diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker.java
index 7afd93f..fefedd4 100644
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker.java
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@
     private static final int MAX_EVENTS_LOGS = 40;
     private final LocalLog mEventLog = new LocalLog(MAX_EVENTS_LOGS);
 
-    private final KeepaliveStatsTracker mKeepaliveStatsTracker = new KeepaliveStatsTracker();
+    private final KeepaliveStatsTracker mKeepaliveStatsTracker;
     /**
      * Information about a managed keepalive.
      *
@@ -307,6 +307,7 @@
                 mContext, mConnectivityServiceHandler);
 
         mAlarmManager = mDependencies.getAlarmManager(context);
+        mKeepaliveStatsTracker = new KeepaliveStatsTracker(handler);
     }
 
     private void startTcpPollingAlarm(@NonNull AutomaticOnOffKeepalive ki) {
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/KeepaliveStatsTracker.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/KeepaliveStatsTracker.java
index 290d201..07140c4 100644
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/KeepaliveStatsTracker.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/KeepaliveStatsTracker.java
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 
 package com.android.server.connectivity;
 
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.os.Handler;
 import android.os.SystemClock;
 import android.util.Log;
 
@@ -26,6 +28,7 @@
 
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Objects;
 
 // TODO(b/273451360): Also track KeepaliveLifetimeForCarrier and DailykeepaliveInfoReported
 /**
@@ -38,7 +41,9 @@
 public class KeepaliveStatsTracker {
     private static final String TAG = KeepaliveStatsTracker.class.getSimpleName();
 
-    private final Dependencies mDependencies;
+    @NonNull private final Handler mConnectivityServiceHandler;
+    @NonNull private final Dependencies mDependencies;
+
     // List of duration stats metric where the index is the number of concurrent keepalives.
     // Each DurationForNumOfKeepalive message stores a registered duration and an active duration.
     // Registered duration is the total time spent with mNumRegisteredKeepalive == index.
@@ -50,7 +55,7 @@
     private int mNumActiveKeepalive = 0;
 
     // A timestamp of the most recent time the duration metrics was updated.
-    private long mTimestampSinceLastUpdateDurations;
+    private long mLastUpdateDurationsTimestamp;
 
     /** Dependency class */
     @VisibleForTesting
@@ -62,14 +67,16 @@
         }
     }
 
-    public KeepaliveStatsTracker() {
-        this(new Dependencies());
+    public KeepaliveStatsTracker(@NonNull Handler handler) {
+        this(handler, new Dependencies());
     }
 
     @VisibleForTesting
-    public KeepaliveStatsTracker(Dependencies dependencies) {
-        mDependencies = dependencies;
-        mTimestampSinceLastUpdateDurations = mDependencies.getUptimeMillis();
+    public KeepaliveStatsTracker(@NonNull Handler handler, @NonNull Dependencies dependencies) {
+        mDependencies = Objects.requireNonNull(dependencies);
+        mConnectivityServiceHandler = Objects.requireNonNull(handler);
+
+        mLastUpdateDurationsTimestamp = mDependencies.getUptimeMillis();
     }
 
     /** Ensures the list of duration metrics is large enough for number of registered keepalives. */
@@ -107,7 +114,7 @@
         }
         ensureDurationPerNumOfKeepaliveSize();
 
-        final int durationIncrease = (int) (timeNow - mTimestampSinceLastUpdateDurations);
+        final int durationIncrease = (int) (timeNow - mLastUpdateDurationsTimestamp);
         final DurationForNumOfKeepalive.Builder durationForNumOfRegisteredKeepalive =
                 mDurationPerNumOfKeepalive.get(mNumRegisteredKeepalive);
 
@@ -122,11 +129,13 @@
                 durationForNumOfActiveKeepalive.getKeepaliveActiveDurationsMsec()
                         + durationIncrease);
 
-        mTimestampSinceLastUpdateDurations = timeNow;
+        mLastUpdateDurationsTimestamp = timeNow;
     }
 
