diff --git a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfCoordinator.java b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfCoordinator.java
index 8adcbd9..36a2f10 100644
--- a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfCoordinator.java
+++ b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfCoordinator.java
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@
 import android.net.util.SharedLog;
 import android.net.util.TetheringUtils.ForwardedStats;
 import android.os.Handler;
+import android.os.SystemClock;
 import android.system.ErrnoException;
 import android.text.TextUtils;
 import android.util.Log;
@@ -773,6 +774,12 @@
         }
         pw.decreaseIndent();
 
+        pw.println("BPF stats:");
+        pw.increaseIndent();
+        dumpBpfStats(pw);
+        pw.decreaseIndent();
+        pw.println();
+
         pw.println("Forwarding rules:");
         pw.increaseIndent();
         dumpIpv6UpstreamRules(pw);
@@ -800,6 +807,22 @@
                     upstreamIfindex), stats.toString()));
         }
     }
+    private void dumpBpfStats(@NonNull IndentingPrintWriter pw) {
+        try (BpfMap<TetherStatsKey, TetherStatsValue> map = mDeps.getBpfStatsMap()) {
+            if (map == null) {
+                pw.println("No BPF stats map");
+                return;
+            }
+            if (map.isEmpty()) {
+                pw.println("<empty>");
+            }
+            map.forEach((k, v) -> {
+                pw.println(String.format("%s: %s", k, v));
+            });
+        } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+            pw.println("Error dumping BPF stats map: " + e);
+        }
+    }
 
     private void dumpIpv6ForwardingRules(@NonNull IndentingPrintWriter pw) {
         if (mIpv6ForwardingRules.size() == 0) {
@@ -849,7 +872,7 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private String ipv4RuleToString(Tether4Key key, Tether4Value value) {
+    private String ipv4RuleToString(long now, Tether4Key key, Tether4Value value) {
         final String private4, public4, dst4;
         try {
             private4 = InetAddress.getByAddress(key.src4).getHostAddress();
@@ -858,29 +881,43 @@
         } catch (UnknownHostException impossible) {
             throw new AssertionError("4-byte array not valid IPv4 address!");
         }
-        return String.format("[%s] %d(%s) %s:%d -> %d(%s) %s:%d -> %s:%d",
+        long ageMs = (now - value.lastUsed) / 1_000_000;
+        return String.format("[%s] %d(%s) %s:%d -> %d(%s) %s:%d -> %s:%d %dms",
                 key.dstMac, key.iif, getIfName(key.iif), private4, key.srcPort,
                 value.oif, getIfName(value.oif),
-                public4, value.srcPort, dst4, key.dstPort);
+                public4, value.srcPort, dst4, key.dstPort, ageMs);
+    }
+
+    private void dumpIpv4ForwardingRuleMap(long now, BpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> map,
+            IndentingPrintWriter pw) throws ErrnoException {
+        if (map == null) {
+            pw.println("No IPv4 support");
+            return;
+        }
+        if (map.isEmpty()) {
+            pw.println("No rules");
+            return;
+        }
+        map.forEach((k, v) -> pw.println(ipv4RuleToString(now, k, v)));
     }
 
     private void dumpIpv4ForwardingRules(IndentingPrintWriter pw) {
-        try (BpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> map = mDeps.getBpfUpstream4Map()) {
-            if (map == null) {
-                pw.println("No IPv4 support");
-                return;
-            }
-            if (map.isEmpty()) {
-                pw.println("No IPv4 rules");
-                return;
-            }
-            pw.println("IPv4: [inDstMac] iif(iface) src -> nat -> dst");
+        final long now = SystemClock.elapsedRealtimeNanos();
+
+        try (BpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> upstreamMap = mDeps.getBpfUpstream4Map();
+                BpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> downstreamMap = mDeps.getBpfDownstream4Map()) {
+            pw.println("IPv4 Upstream: [inDstMac] iif(iface) src -> nat -> dst");
             pw.increaseIndent();
-            map.forEach((k, v) -> pw.println(ipv4RuleToString(k, v)));
+            dumpIpv4ForwardingRuleMap(now, upstreamMap, pw);
+            pw.decreaseIndent();
+
+            pw.println("IPv4 Downstream: [inDstMac] iif(iface) src -> nat -> dst");
+            pw.increaseIndent();
+            dumpIpv4ForwardingRuleMap(now, downstreamMap, pw);
+            pw.decreaseIndent();
         } catch (ErrnoException e) {
             pw.println("Error dumping IPv4 map: " + e);
         }
-        pw.decreaseIndent();
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/NetworkCapabilities.java b/framework/src/android/net/NetworkCapabilities.java
index 90d821b..3a07db3 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/NetworkCapabilities.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/NetworkCapabilities.java
@@ -817,6 +817,7 @@
         final int originalOwnerUid = getOwnerUid();
         final int[] originalAdministratorUids = getAdministratorUids();
         final TransportInfo originalTransportInfo = getTransportInfo();
+        final Set<Integer> originalSubIds = getSubscriptionIds();
         clearAll();
         if (0 != (originalCapabilities & NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED)) {
             // If the test network is not restricted, then it is only allowed to declare some
@@ -825,6 +826,9 @@
             mTransportTypes =
                     (originalTransportTypes & UNRESTRICTED_TEST_NETWORKS_ALLOWED_TRANSPORTS)
                             | (1 << TRANSPORT_TEST);
+
+            // SubIds are only allowed for Test Networks that only declare TRANSPORT_TEST.
+            setSubscriptionIds(originalSubIds);
         } else {
             // If the test transport is restricted, then it may declare any transport.
             mTransportTypes = (originalTransportTypes | (1 << TRANSPORT_TEST));
@@ -1565,6 +1569,28 @@
     }
 
     /**
+     * Compare if the given NetworkCapabilities have the same UIDs.
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    public static boolean hasSameUids(@Nullable NetworkCapabilities nc1,
+            @Nullable NetworkCapabilities nc2) {
+        final Set<UidRange> uids1 = (nc1 == null) ? null : nc1.mUids;
+        final Set<UidRange> uids2 = (nc2 == null) ? null : nc2.mUids;
+        if (null == uids1) return null == uids2;
+        if (null == uids2) return false;
+        // Make a copy so it can be mutated to check that all ranges in uids2 also are in uids.
+        final Set<UidRange> uids = new ArraySet<>(uids2);
+        for (UidRange range : uids1) {
+            if (!uids.contains(range)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            uids.remove(range);
+        }
+        return uids.isEmpty();
+    }
+
+    /**
      * Tests if the set of UIDs that this network applies to is the same as the passed network.
      * <p>
      * This test only checks whether equal range objects are in both sets. It will
@@ -1580,19 +1606,7 @@
      */
     @VisibleForTesting
     public boolean equalsUids(@NonNull NetworkCapabilities nc) {
-        Set<UidRange> comparedUids = nc.mUids;
-        if (null == comparedUids) return null == mUids;
-        if (null == mUids) return false;
-        // Make a copy so it can be mutated to check that all ranges in mUids
-        // also are in uids.
-        final Set<UidRange> uids = new ArraySet<>(mUids);
-        for (UidRange range : comparedUids) {
-            if (!uids.contains(range)) {
-                return false;
-            }
-            uids.remove(range);
-        }
-        return uids.isEmpty();
+        return hasSameUids(nc, this);
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java b/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
index f2fb0ba..b9076e9 100644
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
@@ -398,6 +398,32 @@
     }
 
     /**
+     * The priority value is used when issue uid ranges rules to netd. Netd will use the priority
+     * value and uid ranges to generate corresponding ip rules specific to the given preference.
+     * Thus, any device originated data traffic of the applied uids can be routed to the altered
+     * default network which has highest priority.
+     *
+     * Note: The priority value should be in 0~1000. Larger value means lower priority, see
+     *       {@link NativeUidRangeConfig}.
+     */
+    // This is default priority value for those NetworkRequests which doesn't have preference to
+    // alter default network and use the global one.
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    static final int DEFAULT_NETWORK_PRIORITY_NONE = 0;
+    // Used by automotive devices to set the network preferences used to direct traffic at an
+    // application level. See {@link #setOemNetworkPreference}.
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    static final int DEFAULT_NETWORK_PRIORITY_OEM = 10;
+    // Request that a user profile is put by default on a network matching a given preference.
+    // See {@link #setProfileNetworkPreference}.
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    static final int DEFAULT_NETWORK_PRIORITY_PROFILE = 20;
+    // Set by MOBILE_DATA_PREFERRED_UIDS setting. Use mobile data in preference even when
+    // higher-priority networks are connected.
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    static final int DEFAULT_NETWORK_PRIORITY_MOBILE_DATA_PREFERRED = 30;
+
+    /**
      * used internally to clear a wakelock when transitioning
      * from one net to another.  Clear happens when we get a new
      * network - EVENT_EXPIRE_NET_TRANSITION_WAKELOCK happens
@@ -1516,7 +1542,7 @@
     }
 
     // Note that registering observer for setting do not get initial callback when registering,
-    // callers might have self-initialization to update status if need.
+    // callers must fetch the initial value of the setting themselves if needed.
     private void registerSettingsCallbacks() {
         // Watch for global HTTP proxy changes.
         mSettingsObserver.observe(
@@ -4146,8 +4172,10 @@
             final NetworkAgentInfo satisfier = nri.getSatisfier();
             if (null != satisfier) {
                 try {
+                    // TODO: Passing default network priority to netd.
                     mNetd.networkRemoveUidRanges(satisfier.network.getNetId(),
-                            toUidRangeStableParcels(nri.getUids()));
+                            toUidRangeStableParcels(nri.getUids())
+                            /* nri.getDefaultNetworkPriority() */);
                 } catch (RemoteException e) {
                     loge("Exception setting network preference default network", e);
                 }
@@ -5592,6 +5620,13 @@
         // maximum limit of registered callbacks per UID.
         final int mAsUid;
 
+        // Default network priority of this request.
+        private final int mDefaultNetworkPriority;
+
+        int getDefaultNetworkPriority() {
+            return mDefaultNetworkPriority;
+        }
+
         // In order to preserve the mapping of NetworkRequest-to-callback when apps register
         // callbacks using a returned NetworkRequest, the original NetworkRequest needs to be
         // maintained for keying off of. This is only a concern when the original nri
@@ -5621,12 +5656,13 @@
 
         NetworkRequestInfo(int asUid, @NonNull final NetworkRequest r,
                 @Nullable final PendingIntent pi, @Nullable String callingAttributionTag) {
-            this(asUid, Collections.singletonList(r), r, pi, callingAttributionTag);
+            this(asUid, Collections.singletonList(r), r, pi, callingAttributionTag,
+                    DEFAULT_NETWORK_PRIORITY_NONE);
         }
 
         NetworkRequestInfo(int asUid, @NonNull final List<NetworkRequest> r,
                 @NonNull final NetworkRequest requestForCallback, @Nullable final PendingIntent pi,
-                @Nullable String callingAttributionTag) {
+                @Nullable String callingAttributionTag, final int defaultNetworkPriority) {
             ensureAllNetworkRequestsHaveType(r);
             mRequests = initializeRequests(r);
             mNetworkRequestForCallback = requestForCallback;
@@ -5644,6 +5680,7 @@
              */
             mCallbackFlags = NetworkCallback.FLAG_NONE;
             mCallingAttributionTag = callingAttributionTag;
+            mDefaultNetworkPriority = defaultNetworkPriority;
         }
 
