diff --git a/OWNERS b/OWNERS
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..48e54da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/OWNERS
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+set noparent
+
+include platform/frameworks/base:/services/core/java/com/android/server/net/OWNERS
diff --git a/core/java/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java b/core/java/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java
index cf5d4e5..540ea5c 100644
--- a/core/java/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java
+++ b/core/java/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java
@@ -2108,17 +2108,6 @@
         // ignored
     }
 
-    /** {@hide} */
-    @Deprecated
-    @UnsupportedAppUsage(maxTargetSdk = Build.VERSION_CODES.R, trackingBug = 170729553)
-    public NetworkQuotaInfo getActiveNetworkQuotaInfo() {
-        try {
-            return mService.getActiveNetworkQuotaInfo();
-        } catch (RemoteException e) {
-            throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
-        }
-    }
-
     /**
      * @hide
      * @deprecated Talk to TelephonyManager directly
@@ -3163,9 +3152,9 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Set sign in error notification to visible or in visible
+     * Set sign in error notification to visible or invisible
      *
-     * {@hide}
+     * @hide
      * @deprecated Doesn't properly deal with multiple connected networks of the same type.
      */
     @Deprecated
diff --git a/core/java/android/net/IConnectivityManager.aidl b/core/java/android/net/IConnectivityManager.aidl
index 4173200..fb01283 100644
--- a/core/java/android/net/IConnectivityManager.aidl
+++ b/core/java/android/net/IConnectivityManager.aidl
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@
 import android.net.NetworkAgentConfig;
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
 import android.net.NetworkInfo;
-import android.net.NetworkQuotaInfo;
 import android.net.NetworkRequest;
 import android.net.NetworkState;
 import android.net.ISocketKeepaliveCallback;
@@ -76,7 +75,6 @@
     @UnsupportedAppUsage(maxTargetSdk = 30, trackingBug = 170729553)
     NetworkState[] getAllNetworkState();
 
-    NetworkQuotaInfo getActiveNetworkQuotaInfo();
     boolean isActiveNetworkMetered();
 
     boolean requestRouteToHostAddress(int networkType, in byte[] hostAddress,
diff --git a/core/java/android/net/NetworkAgent.java b/core/java/android/net/NetworkAgent.java
index 0676ad4..6780167 100644
--- a/core/java/android/net/NetworkAgent.java
+++ b/core/java/android/net/NetworkAgent.java
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@
  * An agent manages the life cycle of a network. A network starts its
  * life cycle when {@link register} is called on NetworkAgent. The network
  * is then connecting. When full L3 connectivity has been established,
- * the agent shoud call {@link markConnected} to inform the system that
+ * the agent should call {@link markConnected} to inform the system that
  * this network is ready to use. When the network disconnects its life
  * ends and the agent should call {@link unregister}, at which point the
  * system will clean up and free resources.
@@ -94,12 +94,6 @@
     @Nullable
     private volatile Network mNetwork;
 
-    // Whether this NetworkAgent is using the legacy (never unhidden) API. The difference is
-    // that the legacy API uses NetworkInfo to convey the state, while the current API is
-    // exposing methods to manage it and generate it internally instead.
-    // TODO : remove this as soon as all agents have been converted.
-    private final boolean mIsLegacy;
-
     private final Handler mHandler;
     private volatile AsyncChannel mAsyncChannel;
     private final String LOG_TAG;
@@ -110,8 +104,6 @@
     private static final long BW_REFRESH_MIN_WIN_MS = 500;
     private boolean mBandwidthUpdateScheduled = false;
     private AtomicBoolean mBandwidthUpdatePending = new AtomicBoolean(false);
-    // Not used by legacy agents. Non-legacy agents use this to convert the NetworkAgent system API
-    // into the internal API of ConnectivityService.
     @NonNull
     private NetworkInfo mNetworkInfo;
     @NonNull
@@ -337,35 +329,6 @@
      */
     public static final int CMD_REMOVE_KEEPALIVE_PACKET_FILTER = BASE + 17;
 
-    /** @hide TODO: remove and replace usage with the public constructor. */
-    public NetworkAgent(Looper looper, Context context, String logTag, NetworkInfo ni,
-            NetworkCapabilities nc, LinkProperties lp, int score) {
-        this(looper, context, logTag, ni, nc, lp, score, null, NetworkProvider.ID_NONE);
-        // Register done by the constructor called in the previous line
-    }
-
-    /** @hide TODO: remove and replace usage with the public constructor. */
-    public NetworkAgent(Looper looper, Context context, String logTag, NetworkInfo ni,
-            NetworkCapabilities nc, LinkProperties lp, int score, NetworkAgentConfig config) {
-        this(looper, context, logTag, ni, nc, lp, score, config, NetworkProvider.ID_NONE);
-        // Register done by the constructor called in the previous line
-    }
-
-    /** @hide TODO: remove and replace usage with the public constructor. */
-    public NetworkAgent(Looper looper, Context context, String logTag, NetworkInfo ni,
-            NetworkCapabilities nc, LinkProperties lp, int score, int providerId) {
-        this(looper, context, logTag, ni, nc, lp, score, null, providerId);
-        // Register done by the constructor called in the previous line
-    }
-
-    /** @hide TODO: remove and replace usage with the public constructor. */
-    public NetworkAgent(Looper looper, Context context, String logTag, NetworkInfo ni,
-            NetworkCapabilities nc, LinkProperties lp, int score, NetworkAgentConfig config,
-            int providerId) {
-        this(looper, context, logTag, nc, lp, score, config, providerId, ni, true /* legacy */);
-        register();
-    }
-
     private static NetworkInfo getLegacyNetworkInfo(final NetworkAgentConfig config) {
         // The subtype can be changed with (TODO) setLegacySubtype, but it starts
         // with 0 (TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UNKNOWN) and an empty description.
@@ -393,7 +356,7 @@
             @NonNull NetworkAgentConfig config, @Nullable NetworkProvider provider) {
         this(looper, context, logTag, nc, lp, score, config,
                 provider == null ? NetworkProvider.ID_NONE : provider.getProviderId(),
-                getLegacyNetworkInfo(config), false /* legacy */);
+                getLegacyNetworkInfo(config));
     }
 
     private static class InitialConfiguration {
@@ -418,11 +381,9 @@
 
     private NetworkAgent(@NonNull Looper looper, @NonNull Context context, @NonNull String logTag,
             @NonNull NetworkCapabilities nc, @NonNull LinkProperties lp, int score,
-            @NonNull NetworkAgentConfig config, int providerId, @NonNull NetworkInfo ni,
-            boolean legacy) {
+            @NonNull NetworkAgentConfig config, int providerId, @NonNull NetworkInfo ni) {
         mHandler = new NetworkAgentHandler(looper);
         LOG_TAG = logTag;
-        mIsLegacy = legacy;
         mNetworkInfo = new NetworkInfo(ni);
         this.providerId = providerId;
         if (ni == null || nc == null || lp == null) {
@@ -696,11 +657,6 @@
      * Call {@link #unregister} to disconnect.
      */
     public void markConnected() {
-        if (mIsLegacy) {
-            throw new UnsupportedOperationException(
-                    "Legacy agents can't call markConnected.");
-        }
-        // |reason| cannot be used by the non-legacy agents
         mNetworkInfo.setDetailedState(NetworkInfo.DetailedState.CONNECTED, null /* reason */,
                 mNetworkInfo.getExtraInfo());
         queueOrSendMessage(EVENT_NETWORK_INFO_CHANGED, mNetworkInfo);
@@ -713,9 +669,6 @@
      * the network is torn down and this agent can no longer be used.
      */
     public void unregister() {
-        if (mIsLegacy) {
-            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Legacy agents can't call unregister.");
-        }
         // When unregistering an agent nobody should use the extrainfo (or reason) any more.
         mNetworkInfo.setDetailedState(NetworkInfo.DetailedState.DISCONNECTED, null /* reason */,
                 null /* extraInfo */);
@@ -735,9 +688,6 @@
      */
     @Deprecated
     public void setLegacySubtype(final int legacySubtype, @NonNull final String legacySubtypeName) {
-        if (mIsLegacy) {
-            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Legacy agents can't call setLegacySubtype.");
-        }
         mNetworkInfo.setSubtype(legacySubtype, legacySubtypeName);
         queueOrSendMessage(EVENT_NETWORK_INFO_CHANGED, mNetworkInfo);
     }
@@ -760,9 +710,6 @@
      */
     @Deprecated
     public void setLegacyExtraInfo(@Nullable final String extraInfo) {
-        if (mIsLegacy) {
-            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Legacy agents can't call setLegacyExtraInfo.");
-        }
         mNetworkInfo.setExtraInfo(extraInfo);
         queueOrSendMessage(EVENT_NETWORK_INFO_CHANGED, mNetworkInfo);
     }
@@ -773,9 +720,6 @@
      */
     @UnsupportedAppUsage(maxTargetSdk = Build.VERSION_CODES.P, trackingBug = 115609023)
     public final void sendNetworkInfo(NetworkInfo networkInfo) {
-        if (!mIsLegacy) {
-            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Only legacy agents can call sendNetworkInfo.");
-        }
         queueOrSendMessage(EVENT_NETWORK_INFO_CHANGED, new NetworkInfo(networkInfo));
     }
 
diff --git a/core/java/android/net/TcpKeepalivePacketData.java b/core/java/android/net/TcpKeepalivePacketData.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ddb3a6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/java/android/net/TcpKeepalivePacketData.java
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package android.net;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.annotation.SystemApi;
+import android.os.Parcel;
+import android.os.Parcelable;
+
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.util.Objects;
+
+/**
+ * Represents the actual tcp keep alive packets which will be used for hardware offload.
+ * @hide
+ */
+@SystemApi
+public final class TcpKeepalivePacketData extends KeepalivePacketData implements Parcelable {
+    private static final String TAG = "TcpKeepalivePacketData";
+
+    /** TCP sequence number. */
+    public final int tcpSeq;
+
+    /** TCP ACK number. */
+    public final int tcpAck;
+
+    /** TCP RCV window. */
+    public final int tcpWindow;
+
+    /** TCP RCV window scale. */
+    public final int tcpWindowScale;
+
+    /** IP TOS. */
+    public final int ipTos;
+
+    /** IP TTL. */
+    public final int ipTtl;
+
+    public TcpKeepalivePacketData(@NonNull final InetAddress srcAddress, int srcPort,
+            @NonNull final InetAddress dstAddress, int dstPort, @NonNull final byte[] data,
+            int tcpSeq, int tcpAck, int tcpWindow, int tcpWindowScale, int ipTos, int ipTtl)
+            throws InvalidPacketException {
+        super(srcAddress, srcPort, dstAddress, dstPort, data);
+        this.tcpSeq = tcpSeq;
+        this.tcpAck = tcpAck;
+        this.tcpWindow = tcpWindow;
+        this.tcpWindowScale = tcpWindowScale;
+        this.ipTos = ipTos;
+        this.ipTtl = ipTtl;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean equals(@Nullable final Object o) {
+        if (!(o instanceof TcpKeepalivePacketData)) return false;
+        final TcpKeepalivePacketData other = (TcpKeepalivePacketData) o;
+        final InetAddress srcAddress = getSrcAddress();
+        final InetAddress dstAddress = getDstAddress();
+        return srcAddress.equals(other.getSrcAddress())
+                && dstAddress.equals(other.getDstAddress())
+                && getSrcPort() == other.getSrcPort()
+                && getDstPort() == other.getDstPort()
+                && this.tcpAck == other.tcpAck
+                && this.tcpSeq == other.tcpSeq
+                && this.tcpWindow == other.tcpWindow
+                && this.tcpWindowScale == other.tcpWindowScale
+                && this.ipTos == other.ipTos
+                && this.ipTtl == other.ipTtl;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        return Objects.hash(getSrcAddress(), getDstAddress(), getSrcPort(), getDstPort(),
+                tcpAck, tcpSeq, tcpWindow, tcpWindowScale, ipTos, ipTtl);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parcelable Implementation.
+     * Note that this object implements parcelable (and needs to keep doing this as it inherits
+     * from a class that does), but should usually be parceled as a stable parcelable using
+     * the toStableParcelable() and fromStableParcelable() methods.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public int describeContents() {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    /** Write to parcel. */
+    @Override
+    public void writeToParcel(@NonNull Parcel out, int flags) {
+        out.writeString(getSrcAddress().getHostAddress());
+        out.writeString(getDstAddress().getHostAddress());
+        out.writeInt(getSrcPort());
+        out.writeInt(getDstPort());
+        out.writeByteArray(getPacket());
+        out.writeInt(tcpSeq);
+        out.writeInt(tcpAck);
+        out.writeInt(tcpWindow);
+        out.writeInt(tcpWindowScale);
+        out.writeInt(ipTos);
+        out.writeInt(ipTtl);
+    }
+
+    private static TcpKeepalivePacketData readFromParcel(Parcel in) throws InvalidPacketException {
+        InetAddress srcAddress = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress(in.readString());
+        InetAddress dstAddress = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress(in.readString());
+        int srcPort = in.readInt();
+        int dstPort = in.readInt();
+        byte[] packet = in.createByteArray();
+        int tcpSeq = in.readInt();
+        int tcpAck = in.readInt();
+        int tcpWnd = in.readInt();
+        int tcpWndScale = in.readInt();
+        int ipTos = in.readInt();
+        int ipTtl = in.readInt();
+        return new TcpKeepalivePacketData(srcAddress, srcPort, dstAddress, dstPort, packet, tcpSeq,
+                tcpAck, tcpWnd, tcpWndScale, ipTos, ipTtl);
+    }
+
+    /** Parcelable Creator. */
+    public static final @NonNull Parcelable.Creator<TcpKeepalivePacketData> CREATOR =
+            new Parcelable.Creator<TcpKeepalivePacketData>() {
+                public TcpKeepalivePacketData createFromParcel(Parcel in) {
+                    try {
+                        return readFromParcel(in);
+                    } catch (InvalidPacketException e) {
+                        throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                                "Invalid TCP keepalive data: " + e.getError());
+                    }
+                }
+
+                public TcpKeepalivePacketData[] newArray(int size) {
+                    return new TcpKeepalivePacketData[size];
+                }
+            };
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return "saddr: " + getSrcAddress()
+                + " daddr: " + getDstAddress()
+                + " sport: " + getSrcPort()
+                + " dport: " + getDstPort()
+                + " seq: " + tcpSeq
+                + " ack: " + tcpAck
+                + " window: " + tcpWindow
+                + " windowScale: " + tcpWindowScale
+                + " tos: " + ipTos
+                + " ttl: " + ipTtl;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/core/java/android/net/TcpRepairWindow.java b/core/java/android/net/TcpRepairWindow.java
index 86034f0..f062fa9 100644
--- a/core/java/android/net/TcpRepairWindow.java
+++ b/core/java/android/net/TcpRepairWindow.java
@@ -16,12 +16,15 @@
 
 package android.net;
 
