+ and thus requires eBPF support.
     if (isAtLeastS) ASSERT_TRUE(isAtLeastKernelVersion(4, 9, 0));
-    DO_EXPECT(isAtLeastS, MAINLINE_FOR_S_PLUS);
+
+    // on S without a new enough DnsResolver apex, NetBpfLoad doesn't get triggered,
+    // and thus no mainline programs get loaded.
+    bool mainlineBpfCapableResolve = !access("/apex/com.android.resolv/NetBpfLoad-S.flag", F_OK);
+    bool mainlineNetBpfLoad = isAtLeastT || mainlineBpfCapableResolve;
+    DO_EXPECT(isAtLeastS && mainlineNetBpfLoad, MAINLINE_FOR_S_PLUS);
 
     // Nothing added or removed in SCv2.
 
diff --git a/clatd/ipv4.c b/clatd/ipv4.c
index 2be02e3..81bf87b 100644
--- a/clatd/ipv4.c
+++ b/clatd/ipv4.c
@@ -85,6 +85,11 @@
     return 0;
   }
 
+  if ((header->daddr & 0xf0000000) == 0xe0000000) {
+    logmsg_dbg(ANDROID_LOG_INFO, "ip_packet/daddr is multicast: %x", header->daddr);
+    return 0;
+  }
+
   /* rfc6145 - If any IPv4 options are present in the IPv4 packet, they MUST be
    * ignored and the packet translated normally; there is no attempt to
    * translate the options.
diff --git a/framework/Android.bp b/framework/Android.bp
index f66bc60..ab3af9a 100644
--- a/framework/Android.bp
+++ b/framework/Android.bp
@@ -295,7 +295,6 @@
         ":framework-connectivity-t-pre-jarjar{.jar}",
         ":framework-connectivity.stubs.module_lib{.jar}",
         ":framework-connectivity-t.stubs.module_lib{.jar}",
-        ":framework-connectivity-module-api-stubs-including-flagged{.jar}",
         "jarjar-excludes.txt",
     ],
     tools: [
@@ -308,7 +307,6 @@
         "--prefix android.net.connectivity " +
         "--apistubs $(location :framework-connectivity.stubs.module_lib{.jar}) " +
         "--apistubs $(location :framework-connectivity-t.stubs.module_lib{.jar}) " +
-        "--apistubs $(location :framework-connectivity-module-api-stubs-including-flagged{.jar}) " +
         // Make a ":"-separated list. There will be an extra ":" but empty items are ignored.
         "--unsupportedapi $$(printf ':%s' $(locations :connectivity-hiddenapi-files)) " +
         "--excludes $(location jarjar-excludes.txt) " +
@@ -320,35 +318,6 @@
     ],
 }
 
-droidstubs {
-    name: "framework-connectivity-module-api-stubs-including-flagged-droidstubs",
-    srcs: [
-        ":framework-connectivity-sources",
-        ":framework-connectivity-tiramisu-updatable-sources",
-        ":framework-networksecurity-sources",
-        ":framework-nearby-java-sources",
-        ":framework-thread-sources",
-    ],
-    flags: [
-        "--show-for-stub-purposes-annotation android.annotation.SystemApi" +
-            "\\(client=android.annotation.SystemApi.Client.PRIVILEGED_APPS\\)",
-        "--show-for-stub-purposes-annotation android.annotation.SystemApi" +
-            "\\(client=android.annotation.SystemApi.Client.MODULE_LIBRARIES\\)",
-    ],
-    aidl: {
-        include_dirs: [
-            "packages/modules/Connectivity/framework/aidl-export",
-            "packages/modules/Connectivity/Tethering/common/TetheringLib/src",
-            "frameworks/native/aidl/binder", // For PersistableBundle.aidl
-        ],
-    },
-}
-
-java_library {
-    name: "framework-connectivity-module-api-stubs-including-flagged",
-    srcs: [":framework-connectivity-module-api-stubs-including-flagged-droidstubs"],
-}
-
 // Library providing limited APIs within the connectivity module, so that R+ components like
 // Tethering have a controlled way to depend on newer components like framework-connectivity that
 // are not loaded on R.
diff --git a/framework/jni/android_net_NetworkUtils.cpp b/framework/jni/android_net_NetworkUtils.cpp
index 3779a00..7404f32 100644
--- a/framework/jni/android_net_NetworkUtils.cpp
+++ b/framework/jni/android_net_NetworkUtils.cpp
@@ -23,9 +23,9 @@
 #include <netinet/in.h>
 #include <string.h>
 
+#include <DnsProxydProtocol.h> // NETID_USE_LOCAL_NAMESERVERS
 #include <bpf/BpfClassic.h>
 #include <bpf/KernelUtils.h>
-#include <DnsProxydProtocol.h> // NETID_USE_LOCAL_NAMESERVERS
 #include <nativehelper/JNIPlatformHelp.h>
 #include <nativehelper/ScopedPrimitiveArray.h>
 #include <utils/Log.h>
@@ -259,6 +259,21 @@
     return bpf::isX86();
 }
 
+static jlong android_net_utils_getSocketCookie(JNIEnv *env, jclass clazz,
+                                               jobject javaFd) {
+    int sock = AFileDescriptor_getFd(env, javaFd);
+    uint64_t cookie = 0;
+    socklen_t cookie_len = sizeof(cookie);
+    if (getsockopt(sock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_COOKIE, &cookie, &cookie_len)) {
+        // Failure is almost certainly either EBADF or ENOTSOCK
+        jniThrowErrnoException(env, "getSocketCookie", errno);
+    } else if (cookie_len != sizeof(cookie)) {
+        // This probably cannot actually happen, but...
+        jniThrowErrnoException(env, "getSocketCookie", 523); // EBADCOOKIE
+    }
+    return static_cast<jlong>(cookie);
+}
+
 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 /*
@@ -283,6 +298,7 @@
     (void*) android_net_utils_setsockoptBytes},
     { "isKernel64Bit", "()Z", (void*) android_net_utils_isKernel64Bit },
     { "isKernelX86", "()Z", (void*) android_net_utils_isKernelX86 },
+    { "getSocketCookie", "(Ljava/io/FileDescriptor;)J", (void*) android_net_utils_getSocketCookie },
 };
 // clang-format on
 
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/NetworkUtils.java b/framework/src/android/net/NetworkUtils.java
index 18feb84..6b2eb08 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/NetworkUtils.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/NetworkUtils.java
@@ -443,4 +443,13 @@
 
     /** Returns whether the Linux Kernel is x86 */
     public static native boolean isKernelX86();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns socket cookie.
+     *
+     * @param fd The socket file descriptor
+     * @return The socket cookie.
+     * @throws ErrnoException if retrieving the socket cookie fails.
+     */
+    public static native long getSocketCookie(FileDescriptor fd) throws ErrnoException;
 }
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/connectivity/ConnectivityCompatChanges.java b/framework/src/android/net/connectivity/ConnectivityCompatChanges.java
index 317854b..2261c69 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/connectivity/ConnectivityCompatChanges.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/connectivity/ConnectivityCompatChanges.java
@@ -100,9 +100,9 @@
     public static final long ENABLE_MATCH_LOCAL_NETWORK = 319212206L;
 
     /**
-     * On Android {@link android.os.Build.VERSION_CODES.VANILLA_ICE_CREAM} or higher releases,
-     * network access from apps targeting Android 36 or higher that do not have the
-     * {@link android.Manifest.permission#INTERNET} permission is considered blocked.
+     * On Android versions starting from 37, network access from apps targeting
+     * Android 37 or higher, that do not have the {@link android.Manifest.permission#INTERNET}
+     * permission, is considered blocked.
      * This results in API behaviors change for apps without
      * {@link android.Manifest.permission#INTERNET} permission.
      * {@link android.net.NetworkInfo} returned from {@link android.net.ConnectivityManager} APIs
@@ -115,10 +115,12 @@
      * network access from apps without {@link android.Manifest.permission#INTERNET} permission is
      * considered not blocked even though apps cannot access any networks.
      *
+     * TODO: b/400903101 - Update the target SDK version once it's finalized.
+     *
      * @hide
      */
     @ChangeId
-    @EnabledAfter(targetSdkVersion = Build.VERSION_CODES.VANILLA_ICE_CREAM)
+    @EnabledAfter(targetSdkVersion = 36)
     public static final long NETWORK_BLOCKED_WITHOUT_INTERNET_PERMISSION = 333340911L;
 
     /**
diff --git a/networksecurity/service/Android.bp b/networksecurity/service/Android.bp
index d7aacdb..3c964e5 100644
--- a/networksecurity/service/Android.bp
+++ b/networksecurity/service/Android.bp
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
         "framework-connectivity-pre-jarjar",
         "service-connectivity-pre-jarjar",
         "framework-statsd.stubs.module_lib",
+        "ServiceConnectivityResources",
     ],
 
     static_libs: [
diff --git a/networksecurity/service/src/com/android/server/net/ct/CertificateTransparencyJob.java b/networksecurity/service/src/com/android/server/net/ct/CertificateTransparencyJob.java
index e6f1379..f1b9a4f 100644
--- a/networksecurity/service/src/com/android/server/net/ct/CertificateTransparencyJob.java
+++ b/networksecurity/service/src/com/android/server/net/ct/CertificateTransparencyJob.java
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@
     private final DataStore mDataStore;
     private final CertificateTransparencyDownloader mCertificateTransparencyDownloader;
     private final CompatibilityVersion mCompatVersion;
+    private final SignatureVerifier mSignatureVerifier;
     private final AlarmManager mAlarmManager;
     private final PendingIntent mPendingIntent;
 
@@ -49,11 +50,13 @@
             Context context,
             DataStore dataStore,
             CertificateTransparencyDownloader certificateTransparencyDownloader,
-            CompatibilityVersion compatVersion) {
+            CompatibilityVersion compatVersion,
+            SignatureVerifier signatureVerifier) {
         mContext = context;
         mDataStore = dataStore;
         mCertificateTransparencyDownloader = certificateTransparencyDownloader;
         mCompatVersion = compatVersion;
+        mSignatureVerifier = signatureVerifier;
 
         mAlarmManager = context.getSystemService(AlarmManager.class);
         mPendingIntent =
@@ -127,6 +130,7 @@
     private void startDependencies() {
         mDataStore.load();
         mCertificateTransparencyDownloader.addCompatibilityVersion(mCompatVersion);
+        mSignatureVerifier.loadAllowedKeys();
         mContext.registerReceiver(
                 mCertificateTransparencyDownloader,
                 new IntentFilter(DownloadManager.ACTION_DOWNLOAD_COMPLETE),
@@ -139,6 +143,7 @@
 
     private void stopDependencies() {
         mContext.unregisterReceiver(mCertificateTransparencyDownloader);
+        mSignatureVerifier.clearAllowedKeys();
         mCertificateTransparencyDownloader.clearCompatibilityVersions();
         mDataStore.delete();
 
diff --git a/networksecurity/service/src/com/android/server/net/ct/CertificateTransparencyService.java b/networksecurity/service/src/com/android/server/net/ct/CertificateTransparencyService.java
index a71ff7c..2e910b2 100644
--- a/networksecurity/service/src/com/android/server/net/ct/CertificateTransparencyService.java
+++ b/networksecurity/service/src/com/android/server/net/ct/CertificateTransparencyService.java
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@
     public CertificateTransparencyService(Context context) {
         DataStore dataStore = new DataStore(Config.PREFERENCES_FILE);
 
+        SignatureVerifier signatureVerifier = new SignatureVerifier(context);
         mCertificateTransparencyJob =
                 new CertificateTransparencyJob(
                         context,
@@ -60,13 +61,14 @@
                                 context,
                                 dataStore,
                                 new DownloadHelper(context),
-                                new SignatureVerifier(context),
+                                signatureVerifier,
                                 new CertificateTransparencyLoggerImpl(dataStore)),
                         new CompatibilityVersion(
                                 Config.COMPATIBILITY_VERSION,
                                 Config.URL_SIGNATURE,
                                 Config.URL_LOG_LIST,
-                                Config.CT_ROOT_DIRECTORY_PATH));
+                                Config.CT_ROOT_DIRECTORY_PATH),
+                        signatureVerifier);
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/networksecurity/service/src/com/android/server/net/ct/PemReader.java b/networksecurity/service/src/com/android/server/net/ct/PemReader.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..56b3973
--- /dev/null
+++ b/networksecurity/service/src/com/android/server/net/ct/PemReader.java
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.android.server.net.ct;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.security.GeneralSecurityException;
+import java.security.KeyFactory;
+import java.security.PublicKey;
+import java.security.spec.KeySpec;
+import java.security.spec.X509EncodedKeySpec;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Base64;
+import java.util.Collection;
+
+/** Utility class to read keys in PEM format. */
+class PemReader {
+
+    private static final String BEGIN = "-----BEGIN";
+    private static final String END = "-----END";
+
+    /**
+     * Parse the provided input stream and return the list of keys from the stream.
+     *
+     * @param input the input stream
+     * @return the keys
+     */
+    public static Collection<PublicKey> readKeysFrom(InputStream input)
+            throws IOException, GeneralSecurityException {
+        KeyFactory instance = KeyFactory.getInstance("RSA");
+        Collection<PublicKey> keys = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        try (BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(input))) {
+            String line = reader.readLine();
+            while (line != null) {
+                if (line.startsWith(BEGIN)) {
+                    keys.add(instance.generatePublic(readNextKey(reader)));
+                } else {
+                    throw new IOException("Unexpected line in the reader: " + line);
+                }
+                line = reader.readLine();
+            }
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            throw new GeneralSecurityException("Invalid public key base64 encoding", e);
+        }
+
+        return keys;
+    }
+
+    private static KeySpec readNextKey(BufferedReader reader) throws IOException {
+        StringBuilder publicKeyBuilder = new StringBuilder();
+
+        String line = reader.readLine();
+        while (line != null) {
+            if (line.startsWith(END)) {
+                return new X509EncodedKeySpec(
+                        Base64.getDecoder().decode(publicKeyBuilder.toString()));
+            } else {
+                publicKeyBuilder.append(line);
+            }
+            line = reader.readLine();
+        }
+
+        throw new IOException("Unexpected end of the reader");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/networksecurity/service/src/com/android/server/net/ct/SignatureVerifier.java b/networksecurity/service/src/com/android/server/net/ct/SignatureVerifier.java
index 6040ef6..87a4973 100644
--- a/networksecurity/service/src/com/android/server/net/ct/SignatureVerifier.java
+++ b/networksecurity/service/src/com/android/server/net/ct/SignatureVerifier.java
@@ -30,6 +30,9 @@
 
 import androidx.annotation.VisibleForTesting;
 
+import com.android.connectivity.resources.R;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.ConnectivityResources;
+
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.io.InputStream;
 import java.security.GeneralSecurityException;
@@ -39,21 +42,39 @@
 import java.security.Signature;
 import java.security.spec.X509EncodedKeySpec;
 import java.util.Base64;
+import java.util.HashSet;
 import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.Set;
 
 /** Verifier of the log list signature. */
 @RequiresApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.VANILLA_ICE_CREAM)
 public class SignatureVerifier {
 
-    private final Context mContext;
     private static final String TAG = "SignatureVerifier";
 
+    private final Context mContext;
+
     @NonNull private Optional<PublicKey> mPublicKey = Optional.empty();
 
+    private final Set<PublicKey> mAllowedKeys = new HashSet<>();
+
     public SignatureVerifier(Context context) {
         mContext = context;
     }
 
+    void loadAllowedKeys() {
+        try (InputStream input =
+                new ConnectivityResources(mContext).get().openRawResource(R.raw.ct_public_keys)) {
+            mAllowedKeys.addAll(PemReader.readKeysFrom(input));
+        } catch (GeneralSecurityException | IOException e) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Error loading public keys", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void clearAllowedKeys() {
+        mAllowedKeys.clear();
+    }
+
     @VisibleForTesting
     Optional<PublicKey> getPublicKey() {
         return mPublicKey;
@@ -82,7 +103,11 @@
     }
 
     @VisibleForTesting
-    void setPublicKey(PublicKey publicKey) {
+    void setPublicKey(PublicKey publicKey) throws GeneralSecurityException {
+        if (!mAllowedKeys.contains(publicKey)) {
+            // TODO(b/400704086): add logging for this failure.
+            throw new GeneralSecurityException("Public key not in allowlist");
+        }
         mPublicKey = Optional.of(publicKey);
     }
 
@@ -105,21 +130,18 @@
 
             byte[] signatureBytes = signatureStream.readAllBytes();
             statusBuilder.setSignature(new String(signatureBytes));
-            try {
-                byte[] decodedSigBytes = Base64.getDecoder().decode(signatureBytes);
 
-                if (!verifier.verify(decodedSigBytes)) {
-                    // Leave the UpdateState as UNKNOWN_STATE if successful as there are other
-                    // potential failures past the signature verification step
-                    statusBuilder.setState(SIGNATURE_VERIFICATION_FAILED);
-                }
-            } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
-                Log.w(TAG, "Invalid signature base64 encoding", e);
-                statusBuilder.setState(SIGNATURE_INVALID);
-                return statusBuilder.build();
+            if (!verifier.verify(Base64.getDecoder().decode(signatureBytes))) {
+                // Leave the UpdateState as UNKNOWN_STATE if successful as there are other
+                // potential failures past the signature verification step
+                statusBuilder.setState(SIGNATURE_VERIFICATION_FAILED);
             }
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            Log.w(TAG, "Invalid signature base64 encoding", e);
+            statusBuilder.setState(SIGNATURE_INVALID);
+            return statusBuilder.build();
         } catch (InvalidKeyException e) {
-            Log.e(TAG, "Signature invalid for log list verification", e);
+            Log.e(TAG, "Key invalid for log list verification", e);
             statusBuilder.setState(SIGNATURE_INVALID);
             return statusBuilder.build();
         } catch (IOException | GeneralSecurityException e) {
@@ -135,4 +157,9 @@
 
         return statusBuilder.build();
     }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    boolean addAllowedKey(PublicKey publicKey) {
+        return mAllowedKeys.add(publicKey);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/networksecurity/tests/unit/src/com/android/server/net/ct/CertificateTransparencyDownloaderTest.java b/networksecurity/tests/unit/src/com/android/server/net/ct/CertificateTransparencyDownloaderTest.java
index 2af0122..22dc6ab 100644
--- a/networksecurity/tests/unit/src/com/android/server/net/ct/CertificateTransparencyDownloaderTest.java
+++ b/networksecurity/tests/unit/src/com/android/server/net/ct/CertificateTransparencyDownloaderTest.java
@@ -109,6 +109,7 @@
                         mContext.getFilesDir());
 
         prepareDownloadManager();
+        mSignatureVerifier.addAllowedKey(mPublicKey);
         mDataStore.load();
         mCertificateTransparencyDownloader.addCompatibilityVersion(mCompatVersion);
     }
@@ -165,6 +166,22 @@
 
     @Test
     public void
+            testDownloader_publicKeyDownloadSuccess_publicKeyNotAllowed_doNotStartMetadataDownload()
+                    throws Exception {
+        mCertificateTransparencyDownloader.startPublicKeyDownload();
+        PublicKey notAllowed = KeyPairGenerator.getInstance("RSA").generateKeyPair().getPublic();
+
+        assertThat(mSignatureVerifier.getPublicKey()).isEmpty();
+        assertThat(mCertificateTransparencyDownloader.hasMetadataDownloadId()).isFalse();
+        mCertificateTransparencyDownloader.onReceive(
+                mContext, makePublicKeyDownloadCompleteIntent(writePublicKeyToFile(notAllowed)));
+
+        assertThat(mSignatureVerifier.getPublicKey()).isEmpty();
+        assertThat(mCertificateTransparencyDownloader.hasMetadataDownloadId()).isFalse();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void
             testDownloader_publicKeyDownloadSuccess_updatePublicKeyFail_doNotStartMetadataDownload()
                     throws Exception {
         mCertificateTransparencyDownloader.startPublicKeyDownload();
@@ -197,8 +214,7 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testDownloader_publicKeyDownloadFail_logsFailure()
-            throws Exception {
+    public void testDownloader_publicKeyDownloadFail_logsFailure() throws Exception {
         mCertificateTransparencyDownloader.startPublicKeyDownload();
 
         mCertificateTransparencyDownloader.onReceive(
@@ -243,8 +259,7 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testDownloader_metadataDownloadFail_logsFailure()
-            throws Exception {
+    public void testDownloader_metadataDownloadFail_logsFailure() throws Exception {
         mCertificateTransparencyDownloader.startMetadataDownload();
 
         mCertificateTransparencyDownloader.onReceive(
@@ -294,8 +309,7 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testDownloader_contentDownloadFail_logsFailure()
-            throws Exception {
+    public void testDownloader_contentDownloadFail_logsFailure() throws Exception {
         mCertificateTransparencyDownloader.startContentDownload(mCompatVersion);
 
         mCertificateTransparencyDownloader.onReceive(
@@ -329,9 +343,8 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void
-            testDownloader_contentDownloadSuccess_noPublicKeyFound_logsSingleFailure()
-                    throws Exception {
+    public void testDownloader_contentDownloadSuccess_noPublicKeyFound_logsSingleFailure()
+            throws Exception {
         File logListFile = makeLogListFile("456");
         File metadataFile = sign(logListFile);
         mSignatureVerifier.setPublicKey(mPublicKey);
@@ -351,16 +364,17 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void
-            testDownloader_contentDownloadSuccess_wrongSignatureAlgo_logsSingleFailure()
-                    throws Exception {
+    public void testDownloader_contentDownloadSuccess_wrongSignatureAlgo_logsSingleFailure()
+            throws Exception {
         // Arrange
         File logListFile = makeLogListFile("456");
         File metadataFile = sign(logListFile);
 
         // Set the key to be deliberately wrong by using diff algorithm
-        KeyPairGenerator instance = KeyPairGenerator.getInstance("EC");
-        mSignatureVerifier.setPublicKey(instance.generateKeyPair().getPublic());
+        PublicKey wrongAlgorithmKey =
+                KeyPairGenerator.getInstance("EC").generateKeyPair().getPublic();
+        mSignatureVerifier.addAllowedKey(wrongAlgorithmKey);
+        mSignatureVerifier.setPublicKey(wrongAlgorithmKey);
 
         // Act
         mCertificateTransparencyDownloader.startMetadataDownload();
@@ -377,16 +391,15 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void
-            testDownloader_contentDownloadSuccess_signatureNotVerified_logsSingleFailure()
-                    throws Exception {
+    public void testDownloader_contentDownloadSuccess_signatureNotVerified_logsSingleFailure()
+            throws Exception {
         // Arrange
         File logListFile = makeLogListFile("456");
-        File metadataFile = sign(logListFile);
+        mSignatureVerifier.setPublicKey(mPublicKey);
 
-        // Set the key to be deliberately wrong by using diff key pair
+        // Sign the list with a disallowed key pair
         KeyPairGenerator instance = KeyPairGenerator.getInstance("RSA");
-        mSignatureVerifier.setPublicKey(instance.generateKeyPair().getPublic());
+        File metadataFile = sign(logListFile, instance.generateKeyPair().getPrivate());
 
         // Act
         mCertificateTransparencyDownloader.startMetadataDownload();
@@ -405,9 +418,7 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void
-            testDownloader_contentDownloadSuccess_installFail_logsFailure()
-                    throws Exception {
+    public void testDownloader_contentDownloadSuccess_installFail_logsFailure() throws Exception {
         File invalidLogListFile = writeToFile("not_a_json_log_list".getBytes());
         File metadataFile = sign(invalidLogListFile);
         mSignatureVerifier.setPublicKey(mPublicKey);
@@ -615,9 +626,14 @@
     }
 
     private File sign(File file) throws IOException, GeneralSecurityException {
+        return sign(file, mPrivateKey);
+    }
+
+    private File sign(File file, PrivateKey privateKey)
+            throws IOException, GeneralSecurityException {
         File signatureFile = File.createTempFile("log_list-metadata", "sig");
         Signature signer = Signature.getInstance("SHA256withRSA");
-        signer.initSign(mPrivateKey);
+        signer.initSign(privateKey);
 
         try (InputStream fileStream = new FileInputStream(file);
                 OutputStream outputStream = new FileOutputStream(signatureFile)) {
diff --git a/networksecurity/tests/unit/src/com/android/server/net/ct/PemReaderTest.java b/networksecurity/tests/unit/src/com/android/server/net/ct/PemReaderTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..08629db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/networksecurity/tests/unit/src/com/android/server/net/ct/PemReaderTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.android.server.net.ct;
+
+import static com.google.common.truth.Truth.assertThat;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertThrows;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.junit.runners.JUnit4;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.security.GeneralSecurityException;
+import java.security.KeyPairGenerator;
+import java.security.PublicKey;
+import java.util.Base64;
+
+/** Tests for the {@link PemReader}. */
+@RunWith(JUnit4.class)
+public class PemReaderTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadKeys_singleKey() throws GeneralSecurityException, IOException {
+        PublicKey key = KeyPairGenerator.getInstance("RSA").generateKeyPair().getPublic();
+
+        assertThat(PemReader.readKeysFrom(toInputStream(key))).containsExactly(key);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadKeys_multipleKeys() throws GeneralSecurityException, IOException {
+        KeyPairGenerator instance = KeyPairGenerator.getInstance("RSA");
+        PublicKey key1 = instance.generateKeyPair().getPublic();
+        PublicKey key2 = instance.generateKeyPair().getPublic();
+
+        assertThat(PemReader.readKeysFrom(toInputStream(key1, key2))).containsExactly(key1, key2);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadKeys_notSupportedKeyType() throws GeneralSecurityException {
+        PublicKey key = KeyPairGenerator.getInstance("EC").generateKeyPair().getPublic();
+
+        assertThrows(
+                GeneralSecurityException.class, () -> PemReader.readKeysFrom(toInputStream(key)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadKeys_notBase64EncodedKey() throws GeneralSecurityException {
+        InputStream inputStream =
+                new ByteArrayInputStream(
+                        (""
+                                        + "-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----\n"
+                                        + KeyPairGenerator.getInstance("RSA")
+                                                .generateKeyPair()
+                                                .getPublic()
+                                                .toString()
+                                        + "\n-----END PUBLIC KEY-----\n")
+                                .getBytes());
+
+        assertThrows(GeneralSecurityException.class, () -> PemReader.readKeysFrom(inputStream));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadKeys_noPemBegin() throws GeneralSecurityException {
+        PublicKey key = KeyPairGenerator.getInstance("RSA").generateKeyPair().getPublic();
+        String base64Key = Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(key.getEncoded());
+        String pemNoBegin = base64Key + "\n-----END PUBLIC KEY-----\n";
+
+        assertThrows(
+                IOException.class,
+                () -> PemReader.readKeysFrom(new ByteArrayInputStream(pemNoBegin.getBytes())));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadKeys_noPemEnd() throws GeneralSecurityException {
+        PublicKey key = KeyPairGenerator.getInstance("RSA").generateKeyPair().getPublic();
+        String base64Key = Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(key.getEncoded());
+        String pemNoEnd = "-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----\n" + base64Key;
+
+        assertThrows(
+                IOException.class,
+                () -> PemReader.readKeysFrom(new ByteArrayInputStream(pemNoEnd.getBytes())));
+    }
+
+    private InputStream toInputStream(PublicKey... keys) {
+        StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
+
+        for (PublicKey key : keys) {
+            builder.append("-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----\n")
+                    .append(Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(key.getEncoded()))
+                    .append("\n-----END PUBLIC KEY-----\n");
+        }
+
+        return new ByteArrayInputStream(builder.toString().getBytes());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service-t/Android.bp b/service-t/Android.bp
index d2e2a80..ab38c7a 100644
--- a/service-t/Android.bp
+++ b/service-t/Android.bp
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
     name: "service-connectivity-tiramisu-sources",
     srcs: [
         "src/**/*.java",
+        ":vcn-location-sources",
     ],
     visibility: ["//visibility:private"],
 }
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceInitializer.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceInitializer.java
index 5d23fdc..5ef1aef 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceInitializer.java
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceInitializer.java
@@ -30,6 +30,9 @@
 import com.android.server.nearby.NearbyService;
 import com.android.server.net.ct.CertificateTransparencyService;
 import com.android.server.thread.ThreadNetworkService;
+import com.android.server.vcn.VcnLocation;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
 
