diff --git a/TEST_MAPPING b/TEST_MAPPING
index 95f854b..4eeaf51 100644
--- a/TEST_MAPPING
+++ b/TEST_MAPPING
@@ -22,6 +22,30 @@
         }
       ]
     },
+    // Also run CtsNetTestCasesLatestSdk to ensure tests using older shims pass.
+    {
+      "name": "CtsNetTestCasesLatestSdk",
+      "options": [
+        {
+          "exclude-annotation": "com.android.testutils.SkipPresubmit"
+        },
+        {
+          "exclude-annotation": "androidx.test.filters.RequiresDevice"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    // CTS tests that target older SDKs.
+    {
+      "name": "CtsNetTestCasesMaxTargetSdk31",
+      "options": [
+        {
+          "exclude-annotation": "com.android.testutils.SkipPresubmit"
+        },
+        {
+          "exclude-annotation": "androidx.test.filters.RequiresDevice"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
     {
       "name": "bpf_existence_test"
     },
@@ -29,6 +53,9 @@
       "name": "connectivity_native_test"
     },
     {
+      "name": "libclat_test"
+    },
+    {
       "name": "netd_updatable_unit_test"
     },
     {
@@ -56,16 +83,10 @@
       "keywords": ["netd-device-kernel-4.9", "netd-device-kernel-4.14"]
     },
     {
-      "name": "libclat_test"
-    },
-    {
       "name": "traffic_controller_unit_test",
       "keywords": ["netd-device-kernel-4.9", "netd-device-kernel-4.14"]
     },
     {
-      "name": "libnetworkstats_test"
-    },
-    {
       "name": "FrameworksNetDeflakeTest"
     }
   ],
@@ -82,6 +103,17 @@
       ]
     },
     {
+      "name": "CtsNetTestCasesMaxTargetSdk31[CaptivePortalLoginGoogle.apk+NetworkStackGoogle.apk+com.google.android.resolv.apex+com.google.android.tethering.apex]",
+      "options": [
+        {
+          "exclude-annotation": "com.android.testutils.SkipPresubmit"
+        },
+        {
+          "exclude-annotation": "androidx.test.filters.RequiresDevice"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
       "name": "bpf_existence_test[CaptivePortalLoginGoogle.apk+NetworkStackGoogle.apk+com.google.android.resolv.apex+com.google.android.tethering.apex]"
     },
     {
diff --git a/Tethering/apex/manifest.json b/Tethering/apex/manifest.json
index 88f13b2..3cb03ed 100644
--- a/Tethering/apex/manifest.json
+++ b/Tethering/apex/manifest.json
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 {
   "name": "com.android.tethering",
-  "version": 319999900
+  "version": 339990000
 }
diff --git a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/PrivateAddressCoordinator.java b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/PrivateAddressCoordinator.java
index cc2422f..41a10ae 100644
--- a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/PrivateAddressCoordinator.java
+++ b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/PrivateAddressCoordinator.java
@@ -172,6 +172,9 @@
             return new LinkAddress(LEGACY_WIFI_P2P_IFACE_ADDRESS);
         }
 
+        // This ensures that tethering isn't started on 2 different interfaces with the same type.
+        // Once tethering could support multiple interface with the same type,
+        // TetheringSoftApCallback would need to handle it among others.
         final LinkAddress cachedAddress = mCachedAddresses.get(ipServer.interfaceType());
         if (useLastAddress && cachedAddress != null
                 && !isConflictWithUpstream(asIpPrefix(cachedAddress))) {
diff --git a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/Tethering.java b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/Tethering.java
index 551fd63..af017f3 100644
--- a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/Tethering.java
+++ b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/Tethering.java
@@ -448,8 +448,22 @@
                 mStateReceiver, noUpstreamFilter, PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK, mHandler);
 
         final WifiManager wifiManager = getWifiManager();
+        TetheringSoftApCallback softApCallback = new TetheringSoftApCallback();
         if (wifiManager != null) {
-            wifiManager.registerSoftApCallback(mExecutor, new TetheringSoftApCallback());
+            wifiManager.registerSoftApCallback(mExecutor, softApCallback);
+        }
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastT() && wifiManager != null) {
+            try {
+                // Although WifiManager#registerLocalOnlyHotspotSoftApCallback document that it need
+                // NEARBY_WIFI_DEVICES permission, but actually a caller who have NETWORK_STACK
+                // or MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK permission would also able to use this API.
+                wifiManager.registerLocalOnlyHotspotSoftApCallback(mExecutor, softApCallback);
+            } catch (UnsupportedOperationException e) {
+                // Since wifi module development in internal branch,
+                // #registerLocalOnlyHotspotSoftApCallback currently doesn't supported in AOSP
+                // before AOSP switch to Android T + 1.
+                Log.wtf(TAG, "registerLocalOnlyHotspotSoftApCallback API is not supported");
+            }
         }
 
         startTrackDefaultNetwork();
@@ -545,6 +559,13 @@
         }
 
         // Called by wifi when the number of soft AP clients changed.
+        // Currently multiple softAp would not behave well in PrivateAddressCoordinator
+        // (where it gets the address from cache), it ensure tethering only support one ipServer for
+        // TETHERING_WIFI. Once tethering support multiple softAp enabled simultaneously,
+        // onConnectedClientsChanged should also be updated to support tracking different softAp's
+        // clients individually.
+        // TODO: Add wtf log and have check to reject request duplicated type with different
+        // interface.
         @Override
         public void onConnectedClientsChanged(final List<WifiClient> clients) {
             updateConnectedClients(clients);
@@ -1297,7 +1318,7 @@
 
             // Finally bring up serving on the new interface
             mWifiP2pTetherInterface = group.getInterface();
-            enableWifiIpServing(mWifiP2pTetherInterface, IFACE_IP_MODE_LOCAL_ONLY);
+            enableWifiP2pIpServing(mWifiP2pTetherInterface);
         }
 
         private void handleUserRestrictionAction() {
@@ -1388,20 +1409,22 @@
         changeInterfaceState(ifname, ipServingMode);
     }
 
-    private void disableWifiIpServingCommon(int tetheringType, String ifname, int apState) {
-        mLog.log("Canceling WiFi tethering request -"
-                + " type=" + tetheringType
-                + " interface=" + ifname
-                + " state=" + apState);
-
-        if (!TextUtils.isEmpty(ifname)) {
-            final TetherState ts = mTetherStates.get(ifname);
-            if (ts != null) {
-                ts.ipServer.unwanted();
-                return;
-            }
+    private void disableWifiIpServingCommon(int tetheringType, String ifname) {
+        if (!TextUtils.isEmpty(ifname) && mTetherStates.containsKey(ifname)) {
+            mTetherStates.get(ifname).ipServer.unwanted();
+            return;
         }
 
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastT()) {
+            mLog.e("Tethering no longer handle untracked interface after T: " + ifname);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Attempt to guess the interface name before T. Pure AOSP code should never enter here
+        // because WIFI_AP_STATE_CHANGED intent always include ifname and it should be tracked
+        // by mTetherStates. In case OEMs have some modification in wifi side which pass null
+        // or empty ifname. Before T, tethering allow to disable the first wifi ipServer if
+        // given ifname don't match any tracking ipServer.
         for (int i = 0; i < mTetherStates.size(); i++) {
             final IpServer ipServer = mTetherStates.valueAt(i).ipServer;
             if (ipServer.interfaceType() == tetheringType) {
@@ -1409,7 +1432,6 @@
                 return;
             }
         }
-
         mLog.log("Error disabling Wi-Fi IP serving; "
                 + (TextUtils.isEmpty(ifname) ? "no interface name specified"
                                            : "specified interface: " + ifname));
@@ -1418,20 +1440,39 @@
     private void disableWifiIpServing(String ifname, int apState) {
         // Regardless of whether we requested this transition, the AP has gone
         // down.  Don't try to tether again unless we're requested to do so.
-        // TODO: Remove this altogether, once Wi-Fi reliably gives us an
-        // interface name with every broadcast.
         mWifiTetherRequested = false;
 
-        disableWifiIpServingCommon(TETHERING_WIFI, ifname, apState);
+        mLog.log("Canceling WiFi tethering request - interface=" + ifname + " state=" + apState);
+
+        disableWifiIpServingCommon(TETHERING_WIFI, ifname);
+    }
+
+    private void enableWifiP2pIpServing(String ifname) {
+        if (TextUtils.isEmpty(ifname)) {
+            mLog.e("Cannot enable P2P IP serving with invalid interface");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // After T, tethering always trust the iface pass by state change intent. This allow
+        // tethering to deprecate tetherable p2p regexs after T.
+        final int type = SdkLevel.isAtLeastT() ? TETHERING_WIFI_P2P : ifaceNameToType(ifname);
+        if (!checkTetherableType(type)) {
+            mLog.e(ifname + " is not a tetherable iface, ignoring");
+            return;
+        }
+        enableIpServing(type, ifname, IpServer.STATE_LOCAL_ONLY);
     }
 
     private void disableWifiP2pIpServingIfNeeded(String ifname) {
         if (TextUtils.isEmpty(ifname)) return;
 
-        disableWifiIpServingCommon(TETHERING_WIFI_P2P, ifname, /* fake */ 0);
+        mLog.log("Canceling P2P tethering request - interface=" + ifname);
+        disableWifiIpServingCommon(TETHERING_WIFI_P2P, ifname);
     }
 
     private void enableWifiIpServing(String ifname, int wifiIpMode) {
+        mLog.log("request WiFi tethering - interface=" + ifname + " state=" + wifiIpMode);
+
         // Map wifiIpMode values to IpServer.Callback serving states, inferring
         // from mWifiTetherRequested as a final "best guess".
         final int ipServingMode;
@@ -1447,13 +1488,18 @@
                 return;
         }
 
+        // After T, tethering always trust the iface pass by state change intent. This allow
+        // tethering to deprecate tetherable wifi regexs after T.
+        final int type = SdkLevel.isAtLeastT() ? TETHERING_WIFI : ifaceNameToType(ifname);
+        if (!checkTetherableType(type)) {
+            mLog.e(ifname + " is not a tetherable iface, ignoring");
+            return;
+        }
+
         if (!TextUtils.isEmpty(ifname)) {
-            ensureIpServerStarted(ifname);
-            changeInterfaceState(ifname, ipServingMode);
+            enableIpServing(type, ifname, ipServingMode);
         } else {
-            mLog.e(String.format(
-                    "Cannot enable IP serving in mode %s on missing interface name",
-                    ipServingMode));
+            mLog.e("Cannot enable IP serving on missing interface name");
         }
     }
 
@@ -2724,23 +2770,28 @@
         mTetherMainSM.sendMessage(which, state, 0, newLp);
     }
 
+    private boolean hasSystemFeature(final String feature) {
+        return mContext.getPackageManager().hasSystemFeature(feature);
+    }
+
+    private boolean checkTetherableType(int type) {
+        if ((type == TETHERING_WIFI || type == TETHERING_WIGIG)
+                && !hasSystemFeature(PackageManager.FEATURE_WIFI)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (type == TETHERING_WIFI_P2P && !hasSystemFeature(PackageManager.FEATURE_WIFI_DIRECT)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return type != TETHERING_INVALID;
+    }
+
     private void ensureIpServerStarted(final String iface) {
         // If we don't care about this type of interface, ignore.
         final int interfaceType = ifaceNameToType(iface);
-        if (interfaceType == TETHERING_INVALID) {
-            mLog.log(iface + " is not a tetherable iface, ignoring");
-            return;
-        }
-
-        final PackageManager pm = mContext.getPackageManager();
-        if ((interfaceType == TETHERING_WIFI || interfaceType == TETHERING_WIGIG)
-                && !pm.hasSystemFeature(PackageManager.FEATURE_WIFI)) {
-            mLog.log(iface + " is not tetherable, because WiFi feature is disabled");
-            return;
-        }
-        if (interfaceType == TETHERING_WIFI_P2P
-                && !pm.hasSystemFeature(PackageManager.FEATURE_WIFI_DIRECT)) {
-            mLog.log(iface + " is not tetherable, because WiFi Direct feature is disabled");
+        if (!checkTetherableType(interfaceType)) {
+            mLog.log(iface + " is used for " + interfaceType + " which is not tetherable");
             return;
         }
 
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/integration/src/android/net/EthernetTetheringTest.java b/Tethering/tests/integration/src/android/net/EthernetTetheringTest.java
index 3699f7a..5869f2b 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/integration/src/android/net/EthernetTetheringTest.java
+++ b/Tethering/tests/integration/src/android/net/EthernetTetheringTest.java
@@ -36,9 +36,11 @@
 import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.ETHER_TYPE_IPV4;
 import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.ETHER_TYPE_IPV6;
 import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.ICMPV6_ROUTER_ADVERTISEMENT;
+import static com.android.testutils.DeviceInfoUtils.KVersion;
 import static com.android.testutils.TestNetworkTrackerKt.initTestNetwork;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
@@ -1067,23 +1069,43 @@
                 false /* usingBpf */);
     }
 
-    private static boolean isUdpOffloadSupportedByKernel() {
-        final String kVersionString = VintfRuntimeInfo.getKernelVersion();
-        // Kernel version which is older than 4.14 doesn't support UDP offload absolutely. Kernel
-        // version which is between 4.14 and 5.8 support UDP offload probably. Simply apply kernel
-        // 4.14 to be threshold first and monitor on what devices tests fail for improving the
-        // offload support checking.
-        return DeviceInfoUtils.compareMajorMinorVersion(kVersionString, "4.14") >= 0;
+    private static boolean isUdpOffloadSupportedByKernel(final String kernelVersion) {
+        final KVersion current = DeviceInfoUtils.getMajorMinorSubminorVersion(kernelVersion);
+        return current.isInRange(new KVersion(4, 14, 222), new KVersion(4, 19, 0))
+                || current.isInRange(new KVersion(4, 19, 176), new KVersion(5, 4, 0))
+                || current.isAtLeast(new KVersion(5, 4, 98));
     }
 
     @Test
+    public void testIsUdpOffloadSupportedByKernel() throws Exception {
+        assertFalse(isUdpOffloadSupportedByKernel("4.14.221"));
+        assertTrue(isUdpOffloadSupportedByKernel("4.14.222"));
+        assertTrue(isUdpOffloadSupportedByKernel("4.16.0"));
+        assertTrue(isUdpOffloadSupportedByKernel("4.18.0"));
+        assertFalse(isUdpOffloadSupportedByKernel("4.19.0"));
+
+        assertFalse(isUdpOffloadSupportedByKernel("4.19.175"));
+        assertTrue(isUdpOffloadSupportedByKernel("4.19.176"));
+        assertTrue(isUdpOffloadSupportedByKernel("5.2.0"));
+        assertTrue(isUdpOffloadSupportedByKernel("5.3.0"));
+        assertFalse(isUdpOffloadSupportedByKernel("5.4.0"));
+
+        assertFalse(isUdpOffloadSupportedByKernel("5.4.97"));
+        assertTrue(isUdpOffloadSupportedByKernel("5.4.98"));
+        assertTrue(isUdpOffloadSupportedByKernel("5.10.0"));
+    }
+
+    // TODO: refactor test testTetherUdpV4* into IPv4 UDP non-offload and offload tests.
+    // That can be easier to know which feature is verified from test results.
+    @Test
     @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
     public void testTetherUdpV4AfterR() throws Exception {
         initializeTethering();
-        boolean usingBpf = isUdpOffloadSupportedByKernel();
+        final String kernelVersion = VintfRuntimeInfo.getKernelVersion();
+        boolean usingBpf = isUdpOffloadSupportedByKernel(kernelVersion);
         if (!usingBpf) {
             Log.i(TAG, "testTetherUdpV4AfterR will skip BPF offload test for kernel "
-                    + VintfRuntimeInfo.getKernelVersion());
+                    + kernelVersion);
         }
         runUdp4Test(new TetheringTester(mDownstreamReader), new RemoteResponder(mUpstreamReader),
                 usingBpf);
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/privileged/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfMapTest.java b/Tethering/tests/privileged/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfMapTest.java
index 75c2ad1..68c1c57 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/privileged/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfMapTest.java
+++ b/Tethering/tests/privileged/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfMapTest.java
@@ -352,15 +352,6 @@
         assertFalse(mTestMap.isEmpty());
         mTestMap.clear();
         assertTrue(mTestMap.isEmpty());
-
-        // Clearing an already-closed map throws.
-        mTestMap.close();
-        try {
-            mTestMap.clear();
-            fail("clearing already-closed map should throw");
-        } catch (IllegalStateException expected) {
-            // ParcelFileDescriptor.getFd throws IllegalStateException: Already closed.
-        }
     }
 
     @Test
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadControllerTest.java b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadControllerTest.java
index e9716b3..8ef0c76 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadControllerTest.java
+++ b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadControllerTest.java
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 import static android.net.RouteInfo.RTN_UNICAST;
 import static android.provider.Settings.Global.TETHER_OFFLOAD_DISABLED;
 