+import android.annotation.SystemApi;
+
 /**
  * Corresponds to C's {@code struct tcp_repair_window} from
  * include/uapi/linux/tcp.h
  *
  * @hide
  */
+@SystemApi(client = SystemApi.Client.MODULE_LIBRARIES)
 public final class TcpRepairWindow {
     public final int sndWl1;
     public final int sndWnd;
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
index 82f9e7d..d70a5e0 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
@@ -113,7 +113,6 @@
 import android.net.NetworkMonitorManager;
 import android.net.NetworkPolicyManager;
 import android.net.NetworkProvider;
-import android.net.NetworkQuotaInfo;
 import android.net.NetworkRequest;
 import android.net.NetworkSpecifier;
 import android.net.NetworkStack;
@@ -129,6 +128,7 @@
 import android.net.SocketKeepalive;
 import android.net.TetheringManager;
 import android.net.UidRange;
+import android.net.UidRangeParcel;
 import android.net.Uri;
 import android.net.VpnManager;
 import android.net.VpnService;
@@ -876,6 +876,10 @@
      */
     @VisibleForTesting
     public static class Dependencies {
+        public int getCallingUid() {
+            return Binder.getCallingUid();
+        }
+
         /**
          * Get system properties to use in ConnectivityService.
          */
@@ -1411,7 +1415,7 @@
     @Override
     public NetworkInfo getActiveNetworkInfo() {
         enforceAccessPermission();
-        final int uid = Binder.getCallingUid();
+        final int uid = mDeps.getCallingUid();
         final NetworkState state = getUnfilteredActiveNetworkState(uid);
         filterNetworkStateForUid(state, uid, false);
         maybeLogBlockedNetworkInfo(state.networkInfo, uid);
@@ -1421,7 +1425,7 @@
     @Override
     public Network getActiveNetwork() {
         enforceAccessPermission();
-        return getActiveNetworkForUidInternal(Binder.getCallingUid(), false);
+        return getActiveNetworkForUidInternal(mDeps.getCallingUid(), false);
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -1461,7 +1465,7 @@
     // Public because it's used by mLockdownTracker.
     public NetworkInfo getActiveNetworkInfoUnfiltered() {
         enforceAccessPermission();
-        final int uid = Binder.getCallingUid();
+        final int uid = mDeps.getCallingUid();
         NetworkState state = getUnfilteredActiveNetworkState(uid);
         return state.networkInfo;
     }
@@ -1477,7 +1481,7 @@
     @Override
     public NetworkInfo getNetworkInfo(int networkType) {
         enforceAccessPermission();
-        final int uid = Binder.getCallingUid();
+        final int uid = mDeps.getCallingUid();
         if (getVpnUnderlyingNetworks(uid) != null) {
             // A VPN is active, so we may need to return one of its underlying networks. This
             // information is not available in LegacyTypeTracker, so we have to get it from
@@ -1522,7 +1526,7 @@
     @Override
     public Network getNetworkForType(int networkType) {
         enforceAccessPermission();
-        final int uid = Binder.getCallingUid();
+        final int uid = mDeps.getCallingUid();
         NetworkState state = getFilteredNetworkState(networkType, uid);
         if (!isNetworkWithLinkPropertiesBlocked(state.linkProperties, uid, false)) {
             return state.network;
@@ -1569,7 +1573,7 @@
             result.put(
                     nai.network,
                     maybeSanitizeLocationInfoForCaller(
-                            nc, Binder.getCallingUid(), callingPackageName));
+                            nc, mDeps.getCallingUid(), callingPackageName));
         }
 
         synchronized (mVpns) {
@@ -1584,7 +1588,7 @@
                                 result.put(
                                         network,
                                         maybeSanitizeLocationInfoForCaller(
-                                                nc, Binder.getCallingUid(), callingPackageName));
+                                                nc, mDeps.getCallingUid(), callingPackageName));
                             }
                         }
                     }
@@ -1614,7 +1618,7 @@
     @Override
     public LinkProperties getActiveLinkProperties() {
         enforceAccessPermission();
-        final int uid = Binder.getCallingUid();
+        final int uid = mDeps.getCallingUid();
         NetworkState state = getUnfilteredActiveNetworkState(uid);
         if (state.linkProperties == null) return null;
         return linkPropertiesRestrictedForCallerPermissions(state.linkProperties,
@@ -1628,7 +1632,7 @@
         final LinkProperties lp = getLinkProperties(nai);
         if (lp == null) return null;
         return linkPropertiesRestrictedForCallerPermissions(
-                lp, Binder.getCallingPid(), Binder.getCallingUid());
+                lp, Binder.getCallingPid(), mDeps.getCallingUid());
     }
 
     // TODO - this should be ALL networks
@@ -1638,7 +1642,7 @@
         final LinkProperties lp = getLinkProperties(getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(network));
         if (lp == null) return null;
         return linkPropertiesRestrictedForCallerPermissions(
-                lp, Binder.getCallingPid(), Binder.getCallingUid());
+                lp, Binder.getCallingPid(), mDeps.getCallingUid());
     }
 
     @Nullable
@@ -1660,17 +1664,17 @@
         synchronized (nai) {
             if (nai.networkCapabilities == null) return null;
             return networkCapabilitiesRestrictedForCallerPermissions(
-                    nai.networkCapabilities, Binder.getCallingPid(), Binder.getCallingUid());
+                    nai.networkCapabilities, Binder.getCallingPid(), mDeps.getCallingUid());
         }
     }
 
     @Override
     public NetworkCapabilities getNetworkCapabilities(Network network, String callingPackageName) {
-        mAppOpsManager.checkPackage(Binder.getCallingUid(), callingPackageName);
+        mAppOpsManager.checkPackage(mDeps.getCallingUid(), callingPackageName);
         enforceAccessPermission();
         return maybeSanitizeLocationInfoForCaller(
                 getNetworkCapabilitiesInternal(network),
-                Binder.getCallingUid(), callingPackageName);
+                mDeps.getCallingUid(), callingPackageName);
     }
 
     @VisibleForTesting
@@ -1758,7 +1762,7 @@
     }
 
     private void restrictBackgroundRequestForCaller(NetworkCapabilities nc) {
-        if (!mPermissionMonitor.hasUseBackgroundNetworksPermission(Binder.getCallingUid())) {
+        if (!mPermissionMonitor.hasUseBackgroundNetworksPermission(mDeps.getCallingUid())) {
             nc.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_FOREGROUND);
         }
     }
@@ -1783,14 +1787,6 @@
     }
 
     @Override
-    @Deprecated
-    public NetworkQuotaInfo getActiveNetworkQuotaInfo() {
-        Log.w(TAG, "Shame on UID " + Binder.getCallingUid()
-                + " for calling the hidden API getNetworkQuotaInfo(). Shame!");
-        return new NetworkQuotaInfo();
-    }
-
-    @Override
     public boolean isActiveNetworkMetered() {
         enforceAccessPermission();
 
@@ -1819,7 +1815,7 @@
         // requestRouteToHost. In Q, GnssLocationProvider is changed to not call requestRouteToHost
         // for devices launched with Q and above. However, existing devices upgrading to Q and
         // above must continued to be supported for few more releases.
-        if (isSystem(Binder.getCallingUid()) && SystemProperties.getInt(
+        if (isSystem(mDeps.getCallingUid()) && SystemProperties.getInt(
                 "ro.product.first_api_level", 0) > Build.VERSION_CODES.P) {
             log("This method exists only for app backwards compatibility"
                     + " and must not be called by system services.");
@@ -1885,7 +1881,7 @@
             return false;
         }
 
-        final int uid = Binder.getCallingUid();
+        final int uid = mDeps.getCallingUid();
         final long token = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
         try {
             LinkProperties lp;
@@ -2305,7 +2301,7 @@
      */
     @Override
     public void systemReady() {
-        if (Binder.getCallingUid() != Process.SYSTEM_UID) {
+        if (mDeps.getCallingUid() != Process.SYSTEM_UID) {
             throw new SecurityException("Calling Uid is not system uid.");
         }
         systemReadyInternal();
@@ -2531,7 +2527,7 @@
         if (context.checkCallingOrSelfPermission(android.Manifest.permission.DUMP)
                 != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
             pw.println("Permission Denial: can't dump " + tag + " from from pid="
-                    + Binder.getCallingPid() + ", uid=" + Binder.getCallingUid()
+                    + Binder.getCallingPid() + ", uid=" + mDeps.getCallingUid()
                     + " due to missing android.permission.DUMP permission");
             return false;
         } else {
@@ -2825,6 +2821,7 @@
                     break;
                 }
                 case NetworkAgent.EVENT_UNDERLYING_NETWORKS_CHANGED: {
+                    // TODO: prevent loops, e.g., if a network declares itself as underlying.
                     if (!nai.supportsUnderlyingNetworks()) {
                         Log.wtf(TAG, "Non-virtual networks cannot have underlying networks");
                         break;
@@ -3424,6 +3421,7 @@
             }
         }
         nai.clearLingerState();
+        propagateUnderlyingNetworkCapabilities(nai.network);
         if (nai.isSatisfyingRequest(mDefaultRequest.requestId)) {
             mDefaultNetworkNai = null;
             updateDataActivityTracking(null /* newNetwork */, nai);
@@ -3431,9 +3429,6 @@
             ensureNetworkTransitionWakelock(nai.toShortString());
         }
         mLegacyTypeTracker.remove(nai, wasDefault);
-        if (!nai.networkCapabilities.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)) {
-            propagateUnderlyingNetworkCapabilities();
-        }
         rematchAllNetworksAndRequests();
         mLingerMonitor.noteDisconnect(nai);
         if (nai.created) {
@@ -3940,7 +3935,7 @@
 
             if (request == CaptivePortal.APP_REQUEST_REEVALUATION_REQUIRED) {
                 checkNetworkStackPermission();
-                nm.forceReevaluation(Binder.getCallingUid());
+                nm.forceReevaluation(mDeps.getCallingUid());
             }
         }
 
@@ -4407,7 +4402,7 @@
     public void reportNetworkConnectivity(Network network, boolean hasConnectivity) {
         enforceAccessPermission();
         enforceInternetPermission();
-        final int uid = Binder.getCallingUid();
+        final int uid = mDeps.getCallingUid();
         final int connectivityInfo = encodeBool(hasConnectivity);
 
         // Handle ConnectivityDiagnostics event before attempting to revalidate the network. This
@@ -4477,13 +4472,13 @@
         if (globalProxy != null) return globalProxy;
         if (network == null) {
             // Get the network associated with the calling UID.
-            final Network activeNetwork = getActiveNetworkForUidInternal(Binder.getCallingUid(),
+            final Network activeNetwork = getActiveNetworkForUidInternal(mDeps.getCallingUid(),
                     true);
             if (activeNetwork == null) {
                 return null;
             }
             return getLinkPropertiesProxyInfo(activeNetwork);
-        } else if (mDeps.queryUserAccess(Binder.getCallingUid(), network.getNetId())) {
+        } else if (mDeps.queryUserAccess(mDeps.getCallingUid(), network.getNetId())) {
             // Don't call getLinkProperties() as it requires ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE permission, which
             // caller may not have.
             return getLinkPropertiesProxyInfo(network);
@@ -4652,7 +4647,7 @@
      */
     @Override
     public ParcelFileDescriptor establishVpn(VpnConfig config) {
-        int user = UserHandle.getUserId(Binder.getCallingUid());
+        int user = UserHandle.getUserId(mDeps.getCallingUid());
         synchronized (mVpns) {
             throwIfLockdownEnabled();
             return mVpns.get(user).establish(config);
@@ -4673,7 +4668,7 @@
      */
     @Override
     public boolean provisionVpnProfile(@NonNull VpnProfile profile, @NonNull String packageName) {
-        final int user = UserHandle.getUserId(Binder.getCallingUid());
+        final int user = UserHandle.getUserId(mDeps.getCallingUid());
         synchronized (mVpns) {
             return mVpns.get(user).provisionVpnProfile(packageName, profile, mKeyStore);
         }
@@ -4691,7 +4686,7 @@
      */
     @Override
     public void deleteVpnProfile(@NonNull String packageName) {
-        final int user = UserHandle.getUserId(Binder.getCallingUid());
+        final int user = UserHandle.getUserId(mDeps.getCallingUid());
         synchronized (mVpns) {
             mVpns.get(user).deleteVpnProfile(packageName, mKeyStore);
         }
@@ -4708,7 +4703,7 @@
      */
     @Override
     public void startVpnProfile(@NonNull String packageName) {
-        final int user = UserHandle.getUserId(Binder.getCallingUid());
+        final int user = UserHandle.getUserId(mDeps.getCallingUid());
         synchronized (mVpns) {
             throwIfLockdownEnabled();
             mVpns.get(user).startVpnProfile(packageName, mKeyStore);
@@ -4725,7 +4720,7 @@
      */
     @Override
     public void stopVpnProfile(@NonNull String packageName) {
-        final int user = UserHandle.getUserId(Binder.getCallingUid());
+        final int user = UserHandle.getUserId(mDeps.getCallingUid());
         synchronized (mVpns) {
             mVpns.get(user).stopVpnProfile(packageName);
         }
@@ -4737,7 +4732,7 @@
      */
     @Override
     public void startLegacyVpn(VpnProfile profile) {
-        int user = UserHandle.getUserId(Binder.getCallingUid());
+        int user = UserHandle.getUserId(mDeps.getCallingUid());
         final LinkProperties egress = getActiveLinkProperties();
         if (egress == null) {
             throw new IllegalStateException("Missing active network connection");
@@ -4850,17 +4845,35 @@
         }
     }
 
+    private Network[] underlyingNetworksOrDefault(Network[] underlyingNetworks) {
+        final Network defaultNetwork = getNetwork(getDefaultNetwork());
+        if (underlyingNetworks == null && defaultNetwork != null) {
+            // null underlying networks means to track the default.
+            underlyingNetworks = new Network[] { defaultNetwork };
+        }
+        return underlyingNetworks;
+    }
+
+    // Returns true iff |network| is an underlying network of |nai|.
+    private boolean hasUnderlyingNetwork(NetworkAgentInfo nai, Network network) {
+        // TODO: support more than one level of underlying networks, either via a fixed-depth search
+        // (e.g., 2 levels of underlying networks), or via loop detection, or....
+        if (!nai.supportsUnderlyingNetworks()) return false;
+        final Network[] underlying = underlyingNetworksOrDefault(nai.declaredUnderlyingNetworks);
+        return ArrayUtils.contains(underlying, network);
+    }
+
     /**
-     * Ask all networks with underlying networks to recompute and update their capabilities.
+     * Recompute the capabilities for any networks that had a specific network as underlying.
      *
      * When underlying networks change, such networks may have to update capabilities to reflect
      * things like the metered bit, their transports, and so on. The capabilities are calculated
      * immediately. This method runs on the ConnectivityService thread.
      */
-    private void propagateUnderlyingNetworkCapabilities() {
+    private void propagateUnderlyingNetworkCapabilities(Network updatedNetwork) {
         ensureRunningOnConnectivityServiceThread();
         for (NetworkAgentInfo nai : mNetworkAgentInfos.values()) {
-            if (nai.supportsUnderlyingNetworks()) {
+            if (updatedNetwork == null || hasUnderlyingNetwork(nai, updatedNetwork)) {
                 updateCapabilitiesForNetwork(nai);
             }
         }
@@ -4868,7 +4881,7 @@
 