 /**
  * Connectivity service initializer for core networking. This is called by system server to create
@@ -37,6 +40,9 @@
  */
 public final class ConnectivityServiceInitializer extends SystemService {
     private static final String TAG = ConnectivityServiceInitializer.class.getSimpleName();
+    private static final String CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE_INITIALIZER_B_CLASS =
+            "com.android.server.ConnectivityServiceInitializerB";
+
     private final ConnectivityNativeService mConnectivityNative;
     private final ConnectivityService mConnectivity;
     private final IpSecService mIpSecService;
@@ -45,6 +51,7 @@
     private final EthernetServiceImpl mEthernetServiceImpl;
     private final ThreadNetworkService mThreadNetworkService;
     private final CertificateTransparencyService mCertificateTransparencyService;
+    private final SystemService mConnectivityServiceInitializerB;
 
     public ConnectivityServiceInitializer(Context context) {
         super(context);
@@ -58,6 +65,7 @@
         mNearbyService = createNearbyService(context);
         mThreadNetworkService = createThreadNetworkService(context);
         mCertificateTransparencyService = createCertificateTransparencyService(context);
+        mConnectivityServiceInitializerB = createConnectivityServiceInitializerB(context);
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -99,6 +107,11 @@
             publishBinderService(ThreadNetworkManager.SERVICE_NAME, mThreadNetworkService,
                     /* allowIsolated= */ false);
         }
+
+        if (mConnectivityServiceInitializerB != null) {
+            Log.i(TAG, "ConnectivityServiceInitializerB#onStart");
+            mConnectivityServiceInitializerB.onStart();
+        }
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -118,6 +131,10 @@
         if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastV() && mCertificateTransparencyService != null) {
             mCertificateTransparencyService.onBootPhase(phase);
         }
+
+        if (mConnectivityServiceInitializerB != null) {
+            mConnectivityServiceInitializerB.onBootPhase(phase);
+        }
     }
 
     /**
@@ -202,4 +219,28 @@
                 ? new CertificateTransparencyService(context)
                 : null;
     }
+
+    // TODO: b/374174952 After VCN code is moved to the Connectivity folder, merge
+    // ConnectivityServiceInitializerB into ConnectivityServiceInitializer and directly create and
+    // register VcnManagementService in ConnectivityServiceInitializer
+    /** Return ConnectivityServiceInitializerB instance if enable, otherwise null. */
+    @Nullable
+    private SystemService createConnectivityServiceInitializerB(Context context) {
+        if (!VcnLocation.IS_VCN_IN_MAINLINE || !SdkLevel.isAtLeastB()) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        try {
+            final Class<?> connectivityServiceInitializerBClass =
+                    Class.forName(CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE_INITIALIZER_B_CLASS);
+            final Constructor constructor =
+                    connectivityServiceInitializerBClass.getConstructor(Context.class);
+
+            return (SystemService) constructor.newInstance(context);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Fail to load ConnectivityServiceInitializerB " + e);
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
 }
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/DiscoveryExecutor.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/DiscoveryExecutor.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..21af1a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/DiscoveryExecutor.java
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.os.Handler;
+import android.os.HandlerThread;
+import android.os.Looper;
+import android.util.Log;
+import android.util.Pair;
+
+import androidx.annotation.GuardedBy;
+
+import com.android.net.module.util.HandlerUtils;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
+
+/**
+ * A utility class to generate a handler, optionally with a looper, and to run functions on the
+ * newly created handler.
+ */
+public class DiscoveryExecutor implements Executor {
+    private static final String TAG = DiscoveryExecutor.class.getSimpleName();
+    @Nullable
+    private final HandlerThread mHandlerThread;
+
+    @GuardedBy("mPendingTasks")
+    @Nullable
+    private Handler mHandler;
+    // Store pending tasks and associated delay time. Each Pair represents a pending task
+    // (first) and its delay time (second).
+    @GuardedBy("mPendingTasks")
+    @NonNull
+    private final ArrayList<Pair<Runnable, Long>> mPendingTasks = new ArrayList<>();
+
+    DiscoveryExecutor(@Nullable Looper defaultLooper) {
+        if (defaultLooper != null) {
+            this.mHandlerThread = null;
+            synchronized (mPendingTasks) {
+                this.mHandler = new Handler(defaultLooper);
+            }
+        } else {
+            this.mHandlerThread = new HandlerThread(MdnsDiscoveryManager.class.getSimpleName()) {
+                @Override
+                protected void onLooperPrepared() {
+                    synchronized (mPendingTasks) {
+                        mHandler = new Handler(getLooper());
+                        for (Pair<Runnable, Long> pendingTask : mPendingTasks) {
+                            mHandler.postDelayed(pendingTask.first, pendingTask.second);
+                        }
+                        mPendingTasks.clear();
+                    }
+                }
+            };
+            this.mHandlerThread.start();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check if the current thread is the expected thread. If it is, run the given function.
+     * Otherwise, execute it using the handler.
+     */
+    public void checkAndRunOnHandlerThread(@NonNull Runnable function) {
+        if (this.mHandlerThread == null) {
+            // Callers are expected to already be running on the handler when a defaultLooper
+            // was provided
+            function.run();
+        } else {
+            execute(function);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Execute the given function */
+    @Override
+    public void execute(Runnable function) {
+        executeDelayed(function, 0L /* delayMillis */);
+    }
+
+    /** Execute the given function after the specified amount of time elapses. */
+    public void executeDelayed(Runnable function, long delayMillis) {
+        final Handler handler;
+        synchronized (mPendingTasks) {
+            if (this.mHandler == null) {
+                mPendingTasks.add(Pair.create(function, delayMillis));
+                return;
+            } else {
+                handler = this.mHandler;
+            }
+        }
+        handler.postDelayed(function, delayMillis);
+    }
+
+    /** Shutdown the thread if necessary. */
+    public void shutDown() {
+        if (this.mHandlerThread != null) {
+            this.mHandlerThread.quitSafely();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Ensures that the current running thread is the same as the handler thread.
+     */
+    public void ensureRunningOnHandlerThread() {
+        synchronized (mPendingTasks) {
+            HandlerUtils.ensureRunningOnHandlerThread(mHandler);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Runs the specified task synchronously for dump method.
+     */
+    public void runWithScissorsForDumpIfReady(@NonNull Runnable function) {
+        final Handler handler;
+        synchronized (mPendingTasks) {
+            if (this.mHandler == null) {
+                Log.d(TAG, "The handler is not ready. Ignore the DiscoveryManager dump");
+                return;
+            } else {
+                handler = this.mHandler;
+            }
+        }
+        HandlerUtils.runWithScissorsForDump(handler, function, 10_000);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsAdvertiser.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsAdvertiser.java
index c3306bd..bd00b70 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsAdvertiser.java
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsAdvertiser.java
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
 import android.os.Looper;
 import android.text.TextUtils;
 import android.util.ArrayMap;
+import android.util.ArraySet;
 import android.util.Log;
 import android.util.SparseArray;
 
@@ -93,6 +94,7 @@
             new ArrayMap<>();
     private final MdnsFeatureFlags mMdnsFeatureFlags;
     private final Map<String, Integer> mServiceTypeToOffloadPriority;
+    private final ArraySet<String> mOffloadServiceTypeDenyList;
 
     /**
      * Dependencies for {@link MdnsAdvertiser}, useful for testing.
@@ -160,6 +162,16 @@
         return mInterfaceOffloadServices.getOrDefault(interfaceName, Collections.emptyList());
     }
 
+    private boolean isInOffloadDenyList(@NonNull String serviceType) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < mOffloadServiceTypeDenyList.size(); ++i) {
+            final String denyListServiceType = mOffloadServiceTypeDenyList.valueAt(i);
+            if (DnsUtils.equalsIgnoreDnsCase(serviceType, denyListServiceType)) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
     private final MdnsInterfaceAdvertiser.Callback mInterfaceAdvertiserCb =
             new MdnsInterfaceAdvertiser.Callback() {
         @Override
@@ -173,19 +185,25 @@
             if (mMdnsFeatureFlags.mIsMdnsOffloadFeatureEnabled
                     // TODO: Enable offload when the serviceInfo contains a custom host.
                     && TextUtils.isEmpty(registration.getServiceInfo().getHostname())) {
-                final String interfaceName = advertiser.getSocketInterfaceName();
-                final List<OffloadServiceInfoWrapper> existingOffloadServiceInfoWrappers =
-                        mInterfaceOffloadServices.computeIfAbsent(interfaceName,
-                                k -> new ArrayList<>());
-                // Remove existing offload services from cache for update.
-                existingOffloadServiceInfoWrappers.removeIf(item -> item.mServiceId == serviceId);
+                final String serviceType = registration.getServiceInfo().getServiceType();
+                if (isInOffloadDenyList(serviceType)) {
+                    mSharedLog.i("Offload denied for service type: " + serviceType);
+                } else {
+                    final String interfaceName = advertiser.getSocketInterfaceName();
+                    final List<OffloadServiceInfoWrapper> existingOffloadServiceInfoWrappers =
+                            mInterfaceOffloadServices.computeIfAbsent(interfaceName,
+                                    k -> new ArrayList<>());
+                    // Remove existing offload services from cache for update.
+                    existingOffloadServiceInfoWrappers.removeIf(
+                            item -> item.mServiceId == serviceId);
 
-                byte[] rawOffloadPacket = advertiser.getRawOffloadPayload(serviceId);
-                final OffloadServiceInfoWrapper newOffloadServiceInfoWrapper = createOffloadService(
-                        serviceId, registration, rawOffloadPacket);
-                existingOffloadServiceInfoWrappers.add(newOffloadServiceInfoWrapper);
-                mCb.onOffloadStartOrUpdate(interfaceName,
-                        newOffloadServiceInfoWrapper.mOffloadServiceInfo);
+                    byte[] rawOffloadPacket = advertiser.getRawOffloadPayload(serviceId);
+                    final OffloadServiceInfoWrapper newOffloadServiceInfoWrapper =
+                            createOffloadService(serviceId, registration, rawOffloadPacket);
+                    existingOffloadServiceInfoWrappers.add(newOffloadServiceInfoWrapper);
+                    mCb.onOffloadStartOrUpdate(interfaceName,
+                            newOffloadServiceInfoWrapper.mOffloadServiceInfo);
+                }
             }
 
             // Wait for all current interfaces to be done probing before notifying of success.
@@ -846,6 +864,8 @@
         final ConnectivityResources res = new ConnectivityResources(context);
         mServiceTypeToOffloadPriority = parseOffloadPriorityList(
                 res.get().getStringArray(R.array.config_nsdOffloadServicesPriority), sharedLog);
+        mOffloadServiceTypeDenyList = new ArraySet<>(
+                res.get().getStringArray(R.array.config_nsdOffloadServicesDenyList));
     }
 
     private static Map<String, Integer> parseOffloadPriorityList(
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsDiscoveryManager.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsDiscoveryManager.java
index c833422..33bcb70 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsDiscoveryManager.java
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsDiscoveryManager.java
@@ -16,24 +16,17 @@
 
 package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
 
-import static com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting.Visibility;
-
 import android.Manifest.permission;
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
 import android.annotation.Nullable;
 import android.annotation.RequiresPermission;
-import android.os.Handler;
-import android.os.HandlerThread;
 import android.os.Looper;
 import android.util.ArrayMap;
 import android.util.Log;
 import android.util.Pair;
 
-import androidx.annotation.GuardedBy;
-
 import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
 import com.android.net.module.util.DnsUtils;
-import com.android.net.module.util.HandlerUtils;
 import com.android.net.module.util.SharedLog;
 
 import java.io.IOException;
@@ -41,7 +34,6 @@
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Objects;
-import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
 
 /**
  * This class keeps tracking the set of registered {@link MdnsServiceBrowserListener} instances, and
@@ -137,98 +129,6 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * A utility class to generate a handler, optionally with a looper, and to run functions on the
-     * newly created handler.
-     */
-    @VisibleForTesting(visibility = Visibility.PRIVATE)
-    static class DiscoveryExecutor implements Executor {
-        private final HandlerThread handlerThread;
-
-        @GuardedBy("pendingTasks")
-        @Nullable private Handler handler;
-        // Store pending tasks and associated delay time. Each Pair represents a pending task
-        // (first) and its delay time (second).
-        @GuardedBy("pendingTasks")
-        @NonNull private final ArrayList<Pair<Runnable, Long>> pendingTasks = new ArrayList<>();
-
-        DiscoveryExecutor(@Nullable Looper defaultLooper) {
-            if (defaultLooper != null) {
-                this.handlerThread = null;
-                synchronized (pendingTasks) {
-                    this.handler = new Handler(defaultLooper);
-                }
-            } else {
-                this.handlerThread = new HandlerThread(MdnsDiscoveryManager.class.getSimpleName()) {
-                    @Override
-                    protected void onLooperPrepared() {
-                        synchronized (pendingTasks) {
-                            handler = new Handler(getLooper());
-                            for (Pair<Runnable, Long> pendingTask : pendingTasks) {
-                                handler.postDelayed(pendingTask.first, pendingTask.second);
-                            }
-                            pendingTasks.clear();
-                        }
-                    }
-                };
-                this.handlerThread.start();
-            }
-        }
-
-        public void checkAndRunOnHandlerThread(@NonNull Runnable function) {
-            if (this.handlerThread == null) {
-                // Callers are expected to already be running on the handler when a defaultLooper
-                // was provided
-                function.run();
-            } else {
-                execute(function);
-            }
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public void execute(Runnable function) {
-            executeDelayed(function, 0L /* delayMillis */);
-        }
-
-        public void executeDelayed(Runnable function, long delayMillis) {
-            final Handler handler;
-            synchronized (pendingTasks) {
-                if (this.handler == null) {
-                    pendingTasks.add(Pair.create(function, delayMillis));
-                    return;
-                } else {
-                    handler = this.handler;
-                }
-            }
-            handler.postDelayed(function, delayMillis);
-        }
-
-        void shutDown() {
-            if (this.handlerThread != null) {
-                this.handlerThread.quitSafely();
-            }
-        }
-
-        void ensureRunningOnHandlerThread() {
-            synchronized (pendingTasks) {
-                HandlerUtils.ensureRunningOnHandlerThread(handler);
-            }
-        }
-
-        public void runWithScissorsForDumpIfReady(@NonNull Runnable function) {
-            final Handler handler;
-            synchronized (pendingTasks) {
-                if (this.handler == null) {
-                    Log.d(TAG, "The handler is not ready. Ignore the DiscoveryManager dump");
-                    return;
-                } else {
-                    handler = this.handler;
-                }
-            }
-            HandlerUtils.runWithScissorsForDump(handler, function, 10_000);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
      * Do the cleanup of the MdnsDiscoveryManager
      */
     public void shutDown() {
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsFeatureFlags.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsFeatureFlags.java
index 2f3bdc5..1cf5e4d 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsFeatureFlags.java
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsFeatureFlags.java
@@ -95,6 +95,11 @@
             "nsd_cached_services_retention_time";
     public static final int DEFAULT_CACHED_SERVICES_RETENTION_TIME_MILLISECONDS = 10000;
 
+    /**
+     * A feature flag to control whether the accurate delay callback should be enabled.
+     */
+    public static final String NSD_ACCURATE_DELAY_CALLBACK = "nsd_accurate_delay_callback";
+
     // Flag for offload feature
     public final boolean mIsMdnsOffloadFeatureEnabled;
 
@@ -128,6 +133,9 @@
     // Retention Time for cached services
     public final long mCachedServicesRetentionTime;
 
+    // Flag for accurate delay callback
+    public final boolean mIsAccurateDelayCallbackEnabled;
+
     // Flag to use shorter (16 characters + .local) hostnames
     public final boolean mIsShortHostnamesEnabled;
 
@@ -231,6 +239,14 @@
     }
 
     /**
+     * Indicates whether {@link #NSD_ACCURATE_DELAY_CALLBACK} is enabled, including for testing.
+     */
+    public boolean isAccurateDelayCallbackEnabled() {
+        return mIsAccurateDelayCallbackEnabled
+                || isForceEnabledForTest(NSD_ACCURATE_DELAY_CALLBACK);
+    }
+
+    /**
      * The constructor for {@link MdnsFeatureFlags}.
      */
     public MdnsFeatureFlags(boolean isOffloadFeatureEnabled,
@@ -244,6 +260,7 @@
             boolean avoidAdvertisingEmptyTxtRecords,
             boolean isCachedServicesRemovalEnabled,
             long cachedServicesRetentionTime,
+            boolean isAccurateDelayCallbackEnabled,
             boolean isShortHostnamesEnabled,
             @Nullable FlagOverrideProvider overrideProvider) {
         mIsMdnsOffloadFeatureEnabled = isOffloadFeatureEnabled;
@@ -257,6 +274,7 @@
         mAvoidAdvertisingEmptyTxtRecords = avoidAdvertisingEmptyTxtRecords;
         mIsCachedServicesRemovalEnabled = isCachedServicesRemovalEnabled;
         mCachedServicesRetentionTime = cachedServicesRetentionTime;
+        mIsAccurateDelayCallbackEnabled = isAccurateDelayCallbackEnabled;
         mIsShortHostnamesEnabled = isShortHostnamesEnabled;
         mOverrideProvider = overrideProvider;
     }
@@ -281,6 +299,7 @@
         private boolean mAvoidAdvertisingEmptyTxtRecords;
         private boolean mIsCachedServicesRemovalEnabled;
         private long mCachedServicesRetentionTime;
+        private boolean mIsAccurateDelayCallbackEnabled;
         private boolean mIsShortHostnamesEnabled;
         private FlagOverrideProvider mOverrideProvider;
 
@@ -299,6 +318,7 @@
             mAvoidAdvertisingEmptyTxtRecords = true; // Default enabled.
             mIsCachedServicesRemovalEnabled = false;
             mCachedServicesRetentionTime = DEFAULT_CACHED_SERVICES_RETENTION_TIME_MILLISECONDS;
+            mIsAccurateDelayCallbackEnabled = false;
             mIsShortHostnamesEnabled = true; // Default enabled.
             mOverrideProvider = null;
         }
@@ -426,6 +446,16 @@
         }
 
         /**
+         * Set whether the accurate delay callback is enabled.
+         *
+         * @see #NSD_ACCURATE_DELAY_CALLBACK
+         */
+        public Builder setIsAccurateDelayCallbackEnabled(boolean isAccurateDelayCallbackEnabled) {
+            mIsAccurateDelayCallbackEnabled = isAccurateDelayCallbackEnabled;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
          * Set whether the short hostnames feature is enabled.
          *
          * @see #NSD_USE_SHORT_HOSTNAMES
@@ -450,6 +480,7 @@
                     mAvoidAdvertisingEmptyTxtRecords,
                     mIsCachedServicesRemovalEnabled,
                     mCachedServicesRetentionTime,
+                    mIsAccurateDelayCallbackEnabled,
                     mIsShortHostnamesEnabled,
                     mOverrideProvider);
         }
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceTypeClient.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceTypeClient.java
index 8c86fb8..56d4b9a 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceTypeClient.java
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceTypeClient.java
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 import static com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsSearchOptions.AGGRESSIVE_QUERY_MODE;
 import static com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsServiceCache.ServiceExpiredCallback;
 import static com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsServiceCache.findMatchedResponse;
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsQueryScheduler.ScheduledQueryTaskArgs;
 import static com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.util.MdnsUtils.Clock;
 import static com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.util.MdnsUtils.buildMdnsServiceInfoFromResponse;
 
@@ -36,6 +37,7 @@
 
 import com.android.net.module.util.CollectionUtils;
 import com.android.net.module.util.DnsUtils;
+import com.android.net.module.util.RealtimeScheduler;
 import com.android.net.module.util.SharedLog;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.util.MdnsUtils;
 
@@ -94,6 +96,9 @@
     private final boolean removeServiceAfterTtlExpires =
             MdnsConfigs.removeServiceAfterTtlExpires();
     private final Clock clock;
+    // Use RealtimeScheduler for query scheduling, which allows for more accurate sending of
+    // queries.
+    @Nullable private final RealtimeScheduler realtimeScheduler;
 
     @Nullable private MdnsSearchOptions searchOptions;
 
@@ -139,8 +144,7 @@
         public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
             switch (msg.what) {
                 case EVENT_START_QUERYTASK: {
-                    final MdnsQueryScheduler.ScheduledQueryTaskArgs taskArgs =
-                            (MdnsQueryScheduler.ScheduledQueryTaskArgs) msg.obj;
+                    final ScheduledQueryTaskArgs taskArgs = (ScheduledQueryTaskArgs) msg.obj;
                     // QueryTask should be run immediately after being created (not be scheduled in
                     // advance). Because the result of "makeResponsesForResolve" depends on answers
                     // that were received before it is called, so to take into account all answers
@@ -174,7 +178,7 @@
                     final long now = clock.elapsedRealtime();
                     lastSentTime = now;
                     final long minRemainingTtl = getMinRemainingTtl(now);
-                    MdnsQueryScheduler.ScheduledQueryTaskArgs args =
+                    final ScheduledQueryTaskArgs args =
                             mdnsQueryScheduler.scheduleNextRun(
                                     sentResult.taskArgs.config,
                                     minRemainingTtl,
@@ -189,10 +193,14 @@
                     sharedLog.log(String.format("Query sent with transactionId: %d. "
                                     + "Next run: sessionId: %d, in %d ms",
                             sentResult.transactionId, args.sessionId, timeToNextTaskMs));
-                    dependencies.sendMessageDelayed(
-                            handler,
-                            handler.obtainMessage(EVENT_START_QUERYTASK, args),
-                            timeToNextTaskMs);
+                    if (realtimeScheduler != null) {
+                        setDelayedTask(args, timeToNextTaskMs);
+                    } else {
+                        dependencies.sendMessageDelayed(
+                                handler,
+                                handler.obtainMessage(EVENT_START_QUERYTASK, args),
+                                timeToNextTaskMs);
+                    }
                     break;
                 }
                 default:
@@ -254,6 +262,14 @@
                 return List.of(new DatagramPacket(queryBuffer, 0, queryBuffer.length, address));
             }
         }
+
+        /**
+         * @see RealtimeScheduler
+         */
+        @Nullable
+        public RealtimeScheduler createRealtimeScheduler(@NonNull Handler handler) {
+            return new RealtimeScheduler(handler);
+        }
     }
 
     /**
@@ -301,6 +317,8 @@
         this.mdnsQueryScheduler = new MdnsQueryScheduler();
         this.cacheKey = new MdnsServiceCache.CacheKey(serviceType, socketKey);
         this.featureFlags = featureFlags;
+        this.realtimeScheduler = featureFlags.isAccurateDelayCallbackEnabled()
+                ? dependencies.createRealtimeScheduler(handler) : null;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -310,6 +328,9 @@
         removeScheduledTask();
         mdnsQueryScheduler.cancelScheduledRun();
         serviceCache.unregisterServiceExpiredCallback(cacheKey);
+        if (realtimeScheduler != null) {
+            realtimeScheduler.close();
+        }
     }
 
     private List<MdnsResponse> getExistingServices() {
@@ -317,6 +338,12 @@
                 ? serviceCache.getCachedServices(cacheKey) : Collections.emptyList();
     }
 
+    private void setDelayedTask(ScheduledQueryTaskArgs args, long timeToNextTaskMs) {
+        realtimeScheduler.removeDelayedMessage(EVENT_START_QUERYTASK);
+        realtimeScheduler.sendDelayedMessage(
+                handler.obtainMessage(EVENT_START_QUERYTASK, args), timeToNextTaskMs);
+    }
+
     /**
      * Registers {@code listener} for receiving discovery event of mDNS service instances, and
      * starts
@@ -363,7 +390,7 @@
         }
         final long minRemainingTtl = getMinRemainingTtl(now);
         if (hadReply) {
-            MdnsQueryScheduler.ScheduledQueryTaskArgs args =
+            final ScheduledQueryTaskArgs args =
                     mdnsQueryScheduler.scheduleNextRun(
                             taskConfig,
                             minRemainingTtl,
@@ -377,10 +404,14 @@
             final long timeToNextTaskMs = calculateTimeToNextTask(args, now);
             sharedLog.log(String.format("Schedule a query. Next run: sessionId: %d, in %d ms",
                     args.sessionId, timeToNextTaskMs));
-            dependencies.sendMessageDelayed(
-                    handler,
-                    handler.obtainMessage(EVENT_START_QUERYTASK, args),
-                    timeToNextTaskMs);
+            if (realtimeScheduler != null) {
+                setDelayedTask(args, timeToNextTaskMs);
+            } else {
+                dependencies.sendMessageDelayed(
+                        handler,
+                        handler.obtainMessage(EVENT_START_QUERYTASK, args),
+                        timeToNextTaskMs);
+            }
         } else {
             final List<MdnsResponse> servicesToResolve = makeResponsesForResolve(socketKey);
             final QueryTask queryTask = new QueryTask(
@@ -420,7 +451,11 @@
     }
 
     private void removeScheduledTask() {
-        dependencies.removeMessages(handler, EVENT_START_QUERYTASK);
+        if (realtimeScheduler != null) {
+            realtimeScheduler.removeDelayedMessage(EVENT_START_QUERYTASK);
+        } else {
+            dependencies.removeMessages(handler, EVENT_START_QUERYTASK);
+        }
         sharedLog.log("Remove EVENT_START_QUERYTASK"
                 + ", current session: " + currentSessionId);
         ++currentSessionId;
@@ -506,10 +541,13 @@
                 }
             }
         }
-        if (dependencies.hasMessages(handler, EVENT_START_QUERYTASK)) {
+        final boolean hasScheduledTask = realtimeScheduler != null
+                ? realtimeScheduler.hasDelayedMessage(EVENT_START_QUERYTASK)
+                : dependencies.hasMessages(handler, EVENT_START_QUERYTASK);
+        if (hasScheduledTask) {
             final long now = clock.elapsedRealtime();
             final long minRemainingTtl = getMinRemainingTtl(now);
-            MdnsQueryScheduler.ScheduledQueryTaskArgs args =
+            final ScheduledQueryTaskArgs args =
                     mdnsQueryScheduler.maybeRescheduleCurrentRun(now, minRemainingTtl,
                             lastSentTime, currentSessionId + 1,
                             searchOptions.numOfQueriesBeforeBackoff());
@@ -518,10 +556,14 @@
                 final long timeToNextTaskMs = calculateTimeToNextTask(args, now);
                 sharedLog.log(String.format("Reschedule a query. Next run: sessionId: %d, in %d ms",
                         args.sessionId, timeToNextTaskMs));
-                dependencies.sendMessageDelayed(
-                        handler,
-                        handler.obtainMessage(EVENT_START_QUERYTASK, args),
-                        timeToNextTaskMs);
+                if (realtimeScheduler != null) {
+                    setDelayedTask(args, timeToNextTaskMs);
+                } else {
+                    dependencies.sendMessageDelayed(
+                            handler,
+                            handler.obtainMessage(EVENT_START_QUERYTASK, args),
+                            timeToNextTaskMs);
+                }
             }
         }
     }
@@ -686,10 +728,10 @@
     private static class QuerySentArguments {
         private final int transactionId;
         private final List<String> subTypes = new ArrayList<>();
-        private final MdnsQueryScheduler.ScheduledQueryTaskArgs taskArgs;
+        private final ScheduledQueryTaskArgs taskArgs;
 
         QuerySentArguments(int transactionId, @NonNull List<String> subTypes,
-                @NonNull MdnsQueryScheduler.ScheduledQueryTaskArgs taskArgs) {
+                @NonNull ScheduledQueryTaskArgs taskArgs) {
             this.transactionId = transactionId;
             this.subTypes.addAll(subTypes);
             this.taskArgs = taskArgs;
@@ -698,14 +740,14 @@
 
     // A FutureTask that enqueues a single query, and schedule a new FutureTask for the next task.
     private class QueryTask implements Runnable {
-        private final MdnsQueryScheduler.ScheduledQueryTaskArgs taskArgs;
+        private final ScheduledQueryTaskArgs taskArgs;
         private final List<MdnsResponse> servicesToResolve = new ArrayList<>();
         private final List<String> subtypes = new ArrayList<>();
         private final boolean sendDiscoveryQueries;
         private final List<MdnsResponse> existingServices = new ArrayList<>();
         private final boolean onlyUseIpv6OnIpv6OnlyNetworks;
         private final SocketKey socketKey;
-        QueryTask(@NonNull MdnsQueryScheduler.ScheduledQueryTaskArgs taskArgs,
+        QueryTask(@NonNull ScheduledQueryTaskArgs taskArgs,
                 @NonNull Collection<MdnsResponse> servicesToResolve,
                 @NonNull Collection<String> subtypes, boolean sendDiscoveryQueries,
                 @NonNull Collection<MdnsResponse> existingServices,
@@ -771,7 +813,7 @@
         return minRemainingTtl == Long.MAX_VALUE ? 0 : minRemainingTtl;
     }
 