     /** Inform the KeepaliveStatsTracker a keepalive has just started and is active. */
     public void onStartKeepalive() {
+        ensureRunningOnHandlerThread();
+
         final long timeNow = mDependencies.getUptimeMillis();
         updateDurationsPerNumOfKeepalive(timeNow);
 
@@ -136,6 +145,8 @@
 
     /** Inform the KeepaliveStatsTracker a keepalive has just been paused. */
     public void onPauseKeepalive() {
+        ensureRunningOnHandlerThread();
+
         final long timeNow = mDependencies.getUptimeMillis();
         updateDurationsPerNumOfKeepalive(timeNow);
 
@@ -144,6 +155,8 @@
 
     /** Inform the KeepaliveStatsTracker a keepalive has just been resumed. */
     public void onResumeKeepalive() {
+        ensureRunningOnHandlerThread();
+
         final long timeNow = mDependencies.getUptimeMillis();
         updateDurationsPerNumOfKeepalive(timeNow);
 
@@ -152,6 +165,8 @@
 
     /** Inform the KeepaliveStatsTracker a keepalive has just been stopped. */
     public void onStopKeepalive(boolean wasActive) {
+        ensureRunningOnHandlerThread();
+
         final long timeNow = mDependencies.getUptimeMillis();
         updateDurationsPerNumOfKeepalive(timeNow);
 
@@ -163,6 +178,8 @@
      * Builds and returns DailykeepaliveInfoReported proto.
      */
     public DailykeepaliveInfoReported buildKeepaliveMetrics() {
+        ensureRunningOnHandlerThread();
+
         final long timeNow = mDependencies.getUptimeMillis();
         updateDurationsPerNumOfKeepalive(timeNow);
 
@@ -185,7 +202,16 @@
 
     /** Resets the stored metrics but maintains the state of keepalives */
     public void resetMetrics() {
+        ensureRunningOnHandlerThread();
+
         mDurationPerNumOfKeepalive.clear();
         ensureDurationPerNumOfKeepaliveSize();
     }
+
+    private void ensureRunningOnHandlerThread() {
+        if (mConnectivityServiceHandler.getLooper().getThread() != Thread.currentThread()) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                    "Not running on handler thread: " + Thread.currentThread().getName());
+        }
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/KeepaliveStatsTrackerTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/KeepaliveStatsTrackerTest.java
index d262255..2e9bf26 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/KeepaliveStatsTrackerTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/KeepaliveStatsTrackerTest.java
@@ -16,12 +16,17 @@
 
 package com.android.server.connectivity;
 
+import static com.android.testutils.HandlerUtils.visibleOnHandlerThread;
+
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertThrows;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
 
 import android.os.Build;
+import android.os.Handler;
+import android.os.HandlerThread;
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
 
@@ -41,22 +46,84 @@
 @SmallTest
 @DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
 public class KeepaliveStatsTrackerTest {
-    private static final int TEST_UID = 1234;
+    private HandlerThread mHandlerThread;
+    private Handler mTestHandler;
 
     private KeepaliveStatsTracker mKeepaliveStatsTracker;
-    @Mock KeepaliveStatsTracker.Dependencies mDependencies;
+
+    @Mock private KeepaliveStatsTracker.Dependencies mDependencies;
 
     @Before
     public void setUp() {
         MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
+
+        mHandlerThread = new HandlerThread("KeepaliveStatsTrackerTest");
+        mHandlerThread.start();
+        mTestHandler = new Handler(mHandlerThread.getLooper());
+
         setUptimeMillis(0);
-        mKeepaliveStatsTracker = new KeepaliveStatsTracker(mDependencies);
+        mKeepaliveStatsTracker = new KeepaliveStatsTracker(mTestHandler, mDependencies);
     }
 
     private void setUptimeMillis(long time) {
         doReturn(time).when(mDependencies).getUptimeMillis();
     }
 
