diff --git a/tests/cts/hostside/app/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/VpnTest.java b/tests/cts/hostside/app/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/VpnTest.java
index a5bf000..10845d7 100755
--- a/tests/cts/hostside/app/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/VpnTest.java
+++ b/tests/cts/hostside/app/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/VpnTest.java
@@ -201,13 +201,15 @@
     private Context mTestContext;
     private Context mTargetContext;
     Network mNetwork;
-    NetworkCallback mCallback;
     final Object mLock = new Object();
     final Object mLockShutdown = new Object();
 
     private String mOldPrivateDnsMode;
     private String mOldPrivateDnsSpecifier;
 
+    // The registered callbacks.
+    private List<NetworkCallback> mRegisteredCallbacks = new ArrayList<>();
+
     @Rule
     public final DevSdkIgnoreRule mDevSdkIgnoreRule = new DevSdkIgnoreRule();
 
@@ -228,7 +230,6 @@
     @Before
     public void setUp() throws Exception {
         mNetwork = null;
-        mCallback = null;
         mTestContext = getInstrumentation().getContext();
         mTargetContext = getInstrumentation().getTargetContext();
         storePrivateDnsSetting();
@@ -248,15 +249,40 @@
     public void tearDown() throws Exception {
         restorePrivateDnsSetting();
         mRemoteSocketFactoryClient.unbind();
-        if (mCallback != null) {
-            mCM.unregisterNetworkCallback(mCallback);
-        }
         mCtsNetUtils.tearDown();
         Log.i(TAG, "Stopping VPN");
         stopVpn();
+        unregisterRegisteredCallbacks();
         mActivity.finish();
     }
 
+    private void registerNetworkCallback(NetworkRequest request, NetworkCallback callback) {
+        mCM.registerNetworkCallback(request, callback);
+        mRegisteredCallbacks.add(callback);
+    }
+
+    private void registerDefaultNetworkCallback(NetworkCallback callback) {
+        mCM.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(callback);
+        mRegisteredCallbacks.add(callback);
+    }
+
+    private void registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback(NetworkCallback callback, Handler h) {
+        mCM.registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback(callback, h);
+        mRegisteredCallbacks.add(callback);
+    }
+
+    private void registerDefaultNetworkCallbackForUid(int uid, NetworkCallback callback,
+            Handler h) {
+        mCM.registerDefaultNetworkCallbackForUid(uid, callback, h);
+        mRegisteredCallbacks.add(callback);
+    }
+
+    private void unregisterRegisteredCallbacks() {
+        for (NetworkCallback callback: mRegisteredCallbacks) {
+            mCM.unregisterNetworkCallback(callback);
+        }
+    }
+
     private void prepareVpn() throws Exception {
         final int REQUEST_ID = 42;
 
@@ -372,7 +398,7 @@
                 .removeCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN)
                 .removeCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
                 .build();
-        mCallback = new NetworkCallback() {
+        final NetworkCallback callback = new NetworkCallback() {
             public void onAvailable(Network network) {
                 synchronized (mLock) {
                     Log.i(TAG, "Got available callback for network=" + network);
@@ -381,7 +407,7 @@
                 }
             }
         };
-        mCM.registerNetworkCallback(request, mCallback);  // Unregistered in tearDown.
+        registerNetworkCallback(request, callback);
 
         // Start the service and wait up for TIMEOUT_MS ms for the VPN to come up.
         establishVpn(addresses, routes, excludedRoutes, allowedApplications, disallowedApplications,
@@ -406,7 +432,7 @@
                 .removeCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN)
                 .removeCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
                 .build();
-        mCallback = new NetworkCallback() {
+        final NetworkCallback callback = new NetworkCallback() {
             public void onLost(Network network) {
                 synchronized (mLockShutdown) {
                     Log.i(TAG, "Got lost callback for network=" + network
@@ -417,7 +443,7 @@
                 }
             }
        };
-        mCM.registerNetworkCallback(request, mCallback);  // Unregistered in tearDown.
+        registerNetworkCallback(request, callback);
         // Simply calling mActivity.stopService() won't stop the service, because the system binds
         // to the service for the purpose of sending it a revoke command if another VPN comes up,
         // and stopping a bound service has no effect. Instead, "start" the service again with an
@@ -778,14 +804,10 @@
             }
         };
 