-    private static long calculateTimeToNextTask(MdnsQueryScheduler.ScheduledQueryTaskArgs args,
+    private static long calculateTimeToNextTask(ScheduledQueryTaskArgs args,
             long now) {
         return Math.max(args.timeToRun - now, 0);
     }
diff --git a/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/raw/ct_public_keys.pem b/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/raw/ct_public_keys.pem
index 80dccbe..8a5ebbf 100644
--- a/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/raw/ct_public_keys.pem
+++ b/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/raw/ct_public_keys.pem
@@ -1,4 +1,18 @@
 -----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----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+-----END PUBLIC KEY-----
+-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
 MIICIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAg8AMIICCgKCAgEAnmb1lacOnP5H1bwb06mG
 fEUeC9PZRwNQskSs9KaWrpfrSkLKuHXkVCbgeagbUR/Sh1OeIhyJRSS0PLCO0JjC
 UpGhYMrIGRgEET4IrP9f8aMFqxxxBUEanI+OxAhIJlP9tiWfGdKAASYcxg/DyXXz
diff --git a/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-iw/strings.xml b/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-iw/strings.xml
index b5b4071..88b539a 100644
--- a/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-iw/strings.xml
+++ b/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-iw/strings.xml
@@ -23,15 +23,15 @@
     <!-- no translation found for network_available_sign_in_detailed (8439369644697866359) -->
     <skip />
     <string name="mobile_network_available_no_internet" msgid="1000871587359324217">"אין אינטרנט"</string>
-    <string name="mobile_network_available_no_internet_detailed" msgid="5438738723127062816">"יכול להיות שחבילת הגלישה שלך אצל <xliff:g id="NETWORK_CARRIER">%1$s</xliff:g> נגמרה. אפשר להקיש כדי להציג את האפשרויות."</string>
-    <string name="mobile_network_available_no_internet_detailed_unknown_carrier" msgid="5375681117265354337">"יכול להיות שחבילת הגלישה נגמרה. אפשר להקיש כדי להציג את האפשרויות."</string>
+    <string name="mobile_network_available_no_internet_detailed" msgid="5438738723127062816">"יכול להיות שחבילת הגלישה שלך אצל <xliff:g id="NETWORK_CARRIER">%1$s</xliff:g> נגמרה. אפשר ללחוץ כדי להציג את האפשרויות."</string>
+    <string name="mobile_network_available_no_internet_detailed_unknown_carrier" msgid="5375681117265354337">"יכול להיות שחבילת הגלישה נגמרה. אפשר ללחוץ כדי להציג את האפשרויות."</string>
     <string name="wifi_no_internet" msgid="1326348603404555475">"ל-<xliff:g id="NETWORK_SSID">%1$s</xliff:g> אין גישה לאינטרנט"</string>
-    <string name="wifi_no_internet_detailed" msgid="1746921096565304090">"הקש לקבלת אפשרויות"</string>
+    <string name="wifi_no_internet_detailed" msgid="1746921096565304090">"אפשר ללחוץ כדי להציג את האפשרויות"</string>
     <string name="mobile_no_internet" msgid="4087718456753201450">"לרשת הסלולרית אין גישה לאינטרנט"</string>
     <string name="other_networks_no_internet" msgid="5693932964749676542">"לרשת אין גישה לאינטרנט"</string>
     <string name="private_dns_broken_detailed" msgid="2677123850463207823">"‏לא ניתן לגשת לשרת DNS הפרטי"</string>
     <string name="network_partial_connectivity" msgid="5549503845834993258">"הקישוריות של <xliff:g id="NETWORK_SSID">%1$s</xliff:g> מוגבלת"</string>
-    <string name="network_partial_connectivity_detailed" msgid="4732435946300249845">"כדי להתחבר למרות זאת יש להקיש"</string>
+    <string name="network_partial_connectivity_detailed" msgid="4732435946300249845">"כדי להתחבר למרות זאת יש ללחוץ"</string>
     <string name="network_switch_metered" msgid="5016937523571166319">"מעבר אל <xliff:g id="NETWORK_TYPE">%1$s</xliff:g>"</string>
     <string name="network_switch_metered_detail" msgid="1257300152739542096">"המכשיר משתמש ברשת <xliff:g id="NEW_NETWORK">%1$s</xliff:g> כשלרשת <xliff:g id="PREVIOUS_NETWORK">%2$s</xliff:g> אין גישה לאינטרנט. עשויים לחול חיובים."</string>
     <string name="network_switch_metered_toast" msgid="70691146054130335">"עבר מרשת <xliff:g id="PREVIOUS_NETWORK">%1$s</xliff:g> לרשת <xliff:g id="NEW_NETWORK">%2$s</xliff:g>"</string>
diff --git a/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values/config.xml b/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values/config.xml
index 2d3647a..1b0f29d 100644
--- a/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values/config.xml
+++ b/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values/config.xml
@@ -135,6 +135,15 @@
     <string-array translatable="false" name="config_nsdOffloadServicesPriority">
     </string-array>
 
+    <!-- An array of service types that shouldn't be offloaded via NsdManager#registerOffloadEngine.
+         Format is [service type], for example: "_testservice._tcp"
+         Due to limited RAM in hardware offload, we prioritize user-impacting services.
+         _googlezone._tcp, an internal Googlecast service, was therefore blocked.
+    -->
+    <string-array name="config_nsdOffloadServicesDenyList" translatable="false">
+        <item>_googlezone._tcp</item>
+    </string-array>
+
     <!-- Whether to use an ongoing notification for signing in to captive portals, instead of a
          notification that can be dismissed. -->
     <bool name="config_ongoingSignInNotification">false</bool>
diff --git a/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values/config_thread.xml b/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values/config_thread.xml
index d1d9e52..128a98f 100644
--- a/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values/config_thread.xml
+++ b/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values/config_thread.xml
@@ -26,6 +26,10 @@
     -->
     <bool name="config_thread_default_enabled">true</bool>
 
+    <!-- Sets to {@code true} to enable Thread Border Router on the device by default.
+    -->
+    <bool name="config_thread_border_router_default_enabled">false</bool>
+
     <!-- Whether to use location APIs in the algorithm to determine country code or not.
     If disabled, will use other sources (telephony, wifi, etc) to determine device location for
     Thread Network regulatory purposes.
diff --git a/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values/overlayable.xml b/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values/overlayable.xml
index 7ac86aa..5c0ba78 100644
--- a/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values/overlayable.xml
+++ b/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values/overlayable.xml
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
             <item type="integer" name="config_networkWakeupPacketMask"/>
             <item type="integer" name="config_networkNotifySwitchType"/>
             <item type="array" name="config_networkNotifySwitches"/>
+            <item type="array" name="config_nsdOffloadServicesDenyList"/>
             <item type="array" name="config_nsdOffloadServicesPriority"/>
             <item type="bool" name="config_ongoingSignInNotification"/>
             <item type="bool" name="config_autoCancelNetworkNotifications"/>
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java b/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
index 2a66e4b..b2e49e7 100644
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
@@ -5405,12 +5405,12 @@
     }
 
     @VisibleForTesting
-    protected static boolean shouldCreateNetworksImmediately() {
+    protected static boolean shouldCreateNetworksImmediately(@NonNull NetworkCapabilities caps) {
         // The feature of creating the networks immediately was slated for U, but race conditions
         // detected late required this was flagged off.
         // TODO : enable this in a Mainline update or in V, and re-enable the test for this
         // in NetworkAgentTest.
-        return false;
+        return caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_LOCAL_NETWORK);
     }
 
     private static boolean shouldCreateNativeNetwork(@NonNull NetworkAgentInfo nai,
@@ -5419,12 +5419,12 @@
         if (state == NetworkInfo.State.CONNECTED) return true;
         if (state != NetworkInfo.State.CONNECTING) {
             // TODO: throw if no WTFs are observed in the field.
-            if (shouldCreateNetworksImmediately()) {
+            if (shouldCreateNetworksImmediately(nai.getCapsNoCopy())) {
                 Log.wtf(TAG, "Uncreated network in invalid state: " + state);
             }
             return false;
         }
-        return nai.isVPN() || shouldCreateNetworksImmediately();
+        return nai.isVPN() || shouldCreateNetworksImmediately(nai.getCapsNoCopy());
     }
 
     private static boolean shouldDestroyNativeNetwork(@NonNull NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
@@ -5823,7 +5823,7 @@
             }
 
             if (shouldTrackUidsForBlockedStatusCallbacks()
-                    && isAppRequest(nri)
+                    && nri.mMessenger != null
                     && !nri.mUidTrackedForBlockedStatus) {
                 Log.wtf(TAG, "Registered nri is not tracked for sending blocked status: " + nri);
             }
@@ -9810,8 +9810,8 @@
         }
 
         // The both list contain current link properties + stacked links for new and old LP.
-        List<LinkProperties> newLinkProperties = new ArrayList<>();
-        List<LinkProperties> oldLinkProperties = new ArrayList<>();
+        final List<LinkProperties> newLinkProperties = new ArrayList<>();
+        final List<LinkProperties> oldLinkProperties = new ArrayList<>();
 
         if (newLp != null) {
             newLinkProperties.add(newLp);
@@ -9824,13 +9824,13 @@
 
         // map contains interface name to list of local network prefixes added because of change
         // in link properties
-        Map<String, List<IpPrefix>> prefixesAddedForInterface = new ArrayMap<>();
+        final Map<String, List<IpPrefix>> prefixesAddedForInterface = new ArrayMap<>();
 
         final CompareResult<LinkProperties> linkPropertiesDiff = new CompareResult<>(
                 oldLinkProperties, newLinkProperties);
 
         for (LinkProperties linkProperty : linkPropertiesDiff.added) {
-            List<IpPrefix> unicastLocalPrefixesToBeAdded = new ArrayList<>();
+            final List<IpPrefix> unicastLocalPrefixesToBeAdded = new ArrayList<>();
             for (LinkAddress linkAddress : linkProperty.getLinkAddresses()) {
                 unicastLocalPrefixesToBeAdded.addAll(
                         getLocalNetworkPrefixesForAddress(linkAddress));
@@ -9838,7 +9838,7 @@
             addLocalAddressesToBpfMap(linkProperty.getInterfaceName(),
                     unicastLocalPrefixesToBeAdded, linkProperty);
 
-            // adding iterface name -> ip prefixes that we added to map
+            // populating interface name -> ip prefixes which were added to local_net_access map.
             if (!prefixesAddedForInterface.containsKey(linkProperty.getInterfaceName())) {
                 prefixesAddedForInterface.put(linkProperty.getInterfaceName(), new ArrayList<>());
             }
@@ -9847,9 +9847,9 @@
         }
 
         for (LinkProperties linkProperty : linkPropertiesDiff.removed) {
-            List<IpPrefix> unicastLocalPrefixesToBeRemoved = new ArrayList<>();
-            List<IpPrefix> unicastLocalPrefixesAdded = prefixesAddedForInterface.getOrDefault(
-                    linkProperty.getInterfaceName(), new ArrayList<>());
+            final List<IpPrefix> unicastLocalPrefixesToBeRemoved = new ArrayList<>();
+            final List<IpPrefix> unicastLocalPrefixesAdded = prefixesAddedForInterface.getOrDefault(
+                    linkProperty.getInterfaceName(), Collections.emptyList());
 
             for (LinkAddress linkAddress : linkProperty.getLinkAddresses()) {
                 unicastLocalPrefixesToBeRemoved.addAll(
@@ -9857,8 +9857,8 @@
             }
 
             // This is to ensure if 10.0.10.0/24 was added and 10.0.11.0/24 was removed both will
-            // still populate the same prefix of 10.0.0.0/8, which mean we should not remove the
-            // prefix because of removal of 10.0.11.0/24
+            // still populate the same prefix of 10.0.0.0/8, which mean 10.0.0.0/8 should not be
+            // removed due to removal of 10.0.11.0/24
             unicastLocalPrefixesToBeRemoved.removeAll(unicastLocalPrefixesAdded);
 
             removeLocalAddressesFromBpfMap(linkProperty.getInterfaceName(),
@@ -12048,7 +12048,7 @@
             // interfaces and routing rules have been added, DNS servers programmed, etc.
             // For VPNs, this must be done before the capabilities are updated, because as soon as
             // that happens, UIDs are routed to the network.
-            if (shouldCreateNetworksImmediately()) {
+            if (shouldCreateNetworksImmediately(networkAgent.getCapsNoCopy())) {
                 applyInitialLinkProperties(networkAgent);
             }
 
@@ -12073,7 +12073,7 @@
             networkAgent.getAndSetNetworkCapabilities(networkAgent.networkCapabilities);
 
             handlePerNetworkPrivateDnsConfig(networkAgent, mDnsManager.getPrivateDnsConfig());
-            if (!shouldCreateNetworksImmediately()) {
+            if (!shouldCreateNetworksImmediately(networkAgent.getCapsNoCopy())) {
                 applyInitialLinkProperties(networkAgent);
             } else {
                 // The network was created when the agent registered, and the LinkProperties are
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/MulticastRoutingCoordinatorService.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/MulticastRoutingCoordinatorService.java
index af4aee5..c4de80f 100644
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/MulticastRoutingCoordinatorService.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/MulticastRoutingCoordinatorService.java
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 import static android.net.MulticastRoutingConfig.FORWARD_WITH_MIN_SCOPE;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.AF_INET6;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.EADDRINUSE;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.EADDRNOTAVAIL;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.IPPROTO_ICMPV6;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.IPPROTO_IPV6;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.SOCK_CLOEXEC;
@@ -258,6 +259,10 @@
             mDependencies.setsockoptMrt6DelMif(mMulticastRoutingFd, virtualIndex);
             Log.d(TAG, "Removed mifi " + virtualIndex + " from MIF");
         } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+            if (e.errno == EADDRNOTAVAIL) {
+                Log.w(TAG, "multicast virtual interface " + virtualIndex + " already removed", e);
+                return;
+            }
             Log.e(TAG, "failed to remove multicast virtual interface" + virtualIndex, e);
         }
     }
diff --git a/staticlibs/Android.bp b/staticlibs/Android.bp
index 0eab6e7..b064723 100644
--- a/staticlibs/Android.bp
+++ b/staticlibs/Android.bp
@@ -81,17 +81,6 @@
     },
 }
 
-java_defaults {
-    name: "lib_mockito_extended",
-    static_libs: [
-        "mockito-target-extended-minus-junit4",
-    ],
-    jni_libs: [
-        "libdexmakerjvmtiagent",
-        "libstaticjvmtiagent",
-    ],
-}
-
 java_library {
     name: "net-utils-dnspacket-common",
     srcs: [
@@ -438,7 +427,11 @@
     srcs: [
         "device/com/android/net/module/util/FdEventsReader.java",
         "device/com/android/net/module/util/HandlerUtils.java",
+        "device/com/android/net/module/util/JniUtil.java",
+        "device/com/android/net/module/util/RealtimeScheduler.java",
         "device/com/android/net/module/util/SharedLog.java",
+        "device/com/android/net/module/util/ServiceConnectivityJni.java",
+        "device/com/android/net/module/util/TimerFdUtils.java",
         "framework/com/android/net/module/util/ByteUtils.java",
         "framework/com/android/net/module/util/CollectionUtils.java",
         "framework/com/android/net/module/util/DnsUtils.java",
diff --git a/staticlibs/client-libs/netd/com/android/net/module/util/NetdUtils.java b/staticlibs/client-libs/netd/com/android/net/module/util/NetdUtils.java
index 8b2fe58..4af516d 100644
--- a/staticlibs/client-libs/netd/com/android/net/module/util/NetdUtils.java
+++ b/staticlibs/client-libs/netd/com/android/net/module/util/NetdUtils.java
@@ -148,25 +148,6 @@
         netd.tetherStartWithConfiguration(config);
     }
 
-    /** Setup interface for tethering. */
-    public static void tetherInterface(final INetd netd, int netId, final String iface,
-            final IpPrefix dest) throws RemoteException, ServiceSpecificException {
-        tetherInterface(netd, netId, iface, dest, 20 /* maxAttempts */, 50 /* pollingIntervalMs */);
-    }
-
-    /** Setup interface with configurable retries for tethering. */
-    public static void tetherInterface(final INetd netd, int netId, final String iface,
-            final IpPrefix dest, int maxAttempts, int pollingIntervalMs)
-            throws RemoteException, ServiceSpecificException {
-        netd.tetherInterfaceAdd(iface);
-        networkAddInterface(netd, netId, iface, maxAttempts, pollingIntervalMs);
-        // Activate a route to dest and IPv6 link local.
-        modifyRoute(netd, ModifyOperation.ADD, netId,
-                new RouteInfo(dest, null, iface, RTN_UNICAST));
-        modifyRoute(netd, ModifyOperation.ADD, netId,
-                new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix("fe80::/64"), null, iface, RTN_UNICAST));
-    }
-
     /**
      * Retry Netd#networkAddInterface for EBUSY error code.
      * If the same interface (e.g., wlan0) is in client mode and then switches to tethered mode.
@@ -174,7 +155,7 @@
      * in use in netd because the ConnectivityService thread hasn't processed the disconnect yet.
      * See b/158269544 for detail.
      */
-    private static void networkAddInterface(final INetd netd, int netId, final String iface,
+    public static void networkAddInterface(final INetd netd, int netId, final String iface,
             int maxAttempts, int pollingIntervalMs)
             throws ServiceSpecificException, RemoteException {
         for (int i = 1; i <= maxAttempts; i++) {
@@ -193,16 +174,6 @@
         }
     }
 
-    /** Reset interface for tethering. */
-    public static void untetherInterface(final INetd netd, int netId, String iface)
-            throws RemoteException, ServiceSpecificException {
-        try {
-            netd.tetherInterfaceRemove(iface);
-        } finally {
-            netd.networkRemoveInterface(netId, iface);
-        }
-    }
-
     /** Add |routes| to the given network. */
     public static void addRoutesToNetwork(final INetd netd, int netId, final String iface,
             final List<RouteInfo> routes) {
diff --git a/staticlibs/client-libs/tests/unit/src/com/android/net/module/util/NetdUtilsTest.java b/staticlibs/client-libs/tests/unit/src/com/android/net/module/util/NetdUtilsTest.java
index c2fbb56..0241d0a 100644
--- a/staticlibs/client-libs/tests/unit/src/com/android/net/module/util/NetdUtilsTest.java
+++ b/staticlibs/client-libs/tests/unit/src/com/android/net/module/util/NetdUtilsTest.java
@@ -24,13 +24,9 @@
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
-import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
-import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyInt;
-import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyString;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.argThat;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.doAnswer;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.never;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.reset;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
@@ -39,7 +35,6 @@
 
 import android.net.INetd;
 import android.net.InterfaceConfigurationParcel;
-import android.net.IpPrefix;
 import android.os.RemoteException;
 import android.os.ServiceSpecificException;
 
@@ -61,7 +56,6 @@
     @Mock private INetd mNetd;
 
     private static final String IFACE = "TEST_IFACE";
-    private static final IpPrefix TEST_IPPREFIX = new IpPrefix("192.168.42.1/24");
     private static final int TEST_NET_ID = 123;
 
     @Before
@@ -150,20 +144,21 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testTetherInterfaceSuccessful() throws Exception {
+    public void testNetworkAddInterfaceSuccessful() throws Exception {
         // Expect #networkAddInterface successful at first tries.
-        verifyTetherInterfaceSucceeds(1);
+        verifyNetworkAddInterfaceSucceeds(1);
 
         // Expect #networkAddInterface successful after 10 tries.
-        verifyTetherInterfaceSucceeds(10);
+        verifyNetworkAddInterfaceSucceeds(10);
     }
 
-    private void runTetherInterfaceWithServiceSpecificException(int expectedTries,
+    private void runNetworkAddInterfaceWithServiceSpecificException(int expectedTries,
             int expectedCode) throws Exception {
         setNetworkAddInterfaceOutcome(new ServiceSpecificException(expectedCode), expectedTries);
 
         try {
-            NetdUtils.tetherInterface(mNetd, TEST_NET_ID, IFACE, TEST_IPPREFIX, 20, 0);
+            NetdUtils.networkAddInterface(mNetd, TEST_NET_ID, IFACE,
+                    20 /* maxAttempts */, 0 /* pollingIntervalMs */);
             fail("Expect throw ServiceSpecificException");
         } catch (ServiceSpecificException e) {
             assertEquals(e.errorCode, expectedCode);
@@ -173,11 +168,12 @@
         reset(mNetd);
     }
 
-    private void runTetherInterfaceWithRemoteException(int expectedTries) throws Exception {
+    private void runNetworkAddInterfaceWithRemoteException(int expectedTries) throws Exception {
         setNetworkAddInterfaceOutcome(new RemoteException(), expectedTries);
 
         try {
-            NetdUtils.tetherInterface(mNetd, TEST_NET_ID, IFACE, TEST_IPPREFIX, 20, 0);
+            NetdUtils.networkAddInterface(mNetd, TEST_NET_ID, IFACE,
+                    20 /* maxAttempts */, 0 /* pollingIntervalMs */);
             fail("Expect throw RemoteException");
         } catch (RemoteException e) { }
 
@@ -186,41 +182,37 @@
     }
 
     private void verifyNetworkAddInterfaceFails(int expectedTries) throws Exception {
-        verify(mNetd).tetherInterfaceAdd(IFACE);
         verify(mNetd, times(expectedTries)).networkAddInterface(TEST_NET_ID, IFACE);
-        verify(mNetd, never()).networkAddRoute(anyInt(), anyString(), any(), any());
-
         verifyNoMoreInteractions(mNetd);
     }
 
-    private void verifyTetherInterfaceSucceeds(int expectedTries) throws Exception {
+    private void verifyNetworkAddInterfaceSucceeds(int expectedTries) throws Exception {
         setNetworkAddInterfaceOutcome(null, expectedTries);
 
-        NetdUtils.tetherInterface(mNetd, TEST_NET_ID, IFACE, TEST_IPPREFIX);
-        verify(mNetd).tetherInterfaceAdd(IFACE);
+        NetdUtils.networkAddInterface(mNetd, TEST_NET_ID, IFACE,
+                20 /* maxAttempts */, 0 /* pollingIntervalMs */);
         verify(mNetd, times(expectedTries)).networkAddInterface(TEST_NET_ID, IFACE);
-        verify(mNetd, times(2)).networkAddRoute(eq(TEST_NET_ID), eq(IFACE), any(), any());
         verifyNoMoreInteractions(mNetd);
         reset(mNetd);
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testTetherInterfaceFailOnNetworkAddInterface() throws Exception {
+    public void testFailOnNetworkAddInterface() throws Exception {
         // Test throwing ServiceSpecificException with EBUSY failure.
-        runTetherInterfaceWithServiceSpecificException(20, EBUSY);
+        runNetworkAddInterfaceWithServiceSpecificException(20, EBUSY);
 
         // Test throwing ServiceSpecificException with unexpectedError.
         final int unexpectedError = 999;
-        runTetherInterfaceWithServiceSpecificException(1, unexpectedError);
+        runNetworkAddInterfaceWithServiceSpecificException(1, unexpectedError);
 
         // Test throwing ServiceSpecificException with unexpectedError after 7 tries.
-        runTetherInterfaceWithServiceSpecificException(7, unexpectedError);
+        runNetworkAddInterfaceWithServiceSpecificException(7, unexpectedError);
 
         // Test throwing RemoteException.
-        runTetherInterfaceWithRemoteException(1);
+        runNetworkAddInterfaceWithRemoteException(1);
 
         // Test throwing RemoteException after 3 tries.
-        runTetherInterfaceWithRemoteException(3);
+        runNetworkAddInterfaceWithRemoteException(3);
     }
 
     @Test
diff --git a/staticlibs/device/com/android/net/module/util/BpfDump.java b/staticlibs/device/com/android/net/module/util/BpfDump.java
index 4227194..d79f52e 100644
--- a/staticlibs/device/com/android/net/module/util/BpfDump.java
+++ b/staticlibs/device/com/android/net/module/util/BpfDump.java
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 import android.util.Pair;
 
 import androidx.annotation.NonNull;
+import androidx.annotation.VisibleForTesting;
 
 import java.io.PrintWriter;
 import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
@@ -132,17 +133,35 @@
         }
     }
 
+    public static class Dependencies {
+        /**
+         * Call {@link Os#access}
+         */
+        public boolean access(String path, int mode) throws ErrnoException {
+            return Os.access(path, mode);
+        }
+    }
+
     /**
      * Dump the BpfMap status
      */
     public static <K extends Struct, V extends Struct> void dumpMapStatus(IBpfMap<K, V> map,
             PrintWriter pw, String mapName, String path) {
+        dumpMapStatus(map, pw, mapName, path, new Dependencies());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Dump the BpfMap status. Only test should use this method directly.
+     */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public static <K extends Struct, V extends Struct> void dumpMapStatus(IBpfMap<K, V> map,
+            PrintWriter pw, String mapName, String path, Dependencies deps) {
         if (map != null) {
             pw.println(mapName + ": OK");
             return;
         }
         try {
-            Os.access(path, R_OK);
+            deps.access(path, R_OK);
             pw.println(mapName + ": NULL(map is pinned to " + path + ")");
         } catch (ErrnoException e) {
             pw.println(mapName + ": NULL(map is not pinned to " + path + ": "
diff --git a/staticlibs/device/com/android/net/module/util/PrivateAddressCoordinator.java b/staticlibs/device/com/android/net/module/util/PrivateAddressCoordinator.java
index bb95585..2ce5b86 100644
--- a/staticlibs/device/com/android/net/module/util/PrivateAddressCoordinator.java
+++ b/staticlibs/device/com/android/net/module/util/PrivateAddressCoordinator.java
@@ -33,12 +33,14 @@
 import android.net.LinkProperties;
 import android.net.Network;
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
+import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.RemoteException;
 import android.util.ArrayMap;
 
 import androidx.annotation.Nullable;
 
 import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel;
 
 import java.io.PrintWriter;
 import java.net.Inet4Address;
@@ -67,9 +69,6 @@
     // WARNING: Keep in sync with chooseDownstreamAddress
     public static final int PREFIX_LENGTH = 24;
 
-    public static final String TETHER_FORCE_RANDOM_PREFIX_BASE_SELECTION =
-            "tether_force_random_prefix_base_selection";
-
     // Upstream monitor would be stopped when tethering is down. When tethering restart, downstream
     // address may be requested before coordinator get current upstream notification. To ensure
     // coordinator do not select conflict downstream prefix, mUpstreamPrefixMap would not be cleared
@@ -258,8 +257,15 @@
         return null;
     }
 
+    // TODO: Remove this method when SdkLevel.isAtLeastB() is fixed, aosp is at sdk level 36 or use
+    //  NetworkStackUtils.isAtLeast25Q2 when it is moved to a static lib.
+    public static boolean isAtLeast25Q2() {
+        return SdkLevel.isAtLeastB()  || (SdkLevel.isAtLeastV()
+                && "Baklava".equals(Build.VERSION.CODENAME));
+    }
+
     private int getRandomPrefixIndex() {
-        if (!mDeps.isFeatureEnabled(TETHER_FORCE_RANDOM_PREFIX_BASE_SELECTION)) return 0;
+        if (!isAtLeast25Q2()) return 0;
 
         final int random = getRandomInt() & 0xffffff;
         // This is to select the starting prefix range (/8, /12, or /16) instead of the actual
diff --git a/staticlibs/device/com/android/net/module/util/RealtimeScheduler.java b/staticlibs/device/com/android/net/module/util/RealtimeScheduler.java
index c8fdf72..2d95223 100644
--- a/staticlibs/device/com/android/net/module/util/RealtimeScheduler.java
+++ b/staticlibs/device/com/android/net/module/util/RealtimeScheduler.java
@@ -227,6 +227,13 @@
         return enqueueTask(new MessageTask(msg, SystemClock.elapsedRealtime() + delayMs), delayMs);
     }
 
+    private static boolean isMessageTask(Task task, int what) {
+        if (task instanceof MessageTask && ((MessageTask) task).mMessage.what == what) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
     /**
      * Remove a scheduled message.
      *
@@ -234,8 +241,24 @@
      */
     public void removeDelayedMessage(int what) {
         ensureRunningOnCorrectThread();
-        mTaskQueue.removeIf(task -> task instanceof MessageTask
-                && ((MessageTask) task).mMessage.what == what);
+        mTaskQueue.removeIf(task -> isMessageTask(task, what));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check if there is a scheduled message.
+     *
+     * @param what the message to be checked
+     * @return true if there is a target message, false otherwise.
+     */
+    public boolean hasDelayedMessage(int what) {
+        ensureRunningOnCorrectThread();
+
+        for (Task task : mTaskQueue) {
+            if (isMessageTask(task, what)) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/staticlibs/tests/unit/host/python/apf_utils_test.py b/staticlibs/tests/unit/host/python/apf_utils_test.py
index 419b338..348df3b 100644
--- a/staticlibs/tests/unit/host/python/apf_utils_test.py
+++ b/staticlibs/tests/unit/host/python/apf_utils_test.py
@@ -103,8 +103,12 @@
       self, mock_adb_shell: MagicMock
   ) -> None:
     mock_adb_shell.return_value = """
+45: rmnet29: <POINTOPOINT,MULTICAST,NOARP> mtu 1500 qdisc ...
+ link/ether 73:01:23:45:df:e3 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
 46: wlan0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq ...
  link/ether 72:05:77:82:21:e0 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
+47: wlan1: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc ...
+ link/ether 6a:16:81:ff:82:9b brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
 """
     mac_address = get_hardware_address(self.mock_ad, "wlan0")
     asserts.assert_equal(mac_address, "72:05:77:82:21:E0")
diff --git a/staticlibs/tests/unit/src/com/android/net/module/util/BpfDumpTest.java b/staticlibs/tests/unit/src/com/android/net/module/util/BpfDumpTest.java
index a66dacd..673d9e6 100644
--- a/staticlibs/tests/unit/src/com/android/net/module/util/BpfDumpTest.java
+++ b/staticlibs/tests/unit/src/com/android/net/module/util/BpfDumpTest.java
@@ -17,18 +17,13 @@
 package com.android.net.module.util;
 
 import static android.system.OsConstants.EPERM;
-import static android.system.OsConstants.R_OK;
-
-import static com.android.dx.mockito.inline.extended.ExtendedMockito.doReturn;
-import static com.android.dx.mockito.inline.extended.ExtendedMockito.doThrow;
-import static com.android.dx.mockito.inline.extended.ExtendedMockito.mockitoSession;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertThrows;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
 import android.system.ErrnoException;
-import android.system.Os;
 import android.util.Pair;
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
@@ -38,7 +33,6 @@
 