+import static com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel.isAtLeastS;
 import static com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel.isAtLeastT;
 import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadController.StatsType.STATS_PER_IFACE;
 import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadController.StatsType.STATS_PER_UID;
@@ -668,7 +669,7 @@
 
         if (isAtLeastT()) {
             mTetherStatsProviderCb.expectNotifyLimitReached();
-        } else if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT == Build.VERSION_CODES.S) {
+        } else if (isAtLeastS()) {
             mTetherStatsProviderCb.expectNotifyWarningOrLimitReached();
         } else {
             mTetherStatsProviderCb.expectNotifyLimitReached();
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringTest.java b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringTest.java
index 4662c96..773cae3 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringTest.java
+++ b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringTest.java
@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@
 import static android.net.wifi.WifiManager.EXTRA_WIFI_AP_STATE;
 import static android.net.wifi.WifiManager.IFACE_IP_MODE_LOCAL_ONLY;
 import static android.net.wifi.WifiManager.IFACE_IP_MODE_TETHERED;
+import static android.net.wifi.WifiManager.WIFI_AP_STATE_DISABLED;
 import static android.net.wifi.WifiManager.WIFI_AP_STATE_ENABLED;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE;
 import static android.telephony.SubscriptionManager.INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID;
@@ -194,11 +195,14 @@
 import com.android.networkstack.apishim.common.UnsupportedApiLevelException;
 import com.android.networkstack.tethering.TestConnectivityManager.TestNetworkAgent;
 import com.android.networkstack.tethering.metrics.TetheringMetrics;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo;
 import com.android.testutils.MiscAsserts;
 
 import org.junit.After;
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.BeforeClass;
+import org.junit.Rule;
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
 import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;
@@ -221,6 +225,8 @@
 @RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
 @SmallTest
 public class TetheringTest {
+    @Rule public final DevSdkIgnoreRule mIgnoreRule = new DevSdkIgnoreRule();
+
     private static final int IFINDEX_OFFSET = 100;
 
     private static final String TEST_MOBILE_IFNAME = "test_rmnet_data0";
@@ -300,6 +306,7 @@
     private OffloadController mOffloadCtrl;
     private PrivateAddressCoordinator mPrivateAddressCoordinator;
     private SoftApCallback mSoftApCallback;
+    private SoftApCallback mLocalOnlyHotspotCallback;
     private UpstreamNetworkMonitor mUpstreamNetworkMonitor;
     private TetheredInterfaceCallbackShim mTetheredInterfaceCallbackShim;
 
@@ -670,6 +677,14 @@
         verify(mWifiManager).registerSoftApCallback(any(), softApCallbackCaptor.capture());
         mSoftApCallback = softApCallbackCaptor.getValue();
 
+        if (isAtLeastT()) {
+            final ArgumentCaptor<SoftApCallback> localOnlyCallbackCaptor =
+                    ArgumentCaptor.forClass(SoftApCallback.class);
+            verify(mWifiManager).registerLocalOnlyHotspotSoftApCallback(any(),
+                    localOnlyCallbackCaptor.capture());
+            mLocalOnlyHotspotCallback = localOnlyCallbackCaptor.getValue();
+        }
+
         when(mPackageManager.hasSystemFeature(PackageManager.FEATURE_WIFI)).thenReturn(true);
         when(mPackageManager.hasSystemFeature(PackageManager.FEATURE_WIFI_DIRECT)).thenReturn(true);
     }
@@ -946,7 +961,7 @@
 
         // Emulate externally-visible WifiManager effects, when hotspot mode
         // is being torn down.
-        sendWifiApStateChanged(WifiManager.WIFI_AP_STATE_DISABLED);
+        sendWifiApStateChanged(WIFI_AP_STATE_DISABLED, TEST_WLAN_IFNAME, IFACE_IP_MODE_LOCAL_ONLY);
         mTethering.interfaceRemoved(TEST_WLAN_IFNAME);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
 
@@ -1521,7 +1536,7 @@
 
         // Emulate externally-visible WifiManager effects, when tethering mode
         // is being torn down.
-        sendWifiApStateChanged(WifiManager.WIFI_AP_STATE_DISABLED);
+        sendWifiApStateChanged(WIFI_AP_STATE_DISABLED, TEST_WLAN_IFNAME, IFACE_IP_MODE_TETHERED);
         mTethering.interfaceRemoved(TEST_WLAN_IFNAME);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
 
@@ -1922,7 +1937,13 @@
         mTethering.unregisterTetheringEventCallback(callback);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
         mTethering.stopTethering(TETHERING_WIFI);
-        sendWifiApStateChanged(WifiManager.WIFI_AP_STATE_DISABLED);
+        sendWifiApStateChanged(WIFI_AP_STATE_DISABLED);
+        if (isAtLeastT()) {
+            // After T, tethering doesn't support WIFI_AP_STATE_DISABLED with null interface name.
+            callback2.assertNoStateChangeCallback();
+            sendWifiApStateChanged(WIFI_AP_STATE_DISABLED, TEST_WLAN_IFNAME,
+                    IFACE_IP_MODE_TETHERED);
+        }
         tetherState = callback2.pollTetherStatesChanged();
         assertArrayEquals(tetherState.availableList, new TetheringInterface[] {wifiIface});
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
@@ -2530,12 +2551,11 @@
         eventCallbacks = dhcpEventCbsCaptor.getValue();
         // Update lease for local only tethering.
         final MacAddress testMac1 = MacAddress.fromString("11:11:11:11:11:11");
-        final ArrayList<DhcpLeaseParcelable> p2pLeases = new ArrayList<>();
-        p2pLeases.add(createDhcpLeaseParcelable("clientId1", testMac1, "192.168.50.24", 24,
-                Long.MAX_VALUE, "test1"));
-        notifyDhcpLeasesChanged(p2pLeases, eventCallbacks);
-        final List<TetheredClient> clients = toTetheredClients(p2pLeases, TETHERING_WIFI_P2P);
-        callback.expectTetheredClientChanged(clients);
+        final DhcpLeaseParcelable p2pLease = createDhcpLeaseParcelable("clientId1", testMac1,
+                "192.168.50.24", 24, Long.MAX_VALUE, "test1");
+        final List<TetheredClient> p2pClients = notifyDhcpLeasesChanged(TETHERING_WIFI_P2P,
+                eventCallbacks, p2pLease);
+        callback.expectTetheredClientChanged(p2pClients);
         reset(mDhcpServer);
 
         // Run wifi tethering.
@@ -2545,25 +2565,20 @@
                 any(), dhcpEventCbsCaptor.capture());
         eventCallbacks = dhcpEventCbsCaptor.getValue();
         // Update mac address from softAp callback before getting dhcp lease.
-        final ArrayList<WifiClient> wifiClients = new ArrayList<>();
         final MacAddress testMac2 = MacAddress.fromString("22:22:22:22:22:22");
-        final WifiClient testClient = mock(WifiClient.class);
-        when(testClient.getMacAddress()).thenReturn(testMac2);
-        wifiClients.add(testClient);
-        mSoftApCallback.onConnectedClientsChanged(wifiClients);
-        final TetheredClient noAddrClient = new TetheredClient(testMac2,
-                Collections.emptyList() /* addresses */, TETHERING_WIFI);
-        clients.add(noAddrClient);
-        callback.expectTetheredClientChanged(clients);
+        final TetheredClient noAddrClient = notifyConnectedWifiClientsChanged(testMac2,
+                false /* isLocalOnly */);
+        final List<TetheredClient> p2pAndNoAddrClients = new ArrayList<>(p2pClients);
+        p2pAndNoAddrClients.add(noAddrClient);
+        callback.expectTetheredClientChanged(p2pAndNoAddrClients);
 
         // Update dhcp lease for wifi tethering.
-        clients.remove(noAddrClient);
-        final ArrayList<DhcpLeaseParcelable> wifiLeases = new ArrayList<>();
-        wifiLeases.add(createDhcpLeaseParcelable("clientId2", testMac2, "192.168.43.24", 24,
-                Long.MAX_VALUE, "test2"));
-        notifyDhcpLeasesChanged(wifiLeases, eventCallbacks);
-        clients.addAll(toTetheredClients(wifiLeases, TETHERING_WIFI));
-        callback.expectTetheredClientChanged(clients);
+        final DhcpLeaseParcelable wifiLease = createDhcpLeaseParcelable("clientId2", testMac2,
+                "192.168.43.24", 24, Long.MAX_VALUE, "test2");
+        final List<TetheredClient> p2pAndWifiClients = new ArrayList<>(p2pClients);
+        p2pAndWifiClients.addAll(notifyDhcpLeasesChanged(TETHERING_WIFI,
+                eventCallbacks, wifiLease));
+        callback.expectTetheredClientChanged(p2pAndWifiClients);
 
         // Test onStarted callback that register second callback when tethering is running.
         TestTetheringEventCallback callback2 = new TestTetheringEventCallback();
@@ -2571,18 +2586,74 @@
             mTethering.registerTetheringEventCallback(callback2);
             mLooper.dispatchAll();
         });
-        callback2.expectTetheredClientChanged(clients);
+        callback2.expectTetheredClientChanged(p2pAndWifiClients);
     }
 
-    private void notifyDhcpLeasesChanged(List<DhcpLeaseParcelable> leaseParcelables,
-            IDhcpEventCallbacks callback) throws Exception {
-        callback.onLeasesChanged(leaseParcelables);
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testUpdateConnectedClientsForLocalOnlyHotspot() throws Exception {
+        TestTetheringEventCallback callback = new TestTetheringEventCallback();
+        runAsShell(NETWORK_SETTINGS, () -> {
+            mTethering.registerTetheringEventCallback(callback);
+            mLooper.dispatchAll();
+        });
+        callback.expectTetheredClientChanged(Collections.emptyList());
+
+        // Run local only hotspot.
+        mTethering.interfaceStatusChanged(TEST_WLAN_IFNAME, true);
+        sendWifiApStateChanged(WIFI_AP_STATE_ENABLED, TEST_WLAN_IFNAME, IFACE_IP_MODE_LOCAL_ONLY);
+
+        final ArgumentCaptor<IDhcpEventCallbacks> dhcpEventCbsCaptor =
+                 ArgumentCaptor.forClass(IDhcpEventCallbacks.class);
+        verify(mDhcpServer, timeout(DHCPSERVER_START_TIMEOUT_MS)).startWithCallbacks(
+                any(), dhcpEventCbsCaptor.capture());
+        final IDhcpEventCallbacks eventCallbacks = dhcpEventCbsCaptor.getValue();
+        // Update mac address from softAp callback before getting dhcp lease.
+        final MacAddress testMac = MacAddress.fromString("22:22:22:22:22:22");
+        final TetheredClient noAddrClient = notifyConnectedWifiClientsChanged(testMac,
+                true /* isLocalOnly */);
+        final List<TetheredClient> noAddrLocalOnlyClients = new ArrayList<>();
+        noAddrLocalOnlyClients.add(noAddrClient);
+        callback.expectTetheredClientChanged(noAddrLocalOnlyClients);
+
+        // Update dhcp lease for local only hotspot.
+        final DhcpLeaseParcelable wifiLease = createDhcpLeaseParcelable("clientId", testMac,
+                "192.168.43.24", 24, Long.MAX_VALUE, "test");
+        final List<TetheredClient> localOnlyClients = notifyDhcpLeasesChanged(TETHERING_WIFI,
+                eventCallbacks, wifiLease);
+        callback.expectTetheredClientChanged(localOnlyClients);
+
+        // Client disconnect from local only hotspot.
+        mLocalOnlyHotspotCallback.onConnectedClientsChanged(Collections.emptyList());
+        callback.expectTetheredClientChanged(Collections.emptyList());
+    }
+
+    private TetheredClient notifyConnectedWifiClientsChanged(final MacAddress mac,
+            boolean isLocalOnly) throws Exception {
+        final ArrayList<WifiClient> wifiClients = new ArrayList<>();
+        final WifiClient testClient = mock(WifiClient.class);
+        when(testClient.getMacAddress()).thenReturn(mac);
+        wifiClients.add(testClient);
+        if (isLocalOnly) {
+            mLocalOnlyHotspotCallback.onConnectedClientsChanged(wifiClients);
+        } else {
+            mSoftApCallback.onConnectedClientsChanged(wifiClients);
+        }
+        return new TetheredClient(mac, Collections.emptyList() /* addresses */, TETHERING_WIFI);
+    }
+
+    private List<TetheredClient> notifyDhcpLeasesChanged(int type, IDhcpEventCallbacks callback,
+            DhcpLeaseParcelable... leases) throws Exception {
+        final List<DhcpLeaseParcelable> dhcpLeases = Arrays.asList(leases);
+        callback.onLeasesChanged(dhcpLeases);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
+
+        return toTetheredClients(dhcpLeases, type);
     }
 
     private List<TetheredClient> toTetheredClients(List<DhcpLeaseParcelable> leaseParcelables,
             int type) throws Exception {
-        final ArrayList<TetheredClient> leases = new ArrayList<>();
+        final ArrayList<TetheredClient> clients = new ArrayList<>();
         for (DhcpLeaseParcelable lease : leaseParcelables) {
             final LinkAddress address = new LinkAddress(
                     intToInet4AddressHTH(lease.netAddr), lease.prefixLength,
@@ -2592,13 +2663,13 @@
             final MacAddress macAddress = MacAddress.fromBytes(lease.hwAddr);
 
             final AddressInfo addressInfo = new TetheredClient.AddressInfo(address, lease.hostname);
-            leases.add(new TetheredClient(
+            clients.add(new TetheredClient(
                     macAddress,
                     Collections.singletonList(addressInfo),
                     type));
         }
 
-        return leases;
+        return clients;
     }
 
     private DhcpLeaseParcelable createDhcpLeaseParcelable(final String clientId,
diff --git a/bpf_progs/Android.bp b/bpf_progs/Android.bp
index 6c78244..23af3e3 100644
--- a/bpf_progs/Android.bp
+++ b/bpf_progs/Android.bp
@@ -123,5 +123,5 @@
     include_dirs: [
         "frameworks/libs/net/common/netd/libnetdutils/include",
     ],
-    sub_dir: "net_shared",
+    sub_dir: "netd_shared",
 }
diff --git a/bpf_progs/block.c b/bpf_progs/block.c
index ddd9a1c..f2a3e62 100644
--- a/bpf_progs/block.c
+++ b/bpf_progs/block.c
@@ -19,6 +19,9 @@
 #include <netinet/in.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 
+// The resulting .o needs to load on the Android T beta 3 bpfloader
+#define BPFLOADER_MIN_VER BPFLOADER_T_BETA3_VERSION
+
 #include "bpf_helpers.h"
 
 #define ALLOW 1
diff --git a/bpf_progs/bpf_shared.h b/bpf_progs/bpf_shared.h
index a6e78b6..634fbf4 100644
--- a/bpf_progs/bpf_shared.h
+++ b/bpf_progs/bpf_shared.h
@@ -98,29 +98,29 @@
 static const int CONFIGURATION_MAP_SIZE = 2;
 static const int UID_OWNER_MAP_SIZE = 2000;
 
-#define BPF_PATH "/sys/fs/bpf/net_shared/"
+#define BPF_NETD_PATH "/sys/fs/bpf/netd_shared/"
 
-#define BPF_EGRESS_PROG_PATH BPF_PATH "prog_netd_cgroupskb_egress_stats"
-#define BPF_INGRESS_PROG_PATH BPF_PATH "prog_netd_cgroupskb_ingress_stats"
-#define XT_BPF_INGRESS_PROG_PATH BPF_PATH "prog_netd_skfilter_ingress_xtbpf"
-#define XT_BPF_EGRESS_PROG_PATH BPF_PATH "prog_netd_skfilter_egress_xtbpf"
-#define XT_BPF_ALLOWLIST_PROG_PATH BPF_PATH "prog_netd_skfilter_allowlist_xtbpf"
-#define XT_BPF_DENYLIST_PROG_PATH BPF_PATH "prog_netd_skfilter_denylist_xtbpf"
-#define CGROUP_SOCKET_PROG_PATH BPF_PATH "prog_netd_cgroupsock_inet_create"
+#define BPF_EGRESS_PROG_PATH BPF_NETD_PATH "prog_netd_cgroupskb_egress_stats"
+#define BPF_INGRESS_PROG_PATH BPF_NETD_PATH "prog_netd_cgroupskb_ingress_stats"
+#define XT_BPF_INGRESS_PROG_PATH BPF_NETD_PATH "prog_netd_skfilter_ingress_xtbpf"
+#define XT_BPF_EGRESS_PROG_PATH BPF_NETD_PATH "prog_netd_skfilter_egress_xtbpf"
+#define XT_BPF_ALLOWLIST_PROG_PATH BPF_NETD_PATH "prog_netd_skfilter_allowlist_xtbpf"
+#define XT_BPF_DENYLIST_PROG_PATH BPF_NETD_PATH "prog_netd_skfilter_denylist_xtbpf"
+#define CGROUP_SOCKET_PROG_PATH BPF_NETD_PATH "prog_netd_cgroupsock_inet_create"
 
 #define TC_BPF_INGRESS_ACCOUNT_PROG_NAME "prog_netd_schedact_ingress_account"
-#define TC_BPF_INGRESS_ACCOUNT_PROG_PATH BPF_PATH TC_BPF_INGRESS_ACCOUNT_PROG_NAME
+#define TC_BPF_INGRESS_ACCOUNT_PROG_PATH BPF_NETD_PATH TC_BPF_INGRESS_ACCOUNT_PROG_NAME
 