     @Override
     public boolean updateLockdownVpn() {
-        if (Binder.getCallingUid() != Process.SYSTEM_UID) {
+        if (mDeps.getCallingUid() != Process.SYSTEM_UID) {
             logw("Lockdown VPN only available to AID_SYSTEM");
             return false;
         }
@@ -4890,7 +4903,7 @@
                     setLockdownTracker(null);
                     return true;
                 }
-                int user = UserHandle.getUserId(Binder.getCallingUid());
+                int user = UserHandle.getUserId(mDeps.getCallingUid());
                 Vpn vpn = mVpns.get(user);
                 if (vpn == null) {
                     logw("VPN for user " + user + " not ready yet. Skipping lockdown");
@@ -5183,7 +5196,7 @@
                 loge("Starting user already has a VPN");
                 return;
             }
-            userVpn = new Vpn(mHandler.getLooper(), mContext, mNMS, userId, mKeyStore);
+            userVpn = new Vpn(mHandler.getLooper(), mContext, mNMS, mNetd, userId, mKeyStore);
             mVpns.put(userId, userVpn);
             if (mUserManager.getUserInfo(userId).isPrimary() && LockdownVpnTracker.isEnabled()) {
                 updateLockdownVpn();
@@ -5455,7 +5468,7 @@
             messenger = null;
             mBinder = null;
             mPid = getCallingPid();
-            mUid = getCallingUid();
+            mUid = mDeps.getCallingUid();
             enforceRequestCountLimit();
         }
 
@@ -5467,7 +5480,7 @@
             ensureAllNetworkRequestsHaveType(mRequests);
             mBinder = binder;
             mPid = getCallingPid();
-            mUid = getCallingUid();
+            mUid = mDeps.getCallingUid();
             mPendingIntent = null;
             enforceRequestCountLimit();
 
@@ -5616,11 +5629,12 @@
     }
 
     private boolean checkUnsupportedStartingFrom(int version, String callingPackageName) {
-        final PackageManager pm = mContext.getPackageManager();
-        final int userId = UserHandle.getCallingUserId();
+        final UserHandle user = UserHandle.getUserHandleForUid(mDeps.getCallingUid());
+        final PackageManager pm =
+                mContext.createContextAsUser(user, 0 /* flags */).getPackageManager();
         try {
-            final int callingVersion = pm.getApplicationInfoAsUser(
-                    callingPackageName, 0 /* flags */, userId).targetSdkVersion;
+            final int callingVersion = pm.getApplicationInfo(
+                    callingPackageName, 0 /* flags */).targetSdkVersion;
             if (callingVersion < version) return false;
         } catch (PackageManager.NameNotFoundException e) { }
         return true;
@@ -5635,7 +5649,7 @@
                 throw new SecurityException("Insufficient permissions to specify legacy type");
             }
         }
-        final int callingUid = Binder.getCallingUid();
+        final int callingUid = mDeps.getCallingUid();
         final NetworkRequest.Type type = (networkCapabilities == null)
                 ? NetworkRequest.Type.TRACK_DEFAULT
                 : NetworkRequest.Type.REQUEST;
@@ -5705,7 +5719,7 @@
         if (nai != null) {
             nai.asyncChannel.sendMessage(android.net.NetworkAgent.CMD_REQUEST_BANDWIDTH_UPDATE);
             synchronized (mBandwidthRequests) {
-                final int uid = Binder.getCallingUid();
+                final int uid = mDeps.getCallingUid();
                 Integer uidReqs = mBandwidthRequests.get(uid);
                 if (uidReqs == null) {
                     uidReqs = 0;
@@ -5722,7 +5736,7 @@
     }
 
     private void enforceMeteredApnPolicy(NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities) {
-        final int uid = Binder.getCallingUid();
+        final int uid = mDeps.getCallingUid();
         if (isSystem(uid)) {
             // Exemption for system uid.
             return;
@@ -5742,7 +5756,7 @@
             PendingIntent operation, @NonNull String callingPackageName,
             @Nullable String callingAttributionTag) {
         Objects.requireNonNull(operation, "PendingIntent cannot be null.");
-        final int callingUid = Binder.getCallingUid();
+        final int callingUid = mDeps.getCallingUid();
         networkCapabilities = new NetworkCapabilities(networkCapabilities);
         enforceNetworkRequestPermissions(networkCapabilities, callingPackageName,
                 callingAttributionTag);
@@ -5801,7 +5815,7 @@
     @Override
     public NetworkRequest listenForNetwork(NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities,
             Messenger messenger, IBinder binder, @NonNull String callingPackageName) {
-        final int callingUid = Binder.getCallingUid();
+        final int callingUid = mDeps.getCallingUid();
         if (!hasWifiNetworkListenPermission(networkCapabilities)) {
             enforceAccessPermission();
         }
@@ -5831,7 +5845,7 @@
     public void pendingListenForNetwork(NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities,
             PendingIntent operation, @NonNull String callingPackageName) {
         Objects.requireNonNull(operation, "PendingIntent cannot be null.");
-        final int callingUid = Binder.getCallingUid();
+        final int callingUid = mDeps.getCallingUid();
         if (!hasWifiNetworkListenPermission(networkCapabilities)) {
             enforceAccessPermission();
         }
@@ -5932,7 +5946,7 @@
         } else {
             enforceNetworkFactoryPermission();
         }
-        mHandler.post(() -> handleReleaseNetworkRequest(request, Binder.getCallingUid(), true));
+        mHandler.post(() -> handleReleaseNetworkRequest(request, mDeps.getCallingUid(), true));
     }
 
     // NOTE: Accessed on multiple threads, must be synchronized on itself.
@@ -6026,7 +6040,7 @@
             enforceNetworkFactoryPermission();
         }
 
-        final int uid = Binder.getCallingUid();
+        final int uid = mDeps.getCallingUid();
         final long token = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
         try {
             return registerNetworkAgentInternal(messenger, networkInfo, linkProperties,
@@ -6404,27 +6418,28 @@
      * This method should never alter the agent's NetworkCapabilities, only store data in |nai|.
      */
     private void processCapabilitiesFromAgent(NetworkAgentInfo nai, NetworkCapabilities nc) {
-        nai.declaredMetered = !nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        // Note: resetting the owner UID before storing the agent capabilities in NAI means that if
+        // the agent attempts to change the owner UID, then nai.declaredCapabilities will not
+        // actually be the same as the capabilities sent by the agent. Still, it is safer to reset
+        // the owner UID here and behave as if the agent had never tried to change it.
         if (nai.networkCapabilities.getOwnerUid() != nc.getOwnerUid()) {
             Log.e(TAG, nai.toShortString() + ": ignoring attempt to change owner from "
                     + nai.networkCapabilities.getOwnerUid() + " to " + nc.getOwnerUid());
             nc.setOwnerUid(nai.networkCapabilities.getOwnerUid());
         }
+        nai.declaredCapabilities = new NetworkCapabilities(nc);
     }
 
-    /** Modifies |caps| based on the capabilities of the specified underlying networks. */
+    /** Modifies |newNc| based on the capabilities of |underlyingNetworks| and |agentCaps|. */
     @VisibleForTesting
     void applyUnderlyingCapabilities(@Nullable Network[] underlyingNetworks,
-            @NonNull NetworkCapabilities caps,  boolean declaredMetered) {
-        final Network defaultNetwork = getNetwork(getDefaultNetwork());
-        if (underlyingNetworks == null && defaultNetwork != null) {
-            // null underlying networks means to track the default.
-            underlyingNetworks = new Network[] { defaultNetwork };
-        }
-        int[] transportTypes = new int[] { NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_VPN };
+            @NonNull NetworkCapabilities agentCaps, @NonNull NetworkCapabilities newNc) {
+        underlyingNetworks = underlyingNetworksOrDefault(underlyingNetworks);
+        int[] transportTypes = agentCaps.getTransportTypes();
         int downKbps = NetworkCapabilities.LINK_BANDWIDTH_UNSPECIFIED;
         int upKbps = NetworkCapabilities.LINK_BANDWIDTH_UNSPECIFIED;
-        boolean metered = declaredMetered; // metered if any underlying is metered, or agentMetered
+        // metered if any underlying is metered, or originally declared metered by the agent.
+        boolean metered = !agentCaps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
         boolean roaming = false; // roaming if any underlying is roaming
         boolean congested = false; // congested if any underlying is congested
         boolean suspended = true; // suspended if all underlying are suspended
@@ -6470,13 +6485,13 @@
             suspended = false;
         }
 
-        caps.setTransportTypes(transportTypes);
-        caps.setLinkDownstreamBandwidthKbps(downKbps);
-        caps.setLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps(upKbps);
-        caps.setCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED, !metered);
-        caps.setCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING, !roaming);
-        caps.setCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED, !congested);
-        caps.setCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED, !suspended);
+        newNc.setTransportTypes(transportTypes);
+        newNc.setLinkDownstreamBandwidthKbps(downKbps);
+        newNc.setLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps(upKbps);
+        newNc.setCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED, !metered);
+        newNc.setCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING, !roaming);
+        newNc.setCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED, !congested);
+        newNc.setCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED, !suspended);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -6533,7 +6548,8 @@
         }
 
         if (nai.supportsUnderlyingNetworks()) {
-            applyUnderlyingCapabilities(nai.declaredUnderlyingNetworks, newNc, nai.declaredMetered);
+            applyUnderlyingCapabilities(nai.declaredUnderlyingNetworks, nai.declaredCapabilities,
+                    newNc);
         }
 
         return newNc;
@@ -6612,11 +6628,8 @@
             }
         }
 
-        if (!newNc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)) {
-            // Tell VPNs about updated capabilities, since they may need to
-            // bubble those changes through.
-            propagateUnderlyingNetworkCapabilities();
-        }
+        // This network might have been underlying another network. Propagate its capabilities.
+        propagateUnderlyingNetworkCapabilities(nai.network);
 
         if (!newNc.equalsTransportTypes(prevNc)) {
             mDnsManager.updateTransportsForNetwork(
@@ -6658,6 +6671,16 @@
                 && (lp.hasIpv6DefaultRoute() || lp.hasIpv6UnreachableDefaultRoute());
     }
 
+    private static UidRangeParcel[] toUidRangeStableParcels(final @NonNull Set<UidRange> ranges) {
+        final UidRangeParcel[] stableRanges = new UidRangeParcel[ranges.size()];
+        int index = 0;
+        for (UidRange range : ranges) {
+            stableRanges[index] = new UidRangeParcel(range.start, range.stop);
+            index++;
+        }
+        return stableRanges;
+    }
+
     private void updateUids(NetworkAgentInfo nai, NetworkCapabilities prevNc,
             NetworkCapabilities newNc) {
         Set<UidRange> prevRanges = null == prevNc ? null : prevNc.getUids();
@@ -6677,14 +6700,11 @@
             // removing old range works because, unlike the filtering rules below, it's possible to
             // add duplicate UID routing rules.
             if (!newRanges.isEmpty()) {
-                final UidRange[] addedRangesArray = new UidRange[newRanges.size()];
-                newRanges.toArray(addedRangesArray);
-                mNMS.addVpnUidRanges(nai.network.getNetId(), addedRangesArray);
+                mNetd.networkAddUidRanges(nai.network.netId, toUidRangeStableParcels(newRanges));
             }
             if (!prevRanges.isEmpty()) {
-                final UidRange[] removedRangesArray = new UidRange[prevRanges.size()];
-                prevRanges.toArray(removedRangesArray);
-                mNMS.removeVpnUidRanges(nai.network.getNetId(), removedRangesArray);
+                mNetd.networkRemoveUidRanges(
+                        nai.network.netId, toUidRangeStableParcels(prevRanges));
             }
             final boolean wasFiltering = requiresVpnIsolation(nai, prevNc, nai.linkProperties);
             final boolean shouldFilter = requiresVpnIsolation(nai, newNc, nai.linkProperties);
@@ -6939,8 +6959,10 @@
         updateTcpBufferSizes(null != newNetwork
                 ? newNetwork.linkProperties.getTcpBufferSizes() : null);
         notifyIfacesChangedForNetworkStats();
-        // Fix up the NetworkCapabilities of any VPNs that don't specify underlying networks.
-        propagateUnderlyingNetworkCapabilities();
+        // Fix up the NetworkCapabilities of any networks that have this network as underlying.
+        if (newNetwork != null) {
+            propagateUnderlyingNetworkCapabilities(newNetwork.network);
+        }
     }
 
     private void processListenRequests(@NonNull final NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
@@ -7396,13 +7418,11 @@
             networkAgent.networkCapabilities.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_FOREGROUND);
 
             if (!createNativeNetwork(networkAgent)) return;
-            if (networkAgent.isVPN()) {
-                // Initialize the VPN capabilities to their starting values according to the
-                // underlying networks. This will avoid a spurious callback to
-                // onCapabilitiesUpdated being sent in updateAllVpnCapabilities below as
-                // the VPN would switch from its default, blank capabilities to those
-                // that reflect the capabilities of its underlying networks.
-                propagateUnderlyingNetworkCapabilities();
+            if (networkAgent.supportsUnderlyingNetworks()) {
+                // Initialize the network's capabilities to their starting values according to the
+                // underlying networks. This ensures that the capabilities are correct before
+                // anything happens to the network.
+                updateCapabilitiesForNetwork(networkAgent);
             }
             networkAgent.created = true;
         }
@@ -7444,10 +7464,6 @@
             // doing.
             updateSignalStrengthThresholds(networkAgent, "CONNECT", null);
 
-            if (networkAgent.supportsUnderlyingNetworks()) {
-                propagateUnderlyingNetworkCapabilities();
-            }
-
             // Consider network even though it is not yet validated.
             rematchAllNetworksAndRequests();
 
@@ -7678,7 +7694,7 @@
 
     @Override
     public boolean addVpnAddress(String address, int prefixLength) {
-        int user = UserHandle.getUserId(Binder.getCallingUid());
+        int user = UserHandle.getUserId(mDeps.getCallingUid());
         synchronized (mVpns) {
             throwIfLockdownEnabled();
             return mVpns.get(user).addAddress(address, prefixLength);
@@ -7687,7 +7703,7 @@
 