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
-import org.mockito.MockitoSession;
 
 import java.io.PrintWriter;
 import java.io.StringWriter;
@@ -129,9 +123,14 @@
         assertTrue(dump.contains("key=789, val=123"));
     }
 
-    private String getDumpMapStatus(final IBpfMap<Struct.S32, Struct.S32> map) {
+    private String getDumpMapStatus(final IBpfMap<Struct.S32, Struct.S32> map,
+            @Nullable final BpfDump.Dependencies deps) {
         final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
-        BpfDump.dumpMapStatus(map, new PrintWriter(sw), "mapName", "mapPath");
+        if (deps == null) {
+            BpfDump.dumpMapStatus(map, new PrintWriter(sw), "mapName", "mapPath");
+        } else {
+            BpfDump.dumpMapStatus(map, new PrintWriter(sw), "mapName", "mapPath", deps);
+        }
         return sw.toString();
     }
 
@@ -139,25 +138,34 @@
     public void testGetMapStatus() {
         final IBpfMap<Struct.S32, Struct.S32> map =
                 new TestBpfMap<>(Struct.S32.class, Struct.S32.class);
-        assertEquals("mapName: OK\n", getDumpMapStatus(map));
+        assertEquals("mapName: OK\n", getDumpMapStatus(map, null /* deps */));
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testGetMapStatusNull() {
-        final MockitoSession session = mockitoSession()
-                .spyStatic(Os.class)
-                .startMocking();
-        try {
-            // Os.access succeeds
-            doReturn(true).when(() -> Os.access("mapPath", R_OK));
-            assertEquals("mapName: NULL(map is pinned to mapPath)\n", getDumpMapStatus(null));
+    public void testGetMapStatusNull_accessSucceed() {
+        // Os.access succeeds
+        assertEquals("mapName: NULL(map is pinned to mapPath)\n",
+                getDumpMapStatus(null /* map */,
+                        new BpfDump.Dependencies() {
+                            @Override
+                            public boolean access(String path, int mode) {
+                                return true;
+                            }
+                        })
+        );
+    }
 
-            // Os.access throws EPERM
-            doThrow(new ErrnoException("", EPERM)).when(() -> Os.access("mapPath", R_OK));
-            assertEquals("mapName: NULL(map is not pinned to mapPath: Operation not permitted)\n",
-                    getDumpMapStatus(null));
-        } finally {
-            session.finishMocking();
-        }
+    @Test
+    public void testGetMapStatusNull_accessThrow() {
+        // Os.access throws EPERM
+        assertEquals("mapName: NULL(map is not pinned to mapPath: Operation not permitted)\n",
+                getDumpMapStatus(null /* map */,
+                        new BpfDump.Dependencies(){
+                            @Override
+                            public boolean access(String path, int mode) throws ErrnoException {
+                                throw new ErrnoException("", EPERM);
+                            }
+                        })
+        );
     }
 }
diff --git a/staticlibs/testutils/Android.bp b/staticlibs/testutils/Android.bp
index ec486fb..b59ccc6 100644
--- a/staticlibs/testutils/Android.bp
+++ b/staticlibs/testutils/Android.bp
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@
     ],
     defaults: [
         "framework-connectivity-test-defaults",
-        "lib_mockito_extended",
     ],
     libs: [
         "androidx.annotation_annotation",
@@ -36,6 +35,7 @@
         "collector-device-lib",
         "kotlin-reflect",
         "libnanohttpd",
+        "mockito-target-minus-junit4",
         "net-tests-utils-host-device-common",
         "net-utils-device-common",
         "net-utils-device-common-async",
diff --git a/staticlibs/testutils/devicetests/com/android/testutils/ConnectivityDiagnosticsCollector.kt b/staticlibs/testutils/devicetests/com/android/testutils/ConnectivityDiagnosticsCollector.kt
index c7d6850..8a255c6 100644
--- a/staticlibs/testutils/devicetests/com/android/testutils/ConnectivityDiagnosticsCollector.kt
+++ b/staticlibs/testutils/devicetests/com/android/testutils/ConnectivityDiagnosticsCollector.kt
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@
             // Echo the current pid, and replace it (with exec) with the tcpdump process, so the
             // tcpdump pid is known.
             writer.write(
-                "echo $$; exec su 0 tcpdump -n -i any -U -xx".encodeToByteArray()
+                "echo $$; exec su 0 tcpdump -n -i any -l -xx".encodeToByteArray()
             )
         }
         val reader = FileReader(stdout.fileDescriptor).buffered()
@@ -430,19 +430,32 @@
      * @param dumpsysCmd The dumpsys command to run (for example "connectivity").
      * @param exceptionContext An exception to write a stacktrace to the dump for context.
      */
-    fun collectDumpsys(dumpsysCmd: String, exceptionContext: Throwable? = null) {
-        Log.i(TAG, "Collecting dumpsys $dumpsysCmd for test artifacts")
+    fun collectDumpsys(dumpsysCmd: String, exceptionContext: Throwable? = null) =
+        collectCommandOutput("dumpsys $dumpsysCmd", exceptionContext = exceptionContext)
+
+    /**
+     * Add the output of a command to the test data dump.
+     *
+     * <p>The output will be collected immediately, and exported to a test artifact file when the
+     * test ends.
+     * @param cmd The command to run. Stdout of the command will be collected.
+     * @param shell The shell to run the command in.
+     * @param exceptionContext An exception to write a stacktrace to the dump for context.
+     */
+    fun collectCommandOutput(
+        cmd: String,
+        shell: String = "sh",
+        exceptionContext: Throwable? = null
+    ) {
+        Log.i(TAG, "Collecting '$cmd' for test artifacts")
         PrintWriter(buffer).let {
-            it.println("--- Dumpsys $dumpsysCmd at ${ZonedDateTime.now()} ---")
+            it.println("--- $cmd at ${ZonedDateTime.now()} ---")
             maybeWriteExceptionContext(it, exceptionContext)
             it.flush()
         }
-        ParcelFileDescriptor.AutoCloseInputStream(
-            InstrumentationRegistry.getInstrumentation().uiAutomation.executeShellCommand(
-                "dumpsys $dumpsysCmd"
-            )
-        ).use {
-            it.copyTo(buffer)
+
+        runCommandInShell(cmd, shell) { stdout, _ ->
+            stdout.copyTo(buffer)
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/staticlibs/testutils/devicetests/com/android/testutils/ShellUtil.kt b/staticlibs/testutils/devicetests/com/android/testutils/ShellUtil.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fadc2ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/staticlibs/testutils/devicetests/com/android/testutils/ShellUtil.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+@file:JvmName("ShellUtil")
+
+package com.android.testutils
+
+import android.app.UiAutomation
+import android.os.ParcelFileDescriptor.AutoCloseInputStream
+import android.os.ParcelFileDescriptor.AutoCloseOutputStream
+import androidx.test.platform.app.InstrumentationRegistry
+import java.io.InputStream
+
+/**
+ * Run a command in a shell.
+ *
+ * Compared to [UiAutomation.executeShellCommand], this allows running commands with pipes and
+ * redirections. [UiAutomation.executeShellCommand] splits the command on spaces regardless of
+ * quotes, so it is not able to run commands like `sh -c "echo 123 > some_file"`.
+ *
+ * @param cmd Shell command to run.
+ * @param shell Command used to run the shell.
+ * @param outputProcessor Function taking stdout, stderr as argument. The streams will be closed
+ *                        when this function returns.
+ * @return Result of [outputProcessor].
+ */
+fun <T> runCommandInShell(
+    cmd: String,
+    shell: String = "sh",
+    outputProcessor: (InputStream, InputStream) -> T,
+): T {
+    val (stdout, stdin, stderr) = InstrumentationRegistry.getInstrumentation().uiAutomation
+        .executeShellCommandRwe(shell)
+    AutoCloseOutputStream(stdin).bufferedWriter().use { it.write(cmd) }
+    AutoCloseInputStream(stdout).use { outStream ->
+        AutoCloseInputStream(stderr).use { errStream ->
+            return outputProcessor(outStream, errStream)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Run a command in a shell.
+ *
+ * Overload of [runCommandInShell] that reads and returns stdout as String.
+ */
+fun runCommandInShell(
+    cmd: String,
+    shell: String = "sh",
+) = runCommandInShell(cmd, shell) { stdout, _ ->
+    stdout.reader().use { it.readText() }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Run a command in a root shell.
+ *
+ * This is generally only usable on devices on which [DeviceInfoUtils.isDebuggable] is true.
+ * @see runCommandInShell
+ */
+fun runCommandInRootShell(
+    cmd: String
+) = runCommandInShell(cmd, shell = "su root sh")
diff --git a/staticlibs/testutils/host/python/apf_utils.py b/staticlibs/testutils/host/python/apf_utils.py
index 8b9e155..c2ad18e 100644
--- a/staticlibs/testutils/host/python/apf_utils.py
+++ b/staticlibs/testutils/host/python/apf_utils.py
@@ -163,14 +163,18 @@
   """
 
   # Run the "ip link" command and get its output.
-  ip_link_output = adb_utils.adb_shell(ad, f"ip link show {iface_name}")
+  ip_link_output = adb_utils.adb_shell(ad, f"ip link")
 
   # Regular expression to extract the MAC address.
   # Parse hardware address from ip link output like below:
+  # 45: rmnet29: <POINTOPOINT,MULTICAST,NOARP> mtu 1500 qdisc ...
+  #    link/ether 73:01:23:45:df:e3 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
   # 46: wlan0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq ...
   #    link/ether 72:05:77:82:21:e0 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
-  pattern = r"link/ether (([0-9a-fA-F]{2}:){5}[0-9a-fA-F]{2})"
-  match = re.search(pattern, ip_link_output)
+  # 47: wlan1: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc ...
+  #    link/ether 6a:16:81:ff:82:9b brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff"
+  pattern = rf"{iface_name}:.*?link/ether (([0-9a-fA-F]{{2}}:){{5}}[0-9a-fA-F]{{2}})"
+  match = re.search(pattern, ip_link_output, re.DOTALL)
 
   if match:
     return match.group(1).upper()  # Extract the MAC address string.
diff --git a/tests/cts/hostside/Android.bp b/tests/cts/hostside/Android.bp
index 0ac9ce1..0b4375a 100644
--- a/tests/cts/hostside/Android.bp
+++ b/tests/cts/hostside/Android.bp
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
     // Note that some of the test helper apps (e.g., CtsHostsideNetworkCapTestsAppSdk33) override
     // this with older SDK versions.
     // Also note that unlike android_test targets, "current" does not work: the target SDK is set to
-    // something like "VanillaIceCream" instead of 100000. This means that the tests will not run on
+    // something like "VanillaIceCream" instead of 10000. This means that the tests will not run on
     // released devices with errors such as "Requires development platform VanillaIceCream but this
     // is a release platform".
     target_sdk_version: "10000",
diff --git a/tests/cts/hostside/app/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/VpnTest.java b/tests/cts/hostside/app/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/VpnTest.java
index 3430196..6c92b74 100755
--- a/tests/cts/hostside/app/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/VpnTest.java
+++ b/tests/cts/hostside/app/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/VpnTest.java
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.BLOCKED_REASON_NONE;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_BACKGROUND;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_VPN;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_TEST;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_VPN;
 import static android.os.Process.INVALID_UID;
@@ -1024,7 +1025,10 @@
         checkTrafficOnVpn();
 
         final Network vpnNetwork = mCM.getActiveNetwork();
-        myUidCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(vpnNetwork, TIMEOUT_MS);
+        myUidCallback.eventuallyExpect(CallbackEntry.NETWORK_CAPS_UPDATED,
+                NETWORK_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS,
+                entry -> entry.getNetwork().equals(vpnNetwork)
+                        && entry.getCaps().hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
         assertEquals(vpnNetwork, mCM.getActiveNetwork());
         assertNotEqual(defaultNetwork, vpnNetwork);
         maybeExpectVpnTransportInfo(vpnNetwork);
@@ -1843,11 +1847,11 @@
         final DetailedBlockedStatusCallback remoteUidCallback = new DetailedBlockedStatusCallback();
 
         // Create a TUN interface
-        final FileDescriptor tunFd = runWithShellPermissionIdentity(() -> {
+        final ParcelFileDescriptor tunFd = runWithShellPermissionIdentity(() -> {
             final TestNetworkManager tnm = mTestContext.getSystemService(TestNetworkManager.class);
             final TestNetworkInterface iface = tnm.createTunInterface(List.of(
                     TEST_IP4_DST_ADDR, TEST_IP6_DST_ADDR));
-            return iface.getFileDescriptor().getFileDescriptor();
+            return iface.getFileDescriptor();
         }, MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS);
 
         // Create a remote UDP socket
@@ -1861,7 +1865,7 @@
             remoteUidCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksWithBlockedReasonNone(network);
 
             // The remote UDP socket can receive packets coming from the TUN interface
-            checkBlockIncomingPacket(tunFd, remoteUdpFd, EXPECT_PASS);
+            checkBlockIncomingPacket(tunFd.getFileDescriptor(), remoteUdpFd, EXPECT_PASS);
 
             // Lockdown uid that has the remote UDP socket
             runWithShellPermissionIdentity(() -> {
@@ -1877,7 +1881,7 @@
             if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastT()) {
                 // On T and above, lockdown rule drop packets not coming from lo regardless of the
                 // VPN connectivity.
-                checkBlockIncomingPacket(tunFd, remoteUdpFd, EXPECT_BLOCK);
+                checkBlockIncomingPacket(tunFd.getFileDescriptor(), remoteUdpFd, EXPECT_BLOCK);
             }
 
             // Start the VPN that has default routes. This VPN should have interface filtering rule
@@ -1889,9 +1893,9 @@
                     null /* proxyInfo */, null /* underlyingNetworks */,
                     false /* isAlwaysMetered */);
 
-            checkBlockIncomingPacket(tunFd, remoteUdpFd, EXPECT_BLOCK);
+            checkBlockIncomingPacket(tunFd.getFileDescriptor(), remoteUdpFd, EXPECT_BLOCK);
         }, /* cleanup */ () -> {
-                Os.close(tunFd);
+                tunFd.close();
             }, /* cleanup */ () -> {
                 Os.close(remoteUdpFd);
             }, /* cleanup */ () -> {
diff --git a/tests/cts/multidevices/Android.bp b/tests/cts/multidevices/Android.bp
index 39cb0ad..00fb934 100644
--- a/tests/cts/multidevices/Android.bp
+++ b/tests/cts/multidevices/Android.bp
@@ -43,9 +43,4 @@
         // Package the snippet with the mobly test
         ":connectivity_multi_devices_snippet",
     ],
-    version: {
-        py3: {
-            embedded_launcher: true,
-        },
-    },
 }
diff --git a/tests/cts/multidevices/snippet/Wifip2pMultiDevicesSnippet.kt b/tests/cts/multidevices/snippet/Wifip2pMultiDevicesSnippet.kt
index f8c9351..3816537 100644
--- a/tests/cts/multidevices/snippet/Wifip2pMultiDevicesSnippet.kt
+++ b/tests/cts/multidevices/snippet/Wifip2pMultiDevicesSnippet.kt
@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@
 import android.content.Context
 import android.content.Intent
 import android.content.IntentFilter
+import android.content.pm.PackageManager.FEATURE_WIFI_DIRECT
 import android.net.MacAddress
-import android.net.wifi.WifiManager
 import android.net.wifi.p2p.WifiP2pConfig
 import android.net.wifi.p2p.WifiP2pDevice
 import android.net.wifi.p2p.WifiP2pDeviceList
@@ -44,10 +44,6 @@
 
 class Wifip2pMultiDevicesSnippet : Snippet {
     private val context by lazy { InstrumentationRegistry.getInstrumentation().getTargetContext() }
-    private val wifiManager by lazy {
-        context.getSystemService(WifiManager::class.java)
-                ?: fail("Could not get WifiManager service")
-    }
     private val wifip2pManager by lazy {
         context.getSystemService(WifiP2pManager::class.java)
                 ?: fail("Could not get WifiP2pManager service")
@@ -84,7 +80,7 @@
     }
 
     @Rpc(description = "Check whether the device supports Wi-Fi P2P.")
-    fun isP2pSupported() = wifiManager.isP2pSupported()
+    fun isP2pSupported() = context.packageManager.hasSystemFeature(FEATURE_WIFI_DIRECT)
 
     @Rpc(description = "Start Wi-Fi P2P")
     fun startWifiP2p() {
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/ApfIntegrationTest.kt b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/ApfIntegrationTest.kt
index 2a372ce..81afabc 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/ApfIntegrationTest.kt
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/ApfIntegrationTest.kt
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 import android.net.apf.ApfConstants.IPV6_NEXT_HEADER_OFFSET
 import android.net.apf.ApfConstants.IPV6_SRC_ADDR_OFFSET
 import android.net.apf.ApfCounterTracker
+import android.net.apf.ApfCounterTracker.Counter.DROPPED_IPV6_NS_INVALID
 import android.net.apf.ApfCounterTracker.Counter.DROPPED_IPV6_NS_REPLIED_NON_DAD
 import android.net.apf.ApfCounterTracker.Counter.FILTER_AGE_16384THS
 import android.net.apf.ApfCounterTracker.Counter.PASSED_IPV6_ICMP
@@ -99,6 +100,7 @@
 import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit
 import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException
 import kotlin.random.Random
+import kotlin.test.assertEquals
 import kotlin.test.assertFailsWith
 import kotlin.test.assertNotNull
 import org.junit.After
@@ -463,18 +465,18 @@
         assertThat(readResult).isEqualTo(program)
     }
 
-    fun ApfV4GeneratorBase<*>.addPassIfNotIcmpv6EchoReply() {
+    fun ApfV4GeneratorBase<*>.addPassIfNotIcmpv6EchoReply(skipPacketLabel: Short) {
         // If not IPv6 -> PASS
         addLoad16intoR0(ETH_ETHERTYPE_OFFSET)
-        addJumpIfR0NotEquals(ETH_P_IPV6.toLong(), BaseApfGenerator.PASS_LABEL)
+        addJumpIfR0NotEquals(ETH_P_IPV6.toLong(), skipPacketLabel)
 
         // If not ICMPv6 -> PASS
         addLoad8intoR0(IPV6_NEXT_HEADER_OFFSET)
-        addJumpIfR0NotEquals(IPPROTO_ICMPV6.toLong(), BaseApfGenerator.PASS_LABEL)
+        addJumpIfR0NotEquals(IPPROTO_ICMPV6.toLong(), skipPacketLabel)
 
         // If not echo reply -> PASS
         addLoad8intoR0(ICMP6_TYPE_OFFSET)
-        addJumpIfR0NotEquals(0x81, BaseApfGenerator.PASS_LABEL)
+        addJumpIfR0NotEquals(0x81, skipPacketLabel)
     }
 
     // APF integration is mostly broken before V
@@ -510,21 +512,35 @@
                 caps.maximumApfProgramSize
         )
 
+        val skipPacketLabel = gen.uniqueLabel
         // If not ICMPv6 Echo Reply -> PASS
-        gen.addPassIfNotIcmpv6EchoReply()
+        gen.addPassIfNotIcmpv6EchoReply(skipPacketLabel)
 
         // if not data matches -> PASS
         gen.addLoadImmediate(R0, ICMP6_TYPE_OFFSET + PING_HEADER_LENGTH)
-        gen.addJumpIfBytesAtR0NotEqual(data, BaseApfGenerator.PASS_LABEL)
+        gen.addJumpIfBytesAtR0NotEqual(data, skipPacketLabel)
 
         // else DROP
-        gen.addJump(BaseApfGenerator.DROP_LABEL)
+        // Warning: the program abuse DROPPED_IPV6_NS_INVALID/PASSED_IPV6_ICMP for debugging purpose
+        gen.addCountAndDrop(DROPPED_IPV6_NS_INVALID)
+            .defineLabel(skipPacketLabel)
+            .addCountAndPass(PASSED_IPV6_ICMP)
+            .addCountTrampoline()
 
         val program = gen.generate()
         installAndVerifyProgram(program)
 
+        val counterBefore = ApfCounterTracker.getCounterValue(
+            readProgram(),
+            DROPPED_IPV6_NS_INVALID
+        )
         packetReader.sendPing(data, payloadSize)
         packetReader.expectPingDropped()
+        val counterAfter = ApfCounterTracker.getCounterValue(
+            readProgram(),
+            DROPPED_IPV6_NS_INVALID
+        )
+        assertEquals(counterBefore + 1, counterAfter)
     }
 
     fun clearApfMemory() = installProgram(ByteArray(caps.maximumApfProgramSize))
@@ -549,7 +565,7 @@
         )
 
         // If not ICMPv6 Echo Reply -> PASS
-        gen.addPassIfNotIcmpv6EchoReply()
+        gen.addPassIfNotIcmpv6EchoReply(BaseApfGenerator.PASS_LABEL)
 
         // Store all prefilled memory slots in counter region [500, 520)
         val counterRegion = 500
@@ -615,7 +631,7 @@
         )
 
         // If not ICMPv6 Echo Reply -> PASS
-        gen.addPassIfNotIcmpv6EchoReply()
+        gen.addPassIfNotIcmpv6EchoReply(BaseApfGenerator.PASS_LABEL)
 
         // Store all prefilled memory slots in counter region [500, 520)
         val counterRegion = 500
@@ -658,7 +674,7 @@
         )
 
         // If not ICMPv6 Echo Reply -> PASS
-        gen.addPassIfNotIcmpv6EchoReply()
+        gen.addPassIfNotIcmpv6EchoReply(BaseApfGenerator.PASS_LABEL)
 
         // Store all prefilled memory slots in counter region [500, 520)
         gen.addLoadFromMemory(R0, MemorySlot.FILTER_AGE_16384THS)
@@ -780,6 +796,10 @@
         val program = gen.generate()
         installAndVerifyProgram(program)
 
+        val counterBefore = ApfCounterTracker.getCounterValue(
+            readProgram(),
+            DROPPED_IPV6_NS_REPLIED_NON_DAD
+        )
         packetReader.sendPing(payload, payloadSize, expectReplyCount = numOfPacketToTransmit)
         val replyPayloads = try {
             packetReader.expectPingReply(TIMEOUT_MS * 2)
@@ -788,9 +808,16 @@
         }
 
         val apfCounterTracker = ApfCounterTracker()
-        apfCounterTracker.updateCountersFromData(readProgram())
+        val apfRam = readProgram()
+        apfCounterTracker.updateCountersFromData(apfRam)
         Log.i(TAG, "counter map: ${apfCounterTracker.counters}")
 
+        val counterAfter = ApfCounterTracker.getCounterValue(
+            apfRam,
+            DROPPED_IPV6_NS_REPLIED_NON_DAD
+        )
+        assertEquals(counterBefore + 1, counterAfter)
+
         assertThat(replyPayloads.size).isEqualTo(expectReplyPayloads.size)
 
         // Sort the payload list before comparison to ensure consistency.
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/ConnectivityManagerTest.java b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/ConnectivityManagerTest.java
index 7292c5d..87c2b9e 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/ConnectivityManagerTest.java
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/ConnectivityManagerTest.java
@@ -1231,6 +1231,10 @@
      * of a {@code NetworkCallback}.
      */
     @Test
+    // This test is flaky before aosp/3482151 which fixed the issue in the ConnectivityService
+    // code. Unfortunately this means T can't be fixed, so don't run this test with a module
+    // that hasn't been updated.
+    @ConnectivityModuleTest
     public void testRegisterNetworkCallback_withPendingIntent() {
         final ConditionVariable received = new ConditionVariable();
 
@@ -1273,6 +1277,8 @@
     // Up to R ConnectivityService can't be updated through mainline, and there was a bug
     // where registering a callback with a canceled pending intent would crash the system.
     @Test
+    // Running this test without aosp/3482151 will likely crash the device.
+    @ConnectivityModuleTest
     @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
     public void testRegisterNetworkCallback_pendingIntent_classNotFound() {
         final Intent intent = new Intent()
@@ -1400,12 +1406,20 @@
     }
 
     @AppModeFull(reason = "Cannot get WifiManager in instant app mode")
+    // This test is flaky before aosp/3482151 which fixed the issue in the ConnectivityService
+    // code. Unfortunately this means T can't be fixed, so don't run this test with a module
+    // that hasn't been updated.
+    @ConnectivityModuleTest
     @Test
     public void testRegisterNetworkRequest_identicalPendingIntents() throws Exception {
         runIdenticalPendingIntentsRequestTest(false /* useListen */);
     }
 
     @AppModeFull(reason = "Cannot get WifiManager in instant app mode")
+    // This test is flaky before aosp/3482151 which fixed the issue in the ConnectivityService
+    // code. Unfortunately this means T can't be fixed, so don't run this test with a module
+    // that hasn't been updated.
+    @ConnectivityModuleTest
     @Test
     public void testRegisterNetworkCallback_identicalPendingIntents() throws Exception {
         runIdenticalPendingIntentsRequestTest(true /* useListen */);
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/util/java/android/net/cts/util/CtsTetheringUtils.java b/tests/cts/net/util/java/android/net/cts/util/CtsTetheringUtils.java
index 75b2814..27cba3a 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/util/java/android/net/cts/util/CtsTetheringUtils.java
+++ b/tests/cts/net/util/java/android/net/cts/util/CtsTetheringUtils.java
@@ -160,11 +160,15 @@
         @Override
         public void onStopTetheringSucceeded() {
             mHistory.add(new CallbackValue.OnStopTetheringSucceeded());
+            // Call the parent method so that the coverage linter sees it: http://b/385014495
+            TetheringManager.StopTetheringCallback.super.onStopTetheringSucceeded();
         }
 
         @Override
         public void onStopTetheringFailed(final int error) {
             mHistory.add(new CallbackValue.OnStopTetheringFailed(error));
+            // Call the parent method so that the coverage linter sees it: http://b/385014495
+            TetheringManager.StopTetheringCallback.super.onStopTetheringFailed(error);
         }
 
         /**
diff --git a/tests/cts/tethering/src/android/tethering/cts/TetheringManagerTest.java b/tests/cts/tethering/src/android/tethering/cts/TetheringManagerTest.java
index 9e49926..e645f67 100644
--- a/tests/cts/tethering/src/android/tethering/cts/TetheringManagerTest.java
+++ b/tests/cts/tethering/src/android/tethering/cts/TetheringManagerTest.java
@@ -73,7 +73,6 @@
 import android.net.wifi.SoftApConfiguration;
 import android.net.wifi.WifiManager;
 import android.net.wifi.WifiSsid;
-import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.Bundle;
 import android.os.PersistableBundle;
 import android.os.ResultReceiver;
@@ -391,7 +390,7 @@
 
             mCtsTetheringUtils.stopWifiTethering(tetherEventCallback);
 
-            if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT <= Build.VERSION_CODES.VANILLA_ICE_CREAM) {
+            if (!SdkLevel.isAtLeastB()) {
                 try {
                     final int ret = runAsShell(TETHER_PRIVILEGED,
                             () -> mTM.tether(wifiTetheringIface));
@@ -480,8 +479,7 @@
     }
 
     private boolean isTetheringWithSoftApConfigEnabled() {
-        return Build.VERSION.SDK_INT > Build.VERSION_CODES.VANILLA_ICE_CREAM
-                && Flags.tetheringWithSoftApConfig();
+        return SdkLevel.isAtLeastB() && Flags.tetheringWithSoftApConfig();
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -636,7 +634,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testLegacyTetherApisThrowUnsupportedOperationExceptionAfterV() {
-        assumeTrue(Build.VERSION.SDK_INT > Build.VERSION_CODES.VANILLA_ICE_CREAM);
+        assumeTrue(SdkLevel.isAtLeastB());
         assertThrows(UnsupportedOperationException.class, () -> mTM.tether("iface"));
         assertThrows(UnsupportedOperationException.class, () -> mTM.untether("iface"));
     }
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
index 19a41d8..c4944b6 100755
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
@@ -4040,7 +4040,7 @@
 
         mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI, callbacks);
 