-#define COOKIE_TAG_MAP_PATH BPF_PATH "map_netd_cookie_tag_map"
-#define UID_COUNTERSET_MAP_PATH BPF_PATH "map_netd_uid_counterset_map"
-#define APP_UID_STATS_MAP_PATH BPF_PATH "map_netd_app_uid_stats_map"
-#define STATS_MAP_A_PATH BPF_PATH "map_netd_stats_map_A"
-#define STATS_MAP_B_PATH BPF_PATH "map_netd_stats_map_B"
-#define IFACE_INDEX_NAME_MAP_PATH BPF_PATH "map_netd_iface_index_name_map"
-#define IFACE_STATS_MAP_PATH BPF_PATH "map_netd_iface_stats_map"
-#define CONFIGURATION_MAP_PATH BPF_PATH "map_netd_configuration_map"
-#define UID_OWNER_MAP_PATH BPF_PATH "map_netd_uid_owner_map"
-#define UID_PERMISSION_MAP_PATH BPF_PATH "map_netd_uid_permission_map"
+#define COOKIE_TAG_MAP_PATH BPF_NETD_PATH "map_netd_cookie_tag_map"
+#define UID_COUNTERSET_MAP_PATH BPF_NETD_PATH "map_netd_uid_counterset_map"
+#define APP_UID_STATS_MAP_PATH BPF_NETD_PATH "map_netd_app_uid_stats_map"
+#define STATS_MAP_A_PATH BPF_NETD_PATH "map_netd_stats_map_A"
+#define STATS_MAP_B_PATH BPF_NETD_PATH "map_netd_stats_map_B"
+#define IFACE_INDEX_NAME_MAP_PATH BPF_NETD_PATH "map_netd_iface_index_name_map"
+#define IFACE_STATS_MAP_PATH BPF_NETD_PATH "map_netd_iface_stats_map"
+#define CONFIGURATION_MAP_PATH BPF_NETD_PATH "map_netd_configuration_map"
+#define UID_OWNER_MAP_PATH BPF_NETD_PATH "map_netd_uid_owner_map"
+#define UID_PERMISSION_MAP_PATH BPF_NETD_PATH "map_netd_uid_permission_map"
 
 enum UidOwnerMatchType {
     NO_MATCH = 0,
@@ -132,6 +132,7 @@
     RESTRICTED_MATCH = (1 << 5),
     LOW_POWER_STANDBY_MATCH = (1 << 6),
     IIF_MATCH = (1 << 7),
+    LOCKDOWN_VPN_MATCH = (1 << 8),
 };
 
 enum BpfPermissionMatch {
@@ -146,9 +147,9 @@
     SELECT_MAP_B,
 };
 
-// TODO: change the configuration object from an 8-bit bitmask to an object with clearer
+// TODO: change the configuration object from a bitmask to an object with clearer
 // semantics, like a struct.
-typedef uint8_t BpfConfig;
+typedef uint32_t BpfConfig;
 static const BpfConfig DEFAULT_CONFIG = 0;
 
 typedef struct {
@@ -159,16 +160,20 @@
 } UidOwnerValue;
 STRUCT_SIZE(UidOwnerValue, 2 * 4);  // 8
 
+// Entry in the configuration map that stores which UID rules are enabled.
 #define UID_RULES_CONFIGURATION_KEY 1
+// Entry in the configuration map that stores which stats map is currently in use.
 #define CURRENT_STATS_MAP_CONFIGURATION_KEY 2
 
+#define BPF_CLATD_PATH "/sys/fs/bpf/net_shared/"
+
 #define CLAT_INGRESS6_PROG_RAWIP_NAME "prog_clatd_schedcls_ingress6_clat_rawip"
 #define CLAT_INGRESS6_PROG_ETHER_NAME "prog_clatd_schedcls_ingress6_clat_ether"
 
-#define CLAT_INGRESS6_PROG_RAWIP_PATH BPF_PATH CLAT_INGRESS6_PROG_RAWIP_NAME
-#define CLAT_INGRESS6_PROG_ETHER_PATH BPF_PATH CLAT_INGRESS6_PROG_ETHER_NAME
+#define CLAT_INGRESS6_PROG_RAWIP_PATH BPF_CLATD_PATH CLAT_INGRESS6_PROG_RAWIP_NAME
+#define CLAT_INGRESS6_PROG_ETHER_PATH BPF_CLATD_PATH CLAT_INGRESS6_PROG_ETHER_NAME
 
-#define CLAT_INGRESS6_MAP_PATH BPF_PATH "map_clatd_clat_ingress6_map"
+#define CLAT_INGRESS6_MAP_PATH BPF_CLATD_PATH "map_clatd_clat_ingress6_map"
 
 typedef struct {
     uint32_t iif;            // The input interface index
@@ -186,10 +191,10 @@
 #define CLAT_EGRESS4_PROG_RAWIP_NAME "prog_clatd_schedcls_egress4_clat_rawip"
 #define CLAT_EGRESS4_PROG_ETHER_NAME "prog_clatd_schedcls_egress4_clat_ether"
 
-#define CLAT_EGRESS4_PROG_RAWIP_PATH BPF_PATH CLAT_EGRESS4_PROG_RAWIP_NAME
-#define CLAT_EGRESS4_PROG_ETHER_PATH BPF_PATH CLAT_EGRESS4_PROG_ETHER_NAME
+#define CLAT_EGRESS4_PROG_RAWIP_PATH BPF_CLATD_PATH CLAT_EGRESS4_PROG_RAWIP_NAME
+#define CLAT_EGRESS4_PROG_ETHER_PATH BPF_CLATD_PATH CLAT_EGRESS4_PROG_ETHER_NAME
 
-#define CLAT_EGRESS4_MAP_PATH BPF_PATH "map_clatd_clat_egress4_map"
+#define CLAT_EGRESS4_MAP_PATH BPF_CLATD_PATH "map_clatd_clat_egress4_map"
 
 typedef struct {
     uint32_t iif;           // The input interface index
diff --git a/bpf_progs/clatd.c b/bpf_progs/clatd.c
index 9a9d337..c5b8555 100644
--- a/bpf_progs/clatd.c
+++ b/bpf_progs/clatd.c
@@ -30,6 +30,9 @@
 #define __kernel_udphdr udphdr
 #include <linux/udp.h>
 
+// The resulting .o needs to load on the Android T beta 3 bpfloader
+#define BPFLOADER_MIN_VER BPFLOADER_T_BETA3_VERSION
+
 #include "bpf_helpers.h"
 #include "bpf_net_helpers.h"
 #include "bpf_shared.h"
diff --git a/bpf_progs/dscp_policy.c b/bpf_progs/dscp_policy.c
index d5df7ef..538a9e4 100644
--- a/bpf_progs/dscp_policy.c
+++ b/bpf_progs/dscp_policy.c
@@ -27,6 +27,9 @@
 #include <netinet/udp.h>
 #include <string.h>
 
+// The resulting .o needs to load on the Android T beta 3 bpfloader
+#define BPFLOADER_MIN_VER BPFLOADER_T_BETA3_VERSION
+
 #include "bpf_helpers.h"
 #include "dscp_policy.h"
 
diff --git a/bpf_progs/dscp_policy.h b/bpf_progs/dscp_policy.h
index 777c4ff..1637f7a 100644
--- a/bpf_progs/dscp_policy.h
+++ b/bpf_progs/dscp_policy.h
@@ -26,12 +26,11 @@
 
 #define STRUCT_SIZE(name, size) _Static_assert(sizeof(name) == (size), "Incorrect struct size.")
 
-#ifndef v6_equal
-#define v6_equal(a, b)    (a.s6_addr32[0] == b.s6_addr32[0] && \
-                 a.s6_addr32[1] == b.s6_addr32[1] && \
-                 a.s6_addr32[2] == b.s6_addr32[2] && \
-                 a.s6_addr32[3] == b.s6_addr32[3])
-#endif
+#define v6_equal(a, b) \
+    (((a.s6_addr32[0] ^ b.s6_addr32[0]) | \
+      (a.s6_addr32[1] ^ b.s6_addr32[1]) | \
+      (a.s6_addr32[2] ^ b.s6_addr32[2]) | \
+      (a.s6_addr32[3] ^ b.s6_addr32[3])) == 0)
 
 // TODO: these are already defined in packages/modules/Connectivity/bpf_progs/bpf_net_helpers.h.
 // smove to common location in future.
diff --git a/bpf_progs/netd.c b/bpf_progs/netd.c
index f3f675f..2a63e81 100644
--- a/bpf_progs/netd.c
+++ b/bpf_progs/netd.c
@@ -14,6 +14,9 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+// The resulting .o needs to load on the Android T Beta 3 bpfloader
+#define BPFLOADER_MIN_VER BPFLOADER_T_BETA3_VERSION
+
 #include <bpf_helpers.h>
 #include <linux/bpf.h>
 #include <linux/if.h>
@@ -59,7 +62,7 @@
 DEFINE_BPF_MAP_GRW(stats_map_B, HASH, StatsKey, StatsValue, STATS_MAP_SIZE, AID_NET_BW_ACCT)
 DEFINE_BPF_MAP_GRW(iface_stats_map, HASH, uint32_t, StatsValue, IFACE_STATS_MAP_SIZE,
                    AID_NET_BW_ACCT)
-DEFINE_BPF_MAP_GRW(configuration_map, HASH, uint32_t, uint8_t, CONFIGURATION_MAP_SIZE,
+DEFINE_BPF_MAP_GRW(configuration_map, HASH, uint32_t, uint32_t, CONFIGURATION_MAP_SIZE,
                    AID_NET_BW_ACCT)
 DEFINE_BPF_MAP_GRW(uid_owner_map, HASH, uint32_t, UidOwnerValue, UID_OWNER_MAP_SIZE,
                    AID_NET_BW_ACCT)
@@ -214,9 +217,16 @@
             return BPF_DROP;
         }
     }
-    if (direction == BPF_INGRESS && (uidRules & IIF_MATCH)) {
-        // Drops packets not coming from lo nor the allowlisted interface
-        if (allowed_iif && skb->ifindex != 1 && skb->ifindex != allowed_iif) {
+    if (direction == BPF_INGRESS && skb->ifindex != 1) {
+        if (uidRules & IIF_MATCH) {
+            if (allowed_iif && skb->ifindex != allowed_iif) {
+                // Drops packets not coming from lo nor the allowed interface
+                // allowed interface=0 is a wildcard and does not drop packets
+                return BPF_DROP_UNLESS_DNS;
+            }
+        } else if (uidRules & LOCKDOWN_VPN_MATCH) {
+            // Drops packets not coming from lo and rule does not have IIF_MATCH but has
+            // LOCKDOWN_VPN_MATCH
             return BPF_DROP_UNLESS_DNS;
         }
     }
@@ -224,7 +234,7 @@
 }
 
 static __always_inline inline void update_stats_with_config(struct __sk_buff* skb, int direction,
-                                                            StatsKey* key, uint8_t selectedMap) {
+                                                            StatsKey* key, uint32_t selectedMap) {
     if (selectedMap == SELECT_MAP_A) {
         update_stats_map_A(skb, direction, key);
     } else if (selectedMap == SELECT_MAP_B) {
@@ -276,7 +286,7 @@
     if (counterSet) key.counterSet = (uint32_t)*counterSet;
 
     uint32_t mapSettingKey = CURRENT_STATS_MAP_CONFIGURATION_KEY;
-    uint8_t* selectedMap = bpf_configuration_map_lookup_elem(&mapSettingKey);
+    uint32_t* selectedMap = bpf_configuration_map_lookup_elem(&mapSettingKey);
 
     // Use asm("%0 &= 1" : "+r"(match)) before return match,
     // to help kernel's bpf verifier, so that it can be 100% certain
@@ -373,8 +383,7 @@
     return BPF_NOMATCH;
 }
 
-DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER("cgroupsock/inet/create", AID_ROOT, AID_ROOT, inet_socket_create,
-                     KVER(4, 14, 0))
+DEFINE_BPF_PROG("cgroupsock/inet/create", AID_ROOT, AID_ROOT, inet_socket_create)
 (struct bpf_sock* sk) {
     uint64_t gid_uid = bpf_get_current_uid_gid();
     /*
diff --git a/bpf_progs/offload.c b/bpf_progs/offload.c
index 896bc09..2ec0792 100644
--- a/bpf_progs/offload.c
+++ b/bpf_progs/offload.c
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@
 #define __kernel_udphdr udphdr
 #include <linux/udp.h>
 
-// The resulting .o needs to load on the Android S bpfloader v0.2
-#define BPFLOADER_MIN_VER 2u
+// The resulting .o needs to load on the Android S bpfloader
+#define BPFLOADER_MIN_VER BPFLOADER_S_VERSION
 
 #include "bpf_helpers.h"
 #include "bpf_net_helpers.h"
diff --git a/bpf_progs/test.c b/bpf_progs/test.c
index c9c73f1..f2fcc8c 100644
--- a/bpf_progs/test.c
+++ b/bpf_progs/test.c
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@
 #include <linux/in.h>
 #include <linux/ip.h>
 
-// The resulting .o needs to load on the Android S bpfloader v0.2
-#define BPFLOADER_MIN_VER 2u
+// The resulting .o needs to load on the Android S bpfloader
+#define BPFLOADER_MIN_VER BPFLOADER_S_VERSION
 
 #include "bpf_helpers.h"
 #include "bpf_net_helpers.h"
diff --git a/framework-t/src/android/net/EthernetManager.java b/framework-t/src/android/net/EthernetManager.java
index 886d194..b8070f0 100644
--- a/framework-t/src/android/net/EthernetManager.java
+++ b/framework-t/src/android/net/EthernetManager.java
@@ -22,13 +22,11 @@
 import android.annotation.IntDef;
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
 import android.annotation.Nullable;
-import android.annotation.RequiresFeature;
 import android.annotation.RequiresPermission;
 import android.annotation.SystemApi;
 import android.annotation.SystemService;
 import android.compat.annotation.UnsupportedAppUsage;
 import android.content.Context;
-import android.content.pm.PackageManager;
 import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.OutcomeReceiver;
 import android.os.RemoteException;
@@ -573,7 +571,6 @@
             NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK,
             android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK,
             android.Manifest.permission.MANAGE_ETHERNET_NETWORKS})
-    @RequiresFeature(PackageManager.FEATURE_AUTOMOTIVE)
     public void enableInterface(
             @NonNull String iface,
             @Nullable @CallbackExecutor Executor executor,
@@ -582,7 +579,7 @@
         final NetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver proxy = makeNetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver(
                 executor, callback);
         try {
-            mService.connectNetwork(iface, proxy);
+            mService.enableInterface(iface, proxy);
         } catch (RemoteException e) {
             throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
         }
@@ -610,7 +607,6 @@
             NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK,
             android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK,
             android.Manifest.permission.MANAGE_ETHERNET_NETWORKS})
-    @RequiresFeature(PackageManager.FEATURE_AUTOMOTIVE)
     public void disableInterface(
             @NonNull String iface,
             @Nullable @CallbackExecutor Executor executor,
@@ -619,7 +615,7 @@
         final NetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver proxy = makeNetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver(
                 executor, callback);
         try {
-            mService.disconnectNetwork(iface, proxy);
+            mService.disableInterface(iface, proxy);
         } catch (RemoteException e) {
             throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
         }
diff --git a/framework-t/src/android/net/IEthernetManager.aidl b/framework-t/src/android/net/IEthernetManager.aidl
index 42e4c1a..c1efc29 100644
--- a/framework-t/src/android/net/IEthernetManager.aidl
+++ b/framework-t/src/android/net/IEthernetManager.aidl
@@ -43,8 +43,8 @@
     void releaseTetheredInterface(in ITetheredInterfaceCallback callback);
     void updateConfiguration(String iface, in EthernetNetworkUpdateRequest request,
         in INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver listener);
-    void connectNetwork(String iface, in INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver listener);
-    void disconnectNetwork(String iface, in INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver listener);
+    void enableInterface(String iface, in INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver listener);
+    void disableInterface(String iface, in INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver listener);
     void setEthernetEnabled(boolean enabled);
     List<String> getInterfaceList();
 }
diff --git a/framework-t/src/android/net/IpSecManager.java b/framework-t/src/android/net/IpSecManager.java
index 9cb0947..9cceac2 100644
--- a/framework-t/src/android/net/IpSecManager.java
+++ b/framework-t/src/android/net/IpSecManager.java
@@ -817,10 +817,10 @@
          * </ol>
          *
          * @param underlyingNetwork the new {@link Network} that will carry traffic for this tunnel.
-         *     This network MUST never be the network exposing this IpSecTunnelInterface, otherwise
-         *     this method will throw an {@link IllegalArgumentException}. If the
-         *     IpSecTunnelInterface is later added to this network, all outbound traffic will be
-         *     blackholed.
+         *     This network MUST be a functional {@link Network} with valid {@link LinkProperties},
+         *     and MUST never be the network exposing this IpSecTunnelInterface, otherwise this
+         *     method will throw an {@link IllegalArgumentException}. If the IpSecTunnelInterface is
+         *     later added to this network, all outbound traffic will be blackholed.
          */
         // TODO: b/169171001 Update the documentation when transform migration is supported.
         // The purpose of making updating network and applying transforms separate is to leave open
@@ -962,7 +962,6 @@
      * IP header and IPsec Header on all inbound traffic).
      * <p>Applications should probably not use this API directly.
      *
-     *
      * @param tunnel The {@link IpSecManager#IpSecTunnelInterface} that will use the supplied
      *        transform.
      * @param direction the direction, {@link DIRECTION_OUT} or {@link #DIRECTION_IN} in which
diff --git a/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkStatsCollection.java b/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkStatsCollection.java
index 29ea772..6a1d2dd 100644
--- a/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkStatsCollection.java
+++ b/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkStatsCollection.java
@@ -865,6 +865,9 @@
          * Add association of the history with the specified key in this map.
          *
          * @param key The object used to identify a network, see {@link Key}.
+         *            If history already exists for this key, then the passed-in history is appended
+         *            to the previously-passed in history. The caller must ensure that the history
+         *            passed-in timestamps are greater than all previously-passed-in timestamps.
          * @param history {@link NetworkStatsHistory} instance associated to the given {@link Key}.
          * @return The builder object.
          */
@@ -874,9 +877,21 @@
             Objects.requireNonNull(key);
             Objects.requireNonNull(history);
             final List<Entry> historyEntries = history.getEntries();
+            final NetworkStatsHistory existing = mEntries.get(key);
 