+    private DailykeepaliveInfoReported buildKeepaliveMetrics(long time) {
+        setUptimeMillis(time);
+
+        return visibleOnHandlerThread(
+                mTestHandler, () -> mKeepaliveStatsTracker.buildKeepaliveMetrics());
+    }
+
+    private DailykeepaliveInfoReported buildAndResetMetrics(long time) {
+        setUptimeMillis(time);
+
+        return visibleOnHandlerThread(
+                mTestHandler,
+                () -> {
+                    final DailykeepaliveInfoReported dailyKeepaliveInfoReported =
+                            mKeepaliveStatsTracker.buildKeepaliveMetrics();
+                    mKeepaliveStatsTracker.resetMetrics();
+                    return dailyKeepaliveInfoReported;
+                });
+    }
+
+    private void onStartKeepalive(long time) {
+        setUptimeMillis(time);
+        visibleOnHandlerThread(mTestHandler, () -> mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onStartKeepalive());
+    }
+
+    private void onPauseKeepalive(long time) {
+        setUptimeMillis(time);
+        visibleOnHandlerThread(mTestHandler, () -> mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onPauseKeepalive());
+    }
+
+    private void onResumeKeepalive(long time) {
+        setUptimeMillis(time);
+        visibleOnHandlerThread(mTestHandler, () -> mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onResumeKeepalive());
+    }
+
+    private void onStopKeepalive(long time, boolean wasActive) {
+        setUptimeMillis(time);
+        visibleOnHandlerThread(
+                mTestHandler, () -> mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onStopKeepalive(wasActive));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEnsureRunningOnHandlerThread() {
+        // Not running on handler thread
+        assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, () -> mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onStartKeepalive());
+        assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, () -> mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onPauseKeepalive());
+        assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, () -> mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onResumeKeepalive());
+        assertThrows(
+                IllegalStateException.class, () -> mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onStopKeepalive(true));
+        assertThrows(
+                IllegalStateException.class, () -> mKeepaliveStatsTracker.buildKeepaliveMetrics());
+        assertThrows(
+                IllegalStateException.class, () -> mKeepaliveStatsTracker.resetMetrics());
+    }
+
     /**
      * Asserts that a DurationPerNumOfKeepalive contains expected values
      *
@@ -111,9 +178,8 @@
     public void testNoKeepalive() {
         final int writeTime = 5000;
 
-        setUptimeMillis(writeTime);
         final DailykeepaliveInfoReported dailyKeepaliveInfoReported =
-                mKeepaliveStatsTracker.buildKeepaliveMetrics();
+                buildKeepaliveMetrics(writeTime);
 
         // Expect that the durations are all in numOfKeepalive = 0.
         final int[] expectRegisteredDurations = new int[] {writeTime};
@@ -137,12 +203,10 @@
         final int startTime = 1000;
         final int writeTime = 5000;
 
-        setUptimeMillis(startTime);
-        mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onStartKeepalive();
+        onStartKeepalive(startTime);
 
-        setUptimeMillis(writeTime);
         final DailykeepaliveInfoReported dailyKeepaliveInfoReported =
-                mKeepaliveStatsTracker.buildKeepaliveMetrics();
+                buildKeepaliveMetrics(writeTime);
 
         // The keepalive is never stopped, expect the duration for numberOfKeepalive of 1 to range
         // from startTime to writeTime.
@@ -167,15 +231,12 @@
         final int pauseTime = 2030;
         final int writeTime = 5000;
 
-        setUptimeMillis(startTime);
-        mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onStartKeepalive();
+        onStartKeepalive(startTime);
 
-        setUptimeMillis(pauseTime);
-        mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onPauseKeepalive();
+        onPauseKeepalive(pauseTime);
 
-        setUptimeMillis(writeTime);
         final DailykeepaliveInfoReported dailyKeepaliveInfoReported =
-                mKeepaliveStatsTracker.buildKeepaliveMetrics();
+                buildKeepaliveMetrics(writeTime);
 