-        if (mService.shouldCreateNetworksImmediately()) {
+        if (mService.shouldCreateNetworksImmediately(mWiFiAgent.getNetworkCapabilities())) {
             assertEquals("onNetworkCreated", eventOrder.poll(TIMEOUT_MS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
         } else {
             assertNull(eventOrder.poll());
@@ -4053,7 +4053,7 @@
         // connected.
         // TODO: fix this bug, file the request before connecting, and remove the waitForIdle.
         mWiFiAgent.connectWithoutInternet();
-        if (!mService.shouldCreateNetworksImmediately()) {
+        if (!mService.shouldCreateNetworksImmediately(mWiFiAgent.getNetworkCapabilities())) {
             assertEquals("onNetworkCreated", eventOrder.poll(TIMEOUT_MS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
         } else {
             waitForIdle();
@@ -7941,8 +7941,8 @@
         // Simple connection with initial LP should have updated ifaces.
         mCellAgent.connect(false);
         waitForIdle();
-        List<Network> allNetworks = mService.shouldCreateNetworksImmediately()
-                ? cellAndWifi() : onlyCell();
+        List<Network> allNetworks = mService.shouldCreateNetworksImmediately(
+                mCellAgent.getNetworkCapabilities()) ? cellAndWifi() : onlyCell();
         expectNotifyNetworkStatus(allNetworks, onlyCell(), MOBILE_IFNAME);
         reset(mStatsManager);
 
@@ -8254,7 +8254,7 @@
         mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
         final int netId = mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId;
         waitForIdle();
-        if (mService.shouldCreateNetworksImmediately()) {
+        if (mService.shouldCreateNetworksImmediately(mCellAgent.getNetworkCapabilities())) {
             verify(mMockDnsResolver, times(1)).createNetworkCache(netId);
         } else {
             verify(mMockDnsResolver, never()).setResolverConfiguration(any());
@@ -8274,7 +8274,7 @@
         mCellAgent.sendLinkProperties(cellLp);
         mCellAgent.connect(false);
         waitForIdle();
-        if (!mService.shouldCreateNetworksImmediately()) {
+        if (!mService.shouldCreateNetworksImmediately(mCellAgent.getNetworkCapabilities())) {
             // CS tells dnsresolver about the empty DNS config for this network.
             verify(mMockDnsResolver, times(1)).createNetworkCache(netId);
         }
@@ -8397,7 +8397,7 @@
         mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
         final int netId = mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId;
         waitForIdle();
-        if (mService.shouldCreateNetworksImmediately()) {
+        if (mService.shouldCreateNetworksImmediately(mCellAgent.getNetworkCapabilities())) {
             verify(mMockDnsResolver, times(1)).createNetworkCache(netId);
         } else {
             verify(mMockDnsResolver, never()).setResolverConfiguration(any());
@@ -8420,7 +8420,7 @@
         mCellAgent.sendLinkProperties(cellLp);
         mCellAgent.connect(false);
         waitForIdle();
-        if (!mService.shouldCreateNetworksImmediately()) {
+        if (!mService.shouldCreateNetworksImmediately(mCellAgent.getNetworkCapabilities())) {
             verify(mMockDnsResolver, times(1)).createNetworkCache(netId);
         }
         verify(mMockDnsResolver, atLeastOnce()).setResolverConfiguration(
@@ -16065,13 +16065,13 @@
 
         final TestNetworkAgentWrapper workAgent =
                 makeEnterpriseNetworkAgent(profileNetworkPreference.getPreferenceEnterpriseId());
-        if (mService.shouldCreateNetworksImmediately()) {
+        if (mService.shouldCreateNetworksImmediately(workAgent.getNetworkCapabilities())) {
             expectNativeNetworkCreated(workAgent.getNetwork().netId, INetd.PERMISSION_SYSTEM,
                     null /* iface */, inOrder);
         }
         if (connectWorkProfileAgentAhead) {
             workAgent.connect(false);
-            if (!mService.shouldCreateNetworksImmediately()) {
+            if (!mService.shouldCreateNetworksImmediately(workAgent.getNetworkCapabilities())) {
                 expectNativeNetworkCreated(workAgent.getNetwork().netId, INetd.PERMISSION_SYSTEM,
                         null /* iface */, inOrder);
             }
@@ -16114,7 +16114,7 @@
 
         if (!connectWorkProfileAgentAhead) {
             workAgent.connect(false);
-            if (!mService.shouldCreateNetworksImmediately()) {
+            if (!mService.shouldCreateNetworksImmediately(workAgent.getNetworkCapabilities())) {
                 inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).networkCreate(
                         nativeNetworkConfigPhysical(workAgent.getNetwork().netId,
                                 INetd.PERMISSION_SYSTEM));
@@ -18825,7 +18825,7 @@
     }
 
     private void verifyMtuSetOnWifiInterfaceOnlyUpToT(int mtu) throws Exception {
-        if (!mService.shouldCreateNetworksImmediately()) {
+        if (!mService.shouldCreateNetworksImmediately(mWiFiAgent.getNetworkCapabilities())) {
             verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).interfaceSetMtu(WIFI_IFNAME, mtu);
         } else {
             verify(mMockNetd, never()).interfaceSetMtu(eq(WIFI_IFNAME), anyInt());
@@ -18833,7 +18833,7 @@
     }
 
     private void verifyMtuSetOnWifiInterfaceOnlyStartingFromU(int mtu) throws Exception {
-        if (mService.shouldCreateNetworksImmediately()) {
+        if (mService.shouldCreateNetworksImmediately(mWiFiAgent.getNetworkCapabilities())) {
             verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).interfaceSetMtu(WIFI_IFNAME, mtu);
         } else {
             verify(mMockNetd, never()).interfaceSetMtu(eq(WIFI_IFNAME), anyInt());
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/DiscoveryExecutorTest.kt b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/DiscoveryExecutorTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..51539a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/DiscoveryExecutorTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns
+
+import android.os.Build
+import android.os.HandlerThread
+import android.testing.TestableLooper
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner
+import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit
+import org.junit.After
+import org.junit.Assert.assertFalse
+import org.junit.Assert.assertTrue
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+
+private const val DEFAULT_TIMEOUT = 2000L
+
+@DevSdkIgnoreRunner.MonitorThreadLeak
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner::class)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+class DiscoveryExecutorTest {
+    private val thread = HandlerThread(DiscoveryExecutorTest::class.simpleName).apply { start() }
+
+    @After
+    fun tearDown() {
+        thread.quitSafely()
+        thread.join()
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testCheckAndRunOnHandlerThread() {
+        val testableLooper = TestableLooper(thread.looper)
+        val executor = DiscoveryExecutor(testableLooper.looper)
+        try {
+            val future = CompletableFuture<Boolean>()
+            executor.checkAndRunOnHandlerThread { future.complete(true) }
+            testableLooper.processAllMessages()
+            assertTrue(future.get(DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS))
+        } finally {
+            testableLooper.destroy()
+        }
+
+        // Create a DiscoveryExecutor with the null defaultLooper and verify the task can execute
+        // normally.
+        val executor2 = DiscoveryExecutor(null /* defaultLooper */)
+        val future2 = CompletableFuture<Boolean>()
+        executor2.checkAndRunOnHandlerThread { future2.complete(true) }
+        assertTrue(future2.get(DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS))
+        executor2.shutDown()
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testExecute() {
+        val testableLooper = TestableLooper(thread.looper)
+        val executor = DiscoveryExecutor(testableLooper.looper)
+        try {
+            val future = CompletableFuture<Boolean>()
+            executor.execute { future.complete(true) }
+            assertFalse(future.isDone)
+            testableLooper.processAllMessages()
+            assertTrue(future.get(DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS))
+        } finally {
+            testableLooper.destroy()
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testExecuteDelayed() {
+        val testableLooper = TestableLooper(thread.looper)
+        val executor = DiscoveryExecutor(testableLooper.looper)
+        try {
+            // Verify the executeDelayed method
+            val future = CompletableFuture<Boolean>()
+            // Schedule a task with 999 ms delay
+            executor.executeDelayed({ future.complete(true) }, 999L)
+            testableLooper.processAllMessages()
+            assertFalse(future.isDone)
+
+            // 500 ms have elapsed but do not exceed the target time (999 ms)
+            // The function should not be executed.
+            testableLooper.moveTimeForward(500L)
+            testableLooper.processAllMessages()
+            assertFalse(future.isDone)
+
+            // 500 ms have elapsed again and have exceeded the target time (999 ms).
+            // The function should be executed.
+            testableLooper.moveTimeForward(500L)
+            testableLooper.processAllMessages()
+            assertTrue(future.get(500L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS))
+        } finally {
+            testableLooper.destroy()
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsAdvertiserTest.kt b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsAdvertiserTest.kt
index e6e6ecc..087617a 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsAdvertiserTest.kt
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsAdvertiserTest.kt
@@ -99,6 +99,13 @@
     network = TEST_NETWORK_1
 }
 
+private val GOOGLEZONE_SERVICE = NsdServiceInfo("TestServiceName", "_GOOglezone._tcp").apply {
+    subtypes = setOf(TEST_SUBTYPE)
+    port = 12345
+    hostAddresses = listOf(TEST_ADDR)
+    network = TEST_NETWORK_1
+}
+
 private val SERVICE_1_SUBTYPE = NsdServiceInfo("TestServiceName", "_advertisertest._tcp").apply {
     subtypes = setOf(TEST_SUBTYPE)
     port = 12345
@@ -183,6 +190,10 @@
     "5:_otherprioritytest._tcp"
 )
 
+private val SERVICES_DENY_LIST = arrayOf(
+    "_googlezone._tcp",
+)
+
 @RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner::class)
 @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
 class MdnsAdvertiserTest {
@@ -247,6 +258,9 @@
         doReturn(SERVICES_PRIORITY_LIST).`when`(resources).getStringArray(
             R.array.config_nsdOffloadServicesPriority
         )
+        doReturn(SERVICES_DENY_LIST).`when`(resources).getStringArray(
+            R.array.config_nsdOffloadServicesDenyList
+        )
         ConnectivityResources.setResourcesContextForTest(context)
     }
 
@@ -524,6 +538,44 @@
     }
 
     @Test
+    fun testAddService_NoOffloadForServiceTypeInDenyList() {
+        val advertiser =
+            MdnsAdvertiser(thread.looper, socketProvider, cb, mockDeps, sharedlog, flags, context)
+        postSync {
+            advertiser.addOrUpdateService(
+                SERVICE_ID_1,
+                GOOGLEZONE_SERVICE,
+                DEFAULT_ADVERTISING_OPTION,
+                TEST_CLIENT_UID_1
+            )
+        }
+        val socketCbCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(SocketCallback::class.java)
+        verify(socketProvider).requestSocket(eq(SERVICE_1.network), socketCbCaptor.capture())
+
+        val socketCb = socketCbCaptor.value
+        postSync { socketCb.onSocketCreated(TEST_SOCKETKEY_1, mockSocket1, listOf(TEST_LINKADDR)) }
+
+        val intAdvCbCaptor1 = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(MdnsInterfaceAdvertiser.Callback::class.java)
+        verify(mockDeps).makeAdvertiser(
+            eq(mockSocket1),
+            eq(listOf(TEST_LINKADDR)),
+            eq(thread.looper),
+            any(),
+            intAdvCbCaptor1.capture(),
+            eq(TEST_HOSTNAME),
+            any(),
+            any()
+        )
+
+        doReturn(false).`when`(mockInterfaceAdvertiser1).isProbing(SERVICE_ID_1)
+        postSync {
+            intAdvCbCaptor1.value.onServiceProbingSucceeded(mockInterfaceAdvertiser1, SERVICE_ID_1)
+        }
+
+        verify(cb, never()).onOffloadStartOrUpdate(eq(TEST_INTERFACE1), any())
+    }
+
+    @Test
     fun testAddService_NoSubtypeForGoogleCastOffload() {
         val advertiser =
             MdnsAdvertiser(thread.looper, socketProvider, cb, mockDeps, sharedlog, flags, context)
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsDiscoveryManagerTests.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsDiscoveryManagerTests.java
index 71a3274..758b822 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsDiscoveryManagerTests.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsDiscoveryManagerTests.java
@@ -19,8 +19,6 @@
 import static com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRuleKt.SC_V2;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
-import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
-import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
@@ -35,12 +33,10 @@
 import android.net.Network;
 import android.os.Handler;
 import android.os.HandlerThread;
-import android.testing.TestableLooper;
 import android.text.TextUtils;
 import android.util.Pair;
 
 import com.android.net.module.util.SharedLog;
-import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsDiscoveryManager.DiscoveryExecutor;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsSocketClientBase.SocketCreationCallback;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
@@ -60,9 +56,7 @@
 import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.Collections;
 import java.util.List;
-import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
 import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService;
-import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
 
 /** Tests for {@link MdnsDiscoveryManager}. */
 @DevSdkIgnoreRunner.MonitorThreadLeak
@@ -435,45 +429,6 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testDiscoveryExecutor() throws Exception {
-        final TestableLooper testableLooper = new TestableLooper(thread.getLooper());
-        final DiscoveryExecutor executor = new DiscoveryExecutor(testableLooper.getLooper());
-        try {
-            // Verify the checkAndRunOnHandlerThread method
-            final CompletableFuture<Boolean> future1 = new CompletableFuture<>();
-            executor.checkAndRunOnHandlerThread(()-> future1.complete(true));
-            assertTrue(future1.get(DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
-
-            // Verify the execute method
-            final CompletableFuture<Boolean> future2 = new CompletableFuture<>();
-            executor.execute(()-> future2.complete(true));
-            testableLooper.processAllMessages();
-            assertTrue(future2.get(DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
-
-            // Verify the executeDelayed method
-            final CompletableFuture<Boolean> future3 = new CompletableFuture<>();
-            // Schedule a task with 999 ms delay
-            executor.executeDelayed(()-> future3.complete(true), 999L);
-            testableLooper.processAllMessages();
-            assertFalse(future3.isDone());
-
-            // 500 ms have elapsed but do not exceed the target time (999 ms)
-            // The function should not be executed.
-            testableLooper.moveTimeForward(500L);
-            testableLooper.processAllMessages();
-            assertFalse(future3.isDone());
-
-            // 500 ms have elapsed again and have exceeded the target time (999 ms).
-            // The function should be executed.
-            testableLooper.moveTimeForward(500L);
-            testableLooper.processAllMessages();
-            assertTrue(future3.get(500L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
-        } finally {
-            testableLooper.destroy();
-        }
-    }
-
-    @Test
     public void testRemoveServicesAfterAllListenersUnregistered() throws IOException {
         final MdnsFeatureFlags mdnsFeatureFlags = MdnsFeatureFlags.newBuilder()
                 .setIsCachedServicesRemovalEnabled(true)
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceCacheTest.kt b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceCacheTest.kt
index 0a8f108..976dfa9 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceCacheTest.kt
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceCacheTest.kt
@@ -208,7 +208,10 @@
     @Test
     fun testServiceExpiredAndSendCallbacks() {
         val serviceCache = MdnsServiceCache(
-                thread.looper, makeFlags(isExpiredServicesRemovalEnabled = true), clock)
+                thread.looper,
+            makeFlags(isExpiredServicesRemovalEnabled = true),
+            clock
+        )
         // Register service expired callbacks
         val callback1 = ExpiredRecord()
         val callback2 = ExpiredRecord()
@@ -218,12 +221,21 @@
         doReturn(TEST_ELAPSED_REALTIME_MS).`when`(clock).elapsedRealtime()
 
         // Add multiple services with different ttl time.
-        addOrUpdateService(serviceCache, cacheKey1, createResponse(SERVICE_NAME_1, SERVICE_TYPE_1,
-                DEFAULT_TTL_TIME_MS))
-        addOrUpdateService(serviceCache, cacheKey1, createResponse(SERVICE_NAME_2, SERVICE_TYPE_1,
-                DEFAULT_TTL_TIME_MS + 20L))
-        addOrUpdateService(serviceCache, cacheKey2, createResponse(SERVICE_NAME_3, SERVICE_TYPE_2,
-                DEFAULT_TTL_TIME_MS + 10L))
+        addOrUpdateService(serviceCache, cacheKey1, createResponse(
+            SERVICE_NAME_1,
+            SERVICE_TYPE_1,
+                DEFAULT_TTL_TIME_MS
+        ))
+        addOrUpdateService(serviceCache, cacheKey1, createResponse(
+            SERVICE_NAME_2,
+            SERVICE_TYPE_1,
+                DEFAULT_TTL_TIME_MS + 20L
+        ))
+        addOrUpdateService(serviceCache, cacheKey2, createResponse(
+            SERVICE_NAME_3,
+            SERVICE_TYPE_2,
+                DEFAULT_TTL_TIME_MS + 10L
+        ))
 
         // Check the service expiration immediately. Should be no callback.
         assertEquals(2, getServices(serviceCache, cacheKey1).size)
@@ -252,16 +264,25 @@
     @Test
     fun testRemoveExpiredServiceWhenGetting() {
         val serviceCache = MdnsServiceCache(
-                thread.looper, makeFlags(isExpiredServicesRemovalEnabled = true), clock)
+                thread.looper,
+            makeFlags(isExpiredServicesRemovalEnabled = true),
+            clock
+        )
 
         doReturn(TEST_ELAPSED_REALTIME_MS).`when`(clock).elapsedRealtime()
-        addOrUpdateService(serviceCache, cacheKey1,
-                createResponse(SERVICE_NAME_1, SERVICE_TYPE_1, 1L /* ttlTime */))
+        addOrUpdateService(
+            serviceCache,
+            cacheKey1,
+                createResponse(SERVICE_NAME_1, SERVICE_TYPE_1, 1L /* ttlTime */)
+        )
         doReturn(TEST_ELAPSED_REALTIME_MS + 2L).`when`(clock).elapsedRealtime()
         assertNull(getService(serviceCache, SERVICE_NAME_1, cacheKey1))
 
-        addOrUpdateService(serviceCache, cacheKey2,
-                createResponse(SERVICE_NAME_2, SERVICE_TYPE_2, 3L /* ttlTime */))
+        addOrUpdateService(
+            serviceCache,
+            cacheKey2,
+                createResponse(SERVICE_NAME_2, SERVICE_TYPE_2, 3L /* ttlTime */)
+        )
         doReturn(TEST_ELAPSED_REALTIME_MS + 4L).`when`(clock).elapsedRealtime()
         assertEquals(0, getServices(serviceCache, cacheKey2).size)
     }
@@ -334,8 +355,11 @@
     ): MdnsResponse {
         val serviceName = "$serviceInstanceName.$serviceType".split(".").toTypedArray()
         val response = MdnsResponse(
-                0 /* now */, "$serviceInstanceName.$serviceType".split(".").toTypedArray(),
-                socketKey.interfaceIndex, socketKey.network)
+                0 /* now */,
+            "$serviceInstanceName.$serviceType".split(".").toTypedArray(),
+                socketKey.interfaceIndex,
+            socketKey.network
+        )
 
         // Set PTR record
         val pointerRecord = MdnsPointerRecord(
@@ -343,7 +367,8 @@
                 TEST_ELAPSED_REALTIME_MS /* receiptTimeMillis */,
                 false /* cacheFlush */,
                 ttlTime /* ttlMillis */,
-                serviceName)
+                serviceName
+        )
         response.addPointerRecord(pointerRecord)
 
         // Set SRV record.
@@ -355,7 +380,8 @@
                 0 /* servicePriority */,
                 0 /* serviceWeight */,
                 12345 /* port */,
-                arrayOf("hostname"))
+                arrayOf("hostname")
+        )
         response.serviceRecord = serviceRecord
         return response
     }
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceTypeClientTests.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceTypeClientTests.java
index 67f9d9c..dad03e0 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceTypeClientTests.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceTypeClientTests.java
@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@
 import android.text.TextUtils;
 
 import com.android.net.module.util.CollectionUtils;
+import com.android.net.module.util.RealtimeScheduler;
 import com.android.net.module.util.SharedLog;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsServiceInfo.TextEntry;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.util.MdnsUtils;
@@ -127,6 +128,8 @@
     private SharedLog mockSharedLog;
     @Mock
     private MdnsServiceTypeClient.Dependencies mockDeps;
+    @Mock
+    private RealtimeScheduler mockRealtimeScheduler;
     @Captor
     private ArgumentCaptor<MdnsServiceInfo> serviceInfoCaptor;
 
@@ -145,6 +148,7 @@
     private Message delayMessage = null;
     private Handler realHandler = null;
     private MdnsFeatureFlags featureFlags = MdnsFeatureFlags.newBuilder().build();
+    private Message message = null;
 
     @Before
     @SuppressWarnings("DoNotMock")
@@ -244,10 +248,21 @@
             return true;
         }).when(mockDeps).sendMessage(any(Handler.class), any(Message.class));
 
-        client = makeMdnsServiceTypeClient();
+        doAnswer(inv -> {
+            realHandler = (Handler) inv.getArguments()[0];
+            return mockRealtimeScheduler;
+        }).when(mockDeps).createRealtimeScheduler(any(Handler.class));
+
+        doAnswer(inv -> {
+            message = (Message) inv.getArguments()[0];
+            latestDelayMs = (long) inv.getArguments()[1];
+            return null;
+        }).when(mockRealtimeScheduler).sendDelayedMessage(any(), anyLong());
+
+        client = makeMdnsServiceTypeClient(featureFlags);
     }
 
-    private MdnsServiceTypeClient makeMdnsServiceTypeClient() {
+    private MdnsServiceTypeClient makeMdnsServiceTypeClient(MdnsFeatureFlags featureFlags) {
         return new MdnsServiceTypeClient(SERVICE_TYPE, mockSocketClient, currentThreadExecutor,
                 mockDecoderClock, socketKey, mockSharedLog, thread.getLooper(), mockDeps,
                 serviceCache, featureFlags);
@@ -1926,9 +1941,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testSendQueryWithKnownAnswers() throws Exception {
-        client = new MdnsServiceTypeClient(SERVICE_TYPE, mockSocketClient, currentThreadExecutor,
-                mockDecoderClock, socketKey, mockSharedLog, thread.getLooper(), mockDeps,
-                serviceCache,
+        client = makeMdnsServiceTypeClient(
                 MdnsFeatureFlags.newBuilder().setIsQueryWithKnownAnswerEnabled(true).build());
 
         doCallRealMethod().when(mockDeps).getDatagramPacketsFromMdnsPacket(
@@ -1990,9 +2003,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testSendQueryWithSubTypeWithKnownAnswers() throws Exception {
-        client = new MdnsServiceTypeClient(SERVICE_TYPE, mockSocketClient, currentThreadExecutor,
-                mockDecoderClock, socketKey, mockSharedLog, thread.getLooper(), mockDeps,
-                serviceCache,
+        client = makeMdnsServiceTypeClient(
                 MdnsFeatureFlags.newBuilder().setIsQueryWithKnownAnswerEnabled(true).build());
 
         doCallRealMethod().when(mockDeps).getDatagramPacketsFromMdnsPacket(
@@ -2114,6 +2125,73 @@
         assertEquals(9680L, latestDelayMs);
     }
 
+    @Test
+    public void sendQueries_AccurateDelayCallback() {
+        client = makeMdnsServiceTypeClient(
+                MdnsFeatureFlags.newBuilder().setIsAccurateDelayCallbackEnabled(true).build());
+
+        final int numOfQueriesBeforeBackoff = 2;
+        final MdnsSearchOptions searchOptions = MdnsSearchOptions.newBuilder()
+                .addSubtype(SUBTYPE)
+                .setQueryMode(AGGRESSIVE_QUERY_MODE)
+                .setNumOfQueriesBeforeBackoff(numOfQueriesBeforeBackoff)
+                .build();
+        startSendAndReceive(mockListenerOne, searchOptions);
+        verify(mockRealtimeScheduler, times(1)).removeDelayedMessage(EVENT_START_QUERYTASK);
+
+        // Verify that the first query has been sent.
+        verifyAndSendQuery(0 /* index */, 0 /* timeInMs */, true /* expectsUnicastResponse */,
+                true /* multipleSocketDiscovery */, 1 /* scheduledCount */,
+                1 /* sendMessageCount */, true /* useAccurateDelayCallback */);
+
+        // Verify that the second query has been sent
+        verifyAndSendQuery(1 /* index */, 0 /* timeInMs */, false /* expectsUnicastResponse */,
+                true /* multipleSocketDiscovery */, 2 /* scheduledCount */,
+                2 /* sendMessageCount */, true /* useAccurateDelayCallback */);
+
+        // Verify that the third query has been sent
+        verifyAndSendQuery(2 /* index */, TIME_BETWEEN_RETRANSMISSION_QUERIES_IN_BURST_MS,
+                false /* expectsUnicastResponse */, true /* multipleSocketDiscovery */,
+                3 /* scheduledCount */, 3 /* sendMessageCount */,
+                true /* useAccurateDelayCallback */);
+
+        // In backoff mode, the current scheduled task will be canceled and reschedule if the
+        // 0.8 * smallestRemainingTtl is larger than time to next run.
+        long currentTime = TEST_TTL / 2 + TEST_ELAPSED_REALTIME;
+        doReturn(currentTime).when(mockDecoderClock).elapsedRealtime();
+        doReturn(true).when(mockRealtimeScheduler).hasDelayedMessage(EVENT_START_QUERYTASK);
+        processResponse(createResponse(
+                "service-instance-1", "192.0.2.123", 5353,
+                SERVICE_TYPE_LABELS,
+                Collections.emptyMap(), TEST_TTL), socketKey);
+        // Verify that the message removal occurred.
+        verify(mockRealtimeScheduler, times(6)).removeDelayedMessage(EVENT_START_QUERYTASK);
+        assertNotNull(message);
+        verifyAndSendQuery(3 /* index */, (long) (TEST_TTL / 2 * 0.8) /* timeInMs */,
+                true /* expectsUnicastResponse */, true /* multipleSocketDiscovery */,
+                5 /* scheduledCount */, 4 /* sendMessageCount */,
+                true /* useAccurateDelayCallback */);
+
+        // Stop sending packets.
+        stopSendAndReceive(mockListenerOne);
+        verify(mockRealtimeScheduler, times(8)).removeDelayedMessage(EVENT_START_QUERYTASK);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTimerFdCloseProperly() {
+        client = makeMdnsServiceTypeClient(
+                MdnsFeatureFlags.newBuilder().setIsAccurateDelayCallbackEnabled(true).build());
+
+        // Start query
+        startSendAndReceive(mockListenerOne, MdnsSearchOptions.newBuilder().build());
+        verify(mockRealtimeScheduler, times(1)).removeDelayedMessage(EVENT_START_QUERYTASK);
+
+        // Stop query and verify the close() method has been called.
+        stopSendAndReceive(mockListenerOne);
+        verify(mockRealtimeScheduler, times(2)).removeDelayedMessage(EVENT_START_QUERYTASK);
+        verify(mockRealtimeScheduler).close();
+    }
+
     private static MdnsServiceInfo matchServiceName(String name) {
         return argThat(info -> info.getServiceInstanceName().equals(name));
     }
@@ -2127,9 +2205,22 @@
 
     private void verifyAndSendQuery(int index, long timeInMs, boolean expectsUnicastResponse,
             boolean multipleSocketDiscovery, int scheduledCount) {
-        // Dispatch the message
-        if (delayMessage != null && realHandler != null) {
-            dispatchMessage();
+        verifyAndSendQuery(index, timeInMs, expectsUnicastResponse,
+                multipleSocketDiscovery, scheduledCount, index + 1 /* sendMessageCount */,
+                false /* useAccurateDelayCallback */);
+    }
+
+    private void verifyAndSendQuery(int index, long timeInMs, boolean expectsUnicastResponse,
+            boolean multipleSocketDiscovery, int scheduledCount, int sendMessageCount,
+            boolean useAccurateDelayCallback) {
+        if (useAccurateDelayCallback && message != null && realHandler != null) {
+            runOnHandler(() -> realHandler.dispatchMessage(message));
+            message = null;
+        } else {
+            // Dispatch the message
+            if (delayMessage != null && realHandler != null) {
+                dispatchMessage();
+            }
         }
         assertEquals(timeInMs, latestDelayMs);
         currentThreadExecutor.getAndClearLastScheduledRunnable().run();
@@ -2152,11 +2243,16 @@
                         eq(socketKey), eq(false));
             }
         }
-        verify(mockDeps, times(index + 1))
+        verify(mockDeps, times(sendMessageCount))
                 .sendMessage(any(Handler.class), any(Message.class));
         // Verify the task has been scheduled.
-        verify(mockDeps, times(scheduledCount))
-                .sendMessageDelayed(any(Handler.class), any(Message.class), anyLong());
+        if (useAccurateDelayCallback) {
+            verify(mockRealtimeScheduler, times(scheduledCount))
+                    .sendDelayedMessage(any(), anyLong());
+        } else {
+            verify(mockDeps, times(scheduledCount))
+                    .sendMessageDelayed(any(Handler.class), any(Message.class), anyLong());
+        }
     }
 
     private static String[] getTestServiceName(String instanceName) {
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivityservice/CSLocalNetworkProtectionTest.kt b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivityservice/CSLocalNetworkProtectionTest.kt
index 5bf6e04..84c9835 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivityservice/CSLocalNetworkProtectionTest.kt
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivityservice/CSLocalNetworkProtectionTest.kt
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith
 import org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq
 import org.mockito.Mockito.never
+import org.mockito.Mockito.times
 import org.mockito.Mockito.verify
 
 private const val LONG_TIMEOUT_MS = 5_000
@@ -45,6 +46,7 @@
 private const val PREFIX_LENGTH_IPV6 = 32
 private const val WIFI_IFNAME = "wlan0"
 private const val WIFI_IFNAME_2 = "wlan1"
+private const val WIFI_IFNAME_3 = "wlan2"
 
 private val wifiNc = NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
         .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
@@ -78,6 +80,20 @@
         LOCAL_IPV6_IP_ADDRESS_PREFIX.getPrefixLength()
     )
 