+            final int size = historyEntries.size() + ((existing != null) ? existing.size() : 0);
             final NetworkStatsHistory.Builder historyBuilder =
-                    new NetworkStatsHistory.Builder(mBucketDurationMillis, historyEntries.size());
+                    new NetworkStatsHistory.Builder(mBucketDurationMillis, size);
+
+            // TODO: this simply appends the entries to any entries that were already present in
+            // the builder, which requires the caller to pass in entries in order. We might be
+            // able to do better with something like recordHistory.
+            if (existing != null) {
+                for (Entry entry : existing.getEntries()) {
+                    historyBuilder.addEntry(entry);
+                }
+            }
+
             for (Entry entry : historyEntries) {
                 historyBuilder.addEntry(entry);
             }
diff --git a/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkStatsHistory.java b/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkStatsHistory.java
index b45d44d..0ff9d96 100644
--- a/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkStatsHistory.java
+++ b/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkStatsHistory.java
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStatsUtils.multiplySafeByRational;
 
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
 import android.annotation.SystemApi;
 import android.compat.annotation.UnsupportedAppUsage;
 import android.os.Build;
@@ -949,6 +950,25 @@
         return writer.toString();
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Same as "equals", but not actually called equals as this would affect public API behavior.
+     * @hide
+     */
+    @Nullable
+    public boolean isSameAs(NetworkStatsHistory other) {
+        return bucketCount == other.bucketCount
+                && Arrays.equals(bucketStart, other.bucketStart)
+                // Don't check activeTime since it can change on import due to the importer using
+                // recordHistory. It's also not exposed by the APIs or present in dumpsys or
+                // toString().
+                && Arrays.equals(rxBytes, other.rxBytes)
+                && Arrays.equals(rxPackets, other.rxPackets)
+                && Arrays.equals(txBytes, other.txBytes)
+                && Arrays.equals(txPackets, other.txPackets)
+                && Arrays.equals(operations, other.operations)
+                && totalBytes == other.totalBytes;
+    }
+
     @UnsupportedAppUsage
     public static final @android.annotation.NonNull Creator<NetworkStatsHistory> CREATOR = new Creator<NetworkStatsHistory>() {
         @Override
@@ -1116,14 +1136,44 @@
             mOperations = new ArrayList<>(initialCapacity);
         }
 
+        private void addToElement(List<Long> list, int pos, long value) {
+            list.set(pos, list.get(pos) + value);
+        }
+
         /**
          * Add an {@link Entry} into the {@link NetworkStatsHistory} instance.
          *
-         * @param entry The target {@link Entry} object.
+         * @param entry The target {@link Entry} object. The entry timestamp must be greater than
+         *              that of any previously-added entry.
          * @return The builder object.
          */
         @NonNull
         public Builder addEntry(@NonNull Entry entry) {
+            final int lastBucket = mBucketStart.size() - 1;
+            final long lastBucketStart = (lastBucket != -1) ? mBucketStart.get(lastBucket) : 0;
+
+            // If last bucket has the same timestamp, modify it instead of adding another bucket.
+            // This allows callers to pass in the same bucket twice (e.g., to accumulate
+            // data over time), but still requires that entries must be sorted.
+            // The importer will do this in case a rotated file has the same timestamp as
+            // the previous file.
+            if (lastBucket != -1 && entry.bucketStart == lastBucketStart) {
+                addToElement(mActiveTime, lastBucket, entry.activeTime);
+                addToElement(mRxBytes, lastBucket, entry.rxBytes);
+                addToElement(mRxPackets, lastBucket, entry.rxPackets);
+                addToElement(mTxBytes, lastBucket, entry.txBytes);
+                addToElement(mTxPackets, lastBucket, entry.txPackets);
+                addToElement(mOperations, lastBucket, entry.operations);
+                return this;
+            }
+
+            // Inserting in the middle is prohibited for performance reasons.
+            if (entry.bucketStart <= lastBucketStart) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("new bucket start " + entry.bucketStart
+                        + " must be greater than last bucket start " + lastBucketStart);
+            }
+
+            // Common case: add entries at the end of the list.
             mBucketStart.add(entry.bucketStart);
             mActiveTime.add(entry.activeTime);
             mRxBytes.add(entry.rxBytes);
diff --git a/framework-t/src/android/net/nsd/NsdServiceInfo.java b/framework-t/src/android/net/nsd/NsdServiceInfo.java
index 2621594..200c808 100644
--- a/framework-t/src/android/net/nsd/NsdServiceInfo.java
+++ b/framework-t/src/android/net/nsd/NsdServiceInfo.java
@@ -53,6 +53,8 @@
     @Nullable
     private Network mNetwork;
 
+    private int mInterfaceIndex;
+
     public NsdServiceInfo() {
     }
 
@@ -312,8 +314,11 @@
     /**
      * Get the network where the service can be found.
      *
-     * This is never null if this {@link NsdServiceInfo} was obtained from
-     * {@link NsdManager#discoverServices} or {@link NsdManager#resolveService}.
+     * This is set if this {@link NsdServiceInfo} was obtained from
+     * {@link NsdManager#discoverServices} or {@link NsdManager#resolveService}, unless the service
+     * was found on a network interface that does not have a {@link Network} (such as a tethering
+     * downstream, where services are advertised from devices connected to this device via
+     * tethering).
      */
     @Nullable
     public Network getNetwork() {
@@ -329,6 +334,26 @@
         mNetwork = network;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Get the index of the network interface where the service was found.
+     *
+     * This is only set when the service was found on an interface that does not have a usable
+     * Network, in which case {@link #getNetwork()} returns null.
+     * @return The interface index as per {@link java.net.NetworkInterface#getIndex}, or 0 if unset.
+     * @hide
+     */
+    public int getInterfaceIndex() {
+        return mInterfaceIndex;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the index of the network interface where the service was found.
+     * @hide
+     */
+    public void setInterfaceIndex(int interfaceIndex) {
+        mInterfaceIndex = interfaceIndex;
+    }
+
     @Override
     public String toString() {
         StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
@@ -375,6 +400,7 @@
         }
 
         dest.writeParcelable(mNetwork, 0);
+        dest.writeInt(mInterfaceIndex);
     }
 
     /** Implement the Parcelable interface */
@@ -405,6 +431,7 @@
                     info.mTxtRecord.put(in.readString(), valueArray);
                 }
                 info.mNetwork = in.readParcelable(null, Network.class);
+                info.mInterfaceIndex = in.readInt();
                 return info;
             }
 
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java b/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java
index d16a6f5..9f9ee95 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java
@@ -982,6 +982,16 @@
     @SystemApi(client = MODULE_LIBRARIES)
     public static final int FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOW_POWER_STANDBY = 5;
 
+    /**
+     * Firewall chain used for lockdown VPN.
+     * Denylist of apps that cannot receive incoming packets except on loopback because they are
+     * subject to an always-on VPN which is not currently connected.
+     *
+     * @see #BLOCKED_REASON_LOCKDOWN_VPN
+     * @hide
+     */
+    public static final int FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOCKDOWN_VPN = 6;
+
     /** @hide */
     @Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
     @IntDef(flag = false, prefix = "FIREWALL_CHAIN_", value = {
@@ -989,7 +999,8 @@
         FIREWALL_CHAIN_STANDBY,
         FIREWALL_CHAIN_POWERSAVE,
         FIREWALL_CHAIN_RESTRICTED,
-        FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOW_POWER_STANDBY
+        FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOW_POWER_STANDBY,
+        FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOCKDOWN_VPN
     })
     public @interface FirewallChain {}
     // LINT.ThenChange(packages/modules/Connectivity/service/native/include/Common.h)
diff --git a/netd/Android.bp b/netd/Android.bp
index 5ac02d3..c731b8b 100644
--- a/netd/Android.bp
+++ b/netd/Android.bp
@@ -55,7 +55,8 @@
 cc_test {
     name: "netd_updatable_unit_test",
     defaults: ["netd_defaults"],
-    test_suites: ["general-tests"],
+    test_suites: ["general-tests", "mts-tethering"],
+    test_config_template: ":net_native_test_config_template",
     require_root: true,  // required by setrlimitForTest()
     header_libs: [
         "bpf_connectivity_headers",
@@ -72,6 +73,7 @@
         "liblog",
         "libnetdutils",
     ],
+    compile_multilib: "both",
     multilib: {
         lib32: {
             suffix: "32",
diff --git a/netd/BpfHandler.cpp b/netd/BpfHandler.cpp
index f3dfb57..42d0de5 100644
--- a/netd/BpfHandler.cpp
+++ b/netd/BpfHandler.cpp
@@ -73,16 +73,7 @@
     }
     RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(attachProgramToCgroup(BPF_EGRESS_PROG_PATH, cg_fd, BPF_CGROUP_INET_EGRESS));
     RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(attachProgramToCgroup(BPF_INGRESS_PROG_PATH, cg_fd, BPF_CGROUP_INET_INGRESS));
-
-    // For the devices that support cgroup socket filter, the socket filter
-    // should be loaded successfully by bpfloader. So we attach the filter to
-    // cgroup if the program is pinned properly.
-    // TODO: delete the if statement once all devices should support cgroup
-    // socket filter (ie. the minimum kernel version required is 4.14).
-    if (!access(CGROUP_SOCKET_PROG_PATH, F_OK)) {
-        RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(
-                attachProgramToCgroup(CGROUP_SOCKET_PROG_PATH, cg_fd, BPF_CGROUP_INET_SOCK_CREATE));
-    }
+    RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(attachProgramToCgroup(CGROUP_SOCKET_PROG_PATH, cg_fd, BPF_CGROUP_INET_SOCK_CREATE));
     return netdutils::status::ok;
 }
 
@@ -113,6 +104,7 @@
     RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(mConfigurationMap.writeValue(CURRENT_STATS_MAP_CONFIGURATION_KEY, SELECT_MAP_A,
                                                   BPF_ANY));
     RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(mUidPermissionMap.init(UID_PERMISSION_MAP_PATH));
+    ALOGI("%s successfully", __func__);
 
     return netdutils::status::ok;
 }
@@ -242,7 +234,7 @@
     if (sock_cookie == NONEXISTENT_COOKIE) return -errno;
     base::Result<void> res = mCookieTagMap.deleteValue(sock_cookie);
     if (!res.ok()) {
-        ALOGE("Failed to untag socket: %s\n", strerror(res.error().code()));
+        ALOGE("Failed to untag socket: %s", strerror(res.error().code()));
         return -res.error().code();
     }
     return 0;
diff --git a/netd/BpfHandler.h b/netd/BpfHandler.h
index 2ede1c1..05b9ebc 100644
--- a/netd/BpfHandler.h
+++ b/netd/BpfHandler.h
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@
     BpfMap<uint64_t, UidTagValue> mCookieTagMap;
     BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue> mStatsMapA;
     BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue> mStatsMapB;
-    BpfMap<uint32_t, uint8_t> mConfigurationMap;
+    BpfMap<uint32_t, uint32_t> mConfigurationMap;
     BpfMap<uint32_t, uint8_t> mUidPermissionMap;
 
     std::mutex mMutex;
diff --git a/netd/BpfHandlerTest.cpp b/netd/BpfHandlerTest.cpp
index cd6b565..12ae916 100644
--- a/netd/BpfHandlerTest.cpp
+++ b/netd/BpfHandlerTest.cpp
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
     BpfHandler mBh;
     BpfMap<uint64_t, UidTagValue> mFakeCookieTagMap;
     BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue> mFakeStatsMapA;
-    BpfMap<uint32_t, uint8_t> mFakeConfigurationMap;
+    BpfMap<uint32_t, uint32_t> mFakeConfigurationMap;
     BpfMap<uint32_t, uint8_t> mFakeUidPermissionMap;
 
     void SetUp() {
diff --git a/service-t/native/libs/libnetworkstats/Android.bp b/service-t/native/libs/libnetworkstats/Android.bp
index bf56fd5..5b3d314 100644
--- a/service-t/native/libs/libnetworkstats/Android.bp
+++ b/service-t/native/libs/libnetworkstats/Android.bp
@@ -48,7 +48,8 @@
 
 cc_test {
     name: "libnetworkstats_test",
-    test_suites: ["general-tests"],
+    test_suites: ["general-tests", "mts-tethering"],
+    test_config_template: ":net_native_test_config_template",
     require_root: true,  // required by setrlimitForTest()
     header_libs: ["bpf_connectivity_headers"],
     srcs: [
@@ -68,4 +69,13 @@
         "libbase",
         "liblog",
     ],
+    compile_multilib: "both",
+    multilib: {
+        lib32: {
+            suffix: "32",
+        },
+        lib64: {
+            suffix: "64",
+        },
+    },
 }
diff --git a/service-t/native/libs/libnetworkstats/BpfNetworkStats.cpp b/service-t/native/libs/libnetworkstats/BpfNetworkStats.cpp
index 4d605ce..c67821f 100644
--- a/service-t/native/libs/libnetworkstats/BpfNetworkStats.cpp
+++ b/service-t/native/libs/libnetworkstats/BpfNetworkStats.cpp
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@
         return ret;
     }
 
-    BpfMapRO<uint32_t, uint8_t> configurationMap(CONFIGURATION_MAP_PATH);
+    BpfMapRO<uint32_t, uint32_t> configurationMap(CONFIGURATION_MAP_PATH);
     if (!configurationMap.isValid()) {
         int ret = -errno;
         ALOGE("get configuration map fd failed: %s", strerror(errno));
@@ -205,6 +205,10 @@
               configuration.error().message().c_str());
         return -configuration.error().code();
     }
+    if (configuration.value() != SELECT_MAP_A && configuration.value() != SELECT_MAP_B) {
+        ALOGE("%s unknown configuration value: %d", __func__, configuration.value());
+        return -EINVAL;
+    }
     const char* statsMapPath = STATS_MAP_PATH[configuration.value()];
     BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue> statsMap(statsMapPath);
     if (!statsMap.isValid()) {
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/IpSecService.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/IpSecService.java
index 4bc40ea..16b9f1e 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/IpSecService.java
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/IpSecService.java
@@ -1452,6 +1452,11 @@
         final ConnectivityManager connectivityManager =
                 mContext.getSystemService(ConnectivityManager.class);
         final LinkProperties lp = connectivityManager.getLinkProperties(underlyingNetwork);
+        if (lp == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                    "LinkProperties is null. The underlyingNetwork may not be functional");
+        }
+
         if (tunnelInterfaceInfo.getInterfaceName().equals(lp.getInterfaceName())) {
             throw new IllegalArgumentException(
                     "Underlying network cannot be the network being exposed by this tunnel");
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/NsdService.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/NsdService.java
index ea57bac..95e6114 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/NsdService.java
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/NsdService.java
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 import android.content.Intent;
 import android.content.pm.PackageManager;
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
+import android.net.INetd;
 import android.net.LinkProperties;
 import android.net.Network;
 import android.net.mdns.aidl.DiscoveryInfo;
@@ -466,7 +467,7 @@
                             // interfaces that do not have an associated Network.
                             break;
                         }
-                        servInfo.setNetwork(new Network(foundNetId));
+                        setServiceNetworkForCallback(servInfo, info.netId, info.interfaceIdx);
                         clientInfo.onServiceFound(clientId, servInfo);
                         break;
                     }
@@ -476,10 +477,11 @@
                         final String type = info.registrationType;
                         final int lostNetId = info.netId;
                         servInfo = new NsdServiceInfo(name, type);
-                        // The network could be null if it was torn down when the service is lost
-                        // TODO: avoid returning null in that case, possibly by remembering found
-                        // services on the same interface index and their network at the time
-                        servInfo.setNetwork(lostNetId == 0 ? null : new Network(lostNetId));
+                        // The network could be set to null (netId 0) if it was torn down when the
+                        // service is lost
+                        // TODO: avoid returning null in that case, possibly by remembering
+                        // found services on the same interface index and their network at the time
+                        setServiceNetworkForCallback(servInfo, lostNetId, info.interfaceIdx);
                         clientInfo.onServiceLost(clientId, servInfo);
                         break;
                     }
@@ -513,7 +515,7 @@
                             break;
                         }
 
-                        String name = fullName.substring(0, index);
+                        String name = unescape(fullName.substring(0, index));
                         String rest = fullName.substring(index);
                         String type = rest.replace(".local.", "");
 
@@ -557,7 +559,6 @@
                         final GetAddressInfo info = (GetAddressInfo) obj;
                         final String address = info.address;
                         final int netId = info.netId;
-                        final Network network = netId == NETID_UNSET ? null : new Network(netId);
                         InetAddress serviceHost = null;
                         try {
                             serviceHost = InetAddress.getByName(address);
@@ -568,9 +569,10 @@
                         // If the resolved service is on an interface without a network, consider it
                         // as a failure: it would not be usable by apps as they would need
                         // privileged permissions.
-                        if (network != null && serviceHost != null) {
+                        if (netId != NETID_UNSET && serviceHost != null) {
                             clientInfo.mResolvedService.setHost(serviceHost);
-                            clientInfo.mResolvedService.setNetwork(network);
+                            setServiceNetworkForCallback(clientInfo.mResolvedService,
+                                    netId, info.interfaceIdx);
                             clientInfo.onResolveServiceSucceeded(
                                     clientId, clientInfo.mResolvedService);
                         } else {
@@ -590,6 +592,55 @@
        }
     }
 