-        mCM.registerNetworkCallback(request, callback);
+        registerNetworkCallback(request, callback);
 
-        try {
-            assertTrue("Private DNS hostname was not " + hostname + " after " + TIMEOUT_MS + "ms",
-                    latch.await(TIMEOUT_MS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
-        } finally {
-            mCM.unregisterNetworkCallback(callback);
-        }
+        assertTrue("Private DNS hostname was not " + hostname + " after " + TIMEOUT_MS + "ms",
+                latch.await(TIMEOUT_MS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
     }
 
     private void setAndVerifyPrivateDns(boolean strictMode) throws Exception {
@@ -872,7 +894,7 @@
                     false /* isAlwaysMetered */);
             // Acquire the NETWORK_SETTINGS permission for getting the underlying networks.
             runWithShellPermissionIdentity(() -> {
-                mCM.registerNetworkCallback(makeVpnNetworkRequest(), callback);
+                registerNetworkCallback(makeVpnNetworkRequest(), callback);
                 // Check that this VPN doesn't have any underlying networks.
                 expectUnderlyingNetworks(callback, new ArrayList<Network>());
 
@@ -905,8 +927,6 @@
                 } else {
                     mCtsNetUtils.ensureWifiDisconnected(null);
                 }
-            }, () -> {
-                mCM.unregisterNetworkCallback(callback);
             });
     }
 
@@ -940,9 +960,9 @@
                     UserHandle.of(5 /* userId */).getUid(Process.FIRST_APPLICATION_UID);
             final Handler h = new Handler(Looper.getMainLooper());
             runWithShellPermissionIdentity(() -> {
-                mCM.registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback(systemDefaultCallback, h);
-                mCM.registerDefaultNetworkCallbackForUid(otherUid, otherUidCallback, h);
-                mCM.registerDefaultNetworkCallbackForUid(Process.myUid(), myUidCallback, h);
+                registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback(systemDefaultCallback, h);
+                registerDefaultNetworkCallbackForUid(otherUid, otherUidCallback, h);
+                registerDefaultNetworkCallbackForUid(Process.myUid(), myUidCallback, h);
             }, NETWORK_SETTINGS);
             for (TestableNetworkCallback callback :
                     List.of(systemDefaultCallback, otherUidCallback, myUidCallback)) {
@@ -993,9 +1013,6 @@
             // fail and could cause the default network to switch (e.g., from wifi to cellular).
             systemDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
             otherUidCallback.assertNoCallback();
-            mCM.unregisterNetworkCallback(systemDefaultCallback);
-            mCM.unregisterNetworkCallback(otherUidCallback);
-            mCM.unregisterNetworkCallback(myUidCallback);
         }
 
         checkStrictModePrivateDns();
@@ -1623,7 +1640,7 @@
 
         testAndCleanup(() -> {
             runWithShellPermissionIdentity(() -> {
-                mCM.registerDefaultNetworkCallbackForUid(remoteUid, remoteUidCallback,
+                registerDefaultNetworkCallbackForUid(remoteUid, remoteUidCallback,
                         new Handler(Looper.getMainLooper()));
             }, NETWORK_SETTINGS);
             remoteUidCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksWithBlockedReasonNone(network);
@@ -1659,8 +1676,6 @@
 
             checkBlockIncomingPacket(tunFd, remoteUdpFd, EXPECT_BLOCK);
         }, /* cleanup */ () -> {
-                mCM.unregisterNetworkCallback(remoteUidCallback);
-            }, /* cleanup */ () -> {
                 Os.close(tunFd);
             }, /* cleanup */ () -> {
                 Os.close(remoteUdpFd);
@@ -1684,7 +1699,7 @@
         final int myUid = Process.myUid();
 
         testAndCleanup(() -> {
-            mCM.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(defaultNetworkCallback);
+            registerDefaultNetworkCallback(defaultNetworkCallback);
             defaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacks(defaultNetwork);
 
             final Range<Integer> myUidRange = new Range<>(myUid, myUid);
@@ -1716,8 +1731,6 @@
                 defaultNetworkCallback.eventuallyExpect(CallbackEntry.AVAILABLE,
                         NETWORK_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS,
                         entry -> defaultNetwork.equals(entry.getNetwork()));
-            }, /* cleanup */ () -> {
-                mCM.unregisterNetworkCallback(defaultNetworkCallback);
             });
     }