+    private val LOCAL_IPV6_IP_ADDRESS_2_PREFIX =
+            IpPrefix("2601:19b:67f:e220:1cf1:35ff:fe8c:db87/64")
+    private val LOCAL_IPV6_LINK_ADDRESS_2 = LinkAddress(
+            LOCAL_IPV6_IP_ADDRESS_2_PREFIX.getAddress(),
+            LOCAL_IPV6_IP_ADDRESS_2_PREFIX.getPrefixLength()
+    )
+
+    private val LOCAL_IPV6_IP_ADDRESS_3_PREFIX =
+            IpPrefix("fe80::/10")
+    private val LOCAL_IPV6_LINK_ADDRESS_3 = LinkAddress(
+            LOCAL_IPV6_IP_ADDRESS_3_PREFIX.getAddress(),
+            LOCAL_IPV6_IP_ADDRESS_3_PREFIX.getPrefixLength()
+    )
+
     private val LOCAL_IPV4_IP_ADDRESS_PREFIX_1 = IpPrefix("10.0.0.184/24")
     private val LOCAL_IPV4_LINK_ADDRRESS_1 =
         LinkAddress(
@@ -190,7 +206,7 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    fun testStackedLinkPropertiesWithDifferentLinkAddresses_AddressAddedInBpfMap() {
+    fun testAddingThenRemovingStackedLinkProperties_AddressAddedThenRemovedInBpfMap() {
         val nr = nr(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
         val cb = TestableNetworkCallback()
         cm.requestNetwork(nr, cb)
@@ -230,49 +246,6 @@
         )
         // As both addresses are in stacked links, so no address should be removed from the map.
         verify(bpfNetMaps, never()).removeLocalNetAccess(any(), any(), any(), any(), any())
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    fun testRemovingStackedLinkProperties_AddressRemovedInBpfMap() {
-        val nr = nr(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
-        val cb = TestableNetworkCallback()
-        cm.requestNetwork(nr, cb)
-
-        val wifiLp = lp(WIFI_IFNAME, LOCAL_IPV6_LINK_ADDRESS)
-        val wifiLp2 = lp(WIFI_IFNAME_2, LOCAL_IPV4_LINK_ADDRRESS_1)
-        // populating stacked link
-        wifiLp.addStackedLink(wifiLp2)
-        val wifiAgent = Agent(nc = wifiNc, lp = wifiLp)
-        wifiAgent.connect()
-        cb.expectAvailableCallbacks(wifiAgent.network, validated = false)
-
-        // Multicast and Broadcast address should always be populated in local_net_access map
-        verifyPopulationOfMulticastAndBroadcastAddress()
-        // Verifying IPv6 address should be populated in local_net_access map
-        verify(bpfNetMaps).addLocalNetAccess(
-                eq(PREFIX_LENGTH_IPV6 + LOCAL_IPV6_IP_ADDRESS_PREFIX.getPrefixLength()),
-                eq(WIFI_IFNAME),
-                eq(LOCAL_IPV6_IP_ADDRESS_PREFIX.getAddress()),
-                eq(0),
-                eq(0),
-                eq(false)
-        )
-
-        // Multicast and Broadcast address should always be populated on stacked link
-        // in local_net_access map
-        verifyPopulationOfMulticastAndBroadcastAddress(WIFI_IFNAME_2)
-        // Verifying IPv4 matching prefix(10.0.0.0/8) should be populated as part of stacked link
-        // in local_net_access map
-        verify(bpfNetMaps).addLocalNetAccess(
-                eq(PREFIX_LENGTH_IPV4 + 8),
-                eq(WIFI_IFNAME_2),
-                eq(InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("10.0.0.0")),
-                eq(0),
-                eq(0),
-                eq(false)
-        )
-        // As both addresses are in stacked links, so no address should be removed from the map.
-        verify(bpfNetMaps, never()).removeLocalNetAccess(any(), any(), any(), any(), any())
 
         // replacing link properties without stacked links
         val wifiLp_3 = lp(WIFI_IFNAME, LOCAL_IPV6_LINK_ADDRESS)
@@ -290,6 +263,107 @@
     }
 
     @Test
+    fun testChangeStackedLinkProperties_AddressReplacedBpfMap() {
+        val nr = nr(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+        val cb = TestableNetworkCallback()
+        cm.requestNetwork(nr, cb)
+
+        val wifiLp = lp(WIFI_IFNAME, LOCAL_IPV6_LINK_ADDRESS)
+        val wifiLp2 = lp(WIFI_IFNAME_2, LOCAL_IPV4_LINK_ADDRRESS_1)
+        // populating stacked link
+        wifiLp.addStackedLink(wifiLp2)
+        val wifiAgent = Agent(nc = wifiNc, lp = wifiLp)
+        wifiAgent.connect()
+        cb.expectAvailableCallbacks(wifiAgent.network, validated = false)
+
+        // Multicast and Broadcast address should always be populated in local_net_access map
+        verifyPopulationOfMulticastAndBroadcastAddress()
+        // Verifying IPv6 address should be populated in local_net_access map
+        verify(bpfNetMaps).addLocalNetAccess(
+                eq(PREFIX_LENGTH_IPV6 + LOCAL_IPV6_IP_ADDRESS_PREFIX.getPrefixLength()),
+                eq(WIFI_IFNAME),
+                eq(LOCAL_IPV6_IP_ADDRESS_PREFIX.getAddress()),
+                eq(0),
+                eq(0),
+                eq(false)
+        )
+
+        // Multicast and Broadcast address should always be populated on stacked link
+        // in local_net_access map
+        verifyPopulationOfMulticastAndBroadcastAddress(WIFI_IFNAME_2)
+        // Verifying IPv4 matching prefix(10.0.0.0/8) should be populated as part of stacked link
+        // in local_net_access map
+        verify(bpfNetMaps).addLocalNetAccess(
+                eq(PREFIX_LENGTH_IPV4 + 8),
+                eq(WIFI_IFNAME_2),
+                eq(InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("10.0.0.0")),
+                eq(0),
+                eq(0),
+                eq(false)
+        )
+        // As both addresses are in stacked links, so no address should be removed from the map.
+        verify(bpfNetMaps, never()).removeLocalNetAccess(any(), any(), any(), any(), any())
+
+        // replacing link properties multiple stacked links
+        val wifiLp_3 = lp(WIFI_IFNAME, LOCAL_IPV6_LINK_ADDRESS_2)
+        val wifiLp_4 = lp(WIFI_IFNAME_2, LOCAL_IPV4_LINK_ADDRRESS_2)
+        val wifiLp_5 = lp(WIFI_IFNAME_3, LOCAL_IPV6_LINK_ADDRESS_3)
+        wifiLp_3.addStackedLink(wifiLp_4)
+        wifiLp_3.addStackedLink(wifiLp_5)
+        wifiAgent.sendLinkProperties(wifiLp_3)
+        cb.expect<LinkPropertiesChanged>(wifiAgent.network)
+
+        // Multicast and Broadcast address should always be populated on stacked link
+        // in local_net_access map
+        verifyPopulationOfMulticastAndBroadcastAddress(WIFI_IFNAME_3)
+        // Verifying new base IPv6 address should be populated in local_net_access map
+        verify(bpfNetMaps).addLocalNetAccess(
+                eq(PREFIX_LENGTH_IPV6 + LOCAL_IPV6_IP_ADDRESS_2_PREFIX.getPrefixLength()),
+                eq(WIFI_IFNAME),
+                eq(LOCAL_IPV6_IP_ADDRESS_2_PREFIX.getAddress()),
+                eq(0),
+                eq(0),
+                eq(false)
+        )
+        // Verifying IPv4 matching prefix(10.0.0.0/8) should be populated as part of stacked link
+        // in local_net_access map
+        verify(bpfNetMaps, times(2)).addLocalNetAccess(
+                eq(PREFIX_LENGTH_IPV4 + 8),
+                eq(WIFI_IFNAME_2),
+                eq(InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("10.0.0.0")),
+                eq(0),
+                eq(0),
+                eq(false)
+        )
+        // Verifying newly stacked IPv6 address should be populated in local_net_access map
+        verify(bpfNetMaps).addLocalNetAccess(
+                eq(PREFIX_LENGTH_IPV6 + LOCAL_IPV6_IP_ADDRESS_3_PREFIX.getPrefixLength()),
+                eq(WIFI_IFNAME_3),
+                eq(LOCAL_IPV6_IP_ADDRESS_3_PREFIX.getAddress()),
+                eq(0),
+                eq(0),
+                eq(false)
+        )
+        // Verifying old base IPv6 address should be removed from local_net_access map
+        verify(bpfNetMaps).removeLocalNetAccess(
+                eq(PREFIX_LENGTH_IPV6 + LOCAL_IPV6_IP_ADDRESS_PREFIX.getPrefixLength()),
+                eq(WIFI_IFNAME),
+                eq(LOCAL_IPV6_IP_ADDRESS_PREFIX.getAddress()),
+                eq(0),
+                eq(0)
+        )
+        // As both stacked links is had same prefix, 10.0.0.0/8 should not be removed from
+        // local_net_access map.
+        verify(bpfNetMaps, never()).removeLocalNetAccess(
+                eq(PREFIX_LENGTH_IPV4 + 8),
+                eq(WIFI_IFNAME_2),
+                eq(InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("10.0.0.0")),
+                eq(0),
+                eq(0)
+        )
+    }
+
+    @Test
     fun testChangeLinkPropertiesWithLinkAddressesInSameRange_AddressIntactInBpfMap() {
         val nr = nr(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
         val cb = TestableNetworkCallback()
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/HeaderCompressionUtilsTest.kt b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/HeaderCompressionUtilsTest.kt
index 8431194..7ebe384 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/HeaderCompressionUtilsTest.kt
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/HeaderCompressionUtilsTest.kt
@@ -17,12 +17,14 @@
 package com.android.server.net
 
 import android.os.Build
+import com.android.internal.util.HexDump
 import com.android.testutils.ConnectivityModuleTest
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner
-import com.android.internal.util.HexDump
 import com.google.common.truth.Truth.assertThat
-
+import java.io.IOException
+import java.nio.BufferUnderflowException
+import kotlin.test.assertFailsWith
 import org.junit.Test
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith
 
@@ -184,6 +186,83 @@
     }
 
     @Test
+    fun testHeaderDecompression_invalidPacket() {
+        // 1-byte packet
+        var input = "60"
+        assertFailsWith(BufferUnderflowException::class) { decompressHex(input) }
+
+        // Short packet -- incomplete header
+        // TF: 11, NH: 0, HLIM: 11, CID: 0, SAC: 0, SAM: 10, M: 1, DAC: 0, DAM: 11
+        input  = "7b2b" +
+                 "44" +                               // next header
+                 "1234"                               // source
+        assertFailsWith(BufferUnderflowException::class) { decompressHex(input) }
+
+        // Packet starts with 0b111 instead of 0b011
+        // TF: 11, NH: 0, HLIM: 11, CID: 0, SAC: 0, SAM: 10, M: 1, DAC: 0, DAM: 11
+        input  = "fb2b" +
+                 "44" +                               // next header
+                 "1234" +                             // source
+                 "89" +                               // dest
+                 "abcdef01"                           // payload
+        assertFailsWith(IOException::class) { decompressHex(input) }
+
+        // Illegal option NH = 1. Note that the packet is not valid as the code should throw as soon
+        // as the illegal option is encountered.
+        // TF: 11, NH: 1, HLIM: 11, CID: 0, SAC: 0, SAM: 10, M: 1, DAC: 0, DAM: 11
+        input  = "7f2b" +
+                 "1234" +                             // source
+                 "89" +                               // dest
+                 "e0"                                 // Hop-by-hop options NHC
+        assertFailsWith(IOException::class) { decompressHex(input) }
+
+        // Illegal option CID = 1.
+        // TF: 11, NH: 0, HLIM: 11, CID: 1, SAC: 0, SAM: 10, M: 1, DAC: 0, DAM: 11
+        input  = "7bab00" +
+                 "1234" +                             // source
+                 "89" +                               // dest
+                 "e0"                                 // Hop-by-hop options NHC
+        assertFailsWith(IOException::class) { decompressHex(input) }
+
+        // Illegal option SAC = 1.
+        // TF: 11, NH: 0, HLIM: 11, CID: 0, SAC: 1, SAM: 10, M: 1, DAC: 0, DAM: 11
+        input  = "7b6b" +
+                 "1234" +                             // source
+                 "89" +                               // dest
+                 "e0"                                 // Hop-by-hop options NHC
+        assertFailsWith(IOException::class) { decompressHex(input) }
+
+        // Illegal option DAC = 1.
+        // TF: 10, NH: 0, HLIM: 10, CID: 0, SAC: 0, SAM: 10, M: 0, DAC: 1, DAM: 10
+        input  = "7226" +
+                 "cc" +                               // traffic class
+                 "43" +                               // next header
+                 "1234" +                             // source
+                 "abcd" +                             // dest
+                 "abcdef"                             // payload
+        assertFailsWith(IOException::class) { decompressHex(input) }
+
+
+        // Unsupported option DAM = 11
+        // TF: 10, NH: 0, HLIM: 10, CID: 0, SAC: 0, SAM: 10, M: 0, DAC: 0, DAM: 11
+        input  = "7223" +
+                 "cc" +                               // traffic class
+                 "43" +                               // next header
+                 "1234" +                             // source
+                 "abcdef"                             // payload
+        assertFailsWith(IOException::class) { decompressHex(input) }
+
+        // Unsupported option SAM = 11
+        // TF: 10, NH: 0, HLIM: 10, CID: 0, SAC: 0, SAM: 11, M: 0, DAC: 0, DAM: 10
+        input  = "7232" +
+                 "cc" +                               // traffic class
+                 "43" +                               // next header
+                 "abcd" +                             // dest
+                 "abcdef"                             // payload
+        assertFailsWith(IOException::class) { decompressHex(input) }
+    }
+
+    @Test
     fun testHeaderCompression() {
         val input  = "60120304000011fffe800000000000000000000000000001fe800000000000000000000000000002"
         val output = "60000102030411fffe800000000000000000000000000001fe800000000000000000000000000002"
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsServiceTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsServiceTest.java
index 697bf9e..c5929f1 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsServiceTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsServiceTest.java
@@ -65,7 +65,6 @@
 import static android.text.format.DateUtils.MINUTE_IN_MILLIS;
 import static android.text.format.DateUtils.WEEK_IN_MILLIS;
 
-import static com.android.dx.mockito.inline.extended.ExtendedMockito.doThrow;
 import static com.android.server.net.NetworkStatsEventLogger.POLL_REASON_RAT_CHANGED;
 import static com.android.server.net.NetworkStatsEventLogger.PollEvent.pollReasonNameOf;
 import static com.android.server.net.NetworkStatsService.ACTION_NETWORK_STATS_POLL;
@@ -96,6 +95,7 @@
 import static org.mockito.Matchers.eq;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.doAnswer;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doThrow;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.never;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.reset;
diff --git a/thread/framework/java/android/net/thread/ThreadNetworkController.java b/thread/framework/java/android/net/thread/ThreadNetworkController.java
index 73a6bda..b649716 100644
--- a/thread/framework/java/android/net/thread/ThreadNetworkController.java
+++ b/thread/framework/java/android/net/thread/ThreadNetworkController.java
@@ -227,8 +227,8 @@
      * specific error:
      *
      * <ul>
-     *   <li>{@link ThreadNetworkException#ERROR_FAILED_PRECONDITION} when this device is not
-     *       attached to Thread network
+     *   <li>{@link ThreadNetworkException#ERROR_FAILED_PRECONDITION} when this device is not a
+     *       Border Router or not attached to Thread network
      *   <li>{@link ThreadNetworkException#ERROR_BUSY} when ephemeral key mode is already activated
      *       on the device, caller can recover from this error when the ephemeral key mode gets
      *       deactivated
@@ -267,7 +267,8 @@
      * connection will be terminated.
      *
      * <p>On success, {@link OutcomeReceiver#onResult} of {@code receiver} is called. The call will
-     * always succeed if the device is not in ephemeral key mode.
+     * always succeed if the device is not in ephemeral key mode. It returns an error {@link
+     * ThreadNetworkException#ERROR_FAILED_PRECONDITION} if this device is not a Border Router.
      *
      * @param executor the executor to execute {@code receiver}
      * @param receiver the receiver to receive the result of this operation
diff --git a/thread/service/java/com/android/server/thread/ThreadNetworkControllerService.java b/thread/service/java/com/android/server/thread/ThreadNetworkControllerService.java
index af16d19..7063357 100644
--- a/thread/service/java/com/android/server/thread/ThreadNetworkControllerService.java
+++ b/thread/service/java/com/android/server/thread/ThreadNetworkControllerService.java
@@ -559,7 +559,7 @@
             // The persistent setting keeps the desired enabled state, thus it's set regardless
             // the otDaemon set enabled state operation succeeded or not, so that it can recover
             // to the desired value after reboot.
-            mPersistentSettings.put(ThreadPersistentSettings.THREAD_ENABLED.key, isEnabled);
+            mPersistentSettings.put(ThreadPersistentSettings.KEY_THREAD_ENABLED, isEnabled);
         }
 
         try {
@@ -743,7 +743,7 @@
     private boolean shouldEnableThread() {
         return !mForceStopOtDaemonEnabled
                 && !mUserRestricted
-                && mPersistentSettings.get(ThreadPersistentSettings.THREAD_ENABLED);
+                && mPersistentSettings.get(ThreadPersistentSettings.KEY_THREAD_ENABLED);
     }
 
     private void requestUpstreamNetwork() {
@@ -879,10 +879,8 @@
                         .addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED);
         final var scoreBuilder = new NetworkScore.Builder();
 
-        if (isBorderRouterMode()) {
-            netCapsBuilder.addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_LOCAL_NETWORK);
-            scoreBuilder.setKeepConnectedReason(NetworkScore.KEEP_CONNECTED_LOCAL_NETWORK);
-        }
+        netCapsBuilder.addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_LOCAL_NETWORK);
+        scoreBuilder.setKeepConnectedReason(NetworkScore.KEEP_CONNECTED_LOCAL_NETWORK);
 
         return new NetworkAgent(
                 mContext,
@@ -890,7 +888,7 @@
                 LOG.getTag(),
                 netCapsBuilder.build(),
                 getTunIfLinkProperties(),
-                isBorderRouterMode() ? newLocalNetworkConfig() : null,
+                newLocalNetworkConfig(),
                 scoreBuilder.build(),
                 new NetworkAgentConfig.Builder().build(),
                 mNetworkProvider) {
@@ -899,9 +897,8 @@
             @Override
             public void onNetworkUnwanted() {
                 LOG.i("Thread network is unwanted by ConnectivityService");
-                if (!isBorderRouterMode()) {
-                    leave(false /* eraseDataset */, new LoggingOperationReceiver("leave"));
-                }
+                // TODO(b/374037595): leave() the current network when the new APIs for mobile
+                // is available
             }
         };
     }
diff --git a/thread/service/java/com/android/server/thread/ThreadNetworkCountryCode.java b/thread/service/java/com/android/server/thread/ThreadNetworkCountryCode.java
index 2cd34e8..ff0e2c1 100644
--- a/thread/service/java/com/android/server/thread/ThreadNetworkCountryCode.java
+++ b/thread/service/java/com/android/server/thread/ThreadNetworkCountryCode.java
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 
 package com.android.server.thread;
 
-import static com.android.server.thread.ThreadPersistentSettings.THREAD_COUNTRY_CODE;
+import static com.android.server.thread.ThreadPersistentSettings.KEY_COUNTRY_CODE;
 
 import android.annotation.Nullable;
 import android.annotation.StringDef;
@@ -496,7 +496,7 @@
             return mLocationCountryCodeInfo;
         }
 
-        String settingsCountryCode = mPersistentSettings.get(THREAD_COUNTRY_CODE);
+        String settingsCountryCode = mPersistentSettings.get(KEY_COUNTRY_CODE);
         if (settingsCountryCode != null) {
             return new CountryCodeInfo(settingsCountryCode, COUNTRY_CODE_SOURCE_SETTINGS);
         }
@@ -514,8 +514,7 @@
             public void onSuccess() {
                 synchronized ("ThreadNetworkCountryCode.this") {
                     mCurrentCountryCodeInfo = countryCodeInfo;
-                    mPersistentSettings.put(
-                            THREAD_COUNTRY_CODE.key, countryCodeInfo.getCountryCode());
+                    mPersistentSettings.put(KEY_COUNTRY_CODE, countryCodeInfo.getCountryCode());
                 }
             }
 
diff --git a/thread/service/java/com/android/server/thread/ThreadPersistentSettings.java b/thread/service/java/com/android/server/thread/ThreadPersistentSettings.java
index 746b587..fd6dec7 100644
--- a/thread/service/java/com/android/server/thread/ThreadPersistentSettings.java
+++ b/thread/service/java/com/android/server/thread/ThreadPersistentSettings.java
@@ -40,6 +40,8 @@
 import java.io.FileOutputStream;
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
 
 /**
  * Store persistent data for Thread network settings. These are key (string) / value pairs that are
@@ -53,54 +55,55 @@
     /** File name used for storing settings. */
     private static final String FILE_NAME = "ThreadPersistentSettings.xml";
 
-    /** Current config store data version. This will be incremented for any additions. */
+    /** Current config store data version. This MUST be incremented for any incompatible changes. */
     private static final int CURRENT_SETTINGS_STORE_DATA_VERSION = 1;
 
     /**
      * Stores the version of the data. This can be used to handle migration of data if some
      * non-backward compatible change introduced.
      */
-    private static final String VERSION_KEY = "version";
+    private static final String KEY_VERSION = "version";
 
-    /******** Thread persistent setting keys ***************/
-    /** Stores the Thread feature toggle state, true for enabled and false for disabled. */
-    public static final Key<Boolean> THREAD_ENABLED = new Key<>("thread_enabled", true);
+    /**
+     * Saves the boolean flag for Thread being enabled. The value defaults to resource overlay value
+     * {@code R.bool.config_thread_default_enabled}.
+     */
+    public static final Key<Boolean> KEY_THREAD_ENABLED = new Key<>("thread_enabled");
+
+    /**
+     * Saves the boolean flag for border router being enabled. The value defaults to resource
+     * overlay value {@code R.bool.config_thread_border_router_default_enabled}.
+     */
+    private static final Key<Boolean> KEY_CONFIG_BORDER_ROUTER_ENABLED =
+            new Key<>("config_border_router_enabled");
+
+    /** Stores the Thread NAT64 feature toggle state, true for enabled and false for disabled. */
+    private static final Key<Boolean> KEY_CONFIG_NAT64_ENABLED = new Key<>("config_nat64_enabled");
+
+    /**
+     * Stores the Thread DHCPv6-PD feature toggle state, true for enabled and false for disabled.
+     */
+    private static final Key<Boolean> KEY_CONFIG_DHCP6_PD_ENABLED =
+            new Key<>("config_dhcp6_pd_enabled");
 
     /**
      * Indicates that Thread was enabled (i.e. via the setEnabled() API) when the airplane mode is
      * turned on in settings. When this value is {@code true}, the current airplane mode state will
      * be ignored when evaluating the Thread enabled state.
      */
-    public static final Key<Boolean> THREAD_ENABLED_IN_AIRPLANE_MODE =
-            new Key<>("thread_enabled_in_airplane_mode", false);
+    public static final Key<Boolean> KEY_THREAD_ENABLED_IN_AIRPLANE_MODE =
+            new Key<>("thread_enabled_in_airplane_mode");
 
     /** Stores the Thread country code, null if no country code is stored. */
-    public static final Key<String> THREAD_COUNTRY_CODE = new Key<>("thread_country_code", null);
-
-    /**
-     * Saves the boolean flag for border router being enabled. The value defaults to {@code true} if
-     * this config is missing.
-     */
-    private static final Key<Boolean> CONFIG_BORDER_ROUTER_ENABLED =
-            new Key<>("config_border_router_enabled", true);
-
-    /** Stores the Thread NAT64 feature toggle state, true for enabled and false for disabled. */
-    private static final Key<Boolean> CONFIG_NAT64_ENABLED =
-            new Key<>("config_nat64_enabled", false);
-
-    /**
-     * Stores the Thread DHCPv6-PD feature toggle state, true for enabled and false for disabled.
-     */
-    private static final Key<Boolean> CONFIG_DHCP6_PD_ENABLED =
-            new Key<>("config_dhcp6_pd_enabled", false);
-
-    /******** Thread persistent setting keys ***************/
+    public static final Key<String> KEY_COUNTRY_CODE = new Key<>("thread_country_code");
 
     @GuardedBy("mLock")
     private final AtomicFile mAtomicFile;
 
     private final Object mLock = new Object();
 
+    private final Map<String, Object> mDefaultValues = new HashMap<>();
+
     @GuardedBy("mLock")
     private final PersistableBundle mSettings = new PersistableBundle();
 
@@ -116,19 +119,22 @@
     ThreadPersistentSettings(AtomicFile atomicFile, ConnectivityResources resources) {
         mAtomicFile = atomicFile;
         mResources = resources;
+
+        mDefaultValues.put(
+                KEY_THREAD_ENABLED.key,
+                mResources.get().getBoolean(R.bool.config_thread_default_enabled));
+        mDefaultValues.put(
+                KEY_CONFIG_BORDER_ROUTER_ENABLED.key,
+                mResources.get().getBoolean(R.bool.config_thread_border_router_default_enabled));
+        mDefaultValues.put(KEY_CONFIG_NAT64_ENABLED.key, false);
+        mDefaultValues.put(KEY_CONFIG_DHCP6_PD_ENABLED.key, false);
+        mDefaultValues.put(KEY_THREAD_ENABLED_IN_AIRPLANE_MODE.key, false);
+        mDefaultValues.put(KEY_COUNTRY_CODE.key, null);
     }
 
     /** Initialize the settings by reading from the settings file. */
     public void initialize() {
         readFromStoreFile();
-        synchronized (mLock) {
-            if (!mSettings.containsKey(THREAD_ENABLED.key)) {
-                LOG.i("\"thread_enabled\" is missing in settings file, using default value");
-                put(
-                        THREAD_ENABLED.key,
-                        mResources.get().getBoolean(R.bool.config_thread_default_enabled));
-            }
-        }
     }
 
     private void putObject(String key, @Nullable Object value) {
@@ -173,25 +179,17 @@
         return (T) value;
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Store a value to the stored settings.
-     *
-     * @param key One of the settings keys.
-     * @param value Value to be stored.
-     */
-    public <T> void put(String key, @Nullable T value) {
-        putObject(key, value);
+    /** Stores a value to the stored settings. */
+    public <T> void put(Key<T> key, @Nullable T value) {
+        putObject(key.key, value);
         writeToStoreFile();
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Retrieve a value from the stored settings.
-     *
-     * @param key One of the settings keys.
-     * @return value stored in settings, defValue if the key does not exist.
-     */
+    /** Retrieves a value from the stored settings. */
+    @Nullable
     public <T> T get(Key<T> key) {
-        return getObject(key.key, key.defaultValue);
+        T defaultValue = (T) mDefaultValues.get(key.key);
+        return getObject(key.key, defaultValue);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -204,9 +202,9 @@
         if (getConfiguration().equals(configuration)) {
             return false;
         }
-        putObject(CONFIG_BORDER_ROUTER_ENABLED.key, configuration.isBorderRouterEnabled());
-        putObject(CONFIG_NAT64_ENABLED.key, configuration.isNat64Enabled());
-        putObject(CONFIG_DHCP6_PD_ENABLED.key, configuration.isDhcpv6PdEnabled());
+        put(KEY_CONFIG_BORDER_ROUTER_ENABLED, configuration.isBorderRouterEnabled());
+        put(KEY_CONFIG_NAT64_ENABLED, configuration.isNat64Enabled());
+        put(KEY_CONFIG_DHCP6_PD_ENABLED, configuration.isDhcpv6PdEnabled());
         writeToStoreFile();
         return true;
     }
@@ -214,9 +212,9 @@
     /** Retrieve the {@link ThreadConfiguration} from the persistent settings. */
     public ThreadConfiguration getConfiguration() {
         return new ThreadConfiguration.Builder()
-                .setBorderRouterEnabled(get(CONFIG_BORDER_ROUTER_ENABLED))
-                .setNat64Enabled(get(CONFIG_NAT64_ENABLED))
-                .setDhcpv6PdEnabled(get(CONFIG_DHCP6_PD_ENABLED))
+                .setBorderRouterEnabled(get(KEY_CONFIG_BORDER_ROUTER_ENABLED))
+                .setNat64Enabled(get(KEY_CONFIG_NAT64_ENABLED))
+                .setDhcpv6PdEnabled(get(KEY_CONFIG_DHCP6_PD_ENABLED))
                 .build();
     }
 