         NetworkRequestInfo(int asUid, @NonNull final NetworkRequest r, @Nullable final Messenger m,
@@ -5673,6 +5710,7 @@
             mPerUidCounter.incrementCountOrThrow(mUid);
             mCallbackFlags = callbackFlags;
             mCallingAttributionTag = callingAttributionTag;
+            mDefaultNetworkPriority = DEFAULT_NETWORK_PRIORITY_NONE;
             linkDeathRecipient();
         }
 
@@ -5712,15 +5750,18 @@
             mPerUidCounter.incrementCountOrThrow(mUid);
             mCallbackFlags = nri.mCallbackFlags;
             mCallingAttributionTag = nri.mCallingAttributionTag;
+            mDefaultNetworkPriority = DEFAULT_NETWORK_PRIORITY_NONE;
             linkDeathRecipient();
         }
 
         NetworkRequestInfo(int asUid, @NonNull final NetworkRequest r) {
-            this(asUid, Collections.singletonList(r));
+            this(asUid, Collections.singletonList(r), DEFAULT_NETWORK_PRIORITY_NONE);
         }
 
-        NetworkRequestInfo(int asUid, @NonNull final List<NetworkRequest> r) {
-            this(asUid, r, r.get(0), null /* pi */, null /* callingAttributionTag */);
+        NetworkRequestInfo(int asUid, @NonNull final List<NetworkRequest> r,
+                final int defaultNetworkPriority) {
+            this(asUid, r, r.get(0), null /* pi */, null /* callingAttributionTag */,
+                    defaultNetworkPriority);
         }
 
         // True if this NRI is being satisfied. It also accounts for if the nri has its satisifer
@@ -7300,6 +7341,8 @@
             mDnsManager.updateTransportsForNetwork(
                     nai.network.getNetId(), newNc.getTransportTypes());
         }
+
+        maybeSendProxyBroadcast(nai, prevNc, newNc);
     }
 
     /** Convenience method to update the capabilities for a given network. */
@@ -7377,9 +7420,13 @@
         maybeCloseSockets(nai, ranges, exemptUids);
         try {
             if (add) {
-                mNetd.networkAddUidRanges(nai.network.netId, ranges);
+                // TODO: Passing default network priority to netd.
+                mNetd.networkAddUidRanges(nai.network.netId, ranges
+                        /* DEFAULT_NETWORK_PRIORITY_NONE */);
             } else {
-                mNetd.networkRemoveUidRanges(nai.network.netId, ranges);
+                // TODO: Passing default network priority to netd.
+                mNetd.networkRemoveUidRanges(nai.network.netId, ranges
+                        /* DEFAULT_NETWORK_PRIORITY_NONE */);
             }
         } catch (Exception e) {
             loge("Exception while " + (add ? "adding" : "removing") + " uid ranges " + uidRanges +
@@ -7388,6 +7435,30 @@
         maybeCloseSockets(nai, ranges, exemptUids);
     }
 
+    private boolean isProxySetOnAnyDefaultNetwork() {
+        ensureRunningOnConnectivityServiceThread();
+        for (final NetworkRequestInfo nri : mDefaultNetworkRequests) {
+            final NetworkAgentInfo nai = nri.getSatisfier();
+            if (nai != null && nai.linkProperties.getHttpProxy() != null) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private void maybeSendProxyBroadcast(NetworkAgentInfo nai, NetworkCapabilities prevNc,
+            NetworkCapabilities newNc) {
+        // When the apps moved from/to a VPN, a proxy broadcast is needed to inform the apps that
+        // the proxy might be changed since the default network satisfied by the apps might also
+        // changed.
+        // TODO: Try to track the default network that apps use and only send a proxy broadcast when
+        //  that happens to prevent false alarms.
+        if (nai.isVPN() && nai.everConnected && !NetworkCapabilities.hasSameUids(prevNc, newNc)
+                && (nai.linkProperties.getHttpProxy() != null || isProxySetOnAnyDefaultNetwork())) {
+            mProxyTracker.sendProxyBroadcast();
+        }
+    }
+
     private void updateUids(NetworkAgentInfo nai, NetworkCapabilities prevNc,
             NetworkCapabilities newNc) {
         Set<UidRange> prevRanges = null == prevNc ? null : prevNc.getUidRanges();
@@ -7690,14 +7761,18 @@
                         + " any applications to set as the default." + nri);
             }
             if (null != newDefaultNetwork) {
+                // TODO: Passing default network priority to netd.
                 mNetd.networkAddUidRanges(
                         newDefaultNetwork.network.getNetId(),
-                        toUidRangeStableParcels(nri.getUids()));
+                        toUidRangeStableParcels(nri.getUids())
+                        /* nri.getDefaultNetworkPriority() */);
             }
             if (null != oldDefaultNetwork) {
+                // TODO: Passing default network priority to netd.
                 mNetd.networkRemoveUidRanges(
                         oldDefaultNetwork.network.getNetId(),
-                        toUidRangeStableParcels(nri.getUids()));
+                        toUidRangeStableParcels(nri.getUids())
+                        /* nri.getDefaultNetworkPriority() */);
             }
         } catch (RemoteException | ServiceSpecificException e) {
             loge("Exception setting app default network", e);
@@ -9755,7 +9830,8 @@
             nrs.add(createDefaultInternetRequestForTransport(
                     TYPE_NONE, NetworkRequest.Type.TRACK_DEFAULT));
             setNetworkRequestUids(nrs, UidRange.fromIntRanges(pref.capabilities.getUids()));
-            final NetworkRequestInfo nri = new NetworkRequestInfo(Process.myUid(), nrs);
+            final NetworkRequestInfo nri = new NetworkRequestInfo(Process.myUid(), nrs,
+                    DEFAULT_NETWORK_PRIORITY_PROFILE);
             result.add(nri);
         }
         return result;
@@ -9825,7 +9901,8 @@
             ranges.add(new UidRange(uid, uid));
         }
         setNetworkRequestUids(requests, ranges);
-        nris.add(new NetworkRequestInfo(Process.myUid(), requests));
+        nris.add(new NetworkRequestInfo(Process.myUid(), requests,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_PRIORITY_MOBILE_DATA_PREFERRED));
         return nris;
     }
 
@@ -10135,7 +10212,8 @@
                 ranges.add(new UidRange(uid, uid));
             }
             setNetworkRequestUids(requests, ranges);
-            return new NetworkRequestInfo(Process.myUid(), requests);
+            return new NetworkRequestInfo(
+                    Process.myUid(), requests, DEFAULT_NETWORK_PRIORITY_OEM);
         }
 
         private NetworkRequest createUnmeteredNetworkRequest() {
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/TestNetworkService.java b/service/src/com/android/server/TestNetworkService.java
index 09873f4..fffd2be 100644
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/TestNetworkService.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/TestNetworkService.java
@@ -48,7 +48,6 @@
 import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
 import com.android.net.module.util.NetdUtils;
 import com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants;
-import com.android.net.module.util.PermissionUtils;
 
 import java.io.UncheckedIOException;
 import java.net.Inet4Address;
@@ -123,6 +122,8 @@
                         addr.getPrefixLength());
             }
 
+            NetdUtils.setInterfaceUp(mNetd, iface);
+
             return new TestNetworkInterface(tunIntf, iface);
         } catch (RemoteException e) {
             throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
@@ -324,14 +325,6 @@
         }
 
         try {
-            final long token = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
-            try {
-                PermissionUtils.enforceNetworkStackPermission(mContext);
-                NetdUtils.setInterfaceUp(mNetd, iface);
-            } finally {
-                Binder.restoreCallingIdentity(token);
-            }
-
             // Synchronize all accesses to mTestNetworkTracker to prevent the case where:
             // 1. TestNetworkAgent successfully binds to death of binder
             // 2. Before it is added to the mTestNetworkTracker, binder dies, binderDied() is called
diff --git a/tests/cts/hostside/app/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/AbstractRestrictBackgroundNetworkTestCase.java b/tests/cts/hostside/app/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/AbstractRestrictBackgroundNetworkTestCase.java
index 1afbfb0..7d30056 100644
--- a/tests/cts/hostside/app/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/AbstractRestrictBackgroundNetworkTestCase.java
+++ b/tests/cts/hostside/app/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/AbstractRestrictBackgroundNetworkTestCase.java
@@ -106,6 +106,8 @@
 
     private static final String KEY_NETWORK_STATE_OBSERVER = TEST_PKG + ".observer";
 
+    private static final String EMPTY_STRING = "";
+
     protected static final int TYPE_COMPONENT_ACTIVTIY = 0;
     protected static final int TYPE_COMPONENT_FOREGROUND_SERVICE = 1;
 
@@ -206,6 +208,8 @@
                 final String resultData = getResultData();
                 if (resultData == null) {
                     Log.e(TAG, "Received null data from ordered intent");
+                    // Offer an empty string so that the code waiting for the result can return.
+                    result.offer(EMPTY_STRING);
                     return;
                 }
                 result.offer(resultData);
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/Android.bp b/tests/cts/net/Android.bp
index cd69b13..e28c33f 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/Android.bp
+++ b/tests/cts/net/Android.bp
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@
     srcs: [
         "src/**/*.java",
         "src/**/*.kt",
+        ":ike-aes-xcbc",
     ],
     jarjar_rules: "jarjar-rules-shared.txt",
     static_libs: [
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/Ikev2VpnTest.java b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/Ikev2VpnTest.java
index c6d8d65..6e9f0cd 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/Ikev2VpnTest.java
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/Ikev2VpnTest.java
@@ -39,13 +39,11 @@
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
 import android.net.Ikev2VpnProfile;
 import android.net.IpSecAlgorithm;
-import android.net.LinkAddress;
 import android.net.Network;
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
 import android.net.NetworkRequest;
 import android.net.ProxyInfo;
 import android.net.TestNetworkInterface;
-import android.net.TestNetworkManager;
 import android.net.VpnManager;
 import android.net.cts.util.CtsNetUtils;
 import android.os.Build;
@@ -439,41 +437,37 @@
         assertEquals(vpnNetwork, cb.lastLostNetwork);
     }
 
-    private void doTestStartStopVpnProfile(boolean testIpv6) throws Exception {
-        // Non-final; these variables ensure we clean up properly after our test if we have
-        // allocated test network resources
-        final TestNetworkManager tnm = sContext.getSystemService(TestNetworkManager.class);
-        TestNetworkInterface testIface = null;
-        TestNetworkCallback tunNetworkCallback = null;
+    private class VerifyStartStopVpnProfileTest implements TestNetworkRunnable.Test {
+        private final boolean mTestIpv6Only;
 
-        try {
-            // Build underlying test network
-            testIface = tnm.createTunInterface(
-                    new LinkAddress[] {
-                            new LinkAddress(LOCAL_OUTER_4, IP4_PREFIX_LEN),
-                            new LinkAddress(LOCAL_OUTER_6, IP6_PREFIX_LEN)});
+        /**
+         * Constructs the test
+         *
+         * @param testIpv6Only if true, builds a IPv6-only test; otherwise builds a IPv4-only test
+         */
+        VerifyStartStopVpnProfileTest(boolean testIpv6Only) {
+            mTestIpv6Only = testIpv6Only;
+        }
 
-            // Hold on to this callback to ensure network does not get reaped.
-            tunNetworkCallback = mCtsNetUtils.setupAndGetTestNetwork(
-                    testIface.getInterfaceName());
+        @Override
+        public void runTest(TestNetworkInterface testIface, TestNetworkCallback tunNetworkCallback)
+                throws Exception {
             final IkeTunUtils tunUtils = new IkeTunUtils(testIface.getFileDescriptor());
 