     @Override
     public boolean removeVpnAddress(String address, int prefixLength) {
-        int user = UserHandle.getUserId(Binder.getCallingUid());
+        int user = UserHandle.getUserId(mDeps.getCallingUid());
         synchronized (mVpns) {
             throwIfLockdownEnabled();
             return mVpns.get(user).removeAddress(address, prefixLength);
@@ -7696,7 +7712,7 @@
 
     @Override
     public boolean setUnderlyingNetworksForVpn(Network[] networks) {
-        int user = UserHandle.getUserId(Binder.getCallingUid());
+        int user = UserHandle.getUserId(mDeps.getCallingUid());
         final boolean success;
         synchronized (mVpns) {
             throwIfLockdownEnabled();
@@ -7923,7 +7939,7 @@
 
     @GuardedBy("mVpns")
     private Vpn getVpnIfOwner() {
-        return getVpnIfOwner(Binder.getCallingUid());
+        return getVpnIfOwner(mDeps.getCallingUid());
     }
 
     @GuardedBy("mVpns")
@@ -8401,7 +8417,7 @@
             throw new IllegalArgumentException("ConnectivityManager.TYPE_* are deprecated."
                     + " Please use NetworkCapabilities instead.");
         }
-        final int callingUid = Binder.getCallingUid();
+        final int callingUid = mDeps.getCallingUid();
         mAppOpsManager.checkPackage(callingUid, callingPackageName);
 
         // This NetworkCapabilities is only used for matching to Networks. Clear out its owner uid
@@ -8436,7 +8452,7 @@
                 mConnectivityDiagnosticsHandler.obtainMessage(
                         ConnectivityDiagnosticsHandler
                                 .EVENT_UNREGISTER_CONNECTIVITY_DIAGNOSTICS_CALLBACK,
-                        Binder.getCallingUid(),
+                        mDeps.getCallingUid(),
                         0,
                         callback));
     }
@@ -8452,7 +8468,7 @@
         }
 
         final NetworkAgentInfo nai = getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(network);
-        if (nai == null || nai.creatorUid != Binder.getCallingUid()) {
+        if (nai == null || nai.creatorUid != mDeps.getCallingUid()) {
             throw new SecurityException("Data Stall simulation is only possible for network "
                 + "creators");
         }
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/TestNetworkService.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/TestNetworkService.java
index 75ebe70..655d8ab 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/TestNetworkService.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/TestNetworkService.java
@@ -61,9 +61,8 @@
 
 /** @hide */
 class TestNetworkService extends ITestNetworkManager.Stub {
-    @NonNull private static final String TAG = TestNetworkService.class.getSimpleName();
     @NonNull private static final String TEST_NETWORK_LOGTAG = "TestNetworkAgent";
-    @NonNull private static final String TEST_NETWORK_PROVIDER_NAME = TAG;
+    @NonNull private static final String TEST_NETWORK_PROVIDER_NAME = "TestNetworkProvider";
     @NonNull private static final AtomicInteger sTestTunIndex = new AtomicInteger();
 
     @NonNull private final Context mContext;
@@ -168,17 +167,15 @@
         private TestNetworkAgent(
                 @NonNull Context context,
                 @NonNull Looper looper,
-                @NonNull NetworkAgentConfig config,
                 @NonNull NetworkCapabilities nc,
                 @NonNull LinkProperties lp,
+                @NonNull NetworkAgentConfig config,
                 int uid,
                 @NonNull IBinder binder,
                 @NonNull NetworkProvider np)
                 throws RemoteException {
             super(context, looper, TEST_NETWORK_LOGTAG, nc, lp, NETWORK_SCORE, config, np);
-
             mUid = uid;
-
             synchronized (mBinderLock) {
                 mBinder = binder; // Binder null-checks in create()
 
@@ -286,8 +283,8 @@
             lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(Inet6Address.ANY, 0), null, iface));
         }
 
-        final TestNetworkAgent agent = new TestNetworkAgent(context, looper,
-                new NetworkAgentConfig.Builder().build(), nc, lp, callingUid, binder,
+        final TestNetworkAgent agent = new TestNetworkAgent(context, looper, nc, lp,
+                new NetworkAgentConfig.Builder().build(), callingUid, binder,
                 mNetworkProvider);
         agent.register();
         agent.markConnected();
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkAgentInfo.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkAgentInfo.java
index ccd1f3b..52b9f5c 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkAgentInfo.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkAgentInfo.java
@@ -138,9 +138,10 @@
     // not guaranteed to be current or correct, or even to exist.
     public @Nullable Network[] declaredUnderlyingNetworks;
 
-    // Whether this network is always metered even if its underlying networks are unmetered.
-    // Only relevant if #supportsUnderlyingNetworks is true.
-    public boolean declaredMetered;
+    // The capabilities originally announced by the NetworkAgent, regardless of any capabilities
+    // that were added or removed due to this network's underlying networks.
+    // Only set if #supportsUnderlyingNetworks is true.
+    public @Nullable NetworkCapabilities declaredCapabilities;
 
     // Indicates if netd has been told to create this Network. From this point on the appropriate
     // routing rules are setup and routes are added so packets can begin flowing over the Network.
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkNotificationManager.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkNotificationManager.java
index 7795ed3..3d71b0a 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkNotificationManager.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkNotificationManager.java
@@ -334,7 +334,13 @@
      */
     public void setProvNotificationVisible(boolean visible, int id, String action) {
         if (visible) {
-            Intent intent = new Intent(action);
+            // For legacy purposes, action is sent as the action + the phone ID from DcTracker.
+            // Split the string here and send the phone ID as an extra instead.
+            String[] splitAction = action.split(":");
+            Intent intent = new Intent(splitAction[0]);
+            try {
+                intent.putExtra("provision.phone.id", Integer.parseInt(splitAction[1]));
+            } catch (NumberFormatException ignored) { }
             PendingIntent pendingIntent = PendingIntent.getBroadcast(
                     mContext, 0 /* requestCode */, intent, PendingIntent.FLAG_IMMUTABLE);
             showNotification(id, NotificationType.SIGN_IN, null, null, pendingIntent, false);
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitor.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitor.java
index 4c63eb4..d507b5f 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitor.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitor.java
@@ -35,7 +35,6 @@
 import android.content.pm.PackageManager;
 import android.content.pm.PackageManager.NameNotFoundException;
 import android.content.pm.PackageManagerInternal;
-import android.content.pm.UserInfo;
 import android.net.INetd;
 import android.net.UidRange;
 import android.os.Build;
@@ -174,11 +173,9 @@
             netdPermsUids.put(uid, netdPermsUids.get(uid) | otherNetdPerms);
         }
 
-        List<UserInfo> users = mUserManager.getAliveUsers();
-        if (users != null) {
-            for (UserInfo user : users) {
-                mUsers.add(user.id);
-            }
+        final List<UserHandle> users = mUserManager.getUserHandles(true /* excludeDying */);
+        for (UserHandle user : users) {
+            mUsers.add(user.getIdentifier());
         }
 
         final SparseArray<ArraySet<String>> systemPermission =
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/TcpKeepaliveController.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/TcpKeepaliveController.java
index 1129899..b5f20d7 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/TcpKeepaliveController.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/TcpKeepaliveController.java
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 import android.net.TcpKeepalivePacketData;
 import android.net.TcpKeepalivePacketDataParcelable;
 import android.net.TcpRepairWindow;
+import android.net.util.KeepalivePacketDataUtil;
 import android.os.Handler;
 import android.os.MessageQueue;
 import android.os.Messenger;
@@ -112,7 +113,7 @@
             throws InvalidPacketException, InvalidSocketException {
         try {
             final TcpKeepalivePacketDataParcelable tcpDetails = switchToRepairMode(fd);
-            return TcpKeepalivePacketData.tcpKeepalivePacket(tcpDetails);
+            return KeepalivePacketDataUtil.fromStableParcelable(tcpDetails);
         } catch (InvalidPacketException | InvalidSocketException e) {
             switchOutOfRepairMode(fd);
             throw e;
@@ -122,7 +123,7 @@
      * Switch the tcp socket to repair mode and query detail tcp information.
      *
      * @param fd the fd of socket on which to use keepalive offload.
-     * @return a {@link TcpKeepalivePacketData#TcpKeepalivePacketDataParcelable} object for current
+     * @return a {@link TcpKeepalivePacketDataParcelable} object for current
      * tcp/ip information.
      */
     private static TcpKeepalivePacketDataParcelable switchToRepairMode(FileDescriptor fd)
diff --git a/tests/net/common/java/android/net/TcpKeepalivePacketDataTest.kt b/tests/net/common/java/android/net/TcpKeepalivePacketDataTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6770066
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/net/common/java/android/net/TcpKeepalivePacketDataTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net
+
+import android.net.InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress
+import android.os.Build
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner
+import com.android.testutils.assertFieldCountEquals
+import com.android.testutils.assertParcelSane
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+import java.net.InetAddress
+import kotlin.test.assertEquals
+import kotlin.test.assertNotEquals
+import kotlin.test.assertTrue
+
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner::class)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R) // TcpKeepalivePacketData added to SDK in S
+class TcpKeepalivePacketDataTest {
+    private fun makeData(
+        srcAddress: InetAddress = parseNumericAddress("192.0.2.123"),
+        srcPort: Int = 1234,
+        dstAddress: InetAddress = parseNumericAddress("192.0.2.231"),
+        dstPort: Int = 4321,
+        data: ByteArray = byteArrayOf(1, 2, 3),
+        tcpSeq: Int = 135,
+        tcpAck: Int = 246,
+        tcpWnd: Int = 1234,
+        tcpWndScale: Int = 2,
+        ipTos: Int = 0x12,
+        ipTtl: Int = 10
+    ) = TcpKeepalivePacketData(srcAddress, srcPort, dstAddress, dstPort, data, tcpSeq, tcpAck,
+            tcpWnd, tcpWndScale, ipTos, ipTtl)
+
+    @Test
+    fun testEquals() {
+        val data1 = makeData()
+        val data2 = makeData()
+        assertEquals(data1, data2)
+        assertEquals(data1.hashCode(), data2.hashCode())
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testNotEquals() {
+        assertNotEquals(makeData(srcAddress = parseNumericAddress("192.0.2.124")), makeData())
+        assertNotEquals(makeData(srcPort = 1235), makeData())
+        assertNotEquals(makeData(dstAddress = parseNumericAddress("192.0.2.232")), makeData())
+        assertNotEquals(makeData(dstPort = 4322), makeData())
+        // .equals does not test .packet, as it should be generated from the other fields
+        assertNotEquals(makeData(tcpSeq = 136), makeData())
+        assertNotEquals(makeData(tcpAck = 247), makeData())
+        assertNotEquals(makeData(tcpWnd = 1235), makeData())
+        assertNotEquals(makeData(tcpWndScale = 3), makeData())
+        assertNotEquals(makeData(ipTos = 0x14), makeData())
+        assertNotEquals(makeData(ipTtl = 11), makeData())
+
+        // Update above assertions if field is added
+        assertFieldCountEquals(5, KeepalivePacketData::class.java)
+        assertFieldCountEquals(6, TcpKeepalivePacketData::class.java)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testParcelUnparcel() {
+        assertParcelSane(makeData(), fieldCount = 6) { a, b ->
+            // .equals() does not verify .packet
+            a == b && a.packet contentEquals b.packet
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testToString() {
+        val data = makeData()
+        val str = data.toString()
+
+        assertTrue(str.contains(data.srcAddress.hostAddress))
+        assertTrue(str.contains(data.srcPort.toString()))
+        assertTrue(str.contains(data.dstAddress.hostAddress))
+        assertTrue(str.contains(data.dstPort.toString()))
+        // .packet not included in toString()
+        assertTrue(str.contains(data.tcpSeq.toString()))
+        assertTrue(str.contains(data.tcpAck.toString()))
+        assertTrue(str.contains(data.tcpWindow.toString()))
+        assertTrue(str.contains(data.tcpWindowScale.toString()))
+        assertTrue(str.contains(data.ipTos.toString()))
+        assertTrue(str.contains(data.ipTtl.toString()))
+
+        // Update above assertions if field is added
+        assertFieldCountEquals(5, KeepalivePacketData::class.java)
+        assertFieldCountEquals(6, TcpKeepalivePacketData::class.java)
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/net/integration/util/com/android/server/NetworkAgentWrapper.java b/tests/net/integration/util/com/android/server/NetworkAgentWrapper.java
index 2a24d1a..3d4dc4d 100644
--- a/tests/net/integration/util/com/android/server/NetworkAgentWrapper.java
+++ b/tests/net/integration/util/com/android/server/NetworkAgentWrapper.java
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
 import static junit.framework.Assert.assertTrue;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
-import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
 
 import android.content.Context;
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@
 import android.net.NetworkAgent;
 import android.net.NetworkAgentConfig;
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
-import android.net.NetworkInfo;
 import android.net.NetworkProvider;
 import android.net.NetworkSpecifier;
 import android.net.SocketKeepalive;
@@ -53,9 +52,9 @@
 import com.android.testutils.TestableNetworkCallback;
 
 import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
 
 public class NetworkAgentWrapper implements TestableNetworkCallback.HasNetwork {
-    private final NetworkInfo mNetworkInfo;
     private final NetworkCapabilities mNetworkCapabilities;
     private final HandlerThread mHandlerThread;
     private final Context mContext;
@@ -63,6 +62,7 @@
 
     private final ConditionVariable mDisconnected = new ConditionVariable();
     private final ConditionVariable mPreventReconnectReceived = new ConditionVariable();
+    private final AtomicBoolean mConnected = new AtomicBoolean(false);
     private int mScore;
     private NetworkAgent mNetworkAgent;
     private int mStartKeepaliveError = SocketKeepalive.ERROR_UNSUPPORTED;
@@ -76,7 +76,6 @@
             NetworkCapabilities ncTemplate, Context context) throws Exception {
         final int type = transportToLegacyType(transport);
         final String typeName = ConnectivityManager.getNetworkTypeName(type);
-        mNetworkInfo = new NetworkInfo(type, 0, typeName, "Mock");
         mNetworkCapabilities = (ncTemplate != null) ? ncTemplate : new NetworkCapabilities();
         mNetworkCapabilities.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED);
         mNetworkCapabilities.addTransportType(transport);
@@ -108,22 +107,29 @@
         mHandlerThread = new HandlerThread(mLogTag);
         mHandlerThread.start();
 
-        mNetworkAgent = makeNetworkAgent(linkProperties);
+        mNetworkAgent = makeNetworkAgent(linkProperties, type, typeName);
     }
 
-    protected InstrumentedNetworkAgent makeNetworkAgent(LinkProperties linkProperties)
+    protected InstrumentedNetworkAgent makeNetworkAgent(LinkProperties linkProperties,
+            final int type, final String typeName)
             throws Exception {
-        return new InstrumentedNetworkAgent(this, linkProperties);
+        return new InstrumentedNetworkAgent(this, linkProperties, type, typeName);
     }
 
     public static class InstrumentedNetworkAgent extends NetworkAgent {
         private final NetworkAgentWrapper mWrapper;
+        private static final String PROVIDER_NAME = "InstrumentedNetworkAgentProvider";
 