@@ -225,18 +223,11 @@
      *
      * @param <T> Type of the value.
      */
-    public static class Key<T> {
-        public final String key;
-        public final T defaultValue;
+    public static final class Key<T> {
+        @VisibleForTesting final String key;
 
-        private Key(String key, T defaultValue) {
+        private Key(String key) {
             this.key = key;
-            this.defaultValue = defaultValue;
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public String toString() {
-            return "[Key: " + key + ", DefaultValue: " + defaultValue + "]";
         }
     }
 
@@ -247,7 +238,7 @@
             synchronized (mLock) {
                 bundleToWrite = new PersistableBundle(mSettings);
             }
-            bundleToWrite.putInt(VERSION_KEY, CURRENT_SETTINGS_STORE_DATA_VERSION);
+            bundleToWrite.putInt(KEY_VERSION, CURRENT_SETTINGS_STORE_DATA_VERSION);
             bundleToWrite.writeToStream(outputStream);
             synchronized (mLock) {
                 writeToAtomicFile(mAtomicFile, outputStream.toByteArray());
@@ -267,7 +258,7 @@
             final ByteArrayInputStream inputStream = new ByteArrayInputStream(readData);
             final PersistableBundle bundleRead = PersistableBundle.readFromStream(inputStream);
             // Version unused for now. May be needed in the future for handling migrations.
-            bundleRead.remove(VERSION_KEY);
+            bundleRead.remove(KEY_VERSION);
             synchronized (mLock) {
                 mSettings.putAll(bundleRead);
             }
diff --git a/thread/tests/cts/Android.bp b/thread/tests/cts/Android.bp
index 2630d21..901dee7 100644
--- a/thread/tests/cts/Android.bp
+++ b/thread/tests/cts/Android.bp
@@ -51,7 +51,6 @@
     libs: [
         "android.test.base.stubs",
         "android.test.runner.stubs",
-        "framework-connectivity-module-api-stubs-including-flagged",
     ],
     // Test coverage system runs on different devices. Need to
     // compile for all architectures.
diff --git a/thread/tests/cts/src/android/net/thread/cts/ThreadNetworkControllerTest.java b/thread/tests/cts/src/android/net/thread/cts/ThreadNetworkControllerTest.java
index a979721..2d68119 100644
--- a/thread/tests/cts/src/android/net/thread/cts/ThreadNetworkControllerTest.java
+++ b/thread/tests/cts/src/android/net/thread/cts/ThreadNetworkControllerTest.java
@@ -49,6 +49,8 @@
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertThrows;
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+import static org.junit.Assume.assumeFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assume.assumeTrue;
 
 import static java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS;
 
@@ -94,12 +96,15 @@
 import org.junit.Ignore;
 import org.junit.Rule;
 import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.junit.runners.Parameterized;
 
 import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
 import java.time.Duration;
 import java.time.Instant;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
 import java.util.HashSet;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
@@ -118,6 +123,7 @@
 /** CTS tests for {@link ThreadNetworkController}. */
 @LargeTest
 @RequiresThreadFeature
+@RunWith(Parameterized.class)
 public class ThreadNetworkControllerTest {
     private static final int JOIN_TIMEOUT_MILLIS = 30 * 1000;
     private static final int LEAVE_TIMEOUT_MILLIS = 2_000;
@@ -134,8 +140,6 @@
     private static final String MESHCOP_SERVICE_TYPE = "_meshcop._udp";
     private static final String THREAD_NETWORK_PRIVILEGED =
             "android.permission.THREAD_NETWORK_PRIVILEGED";
-    private static final ThreadConfiguration DEFAULT_CONFIG =
-            new ThreadConfiguration.Builder().build();
     private static final SparseIntArray CHANNEL_MAX_POWERS =
             new SparseIntArray() {
                 {
@@ -161,6 +165,22 @@
     private final List<Consumer<ThreadConfiguration>> mConfigurationCallbacksToCleanUp =
             new ArrayList<>();
 
+    public final boolean mIsBorderRouterEnabled;
+    private final ThreadConfiguration mDefaultConfig;
+
+    @Parameterized.Parameters
+    public static Collection configArguments() {
+        return Arrays.asList(new Object[][] {{false}, {true}});
+    }
+
+    public ThreadNetworkControllerTest(boolean isBorderRouterEnabled) {
+        mIsBorderRouterEnabled = isBorderRouterEnabled;
+        mDefaultConfig =
+                new ThreadConfiguration.Builder()
+                        .setBorderRouterEnabled(isBorderRouterEnabled)
+                        .build();
+    }
+
     @Before
     public void setUp() throws Exception {
         mController =
@@ -175,8 +195,10 @@
         mHandlerThread.start();
 
         setEnabledAndWait(mController, true);
-        setConfigurationAndWait(mController, DEFAULT_CONFIG);
-        deactivateEphemeralKeyModeAndWait(mController);
+        setConfigurationAndWait(mController, mDefaultConfig);
+        if (mDefaultConfig.isBorderRouterEnabled()) {
+            deactivateEphemeralKeyModeAndWait(mController);
+        }
     }
 
     @After
@@ -185,7 +207,7 @@
         setEnabledAndWait(mController, true);
         leaveAndWait(mController);
         tearDownTestNetwork();
-        setConfigurationAndWait(mController, DEFAULT_CONFIG);
+        setConfigurationAndWait(mController, mDefaultConfig);
         for (Consumer<ThreadConfiguration> configurationCallback :
                 mConfigurationCallbacksToCleanUp) {
             try {
@@ -197,7 +219,9 @@
             }
         }
         mConfigurationCallbacksToCleanUp.clear();
-        deactivateEphemeralKeyModeAndWait(mController);
+        if (mDefaultConfig.isBorderRouterEnabled()) {
+            deactivateEphemeralKeyModeAndWait(mController);
+        }
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -573,7 +597,7 @@
                     @Override
                     public void onActiveOperationalDatasetChanged(
                             ActiveOperationalDataset activeDataset) {
-                        if (activeDataset.equals(activeDataset2)) {
+                        if (Objects.equals(activeDataset, activeDataset2)) {
                             dataset2IsApplied.complete(true);
                         }
                     }
@@ -843,6 +867,7 @@
     @Test
     @RequiresFlagsEnabled({Flags.FLAG_EPSKC_ENABLED})
     public void activateEphemeralKeyMode_withPrivilegedPermission_succeeds() throws Exception {
+        assumeTrue(mDefaultConfig.isBorderRouterEnabled());
         joinRandomizedDatasetAndWait(mController);
         CompletableFuture<Void> startFuture = new CompletableFuture<>();
 
@@ -861,6 +886,7 @@
     @RequiresFlagsEnabled({Flags.FLAG_EPSKC_ENABLED})
     public void activateEphemeralKeyMode_withoutPrivilegedPermission_throwsSecurityException()
             throws Exception {
+        assumeTrue(mDefaultConfig.isBorderRouterEnabled());
         dropAllPermissions();
 
         assertThrows(
@@ -874,6 +900,7 @@
     @RequiresFlagsEnabled({Flags.FLAG_EPSKC_ENABLED})
     public void activateEphemeralKeyMode_withZeroLifetime_throwsIllegalArgumentException()
             throws Exception {
+        assumeTrue(mDefaultConfig.isBorderRouterEnabled());
         grantPermissions(THREAD_NETWORK_PRIVILEGED);
 
         assertThrows(
@@ -885,6 +912,7 @@
     @RequiresFlagsEnabled({Flags.FLAG_EPSKC_ENABLED})
     public void activateEphemeralKeyMode_withInvalidLargeLifetime_throwsIllegalArgumentException()
             throws Exception {
+        assumeTrue(mDefaultConfig.isBorderRouterEnabled());
         grantPermissions(THREAD_NETWORK_PRIVILEGED);
         Duration lifetime = mController.getMaxEphemeralKeyLifetime().plusMillis(1);
 
@@ -897,6 +925,7 @@
     @RequiresFlagsEnabled({Flags.FLAG_EPSKC_ENABLED})
     public void activateEphemeralKeyMode_concurrentRequests_secondOneFailsWithBusyError()
             throws Exception {
+        assumeTrue(mDefaultConfig.isBorderRouterEnabled());
         joinRandomizedDatasetAndWait(mController);
         CompletableFuture<Void> future1 = new CompletableFuture<>();
         CompletableFuture<Void> future2 = new CompletableFuture<>();
@@ -945,6 +974,7 @@
     @RequiresFlagsEnabled({Flags.FLAG_EPSKC_ENABLED})
     public void deactivateEphemeralKeyMode_withoutPrivilegedPermission_throwsSecurityException()
             throws Exception {
+        assumeTrue(mDefaultConfig.isBorderRouterEnabled());
         dropAllPermissions();
 
         assertThrows(
@@ -956,9 +986,7 @@
     @RequiresFlagsEnabled({Flags.FLAG_EPSKC_ENABLED})
     public void deactivateEphemeralKeyMode_notBorderRouter_failsWithFailedPrecondition()
             throws Exception {
-        setConfigurationAndWait(
-                mController,
-                new ThreadConfiguration.Builder().setBorderRouterEnabled(false).build());
+        assumeFalse(mDefaultConfig.isBorderRouterEnabled());
         grantPermissions(THREAD_NETWORK_PRIVILEGED);
         CompletableFuture<Void> future = new CompletableFuture<>();
 
@@ -975,6 +1003,7 @@
     @Test
     @RequiresFlagsEnabled({Flags.FLAG_EPSKC_ENABLED})
     public void subscribeEpskcState_permissionsGranted_returnsCurrentState() throws Exception {
+        assumeTrue(mDefaultConfig.isBorderRouterEnabled());
         CompletableFuture<Integer> stateFuture = new CompletableFuture<>();
         CompletableFuture<String> ephemeralKeyFuture = new CompletableFuture<>();
         CompletableFuture<Instant> expiryFuture = new CompletableFuture<>();
@@ -1011,6 +1040,7 @@
     @RequiresFlagsEnabled({Flags.FLAG_EPSKC_ENABLED})
     public void subscribeEpskcState_withoutThreadPriviledgedPermission_returnsNullEphemeralKey()
             throws Exception {
+        assumeTrue(mDefaultConfig.isBorderRouterEnabled());
         CompletableFuture<Integer> stateFuture = new CompletableFuture<>();
         CompletableFuture<String> ephemeralKeyFuture = new CompletableFuture<>();
         CompletableFuture<Instant> expiryFuture = new CompletableFuture<>();
@@ -1050,6 +1080,7 @@
     @Test
     @RequiresFlagsEnabled({Flags.FLAG_EPSKC_ENABLED})
     public void subscribeEpskcState_ephemralKeyStateChanged_returnsUpdatedState() throws Exception {
+        assumeTrue(mDefaultConfig.isBorderRouterEnabled());
         EphemeralKeyStateListener listener = new EphemeralKeyStateListener(mController);
         joinRandomizedDatasetAndWait(mController);
 
@@ -1068,6 +1099,7 @@
     @Test
     @RequiresFlagsEnabled({Flags.FLAG_EPSKC_ENABLED})
     public void subscribeEpskcState_epskcEnabled_returnsSameExpiry() throws Exception {
+        assumeTrue(mDefaultConfig.isBorderRouterEnabled());
         EphemeralKeyStateListener listener1 = new EphemeralKeyStateListener(mController);
         Triple<Integer, String, Instant> epskc1;
         try {
@@ -1173,7 +1205,7 @@
                 THREAD_NETWORK_PRIVILEGED,
                 () -> registerConfigurationCallback(mController, mExecutor, callback));
         assertThat(getConfigFuture.get(CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MILLIS, MILLISECONDS))
-                .isEqualTo(DEFAULT_CONFIG);
+                .isEqualTo(mDefaultConfig);
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -1216,7 +1248,7 @@
             setFuture1.get(ENABLED_TIMEOUT_MILLIS, MILLISECONDS);
             setFuture2.get(ENABLED_TIMEOUT_MILLIS, MILLISECONDS);
 
-            listener.expectConfiguration(DEFAULT_CONFIG);
+            listener.expectConfiguration(mDefaultConfig);
             listener.expectConfiguration(config1);
             listener.expectConfiguration(config2);
             listener.expectNoMoreConfiguration();
diff --git a/thread/tests/cts/src/android/net/thread/cts/ThreadNetworkManagerTest.java b/thread/tests/cts/src/android/net/thread/cts/ThreadNetworkManagerTest.java
index b6d0d31..5ba76b8 100644
--- a/thread/tests/cts/src/android/net/thread/cts/ThreadNetworkManagerTest.java
+++ b/thread/tests/cts/src/android/net/thread/cts/ThreadNetworkManagerTest.java
@@ -90,21 +90,4 @@
 
         assertThat(mManager).isNotNull();
     }
-
-    @Test
-    public void getManager_noThreadFeature_returnsNull() {
-        assumeFalse(mPackageManager.hasSystemFeature("android.hardware.thread_network"));
-
-        assertThat(mManager).isNull();
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
-    public void getAllThreadNetworkControllers_managerIsNotNull_returnsNotEmptyList() {
-        assumeNotNull(mManager);
-
-        List<ThreadNetworkController> controllers = mManager.getAllThreadNetworkControllers();
-
-        assertThat(controllers).isNotEmpty();
-    }
 }
diff --git a/thread/tests/integration/src/android/net/thread/BorderRoutingTest.java b/thread/tests/integration/src/android/net/thread/BorderRoutingTest.java
index 875a4ad..40f0089 100644
--- a/thread/tests/integration/src/android/net/thread/BorderRoutingTest.java
+++ b/thread/tests/integration/src/android/net/thread/BorderRoutingTest.java
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 import static android.net.InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress;
 import static android.net.thread.utils.IntegrationTestUtils.DEFAULT_DATASET;
 import static android.net.thread.utils.IntegrationTestUtils.buildIcmpv4EchoReply;
-import static android.net.thread.utils.IntegrationTestUtils.enableThreadAndJoinNetwork;
+import static android.net.thread.utils.IntegrationTestUtils.enableBorderRouterAndJoinNetwork;
 import static android.net.thread.utils.IntegrationTestUtils.getIpv6LinkAddresses;
 import static android.net.thread.utils.IntegrationTestUtils.isExpectedIcmpv4Packet;
 import static android.net.thread.utils.IntegrationTestUtils.isExpectedIcmpv6Packet;
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@
 
     @BeforeClass
     public static void beforeClass() throws Exception {
-        enableThreadAndJoinNetwork(DEFAULT_DATASET);
+        enableBorderRouterAndJoinNetwork(DEFAULT_DATASET);
     }
 
     @AfterClass
diff --git a/thread/tests/integration/src/android/net/thread/ServiceDiscoveryTest.java b/thread/tests/integration/src/android/net/thread/ServiceDiscoveryTest.java
index 6c2a9bb..c4e373a 100644
--- a/thread/tests/integration/src/android/net/thread/ServiceDiscoveryTest.java
+++ b/thread/tests/integration/src/android/net/thread/ServiceDiscoveryTest.java
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 import static android.net.thread.utils.IntegrationTestUtils.SERVICE_DISCOVERY_TIMEOUT;
 import static android.net.thread.utils.IntegrationTestUtils.discoverForServiceLost;
 import static android.net.thread.utils.IntegrationTestUtils.discoverService;
+import static android.net.thread.utils.IntegrationTestUtils.joinNetworkAndWait;
 import static android.net.thread.utils.IntegrationTestUtils.joinNetworkAndWaitForOmr;
 import static android.net.thread.utils.IntegrationTestUtils.resolveService;
 import static android.net.thread.utils.IntegrationTestUtils.resolveServiceUntil;
@@ -113,8 +114,10 @@
 
     @Before
     public void setUp() throws Exception {
-        mOtCtl.factoryReset();
         mController.setEnabledAndWait(true);
+        mController.leaveAndWait();
+        var config = new ThreadConfiguration.Builder().setBorderRouterEnabled(true).build();
+        mController.setConfigurationAndWait(config);
         mController.joinAndWait(DEFAULT_DATASET);
         mNsdManager = mContext.getSystemService(NsdManager.class);
 
@@ -158,6 +161,143 @@
     }
 
     @Test
+    public void advertisingProxy_borderRouterDisabled_clientServiceRemovedWhenLeaveIsCalled()
+            throws Exception {
+        /*
+         * <pre>
+         * Topology:
+         *                            Thread
+         *  SRP Server / AD Proxy -------------- SRP Client
+         *
+         * </pre>
+         */
+
+        // The Border Router / SRP Server mode can only be changed when Thread is disconnected
+        mController.leaveAndWait();
+        var config = new ThreadConfiguration.Builder().setBorderRouterEnabled(false).build();
+        mController.setConfigurationAndWait(config);
+        mController.joinAndWait(DEFAULT_DATASET);
+
+        FullThreadDevice srpClient = mFtds.get(0);
+        joinNetworkAndWait(srpClient, DEFAULT_DATASET);
+        srpClient.setSrpHostname("thread-srp-client-host");
+        srpClient.setSrpHostAddresses(List.of(srpClient.getMlEid()));
+        srpClient.addSrpService(
+                "thread-srp-client-service",
+                "_matter._tcp",
+                List.of("_sub1", "_sub2"),
+                12345 /* port */,
+                Map.of("key1", bytes(1), "key2", bytes(2)));
+        NsdServiceInfo discoveredService = discoverService(mNsdManager, "_matter._tcp");
+        assertThat(discoveredService).isNotNull();
+
+        CompletableFuture<NsdServiceInfo> serviceLostFuture = new CompletableFuture<>();
+        NsdManager.DiscoveryListener listener =
+                discoverForServiceLost(mNsdManager, "_matter._tcp", serviceLostFuture);
+        mController.leaveAndWait();
+
+        // Verify the service becomes lost.
+        try {
+            serviceLostFuture.get(SERVICE_DISCOVERY_TIMEOUT.toMillis(), MILLISECONDS);
+        } finally {
+            mNsdManager.stopServiceDiscovery(listener);
+        }
+        assertThrows(TimeoutException.class, () -> discoverService(mNsdManager, "_matter._tcp"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void advertisingProxy_borderRouterDisabled_clientServiceRemovedWhen2ndSrpServerEnabled()
+            throws Exception {
+        /*
+         * <pre>
+         * Topology:
+         *                            Thread
+         *  SRP Server / AD Proxy -------------- SRP Client
+         *  (Cuttlefish)                |
+         *                              +------- 2nd SRP Server
+         *
+         * </pre>
+         */
+
+        // The Border Router / SRP Server mode can only be changed when Thread is disconnected
+        mController.leaveAndWait();
+        var config = new ThreadConfiguration.Builder().setBorderRouterEnabled(false).build();
+        mController.setConfigurationAndWait(config);
+        mController.joinAndWait(DEFAULT_DATASET);
+
+        FullThreadDevice srpClient = mFtds.get(0);
+        joinNetworkAndWait(srpClient, DEFAULT_DATASET);
+        srpClient.setSrpHostname("thread-srp-client-host");
+        srpClient.setSrpHostAddresses(List.of(srpClient.getMlEid()));
+        srpClient.addSrpService(
+                "thread-srp-client-service",
+                "_matter._tcp",
+                List.of("_sub1", "_sub2"),
+                12345 /* port */,
+                Map.of("key1", bytes(1), "key2", bytes(2)));
+        NsdServiceInfo discoveredService = discoverService(mNsdManager, "_matter._tcp");
+        assertThat(discoveredService).isNotNull();
+
+        FullThreadDevice srpServer2 = mFtds.get(1);
+        joinNetworkAndWait(srpServer2, DEFAULT_DATASET);
+        CompletableFuture<NsdServiceInfo> serviceLostFuture = new CompletableFuture<>();
+        NsdManager.DiscoveryListener listener =
+                discoverForServiceLost(mNsdManager, "_matter._tcp", serviceLostFuture);
+        srpServer2.setSrpServerEnabled(true);
+
+        // Verify the service becomes lost.
+        try {
+            serviceLostFuture.get(SERVICE_DISCOVERY_TIMEOUT.toMillis(), MILLISECONDS);
+        } finally {
+            mNsdManager.stopServiceDiscovery(listener);
+        }
+        assertThrows(TimeoutException.class, () -> discoverService(mNsdManager, "_matter._tcp"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void advertisingProxy_borderRouterDisabled_clientMleIdAddressIsAdvertised()
+            throws Exception {
+        /*
+         * <pre>
+         * Topology:
+         *                            Thread
+         *  SRP Server / AD Proxy -------------- SRP Client
+         *  (Cuttlefish)
+         *
+         * </pre>
+         */
+
+        // The Border Router / SRP Server mode can only be changed when Thread is disconnected
+        mController.leaveAndWait();
+        var config = new ThreadConfiguration.Builder().setBorderRouterEnabled(false).build();
+        mController.setConfigurationAndWait(config);
+        mController.joinAndWait(DEFAULT_DATASET);
+
+        FullThreadDevice srpClient = mFtds.getFirst();
+        joinNetworkAndWait(srpClient, DEFAULT_DATASET);
+        srpClient.setSrpHostname("thread-srp-client-host");
+        srpClient.setSrpHostAddresses(List.of(srpClient.getMlEid()));
+        srpClient.addSrpService(
+                "thread-srp-client-service",
+                "_matter._tcp",
+                List.of("_sub1", "_sub2"),
+                12345 /* port */,
+                Map.of("key1", bytes(1), "key2", bytes(2)));
+
+        NsdServiceInfo discoveredService = discoverService(mNsdManager, "_matter._tcp");
+        assertThat(discoveredService).isNotNull();
+        NsdServiceInfo resolvedService = resolveService(mNsdManager, discoveredService);
+        assertThat(resolvedService.getServiceName()).isEqualTo("thread-srp-client-service");
+        assertThat(resolvedService.getServiceType()).isEqualTo("_matter._tcp");
+        assertThat(resolvedService.getPort()).isEqualTo(12345);
+        assertThat(resolvedService.getAttributes())
+                .comparingValuesUsing(BYTE_ARRAY_EQUALITY)
+                .containsExactly("key1", bytes(1), "key2", bytes(2));
+        assertThat(resolvedService.getHostname()).isEqualTo("thread-srp-client-host");
+        assertThat(resolvedService.getHostAddresses()).containsExactly(srpClient.getMlEid());
+    }
+
+    @Test
     public void advertisingProxy_multipleSrpClientsRegisterServices_servicesResolvableByMdns()
             throws Exception {
         /*
@@ -455,7 +595,8 @@
                 DeviceConfigUtils.getDeviceConfigPropertyBoolean(
                         "thread_network", "TrelFeature__enabled", false));
 
-        NsdServiceInfo discoveredService = discoverService(mNsdManager, "_trel._udp");
+        NsdServiceInfo discoveredService =
+                discoverService(mNsdManager, "_trel._udp", mOtCtl.getExtendedAddr());
         assertThat(discoveredService).isNotNull();
         // Resolve service with the current TREL port, otherwise it may return stale service from
         // a previous infra link setup.
@@ -478,7 +619,9 @@
                 DeviceConfigUtils.getDeviceConfigPropertyBoolean(
                         "thread_network", "TrelFeature__enabled", false));
 
-        assertThrows(TimeoutException.class, () -> discoverService(mNsdManager, "_trel._udp"));
+        assertThrows(
+                TimeoutException.class,
+                () -> discoverService(mNsdManager, "_trel._udp", mOtCtl.getExtendedAddr()));
     }
 
     private void registerService(NsdServiceInfo serviceInfo, RegistrationListener listener)
diff --git a/thread/tests/integration/src/android/net/thread/ThreadIntegrationTest.java b/thread/tests/integration/src/android/net/thread/ThreadIntegrationTest.java
index 7a5895f..195f6d2 100644
--- a/thread/tests/integration/src/android/net/thread/ThreadIntegrationTest.java
+++ b/thread/tests/integration/src/android/net/thread/ThreadIntegrationTest.java
@@ -17,12 +17,10 @@
 package android.net.thread;
 
 import static android.Manifest.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE;
-import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_LOCAL_NETWORK;
 import static android.net.thread.ThreadNetworkController.DEVICE_ROLE_DETACHED;
 import static android.net.thread.ThreadNetworkController.DEVICE_ROLE_LEADER;
 import static android.net.thread.ThreadNetworkController.DEVICE_ROLE_STOPPED;
 import static android.net.thread.utils.IntegrationTestUtils.CALLBACK_TIMEOUT;
-import static android.net.thread.utils.IntegrationTestUtils.DEFAULT_CONFIG;
 import static android.net.thread.utils.IntegrationTestUtils.RESTART_JOIN_TIMEOUT;
 import static android.net.thread.utils.IntegrationTestUtils.getIpv6LinkAddresses;
 import static android.net.thread.utils.IntegrationTestUtils.getPrefixesFromNetData;
@@ -40,6 +38,8 @@
 import static com.google.common.truth.Truth.assertThat;
 import static com.google.common.truth.Truth.assertWithMessage;
 
+import static org.junit.Assume.assumeTrue;
+
 import static java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.SECONDS;
 
 import android.content.Context;
@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@
 import android.net.thread.utils.FullThreadDevice;
 import android.net.thread.utils.OtDaemonController;
 import android.net.thread.utils.ThreadFeatureCheckerRule;
+import android.net.thread.utils.ThreadFeatureCheckerRule.RequiresSimulationThreadDevice;
 import android.net.thread.utils.ThreadFeatureCheckerRule.RequiresThreadFeature;
 import android.net.thread.utils.ThreadNetworkControllerWrapper;
 import android.net.thread.utils.ThreadStateListener;
@@ -61,13 +62,13 @@
 
 import androidx.test.core.app.ApplicationProvider;
 import androidx.test.filters.LargeTest;
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
 
 import org.junit.After;
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.Rule;
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.junit.runners.Parameterized;
 
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.net.DatagramPacket;
@@ -76,6 +77,7 @@
 import java.net.InetAddress;
 import java.time.Duration;
 import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
 import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
@@ -84,7 +86,7 @@
 /** Tests for E2E Android Thread integration with ot-daemon, ConnectivityService, etc.. */
 @LargeTest
 @RequiresThreadFeature
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@RunWith(Parameterized.class)
 public class ThreadIntegrationTest {
     // The byte[] buffer size for UDP tests
     private static final int UDP_BUFFER_SIZE = 1024;
@@ -95,6 +97,9 @@
     // The maximum time for changes to be propagated to netdata.
     private static final Duration NET_DATA_UPDATE_TIMEOUT = Duration.ofSeconds(1);
 
+    // The maximum time for changes in netdata to be propagated to link properties.
+    private static final Duration LINK_PROPERTIES_UPDATE_TIMEOUT = Duration.ofSeconds(1);
+
     private static final Duration NETWORK_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT = Duration.ofSeconds(10);
 
     // A valid Thread Active Operational Dataset generated from OpenThread CLI "dataset init new".
@@ -107,8 +112,6 @@
                                     + "B9D351B40C0402A0FFF8");
     private static final ActiveOperationalDataset DEFAULT_DATASET =
             ActiveOperationalDataset.fromThreadTlvs(DEFAULT_DATASET_TLVS);
-    private static final ThreadConfiguration DEFAULT_CONFIG =
-            new ThreadConfiguration.Builder().build();
 
     private static final Inet6Address GROUP_ADDR_ALL_ROUTERS =
             (Inet6Address) InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("ff02::2");
@@ -126,16 +129,29 @@
     private OtDaemonController mOtCtl;
     private FullThreadDevice mFtd;
 
+    public final boolean mIsBorderRouterEnabled;
+    private final ThreadConfiguration mConfig;
+
+    @Parameterized.Parameters
+    public static Collection configArguments() {
+        return Arrays.asList(new Object[][] {{false}, {true}});
+    }
+
+    public ThreadIntegrationTest(boolean isBorderRouterEnabled) {
+        mIsBorderRouterEnabled = isBorderRouterEnabled;
+        mConfig =
+                new ThreadConfiguration.Builder()
+                        .setBorderRouterEnabled(isBorderRouterEnabled)
+                        .build();
+    }
+
     @Before
     public void setUp() throws Exception {
         mExecutor = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
         mOtCtl = new OtDaemonController();
         mController.setEnabledAndWait(true);
+        mController.setConfigurationAndWait(mConfig);
         mController.leaveAndWait();
-
-        // TODO: b/323301831 - This is a workaround to avoid unnecessary delay to re-form a network
-        mOtCtl.factoryReset();
-
         mFtd = new FullThreadDevice(10 /* nodeId */);
     }
 