-            checkStartStopVpnProfileBuildsNetworks(tunUtils, testIpv6);
-        } finally {
-            // Make sure to stop the VPN profile. This is safe to call multiple times.
+            checkStartStopVpnProfileBuildsNetworks(tunUtils, mTestIpv6Only);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void cleanupTest() {
             sVpnMgr.stopProvisionedVpnProfile();
+        }
 
-            if (testIface != null) {
-                testIface.getFileDescriptor().close();
-            }
-
-            if (tunNetworkCallback != null) {
-                sCM.unregisterNetworkCallback(tunNetworkCallback);
-            }
-
-            final Network testNetwork = tunNetworkCallback.currentNetwork;
-            if (testNetwork != null) {
-                tnm.teardownTestNetwork(testNetwork);
+        @Override
+        public InetAddress[] getTestNetworkAddresses() {
+            if (mTestIpv6Only) {
+                return new InetAddress[] {LOCAL_OUTER_6};
+            } else {
+                return new InetAddress[] {LOCAL_OUTER_4};
             }
         }
     }
@@ -483,9 +477,8 @@
         assumeTrue(mCtsNetUtils.hasIpsecTunnelsFeature());
 
         // Requires shell permission to update appops.
-        runWithShellPermissionIdentity(() -> {
-            doTestStartStopVpnProfile(false);
-        });
+        runWithShellPermissionIdentity(
+                new TestNetworkRunnable(new VerifyStartStopVpnProfileTest(false)));
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -493,9 +486,8 @@
         assumeTrue(mCtsNetUtils.hasIpsecTunnelsFeature());
 
         // Requires shell permission to update appops.
-        runWithShellPermissionIdentity(() -> {
-            doTestStartStopVpnProfile(true);
-        });
+        runWithShellPermissionIdentity(
+                new TestNetworkRunnable(new VerifyStartStopVpnProfileTest(true)));
     }
 
     private static class CertificateAndKey {
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/IpSecAlgorithmImplTest.java b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/IpSecAlgorithmImplTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..080f7f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/IpSecAlgorithmImplTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,288 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net.cts;
+
+import static android.net.IpSecAlgorithm.AUTH_AES_XCBC;
+import static android.net.IpSecAlgorithm.AUTH_CRYPT_CHACHA20_POLY1305;
+import static android.net.IpSecAlgorithm.CRYPT_AES_CTR;
+import static android.net.cts.PacketUtils.AES_CTR;
+import static android.net.cts.PacketUtils.AES_CTR_BLK_SIZE;
+import static android.net.cts.PacketUtils.AES_CTR_IV_LEN;
+import static android.net.cts.PacketUtils.AES_CTR_KEY_LEN_20;
+import static android.net.cts.PacketUtils.AES_CTR_KEY_LEN_28;
+import static android.net.cts.PacketUtils.AES_CTR_KEY_LEN_36;
+import static android.net.cts.PacketUtils.AES_CTR_SALT_LEN;
+import static android.net.cts.PacketUtils.AES_XCBC;
+import static android.net.cts.PacketUtils.AES_XCBC_ICV_LEN;
+import static android.net.cts.PacketUtils.AES_XCBC_KEY_LEN;
+import static android.net.cts.PacketUtils.CHACHA20_POLY1305;
+import static android.net.cts.PacketUtils.CHACHA20_POLY1305_BLK_SIZE;
+import static android.net.cts.PacketUtils.CHACHA20_POLY1305_ICV_LEN;
+import static android.net.cts.PacketUtils.CHACHA20_POLY1305_IV_LEN;
+import static android.net.cts.PacketUtils.CHACHA20_POLY1305_KEY_LEN;
+import static android.net.cts.PacketUtils.CHACHA20_POLY1305_SALT_LEN;
+import static android.net.cts.PacketUtils.ESP_HDRLEN;
+import static android.net.cts.PacketUtils.IP6_HDRLEN;
+import static android.net.cts.PacketUtils.getIpHeader;
+import static android.net.cts.util.CtsNetUtils.TestNetworkCallback;
+
+import static com.android.compatibility.common.util.SystemUtil.runWithShellPermissionIdentity;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assume.assumeTrue;
+
+import android.net.IpSecAlgorithm;
+import android.net.IpSecManager;
+import android.net.IpSecTransform;
+import android.net.Network;
+import android.net.TestNetworkInterface;
+import android.net.cts.PacketUtils.BytePayload;
+import android.net.cts.PacketUtils.EspAeadCipher;
+import android.net.cts.PacketUtils.EspAuth;
+import android.net.cts.PacketUtils.EspAuthNull;
+import android.net.cts.PacketUtils.EspCipher;
+import android.net.cts.PacketUtils.EspCipherNull;
+import android.net.cts.PacketUtils.EspCryptCipher;
+import android.net.cts.PacketUtils.EspHeader;
+import android.net.cts.PacketUtils.IpHeader;
+import android.net.cts.PacketUtils.UdpHeader;
+import android.platform.test.annotations.AppModeFull;
+
+import androidx.test.InstrumentationRegistry;
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+import java.net.DatagramPacket;
+import java.net.DatagramSocket;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@AppModeFull(reason = "Socket cannot bind in instant app mode")
+public class IpSecAlgorithmImplTest extends IpSecBaseTest {
+    private static final InetAddress LOCAL_ADDRESS =
+            InetAddress.parseNumericAddress("2001:db8:1::1");
+    private static final InetAddress REMOTE_ADDRESS =
+            InetAddress.parseNumericAddress("2001:db8:1::2");
+
+    private static final int REMOTE_PORT = 12345;
+    private static final IpSecManager IPSEC_MANAGER =
+            InstrumentationRegistry.getContext().getSystemService(IpSecManager.class);
+
+    private static class CheckCryptoImplTest implements TestNetworkRunnable.Test {
+        private final IpSecAlgorithm mIpsecEncryptAlgo;
+        private final IpSecAlgorithm mIpsecAuthAlgo;
+        private final IpSecAlgorithm mIpsecAeadAlgo;
+        private final EspCipher mEspCipher;
+        private final EspAuth mEspAuth;
+
+        public CheckCryptoImplTest(
+                IpSecAlgorithm ipsecEncryptAlgo,
+                IpSecAlgorithm ipsecAuthAlgo,
+                IpSecAlgorithm ipsecAeadAlgo,
+                EspCipher espCipher,
+                EspAuth espAuth) {
+            mIpsecEncryptAlgo = ipsecEncryptAlgo;
+            mIpsecAuthAlgo = ipsecAuthAlgo;
+            mIpsecAeadAlgo = ipsecAeadAlgo;
+            mEspCipher = espCipher;
+            mEspAuth = espAuth;
+        }
+
+        private static byte[] buildTransportModeEspPayload(
+                int srcPort, int dstPort, int spi, EspCipher espCipher, EspAuth espAuth)
+                throws Exception {
+            final UdpHeader udpPayload =
+                    new UdpHeader(srcPort, dstPort, new BytePayload(TEST_DATA));
+            final IpHeader preEspIpHeader =
+                    getIpHeader(
+                            udpPayload.getProtocolId(), LOCAL_ADDRESS, REMOTE_ADDRESS, udpPayload);
+
+            final PacketUtils.EspHeader espPayload =
+                    new EspHeader(
+                            udpPayload.getProtocolId(),
+                            spi,
+                            1 /* sequence number */,
+                            udpPayload.getPacketBytes(preEspIpHeader),
+                            espCipher,
+                            espAuth);
+            return espPayload.getPacketBytes(preEspIpHeader);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void runTest(TestNetworkInterface testIface, TestNetworkCallback tunNetworkCallback)
+                throws Exception {
+            final TunUtils tunUtils = new TunUtils(testIface.getFileDescriptor());
+            tunNetworkCallback.waitForAvailable();
+            final Network testNetwork = tunNetworkCallback.currentNetwork;
+
+            final IpSecTransform.Builder transformBuilder =
+                    new IpSecTransform.Builder(InstrumentationRegistry.getContext());
+            if (mIpsecAeadAlgo != null) {
+                transformBuilder.setAuthenticatedEncryption(mIpsecAeadAlgo);
+            } else {
+                if (mIpsecEncryptAlgo != null) {
+                    transformBuilder.setEncryption(mIpsecEncryptAlgo);
+                }
+                if (mIpsecAuthAlgo != null) {
+                    transformBuilder.setAuthentication(mIpsecAuthAlgo);
+                }
+            }
+
+            try (final IpSecManager.SecurityParameterIndex outSpi =
+                            IPSEC_MANAGER.allocateSecurityParameterIndex(REMOTE_ADDRESS);
+                    final IpSecManager.SecurityParameterIndex inSpi =
+                            IPSEC_MANAGER.allocateSecurityParameterIndex(LOCAL_ADDRESS);
+                    final IpSecTransform outTransform =
+                            transformBuilder.buildTransportModeTransform(LOCAL_ADDRESS, outSpi);
+                    final IpSecTransform inTransform =
+                            transformBuilder.buildTransportModeTransform(REMOTE_ADDRESS, inSpi);
+                    // Bind localSocket to a random available port.
+                    final DatagramSocket localSocket = new DatagramSocket(0)) {
+                IPSEC_MANAGER.applyTransportModeTransform(
+                        localSocket, IpSecManager.DIRECTION_IN, inTransform);
+                IPSEC_MANAGER.applyTransportModeTransform(
+                        localSocket, IpSecManager.DIRECTION_OUT, outTransform);
+
+                // Send ESP packet
+                final DatagramPacket outPacket =
+                        new DatagramPacket(
+                                TEST_DATA, 0, TEST_DATA.length, REMOTE_ADDRESS, REMOTE_PORT);
+                testNetwork.bindSocket(localSocket);
+                localSocket.send(outPacket);
+                final byte[] outEspPacket =
+                        tunUtils.awaitEspPacket(outSpi.getSpi(), false /* useEncap */);
+
+                // Remove transform for good hygiene
+                IPSEC_MANAGER.removeTransportModeTransforms(localSocket);
+
+                // Get the kernel-generated ESP payload
+                final byte[] outEspPayload = new byte[outEspPacket.length - IP6_HDRLEN];
+                System.arraycopy(outEspPacket, IP6_HDRLEN, outEspPayload, 0, outEspPayload.length);
+
+                // Get the IV of the kernel-generated ESP payload
+                final byte[] iv =
+                        Arrays.copyOfRange(
+                                outEspPayload, ESP_HDRLEN, ESP_HDRLEN + mEspCipher.ivLen);
+
+                // Build ESP payload using the kernel-generated IV and the user space crypto
+                // implementations
+                mEspCipher.updateIv(iv);
+                final byte[] expectedEspPayload =
+                        buildTransportModeEspPayload(
+                                localSocket.getLocalPort(),
+                                REMOTE_PORT,
+                                outSpi.getSpi(),
+                                mEspCipher,
+                                mEspAuth);
+
+                // Compare user-space-generated and kernel-generated ESP payload
+                assertArrayEquals(expectedEspPayload, outEspPayload);
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void cleanupTest() {
+            // Do nothing
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public InetAddress[] getTestNetworkAddresses() {
+            return new InetAddress[] {LOCAL_ADDRESS};
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void checkAesCtr(int keyLen) throws Exception {
+        final byte[] cryptKey = getKeyBytes(keyLen);
+
+        final IpSecAlgorithm ipsecEncryptAlgo =
+                new IpSecAlgorithm(IpSecAlgorithm.CRYPT_AES_CTR, cryptKey);
+        final EspCipher espCipher =
+                new EspCryptCipher(
+                        AES_CTR, AES_CTR_BLK_SIZE, cryptKey, AES_CTR_IV_LEN, AES_CTR_SALT_LEN);
+
+        runWithShellPermissionIdentity(new TestNetworkRunnable(new CheckCryptoImplTest(
+                ipsecEncryptAlgo, null /* ipsecAuthAlgo */, null /* ipsecAeadAlgo */,
+                espCipher, EspAuthNull.getInstance())));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAesCtr160() throws Exception {
+        assumeTrue(hasIpSecAlgorithm(CRYPT_AES_CTR));
+
+        checkAesCtr(AES_CTR_KEY_LEN_20);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAesCtr224() throws Exception {
+        assumeTrue(hasIpSecAlgorithm(CRYPT_AES_CTR));
+
+        checkAesCtr(AES_CTR_KEY_LEN_28);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAesCtr288() throws Exception {
+        assumeTrue(hasIpSecAlgorithm(CRYPT_AES_CTR));
+
+        checkAesCtr(AES_CTR_KEY_LEN_36);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAesXcbc() throws Exception {
+        assumeTrue(hasIpSecAlgorithm(AUTH_AES_XCBC));
+
+        final byte[] authKey = getKeyBytes(AES_XCBC_KEY_LEN);
+        final IpSecAlgorithm ipsecAuthAlgo =
+                new IpSecAlgorithm(IpSecAlgorithm.AUTH_AES_XCBC, authKey, AES_XCBC_ICV_LEN * 8);
+        final EspAuth espAuth = new EspAuth(AES_XCBC, authKey, AES_XCBC_ICV_LEN);
+
+        runWithShellPermissionIdentity(new TestNetworkRunnable(new CheckCryptoImplTest(
+                null /* ipsecEncryptAlgo */, ipsecAuthAlgo, null /* ipsecAeadAlgo */,
+                EspCipherNull.getInstance(), espAuth)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testChaCha20Poly1305() throws Exception {
+        assumeTrue(hasIpSecAlgorithm(AUTH_CRYPT_CHACHA20_POLY1305));
+
+        final byte[] cryptKey = getKeyBytes(CHACHA20_POLY1305_KEY_LEN);
+        final IpSecAlgorithm ipsecAeadAlgo =
+                new IpSecAlgorithm(
+                        IpSecAlgorithm.AUTH_CRYPT_CHACHA20_POLY1305,
+                        cryptKey,
+                        CHACHA20_POLY1305_ICV_LEN * 8);
+        final EspAeadCipher espAead =
+                new EspAeadCipher(
+                        CHACHA20_POLY1305,
+                        CHACHA20_POLY1305_BLK_SIZE,
+                        cryptKey,
+                        CHACHA20_POLY1305_IV_LEN,
+                        CHACHA20_POLY1305_ICV_LEN,
+                        CHACHA20_POLY1305_SALT_LEN);
+
+        runWithShellPermissionIdentity(
+                new TestNetworkRunnable(
+                        new CheckCryptoImplTest(
+                                null /* ipsecEncryptAlgo */,
+                                null /* ipsecAuthAlgo */,
+                                ipsecAeadAlgo,
+                                espAead,
+                                EspAuthNull.getInstance())));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/IpSecManagerTest.java b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/IpSecManagerTest.java
index e7e1d67..5f79a3e 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/IpSecManagerTest.java
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/IpSecManagerTest.java
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
 import static android.net.cts.PacketUtils.AES_CMAC_KEY_LEN;
 import static android.net.cts.PacketUtils.AES_CTR_BLK_SIZE;
 import static android.net.cts.PacketUtils.AES_CTR_IV_LEN;
-import static android.net.cts.PacketUtils.AES_CTR_KEY_LEN;
+import static android.net.cts.PacketUtils.AES_CTR_KEY_LEN_20;
 import static android.net.cts.PacketUtils.AES_GCM_BLK_SIZE;
 import static android.net.cts.PacketUtils.AES_GCM_IV_LEN;
 import static android.net.cts.PacketUtils.AES_XCBC_ICV_LEN;
@@ -928,7 +928,7 @@
     }
 