-        public InstrumentedNetworkAgent(NetworkAgentWrapper wrapper, LinkProperties lp) {
-            super(wrapper.mHandlerThread.getLooper(), wrapper.mContext, wrapper.mLogTag,
-                    wrapper.mNetworkInfo, wrapper.mNetworkCapabilities, lp, wrapper.mScore,
-                    new NetworkAgentConfig(), NetworkProvider.ID_NONE);
+        public InstrumentedNetworkAgent(NetworkAgentWrapper wrapper, LinkProperties lp,
+                final int type, final String typeName) {
+            super(wrapper.mContext, wrapper.mHandlerThread.getLooper(), wrapper.mLogTag,
+                    wrapper.mNetworkCapabilities, lp, wrapper.mScore,
+                    new NetworkAgentConfig.Builder()
+                            .setLegacyType(type).setLegacyTypeName(typeName).build(),
+                    new NetworkProvider(wrapper.mContext, wrapper.mHandlerThread.getLooper(),
+                            PROVIDER_NAME));
             mWrapper = wrapper;
+            register();
         }
 
         @Override
@@ -212,10 +218,12 @@
     }
 
     public void connect() {
-        assertNotEquals("MockNetworkAgents can only be connected once",
-                mNetworkInfo.getDetailedState(), NetworkInfo.DetailedState.CONNECTED);
-        mNetworkInfo.setDetailedState(NetworkInfo.DetailedState.CONNECTED, null, null);
-        mNetworkAgent.sendNetworkInfo(mNetworkInfo);
+        if (!mConnected.compareAndSet(false /* expect */, true /* update */)) {
+            // compareAndSet returns false when the value couldn't be updated because it did not
+            // match the expected value.
+            fail("Test NetworkAgents can only be connected once");
+        }
+        mNetworkAgent.markConnected();
     }
 
     public void suspend() {
@@ -227,8 +235,7 @@
     }
 
     public void disconnect() {
-        mNetworkInfo.setDetailedState(NetworkInfo.DetailedState.DISCONNECTED, null, null);
-        mNetworkAgent.sendNetworkInfo(mNetworkInfo);
+        mNetworkAgent.unregister();
     }
 
     @Override
diff --git a/tests/net/java/android/net/TcpKeepalivePacketDataTest.java b/tests/net/java/android/net/KeepalivePacketDataUtilTest.java
similarity index 65%
rename from tests/net/java/android/net/TcpKeepalivePacketDataTest.java
rename to tests/net/java/android/net/KeepalivePacketDataUtilTest.java
index c5b25bd..fc739fb 100644
--- a/tests/net/java/android/net/TcpKeepalivePacketDataTest.java
+++ b/tests/net/java/android/net/KeepalivePacketDataUtilTest.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -20,8 +20,11 @@
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
 
+import android.net.util.KeepalivePacketDataUtil;
+
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
@@ -31,7 +34,7 @@
 import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
 
 @RunWith(JUnit4.class)
-public final class TcpKeepalivePacketDataTest {
+public final class KeepalivePacketDataUtilTest {
     private static final byte[] IPV4_KEEPALIVE_SRC_ADDR = {10, 0, 0, 1};
     private static final byte[] IPV4_KEEPALIVE_DST_ADDR = {10, 0, 0, 5};
 
@@ -39,7 +42,7 @@
     public void setUp() {}
 
     @Test
-    public void testV4TcpKeepalivePacket() throws Exception {
+    public void testFromTcpKeepaliveStableParcelable() throws Exception {
         final int srcPort = 1234;
         final int dstPort = 4321;
         final int seq = 0x11111111;
@@ -61,7 +64,7 @@
         testInfo.tos = tos;
         testInfo.ttl = ttl;
         try {
-            resultData = TcpKeepalivePacketData.tcpKeepalivePacket(testInfo);
+            resultData = KeepalivePacketDataUtil.fromStableParcelable(testInfo);
         } catch (InvalidPacketException e) {
             fail("InvalidPacketException: " + e);
         }
@@ -72,8 +75,8 @@
         assertEquals(testInfo.dstPort, resultData.getDstPort());
         assertEquals(testInfo.seq, resultData.tcpSeq);
         assertEquals(testInfo.ack, resultData.tcpAck);
-        assertEquals(testInfo.rcvWnd, resultData.tcpWnd);
-        assertEquals(testInfo.rcvWndScale, resultData.tcpWndScale);
+        assertEquals(testInfo.rcvWnd, resultData.tcpWindow);
+        assertEquals(testInfo.rcvWndScale, resultData.tcpWindowScale);
         assertEquals(testInfo.tos, resultData.ipTos);
         assertEquals(testInfo.ttl, resultData.ipTtl);
 
@@ -113,7 +116,7 @@
     //TODO: add ipv6 test when ipv6 supported
 
     @Test
-    public void testParcel() throws Exception {
+    public void testToTcpKeepaliveStableParcelable() throws Exception {
         final int srcPort = 1234;
         final int dstPort = 4321;
         final int sequence = 0x11111111;
@@ -135,8 +138,8 @@
         testInfo.ttl = ttl;
         TcpKeepalivePacketData testData = null;
         TcpKeepalivePacketDataParcelable resultData = null;
-        testData = TcpKeepalivePacketData.tcpKeepalivePacket(testInfo);
-        resultData = testData.toStableParcelable();
+        testData = KeepalivePacketDataUtil.fromStableParcelable(testInfo);
+        resultData = KeepalivePacketDataUtil.toStableParcelable(testData);
         assertArrayEquals(resultData.srcAddress, IPV4_KEEPALIVE_SRC_ADDR);
         assertArrayEquals(resultData.dstAddress, IPV4_KEEPALIVE_DST_ADDR);
         assertEquals(resultData.srcPort, srcPort);
@@ -154,4 +157,49 @@
                 + " ack: 572662306, rcvWnd: 48000, rcvWndScale: 2, tos: 4, ttl: 64}";
         assertEquals(expected, resultData.toString());
     }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParseTcpKeepalivePacketData() throws Exception {
+        final int srcPort = 1234;
+        final int dstPort = 4321;
+        final int sequence = 0x11111111;
+        final int ack = 0x22222222;
+        final int wnd = 4800;
+        final int wndScale = 2;
+        final int tos = 4;
+        final int ttl = 64;
+        final TcpKeepalivePacketDataParcelable testParcel = new TcpKeepalivePacketDataParcelable();
+        testParcel.srcAddress = IPV4_KEEPALIVE_SRC_ADDR;
+        testParcel.srcPort = srcPort;
+        testParcel.dstAddress = IPV4_KEEPALIVE_DST_ADDR;
+        testParcel.dstPort = dstPort;
+        testParcel.seq = sequence;
+        testParcel.ack = ack;
+        testParcel.rcvWnd = wnd;
+        testParcel.rcvWndScale = wndScale;
+        testParcel.tos = tos;
+        testParcel.ttl = ttl;
+
+        final KeepalivePacketData testData =
+                KeepalivePacketDataUtil.fromStableParcelable(testParcel);
+        final TcpKeepalivePacketDataParcelable parsedParcelable =
+                KeepalivePacketDataUtil.parseTcpKeepalivePacketData(testData);
+        final TcpKeepalivePacketData roundTripData =
+                KeepalivePacketDataUtil.fromStableParcelable(parsedParcelable);
+
+        // Generated packet is the same, but rcvWnd / wndScale will differ if scale is non-zero
+        assertTrue(testData.getPacket().length > 0);
+        assertArrayEquals(testData.getPacket(), roundTripData.getPacket());
+
+        testParcel.rcvWndScale = 0;
+        final KeepalivePacketData noScaleTestData =
+                KeepalivePacketDataUtil.fromStableParcelable(testParcel);
+        final TcpKeepalivePacketDataParcelable noScaleParsedParcelable =
+                KeepalivePacketDataUtil.parseTcpKeepalivePacketData(noScaleTestData);
+        final TcpKeepalivePacketData noScaleRoundTripData =
+                KeepalivePacketDataUtil.fromStableParcelable(noScaleParsedParcelable);
+        assertEquals(noScaleTestData, noScaleRoundTripData);
+        assertTrue(noScaleTestData.getPacket().length > 0);
+        assertArrayEquals(noScaleTestData.getPacket(), noScaleRoundTripData.getPacket());
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
index 8defa2d..a68044a 100644
--- a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
+++ b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE_FOTA;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE_MMS;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE_SUPL;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_VPN;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI;
 import static android.net.INetworkMonitor.NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_DNS;
 import static android.net.INetworkMonitor.NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_FALLBACK;
@@ -101,6 +102,8 @@
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+import static org.mockito.AdditionalMatchers.aryEq;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyBoolean;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyLong;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyString;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.argThat;
@@ -132,6 +135,7 @@
 import android.app.NotificationManager;
 import android.app.PendingIntent;
 import android.content.BroadcastReceiver;
+import android.content.ComponentName;
 import android.content.ContentProvider;
 import android.content.ContentResolver;
 import android.content.Context;
@@ -140,6 +144,8 @@
 import android.content.pm.ApplicationInfo;
 import android.content.pm.PackageInfo;
 import android.content.pm.PackageManager;
+import android.content.pm.ResolveInfo;
+import android.content.pm.ServiceInfo;
 import android.content.pm.UserInfo;
 import android.content.res.Resources;
 import android.location.LocationManager;
@@ -176,6 +182,7 @@
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
 import android.net.NetworkFactory;
 import android.net.NetworkInfo;
+import android.net.NetworkInfo.DetailedState;
 import android.net.NetworkRequest;
 import android.net.NetworkSpecifier;
 import android.net.NetworkStack;
@@ -188,6 +195,7 @@
 import android.net.RouteInfoParcel;
 import android.net.SocketKeepalive;
 import android.net.UidRange;
+import android.net.UidRangeParcel;
 import android.net.Uri;
 import android.net.VpnManager;
 import android.net.metrics.IpConnectivityLog;
@@ -331,12 +339,13 @@
     private static final String WIFI_WOL_IFNAME = "test_wlan_wol";
     private static final String VPN_IFNAME = "tun10042";
     private static final String TEST_PACKAGE_NAME = "com.android.test.package";
-    private static final String[] EMPTY_STRING_ARRAY = new String[0];
+    private static final String ALWAYS_ON_PACKAGE = "com.android.test.alwaysonvpn";
 
     private static final String INTERFACE_NAME = "interface";
 
     private MockContext mServiceContext;
     private HandlerThread mCsHandlerThread;
+    private ConnectivityService.Dependencies mDeps;
     private ConnectivityService mService;
     private WrappedConnectivityManager mCm;
     private TestNetworkAgentWrapper mWiFiNetworkAgent;
@@ -352,6 +361,7 @@
     @Mock IIpConnectivityMetrics mIpConnectivityMetrics;
     @Mock IpConnectivityMetrics.Logger mMetricsService;
     @Mock DefaultNetworkMetrics mDefaultNetworkMetrics;
+    @Mock DeviceIdleInternal mDeviceIdleInternal;
     @Mock INetworkManagementService mNetworkManagementService;
     @Mock INetworkStatsService mStatsService;
     @Mock IBatteryStats mBatteryStatsService;
@@ -449,6 +459,15 @@
         }
 
         @Override
+        public ComponentName startService(Intent service) {
+            final String action = service.getAction();
+            if (!VpnConfig.SERVICE_INTERFACE.equals(action)) {
+                fail("Attempt to start unknown service, action=" + action);
+            }
+            return new ComponentName(service.getPackage(), "com.android.test.Service");
+        }
+
+        @Override
         public Object getSystemService(String name) {
             if (Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE.equals(name)) return mCm;
             if (Context.NOTIFICATION_SERVICE.equals(name)) return mNotificationManager;
@@ -646,8 +665,8 @@
         }
 
         @Override
-        protected InstrumentedNetworkAgent makeNetworkAgent(LinkProperties linkProperties)
-                throws Exception {
+        protected InstrumentedNetworkAgent makeNetworkAgent(LinkProperties linkProperties,
+                final int type, final String typeName) throws Exception {
             mNetworkMonitor = mock(INetworkMonitor.class);
 
             final Answer validateAnswer = inv -> {
@@ -666,7 +685,8 @@
                     any() /* name */,
                     nmCbCaptor.capture());
 
-            final InstrumentedNetworkAgent na = new InstrumentedNetworkAgent(this, linkProperties) {
+            final InstrumentedNetworkAgent na = new InstrumentedNetworkAgent(this, linkProperties,
+                    type, typeName) {
                 @Override
                 public void networkStatus(int status, String redirectUrl) {
                     mRedirectUrl = redirectUrl;
@@ -1053,9 +1073,19 @@
         private VpnInfo mVpnInfo;
 
         public MockVpn(int userId) {
-            super(startHandlerThreadAndReturnLooper(), mServiceContext, mNetworkManagementService,
-                    userId, mock(KeyStore.class));
-            mConfig = new VpnConfig();
+            super(startHandlerThreadAndReturnLooper(), mServiceContext,
+                    new Dependencies() {
+                        @Override
+                        public boolean isCallerSystem() {
+                            return true;
+                        }
+
+                        @Override
+                        public DeviceIdleInternal getDeviceIdleInternal() {
+                            return mDeviceIdleInternal;
+                        }
+                    },
+                    mNetworkManagementService, mMockNetd, userId, mock(KeyStore.class));
         }
 
         public void setUids(Set<UidRange> uids) {
@@ -1084,26 +1114,35 @@
             return mVpnType;
         }
 