+    private static void setServiceNetworkForCallback(NsdServiceInfo info, int netId, int ifaceIdx) {
+        switch (netId) {
+            case NETID_UNSET:
+                info.setNetwork(null);
+                break;
+            case INetd.LOCAL_NET_ID:
+                // Special case for LOCAL_NET_ID: Networks on netId 99 are not generally
+                // visible / usable for apps, so do not return it. Store the interface
+                // index instead, so at least if the client tries to resolve the service
+                // with that NsdServiceInfo, it will be done on the same interface.
+                // If they recreate the NsdServiceInfo themselves, resolution would be
+                // done on all interfaces as before T, which should also work.
+                info.setNetwork(null);
+                info.setInterfaceIndex(ifaceIdx);
+                break;
+            default:
+                info.setNetwork(new Network(netId));
+        }
+    }
+
+    // The full service name is escaped from standard DNS rules on mdnsresponder, making it suitable
+    // for passing to standard system DNS APIs such as res_query() . Thus, make the service name
+    // unescape for getting right service address. See "Notes on DNS Name Escaping" on
+    // external/mdnsresponder/mDNSShared/dns_sd.h for more details.
+    private String unescape(String s) {
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(s.length());
+        for (int i = 0; i < s.length(); ++i) {
+            char c = s.charAt(i);
+            if (c == '\\') {
+                if (++i >= s.length()) {
+                    Log.e(TAG, "Unexpected end of escape sequence in: " + s);
+                    break;
+                }
+                c = s.charAt(i);
+                if (c != '.' && c != '\\') {
+                    if (i + 2 >= s.length()) {
+                        Log.e(TAG, "Unexpected end of escape sequence in: " + s);
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    c = (char) ((c - '0') * 100 + (s.charAt(i + 1) - '0') * 10
+                            + (s.charAt(i + 2) - '0'));
+                    i += 2;
+                }
+            }
+            sb.append(c);
+        }
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
     @VisibleForTesting
     NsdService(Context ctx, Handler handler, long cleanupDelayMs) {
         mCleanupDelayMs = cleanupDelayMs;
@@ -738,9 +789,8 @@
         String type = service.getServiceType();
         int port = service.getPort();
         byte[] textRecord = service.getTxtRecord();
-        final Network network = service.getNetwork();
-        final int registerInterface = getNetworkInterfaceIndex(network);
-        if (network != null && registerInterface == IFACE_IDX_ANY) {
+        final int registerInterface = getNetworkInterfaceIndex(service);
+        if (service.getNetwork() != null && registerInterface == IFACE_IDX_ANY) {
             Log.e(TAG, "Interface to register service on not found");
             return false;
         }
@@ -752,10 +802,9 @@
     }
 
     private boolean discoverServices(int discoveryId, NsdServiceInfo serviceInfo) {
-        final Network network = serviceInfo.getNetwork();
         final String type = serviceInfo.getServiceType();
-        final int discoverInterface = getNetworkInterfaceIndex(network);
-        if (network != null && discoverInterface == IFACE_IDX_ANY) {
+        final int discoverInterface = getNetworkInterfaceIndex(serviceInfo);
+        if (serviceInfo.getNetwork() != null && discoverInterface == IFACE_IDX_ANY) {
             Log.e(TAG, "Interface to discover service on not found");
             return false;
         }
@@ -769,9 +818,8 @@
     private boolean resolveService(int resolveId, NsdServiceInfo service) {
         final String name = service.getServiceName();
         final String type = service.getServiceType();
-        final Network network = service.getNetwork();
-        final int resolveInterface = getNetworkInterfaceIndex(network);
-        if (network != null && resolveInterface == IFACE_IDX_ANY) {
+        final int resolveInterface = getNetworkInterfaceIndex(service);
+        if (service.getNetwork() != null && resolveInterface == IFACE_IDX_ANY) {
             Log.e(TAG, "Interface to resolve service on not found");
             return false;
         }
@@ -787,8 +835,17 @@
      * this is to support the legacy mdnsresponder implementation, which historically resolved
      * services on an unspecified network.
      */
-    private int getNetworkInterfaceIndex(Network network) {
-        if (network == null) return IFACE_IDX_ANY;
+    private int getNetworkInterfaceIndex(NsdServiceInfo serviceInfo) {
+        final Network network = serviceInfo.getNetwork();
+        if (network == null) {
+            // Fallback to getInterfaceIndex if present (typically if the NsdServiceInfo was
+            // provided by NsdService from discovery results, and the service was found on an
+            // interface that has no app-usable Network).
+            if (serviceInfo.getInterfaceIndex() != 0) {
+                return serviceInfo.getInterfaceIndex();
+            }
+            return IFACE_IDX_ANY;
+        }
 
         final ConnectivityManager cm = mContext.getSystemService(ConnectivityManager.class);
         if (cm == null) {
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetConfigStore.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetConfigStore.java
index 6b623f4..6006539 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetConfigStore.java
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetConfigStore.java
@@ -16,23 +16,37 @@
 
 package com.android.server.ethernet;
 
+import static com.android.net.module.util.DeviceConfigUtils.TETHERING_MODULE_NAME;
+
 import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.content.ApexEnvironment;
 import android.net.IpConfiguration;
 import android.os.Environment;
 import android.util.ArrayMap;
+import android.util.AtomicFile;
+import android.util.Log;
 
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
 import com.android.server.net.IpConfigStore;
 
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
 
 /**
  * This class provides an API to store and manage Ethernet network configuration.
  */
 public class EthernetConfigStore {
-    private static final String ipConfigFile = Environment.getDataDirectory() +
-            "/misc/ethernet/ipconfig.txt";
+    private static final String TAG = EthernetConfigStore.class.getSimpleName();
+    private static final String CONFIG_FILE = "ipconfig.txt";
+    private static final String FILE_PATH = "/misc/ethernet/";
+    private static final String LEGACY_IP_CONFIG_FILE_PATH = Environment.getDataDirectory()
+            + FILE_PATH;
+    private static final String APEX_IP_CONFIG_FILE_PATH = ApexEnvironment.getApexEnvironment(
+            TETHERING_MODULE_NAME).getDeviceProtectedDataDir() + FILE_PATH;
 
     private IpConfigStore mStore = new IpConfigStore();
-    private ArrayMap<String, IpConfiguration> mIpConfigurations;
+    private final ArrayMap<String, IpConfiguration> mIpConfigurations;
     private IpConfiguration mIpConfigurationForDefaultInterface;
     private final Object mSync = new Object();
 
@@ -40,22 +54,70 @@
         mIpConfigurations = new ArrayMap<>(0);
     }
 
-    public void read() {
-        synchronized (mSync) {
-            ArrayMap<String, IpConfiguration> configs =
-                    IpConfigStore.readIpConfigurations(ipConfigFile);
+    private static boolean doesConfigFileExist(final String filepath) {
+        return new File(filepath).exists();
+    }
 
-            // This configuration may exist in old file versions when there was only a single active
-            // Ethernet interface.
-            if (configs.containsKey("0")) {
-                mIpConfigurationForDefaultInterface = configs.remove("0");
+    private void writeLegacyIpConfigToApexPath(final String newFilePath, final String oldFilePath,
+            final String filename) {
+        final File directory = new File(newFilePath);
+        if (!directory.exists()) {
+            directory.mkdirs();
+        }
+
+        // Write the legacy IP config to the apex file path.
+        FileOutputStream fos = null;
+        final AtomicFile dst = new AtomicFile(new File(newFilePath + filename));
+        final AtomicFile src = new AtomicFile(new File(oldFilePath + filename));
+        try {
+            final byte[] raw = src.readFully();
+            if (raw.length > 0) {
+                fos = dst.startWrite();
+                fos.write(raw);
+                fos.flush();
+                dst.finishWrite(fos);
             }
-
-            mIpConfigurations = configs;
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Fail to sync the legacy IP config to the apex file path.");
+            dst.failWrite(fos);
         }
     }
 
+    public void read() {
+        read(APEX_IP_CONFIG_FILE_PATH, LEGACY_IP_CONFIG_FILE_PATH, CONFIG_FILE);
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    void read(final String newFilePath, final String oldFilePath, final String filename) {
+        synchronized (mSync) {
+            // Attempt to read the IP configuration from apex file path first.
+            if (doesConfigFileExist(newFilePath + filename)) {
+                loadConfigFileLocked(newFilePath + filename);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            // If the config file doesn't exist in the apex file path, attempt to read it from
+            // the legacy file path, if config file exists, write the legacy IP configuration to
+            // apex config file path, this should just happen on the first boot. New or updated
+            // config entries are only written to the apex config file later.
+            if (!doesConfigFileExist(oldFilePath + filename)) return;
+            loadConfigFileLocked(oldFilePath + filename);
+            writeLegacyIpConfigToApexPath(newFilePath, oldFilePath, filename);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void loadConfigFileLocked(final String filepath) {
+        final ArrayMap<String, IpConfiguration> configs =
+                IpConfigStore.readIpConfigurations(filepath);
+        mIpConfigurations.putAll(configs);
+    }
+
     public void write(String iface, IpConfiguration config) {
+        write(iface, config, APEX_IP_CONFIG_FILE_PATH + CONFIG_FILE);
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    void write(String iface, IpConfiguration config, String filepath) {
         boolean modified;
 
         synchronized (mSync) {
@@ -67,7 +129,7 @@
             }
 
             if (modified) {
-                mStore.writeIpConfigurations(ipConfigFile, mIpConfigurations);
+                mStore.writeIpConfigurations(filepath, mIpConfigurations);
             }
         }
     }
@@ -80,9 +142,6 @@
 
     @Nullable
     public IpConfiguration getIpConfigurationForDefaultInterface() {
-        synchronized (mSync) {
-            return mIpConfigurationForDefaultInterface == null
-                    ? null : new IpConfiguration(mIpConfigurationForDefaultInterface);
-        }
+        return null;
     }
 }
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetNetworkFactory.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetNetworkFactory.java
index 09782fd..79802fb 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetNetworkFactory.java
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetNetworkFactory.java
@@ -31,10 +31,9 @@
 import android.net.LinkProperties;
 import android.net.NetworkAgentConfig;
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
-import android.net.NetworkFactory;
 import android.net.NetworkProvider;
 import android.net.NetworkRequest;
-import android.net.NetworkSpecifier;
+import android.net.NetworkScore;
 import android.net.ip.IIpClient;
 import android.net.ip.IpClientCallbacks;
 import android.net.ip.IpClientManager;
@@ -46,6 +45,7 @@
 import android.os.RemoteException;
 import android.text.TextUtils;
 import android.util.AndroidRuntimeException;
+import android.util.ArraySet;
 import android.util.Log;
 import android.util.SparseArray;
 
@@ -56,25 +56,23 @@
 
 import java.io.FileDescriptor;
 import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Set;
 import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
 
 /**
- * {@link NetworkFactory} that represents Ethernet networks.
- *
- * This class reports a static network score of 70 when it is tracking an interface and that
- * interface's link is up, and a score of 0 otherwise.
+ * {@link NetworkProvider} that manages NetworkOffers for Ethernet networks.
  */
-public class EthernetNetworkFactory extends NetworkFactory {
+public class EthernetNetworkFactory {
     private final static String TAG = EthernetNetworkFactory.class.getSimpleName();
     final static boolean DBG = true;
 
-    private final static int NETWORK_SCORE = 70;
     private static final String NETWORK_TYPE = "Ethernet";
 
     private final ConcurrentHashMap<String, NetworkInterfaceState> mTrackingInterfaces =
             new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
     private final Handler mHandler;
     private final Context mContext;
+    private final NetworkProvider mProvider;
     final Dependencies mDeps;
 
     public static class Dependencies {
@@ -109,54 +107,24 @@
     }
 
     public EthernetNetworkFactory(Handler handler, Context context) {
-        this(handler, context, new Dependencies());
+        this(handler, context, new NetworkProvider(context, handler.getLooper(), TAG),
+            new Dependencies());
     }
 
     @VisibleForTesting
-    EthernetNetworkFactory(Handler handler, Context context, Dependencies deps) {
-        super(handler.getLooper(), context, NETWORK_TYPE, createDefaultNetworkCapabilities());
-
+    EthernetNetworkFactory(Handler handler, Context context, NetworkProvider provider,
+            Dependencies deps) {
         mHandler = handler;
         mContext = context;
+        mProvider = provider;
         mDeps = deps;
-
-        setScoreFilter(NETWORK_SCORE);
     }
 
-    @Override
-    public boolean acceptRequest(NetworkRequest request) {
-        if (DBG) {
-            Log.d(TAG, "acceptRequest, request: " + request);
-        }
-
-        return networkForRequest(request) != null;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    protected void needNetworkFor(NetworkRequest networkRequest) {
-        NetworkInterfaceState network = networkForRequest(networkRequest);
-
-        if (network == null) {
-            Log.e(TAG, "needNetworkFor, failed to get a network for " + networkRequest);
-            return;
-        }
-
-        if (++network.refCount == 1) {
-            network.start();
-        }
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    protected void releaseNetworkFor(NetworkRequest networkRequest) {
-        NetworkInterfaceState network = networkForRequest(networkRequest);
-        if (network == null) {
-            Log.e(TAG, "releaseNetworkFor, failed to get a network for " + networkRequest);
-            return;
-        }
-
-        if (--network.refCount == 0) {
-            network.stop();
-        }
+    /**
+     * Registers the network provider with the system.
+     */
+    public void register() {
+        mContext.getSystemService(ConnectivityManager.class).registerNetworkProvider(mProvider);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -194,9 +162,8 @@
         }
 
         final NetworkInterfaceState iface = new NetworkInterfaceState(
-                ifaceName, hwAddress, mHandler, mContext, ipConfig, nc, getProvider(), mDeps);
+                ifaceName, hwAddress, mHandler, mContext, ipConfig, nc, mProvider, mDeps);
         mTrackingInterfaces.put(ifaceName, iface);
-        updateCapabilityFilter();
     }
 
     @VisibleForTesting
@@ -237,7 +204,6 @@
         final NetworkInterfaceState iface = mTrackingInterfaces.get(ifaceName);
         iface.updateInterface(ipConfig, capabilities, listener);
         mTrackingInterfaces.put(ifaceName, iface);
-        updateCapabilityFilter();
     }
 
     private static NetworkCapabilities mixInCapabilities(NetworkCapabilities nc,
@@ -248,16 +214,6 @@
        return builder.build();
     }
 
-    private void updateCapabilityFilter() {
-        NetworkCapabilities capabilitiesFilter = createDefaultNetworkCapabilities();
-        for (NetworkInterfaceState iface:  mTrackingInterfaces.values()) {
-            capabilitiesFilter = mixInCapabilities(capabilitiesFilter, iface.mCapabilities);
-        }
-
-        if (DBG) Log.d(TAG, "updateCapabilityFilter: " + capabilitiesFilter);
-        setCapabilityFilter(capabilitiesFilter);
-    }
-
     private static NetworkCapabilities createDefaultNetworkCapabilities() {
         return NetworkCapabilities.Builder
                 .withoutDefaultCapabilities()
@@ -268,11 +224,8 @@
     protected void removeInterface(String interfaceName) {
         NetworkInterfaceState iface = mTrackingInterfaces.remove(interfaceName);
         if (iface != null) {
-            iface.maybeSendNetworkManagementCallbackForAbort();
-            iface.stop();
+            iface.destroy();
         }
-
-        updateCapabilityFilter();
     }
 
     /** Returns true if state has been modified */
@@ -304,37 +257,6 @@
         return mTrackingInterfaces.containsKey(ifaceName);
     }
 
-    private NetworkInterfaceState networkForRequest(NetworkRequest request) {
-        String requestedIface = null;
-
-        NetworkSpecifier specifier = request.getNetworkSpecifier();
-        if (specifier instanceof EthernetNetworkSpecifier) {
-            requestedIface = ((EthernetNetworkSpecifier) specifier)
-                .getInterfaceName();
-        }
-
-        NetworkInterfaceState network = null;
-        if (!TextUtils.isEmpty(requestedIface)) {
-            NetworkInterfaceState n = mTrackingInterfaces.get(requestedIface);
-            if (n != null && request.canBeSatisfiedBy(n.mCapabilities)) {
-                network = n;
-            }
-        } else {
-            for (NetworkInterfaceState n : mTrackingInterfaces.values()) {
-                if (request.canBeSatisfiedBy(n.mCapabilities) && n.mLinkUp) {
-                    network = n;
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        if (DBG) {
-            Log.i(TAG, "networkForRequest, request: " + request + ", network: " + network);
-        }
-
-        return network;
-    }
-
     private static void maybeSendNetworkManagementCallback(
             @Nullable final INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver listener,
             @Nullable final String iface,
@@ -363,12 +285,14 @@
         private final Context mContext;
         private final NetworkProvider mNetworkProvider;
         private final Dependencies mDeps;
+        private final NetworkProvider.NetworkOfferCallback mNetworkOfferCallback;
 
         private static String sTcpBufferSizes = null;  // Lazy initialized.
 
         private boolean mLinkUp;
         private int mLegacyType;
         private LinkProperties mLinkProperties = new LinkProperties();
+        private Set<NetworkRequest> mRequests = new ArraySet<>();
 
         private volatile @Nullable IpClientManager mIpClient;
         private @NonNull NetworkCapabilities mCapabilities;
@@ -397,8 +321,6 @@
                     ConnectivityManager.TYPE_NONE);
         }
 
-        long refCount = 0;
-
         private class EthernetIpClientCallback extends IpClientCallbacks {
             private final ConditionVariable mIpClientStartCv = new ConditionVariable(false);
             private final ConditionVariable mIpClientShutdownCv = new ConditionVariable(false);
@@ -469,6 +391,35 @@
             }
         }
 