     private static IpSecAlgorithm buildCryptAesCtr() throws Exception {
-        return new IpSecAlgorithm(CRYPT_AES_CTR, getKeyBytes(AES_CTR_KEY_LEN));
+        return new IpSecAlgorithm(CRYPT_AES_CTR, getKeyBytes(AES_CTR_KEY_LEN_20));
     }
 
     private static IpSecAlgorithm buildAuthHmacSha512() throws Exception {
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/PacketUtils.java b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/PacketUtils.java
index 7e622f6..0b3bad4 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/PacketUtils.java
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/PacketUtils.java
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@
 import static android.system.OsConstants.IPPROTO_IPV6;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.IPPROTO_UDP;
 
+import com.android.internal.net.ipsec.ike.crypto.AesXCbcImpl;
+
 import java.net.Inet4Address;
 import java.net.Inet6Address;
 import java.net.InetAddress;
@@ -27,6 +29,8 @@
 import java.security.GeneralSecurityException;
 import java.security.SecureRandom;
 import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Set;
 
 import javax.crypto.Cipher;
 import javax.crypto.Mac;
@@ -43,7 +47,9 @@
     static final int UDP_HDRLEN = 8;
     static final int TCP_HDRLEN = 20;
     static final int TCP_HDRLEN_WITH_TIMESTAMP_OPT = TCP_HDRLEN + 12;
+    static final int ESP_HDRLEN = 8;
     static final int ESP_BLK_SIZE = 4; // ESP has to be 4-byte aligned
+    static final int ESP_TRAILER_LEN = 2;
 
     // Not defined in OsConstants
     static final int IPPROTO_IPV4 = 4;
@@ -52,19 +58,25 @@
     // Encryption parameters
     static final int AES_CBC_IV_LEN = 16;
     static final int AES_CBC_BLK_SIZE = 16;
+    static final int AES_CTR_SALT_LEN = 4;
 
-    static final int AES_CTR_KEY_LEN = 20;
+    static final int AES_CTR_KEY_LEN_20 = 20;
+    static final int AES_CTR_KEY_LEN_28 = 28;
+    static final int AES_CTR_KEY_LEN_36 = 36;
     static final int AES_CTR_BLK_SIZE = ESP_BLK_SIZE;
     static final int AES_CTR_IV_LEN = 8;
 
     // AEAD parameters
     static final int AES_GCM_IV_LEN = 8;
     static final int AES_GCM_BLK_SIZE = 4;
+    static final int CHACHA20_POLY1305_KEY_LEN = 36;
     static final int CHACHA20_POLY1305_BLK_SIZE = ESP_BLK_SIZE;
     static final int CHACHA20_POLY1305_IV_LEN = 8;
+    static final int CHACHA20_POLY1305_SALT_LEN = 4;
     static final int CHACHA20_POLY1305_ICV_LEN = 16;
 
     // Authentication parameters
+    static final int HMAC_SHA256_ICV_LEN = 16;
     static final int HMAC_SHA512_KEY_LEN = 64;
     static final int HMAC_SHA512_ICV_LEN = 32;
     static final int AES_XCBC_KEY_LEN = 16;
@@ -72,10 +84,24 @@
     static final int AES_CMAC_KEY_LEN = 16;
     static final int AES_CMAC_ICV_LEN = 12;
 
+    // Block counter field should be 32 bits and starts from value one as per RFC 3686
+    static final byte[] AES_CTR_INITIAL_COUNTER = new byte[] {0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01};
+
     // Encryption algorithms
     static final String AES = "AES";
     static final String AES_CBC = "AES/CBC/NoPadding";
+    static final String AES_CTR = "AES/CTR/NoPadding";
+
+    // AEAD algorithms
+    static final String CHACHA20_POLY1305 = "ChaCha20/Poly1305/NoPadding";
+
+    // Authentication algorithms
+    static final String HMAC_MD5 = "HmacMD5";
+    static final String HMAC_SHA1 = "HmacSHA1";
     static final String HMAC_SHA_256 = "HmacSHA256";
+    static final String HMAC_SHA_384 = "HmacSHA384";
+    static final String HMAC_SHA_512 = "HmacSHA512";
+    static final String AES_XCBC = "AesXCbc";
 
     public interface Payload {
         byte[] getPacketBytes(IpHeader header) throws Exception;
@@ -328,8 +354,9 @@
         public final int nextHeader;
         public final int spi;
         public final int seqNum;
-        public final byte[] key;
         public final byte[] payload;
+        public final EspCipher cipher;
+        public final EspAuth auth;
 
         /**
          * Generic constructor for ESP headers.
@@ -340,11 +367,48 @@
          * calculated using the pre-encryption IP header
          */
         public EspHeader(int nextHeader, int spi, int seqNum, byte[] key, byte[] payload) {
+            this(nextHeader, spi, seqNum, payload, getDefaultCipher(key), getDefaultAuth(key));
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Generic constructor for ESP headers that allows configuring encryption and authentication
+         * algortihms.
+         *
+         * <p>For Tunnel mode, payload will be a full IP header + attached payloads
+         *
+         * <p>For Transport mode, payload will be only the attached payloads, but with the checksum
+         * calculated using the pre-encryption IP header
+         */
+        public EspHeader(
+                int nextHeader,
+                int spi,
+                int seqNum,
+                byte[] payload,
+                EspCipher cipher,
+                EspAuth auth) {
             this.nextHeader = nextHeader;
             this.spi = spi;
             this.seqNum = seqNum;
-            this.key = key;
             this.payload = payload;
+            this.cipher = cipher;
+            this.auth = auth;
+
+            if (cipher instanceof EspCipherNull && auth instanceof EspAuthNull) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("No algorithm is provided");
+            }
+
+            if (cipher instanceof EspAeadCipher && !(auth instanceof EspAuthNull)) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                        "AEAD is provided with an authentication" + " algorithm.");
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static EspCipher getDefaultCipher(byte[] key) {
+            return new EspCryptCipher(AES_CBC, AES_CBC_BLK_SIZE, key, AES_CBC_IV_LEN);
+        }
+
+        private static EspAuth getDefaultAuth(byte[] key) {
+            return new EspAuth(HMAC_SHA_256, key, HMAC_SHA256_ICV_LEN);
         }
 
         public int getProtocolId() {
@@ -352,9 +416,10 @@
         }
 
         public short length() {
-            // ALWAYS uses AES-CBC, HMAC-SHA256 (128b trunc len)
-            return (short)
-                    calculateEspPacketSize(payload.length, AES_CBC_IV_LEN, AES_CBC_BLK_SIZE, 128);
+            final int icvLen =
+                    cipher instanceof EspAeadCipher ? ((EspAeadCipher) cipher).icvLen : auth.icvLen;
+            return calculateEspPacketSize(
+                    payload.length, cipher.ivLen, cipher.blockSize, icvLen * 8);
         }
 
         public byte[] getPacketBytes(IpHeader header) throws Exception {
@@ -368,58 +433,12 @@
             ByteBuffer espPayloadBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(DATA_BUFFER_LEN);
             espPayloadBuffer.putInt(spi);
             espPayloadBuffer.putInt(seqNum);
-            espPayloadBuffer.put(getCiphertext(key));
 