+        private LinkProperties makeLinkProperties() {
+            final LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+            lp.setInterfaceName(VPN_IFNAME);
+            return lp;
+        }
+
         private void registerAgent(boolean isAlwaysMetered, Set<UidRange> uids, LinkProperties lp)
                 throws Exception {
             if (mAgentRegistered) throw new IllegalStateException("already registered");
+            mConfig = new VpnConfig();
             setUids(uids);
             if (!isAlwaysMetered) mNetworkCapabilities.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
             mInterface = VPN_IFNAME;
             mMockNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_VPN, lp,
                     mNetworkCapabilities);
             mMockNetworkAgent.waitForIdle(TIMEOUT_MS);
-            verify(mNetworkManagementService, times(1))
-                    .addVpnUidRanges(eq(mMockVpn.getNetId()), eq(uids.toArray(new UidRange[0])));
-            verify(mNetworkManagementService, never())
-                    .removeVpnUidRanges(eq(mMockVpn.getNetId()), any());
+
+            verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).networkAddUidRanges(eq(mMockVpn.getNetId()),
+                    eq(toUidRangeStableParcels(uids)));
+            verify(mMockNetd, never())
+                    .networkRemoveUidRanges(eq(mMockVpn.getNetId()), any());
             mAgentRegistered = true;
+            updateState(NetworkInfo.DetailedState.CONNECTED, "registerAgent");
             mNetworkCapabilities.set(mMockNetworkAgent.getNetworkCapabilities());
             mNetworkAgent = mMockNetworkAgent.getNetworkAgent();
         }
 
         private void registerAgent(Set<UidRange> uids) throws Exception {
-            registerAgent(false /* isAlwaysMetered */, uids, new LinkProperties());
+            registerAgent(false /* isAlwaysMetered */, uids, makeLinkProperties());
         }
 
         private void connect(boolean validated, boolean hasInternet, boolean isStrictMode) {
@@ -1139,12 +1178,12 @@
         public void establishForMyUid(boolean validated, boolean hasInternet, boolean isStrictMode)
                 throws Exception {
             final int uid = Process.myUid();
-            establish(new LinkProperties(), uid, uidRangesForUid(uid), validated, hasInternet,
+            establish(makeLinkProperties(), uid, uidRangesForUid(uid), validated, hasInternet,
                     isStrictMode);
         }
 
         public void establishForMyUid() throws Exception {
-            establishForMyUid(new LinkProperties());
+            establishForMyUid(makeLinkProperties());
         }
 
         public void sendLinkProperties(LinkProperties lp) {
@@ -1152,7 +1191,10 @@
         }
 
         public void disconnect() {
-            if (mMockNetworkAgent != null) mMockNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+            if (mMockNetworkAgent != null) {
+                mMockNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+                updateState(NetworkInfo.DetailedState.DISCONNECTED, "disconnect");
+            }
             mAgentRegistered = false;
         }
 
@@ -1168,6 +1210,11 @@
         }
     }
 
+    private UidRangeParcel[] toUidRangeStableParcels(final @NonNull Set<UidRange> ranges) {
+        return ranges.stream().map(
+                r -> new UidRangeParcel(r.start, r.stop)).toArray(UidRangeParcel[]::new);
+    }
+
     private void mockVpn(int uid) {
         synchronized (mService.mVpns) {
             int userId = UserHandle.getUserId(uid);
@@ -1221,6 +1268,17 @@
         fail("ConditionVariable was blocked for more than " + TIMEOUT_MS + "ms");
     }
 
+    private void registerNetworkCallbackAsUid(NetworkRequest request, NetworkCallback callback,
+            int uid) {
+        when(mDeps.getCallingUid()).thenReturn(uid);
+        try {
+            mCm.registerNetworkCallback(request, callback);
+            waitForIdle();
+        } finally {
+            returnRealCallingUid();
+        }
+    }
+
     private static final int VPN_USER = 0;
     private static final int APP1_UID = UserHandle.getUid(VPN_USER, 10100);
     private static final int APP2_UID = UserHandle.getUid(VPN_USER, 10101);
@@ -1263,7 +1321,8 @@
         initAlarmManager(mAlarmManager, mAlarmManagerThread.getThreadHandler());
 
         mCsHandlerThread = new HandlerThread("TestConnectivityService");
-        final ConnectivityService.Dependencies deps = makeDependencies();
+        mDeps = makeDependencies();
+        returnRealCallingUid();
         mService = new ConnectivityService(mServiceContext,
                 mNetworkManagementService,
                 mStatsService,
@@ -1271,9 +1330,9 @@
                 mMockDnsResolver,
                 mock(IpConnectivityLog.class),
                 mMockNetd,
-                deps);
+                mDeps);
         mService.mLingerDelayMs = TEST_LINGER_DELAY_MS;
-        verify(deps).makeMultinetworkPolicyTracker(any(), any(), any());
+        verify(mDeps).makeMultinetworkPolicyTracker(any(), any(), any());
 
         final ArgumentCaptor<INetworkPolicyListener> policyListenerCaptor =
                 ArgumentCaptor.forClass(INetworkPolicyListener.class);
@@ -1293,6 +1352,10 @@
         setPrivateDnsSettings(PRIVATE_DNS_MODE_OFF, "ignored.example.com");
     }
 
+    private void returnRealCallingUid() {
+        doAnswer((invocationOnMock) -> Binder.getCallingUid()).when(mDeps).getCallingUid();
+    }
+
     private ConnectivityService.Dependencies makeDependencies() {
         doReturn(TEST_TCP_INIT_RWND).when(mSystemProperties)
                 .getInt("net.tcp.default_init_rwnd", 0);
@@ -1368,13 +1431,13 @@
     }
 
     private void mockDefaultPackages() throws Exception {
-        final String testPackageName = mContext.getPackageName();
-        final PackageInfo testPackageInfo = mContext.getPackageManager().getPackageInfo(
-                testPackageName, PackageManager.GET_PERMISSIONS);
+        final String myPackageName = mContext.getPackageName();
+        final PackageInfo myPackageInfo = mContext.getPackageManager().getPackageInfo(
+                myPackageName, PackageManager.GET_PERMISSIONS);
         when(mPackageManager.getPackagesForUid(Binder.getCallingUid())).thenReturn(
-                new String[] {testPackageName});
-        when(mPackageManager.getPackageInfoAsUser(eq(testPackageName), anyInt(),
-                eq(UserHandle.getCallingUserId()))).thenReturn(testPackageInfo);
+                new String[] {myPackageName});
+        when(mPackageManager.getPackageInfoAsUser(eq(myPackageName), anyInt(),
+                eq(UserHandle.getCallingUserId()))).thenReturn(myPackageInfo);
 
         when(mPackageManager.getInstalledPackages(eq(GET_PERMISSIONS | MATCH_ANY_USER))).thenReturn(
                 Arrays.asList(new PackageInfo[] {
@@ -1382,6 +1445,25 @@
                         buildPackageInfo(/* SYSTEM */ false, APP2_UID),
                         buildPackageInfo(/* SYSTEM */ false, VPN_UID)
                 }));
+
+        // Create a fake always-on VPN package.
+        final int userId = UserHandle.getCallingUserId();
+        final ApplicationInfo applicationInfo = new ApplicationInfo();
+        applicationInfo.targetSdkVersion = Build.VERSION_CODES.R;  // Always-on supported in N+.
+        when(mPackageManager.getApplicationInfoAsUser(eq(ALWAYS_ON_PACKAGE), anyInt(),
+                eq(userId))).thenReturn(applicationInfo);
+
+        // Minimal mocking to keep Vpn#isAlwaysOnPackageSupported happy.
+        ResolveInfo rInfo = new ResolveInfo();
+        rInfo.serviceInfo = new ServiceInfo();
+        rInfo.serviceInfo.metaData = new Bundle();
+        final List<ResolveInfo> services = Arrays.asList(new ResolveInfo[]{rInfo});
+        when(mPackageManager.queryIntentServicesAsUser(any(), eq(PackageManager.GET_META_DATA),
+                eq(userId))).thenReturn(services);
+        when(mPackageManager.getPackageUidAsUser(TEST_PACKAGE_NAME, userId))
+                .thenReturn(Process.myUid());
+        when(mPackageManager.getPackageUidAsUser(ALWAYS_ON_PACKAGE, userId))
+                .thenReturn(VPN_UID);
     }
 
     private void verifyActiveNetwork(int transport) {
@@ -2244,10 +2326,10 @@
     }
 
     private void grantUsingBackgroundNetworksPermissionForUid(final int uid) throws Exception {
-        final String testPackageName = mContext.getPackageName();
-        when(mPackageManager.getPackageInfo(eq(testPackageName), eq(GET_PERMISSIONS)))
+        final String myPackageName = mContext.getPackageName();
+        when(mPackageManager.getPackageInfo(eq(myPackageName), eq(GET_PERMISSIONS)))
                 .thenReturn(buildPackageInfo(true, uid));
-        mService.mPermissionMonitor.onPackageAdded(testPackageName, uid);
+        mService.mPermissionMonitor.onPackageAdded(myPackageName, uid);
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -4946,8 +5028,8 @@
         expectForceUpdateIfaces(onlyCell, MOBILE_IFNAME);
         reset(mStatsService);
 
-        // Captive portal change shouldn't update ifaces
-        mCellNetworkAgent.addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL);
+        // Temp metered change shouldn't update ifaces
+        mCellNetworkAgent.addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED);
         waitForIdle();
         verify(mStatsService, never())
                 .forceUpdateIfaces(eq(onlyCell), any(NetworkState[].class), eq(MOBILE_IFNAME),
@@ -5463,6 +5545,7 @@
         final Network wifi = mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork();
 
         final NetworkCapabilities initialCaps = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        initialCaps.addTransportType(TRANSPORT_VPN);
         initialCaps.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET);
         initialCaps.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN);
 
@@ -5494,44 +5577,45 @@
         withWifiAndMobileUnderlying.setLinkDownstreamBandwidthKbps(10);
         withWifiAndMobileUnderlying.setLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps(20);
 
+        final NetworkCapabilities initialCapsNotMetered = new NetworkCapabilities(initialCaps);
+        initialCapsNotMetered.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+
         NetworkCapabilities caps = new NetworkCapabilities(initialCaps);
-        final boolean notDeclaredMetered = false;
-        mService.applyUnderlyingCapabilities(new Network[]{}, caps, notDeclaredMetered);
+        mService.applyUnderlyingCapabilities(new Network[]{}, initialCapsNotMetered, caps);
         assertEquals(withNoUnderlying, caps);
 
         caps = new NetworkCapabilities(initialCaps);
-        mService.applyUnderlyingCapabilities(new Network[]{null}, caps, notDeclaredMetered);
+        mService.applyUnderlyingCapabilities(new Network[]{null}, initialCapsNotMetered, caps);
         assertEquals(withNoUnderlying, caps);
 
         caps = new NetworkCapabilities(initialCaps);
-        mService.applyUnderlyingCapabilities(new Network[]{mobile}, caps, notDeclaredMetered);
+        mService.applyUnderlyingCapabilities(new Network[]{mobile}, initialCapsNotMetered, caps);
         assertEquals(withMobileUnderlying, caps);
 
-        mService.applyUnderlyingCapabilities(new Network[]{wifi}, caps, notDeclaredMetered);
+        mService.applyUnderlyingCapabilities(new Network[]{wifi}, initialCapsNotMetered, caps);
         assertEquals(withWifiUnderlying, caps);
 
-        final boolean isDeclaredMetered = true;
         withWifiUnderlying.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
         caps = new NetworkCapabilities(initialCaps);
-        mService.applyUnderlyingCapabilities(new Network[]{wifi}, caps, isDeclaredMetered);
+        mService.applyUnderlyingCapabilities(new Network[]{wifi}, initialCaps, caps);
         assertEquals(withWifiUnderlying, caps);
 
         caps = new NetworkCapabilities(initialCaps);
-        mService.applyUnderlyingCapabilities(new Network[]{mobile, wifi}, caps, isDeclaredMetered);
+        mService.applyUnderlyingCapabilities(new Network[]{mobile, wifi}, initialCaps, caps);
         assertEquals(withWifiAndMobileUnderlying, caps);
 
         withWifiUnderlying.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
         caps = new NetworkCapabilities(initialCaps);
         mService.applyUnderlyingCapabilities(new Network[]{null, mobile, null, wifi},
-                caps, notDeclaredMetered);
+                initialCapsNotMetered, caps);
         assertEquals(withWifiAndMobileUnderlying, caps);
 
         caps = new NetworkCapabilities(initialCaps);
         mService.applyUnderlyingCapabilities(new Network[]{null, mobile, null, wifi},
-                caps, notDeclaredMetered);
+                initialCapsNotMetered, caps);
         assertEquals(withWifiAndMobileUnderlying, caps);
 
-        mService.applyUnderlyingCapabilities(null, caps, notDeclaredMetered);
+        mService.applyUnderlyingCapabilities(null, initialCapsNotMetered, caps);
         assertEquals(withWifiUnderlying, caps);
     }
 
@@ -5821,10 +5905,21 @@
         assertTrue(nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
     }
 
+    private void assertDefaultNetworkCapabilities(int userId, NetworkAgentWrapper... networks) {
+        final NetworkCapabilities[] defaultCaps = mService.getDefaultNetworkCapabilitiesForUser(
+                userId, "com.android.calling.package");
+        final String defaultCapsString = Arrays.toString(defaultCaps);
+        assertEquals(defaultCapsString, defaultCaps.length, networks.length);
+        final Set<NetworkCapabilities> defaultCapsSet = new ArraySet<>(defaultCaps);
+        for (NetworkAgentWrapper network : networks) {
+            final NetworkCapabilities nc = mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(network.getNetwork());
+            final String msg = "Did not find " + nc + " in " + Arrays.toString(defaultCaps);
+            assertTrue(msg, defaultCapsSet.contains(nc));
+        }
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void testVpnSetUnderlyingNetworks() throws Exception {
-        final int uid = Process.myUid();
-
         final TestNetworkCallback vpnNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
         final NetworkRequest vpnNetworkRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
                 .removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN)
@@ -5847,6 +5942,9 @@
         // A VPN without underlying networks is not suspended.
         assertTrue(nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
 
+        final int userId = UserHandle.getUserId(Process.myUid());
+        assertDefaultNetworkCapabilities(userId /* no networks */);
+
         // Connect cell and use it as an underlying network.
         mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
         mCellNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED);
@@ -5860,6 +5958,7 @@
                 && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR) && !caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
                 && !caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
                 && caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
+        assertDefaultNetworkCapabilities(userId, mCellNetworkAgent);
 
         mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
         mWiFiNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
@@ -5874,6 +5973,7 @@
                 && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR) && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
                 && !caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
                 && caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
+        assertDefaultNetworkCapabilities(userId, mCellNetworkAgent, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
 
         // Don't disconnect, but note the VPN is not using wifi any more.
         mService.setUnderlyingNetworksForVpn(
@@ -5884,6 +5984,9 @@
                 && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR) && !caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
                 && !caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
                 && caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
+        // The return value of getDefaultNetworkCapabilitiesForUser always includes the default
+        // network (wifi) as well as the underlying networks (cell).
+        assertDefaultNetworkCapabilities(userId, mCellNetworkAgent, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
 
         // Remove NOT_SUSPENDED from the only network and observe VPN is now suspended.
         mCellNetworkAgent.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED);
@@ -5912,6 +6015,7 @@
                 && !caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR) && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
                 && caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
                 && caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
+        assertDefaultNetworkCapabilities(userId, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
 
         // Use both again.
         mService.setUnderlyingNetworksForVpn(
@@ -5922,6 +6026,7 @@
                 && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR) && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
                 && !caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
                 && caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
+        assertDefaultNetworkCapabilities(userId, mCellNetworkAgent, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
 