         // The keepalive is paused but not stopped, expect the registered duration for
         // numberOfKeepalive of 1 to still range from startTime to writeTime while the active
@@ -203,18 +264,14 @@
         final int resumeTime = 3450;
         final int writeTime = 5000;
 
-        setUptimeMillis(startTime);
-        mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onStartKeepalive();
+        onStartKeepalive(startTime);
 
-        setUptimeMillis(pauseTime);
-        mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onPauseKeepalive();
+        onPauseKeepalive(pauseTime);
 
-        setUptimeMillis(resumeTime);
-        mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onResumeKeepalive();
+        onResumeKeepalive(resumeTime);
 
-        setUptimeMillis(writeTime);
         final DailykeepaliveInfoReported dailyKeepaliveInfoReported =
-                mKeepaliveStatsTracker.buildKeepaliveMetrics();
+                buildKeepaliveMetrics(writeTime);
 
         // The keepalive is paused and resumed but not stopped, expect the registered duration for
         // numberOfKeepalive of 1 to still range from startTime to writeTime while the active
@@ -246,21 +303,16 @@
         final int stopTime = 4157;
         final int writeTime = 5000;
 
-        setUptimeMillis(startTime);
-        mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onStartKeepalive();
+        onStartKeepalive(startTime);
 
-        setUptimeMillis(pauseTime);
-        mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onPauseKeepalive();
+        onPauseKeepalive(pauseTime);
 
-        setUptimeMillis(resumeTime);
-        mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onResumeKeepalive();
+        onResumeKeepalive(resumeTime);
 
-        setUptimeMillis(stopTime);
-        mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onStopKeepalive(/* wasActive= */ true);
+        onStopKeepalive(stopTime, /* wasActive= */ true);
 
-        setUptimeMillis(writeTime);
         final DailykeepaliveInfoReported dailyKeepaliveInfoReported =
-                mKeepaliveStatsTracker.buildKeepaliveMetrics();
+                buildKeepaliveMetrics(writeTime);
 
         // The keepalive is now stopped, expect the registered duration for numberOfKeepalive of 1
         // to now range from startTime to stopTime while the active duration stops at pauseTime but
@@ -292,18 +344,14 @@
         final int stopTime = 4157;
         final int writeTime = 5000;
 
-        setUptimeMillis(startTime);
-        mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onStartKeepalive();
+        onStartKeepalive(startTime);
 
-        setUptimeMillis(pauseTime);
-        mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onPauseKeepalive();
+        onPauseKeepalive(pauseTime);
 
-        setUptimeMillis(stopTime);
-        mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onStopKeepalive(/* wasActive= */ false);
+        onStopKeepalive(stopTime, /* wasActive= */ false);
 
-        setUptimeMillis(writeTime);
         final DailykeepaliveInfoReported dailyKeepaliveInfoReported =
-                mKeepaliveStatsTracker.buildKeepaliveMetrics();
+                buildKeepaliveMetrics(writeTime);
 
         // The keepalive is stopped while paused, expect the registered duration for
         // numberOfKeepalive of 1 to range from startTime to stopTime while the active duration
@@ -333,24 +381,20 @@
         final int stopTime = 4000;
         final int writeTime = 5000;
 
-        setUptimeMillis(startTime);
-        mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onStartKeepalive();
+        onStartKeepalive(startTime);
 
         for (int i = 0; i < pauseResumeTimes.length; i++) {
-            setUptimeMillis(pauseResumeTimes[i]);
             if (i % 2 == 0) {
-                mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onPauseKeepalive();
+                onPauseKeepalive(pauseResumeTimes[i]);
             } else {
-                mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onResumeKeepalive();
+                onResumeKeepalive(pauseResumeTimes[i]);
             }
         }
 
-        setUptimeMillis(stopTime);
-        mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onStopKeepalive(/* wasActive= */ true);
+        onStopKeepalive(stopTime, /* wasActive= */ true);
 