-            espPayloadBuffer.put(getIcv(getByteArrayFromBuffer(espPayloadBuffer)), 0, 16);
+            espPayloadBuffer.put(cipher.getCipherText(nextHeader, payload, spi, seqNum));
+            espPayloadBuffer.put(auth.getIcv(getByteArrayFromBuffer(espPayloadBuffer)));
+
             resultBuffer.put(getByteArrayFromBuffer(espPayloadBuffer));
         }
-
-        private byte[] getIcv(byte[] authenticatedSection) throws GeneralSecurityException {
-            Mac sha256HMAC = Mac.getInstance(HMAC_SHA_256);
-            SecretKeySpec authKey = new SecretKeySpec(key, HMAC_SHA_256);
-            sha256HMAC.init(authKey);
-
-            return sha256HMAC.doFinal(authenticatedSection);
-        }
-
-        /**
-         * Encrypts and builds ciphertext block. Includes the IV, Padding and Next-Header blocks
-         *
-         * <p>The ciphertext does NOT include the SPI/Sequence numbers, or the ICV.
-         */
-        private byte[] getCiphertext(byte[] key) throws GeneralSecurityException {
-            int paddedLen = calculateEspEncryptedLength(payload.length, AES_CBC_BLK_SIZE);
-            ByteBuffer paddedPayload = ByteBuffer.allocate(paddedLen);
-            paddedPayload.put(payload);
-
-            // Add padding - consecutive integers from 0x01
-            int pad = 1;
-            while (paddedPayload.position() < paddedPayload.limit()) {
-                paddedPayload.put((byte) pad++);
-            }
-
-            paddedPayload.position(paddedPayload.limit() - 2);
-            paddedPayload.put((byte) (paddedLen - 2 - payload.length)); // Pad length
-            paddedPayload.put((byte) nextHeader);
-
-            // Generate Initialization Vector
-            byte[] iv = new byte[AES_CBC_IV_LEN];
-            new SecureRandom().nextBytes(iv);
-            IvParameterSpec ivParameterSpec = new IvParameterSpec(iv);
-            SecretKeySpec secretKeySpec = new SecretKeySpec(key, AES);
-
-            // Encrypt payload
-            Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(AES_CBC);
-            cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, secretKeySpec, ivParameterSpec);
-            byte[] encrypted = cipher.doFinal(getByteArrayFromBuffer(paddedPayload));
-
-            // Build ciphertext
-            ByteBuffer cipherText = ByteBuffer.allocate(AES_CBC_IV_LEN + encrypted.length);
-            cipherText.put(iv);
-            cipherText.put(encrypted);
-
-            return getByteArrayFromBuffer(cipherText);
-        }
     }
 
     private static int addAndWrapForChecksum(int currentChecksum, int value) {
@@ -436,15 +455,14 @@
         return (short) ((~val) & 0xffff);
     }
 
-    public static int calculateEspPacketSize(
+    public static short calculateEspPacketSize(
             int payloadLen, int cryptIvLength, int cryptBlockSize, int authTruncLen) {
-        final int ESP_HDRLEN = 4 + 4; // SPI + Seq#
         final int ICV_LEN = authTruncLen / 8; // Auth trailer; based on truncation length
-        payloadLen += cryptIvLength; // Initialization Vector
 
         // Align to block size of encryption algorithm
         payloadLen = calculateEspEncryptedLength(payloadLen, cryptBlockSize);
-        return payloadLen + ESP_HDRLEN + ICV_LEN;
+        payloadLen += cryptIvLength; // Initialization Vector
+        return (short) (payloadLen + ESP_HDRLEN + ICV_LEN);
     }
 
     private static int calculateEspEncryptedLength(int payloadLen, int cryptBlockSize) {
@@ -475,6 +493,236 @@
         }
     }
 
+    public abstract static class EspCipher {
+        protected static final int SALT_LEN_UNUSED = 0;
+
+        public final String algoName;
+        public final int blockSize;
+        public final byte[] key;
+        public final int ivLen;
+        public final int saltLen;
+        protected byte[] iv;
+
+        public EspCipher(String algoName, int blockSize, byte[] key, int ivLen, int saltLen) {
+            this.algoName = algoName;
+            this.blockSize = blockSize;
+            this.key = key;
+            this.ivLen = ivLen;
+            this.saltLen = saltLen;
+            this.iv = getIv(ivLen);
+        }
+
+        public void updateIv(byte[] iv) {
+            this.iv = iv;
+        }
+
+        public static byte[] getPaddedPayload(int nextHeader, byte[] payload, int blockSize) {
+            final int paddedLen = calculateEspEncryptedLength(payload.length, blockSize);
+            final ByteBuffer paddedPayload = ByteBuffer.allocate(paddedLen);
+            paddedPayload.put(payload);
+
+            // Add padding - consecutive integers from 0x01
+            byte pad = 1;
+            while (paddedPayload.position() < paddedPayload.limit() - ESP_TRAILER_LEN) {
+                paddedPayload.put((byte) pad++);
+            }
+
+            // Add padding length and next header
+            paddedPayload.put((byte) (paddedLen - ESP_TRAILER_LEN - payload.length));
+            paddedPayload.put((byte) nextHeader);
+
+            return getByteArrayFromBuffer(paddedPayload);
+        }
+
+        private static byte[] getIv(int ivLen) {
+            final byte[] iv = new byte[ivLen];
+            new SecureRandom().nextBytes(iv);
+            return iv;
+        }
+
+        public abstract byte[] getCipherText(int nextHeader, byte[] payload, int spi, int seqNum)
+                throws GeneralSecurityException;
+    }
+
+    public static class EspCipherNull extends EspCipher {
+        private static final String CRYPT_NULL = "CRYPT_NULL";
+        private static final int IV_LEN_UNUSED = 0;
+        private static final byte[] KEY_UNUSED = new byte[0];
+
+        private static final EspCipherNull INSTANCE = new EspCipherNull();
+
+        private EspCipherNull() {
+            super(CRYPT_NULL, ESP_BLK_SIZE, KEY_UNUSED, IV_LEN_UNUSED, SALT_LEN_UNUSED);
+        }
+
+        public static EspCipherNull getInstance() {
+            return INSTANCE;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public byte[] getCipherText(int nextHeader, byte[] payload, int spi, int seqNum)
+                throws GeneralSecurityException {
+            return getPaddedPayload(nextHeader, payload, blockSize);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static class EspCryptCipher extends EspCipher {
+        public EspCryptCipher(String algoName, int blockSize, byte[] key, int ivLen) {
+            this(algoName, blockSize, key, ivLen, SALT_LEN_UNUSED);
+        }
+
+        public EspCryptCipher(String algoName, int blockSize, byte[] key, int ivLen, int saltLen) {
+            super(algoName, blockSize, key, ivLen, saltLen);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public byte[] getCipherText(int nextHeader, byte[] payload, int spi, int seqNum)
+                throws GeneralSecurityException {
+            final IvParameterSpec ivParameterSpec;
+            final SecretKeySpec secretKeySpec;
+
+            if (AES_CBC.equals(algoName)) {
+                ivParameterSpec = new IvParameterSpec(iv);
+                secretKeySpec = new SecretKeySpec(key, algoName);
+            } else if (AES_CTR.equals(algoName)) {
+                // Provided key consists of encryption/decryption key plus 4-byte salt. Salt is used
+                // with ESP payload IV and initial block counter value to build IvParameterSpec.
+                final byte[] secretKey = Arrays.copyOfRange(key, 0, key.length - saltLen);
+                final byte[] salt = Arrays.copyOfRange(key, secretKey.length, key.length);
+                secretKeySpec = new SecretKeySpec(secretKey, algoName);
+
+                final ByteBuffer ivParameterBuffer =
+                        ByteBuffer.allocate(iv.length + saltLen + AES_CTR_INITIAL_COUNTER.length);
+                ivParameterBuffer.put(salt);
+                ivParameterBuffer.put(iv);
+                ivParameterBuffer.put(AES_CTR_INITIAL_COUNTER);
+                ivParameterSpec = new IvParameterSpec(ivParameterBuffer.array());
+            } else {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid algorithm " + algoName);
+            }
+
+            // Encrypt payload
+            final Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(algoName);
+            cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, secretKeySpec, ivParameterSpec);
+            final byte[] encrypted =
+                    cipher.doFinal(getPaddedPayload(nextHeader, payload, blockSize));
+
+            // Build ciphertext
+            final ByteBuffer cipherText = ByteBuffer.allocate(iv.length + encrypted.length);
+            cipherText.put(iv);
+            cipherText.put(encrypted);
+
+            return getByteArrayFromBuffer(cipherText);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static class EspAeadCipher extends EspCipher {
+        public final int icvLen;
+
+        public EspAeadCipher(
+                String algoName, int blockSize, byte[] key, int ivLen, int icvLen, int saltLen) {
+            super(algoName, blockSize, key, ivLen, saltLen);
+            this.icvLen = icvLen;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public byte[] getCipherText(int nextHeader, byte[] payload, int spi, int seqNum)
+                throws GeneralSecurityException {
+            // Provided key consists of encryption/decryption key plus salt. Salt is used
+            // with ESP payload IV to build IvParameterSpec.
+            final byte[] secretKey = Arrays.copyOfRange(key, 0, key.length - saltLen);
+            final byte[] salt = Arrays.copyOfRange(key, secretKey.length, key.length);
+
+            final SecretKeySpec secretKeySpec = new SecretKeySpec(secretKey, algoName);
+
+            final ByteBuffer ivParameterBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(saltLen + iv.length);
+            ivParameterBuffer.put(salt);
+            ivParameterBuffer.put(iv);
+            final IvParameterSpec ivParameterSpec = new IvParameterSpec(ivParameterBuffer.array());
+
+            final ByteBuffer aadBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(ESP_HDRLEN);
+            aadBuffer.putInt(spi);
+            aadBuffer.putInt(seqNum);
+
+            // Encrypt payload
+            final Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(algoName);
+            cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, secretKeySpec, ivParameterSpec);
+            cipher.updateAAD(aadBuffer.array());
+            final byte[] encryptedTextAndIcv =
+                    cipher.doFinal(getPaddedPayload(nextHeader, payload, blockSize));
+
+            // Build ciphertext
+            final ByteBuffer cipherText =
+                    ByteBuffer.allocate(iv.length + encryptedTextAndIcv.length);
+            cipherText.put(iv);
+            cipherText.put(encryptedTextAndIcv);
+
+            return getByteArrayFromBuffer(cipherText);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static class EspAuth {
+        public final String algoName;
+        public final byte[] key;
+        public final int icvLen;
+
+        private static final Set<String> SUPPORTED_HMAC_ALGOS = new HashSet<>();
+
+        static {
+            SUPPORTED_HMAC_ALGOS.add(HMAC_MD5);
+            SUPPORTED_HMAC_ALGOS.add(HMAC_SHA1);
+            SUPPORTED_HMAC_ALGOS.add(HMAC_SHA_256);
+            SUPPORTED_HMAC_ALGOS.add(HMAC_SHA_384);
+            SUPPORTED_HMAC_ALGOS.add(HMAC_SHA_512);
+        }
+
+        public EspAuth(String algoName, byte[] key, int icvLen) {
+            this.algoName = algoName;
+            this.key = key;
+            this.icvLen = icvLen;
+        }
+
+        public byte[] getIcv(byte[] authenticatedSection) throws GeneralSecurityException {
+            if (AES_XCBC.equals(algoName)) {
+                final Cipher aesCipher = Cipher.getInstance(AES_CBC);
+                return new AesXCbcImpl().mac(key, authenticatedSection, true /* needTruncation */);
+            } else if (SUPPORTED_HMAC_ALGOS.contains(algoName)) {
+                final Mac mac = Mac.getInstance(algoName);
+                final SecretKeySpec authKey = new SecretKeySpec(key, algoName);
+                mac.init(authKey);
+
+                final ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.wrap(mac.doFinal(authenticatedSection));
+                final byte[] icv = new byte[icvLen];
+                buffer.get(icv);
+                return icv;
+            } else {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid algorithm: " + algoName);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static class EspAuthNull extends EspAuth {
+        private static final String AUTH_NULL = "AUTH_NULL";
+        private static final int ICV_LEN_UNUSED = 0;
+        private static final byte[] KEY_UNUSED = new byte[0];
+        private static final byte[] ICV_EMPTY = new byte[0];
+
+        private static final EspAuthNull INSTANCE = new EspAuthNull();
+
+        private EspAuthNull() {
+            super(AUTH_NULL, KEY_UNUSED, ICV_LEN_UNUSED);
+        }
+
+        public static EspAuthNull getInstance() {
+            return INSTANCE;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public byte[] getIcv(byte[] authenticatedSection) throws GeneralSecurityException {
+            return ICV_EMPTY;
+        }
+    }
+
     /*
      * Debug printing
      */
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/TestNetworkRunnable.java b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/TestNetworkRunnable.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0eb5644
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/TestNetworkRunnable.java
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package android.net.cts;
+
+import static android.Manifest.permission.MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS;
+import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED;
+import static android.net.cts.util.CtsNetUtils.TestNetworkCallback;
+
+import static com.android.compatibility.common.util.SystemUtil.runWithShellPermissionIdentity;
+
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
+import android.net.LinkAddress;
+import android.net.Network;
+import android.net.TestNetworkInterface;
+import android.net.TestNetworkManager;
+import android.net.cts.util.CtsNetUtils;
+
+import androidx.test.InstrumentationRegistry;
+
+import com.android.compatibility.common.util.ThrowingRunnable;
+
+import java.net.Inet4Address;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+
+/** This class supports running a test with a test network. */
+public class TestNetworkRunnable implements ThrowingRunnable {
+    private static final int IP4_PREFIX_LEN = 32;
+    private static final int IP6_PREFIX_LEN = 128;
+
+    private static final InetAddress DEFAULT_ADDRESS_4 =
+            InetAddress.parseNumericAddress("192.2.0.2");
+    private static final InetAddress DEFAULT_ADDRESS_6 =
+            InetAddress.parseNumericAddress("2001:db8:1::2");
+
+    private static final Context sContext = InstrumentationRegistry.getContext();
+    private static final ConnectivityManager sCm =
+            sContext.getSystemService(ConnectivityManager.class);
+
+    private final Test mTest;
+
+    public TestNetworkRunnable(Test test) {
+        mTest = test;
+    }
+
+    private void runTest() throws Exception {
+        final TestNetworkManager tnm = sContext.getSystemService(TestNetworkManager.class);
+
+        // Non-final; these variables ensure we clean up properly after our test if we
+        // have allocated test network resources
+        TestNetworkInterface testIface = null;
+        TestNetworkCallback tunNetworkCallback = null;
+
+        final CtsNetUtils ctsNetUtils = new CtsNetUtils(sContext);
+        final InetAddress[] addresses = mTest.getTestNetworkAddresses();
+        final LinkAddress[] linkAddresses = new LinkAddress[addresses.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < addresses.length; i++) {
+            InetAddress address = addresses[i];
+            if (address instanceof Inet4Address) {
+                linkAddresses[i] = new LinkAddress(address, IP4_PREFIX_LEN);
+            } else {
+                linkAddresses[i] = new LinkAddress(address, IP6_PREFIX_LEN);
+            }
+        }
+
+        try {
+            // Build underlying test network
+            testIface = tnm.createTunInterface(linkAddresses);
+
+            // Hold on to this callback to ensure network does not get reaped.
+            tunNetworkCallback = ctsNetUtils.setupAndGetTestNetwork(testIface.getInterfaceName());
+
+            mTest.runTest(testIface, tunNetworkCallback);
+        } finally {
+            try {
+                mTest.cleanupTest();
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                // No action
+            }
+
+            if (testIface != null) {
+                testIface.getFileDescriptor().close();
+            }
+
+            if (tunNetworkCallback != null) {
+                sCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(tunNetworkCallback);
+            }
+
+            final Network testNetwork = tunNetworkCallback.currentNetwork;
+            if (testNetwork != null) {
+                tnm.teardownTestNetwork(testNetwork);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void run() throws Exception {
+        if (sContext.checkSelfPermission(MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS) == PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
+            runTest();
+        } else {
+            runWithShellPermissionIdentity(this::runTest, MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Interface for test caller to configure the test that will be run with a test network */
+    public interface Test {
+        /** Runs the test with a test network */
+        void runTest(TestNetworkInterface testIface, TestNetworkCallback tunNetworkCallback)
+                throws Exception;
+
+        /** Cleans up when the test is finished or interrupted */
+        void cleanupTest();
+
+        /** Returns the IP addresses that will be used by the test network */
+        default InetAddress[] getTestNetworkAddresses() {
+            return new InetAddress[] {DEFAULT_ADDRESS_4, DEFAULT_ADDRESS_6};
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/TunUtils.java b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/TunUtils.java
index 7887385..d8e39b4 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/TunUtils.java
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/TunUtils.java
@@ -147,6 +147,10 @@
         return espPkt; // We've found the packet we're looking for.
     }
 