         // Cell is suspended again. As WiFi is not, this should not cause a callback.
         mCellNetworkAgent.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED);
@@ -5939,6 +6044,7 @@
         // a bug in ConnectivityService, but as the SUSPENDED and RESUMED callbacks have never
         // been public and are deprecated and slated for removal, there is no sense in spending
         // resources fixing this bug now.
+        assertDefaultNetworkCapabilities(userId, mCellNetworkAgent, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
 
         // Use both again.
         mService.setUnderlyingNetworksForVpn(
@@ -5951,6 +6057,7 @@
                 && caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
         // As above, the RESUMED callback not being sent here is a bug, but not a bug that's
         // worth anybody's time to fix.
+        assertDefaultNetworkCapabilities(userId, mCellNetworkAgent, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
 
         // Disconnect cell. Receive update without even removing the dead network from the
         // underlying networks – it's dead anyway. Not metered any more.
@@ -5959,6 +6066,7 @@
                 (caps) -> caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
                 && !caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR) && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
                 && caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED));
+        assertDefaultNetworkCapabilities(userId, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
 
         // Disconnect wifi too. No underlying networks means this is now metered.
         mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
@@ -5966,6 +6074,11 @@
                 (caps) -> caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
                 && !caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR) && !caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
                 && !caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED));
+        // When a network disconnects, the callbacks are fired before all state is updated, so for a
+        // short time, synchronous calls will behave as if the network is still connected. Wait for
+        // things to settle.
+        waitForIdle();
+        assertDefaultNetworkCapabilities(userId /* no networks */);
 
         mMockVpn.disconnect();
     }
@@ -6266,6 +6379,7 @@
         // Despite VPN using WiFi (which is unmetered), VPN itself is marked as always metered.
         assertTrue(mCm.isActiveNetworkMetered());
 
+
         // VPN explicitly declares WiFi as its underlying network.
         mService.setUnderlyingNetworksForVpn(
                 new Network[] { mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork() });
@@ -6379,6 +6493,189 @@
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(defaultCallback);
     }
 
+    private void expectNetworkRejectNonSecureVpn(InOrder inOrder, boolean add,
+            UidRangeParcel... expected) throws Exception {
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(eq(add), aryEq(expected));
+    }
+
+    private void checkNetworkInfo(NetworkInfo ni, int type, DetailedState state) {
+        assertNotNull(ni);
+        assertEquals(type, ni.getType());
+        assertEquals(ConnectivityManager.getNetworkTypeName(type), state, ni.getDetailedState());
+    }
+
+    private void assertActiveNetworkInfo(int type, DetailedState state) {
+        checkNetworkInfo(mCm.getActiveNetworkInfo(), type, state);
+    }
+    private void assertNetworkInfo(int type, DetailedState state) {
+        checkNetworkInfo(mCm.getNetworkInfo(type), type, state);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNetworkBlockedStatusAlwaysOnVpn() throws Exception {
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(
+                Manifest.permission.CONTROL_ALWAYS_ON_VPN, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(
+                Manifest.permission.CONTROL_VPN, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(
+                Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
+
+        final TestNetworkCallback callback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final NetworkRequest request = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN)
+                .build();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(request, callback);
+
+        final TestNetworkCallback defaultCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(defaultCallback);
+
+        final TestNetworkCallback vpnUidCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final NetworkRequest vpnUidRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder().build();
+        registerNetworkCallbackAsUid(vpnUidRequest, vpnUidCallback, VPN_UID);
+
+        final int uid = Process.myUid();
+        final int userId = UserHandle.getUserId(uid);
+        final ArrayList<String> allowList = new ArrayList<>();
+        mService.setAlwaysOnVpnPackage(userId, ALWAYS_ON_PACKAGE, true /* lockdown */, allowList);
+
+        UidRangeParcel firstHalf = new UidRangeParcel(1, VPN_UID - 1);
+        UidRangeParcel secondHalf = new UidRangeParcel(VPN_UID + 1, 99999);
+        InOrder inOrder = inOrder(mMockNetd);
+        expectNetworkRejectNonSecureVpn(inOrder, true, firstHalf, secondHalf);
+
+        // Connect a network when lockdown is active, expect to see it blocked.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidatedAndBlocked(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidatedAndBlocked(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        vpnUidCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(VPN_UID));
+        assertNull(mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
+        // Mobile is BLOCKED even though it's not actually connected.
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
+
+        // Disable lockdown, expect to see the network unblocked.
+        // There are no callbacks because they are not implemented yet.
+        mService.setAlwaysOnVpnPackage(userId, null, false /* lockdown */, allowList);
+        expectNetworkRejectNonSecureVpn(inOrder, false, firstHalf, secondHalf);
+        vpnUidCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(VPN_UID));
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.DISCONNECTED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+
+        // Add our UID to the allowlist and re-enable lockdown, expect network is not blocked.
+        allowList.add(TEST_PACKAGE_NAME);
+        mService.setAlwaysOnVpnPackage(userId, ALWAYS_ON_PACKAGE, true /* lockdown */, allowList);
+        callback.assertNoCallback();
+        defaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        vpnUidCallback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        // The following requires that the UID of this test package is greater than VPN_UID. This
+        // is always true in practice because a plain AOSP build with no apps installed has almost
+        // 200 packages installed.
+        final UidRangeParcel piece1 = new UidRangeParcel(1, VPN_UID - 1);
+        final UidRangeParcel piece2 = new UidRangeParcel(VPN_UID + 1, uid - 1);
+        final UidRangeParcel piece3 = new UidRangeParcel(uid + 1, 99999);
+        expectNetworkRejectNonSecureVpn(inOrder, true, piece1, piece2, piece3);
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(VPN_UID));
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.DISCONNECTED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+
+        // Connect a new network, expect it to be unblocked.
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        defaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        vpnUidCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(VPN_UID));
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        // Cellular is DISCONNECTED because it's not the default and there are no requests for it.
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.DISCONNECTED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+
+        // Disable lockdown, remove our UID from the allowlist, and re-enable lockdown.
+        // Everything should now be blocked.
+        mService.setAlwaysOnVpnPackage(userId, null, false /* lockdown */, allowList);
+        expectNetworkRejectNonSecureVpn(inOrder, false, piece1, piece2, piece3);
+        allowList.clear();
+        mService.setAlwaysOnVpnPackage(userId, ALWAYS_ON_PACKAGE, true /* lockdown */, allowList);
+        expectNetworkRejectNonSecureVpn(inOrder, true, firstHalf, secondHalf);
+        vpnUidCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(VPN_UID));
+        assertNull(mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
+
+        // Disable lockdown. Everything is unblocked.
+        mService.setAlwaysOnVpnPackage(userId, null, false /* lockdown */, allowList);
+        vpnUidCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(VPN_UID));
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.DISCONNECTED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+
+        // Enable and disable an always-on VPN package without lockdown. Expect no changes.
+        reset(mMockNetd);
+        mService.setAlwaysOnVpnPackage(userId, ALWAYS_ON_PACKAGE, false /* lockdown */, allowList);
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd, never()).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(anyBoolean(), any());
+        callback.assertNoCallback();
+        defaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        vpnUidCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(VPN_UID));
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.DISCONNECTED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+
+        mService.setAlwaysOnVpnPackage(userId, null, false /* lockdown */, allowList);
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd, never()).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(anyBoolean(), any());
+        callback.assertNoCallback();
+        defaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        vpnUidCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(VPN_UID));
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.DISCONNECTED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+
+        // Enable lockdown and connect a VPN. The VPN is not blocked.
+        mService.setAlwaysOnVpnPackage(userId, ALWAYS_ON_PACKAGE, true /* lockdown */, allowList);
+        vpnUidCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(VPN_UID));
+        assertNull(mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
+
+        mMockVpn.establishForMyUid();
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mMockVpn);
+        vpnUidCallback.assertNoCallback();  // vpnUidCallback has NOT_VPN capability.
+        assertEquals(mMockVpn.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertEquals(null, mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(VPN_UID));  // BUG?
+        assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.DISCONNECTED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_VPN, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+
+        mMockVpn.disconnect();
+        defaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mMockVpn);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidatedAndBlocked(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        assertNull(mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(callback);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(defaultCallback);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(vpnUidCallback);
+    }
+
     @Test
     public final void testLoseTrusted() throws Exception {
         final NetworkRequest trustedRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
diff --git a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitorTest.java b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitorTest.java
index de35f91..3556c72 100644
--- a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitorTest.java
+++ b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitorTest.java
@@ -58,7 +58,6 @@
 import android.content.pm.PackageInfo;
 import android.content.pm.PackageManager;
 import android.content.pm.PackageManagerInternal;
-import android.content.pm.UserInfo;
 import android.net.INetd;
 import android.net.UidRange;
 import android.os.Build;
@@ -123,10 +122,10 @@
         MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
         when(mContext.getPackageManager()).thenReturn(mPackageManager);
         when(mContext.getSystemService(eq(Context.USER_SERVICE))).thenReturn(mUserManager);
-        when(mUserManager.getAliveUsers()).thenReturn(
-                Arrays.asList(new UserInfo[] {
-                        new UserInfo(MOCK_USER1, "", 0),
-                        new UserInfo(MOCK_USER2, "", 0),
+        when(mUserManager.getUserHandles(eq(true))).thenReturn(
+                Arrays.asList(new UserHandle[] {
+                        new UserHandle(MOCK_USER1),
+                        new UserHandle(MOCK_USER2),
                 }));
 
         mPermissionMonitor = spy(new PermissionMonitor(mContext, mNetdService, mDeps));
diff --git a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java
index 337507a..cc47317 100644
--- a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java
+++ b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java
@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@
 import android.content.pm.UserInfo;
 import android.content.res.Resources;
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
+import android.net.INetd;
 import android.net.Ikev2VpnProfile;
 import android.net.InetAddresses;
 import android.net.IpPrefix;
@@ -70,6 +71,7 @@
 import android.net.NetworkInfo.DetailedState;
 import android.net.RouteInfo;
 import android.net.UidRange;
+import android.net.UidRangeParcel;
 import android.net.VpnManager;
 import android.net.VpnService;
 import android.net.ipsec.ike.IkeSessionCallback;
@@ -172,11 +174,13 @@
             mPackages.put(PKGS[i], PKG_UIDS[i]);
         }
     }
+    private static final UidRange PRI_USER_RANGE = UidRange.createForUser(primaryUser.id);
 
     @Mock(answer = Answers.RETURNS_DEEP_STUBS) private Context mContext;
     @Mock private UserManager mUserManager;
     @Mock private PackageManager mPackageManager;
     @Mock private INetworkManagementService mNetService;
+    @Mock private INetd mNetd;
     @Mock private AppOpsManager mAppOps;
     @Mock private NotificationManager mNotificationManager;
     @Mock private Vpn.SystemServices mSystemServices;
@@ -224,7 +228,6 @@
                         R.string.config_customVpnAlwaysOnDisconnectedDialogComponent));
         when(mPackageManager.hasSystemFeature(PackageManager.FEATURE_IPSEC_TUNNELS))
                 .thenReturn(true);
-        when(mSystemServices.isCallerSystem()).thenReturn(true);
 
         // Used by {@link Notification.Builder}
         ApplicationInfo applicationInfo = new ApplicationInfo();
@@ -256,8 +259,7 @@
                 null, null);
 
         assertEquals(new ArraySet<>(Arrays.asList(new UidRange[] {
-            UidRange.createForUser(primaryUser.id),
-            UidRange.createForUser(restrictedProfileA.id)
+                PRI_USER_RANGE, UidRange.createForUser(restrictedProfileA.id)
         })), ranges);
     }
 
@@ -269,9 +271,7 @@
         final Set<UidRange> ranges = vpn.createUserAndRestrictedProfilesRanges(primaryUser.id,
                 null, null);
 
-        assertEquals(new ArraySet<>(Arrays.asList(new UidRange[] {
-            UidRange.createForUser(primaryUser.id)
-        })), ranges);
+        assertEquals(new ArraySet<>(Arrays.asList(new UidRange[] { PRI_USER_RANGE })), ranges);
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -282,15 +282,13 @@
         final Set<UidRange> ranges = new ArraySet<>();
         vpn.addUserToRanges(ranges, primaryUser.id, null, null);
 
-        assertEquals(new ArraySet<>(Arrays.asList(new UidRange[] {
-            UidRange.createForUser(primaryUser.id)
-        })), ranges);
+        assertEquals(new ArraySet<>(Arrays.asList(new UidRange[] { PRI_USER_RANGE })), ranges);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testUidAllowAndDenylist() throws Exception {
         final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
-        final UidRange user = UidRange.createForUser(primaryUser.id);
+        final UidRange user = PRI_USER_RANGE;
         final String[] packages = {PKGS[0], PKGS[1], PKGS[2]};
 
         // Allowed list
@@ -339,62 +337,67 @@
     @Test
     public void testLockdownChangingPackage() throws Exception {
         final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
-        final UidRange user = UidRange.createForUser(primaryUser.id);
+        final UidRange user = PRI_USER_RANGE;
 
         // Default state.
-        assertUnblocked(vpn, user.start + PKG_UIDS[0], user.start + PKG_UIDS[1], user.start + PKG_UIDS[2], user.start + PKG_UIDS[3]);
+        assertUnblocked(vpn, user.start + PKG_UIDS[0], user.start + PKG_UIDS[1],
+                user.start + PKG_UIDS[2], user.start + PKG_UIDS[3]);
 
         // Set always-on without lockdown.
         assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(PKGS[1], false, null, mKeyStore));
-        assertUnblocked(vpn, user.start + PKG_UIDS[0], user.start + PKG_UIDS[1], user.start + PKG_UIDS[2], user.start + PKG_UIDS[3]);
+        assertUnblocked(vpn, user.start + PKG_UIDS[0], user.start + PKG_UIDS[1],
+                user.start + PKG_UIDS[2], user.start + PKG_UIDS[3]);
 
         // Set always-on with lockdown.
         assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(PKGS[1], true, null, mKeyStore));
-        verify(mNetService).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(eq(true), aryEq(new UidRange[] {
-            new UidRange(user.start, user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] - 1),
-            new UidRange(user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] + 1, user.stop)
+        verify(mNetd).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(eq(true), aryEq(new UidRangeParcel[] {
+                new UidRangeParcel(user.start, user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] - 1),
+                new UidRangeParcel(user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] + 1, user.stop)
         }));
-        assertBlocked(vpn, user.start + PKG_UIDS[0], user.start + PKG_UIDS[2], user.start + PKG_UIDS[3]);
+
+        assertBlocked(vpn, user.start + PKG_UIDS[0], user.start + PKG_UIDS[2],
+                user.start + PKG_UIDS[3]);
         assertUnblocked(vpn, user.start + PKG_UIDS[1]);
 