@@ -145,7 +161,6 @@
 
         mController.setTestNetworkAsUpstreamAndWait(null);
         mController.leaveAndWait();
-        mController.setConfigurationAndWait(DEFAULT_CONFIG);
 
         mFtd.destroy();
         mExecutor.shutdownNow();
@@ -165,6 +180,7 @@
     @Test
     public void otDaemonRestart_JoinedNetworkAndStopped_autoRejoinedAndTunIfStateConsistent()
             throws Exception {
+        assumeTrue(mController.getConfiguration().isBorderRouterEnabled());
         mController.joinAndWait(DEFAULT_DATASET);
 
         runShellCommand("stop ot-daemon");
@@ -217,6 +233,8 @@
 
     @Test
     public void otDaemonRestart_latestCountryCodeIsSetToOtDaemon() throws Exception {
+        assumeTrue(mOtCtl.isCountryCodeSupported());
+
         runThreadCommand("force-country-code enabled CN");
 
         runShellCommand("stop ot-daemon");
@@ -228,6 +246,7 @@
     }
 
     @Test
+    @RequiresSimulationThreadDevice
     public void udp_appStartEchoServer_endDeviceUdpEchoSuccess() throws Exception {
         // Topology:
         //   Test App ------ thread-wpan ------ End Device
@@ -287,6 +306,7 @@
     }
 
     @Test
+    @RequiresSimulationThreadDevice
     public void edPingsMeshLocalAddresses_oneReplyPerRequest() throws Exception {
         mController.joinAndWait(DEFAULT_DATASET);
         startFtdChild(mFtd, DEFAULT_DATASET);
@@ -303,7 +323,6 @@
 
     @Test
     public void addPrefixToNetData_routeIsAddedToTunInterface() throws Exception {
-        ConnectivityManager cm = mContext.getSystemService(ConnectivityManager.class);
         mController.joinAndWait(DEFAULT_DATASET);
 
         // Ftd child doesn't have the ability to add a prefix, so let BR itself add a prefix.
@@ -316,15 +335,11 @@
                 },
                 NET_DATA_UPDATE_TIMEOUT);
 
-        LinkProperties lp = cm.getLinkProperties(getThreadNetwork(CALLBACK_TIMEOUT));
-        assertThat(lp).isNotNull();
-        assertThat(lp.getRoutes().stream().anyMatch(r -> r.matches(TEST_NO_SLAAC_PREFIX_ADDRESS)))
-                .isTrue();
+        assertRouteAddedOrRemovedInLinkProperties(true /* isAdded */, TEST_NO_SLAAC_PREFIX_ADDRESS);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void removePrefixFromNetData_routeIsRemovedFromTunInterface() throws Exception {
-        ConnectivityManager cm = mContext.getSystemService(ConnectivityManager.class);
         mController.joinAndWait(DEFAULT_DATASET);
         mOtCtl.executeCommand("prefix add " + TEST_NO_SLAAC_PREFIX + " pros med");
         mOtCtl.executeCommand("netdata register");
@@ -338,45 +353,33 @@
                 },
                 NET_DATA_UPDATE_TIMEOUT);
 
-        LinkProperties lp = cm.getLinkProperties(getThreadNetwork(CALLBACK_TIMEOUT));
-        assertThat(lp).isNotNull();
-        assertThat(lp.getRoutes().stream().anyMatch(r -> r.matches(TEST_NO_SLAAC_PREFIX_ADDRESS)))
-                .isFalse();
+        assertRouteAddedOrRemovedInLinkProperties(
+                false /* isAdded */, TEST_NO_SLAAC_PREFIX_ADDRESS);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void toggleThreadNetwork_routeFromPreviousNetDataIsRemoved() throws Exception {
-        ConnectivityManager cm = mContext.getSystemService(ConnectivityManager.class);
         mController.joinAndWait(DEFAULT_DATASET);
         mOtCtl.executeCommand("prefix add " + TEST_NO_SLAAC_PREFIX + " pros med");
         mOtCtl.executeCommand("netdata register");
 
         mController.leaveAndWait();
-        mOtCtl.factoryReset();
         mController.joinAndWait(DEFAULT_DATASET);
 
-        LinkProperties lp = cm.getLinkProperties(getThreadNetwork(CALLBACK_TIMEOUT));
-        assertThat(lp).isNotNull();
-        assertThat(lp.getRoutes().stream().anyMatch(r -> r.matches(TEST_NO_SLAAC_PREFIX_ADDRESS)))
-                .isFalse();
+        assertRouteAddedOrRemovedInLinkProperties(
+                false /* isAdded */, TEST_NO_SLAAC_PREFIX_ADDRESS);
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void setConfiguration_disableBorderRouter_noBrfunctionsEnabled() throws Exception {
-        NetworkRequest request =
-                new NetworkRequest.Builder()
-                        .addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_THREAD)
-                        .build();
+    @RequiresSimulationThreadDevice
+    public void setConfiguration_disableBorderRouter_borderRoutingDisabled() throws Exception {
         startFtdLeader(mFtd, DEFAULT_DATASET);
 
         mController.setConfigurationAndWait(
                 new ThreadConfiguration.Builder().setBorderRouterEnabled(false).build());
         mController.joinAndWait(DEFAULT_DATASET);
-        NetworkCapabilities caps = registerNetworkCallbackAndWait(request);
 
-        assertThat(caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_LOCAL_NETWORK)).isFalse();
         assertThat(mOtCtl.getBorderRoutingState()).ignoringCase().isEqualTo("disabled");
-        assertThat(mOtCtl.getSrpServerState()).ignoringCase().isNotEqualTo("disabled");
         // TODO: b/376217403 - enables / disables Border Agent at runtime
     }
 
@@ -446,4 +449,23 @@
     private void assertTunInterfaceMemberOfGroup(Inet6Address address) throws Exception {
         waitFor(() -> isInMulticastGroup(TUN_IF_NAME, address), TUN_ADDR_UPDATE_TIMEOUT);
     }
+
+    private void assertRouteAddedOrRemovedInLinkProperties(boolean isAdded, InetAddress addr)
+            throws Exception {
+        ConnectivityManager cm = mContext.getSystemService(ConnectivityManager.class);
+
+        waitFor(
+                () -> {
+                    try {
+                        LinkProperties lp =
+                                cm.getLinkProperties(getThreadNetwork(CALLBACK_TIMEOUT));
+                        return lp != null
+                                && isAdded
+                                        == lp.getRoutes().stream().anyMatch(r -> r.matches(addr));
+                    } catch (Exception e) {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                },
+                LINK_PROPERTIES_UPDATE_TIMEOUT);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/thread/tests/integration/src/android/net/thread/ThreadNetworkShellCommandTest.java b/thread/tests/integration/src/android/net/thread/ThreadNetworkShellCommandTest.java
index 2f0ab34..804a332 100644
--- a/thread/tests/integration/src/android/net/thread/ThreadNetworkShellCommandTest.java
+++ b/thread/tests/integration/src/android/net/thread/ThreadNetworkShellCommandTest.java
@@ -28,11 +28,13 @@
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertThrows;
+import static org.junit.Assume.assumeTrue;
 
 import android.content.Context;
 import android.net.thread.utils.FullThreadDevice;
 import android.net.thread.utils.OtDaemonController;
 import android.net.thread.utils.ThreadFeatureCheckerRule;
+import android.net.thread.utils.ThreadFeatureCheckerRule.RequiresSimulationThreadDevice;
 import android.net.thread.utils.ThreadFeatureCheckerRule.RequiresThreadFeature;
 import android.net.thread.utils.ThreadNetworkControllerWrapper;
 
@@ -66,11 +68,7 @@
 
     @Before
     public void setUp() throws Exception {
-        // TODO(b/366141754): The current implementation of "thread_network ot-ctl factoryreset"
-        // results in timeout error.
-        // A future fix will provide proper support for factoryreset, allowing us to replace the
-        // legacy "ot-ctl".
-        mOtCtl.factoryReset();
+        mController.leaveAndWait();
 
         mFtd = new FullThreadDevice(10 /* nodeId */);
         ensureThreadEnabled();
@@ -143,6 +141,8 @@
 
     @Test
     public void forceCountryCode_setCN_getCountryCodeReturnsCN() {
+        assumeTrue(mOtCtl.isCountryCodeSupported());
+
         runThreadCommand("force-country-code enabled CN");
 
         final String result = runThreadCommand("get-country-code");
@@ -168,6 +168,7 @@
     }
 
     @Test
+    @RequiresSimulationThreadDevice
     public void handleOtCtlCommand_pingFtd_getValidResponse() throws Exception {
         mController.joinAndWait(DEFAULT_DATASET);
         startFtdChild(mFtd, DEFAULT_DATASET);
diff --git a/thread/tests/integration/src/android/net/thread/utils/FullThreadDevice.java b/thread/tests/integration/src/android/net/thread/utils/FullThreadDevice.java
index 38961a3..ed63fd0 100644
--- a/thread/tests/integration/src/android/net/thread/utils/FullThreadDevice.java
+++ b/thread/tests/integration/src/android/net/thread/utils/FullThreadDevice.java
@@ -239,6 +239,12 @@
         executeCommand("udp send %s %d %s", serverAddr.getHostAddress(), serverPort, message);
     }
 
+    /** Sets `true` to enable SRP server on this device. */
+    public void setSrpServerEnabled(boolean enabled) {
+        String cmd = enabled ? "enable" : "disable";
+        executeCommand("srp server " + cmd);
+    }
+
     /** Enables the SRP client and run in autostart mode. */
     public void autoStartSrpClient() {
         executeCommand("srp client autostart enable");
diff --git a/thread/tests/integration/src/android/net/thread/utils/IntegrationTestUtils.kt b/thread/tests/integration/src/android/net/thread/utils/IntegrationTestUtils.kt
index 801e21e..f41e903 100644
--- a/thread/tests/integration/src/android/net/thread/utils/IntegrationTestUtils.kt
+++ b/thread/tests/integration/src/android/net/thread/utils/IntegrationTestUtils.kt
@@ -479,15 +479,31 @@
         return addresses
     }
 
-    /** Return the first discovered service of `serviceType`.  */
+    /** Return the first discovered service of `serviceType`. */
     @JvmStatic
     @Throws(Exception::class)
     fun discoverService(nsdManager: NsdManager, serviceType: String): NsdServiceInfo {
+        return discoverService(nsdManager, serviceType, null)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the service that matches `serviceType` and `serviceName`.
+     *
+     * If `serviceName` is null, returns the first discovered service. `serviceName` is not case
+     * sensitive.
+     */
+    @JvmStatic
+    @Throws(Exception::class)
+    fun discoverService(nsdManager: NsdManager, serviceType: String, serviceName: String?):
+            NsdServiceInfo {
         val serviceInfoFuture = CompletableFuture<NsdServiceInfo>()
         val listener: NsdManager.DiscoveryListener = object : DefaultDiscoveryListener() {
             override fun onServiceFound(serviceInfo: NsdServiceInfo) {
                 Log.d(TAG, "onServiceFound: $serviceInfo")
-                serviceInfoFuture.complete(serviceInfo)
+                if (serviceName == null ||
+                        serviceInfo.getServiceName().equals(serviceName, true /* ignore case */)) {
+                    serviceInfoFuture.complete(serviceInfo)
+                }
             }
         }
         nsdManager.discoverServices(serviceType, NsdManager.PROTOCOL_DNS_SD, listener)
@@ -583,6 +599,17 @@
     }
 
     /**
+     * Let the FTD join the specified Thread network and wait for it becomes a Child or Router.
+     */
+    @JvmStatic
+    @Throws(Exception::class)
+    fun joinNetworkAndWait(ftd: FullThreadDevice, dataset: ActiveOperationalDataset) {
+        ftd.factoryReset()
+        ftd.joinNetwork(dataset)
+        ftd.waitForStateAnyOf(listOf("router", "child"), JOIN_TIMEOUT)
+    }
+
+    /**
      * Let the FTD join the specified Thread network and wait for border routing to be available.
      *
      * @return the OMR address
@@ -603,15 +630,31 @@
     /** Enables Thread and joins the specified Thread network. */
     @JvmStatic
     fun enableThreadAndJoinNetwork(dataset: ActiveOperationalDataset) {
-        // TODO: b/323301831 - This is a workaround to avoid unnecessary delay to re-form a network
-        OtDaemonController().factoryReset();
-
         val context: Context = requireNotNull(ApplicationProvider.getApplicationContext());
         val controller = requireNotNull(ThreadNetworkControllerWrapper.newInstance(context));
+
+        // TODO: b/323301831 - This is a workaround to avoid unnecessary delay to re-form a network
+        controller.leaveAndWait();
+
         controller.setEnabledAndWait(true);
         controller.joinAndWait(dataset);
     }
 
+    /** Enables Border Router and joins the specified Thread network. */
+    @JvmStatic
+    fun enableBorderRouterAndJoinNetwork(dataset: ActiveOperationalDataset) {
+        val context: Context = requireNotNull(ApplicationProvider.getApplicationContext());
+        val controller = requireNotNull(ThreadNetworkControllerWrapper.newInstance(context));
+
+        // TODO: b/323301831 - This is a workaround to avoid unnecessary delay to re-form a network
+        controller.leaveAndWait();
+
+        controller.setEnabledAndWait(true);
+        val config = ThreadConfiguration.Builder().setBorderRouterEnabled(true).build();
+        controller.setConfigurationAndWait(config);
+        controller.joinAndWait(dataset);
+    }
+
     /** Leaves the Thread network and disables Thread. */
     @JvmStatic
     fun leaveNetworkAndDisableThread() {
diff --git a/thread/tests/integration/src/android/net/thread/utils/OtDaemonController.java b/thread/tests/integration/src/android/net/thread/utils/OtDaemonController.java
index 9fbfa45..272685f 100644
--- a/thread/tests/integration/src/android/net/thread/utils/OtDaemonController.java
+++ b/thread/tests/integration/src/android/net/thread/utils/OtDaemonController.java
@@ -156,6 +156,12 @@
         return executeCommandAndParse("extpanid").get(0);
     }
 
+    public boolean isCountryCodeSupported() {
+        final String result = executeCommand("region");
+
+        return !result.equals("Error 12: NotImplemented\r\n");
+    }
+
     public String executeCommand(String cmd) {
         return SystemUtil.runShellCommand(OT_CTL + " " + cmd);
     }
diff --git a/thread/tests/integration/src/android/net/thread/utils/ThreadNetworkControllerWrapper.java b/thread/tests/integration/src/android/net/thread/utils/ThreadNetworkControllerWrapper.java
index b6114f3..c4150cb 100644
--- a/thread/tests/integration/src/android/net/thread/utils/ThreadNetworkControllerWrapper.java
+++ b/thread/tests/integration/src/android/net/thread/utils/ThreadNetworkControllerWrapper.java
@@ -233,7 +233,10 @@
     public void setNat64EnabledAndWait(boolean enabled) throws Exception {
         final ThreadConfiguration config = getConfiguration();
         final ThreadConfiguration newConfig =
-                new ThreadConfiguration.Builder(config).setNat64Enabled(enabled).build();
+                new ThreadConfiguration.Builder(config)
+                        .setBorderRouterEnabled(true)
+                        .setNat64Enabled(enabled)
+                        .build();
         setConfigurationAndWait(newConfig);
     }
 
diff --git a/thread/tests/multidevices/Android.bp b/thread/tests/multidevices/Android.bp
index 050caa8..1d2ae62 100644
--- a/thread/tests/multidevices/Android.bp
+++ b/thread/tests/multidevices/Android.bp
@@ -35,9 +35,4 @@
         "mts-tethering",
         "general-tests",
     ],
-    version: {
-        py3: {
-            embedded_launcher: true,
-        },
-    },
 }
diff --git a/thread/tests/unit/src/com/android/server/thread/ThreadNetworkControllerServiceTest.java b/thread/tests/unit/src/com/android/server/thread/ThreadNetworkControllerServiceTest.java
index bc8da8b..95ebda5 100644
--- a/thread/tests/unit/src/com/android/server/thread/ThreadNetworkControllerServiceTest.java
+++ b/thread/tests/unit/src/com/android/server/thread/ThreadNetworkControllerServiceTest.java
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
 import static android.net.thread.ThreadNetworkManager.PERMISSION_THREAD_NETWORK_TESTING;
 
 import static com.android.server.thread.ThreadNetworkCountryCode.DEFAULT_COUNTRY_CODE;
+import static com.android.server.thread.ThreadPersistentSettings.KEY_THREAD_ENABLED;
 import static com.android.server.thread.openthread.IOtDaemon.ErrorCode.OT_ERROR_INVALID_STATE;
 import static com.android.testutils.TestPermissionUtil.runAsShell;
 
@@ -42,6 +43,7 @@
 import static com.google.common.truth.Truth.assertThat;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertThrows;
+import static org.junit.Assume.assumeTrue;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyInt;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyString;
@@ -93,7 +95,6 @@
 
 import androidx.test.annotation.UiThreadTest;
 import androidx.test.core.app.ApplicationProvider;
-import androidx.test.ext.junit.runners.AndroidJUnit4;
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
 
 import com.android.connectivity.resources.R;
@@ -112,6 +113,7 @@
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.rules.TemporaryFolder;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.junit.runners.Parameterized;
 import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;
 import org.mockito.Captor;
 import org.mockito.InOrder;
@@ -124,6 +126,8 @@
 import java.time.DateTimeException;
 import java.time.Instant;
 import java.time.ZoneId;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
@@ -132,7 +136,7 @@
 
 /** Unit tests for {@link ThreadNetworkControllerService}. */
 @SmallTest
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@RunWith(Parameterized.class)
 // This test doesn't really need to run on the UI thread, but @Before and @Test annotated methods
 // need to run in the same thread because there are code in {@code ThreadNetworkControllerService}
 // checking that all its methods are running in the thread of the handler it's using. This is due
@@ -200,6 +204,17 @@
     @Rule(order = 1)
     public final TemporaryFolder tempFolder = new TemporaryFolder();
 
+    private final boolean mIsBorderRouterEnabled;
+
+    @Parameterized.Parameters
+    public static Collection configArguments() {
+        return Arrays.asList(new Object[][] {{false}, {true}});
+    }
+
+    public ThreadNetworkControllerServiceTest(boolean isBorderRouterEnabled) {
+        mIsBorderRouterEnabled = isBorderRouterEnabled;
+    }
+
     @Before
     public void setUp() throws Exception {
         MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
@@ -231,6 +246,8 @@
 
         when(mConnectivityResources.get()).thenReturn(mResources);
         when(mResources.getBoolean(eq(R.bool.config_thread_default_enabled))).thenReturn(true);
+        when(mResources.getBoolean(eq(R.bool.config_thread_border_router_default_enabled)))
+                .thenReturn(mIsBorderRouterEnabled);
         when(mResources.getBoolean(
                         eq(R.bool.config_thread_srp_server_wait_for_border_routing_enabled)))
                 .thenReturn(true);
@@ -564,7 +581,7 @@
         mTestLooper.dispatchAll();
 
         assertThat(mFakeOtDaemon.getEnabledState()).isEqualTo(STATE_DISABLED);
-        assertThat(mPersistentSettings.get(ThreadPersistentSettings.THREAD_ENABLED)).isTrue();
+        assertThat(mPersistentSettings.get(KEY_THREAD_ENABLED)).isTrue();
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -920,7 +937,9 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void initialize_upstreamNetworkRequestHasCertainTransportTypesAndCapabilities() {
+    public void initialize_borderRouterEnabled_upstreamNetworkRequestHasExpectedTransportAndCaps() {
+        assumeTrue(mIsBorderRouterEnabled);
+
         mService.initialize();
         mTestLooper.dispatchAll();
 
@@ -999,7 +1018,8 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void activateEphemeralKeyMode_succeed() throws Exception {
+    public void activateEphemeralKeyMode_borderRouterEnabled_succeed() throws Exception {
+        assumeTrue(mIsBorderRouterEnabled);
         mService.initialize();
         final IOperationReceiver mockReceiver = mock(IOperationReceiver.class);
 
@@ -1010,7 +1030,8 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void deactivateEphemeralKeyMode_succeed() throws Exception {
+    public void deactivateEphemeralKeyMode_borderRouterEnabled_succeed() throws Exception {
+        assumeTrue(mIsBorderRouterEnabled);
         mService.initialize();
         final IOperationReceiver mockReceiver = mock(IOperationReceiver.class);
 
diff --git a/thread/tests/unit/src/com/android/server/thread/ThreadNetworkCountryCodeTest.java b/thread/tests/unit/src/com/android/server/thread/ThreadNetworkCountryCodeTest.java
index ca9741d..139f4c8 100644
--- a/thread/tests/unit/src/com/android/server/thread/ThreadNetworkCountryCodeTest.java
+++ b/thread/tests/unit/src/com/android/server/thread/ThreadNetworkCountryCodeTest.java
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 import static android.net.thread.ThreadNetworkException.ERROR_INTERNAL_ERROR;
 
 import static com.android.server.thread.ThreadNetworkCountryCode.DEFAULT_COUNTRY_CODE;
-import static com.android.server.thread.ThreadPersistentSettings.THREAD_COUNTRY_CODE;
+import static com.android.server.thread.ThreadPersistentSettings.KEY_COUNTRY_CODE;
 
 import static com.google.common.truth.Truth.assertThat;
 
@@ -454,7 +454,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void settingsCountryCode_settingsCountryCodeIsActive_settingsCountryCodeIsUsed() {
-        when(mPersistentSettings.get(THREAD_COUNTRY_CODE)).thenReturn(TEST_COUNTRY_CODE_CN);
+        when(mPersistentSettings.get(KEY_COUNTRY_CODE)).thenReturn(TEST_COUNTRY_CODE_CN);
         mThreadNetworkCountryCode.initialize();
 
         assertThat(mThreadNetworkCountryCode.getCountryCode()).isEqualTo(TEST_COUNTRY_CODE_CN);
diff --git a/thread/tests/unit/src/com/android/server/thread/ThreadPersistentSettingsTest.java b/thread/tests/unit/src/com/android/server/thread/ThreadPersistentSettingsTest.java
index ba489d9..15f3d0b 100644
--- a/thread/tests/unit/src/com/android/server/thread/ThreadPersistentSettingsTest.java
+++ b/thread/tests/unit/src/com/android/server/thread/ThreadPersistentSettingsTest.java
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@
 
 package com.android.server.thread;
 
-import static com.android.server.thread.ThreadPersistentSettings.THREAD_COUNTRY_CODE;
-import static com.android.server.thread.ThreadPersistentSettings.THREAD_ENABLED;
+import static com.android.server.thread.ThreadPersistentSettings.KEY_COUNTRY_CODE;
+import static com.android.server.thread.ThreadPersistentSettings.KEY_THREAD_ENABLED;
 
 import static com.google.common.truth.Truth.assertThat;
 
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
 
 import com.android.connectivity.resources.R;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.ConnectivityResources;
+import com.android.server.thread.ThreadPersistentSettings.Key;
 
 import org.junit.After;
 import org.junit.Before;
@@ -83,68 +84,81 @@
 
     @Test
     public void initialize_readsFromFile() throws Exception {
-        byte[] data = createXmlForParsing(THREAD_ENABLED.key, false);
+        byte[] data = createXmlForParsing(KEY_THREAD_ENABLED, false);
         setupAtomicFileForRead(data);
 
         mThreadPersistentSettings.initialize();
 
-        assertThat(mThreadPersistentSettings.get(THREAD_ENABLED)).isFalse();
+        assertThat(mThreadPersistentSettings.get(KEY_THREAD_ENABLED)).isFalse();
     }
 
     @Test
     public void initialize_ThreadDisabledInResources_returnsThreadDisabled() throws Exception {
         when(mResources.getBoolean(eq(R.bool.config_thread_default_enabled))).thenReturn(false);
-        setupAtomicFileForRead(new byte[0]);
+        mThreadPersistentSettings =
+                new ThreadPersistentSettings(mAtomicFile, mConnectivityResources);
 
         mThreadPersistentSettings.initialize();
 
-        assertThat(mThreadPersistentSettings.get(THREAD_ENABLED)).isFalse();
+        assertThat(mThreadPersistentSettings.get(KEY_THREAD_ENABLED)).isFalse();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void initialize_ThreadEnabledInResources_returnsThreadEnabled() throws Exception {
+        when(mResources.getBoolean(eq(R.bool.config_thread_default_enabled))).thenReturn(true);
+        mThreadPersistentSettings =
+                new ThreadPersistentSettings(mAtomicFile, mConnectivityResources);
+
+        mThreadPersistentSettings.initialize();
+
+        assertThat(mThreadPersistentSettings.get(KEY_THREAD_ENABLED)).isTrue();
     }
 
     @Test
     public void initialize_ThreadDisabledInResourcesButEnabledInXml_returnsThreadEnabled()
             throws Exception {
         when(mResources.getBoolean(eq(R.bool.config_thread_default_enabled))).thenReturn(false);
-        byte[] data = createXmlForParsing(THREAD_ENABLED.key, true);
-        setupAtomicFileForRead(data);
+        setupAtomicFileForRead(createXmlForParsing(KEY_THREAD_ENABLED, true));
+        mThreadPersistentSettings =
+                new ThreadPersistentSettings(mAtomicFile, mConnectivityResources);
 
         mThreadPersistentSettings.initialize();
 
-        assertThat(mThreadPersistentSettings.get(THREAD_ENABLED)).isTrue();
+        assertThat(mThreadPersistentSettings.get(KEY_THREAD_ENABLED)).isTrue();
     }
 
     @Test
     public void put_ThreadFeatureEnabledTrue_returnsTrue() throws Exception {
-        mThreadPersistentSettings.put(THREAD_ENABLED.key, true);
+        mThreadPersistentSettings.put(KEY_THREAD_ENABLED, true);
 
-        assertThat(mThreadPersistentSettings.get(THREAD_ENABLED)).isTrue();
+        assertThat(mThreadPersistentSettings.get(KEY_THREAD_ENABLED)).isTrue();
     }
 
     @Test
     public void put_ThreadFeatureEnabledFalse_returnsFalse() throws Exception {
-        mThreadPersistentSettings.put(THREAD_ENABLED.key, false);
+        mThreadPersistentSettings.put(KEY_THREAD_ENABLED, false);
 
-        assertThat(mThreadPersistentSettings.get(THREAD_ENABLED)).isFalse();
+        assertThat(mThreadPersistentSettings.get(KEY_THREAD_ENABLED)).isFalse();
         mThreadPersistentSettings.initialize();
-        assertThat(mThreadPersistentSettings.get(THREAD_ENABLED)).isFalse();
+        assertThat(mThreadPersistentSettings.get(KEY_THREAD_ENABLED)).isFalse();
     }
 
     @Test
     public void put_ThreadCountryCodeString_returnsString() throws Exception {
-        mThreadPersistentSettings.put(THREAD_COUNTRY_CODE.key, TEST_COUNTRY_CODE);
+        mThreadPersistentSettings.put(KEY_COUNTRY_CODE, TEST_COUNTRY_CODE);
 
-        assertThat(mThreadPersistentSettings.get(THREAD_COUNTRY_CODE)).isEqualTo(TEST_COUNTRY_CODE);
+        assertThat(mThreadPersistentSettings.get(KEY_COUNTRY_CODE)).isEqualTo(TEST_COUNTRY_CODE);
         mThreadPersistentSettings.initialize();
-        assertThat(mThreadPersistentSettings.get(THREAD_COUNTRY_CODE)).isEqualTo(TEST_COUNTRY_CODE);
+        assertThat(mThreadPersistentSettings.get(KEY_COUNTRY_CODE)).isEqualTo(TEST_COUNTRY_CODE);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void put_ThreadCountryCodeNull_returnsNull() throws Exception {
-        mThreadPersistentSettings.put(THREAD_COUNTRY_CODE.key, null);
+        mThreadPersistentSettings.put(KEY_COUNTRY_CODE, null);
 
-        assertThat(mThreadPersistentSettings.get(THREAD_COUNTRY_CODE)).isNull();
+        assertThat(mThreadPersistentSettings.get(KEY_COUNTRY_CODE)).isNull();
         mThreadPersistentSettings.initialize();
-        assertThat(mThreadPersistentSettings.get(THREAD_COUNTRY_CODE)).isNull();
+        assertThat(mThreadPersistentSettings.get(KEY_COUNTRY_CODE)).isNull();
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -202,10 +216,10 @@
         return new AtomicFile(mTemporaryFolder.newFile());
     }
 
-    private byte[] createXmlForParsing(String key, Boolean value) throws Exception {
+    private byte[] createXmlForParsing(Key<Boolean> key, Boolean value) throws Exception {
         PersistableBundle bundle = new PersistableBundle();
         ByteArrayOutputStream outputStream = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
-        bundle.putBoolean(key, value);
+        bundle.putBoolean(key.key, value);
         bundle.writeToStream(outputStream);
         return outputStream.toByteArray();
     }