+    public byte[] awaitEspPacket(int spi, boolean useEncap) throws Exception {
+        return awaitPacket((pkt) -> isEsp(pkt, spi, useEncap));
+    }
+
     private static boolean isSpiEqual(byte[] pkt, int espOffset, int spi) {
         // Check SPI byte by byte.
         return pkt[espOffset] == (byte) ((spi >>> 24) & 0xff)
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/app/usage/NetworkStatsManagerTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/app/usage/NetworkStatsManagerTest.java
index 899295a..6bd2bd5 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/app/usage/NetworkStatsManagerTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/app/usage/NetworkStatsManagerTest.java
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyInt;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyLong;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyString;
-import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.argThat;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.reset;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@
 @RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
 @SmallTest
 public class NetworkStatsManagerTest {
+    private static final String TEST_SUBSCRIBER_ID = "subid";
 
     private @Mock INetworkStatsService mService;
     private @Mock INetworkStatsSession mStatsSession;
@@ -69,7 +70,6 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testQueryDetails() throws RemoteException {
-        final String subscriberId = "subid";
         final long startTime = 1;
         final long endTime = 100;
         final int uid1 = 10001;
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@
                 .then((InvocationOnMock inv) -> {
                     NetworkTemplate template = inv.getArgument(0);
                     assertEquals(MATCH_MOBILE_ALL, template.getMatchRule());
-                    assertEquals(subscriberId, template.getSubscriberId());
+                    assertEquals(TEST_SUBSCRIBER_ID, template.getSubscriberId());
                     return history1;
                 });
 
@@ -124,13 +124,13 @@
                 .then((InvocationOnMock inv) -> {
                     NetworkTemplate template = inv.getArgument(0);
                     assertEquals(MATCH_MOBILE_ALL, template.getMatchRule());
-                    assertEquals(subscriberId, template.getSubscriberId());
+                    assertEquals(TEST_SUBSCRIBER_ID, template.getSubscriberId());
                     return history2;
                 });
 
 
         NetworkStats stats = mManager.queryDetails(
-                ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE, subscriberId, startTime, endTime);
+                ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE, TEST_SUBSCRIBER_ID, startTime, endTime);
 
         NetworkStats.Bucket bucket = new NetworkStats.Bucket();
 
@@ -166,35 +166,30 @@
         assertFalse(stats.hasNextBucket());
     }
 
-    @Test
-    public void testQueryDetails_NoSubscriberId() throws RemoteException {
+    private void runQueryDetailsAndCheckTemplate(int networkType, String subscriberId,
+            NetworkTemplate expectedTemplate) throws RemoteException {
         final long startTime = 1;
         final long endTime = 100;
         final int uid1 = 10001;
         final int uid2 = 10002;
 
+        reset(mStatsSession);
         when(mService.openSessionForUsageStats(anyInt(), anyString())).thenReturn(mStatsSession);
         when(mStatsSession.getRelevantUids()).thenReturn(new int[] { uid1, uid2 });
-
-        NetworkStats stats = mManager.queryDetails(
-                ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE, null, startTime, endTime);
-
         when(mStatsSession.getHistoryIntervalForUid(any(NetworkTemplate.class),
                 anyInt(), anyInt(), anyInt(), anyInt(), anyLong(), anyLong()))
                 .thenReturn(new NetworkStatsHistory(10, 0));
+        NetworkStats stats = mManager.queryDetails(
+                networkType, subscriberId, startTime, endTime);
 
         verify(mStatsSession, times(1)).getHistoryIntervalForUid(
-                argThat((NetworkTemplate t) ->
-                        // No subscriberId: MATCH_MOBILE_WILDCARD template
-                        t.getMatchRule() == NetworkTemplate.MATCH_MOBILE_WILDCARD),
+                eq(expectedTemplate),
                 eq(uid1), eq(android.net.NetworkStats.SET_ALL),
                 eq(android.net.NetworkStats.TAG_NONE),
                 eq(NetworkStatsHistory.FIELD_ALL), eq(startTime), eq(endTime));
 
         verify(mStatsSession, times(1)).getHistoryIntervalForUid(
-                argThat((NetworkTemplate t) ->
-                        // No subscriberId: MATCH_MOBILE_WILDCARD template
-                        t.getMatchRule() == NetworkTemplate.MATCH_MOBILE_WILDCARD),
+                eq(expectedTemplate),
                 eq(uid2), eq(android.net.NetworkStats.SET_ALL),
                 eq(android.net.NetworkStats.TAG_NONE),
                 eq(NetworkStatsHistory.FIELD_ALL), eq(startTime), eq(endTime));
@@ -202,6 +197,25 @@
         assertFalse(stats.hasNextBucket());
     }
 
+    @Test
+    public void testNetworkTemplateWhenRunningQueryDetails_NoSubscriberId() throws RemoteException {
+        runQueryDetailsAndCheckTemplate(ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE,
+                null /* subscriberId */, NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateMobileWildcard());
+        runQueryDetailsAndCheckTemplate(ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI,
+                "" /* subscriberId */, NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateWifiWildcard());
+        runQueryDetailsAndCheckTemplate(ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI,
+                null /* subscriberId */, NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateWifiWildcard());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNetworkTemplateWhenRunningQueryDetails_MergedCarrierWifi()
+            throws RemoteException {
+        runQueryDetailsAndCheckTemplate(ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI,
+                TEST_SUBSCRIBER_ID,
+                NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateWifi(NetworkTemplate.WIFI_NETWORKID_ALL,
+                        TEST_SUBSCRIBER_ID));
+    }
+
     private void assertBucketMatches(Entry expected, NetworkStats.Bucket actual) {
         assertEquals(expected.uid, actual.getUid());
         assertEquals(expected.rxBytes, actual.getRxBytes());
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/KeepalivePacketDataUtilTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/KeepalivePacketDataUtilTest.java
index fc739fb..bc6dbf2 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/KeepalivePacketDataUtilTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/KeepalivePacketDataUtilTest.java
@@ -24,7 +24,9 @@
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
 
 import android.net.util.KeepalivePacketDataUtil;
+import android.util.Log;
 