-        setUptimeMillis(writeTime);
         final DailykeepaliveInfoReported dailyKeepaliveInfoReported =
-                mKeepaliveStatsTracker.buildKeepaliveMetrics();
+                buildKeepaliveMetrics(writeTime);
 
         final int[] expectRegisteredDurations =
                 new int[] {startTime + (writeTime - stopTime), stopTime - startTime};
@@ -387,30 +431,22 @@
         final int stopTime1 = 4157;
         final int writeTime = 5000;
 
-        setUptimeMillis(startTime1);
-        mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onStartKeepalive();
+        onStartKeepalive(startTime1);
 
-        setUptimeMillis(pauseTime1);
-        mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onPauseKeepalive();
+        onPauseKeepalive(pauseTime1);
 
-        setUptimeMillis(startTime2);
-        mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onStartKeepalive();
+        onStartKeepalive(startTime2);
 
-        setUptimeMillis(resumeTime1);
-        mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onResumeKeepalive();
+        onResumeKeepalive(resumeTime1);
 
-        setUptimeMillis(pauseTime2);
-        mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onPauseKeepalive();
+        onPauseKeepalive(pauseTime2);
 
-        setUptimeMillis(resumeTime2);
-        mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onResumeKeepalive();
+        onResumeKeepalive(resumeTime2);
 
-        setUptimeMillis(stopTime1);
-        mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onStopKeepalive(/* wasActive= */ true);
+        onStopKeepalive(stopTime1, /* wasActive= */ true);
 
-        setUptimeMillis(writeTime);
         final DailykeepaliveInfoReported dailyKeepaliveInfoReported =
-                mKeepaliveStatsTracker.buildKeepaliveMetrics();
+                buildKeepaliveMetrics(writeTime);
 
         // With two keepalives, the number of concurrent keepalives can vary from 0-2 depending on
         // both keepalive states.
@@ -458,12 +494,10 @@
         final int stopTime = 7000;
         final int writeTime2 = 10000;
 
-        setUptimeMillis(startTime);
-        mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onStartKeepalive();
+        onStartKeepalive(startTime);
 
-        setUptimeMillis(writeTime);
         final DailykeepaliveInfoReported dailyKeepaliveInfoReported =
-                mKeepaliveStatsTracker.buildKeepaliveMetrics();
+                buildAndResetMetrics(writeTime);
 
         // Same expect as testOneKeepalive_startOnly
         final int[] expectRegisteredDurations = new int[] {startTime, writeTime - startTime};
@@ -473,11 +507,9 @@
                 expectRegisteredDurations,
                 expectActiveDurations);
 
-        // Reset metrics
-        mKeepaliveStatsTracker.resetMetrics();
-
         final DailykeepaliveInfoReported dailyKeepaliveInfoReported2 =
-                mKeepaliveStatsTracker.buildKeepaliveMetrics();
+                buildKeepaliveMetrics(writeTime);
+
         // Expect the stored durations to be 0 but still contain the number of keepalive = 1.
         assertDailyKeepaliveInfoReported(
                 dailyKeepaliveInfoReported2,
@@ -485,12 +517,10 @@
                 /* expectActiveDurations= */ new int[] {0, 0});
 
         // Expect that the keepalive is still registered after resetting so it can be stopped.
-        setUptimeMillis(stopTime);
-        mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onStopKeepalive(/* wasActive= */ true);
+        onStopKeepalive(stopTime, /* wasActive= */ true);
 
-        setUptimeMillis(writeTime2);
         final DailykeepaliveInfoReported dailyKeepaliveInfoReported3 =
-                mKeepaliveStatsTracker.buildKeepaliveMetrics();
+                buildKeepaliveMetrics(writeTime2);
 
         final int[] expectRegisteredDurations2 =
                 new int[] {writeTime2 - stopTime, stopTime - writeTime};