+        private class EthernetNetworkOfferCallback implements NetworkProvider.NetworkOfferCallback {
+            @Override
+            public void onNetworkNeeded(@NonNull NetworkRequest request) {
+                if (DBG) {
+                    Log.d(TAG, String.format("%s: onNetworkNeeded for request: %s", name, request));
+                }
+                // When the network offer is first registered, onNetworkNeeded is called with all
+                // existing requests.
+                // ConnectivityService filters requests for us based on the NetworkCapabilities
+                // passed in the registerNetworkOffer() call.
+                mRequests.add(request);
+                // if the network is already started, this is a no-op.
+                start();
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public void onNetworkUnneeded(@NonNull NetworkRequest request) {
+                if (DBG) {
+                    Log.d(TAG,
+                            String.format("%s: onNetworkUnneeded for request: %s", name, request));
+                }
+                mRequests.remove(request);
+                if (mRequests.isEmpty()) {
+                    // not currently serving any requests, stop the network.
+                    stop();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
         NetworkInterfaceState(String ifaceName, String hwAddress, Handler handler, Context context,
                 @NonNull IpConfiguration ipConfig, @NonNull NetworkCapabilities capabilities,
                 NetworkProvider networkProvider, Dependencies deps) {
@@ -480,6 +431,7 @@
             mContext = context;
             mNetworkProvider = networkProvider;
             mDeps = deps;
+            mNetworkOfferCallback = new EthernetNetworkOfferCallback();
             mHwAddress = hwAddress;
         }
 
@@ -502,9 +454,21 @@
                     + "transport type.");
         }
 
+        private static NetworkScore getBestNetworkScore() {
+            return new NetworkScore.Builder().build();
+        }
+
         private void setCapabilities(@NonNull final NetworkCapabilities capabilities) {
             mCapabilities = new NetworkCapabilities(capabilities);
             mLegacyType = getLegacyType(mCapabilities);
+
+            if (mLinkUp) {
+                // registering a new network offer will update the existing one, not install a
+                // new one.
+                mNetworkProvider.registerNetworkOffer(getBestNetworkScore(),
+                        new NetworkCapabilities(capabilities), cmd -> mHandler.post(cmd),
+                        mNetworkOfferCallback);
+            }
         }
 
         void updateInterface(@Nullable final IpConfiguration ipConfig,
@@ -666,20 +630,21 @@
             mLinkUp = up;
 
             if (!up) { // was up, goes down
-                // Send an abort on a provisioning request callback if necessary before stopping.
-                maybeSendNetworkManagementCallbackForAbort();
-                stop();
+                // retract network offer and stop IpClient.
+                destroy();
                 // If only setting the interface down, send a callback to signal completion.
                 EthernetNetworkFactory.maybeSendNetworkManagementCallback(listener, name, null);
             } else { // was down, goes up
-                stop();
-                start(listener);
+                // register network offer
+                mNetworkProvider.registerNetworkOffer(getBestNetworkScore(),
+                        new NetworkCapabilities(mCapabilities), (cmd) -> mHandler.post(cmd),
+                        mNetworkOfferCallback);
             }
 
             return true;
         }
 
-        void stop() {
+        private void stop() {
             // Invalidate all previous start requests
             if (mIpClient != null) {
                 mIpClient.shutdown();
@@ -695,6 +660,13 @@
             mLinkProperties.clear();
         }
 
+        public void destroy() {
+            mNetworkProvider.unregisterNetworkOffer(mNetworkOfferCallback);
+            maybeSendNetworkManagementCallbackForAbort();
+            stop();
+            mRequests.clear();
+        }
+
         private static void provisionIpClient(@NonNull final IpClientManager ipClient,
                 @NonNull final IpConfiguration config, @NonNull final String tcpBufferSizes) {
             if (config.getProxySettings() == ProxySettings.STATIC ||
@@ -734,7 +706,6 @@
         @Override
         public String toString() {
             return getClass().getSimpleName() + "{ "
-                    + "refCount: " + refCount + ", "
                     + "iface: " + name + ", "
                     + "up: " + mLinkUp + ", "
                     + "hwAddress: " + mHwAddress + ", "
@@ -747,7 +718,6 @@
     }
 
     void dump(FileDescriptor fd, IndentingPrintWriter pw, String[] args) {
-        super.dump(fd, pw, args);
         pw.println(getClass().getSimpleName());
         pw.println("Tracking interfaces:");
         pw.increaseIndent();
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetServiceImpl.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetServiceImpl.java
index 5e830ad..71d3e4f 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetServiceImpl.java
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetServiceImpl.java
@@ -22,11 +22,11 @@
 import android.annotation.Nullable;
 import android.content.Context;
 import android.content.pm.PackageManager;
+import android.net.EthernetNetworkUpdateRequest;
 import android.net.IEthernetManager;
 import android.net.IEthernetServiceListener;
 import android.net.INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver;
 import android.net.ITetheredInterfaceCallback;
-import android.net.EthernetNetworkUpdateRequest;
 import android.net.IpConfiguration;
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
 import android.os.Binder;
@@ -260,27 +260,27 @@
     }
 
     @Override
-    public void connectNetwork(@NonNull final String iface,
+    public void enableInterface(@NonNull final String iface,
             @Nullable final INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver listener) {
-        Log.i(TAG, "connectNetwork called with: iface=" + iface + ", listener=" + listener);
+        Log.i(TAG, "enableInterface called with: iface=" + iface + ", listener=" + listener);
         Objects.requireNonNull(iface);
         throwIfEthernetNotStarted();
 
-        enforceAdminPermission(iface, true, "connectNetwork()");
+        enforceAdminPermission(iface, false, "enableInterface()");
 
-        mTracker.connectNetwork(iface, listener);
+        mTracker.enableInterface(iface, listener);
     }
 
     @Override
-    public void disconnectNetwork(@NonNull final String iface,
+    public void disableInterface(@NonNull final String iface,
             @Nullable final INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver listener) {
-        Log.i(TAG, "disconnectNetwork called with: iface=" + iface + ", listener=" + listener);
+        Log.i(TAG, "disableInterface called with: iface=" + iface + ", listener=" + listener);
         Objects.requireNonNull(iface);
         throwIfEthernetNotStarted();
 
-        enforceAdminPermission(iface, true, "connectNetwork()");
+        enforceAdminPermission(iface, false, "disableInterface()");
 
-        mTracker.disconnectNetwork(iface, listener);
+        mTracker.disableInterface(iface, listener);
     }
 
     @Override
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetTracker.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetTracker.java
index e9053dd..c8a0412 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetTracker.java
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetTracker.java
@@ -285,13 +285,13 @@
     }
 
     @VisibleForTesting(visibility = PACKAGE)
-    protected void connectNetwork(@NonNull final String iface,
+    protected void enableInterface(@NonNull final String iface,
             @Nullable final INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver listener) {
         mHandler.post(() -> updateInterfaceState(iface, true, listener));
     }
 
     @VisibleForTesting(visibility = PACKAGE)
-    protected void disconnectNetwork(@NonNull final String iface,
+    protected void disableInterface(@NonNull final String iface,
             @Nullable final INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver listener) {
         mHandler.post(() -> updateInterfaceState(iface, false, listener));
     }
@@ -586,14 +586,18 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private class InterfaceObserver extends BaseNetdUnsolicitedEventListener {
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    class InterfaceObserver extends BaseNetdUnsolicitedEventListener {
 
         @Override
         public void onInterfaceLinkStateChanged(String iface, boolean up) {
             if (DBG) {
                 Log.i(TAG, "interfaceLinkStateChanged, iface: " + iface + ", up: " + up);
             }
-            mHandler.post(() -> updateInterfaceState(iface, up));
+            mHandler.post(() -> {
+                if (mEthernetState == ETHERNET_STATE_DISABLED) return;
+                updateInterfaceState(iface, up);
+            });
         }
 
         @Override
@@ -601,7 +605,10 @@
             if (DBG) {
                 Log.i(TAG, "onInterfaceAdded, iface: " + iface);
             }
-            mHandler.post(() -> maybeTrackInterface(iface));
+            mHandler.post(() -> {
+                if (mEthernetState == ETHERNET_STATE_DISABLED) return;
+                maybeTrackInterface(iface);
+            });
         }
 
         @Override
@@ -609,7 +616,10 @@
             if (DBG) {
                 Log.i(TAG, "onInterfaceRemoved, iface: " + iface);
             }
-            mHandler.post(() -> stopTrackingInterface(iface));
+            mHandler.post(() -> {
+                if (mEthernetState == ETHERNET_STATE_DISABLED) return;
+                stopTrackingInterface(iface);
+            });
         }
     }
 
@@ -888,6 +898,8 @@
     void dump(FileDescriptor fd, IndentingPrintWriter pw, String[] args) {
         postAndWaitForRunnable(() -> {
             pw.println(getClass().getSimpleName());
+            pw.println("Ethernet State: "
+                    + (mEthernetState == ETHERNET_STATE_ENABLED ? "enabled" : "disabled"));
             pw.println("Ethernet interface name filter: " + mIfaceMatch);
             pw.println("Default interface: " + mDefaultInterface);
             pw.println("Default interface mode: " + mDefaultInterfaceMode);
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/BpfInterfaceMapUpdater.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/BpfInterfaceMapUpdater.java
index 5011dec..3b44d81 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/BpfInterfaceMapUpdater.java
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/BpfInterfaceMapUpdater.java
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
     private static final String TAG = BpfInterfaceMapUpdater.class.getSimpleName();
     // This is current path but may be changed soon.
     private static final String IFACE_INDEX_NAME_MAP_PATH =
-            "/sys/fs/bpf/net_shared/map_netd_iface_index_name_map";
+            "/sys/fs/bpf/netd_shared/map_netd_iface_index_name_map";
     private final IBpfMap<U32, InterfaceMapValue> mBpfMap;
     private final INetd mNetd;
     private final Handler mHandler;
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsObservers.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsObservers.java
index df4e7f5..1cd670a 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsObservers.java
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsObservers.java
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@
 
         if (LOG) Log.d(TAG, "Unregistering " + requestInfo);
         mDataUsageRequests.remove(request.requestId);
-        mDataUsageRequestsPerUid.decrementCountOrThrow(callingUid);
+        mDataUsageRequestsPerUid.decrementCountOrThrow(requestInfo.mCallingUid);
         requestInfo.unlinkDeathRecipient();
         requestInfo.callCallback(NetworkStatsManager.CALLBACK_RELEASED);
     }
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsRecorder.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsRecorder.java
index 6f070d7..d73e342 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsRecorder.java
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsRecorder.java
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 import static android.net.TrafficStats.MB_IN_BYTES;
 import static android.text.format.DateUtils.YEAR_IN_MILLIS;
 
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
 import android.net.NetworkIdentitySet;
 import android.net.NetworkStats;
 import android.net.NetworkStats.NonMonotonicObserver;
@@ -68,7 +69,7 @@
 
     private static final String TAG_NETSTATS_DUMP = "netstats_dump";
 
-    /** Dump before deleting in {@link #recoverFromWtf()}. */
+    /** Dump before deleting in {@link #recoverAndDeleteData()}. */
     private static final boolean DUMP_BEFORE_DELETE = true;
 
     private final FileRotator mRotator;
@@ -156,6 +157,15 @@
         return mSinceBoot;
     }
 
+    public long getBucketDuration() {
+        return mBucketDuration;
+    }
+
+    @NonNull
+    public String getCookie() {
+        return mCookie;
+    }
+
     /**
      * Load complete history represented by {@link FileRotator}. Caches
      * internally as a {@link WeakReference}, and updated with future
@@ -189,10 +199,10 @@
             res.recordCollection(mPending);
         } catch (IOException e) {
             Log.wtf(TAG, "problem completely reading network stats", e);
-            recoverFromWtf();
+            recoverAndDeleteData();
         } catch (OutOfMemoryError e) {
             Log.wtf(TAG, "problem completely reading network stats", e);
-            recoverFromWtf();
+            recoverAndDeleteData();
         }
         return res;
     }
@@ -300,10 +310,10 @@
                 mPending.reset();
             } catch (IOException e) {
                 Log.wtf(TAG, "problem persisting pending stats", e);
-                recoverFromWtf();
+                recoverAndDeleteData();
             } catch (OutOfMemoryError e) {
                 Log.wtf(TAG, "problem persisting pending stats", e);
-                recoverFromWtf();
+                recoverAndDeleteData();
             }
         }
     }
@@ -319,10 +329,10 @@
                 mRotator.rewriteAll(new RemoveUidRewriter(mBucketDuration, uids));
             } catch (IOException e) {
                 Log.wtf(TAG, "problem removing UIDs " + Arrays.toString(uids), e);
-                recoverFromWtf();
+                recoverAndDeleteData();
             } catch (OutOfMemoryError e) {
                 Log.wtf(TAG, "problem removing UIDs " + Arrays.toString(uids), e);
-                recoverFromWtf();
+                recoverAndDeleteData();
             }
         }
 
@@ -347,8 +357,7 @@
 
     /**
      * Rewriter that will combine current {@link NetworkStatsCollection} values
-     * with anything read from disk, and write combined set to disk. Clears the
-     * original {@link NetworkStatsCollection} when finished writing.
+     * with anything read from disk, and write combined set to disk.
      */
     private static class CombiningRewriter implements FileRotator.Rewriter {
         private final NetworkStatsCollection mCollection;
@@ -375,7 +384,6 @@
         @Override
         public void write(OutputStream out) throws IOException {
             mCollection.write(out);
-            mCollection.reset();
         }
     }
 
@@ -456,6 +464,23 @@
     }
 
     /**
+     * Import a specified {@link NetworkStatsCollection} instance into this recorder,
+     * and write it into a standalone file.
+     * @param collection The target {@link NetworkStatsCollection} instance to be imported.
+     */
+    public void importCollectionLocked(@NonNull NetworkStatsCollection collection)
+            throws IOException {
+        if (mRotator != null) {
+            mRotator.rewriteSingle(new CombiningRewriter(collection), collection.getStartMillis(),
+                    collection.getEndMillis());
+        }
+
+        if (mComplete != null) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("cannot import data when data already loaded");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
      * Rewriter that will remove any histories or persisted data points before the
      * specified cutoff time, only writing data back when modified.
      */
@@ -501,10 +526,10 @@
                         mBucketDuration, cutoffMillis));
             } catch (IOException e) {
                 Log.wtf(TAG, "problem importing netstats", e);
-                recoverFromWtf();
+                recoverAndDeleteData();
             } catch (OutOfMemoryError e) {
                 Log.wtf(TAG, "problem importing netstats", e);
-                recoverFromWtf();
+                recoverAndDeleteData();
             }
         }
 
@@ -555,7 +580,7 @@
      * Recover from {@link FileRotator} failure by dumping state to
      * {@link DropBoxManager} and deleting contents.
      */
-    private void recoverFromWtf() {
+    void recoverAndDeleteData() {
         if (DUMP_BEFORE_DELETE) {
             final ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
             try {
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsService.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsService.java
index b2d8b5e..63e6501 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsService.java
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsService.java
@@ -67,6 +67,7 @@
 import android.app.AlarmManager;
 import android.app.PendingIntent;
 import android.app.usage.NetworkStatsManager;
+import android.content.ApexEnvironment;
 import android.content.BroadcastReceiver;
 import android.content.ContentResolver;
 import android.content.Context;
@@ -75,6 +76,7 @@
 import android.content.pm.ApplicationInfo;
 import android.content.pm.PackageManager;
 import android.database.ContentObserver;
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
 import android.net.DataUsageRequest;
 import android.net.INetd;
 import android.net.INetworkStatsService;
@@ -100,6 +102,7 @@
 import android.net.UnderlyingNetworkInfo;
 import android.net.Uri;
 import android.net.netstats.IUsageCallback;
+import android.net.netstats.NetworkStatsDataMigrationUtils;
 import android.net.netstats.provider.INetworkStatsProvider;
 import android.net.netstats.provider.INetworkStatsProviderCallback;
 import android.net.netstats.provider.NetworkStatsProvider;
@@ -118,6 +121,7 @@
 import android.os.SystemClock;
 import android.os.Trace;
 import android.os.UserHandle;
+import android.provider.DeviceConfig;
 import android.provider.Settings;
 import android.provider.Settings.Global;
 import android.service.NetworkInterfaceProto;
@@ -143,6 +147,7 @@
 import com.android.net.module.util.BinderUtils;
 import com.android.net.module.util.BpfMap;
 import com.android.net.module.util.CollectionUtils;
+import com.android.net.module.util.DeviceConfigUtils;
 import com.android.net.module.util.IBpfMap;
 import com.android.net.module.util.LocationPermissionChecker;
 import com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStatsUtils;
@@ -155,7 +160,9 @@
 import java.io.FileOutputStream;
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.io.PrintWriter;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
 import java.time.Clock;
+import java.time.Instant;
 import java.time.ZoneOffset;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Arrays;
@@ -222,15 +229,31 @@
             "netstats_combine_subtype_enabled";
 
     private static final String UID_COUNTERSET_MAP_PATH =
-            "/sys/fs/bpf/net_shared/map_netd_uid_counterset_map";
+            "/sys/fs/bpf/netd_shared/map_netd_uid_counterset_map";
     private static final String COOKIE_TAG_MAP_PATH =
-            "/sys/fs/bpf/net_shared/map_netd_cookie_tag_map";
+            "/sys/fs/bpf/netd_shared/map_netd_cookie_tag_map";
     private static final String APP_UID_STATS_MAP_PATH =
-            "/sys/fs/bpf/net_shared/map_netd_app_uid_stats_map";
+            "/sys/fs/bpf/netd_shared/map_netd_app_uid_stats_map";
     private static final String STATS_MAP_A_PATH =
-            "/sys/fs/bpf/net_shared/map_netd_stats_map_A";
+            "/sys/fs/bpf/netd_shared/map_netd_stats_map_A";
     private static final String STATS_MAP_B_PATH =
-            "/sys/fs/bpf/net_shared/map_netd_stats_map_B";
+            "/sys/fs/bpf/netd_shared/map_netd_stats_map_B";
+
+    /**
+     * DeviceConfig flag used to indicate whether the files should be stored in the apex data
+     * directory.
+     */
+    static final String NETSTATS_STORE_FILES_IN_APEXDATA = "netstats_store_files_in_apexdata";
+    /**
+     * DeviceConfig flag is used to indicate whether the legacy files need to be imported, and
+     * retry count before giving up. Only valid when {@link #NETSTATS_STORE_FILES_IN_APEXDATA}
+     * set to true. Note that the value gets rollback when the mainline module gets rollback.
+     */
+    static final String NETSTATS_IMPORT_LEGACY_TARGET_ATTEMPTS =
+            "netstats_import_legacy_target_attempts";
+    static final int DEFAULT_NETSTATS_IMPORT_LEGACY_TARGET_ATTEMPTS = 1;
+    static final String NETSTATS_IMPORT_ATTEMPTS_COUNTER_NAME = "import.attempts";
+    static final String NETSTATS_IMPORT_SUCCESS_COUNTER_NAME = "import.successes";
 
     private final Context mContext;
     private final NetworkStatsFactory mStatsFactory;
@@ -239,8 +262,7 @@
     private final NetworkStatsSettings mSettings;
     private final NetworkStatsObservers mStatsObservers;
 