         // Switch to another app.
         assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(PKGS[3], true, null, mKeyStore));
-        verify(mNetService).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(eq(false), aryEq(new UidRange[] {
-            new UidRange(user.start, user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] - 1),
-            new UidRange(user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] + 1, user.stop)
+        verify(mNetd).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(eq(false), aryEq(new UidRangeParcel[] {
+                new UidRangeParcel(user.start, user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] - 1),
+                new UidRangeParcel(user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] + 1, user.stop)
         }));
-        verify(mNetService).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(eq(true), aryEq(new UidRange[] {
-            new UidRange(user.start, user.start + PKG_UIDS[3] - 1),
-            new UidRange(user.start + PKG_UIDS[3] + 1, user.stop)
+
+        verify(mNetd).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(eq(true), aryEq(new UidRangeParcel[] {
+                new UidRangeParcel(user.start, user.start + PKG_UIDS[3] - 1),
+                new UidRangeParcel(user.start + PKG_UIDS[3] + 1, user.stop)
         }));
-        assertBlocked(vpn, user.start + PKG_UIDS[0], user.start + PKG_UIDS[1], user.start + PKG_UIDS[2]);
+        assertBlocked(vpn, user.start + PKG_UIDS[0], user.start + PKG_UIDS[1],
+                user.start + PKG_UIDS[2]);
         assertUnblocked(vpn, user.start + PKG_UIDS[3]);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testLockdownAllowlist() throws Exception {
         final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
-        final UidRange user = UidRange.createForUser(primaryUser.id);
+        final UidRange user = PRI_USER_RANGE;
 
         // Set always-on with lockdown and allow app PKGS[2] from lockdown.
         assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(
                 PKGS[1], true, Collections.singletonList(PKGS[2]), mKeyStore));
-        verify(mNetService).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(eq(true), aryEq(new UidRange[] {
-                new UidRange(user.start, user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] - 1),
-                new UidRange(user.start + PKG_UIDS[2] + 1, user.stop)
+        verify(mNetd).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(eq(true), aryEq(new UidRangeParcel[] {
+                new UidRangeParcel(user.start, user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] - 1),
+                new UidRangeParcel(user.start + PKG_UIDS[2] + 1, user.stop)
         }));
         assertBlocked(vpn, user.start + PKG_UIDS[0], user.start + PKG_UIDS[3]);
         assertUnblocked(vpn, user.start + PKG_UIDS[1], user.start + PKG_UIDS[2]);
-
         // Change allowed app list to PKGS[3].
         assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(
                 PKGS[1], true, Collections.singletonList(PKGS[3]), mKeyStore));
-        verify(mNetService).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(eq(false), aryEq(new UidRange[] {
-                new UidRange(user.start + PKG_UIDS[2] + 1, user.stop)
+        verify(mNetd).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(eq(false), aryEq(new UidRangeParcel[] {
+                new UidRangeParcel(user.start + PKG_UIDS[2] + 1, user.stop)
         }));
-        verify(mNetService).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(eq(true), aryEq(new UidRange[] {
-                new UidRange(user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] + 1, user.start + PKG_UIDS[3] - 1),
-                new UidRange(user.start + PKG_UIDS[3] + 1, user.stop)
+        verify(mNetd).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(eq(true), aryEq(new UidRangeParcel[] {
+                new UidRangeParcel(user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] + 1, user.start + PKG_UIDS[3] - 1),
+                new UidRangeParcel(user.start + PKG_UIDS[3] + 1, user.stop)
         }));
         assertBlocked(vpn, user.start + PKG_UIDS[0], user.start + PKG_UIDS[2]);
         assertUnblocked(vpn, user.start + PKG_UIDS[1], user.start + PKG_UIDS[3]);
@@ -402,25 +405,25 @@
         // Change the VPN app.
         assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(
                 PKGS[0], true, Collections.singletonList(PKGS[3]), mKeyStore));
-        verify(mNetService).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(eq(false), aryEq(new UidRange[] {
-                new UidRange(user.start, user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] - 1),
-                new UidRange(user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] + 1, user.start + PKG_UIDS[3] - 1)
+        verify(mNetd).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(eq(false), aryEq(new UidRangeParcel[] {
+                new UidRangeParcel(user.start, user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] - 1),
+                new UidRangeParcel(user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] + 1, user.start + PKG_UIDS[3] - 1)
         }));
-        verify(mNetService).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(eq(true), aryEq(new UidRange[] {
-                new UidRange(user.start, user.start + PKG_UIDS[0] - 1),
-                new UidRange(user.start + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1, user.start + PKG_UIDS[3] - 1)
+        verify(mNetd).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(eq(true), aryEq(new UidRangeParcel[] {
+                new UidRangeParcel(user.start, user.start + PKG_UIDS[0] - 1),
+                new UidRangeParcel(user.start + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1, user.start + PKG_UIDS[3] - 1)
         }));
         assertBlocked(vpn, user.start + PKG_UIDS[1], user.start + PKG_UIDS[2]);
         assertUnblocked(vpn, user.start + PKG_UIDS[0], user.start + PKG_UIDS[3]);
 
         // Remove the list of allowed packages.
         assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(PKGS[0], true, null, mKeyStore));
-        verify(mNetService).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(eq(false), aryEq(new UidRange[] {
-                new UidRange(user.start + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1, user.start + PKG_UIDS[3] - 1),
-                new UidRange(user.start + PKG_UIDS[3] + 1, user.stop)
+        verify(mNetd).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(eq(false), aryEq(new UidRangeParcel[] {
+                new UidRangeParcel(user.start + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1, user.start + PKG_UIDS[3] - 1),
+                new UidRangeParcel(user.start + PKG_UIDS[3] + 1, user.stop)
         }));
-        verify(mNetService).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(eq(true), aryEq(new UidRange[] {
-                new UidRange(user.start + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1, user.stop),
+        verify(mNetd).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(eq(true), aryEq(new UidRangeParcel[] {
+                new UidRangeParcel(user.start + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1, user.stop),
         }));
         assertBlocked(vpn, user.start + PKG_UIDS[1], user.start + PKG_UIDS[2],
                 user.start + PKG_UIDS[3]);
@@ -429,12 +432,12 @@
         // Add the list of allowed packages.
         assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(
                 PKGS[0], true, Collections.singletonList(PKGS[1]), mKeyStore));
-        verify(mNetService).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(eq(false), aryEq(new UidRange[] {
-                new UidRange(user.start + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1, user.stop)
+        verify(mNetd).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(eq(false), aryEq(new UidRangeParcel[] {
+                new UidRangeParcel(user.start + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1, user.stop)
         }));
-        verify(mNetService).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(eq(true), aryEq(new UidRange[] {
-                new UidRange(user.start + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1, user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] - 1),
-                new UidRange(user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] + 1, user.stop)
+        verify(mNetd).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(eq(true), aryEq(new UidRangeParcel[] {
+                new UidRangeParcel(user.start + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1, user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] - 1),
+                new UidRangeParcel(user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] + 1, user.stop)
         }));
         assertBlocked(vpn, user.start + PKG_UIDS[2], user.start + PKG_UIDS[3]);
         assertUnblocked(vpn, user.start + PKG_UIDS[0], user.start + PKG_UIDS[1]);
@@ -447,13 +450,13 @@
         // allowed package should change from PGKS[1] to PKGS[2].
         assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(
                 PKGS[0], true, Arrays.asList("com.foo.app", PKGS[2], "com.bar.app"), mKeyStore));
-        verify(mNetService).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(eq(false), aryEq(new UidRange[]{
-                new UidRange(user.start + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1, user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] - 1),
-                new UidRange(user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] + 1, user.stop)
+        verify(mNetd).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(eq(false), aryEq(new UidRangeParcel[]{
+                new UidRangeParcel(user.start + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1, user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] - 1),
+                new UidRangeParcel(user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] + 1, user.stop)
         }));
-        verify(mNetService).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(eq(true), aryEq(new UidRange[]{
-                new UidRange(user.start + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1, user.start + PKG_UIDS[2] - 1),
-                new UidRange(user.start + PKG_UIDS[2] + 1, user.stop)
+        verify(mNetd).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(eq(true), aryEq(new UidRangeParcel[]{
+                new UidRangeParcel(user.start + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1, user.start + PKG_UIDS[2] - 1),
+                new UidRangeParcel(user.start + PKG_UIDS[2] + 1, user.stop)
         }));
     }
 
@@ -467,86 +470,86 @@
                 restrictedProfileA.flags);
         tempProfile.restrictedProfileParentId = primaryUser.id;
 
-        final UidRange user = UidRange.createForUser(primaryUser.id);
+        final UidRange user = PRI_USER_RANGE;
         final UidRange profile = UidRange.createForUser(tempProfile.id);
 
         // Set lockdown.
         assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(PKGS[3], true, null, mKeyStore));
-        verify(mNetService).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(eq(true), aryEq(new UidRange[] {
-            new UidRange(user.start, user.start + PKG_UIDS[3] - 1),
-            new UidRange(user.start + PKG_UIDS[3] + 1, user.stop)
+        verify(mNetd).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(eq(true), aryEq(new UidRangeParcel[] {
+                new UidRangeParcel(user.start, user.start + PKG_UIDS[3] - 1),
+                new UidRangeParcel(user.start + PKG_UIDS[3] + 1, user.stop)
         }));
-
         // Verify restricted user isn't affected at first.
         assertUnblocked(vpn, profile.start + PKG_UIDS[0]);
 
         // Add the restricted user.
         setMockedUsers(primaryUser, tempProfile);
         vpn.onUserAdded(tempProfile.id);
-        verify(mNetService).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(eq(true), aryEq(new UidRange[] {
-            new UidRange(profile.start, profile.start + PKG_UIDS[3] - 1),
-            new UidRange(profile.start + PKG_UIDS[3] + 1, profile.stop)
+        verify(mNetd).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(eq(true), aryEq(new UidRangeParcel[] {
+                new UidRangeParcel(profile.start, profile.start + PKG_UIDS[3] - 1),
+                new UidRangeParcel(profile.start + PKG_UIDS[3] + 1, profile.stop)
         }));
 
         // Remove the restricted user.
         tempProfile.partial = true;
         vpn.onUserRemoved(tempProfile.id);
-        verify(mNetService).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(eq(false), aryEq(new UidRange[] {
-            new UidRange(profile.start, profile.start + PKG_UIDS[3] - 1),
-            new UidRange(profile.start + PKG_UIDS[3] + 1, profile.stop)
+        verify(mNetd).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(eq(false), aryEq(new UidRangeParcel[] {
+                new UidRangeParcel(profile.start, profile.start + PKG_UIDS[3] - 1),
+                new UidRangeParcel(profile.start + PKG_UIDS[3] + 1, profile.stop)
         }));
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testLockdownRuleRepeatability() throws Exception {
         final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
-
+        final UidRangeParcel[] primaryUserRangeParcel = new UidRangeParcel[] {
+                new UidRangeParcel(PRI_USER_RANGE.start, PRI_USER_RANGE.stop)};
         // Given legacy lockdown is already enabled,
         vpn.setLockdown(true);
-        verify(mNetService, times(1)).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(
-                eq(true), aryEq(new UidRange[] {UidRange.createForUser(primaryUser.id)}));
+
+        verify(mNetd).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(eq(true), aryEq(primaryUserRangeParcel));
 
         // Enabling legacy lockdown twice should do nothing.
         vpn.setLockdown(true);
-        verify(mNetService, times(1)).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(anyBoolean(), any(UidRange[].class));
+        verify(mNetd, times(1))
+                .networkRejectNonSecureVpn(anyBoolean(), any(UidRangeParcel[].class));
 
         // And disabling should remove the rules exactly once.
         vpn.setLockdown(false);
-        verify(mNetService, times(1)).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(
-                eq(false), aryEq(new UidRange[] {UidRange.createForUser(primaryUser.id)}));
+        verify(mNetd).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(eq(false), aryEq(primaryUserRangeParcel));
 
         // Removing the lockdown again should have no effect.
         vpn.setLockdown(false);
-        verify(mNetService, times(2)).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(anyBoolean(), any(UidRange[].class));
+        verify(mNetd, times(2)).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(
+                anyBoolean(), any(UidRangeParcel[].class));
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testLockdownRuleReversibility() throws Exception {
         final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
-
-        final UidRange[] entireUser = {
-            UidRange.createForUser(primaryUser.id)
+        final UidRangeParcel[] entireUser = {
+            new UidRangeParcel(PRI_USER_RANGE.start, PRI_USER_RANGE.stop)
         };
-        final UidRange[] exceptPkg0 = {
-            new UidRange(entireUser[0].start, entireUser[0].start + PKG_UIDS[0] - 1),
-            new UidRange(entireUser[0].start + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1, entireUser[0].stop)
+        final UidRangeParcel[] exceptPkg0 = {
+            new UidRangeParcel(entireUser[0].start, entireUser[0].start + PKG_UIDS[0] - 1),
+            new UidRangeParcel(entireUser[0].start + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1, entireUser[0].stop)
         };
 
-        final InOrder order = inOrder(mNetService);
+        final InOrder order = inOrder(mNetd);
 
         // Given lockdown is enabled with no package (legacy VPN),
         vpn.setLockdown(true);
-        order.verify(mNetService).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(eq(true), aryEq(entireUser));
+        order.verify(mNetd).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(eq(true), aryEq(entireUser));
 
         // When a new VPN package is set the rules should change to cover that package.
         vpn.prepare(null, PKGS[0], VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_SERVICE);
-        order.verify(mNetService).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(eq(false), aryEq(entireUser));
-        order.verify(mNetService).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(eq(true), aryEq(exceptPkg0));
+        order.verify(mNetd).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(eq(false), aryEq(entireUser));
+        order.verify(mNetd).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(eq(true), aryEq(exceptPkg0));
 
         // When that VPN package is unset, everything should be undone again in reverse.
         vpn.prepare(null, VpnConfig.LEGACY_VPN, VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_SERVICE);
-        order.verify(mNetService).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(eq(false), aryEq(exceptPkg0));
-        order.verify(mNetService).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(eq(true), aryEq(entireUser));
+        order.verify(mNetd).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(eq(false), aryEq(exceptPkg0));
+        order.verify(mNetd).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(eq(true), aryEq(entireUser));
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -1098,6 +1101,11 @@
         }
 
         @Override
+        public boolean isCallerSystem() {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        @Override
         public void startService(final String serviceName) {
             mRunningServices.put(serviceName, true);
         }
@@ -1186,7 +1194,7 @@
                 .thenReturn(asUserContext);
         final TestLooper testLooper = new TestLooper();
         final Vpn vpn = new Vpn(testLooper.getLooper(), mContext, new TestDeps(), mNetService,
-                userId, mKeyStore, mSystemServices, mIkev2SessionCreator);
+                mNetd, userId, mKeyStore, mSystemServices, mIkev2SessionCreator);
         verify(mConnectivityManager, times(1)).registerNetworkProvider(argThat(
                 provider -> provider.getName().contains("VpnNetworkProvider")
         ));