+import org.junit.After;
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
@@ -38,8 +40,19 @@
     private static final byte[] IPV4_KEEPALIVE_SRC_ADDR = {10, 0, 0, 1};
     private static final byte[] IPV4_KEEPALIVE_DST_ADDR = {10, 0, 0, 5};
 
+    private Log.TerribleFailureHandler mOriginalHandler;
+
     @Before
-    public void setUp() {}
+    public void setUp() {
+        // Terrible failures are logged when using deprecated methods on newer platforms
+        mOriginalHandler = Log.setWtfHandler((tag, what, sys) ->
+                Log.e(tag, "Terrible failure in test", what));
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() {
+        Log.setWtfHandler(mOriginalHandler);
+    }
 
     @Test
     public void testFromTcpKeepaliveStableParcelable() throws Exception {
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
index 73a6ca5..b0d849a 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
@@ -118,6 +118,8 @@
 import static android.os.Process.INVALID_UID;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.IPPROTO_TCP;
 
+import static com.android.server.ConnectivityService.DEFAULT_NETWORK_PRIORITY_MOBILE_DATA_PREFERRED;
+import static com.android.server.ConnectivityService.DEFAULT_NETWORK_PRIORITY_OEM;
 import static com.android.server.ConnectivityServiceTestUtils.transportToLegacyType;
 import static com.android.testutils.ConcurrentUtils.await;
 import static com.android.testutils.ConcurrentUtils.durationOf;
@@ -456,6 +458,7 @@
     private TestNetworkCallback mDefaultNetworkCallback;
     private TestNetworkCallback mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback;
     private TestNetworkCallback mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback;
+    private TestNetworkCallback mTestPackageDefaultNetworkCallback;
 
     // State variables required to emulate NetworkPolicyManagerService behaviour.
     private int mBlockedReasons = BLOCKED_REASON_NONE;
@@ -481,6 +484,7 @@
     @Mock VpnProfileStore mVpnProfileStore;
     @Mock SystemConfigManager mSystemConfigManager;
     @Mock Resources mResources;
+    @Mock ProxyTracker mProxyTracker;
 
     private ArgumentCaptor<ResolverParamsParcel> mResolverParamsParcelCaptor =
             ArgumentCaptor.forClass(ResolverParamsParcel.class);
@@ -1275,10 +1279,14 @@
             return mMockNetworkAgent;
         }
 
-        public void establish(LinkProperties lp, int uid, Set<UidRange> ranges, boolean validated,
-                boolean hasInternet, boolean isStrictMode) throws Exception {
+        private void setOwnerAndAdminUid(int uid) throws Exception {
             mNetworkCapabilities.setOwnerUid(uid);
             mNetworkCapabilities.setAdministratorUids(new int[]{uid});
+        }
+
+        public void establish(LinkProperties lp, int uid, Set<UidRange> ranges, boolean validated,
+                boolean hasInternet, boolean isStrictMode) throws Exception {
+            setOwnerAndAdminUid(uid);
             registerAgent(false, ranges, lp);
             connect(validated, hasInternet, isStrictMode);
             waitForIdle();
@@ -1633,7 +1641,7 @@
         doReturn(mNetIdManager).when(deps).makeNetIdManager();
         doReturn(mNetworkStack).when(deps).getNetworkStack();
         doReturn(mSystemProperties).when(deps).getSystemProperties();
-        doReturn(mock(ProxyTracker.class)).when(deps).makeProxyTracker(any(), any());
+        doReturn(mProxyTracker).when(deps).makeProxyTracker(any(), any());
         doReturn(true).when(deps).queryUserAccess(anyInt(), any(), any());
         doAnswer(inv -> {
             mPolicyTracker = new WrappedMultinetworkPolicyTracker(
@@ -10259,16 +10267,23 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testVpnUidRangesUpdate() throws Exception {
-        LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+        // Set up a WiFi network without proxy.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        assertNull(mService.getProxyForNetwork(null));
+        assertNull(mCm.getDefaultProxy());
+
+        final LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
         lp.setInterfaceName("tun0");
         lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(Inet4Address.ANY, 0), null));
         lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(Inet6Address.ANY, 0), null));
         final UidRange vpnRange = PRIMARY_UIDRANGE;
-        Set<UidRange> vpnRanges = Collections.singleton(vpnRange);
+        final Set<UidRange> vpnRanges = Collections.singleton(vpnRange);
         mMockVpn.establish(lp, VPN_UID, vpnRanges);
         assertVpnUidRangesUpdated(true, vpnRanges, VPN_UID);
+        // VPN is connected but proxy is not set, so there is no need to send proxy broadcast.
+        verify(mProxyTracker, never()).sendProxyBroadcast();
 
-        reset(mMockNetd);
         // Update to new range which is old range minus APP1, i.e. only APP2
         final Set<UidRange> newRanges = new HashSet<>(Arrays.asList(
                 new UidRange(vpnRange.start, APP1_UID - 1),
@@ -10278,6 +10293,101 @@
 
         assertVpnUidRangesUpdated(true, newRanges, VPN_UID);
         assertVpnUidRangesUpdated(false, vpnRanges, VPN_UID);
+
+        // Uid has changed but proxy is not set, so there is no need to send proxy broadcast.
+        verify(mProxyTracker, never()).sendProxyBroadcast();
+
+        final ProxyInfo testProxyInfo = ProxyInfo.buildDirectProxy("test", 8888);
+        lp.setHttpProxy(testProxyInfo);
+        mMockVpn.sendLinkProperties(lp);
+        waitForIdle();
+        // Proxy is set, so send a proxy broadcast.
+        verify(mProxyTracker, times(1)).sendProxyBroadcast();
+        reset(mProxyTracker);
+
+        mMockVpn.setUids(vpnRanges);
+        waitForIdle();
+        // Uid has changed and proxy is already set, so send a proxy broadcast.
+        verify(mProxyTracker, times(1)).sendProxyBroadcast();
+        reset(mProxyTracker);
+
+        // Proxy is removed, send a proxy broadcast.
+        lp.setHttpProxy(null);
+        mMockVpn.sendLinkProperties(lp);
+        waitForIdle();
+        verify(mProxyTracker, times(1)).sendProxyBroadcast();
+        reset(mProxyTracker);
+
+        // Proxy is added in WiFi(default network), setDefaultProxy will be called.
+        final LinkProperties wifiLp = mCm.getLinkProperties(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+        assertNotNull(wifiLp);
+        wifiLp.setHttpProxy(testProxyInfo);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(wifiLp);
+        waitForIdle();
+        verify(mProxyTracker, times(1)).setDefaultProxy(eq(testProxyInfo));
+        reset(mProxyTracker);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testProxyBroadcastWillBeSentWhenVpnHasProxyAndConnects() throws Exception {
+        // Set up a WiFi network without proxy.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        assertNull(mService.getProxyForNetwork(null));
+        assertNull(mCm.getDefaultProxy());
+
+        final LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+        lp.setInterfaceName("tun0");
+        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(Inet4Address.ANY, 0), null));
+        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(Inet6Address.ANY, 0), null));
+        final ProxyInfo testProxyInfo = ProxyInfo.buildDirectProxy("test", 8888);
+        lp.setHttpProxy(testProxyInfo);
+        final UidRange vpnRange = PRIMARY_UIDRANGE;
+        final Set<UidRange> vpnRanges = Collections.singleton(vpnRange);
+        mMockVpn.setOwnerAndAdminUid(VPN_UID);
+        mMockVpn.registerAgent(false, vpnRanges, lp);
+        // In any case, the proxy broadcast won't be sent before VPN goes into CONNECTED state.
+        // Otherwise, the app that calls ConnectivityManager#getDefaultProxy() when it receives the
+        // proxy broadcast will get null.
+        verify(mProxyTracker, never()).sendProxyBroadcast();
+        mMockVpn.connect(true /* validated */, true /* hasInternet */, false /* isStrictMode */);
+        waitForIdle();
+        assertVpnUidRangesUpdated(true, vpnRanges, VPN_UID);
+        // Vpn is connected with proxy, so the proxy broadcast will be sent to inform the apps to
+        // update their proxy data.
+        verify(mProxyTracker, times(1)).sendProxyBroadcast();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testProxyBroadcastWillBeSentWhenTheProxyOfNonDefaultNetworkHasChanged()
+            throws Exception {
+        // Set up a CELLULAR network without proxy.
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        assertNull(mService.getProxyForNetwork(null));
+        assertNull(mCm.getDefaultProxy());
+        // CELLULAR network should be the default network.
+        assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+
+        // Set up a WiFi network without proxy.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        assertNull(mService.getProxyForNetwork(null));
+        assertNull(mCm.getDefaultProxy());
+        // WiFi network should be the default network.
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        // CELLULAR network is not the default network.
+        assertNotEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+
+        // CELLULAR network is not the system default network, but it might be a per-app default
+        // network. The proxy broadcast should be sent once its proxy has changed.
+        final LinkProperties cellularLp = new LinkProperties();
+        cellularLp.setInterfaceName(MOBILE_IFNAME);
+        final ProxyInfo testProxyInfo = ProxyInfo.buildDirectProxy("test", 8888);
+        cellularLp.setHttpProxy(testProxyInfo);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(cellularLp);
+        waitForIdle();
+        verify(mProxyTracker, times(1)).sendProxyBroadcast();
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -10621,8 +10731,9 @@
                 mService.new OemNetworkRequestFactory()
                         .createNrisFromOemNetworkPreferences(
                                 createDefaultOemNetworkPreferences(prefToTest));
-
-        final List<NetworkRequest> mRequests = nris.iterator().next().mRequests;
+        final NetworkRequestInfo nri = nris.iterator().next();
+        assertEquals(DEFAULT_NETWORK_PRIORITY_OEM, nri.getDefaultNetworkPriority());
+        final List<NetworkRequest> mRequests = nri.mRequests;
         assertEquals(expectedNumOfNris, nris.size());
         assertEquals(expectedNumOfRequests, mRequests.size());
         assertTrue(mRequests.get(0).isListen());
@@ -10650,8 +10761,9 @@
                 mService.new OemNetworkRequestFactory()
                         .createNrisFromOemNetworkPreferences(
                                 createDefaultOemNetworkPreferences(prefToTest));
-
-        final List<NetworkRequest> mRequests = nris.iterator().next().mRequests;
+        final NetworkRequestInfo nri = nris.iterator().next();
+        assertEquals(DEFAULT_NETWORK_PRIORITY_OEM, nri.getDefaultNetworkPriority());
+        final List<NetworkRequest> mRequests = nri.mRequests;
         assertEquals(expectedNumOfNris, nris.size());
         assertEquals(expectedNumOfRequests, mRequests.size());
         assertTrue(mRequests.get(0).isListen());
@@ -10676,8 +10788,9 @@
                 mService.new OemNetworkRequestFactory()
                         .createNrisFromOemNetworkPreferences(
                                 createDefaultOemNetworkPreferences(prefToTest));
-
-        final List<NetworkRequest> mRequests = nris.iterator().next().mRequests;
+        final NetworkRequestInfo nri = nris.iterator().next();
+        assertEquals(DEFAULT_NETWORK_PRIORITY_OEM, nri.getDefaultNetworkPriority());
+        final List<NetworkRequest> mRequests = nri.mRequests;
         assertEquals(expectedNumOfNris, nris.size());
         assertEquals(expectedNumOfRequests, mRequests.size());
         assertTrue(mRequests.get(0).isRequest());
@@ -10699,8 +10812,9 @@
                 mService.new OemNetworkRequestFactory()
                         .createNrisFromOemNetworkPreferences(
                                 createDefaultOemNetworkPreferences(prefToTest));
-
-        final List<NetworkRequest> mRequests = nris.iterator().next().mRequests;
+        final NetworkRequestInfo nri = nris.iterator().next();
+        assertEquals(DEFAULT_NETWORK_PRIORITY_OEM, nri.getDefaultNetworkPriority());
+        final List<NetworkRequest> mRequests = nri.mRequests;
         assertEquals(expectedNumOfNris, nris.size());
         assertEquals(expectedNumOfRequests, mRequests.size());
         assertTrue(mRequests.get(0).isRequest());
@@ -10965,16 +11079,24 @@
     }
 