-    private final File mSystemDir;
-    private final File mBaseDir;
+    private final File mStatsDir;
 
     private final PowerManager.WakeLock mWakeLock;
 
@@ -250,6 +272,12 @@
     protected INetd mNetd;
     private final AlertObserver mAlertObserver = new AlertObserver();
 
+    // Persistent counters that backed by AtomicFile which stored in the data directory as a file,
+    // to track attempts/successes count across reboot. Note that these counter values will be
+    // rollback as the module rollbacks.
+    private PersistentInt mImportLegacyAttemptsCounter = null;
+    private PersistentInt mImportLegacySuccessesCounter = null;
+
     @VisibleForTesting
     public static final String ACTION_NETWORK_STATS_POLL =
             "com.android.server.action.NETWORK_STATS_POLL";
@@ -405,16 +433,6 @@
     @NonNull
     private final BpfInterfaceMapUpdater mInterfaceMapUpdater;
 
-    private static @NonNull File getDefaultSystemDir() {
-        return new File(Environment.getDataDirectory(), "system");
-    }
-
-    private static @NonNull File getDefaultBaseDir() {
-        File baseDir = new File(getDefaultSystemDir(), "netstats");
-        baseDir.mkdirs();
-        return baseDir;
-    }
-
     private static @NonNull Clock getDefaultClock() {
         return new BestClock(ZoneOffset.UTC, SystemClock.currentNetworkTimeClock(),
                 Clock.systemUTC());
@@ -506,8 +524,7 @@
                 INetd.Stub.asInterface((IBinder) context.getSystemService(Context.NETD_SERVICE)),
                 alarmManager, wakeLock, getDefaultClock(),
                 new DefaultNetworkStatsSettings(), new NetworkStatsFactory(context),
-                new NetworkStatsObservers(), getDefaultSystemDir(), getDefaultBaseDir(),
-                new Dependencies());
+                new NetworkStatsObservers(), new Dependencies());
 
         return service;
     }
@@ -517,8 +534,8 @@
     @VisibleForTesting
     NetworkStatsService(Context context, INetd netd, AlarmManager alarmManager,
             PowerManager.WakeLock wakeLock, Clock clock, NetworkStatsSettings settings,
-            NetworkStatsFactory factory, NetworkStatsObservers statsObservers, File systemDir,
-            File baseDir, @NonNull Dependencies deps) {
+            NetworkStatsFactory factory, NetworkStatsObservers statsObservers,
+            @NonNull Dependencies deps) {
         mContext = Objects.requireNonNull(context, "missing Context");
         mNetd = Objects.requireNonNull(netd, "missing Netd");
         mAlarmManager = Objects.requireNonNull(alarmManager, "missing AlarmManager");
@@ -527,9 +544,11 @@
         mWakeLock = Objects.requireNonNull(wakeLock, "missing WakeLock");
         mStatsFactory = Objects.requireNonNull(factory, "missing factory");
         mStatsObservers = Objects.requireNonNull(statsObservers, "missing NetworkStatsObservers");
-        mSystemDir = Objects.requireNonNull(systemDir, "missing systemDir");
-        mBaseDir = Objects.requireNonNull(baseDir, "missing baseDir");
         mDeps = Objects.requireNonNull(deps, "missing Dependencies");
+        mStatsDir = mDeps.getOrCreateStatsDir();
+        if (!mStatsDir.exists()) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Persist data directory does not exist: " + mStatsDir);
+        }
 
         final HandlerThread handlerThread = mDeps.makeHandlerThread();
         handlerThread.start();
@@ -556,6 +575,87 @@
     @VisibleForTesting
     public static class Dependencies {
         /**
+         * Get legacy platform stats directory.
+         */
+        @NonNull
+        public File getLegacyStatsDir() {
+            final File systemDataDir = new File(Environment.getDataDirectory(), "system");
+            return new File(systemDataDir, "netstats");
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Get or create the directory that stores the persisted data usage.
+         */
+        @NonNull
+        public File getOrCreateStatsDir() {
+            final boolean storeInApexDataDir = getStoreFilesInApexData();
+
+            final File statsDataDir;
+            if (storeInApexDataDir) {
+                final File apexDataDir = ApexEnvironment
+                        .getApexEnvironment(DeviceConfigUtils.TETHERING_MODULE_NAME)
+                        .getDeviceProtectedDataDir();
+                statsDataDir = new File(apexDataDir, "netstats");
+
+            } else {
+                statsDataDir = getLegacyStatsDir();
+            }
+
+            if (statsDataDir.exists() || statsDataDir.mkdirs()) {
+                return statsDataDir;
+            }
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot write into stats data directory: "
+                    + statsDataDir);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Get the count of import legacy target attempts.
+         */
+        public int getImportLegacyTargetAttempts() {
+            return DeviceConfigUtils.getDeviceConfigPropertyInt(
+                    DeviceConfig.NAMESPACE_TETHERING,
+                    NETSTATS_IMPORT_LEGACY_TARGET_ATTEMPTS,
+                    DEFAULT_NETSTATS_IMPORT_LEGACY_TARGET_ATTEMPTS);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Create the persistent counter that counts total import legacy stats attempts.
+         */
+        public PersistentInt createImportLegacyAttemptsCounter(@NonNull Path path)
+                throws IOException {
+            // TODO: Modify PersistentInt to call setStartTime every time a write is made.
+            //  Create and pass a real logger here.
+            return new PersistentInt(path.toString(), null /* logger */);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Create the persistent counter that counts total import legacy stats successes.
+         */
+        public PersistentInt createImportLegacySuccessesCounter(@NonNull Path path)
+                throws IOException {
+            return new PersistentInt(path.toString(), null /* logger */);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Get the flag of storing files in the apex data directory.
+         * @return whether to store files in the apex data directory.
+         */
+        public boolean getStoreFilesInApexData() {
+            return DeviceConfigUtils.getDeviceConfigPropertyBoolean(
+                    DeviceConfig.NAMESPACE_TETHERING,
+                    NETSTATS_STORE_FILES_IN_APEXDATA, true);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Read legacy persisted network stats from disk.
+         */
+        @NonNull
+        public NetworkStatsCollection readPlatformCollection(
+                @NonNull String prefix, long bucketDuration) throws IOException {
+            return NetworkStatsDataMigrationUtils.readPlatformCollection(prefix, bucketDuration);
+        }
+
+        /**
          * Create a HandlerThread to use in NetworkStatsService.
          */
         @NonNull
@@ -690,14 +790,15 @@
             mSystemReady = true;
 
             // create data recorders along with historical rotators
-            mDevRecorder = buildRecorder(PREFIX_DEV, mSettings.getDevConfig(), false);
-            mXtRecorder = buildRecorder(PREFIX_XT, mSettings.getXtConfig(), false);
-            mUidRecorder = buildRecorder(PREFIX_UID, mSettings.getUidConfig(), false);
-            mUidTagRecorder = buildRecorder(PREFIX_UID_TAG, mSettings.getUidTagConfig(), true);
+            mDevRecorder = buildRecorder(PREFIX_DEV, mSettings.getDevConfig(), false, mStatsDir);
+            mXtRecorder = buildRecorder(PREFIX_XT, mSettings.getXtConfig(), false, mStatsDir);
+            mUidRecorder = buildRecorder(PREFIX_UID, mSettings.getUidConfig(), false, mStatsDir);
+            mUidTagRecorder = buildRecorder(PREFIX_UID_TAG, mSettings.getUidTagConfig(), true,
+                    mStatsDir);
 
             updatePersistThresholdsLocked();
 
-            // upgrade any legacy stats, migrating them to rotated files
+            // upgrade any legacy stats
             maybeUpgradeLegacyStatsLocked();
 
             // read historical network stats from disk, since policy service
@@ -757,11 +858,12 @@
     }
 
     private NetworkStatsRecorder buildRecorder(
-            String prefix, NetworkStatsSettings.Config config, boolean includeTags) {
+            String prefix, NetworkStatsSettings.Config config, boolean includeTags,
+            File baseDir) {
         final DropBoxManager dropBox = (DropBoxManager) mContext.getSystemService(
                 Context.DROPBOX_SERVICE);
         return new NetworkStatsRecorder(new FileRotator(
-                mBaseDir, prefix, config.rotateAgeMillis, config.deleteAgeMillis),
+                baseDir, prefix, config.rotateAgeMillis, config.deleteAgeMillis),
                 mNonMonotonicObserver, dropBox, prefix, config.bucketDuration, includeTags);
     }
 
@@ -791,32 +893,285 @@
         mSystemReady = false;
     }
 
+    private static class MigrationInfo {
+        public final NetworkStatsRecorder recorder;
+        public NetworkStatsCollection collection;
+        public boolean imported;
+        MigrationInfo(@NonNull final NetworkStatsRecorder recorder) {
+            this.recorder = recorder;
+            collection = null;
+            imported = false;
+        }
+    }
+
     @GuardedBy("mStatsLock")
     private void maybeUpgradeLegacyStatsLocked() {
-        File file;
-        try {
-            file = new File(mSystemDir, "netstats.bin");
-            if (file.exists()) {
-                mDevRecorder.importLegacyNetworkLocked(file);
-                file.delete();
-            }
-
-            file = new File(mSystemDir, "netstats_xt.bin");
-            if (file.exists()) {
-                file.delete();
-            }
-
-            file = new File(mSystemDir, "netstats_uid.bin");
-            if (file.exists()) {
-                mUidRecorder.importLegacyUidLocked(file);
-                mUidTagRecorder.importLegacyUidLocked(file);
-                file.delete();
-            }
-        } catch (IOException e) {
-            Log.wtf(TAG, "problem during legacy upgrade", e);
-        } catch (OutOfMemoryError e) {
-            Log.wtf(TAG, "problem during legacy upgrade", e);
+        final boolean storeFilesInApexData = mDeps.getStoreFilesInApexData();
+        if (!storeFilesInApexData) {
+            return;
         }
+        try {
+            mImportLegacyAttemptsCounter = mDeps.createImportLegacyAttemptsCounter(
+                    mStatsDir.toPath().resolve(NETSTATS_IMPORT_ATTEMPTS_COUNTER_NAME));
+            mImportLegacySuccessesCounter = mDeps.createImportLegacySuccessesCounter(
+                    mStatsDir.toPath().resolve(NETSTATS_IMPORT_SUCCESS_COUNTER_NAME));
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            Log.wtf(TAG, "Failed to create persistent counters, skip.", e);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final int targetAttempts = mDeps.getImportLegacyTargetAttempts();
+        final int attempts;
+        try {
+            attempts = mImportLegacyAttemptsCounter.get();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            Log.wtf(TAG, "Failed to read attempts counter, skip.", e);
+            return;
+        }
+        if (attempts >= targetAttempts) return;
+
+        Log.i(TAG, "Starting import : attempts " + attempts + "/" + targetAttempts);
+
+        final MigrationInfo[] migrations = new MigrationInfo[]{
+                new MigrationInfo(mDevRecorder), new MigrationInfo(mXtRecorder),
+                new MigrationInfo(mUidRecorder), new MigrationInfo(mUidTagRecorder)
+        };
+
+        // Legacy directories will be created by recorders if they do not exist
+        final File legacyBaseDir = mDeps.getLegacyStatsDir();
+        final NetworkStatsRecorder[] legacyRecorders = new NetworkStatsRecorder[]{
+                buildRecorder(PREFIX_DEV, mSettings.getDevConfig(), false, legacyBaseDir),
+                buildRecorder(PREFIX_XT, mSettings.getXtConfig(), false, legacyBaseDir),
+                buildRecorder(PREFIX_UID, mSettings.getUidConfig(), false, legacyBaseDir),
+                buildRecorder(PREFIX_UID_TAG, mSettings.getUidTagConfig(), true, legacyBaseDir)
+        };
+
+        long migrationEndTime = Long.MIN_VALUE;
+        boolean endedWithFallback = false;
+        try {
+            // First, read all legacy collections. This is OEM code and it can throw. Don't
+            // commit any data to disk until all are read.
+            for (int i = 0; i < migrations.length; i++) {
+                final MigrationInfo migration = migrations[i];
+                migration.collection = readPlatformCollectionForRecorder(migration.recorder);
+
+                // Also read the collection with legacy method
+                final NetworkStatsRecorder legacyRecorder = legacyRecorders[i];
+
+                final NetworkStatsCollection legacyStats;
+                try {
+                    legacyStats = legacyRecorder.getOrLoadCompleteLocked();
+                } catch (Throwable e) {
+                    Log.wtf(TAG, "Failed to read stats with legacy method", e);
+                    // Newer stats will be used here; that's the only thing that is usable
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                String errMsg;
+                Throwable exception = null;
+                try {
+                    errMsg = compareStats(migration.collection, legacyStats);
+                } catch (Throwable e) {
+                    errMsg = "Failed to compare migrated stats with all stats";
+                    exception = e;
+                }
+
+                if (errMsg != null) {
+                    Log.wtf(TAG, "NetworkStats import for migration " + i
+                            + " returned invalid data: " + errMsg, exception);
+                    // Fall back to legacy stats for this boot. The stats for old data will be
+                    // re-imported again on next boot until they succeed the import. This is fine
+                    // since every import clears the previous stats for the imported timespan.
+                    migration.collection = legacyStats;
+                    endedWithFallback = true;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Find the latest end time.
+            for (final MigrationInfo migration : migrations) {
+                final long migrationEnd = migration.collection.getEndMillis();
+                if (migrationEnd > migrationEndTime) migrationEndTime = migrationEnd;
+            }
+
+            // Reading all collections from legacy data has succeeded. At this point it is
+            // safe to start overwriting the files on disk. The next step is to remove all
+            // data in the new location that overlaps with imported data. This ensures that
+            // any data in the new location that was created by a previous failed import is
+            // ignored. After that, write the imported data into the recorder. The code
+            // below can still possibly throw (disk error or OutOfMemory for example), but
+            // does not depend on code from non-mainline code.
+            Log.i(TAG, "Rewriting data with imported collections with cutoff "
+                    + Instant.ofEpochMilli(migrationEndTime));
+            for (final MigrationInfo migration : migrations) {
+                migration.imported = true;
+                migration.recorder.removeDataBefore(migrationEndTime);
+                if (migration.collection.isEmpty()) continue;
+                migration.recorder.importCollectionLocked(migration.collection);
+            }
+
+            if (endedWithFallback) {
+                Log.wtf(TAG, "Imported platform collections with legacy fallback");
+            } else {
+                Log.i(TAG, "Successfully imported platform collections");
+            }
+        } catch (Throwable e) {
+            // The code above calls OEM code that may behave differently across devices.
+            // It can throw any exception including RuntimeExceptions and
+            // OutOfMemoryErrors. Try to recover anyway.
+            Log.wtf(TAG, "Platform data import failed. Remaining tries "
+                    + (targetAttempts - attempts), e);
+
+            // Failed this time around : try again next time unless we're out of tries.
+            try {
+                mImportLegacyAttemptsCounter.set(attempts + 1);
+            } catch (IOException ex) {
+                Log.wtf(TAG, "Failed to update attempts counter.", ex);
+            }
+
+            // Try to remove any data from the failed import.
+            if (migrationEndTime > Long.MIN_VALUE) {
+                try {
+                    for (final MigrationInfo migration : migrations) {
+                        if (migration.imported) {
+                            migration.recorder.removeDataBefore(migrationEndTime);
+                        }
+                    }
+                } catch (Throwable f) {
+                    // If rollback still throws, there isn't much left to do. Try nuking
+                    // all data, since that's the last stop. If nuking still throws, the
+                    // framework will reboot, and if there are remaining tries, the migration
+                    // process will retry, which is fine because it's idempotent.
+                    for (final MigrationInfo migration : migrations) {
+                        migration.recorder.recoverAndDeleteData();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Success ! No need to import again next time.
+        try {
+            mImportLegacyAttemptsCounter.set(targetAttempts);
+            // The successes counter is only for debugging. Hence, the synchronization
+            // between these two counters are not very critical.
+            final int successCount = mImportLegacySuccessesCounter.get();
+            mImportLegacySuccessesCounter.set(successCount + 1);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            Log.wtf(TAG, "Succeed but failed to update counters.", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static String str(NetworkStatsCollection.Key key) {
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder()
+                .append(key.ident.toString())
+                .append(" uid=").append(key.uid);
+        if (key.set != SET_FOREGROUND) {
+            sb.append(" set=").append(key.set);
+        }
+        if (key.tag != 0) {
+            sb.append(" tag=").append(key.tag);
+        }
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+    // The importer will modify some keys when importing them.
+    // In order to keep the comparison code simple, add such special cases here and simply
+    // ignore them. This should not impact fidelity much because the start/end checks and the total
+    // bytes check still need to pass.
+    private static boolean couldKeyChangeOnImport(NetworkStatsCollection.Key key) {
+        if (key.ident.isEmpty()) return false;
+        final NetworkIdentity firstIdent = key.ident.iterator().next();
+
+        // Non-mobile network with non-empty RAT type.
+        // This combination is invalid and the NetworkIdentity.Builder will throw if it is passed
+        // in, but it looks like it was previously possible to persist it to disk. The importer sets
+        // the RAT type to NETWORK_TYPE_ALL.
+        if (firstIdent.getType() != ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE
+                && firstIdent.getRatType() != NetworkTemplate.NETWORK_TYPE_ALL) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    @Nullable
+    private static String compareStats(
+            NetworkStatsCollection migrated, NetworkStatsCollection legacy) {
+        final Map<NetworkStatsCollection.Key, NetworkStatsHistory> migEntries =
+                migrated.getEntries();
+        final Map<NetworkStatsCollection.Key, NetworkStatsHistory> legEntries = legacy.getEntries();
+
+        final ArraySet<NetworkStatsCollection.Key> unmatchedLegKeys =
+                new ArraySet<>(legEntries.keySet());
+
+        for (NetworkStatsCollection.Key legKey : legEntries.keySet()) {
+            final NetworkStatsHistory legHistory = legEntries.get(legKey);
+            final NetworkStatsHistory migHistory = migEntries.get(legKey);
+
+            if (migHistory == null && couldKeyChangeOnImport(legKey)) {
+                unmatchedLegKeys.remove(legKey);
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (migHistory == null) {
+                return "Missing migrated history for legacy key " + str(legKey)
+                        + ", legacy history was " + legHistory;
+            }
+            if (!migHistory.isSameAs(legHistory)) {
+                return "Difference in history for key " + legKey + "; legacy history " + legHistory
+                        + ", migrated history " + migHistory;
+            }
+            unmatchedLegKeys.remove(legKey);
+        }
+
+        if (!unmatchedLegKeys.isEmpty()) {
+            final NetworkStatsHistory first = legEntries.get(unmatchedLegKeys.valueAt(0));
+            return "Found unmatched legacy keys: count=" + unmatchedLegKeys.size()
+                    + ", first unmatched collection " + first;
+        }
+
+        if (migrated.getStartMillis() != legacy.getStartMillis()
+                || migrated.getEndMillis() != legacy.getEndMillis()) {
+            return "Start / end of the collections "
+                    + migrated.getStartMillis() + "/" + legacy.getStartMillis() + " and "
+                    + migrated.getEndMillis() + "/" + legacy.getEndMillis()
+                    + " don't match";
+        }
+
+        if (migrated.getTotalBytes() != legacy.getTotalBytes()) {
+            return "Total bytes " + migrated.getTotalBytes() + " and " + legacy.getTotalBytes()
+                    + " don't match for collections with start/end "
+                    + migrated.getStartMillis()
+                    + "/" + legacy.getStartMillis();
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @GuardedBy("mStatsLock")
+    @NonNull
+    private NetworkStatsCollection readPlatformCollectionForRecorder(
+            @NonNull final NetworkStatsRecorder rec) throws IOException {
+        final String prefix = rec.getCookie();
+        Log.i(TAG, "Importing platform collection for prefix " + prefix);
+        final NetworkStatsCollection collection = Objects.requireNonNull(
+                mDeps.readPlatformCollection(prefix, rec.getBucketDuration()),
+                "Imported platform collection for prefix " + prefix + " must not be null");
+
+        final long bootTimestamp = System.currentTimeMillis() - SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
+        if (!collection.isEmpty() && bootTimestamp < collection.getStartMillis()) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Platform collection for prefix " + prefix
+                    + " contains data that could not possibly come from the previous boot "
+                    + "(start timestamp = " + Instant.ofEpochMilli(collection.getStartMillis())
+                    + ", last booted at " + Instant.ofEpochMilli(bootTimestamp));
+        }
+
+        Log.i(TAG, "Successfully read platform collection spanning from "
+                // Instant uses ISO-8601 for toString()
+                + Instant.ofEpochMilli(collection.getStartMillis()).toString() + " to "
+                + Instant.ofEpochMilli(collection.getEndMillis()).toString());
+        return collection;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -2102,10 +2457,32 @@
                 return;
             }
 