     private void registerDefaultNetworkCallbacks() {
+        if (mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback != null || mDefaultNetworkCallback != null
+                || mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback != null
+                || mTestPackageDefaultNetworkCallback != null) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Default network callbacks already registered");
+        }
+
         // Using Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS for registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback()
         mServiceContext.setPermission(NETWORK_SETTINGS, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
         mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
         mDefaultNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
         mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mTestPackageDefaultNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
         mCm.registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback(mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback,
                 new Handler(ConnectivityThread.getInstanceLooper()));
         mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(mDefaultNetworkCallback);
         registerDefaultNetworkCallbackAsUid(mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback,
                 TEST_WORK_PROFILE_APP_UID);
+        registerDefaultNetworkCallbackAsUid(mTestPackageDefaultNetworkCallback, TEST_PACKAGE_UID);
         // TODO: test using ConnectivityManager#registerDefaultNetworkCallbackAsUid as well.
         mServiceContext.setPermission(NETWORK_SETTINGS, PERMISSION_DENIED);
     }
@@ -10989,6 +11111,9 @@
         if (null != mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback) {
             mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback);
         }
+        if (null != mTestPackageDefaultNetworkCallback) {
+            mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(mTestPackageDefaultNetworkCallback);
+        }
     }
 
     private void setupMultipleDefaultNetworksForOemNetworkPreferenceNotCurrentUidTest(
@@ -12880,6 +13005,8 @@
         assertEquals(1, nris.size());
         assertTrue(nri.isMultilayerRequest());
         assertEquals(nri.getUids(), uidRangesForUids(uids));
+        assertEquals(DEFAULT_NETWORK_PRIORITY_MOBILE_DATA_PREFERRED,
+                nri.getDefaultNetworkPriority());
     }
 
     /**
@@ -12912,9 +13039,11 @@
     @Test
     public void testMobileDataPreferredUidsChanged() throws Exception {
         final InOrder inorder = inOrder(mMockNetd);
+        registerDefaultNetworkCallbacks();
         mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
         mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-        waitForIdle();
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mTestPackageDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
 
         final int cellNetId = mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId;
         inorder.verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).networkCreate(nativeNetworkConfigPhysical(
@@ -12925,12 +13054,15 @@
         inorder.verify(mMockNetd, never()).networkAddUidRanges(anyInt(), any());
         inorder.verify(mMockNetd, never()).networkRemoveUidRanges(anyInt(), any());
 
+        // Set MOBILE_DATA_PREFERRED_UIDS setting and verify that net id and uid ranges send to netd
         final Set<Integer> uids1 = Set.of(PRIMARY_USER_HANDLE.getUid(TEST_PACKAGE_UID));
         final UidRangeParcel[] uidRanges1 = toUidRangeStableParcels(uidRangesForUids(uids1));
         setAndUpdateMobileDataPreferredUids(uids1);
         inorder.verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).networkAddUidRanges(cellNetId, uidRanges1);
         inorder.verify(mMockNetd, never()).networkRemoveUidRanges(anyInt(), any());
 
+        // Set MOBILE_DATA_PREFERRED_UIDS setting again and verify that old rules are removed and
+        // new rules are added.
         final Set<Integer> uids2 = Set.of(PRIMARY_USER_HANDLE.getUid(TEST_PACKAGE_UID),
                 PRIMARY_USER_HANDLE.getUid(TEST_PACKAGE_UID2),
                 SECONDARY_USER_HANDLE.getUid(TEST_PACKAGE_UID));
@@ -12938,5 +13070,170 @@
         setAndUpdateMobileDataPreferredUids(uids2);
         inorder.verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).networkRemoveUidRanges(cellNetId, uidRanges1);
         inorder.verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).networkAddUidRanges(cellNetId, uidRanges2);
+
+        // Clear MOBILE_DATA_PREFERRED_UIDS setting again and verify that old rules are removed and
+        // new rules are not added.
+        final Set<Integer> uids3 = Set.of();
+        final UidRangeParcel[] uidRanges3 = toUidRangeStableParcels(uidRangesForUids(uids3));
+        setAndUpdateMobileDataPreferredUids(uids3);
+        inorder.verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).networkRemoveUidRanges(cellNetId, uidRanges2);
+        inorder.verify(mMockNetd, never()).networkAddUidRanges(anyInt(), any());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Make sure mobile data preferred uids feature behaves as expected when the mobile network
+     * goes up and down while the uids is set. Make sure they behave as expected whether
+     * there is a general default network or not.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testMobileDataPreferenceForMobileNetworkUpDown() throws Exception {
+        final InOrder inorder = inOrder(mMockNetd);
+        // File a request for cell to ensure it doesn't go down.
+        final TestNetworkCallback cellNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final NetworkRequest cellRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR).build();
+        mCm.requestNetwork(cellRequest, cellNetworkCallback);
+        cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        registerDefaultNetworkCallbacks();
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mTestPackageDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(TEST_PACKAGE_UID));
+
+        final int wifiNetId = mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId;
+        inorder.verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).networkCreate(nativeNetworkConfigPhysical(
+                wifiNetId, INetd.PERMISSION_NONE));
+
+        // Initial mobile data preferred uids status.
+        setAndUpdateMobileDataPreferredUids(Set.of());
+        inorder.verify(mMockNetd, never()).networkAddUidRanges(anyInt(), any());
+        inorder.verify(mMockNetd, never()).networkRemoveUidRanges(anyInt(), any());
+
+        // Set MOBILE_DATA_PREFERRED_UIDS setting and verify that wifi net id and uid ranges send to
+        // netd.
+        final Set<Integer> uids = Set.of(PRIMARY_USER_HANDLE.getUid(TEST_PACKAGE_UID));
+        final UidRangeParcel[] uidRanges = toUidRangeStableParcels(uidRangesForUids(uids));
+        setAndUpdateMobileDataPreferredUids(uids);
+        inorder.verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).networkAddUidRanges(wifiNetId, uidRanges);
+        inorder.verify(mMockNetd, never()).networkRemoveUidRanges(anyInt(), any());
+
+        // Cellular network connected. mTestPackageDefaultNetworkCallback should receive
+        // callback with cellular network and net id and uid ranges should be updated to netd.
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        mTestPackageDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(TEST_PACKAGE_UID));
+
+        final int cellNetId = mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId;
+        inorder.verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).networkCreate(nativeNetworkConfigPhysical(
+                cellNetId, INetd.PERMISSION_NONE));
+        inorder.verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).networkAddUidRanges(cellNetId, uidRanges);
+        inorder.verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).networkRemoveUidRanges(wifiNetId, uidRanges);
+
+        // Cellular network disconnected. mTestPackageDefaultNetworkCallback should receive
+        // callback with wifi network from fallback request.
+        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mTestPackageDefaultNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mTestPackageDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(TEST_PACKAGE_UID));
+        inorder.verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).networkAddUidRanges(wifiNetId, uidRanges);
+        inorder.verify(mMockNetd, never()).networkRemoveUidRanges(anyInt(), any());
+        inorder.verify(mMockNetd).networkDestroy(cellNetId);
+
+        // Cellular network comes back. mTestPackageDefaultNetworkCallback should receive
+        // callback with cellular network.
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        mTestPackageDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(TEST_PACKAGE_UID));
+
+        final int cellNetId2 = mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId;
+        inorder.verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).networkCreate(nativeNetworkConfigPhysical(
+                cellNetId2, INetd.PERMISSION_NONE));
+        inorder.verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).networkAddUidRanges(cellNetId2, uidRanges);
+        inorder.verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).networkRemoveUidRanges(wifiNetId, uidRanges);
+
+        // Wifi network disconnected. mTestPackageDefaultNetworkCallback should not receive
+        // any callback.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mTestPackageDefaultNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(TEST_PACKAGE_UID));
+        waitForIdle();
+        inorder.verify(mMockNetd, never()).networkAddUidRanges(anyInt(), any());
+        inorder.verify(mMockNetd, never()).networkRemoveUidRanges(anyInt(), any());
+        inorder.verify(mMockNetd).networkDestroy(wifiNetId);
+
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(cellNetworkCallback);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetMobileDataPreferredUids_noIssueToFactory() throws Exception {
+        // First set mobile data preferred uid to create a multi-layer requests: 1. listen for
+        // cellular, 2. track the default network for fallback.
+        setAndUpdateMobileDataPreferredUids(
+                Set.of(PRIMARY_USER_HANDLE.getUid(TEST_PACKAGE_UID)));
+
+        final HandlerThread handlerThread = new HandlerThread("MockFactory");
+        handlerThread.start();
+        NetworkCapabilities internetFilter = new NetworkCapabilities()
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED);
+        final MockNetworkFactory internetFactory = new MockNetworkFactory(handlerThread.getLooper(),
+                mServiceContext, "internetFactory", internetFilter, mCsHandlerThread);
+        internetFactory.setScoreFilter(40);
+
+        try {
+            internetFactory.register();
+            // Default internet request only. The first request is listen for cellular network,
+            // which is never sent to factories (it's a LISTEN, not requestable). The second
+            // fallback request is TRACK_DEFAULT which is also not sent to factories.
+            internetFactory.expectRequestAdds(1);
+            internetFactory.assertRequestCountEquals(1);
+
+            mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+            mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+
+            // The internet factory however is outscored, and should lose its requests.
+            internetFactory.expectRequestRemove();
+            internetFactory.assertRequestCountEquals(0);
+
+            mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+            // The network satisfying the default internet request has disconnected, so the
+            // internetFactory sees the default request again.
+            internetFactory.expectRequestAdds(1);
+            internetFactory.assertRequestCountEquals(1);
+        } finally {
+            internetFactory.terminate();
+            handlerThread.quitSafely();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Validate request counts are counted accurately on MOBILE_DATA_PREFERRED_UIDS change
+     * on set/replace.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testMobileDataPreferredUidsChangedCountsRequestsCorrectlyOnSet() throws Exception {
+        ConnectivitySettingsManager.setMobileDataPreferredUids(mServiceContext,
+                Set.of(PRIMARY_USER_HANDLE.getUid(TEST_PACKAGE_UID)));
+        testRequestCountLimits(() -> {
+            // Set initially to test the limit prior to having existing requests.
+            mService.updateMobileDataPreferredUids();
+            waitForIdle();
+
+            // re-set so as to test the limit as part of replacing existing requests.
+            mService.updateMobileDataPreferredUids();
+            waitForIdle();
+        });
     }
 }