+            pw.println("Directory:");
+            pw.increaseIndent();
+            pw.println(mStatsDir);
+            pw.decreaseIndent();
+
             pw.println("Configs:");
             pw.increaseIndent();
             pw.print(NETSTATS_COMBINE_SUBTYPE_ENABLED, mSettings.getCombineSubtypeEnabled());
             pw.println();
+            pw.print(NETSTATS_STORE_FILES_IN_APEXDATA, mDeps.getStoreFilesInApexData());
+            pw.println();
+            pw.print(NETSTATS_IMPORT_LEGACY_TARGET_ATTEMPTS, mDeps.getImportLegacyTargetAttempts());
+            pw.println();
+            if (mDeps.getStoreFilesInApexData()) {
+                try {
+                    pw.print("platform legacy stats import attempts count",
+                            mImportLegacyAttemptsCounter.get());
+                    pw.println();
+                    pw.print("platform legacy stats import successes count",
+                            mImportLegacySuccessesCounter.get());
+                    pw.println();
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    pw.println("(failed to dump platform legacy stats import counters)");
+                }
+            }
+
             pw.decreaseIndent();
 
             pw.println("Active interfaces:");
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/PersistentInt.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/PersistentInt.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c212b77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/PersistentInt.java
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.net;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.util.AtomicFile;
+import android.util.SystemConfigFileCommitEventLogger;
+
+import java.io.DataInputStream;
+import java.io.DataOutputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+/**
+ * A simple integer backed by an on-disk {@link AtomicFile}. Not thread-safe.
+ */
+public class PersistentInt {
+    private final String mPath;
+    private final AtomicFile mFile;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new {@code PersistentInt}. The counter is set to 0 if the file does not exist.
+     * Before returning, the constructor checks that the file is readable and writable. This
+     * indicates that in the future {@link #get} and {@link #set} are likely to succeed,
+     * though other events (data corruption, other code deleting the file, etc.) may cause these
+     * calls to fail in the future.
+     *
+     * @param path the path of the file to use.
+     * @param logger the logger
+     * @throws IOException the counter could not be read or written
+     */
+    public PersistentInt(@NonNull String path, @Nullable SystemConfigFileCommitEventLogger logger)
+            throws IOException {
+        mPath = path;
+        mFile = new AtomicFile(new File(path), logger);
+        checkReadWrite();
+    }
+
+    private void checkReadWrite() throws IOException {
+        int value;
+        try {
+            value = get();
+        } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
+            // Counter does not exist. Attempt to initialize to 0.
+            // Note that we cannot tell here if the file does not exist or if opening it failed,
+            // because in Java both of those throw FileNotFoundException.
+            value = 0;
+        }
+        set(value);
+        get();
+        // No exceptions? Good.
+    }
+
+    /**
+      * Gets the current value.
+      *
+      * @return the current value of the counter.
+      * @throws IOException if reading the value failed.
+      */
+    public int get() throws IOException {
+        try (FileInputStream fin = mFile.openRead();
+             DataInputStream din = new DataInputStream(fin)) {
+            return din.readInt();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the current value.
+     * @param value the value to set
+     * @throws IOException if writing the value failed.
+     */
+    public void set(int value) throws IOException {
+        FileOutputStream fout = null;
+        try {
+            fout = mFile.startWrite();
+            DataOutputStream dout = new DataOutputStream(fout);
+            dout.writeInt(value);
+            mFile.finishWrite(fout);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            if (fout != null) {
+                mFile.failWrite(fout);
+            }
+            throw e;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public String getPath() {
+        return mPath;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service/Android.bp b/service/Android.bp
index 7dbdc92..91b9d1c 100644
--- a/service/Android.bp
+++ b/service/Android.bp
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@
         "networkstack-client",
         "PlatformProperties",
         "service-connectivity-protos",
-        "NetworkStackApiCurrentShims",
+        "NetworkStackApiStableShims",
     ],
     apex_available: [
         "com.android.tethering",
diff --git a/service/jni/com_android_server_BpfNetMaps.cpp b/service/jni/com_android_server_BpfNetMaps.cpp
index f13c68d..bc70c93 100644
--- a/service/jni/com_android_server_BpfNetMaps.cpp
+++ b/service/jni/com_android_server_BpfNetMaps.cpp
@@ -39,148 +39,126 @@
 
 namespace android {
 
-static void native_init(JNIEnv* env, jobject clazz) {
+#define CHECK_LOG(status) \
+  do { \
+    if (!isOk(status)) \
+      ALOGE("%s failed, error code = %d", __func__, status.code()); \
+  } while (0)
+
+static void native_init(JNIEnv* env, jclass clazz) {
   Status status = mTc.start();
-   if (!isOk(status)) {
-    ALOGE("%s failed, error code = %d", __func__, status.code());
-  }
+  CHECK_LOG(status);
 }
 
-static jint native_addNaughtyApp(JNIEnv* env, jobject clazz, jint uid) {
+static jint native_addNaughtyApp(JNIEnv* env, jobject self, jint uid) {
   const uint32_t appUids = static_cast<uint32_t>(abs(uid));
   Status status = mTc.updateUidOwnerMap(appUids, PENALTY_BOX_MATCH,
       TrafficController::IptOp::IptOpInsert);
-  if (!isOk(status)) {
-    ALOGE("%s failed, error code = %d", __func__, status.code());
-  }
+  CHECK_LOG(status);
   return (jint)status.code();
 }
 
-static jint native_removeNaughtyApp(JNIEnv* env, jobject clazz, jint uid) {
+static jint native_removeNaughtyApp(JNIEnv* env, jobject self, jint uid) {
   const uint32_t appUids = static_cast<uint32_t>(abs(uid));
   Status status = mTc.updateUidOwnerMap(appUids, PENALTY_BOX_MATCH,
       TrafficController::IptOp::IptOpDelete);
-  if (!isOk(status)) {
-    ALOGE("%s failed, error code = %d", __func__, status.code());
-  }
+  CHECK_LOG(status);
   return (jint)status.code();
 }
 
-static jint native_addNiceApp(JNIEnv* env, jobject clazz, jint uid) {
+static jint native_addNiceApp(JNIEnv* env, jobject self, jint uid) {
   const uint32_t appUids = static_cast<uint32_t>(abs(uid));
   Status status = mTc.updateUidOwnerMap(appUids, HAPPY_BOX_MATCH,
       TrafficController::IptOp::IptOpInsert);
-  if (!isOk(status)) {
-    ALOGE("%s failed, error code = %d", __func__, status.code());
-  }
+  CHECK_LOG(status);
   return (jint)status.code();
 }
 
-static jint native_removeNiceApp(JNIEnv* env, jobject clazz, jint uid) {
+static jint native_removeNiceApp(JNIEnv* env, jobject self, jint uid) {
   const uint32_t appUids = static_cast<uint32_t>(abs(uid));
   Status status = mTc.updateUidOwnerMap(appUids, HAPPY_BOX_MATCH,
       TrafficController::IptOp::IptOpDelete);
-  if (!isOk(status)) {
-    ALOGD("%s failed, error code = %d", __func__, status.code());
-  }
+  CHECK_LOG(status);
   return (jint)status.code();
 }
 
-static jint native_setChildChain(JNIEnv* env, jobject clazz, jint childChain, jboolean enable) {
+static jint native_setChildChain(JNIEnv* env, jobject self, jint childChain, jboolean enable) {
   auto chain = static_cast<ChildChain>(childChain);
   int res = mTc.toggleUidOwnerMap(chain, enable);
-  if (res) {
-    ALOGE("%s failed, error code = %d", __func__, res);
-  }
+  if (res) ALOGE("%s failed, error code = %d", __func__, res);
   return (jint)res;
 }
 
-static jint native_replaceUidChain(JNIEnv* env, jobject clazz, jstring name, jboolean isAllowlist,
-                                jintArray jUids) {
+static jint native_replaceUidChain(JNIEnv* env, jobject self, jstring name, jboolean isAllowlist,
+                                   jintArray jUids) {
     const ScopedUtfChars chainNameUtf8(env, name);
-    if (chainNameUtf8.c_str() == nullptr) {
-        return -EINVAL;
-    }
+    if (chainNameUtf8.c_str() == nullptr) return -EINVAL;
     const std::string chainName(chainNameUtf8.c_str());
 
     ScopedIntArrayRO uids(env, jUids);
-    if (uids.get() == nullptr) {
-        return -EINVAL;
-    }
+    if (uids.get() == nullptr) return -EINVAL;
 
     size_t size = uids.size();
     static_assert(sizeof(*(uids.get())) == sizeof(int32_t));
     std::vector<int32_t> data ((int32_t *)&uids[0], (int32_t*)&uids[size]);
     int res = mTc.replaceUidOwnerMap(chainName, isAllowlist, data);
-    if (res) {
-      ALOGE("%s failed, error code = %d", __func__, res);
-    }
+    if (res) ALOGE("%s failed, error code = %d", __func__, res);
     return (jint)res;
 }
 
-static jint native_setUidRule(JNIEnv* env, jobject clazz, jint childChain, jint uid,
-                          jint firewallRule) {
+static jint native_setUidRule(JNIEnv* env, jobject self, jint childChain, jint uid,
+                              jint firewallRule) {
     auto chain = static_cast<ChildChain>(childChain);
     auto rule = static_cast<FirewallRule>(firewallRule);
     FirewallType fType = mTc.getFirewallType(chain);
 
     int res = mTc.changeUidOwnerRule(chain, uid, rule, fType);
-    if (res) {
-      ALOGE("%s failed, error code = %d", __func__, res);
-    }
+    if (res) ALOGE("%s failed, error code = %d", __func__, res);
     return (jint)res;
 }
 
-static jint native_addUidInterfaceRules(JNIEnv* env, jobject clazz, jstring ifName,
-                                    jintArray jUids) {
-    const ScopedUtfChars ifNameUtf8(env, ifName);
-    if (ifNameUtf8.c_str() == nullptr) {
-        return -EINVAL;
+static jint native_addUidInterfaceRules(JNIEnv* env, jobject self, jstring ifName,
+                                        jintArray jUids) {
+    // Null ifName is a wildcard to allow apps to receive packets on all interfaces and ifIndex is
+    // set to 0.
+    int ifIndex = 0;
+    if (ifName != nullptr) {
+        const ScopedUtfChars ifNameUtf8(env, ifName);
+        const std::string interfaceName(ifNameUtf8.c_str());
+        ifIndex = if_nametoindex(interfaceName.c_str());
     }
-    const std::string interfaceName(ifNameUtf8.c_str());
-    const int ifIndex = if_nametoindex(interfaceName.c_str());
 
     ScopedIntArrayRO uids(env, jUids);
-    if (uids.get() == nullptr) {
-        return -EINVAL;
-    }
+    if (uids.get() == nullptr) return -EINVAL;
 
     size_t size = uids.size();
     static_assert(sizeof(*(uids.get())) == sizeof(int32_t));
     std::vector<int32_t> data ((int32_t *)&uids[0], (int32_t*)&uids[size]);
     Status status = mTc.addUidInterfaceRules(ifIndex, data);
-    if (!isOk(status)) {
-        ALOGE("%s failed, error code = %d", __func__, status.code());
-    }
+    CHECK_LOG(status);
     return (jint)status.code();
 }
 
-static jint native_removeUidInterfaceRules(JNIEnv* env, jobject clazz, jintArray jUids) {
+static jint native_removeUidInterfaceRules(JNIEnv* env, jobject self, jintArray jUids) {
     ScopedIntArrayRO uids(env, jUids);
-    if (uids.get() == nullptr) {
-        return -EINVAL;
-    }
+    if (uids.get() == nullptr) return -EINVAL;
 
     size_t size = uids.size();
     static_assert(sizeof(*(uids.get())) == sizeof(int32_t));
     std::vector<int32_t> data ((int32_t *)&uids[0], (int32_t*)&uids[size]);
     Status status = mTc.removeUidInterfaceRules(data);
-    if (!isOk(status)) {
-        ALOGE("%s failed, error code = %d", __func__, status.code());
-    }
+    CHECK_LOG(status);
     return (jint)status.code();
 }
 
-static jint native_swapActiveStatsMap(JNIEnv* env, jobject clazz) {
+static jint native_swapActiveStatsMap(JNIEnv* env, jobject self) {
     Status status = mTc.swapActiveStatsMap();
-    if (!isOk(status)) {
-        ALOGD("%s failed, error code = %d", __func__, status.code());
-    }
+    CHECK_LOG(status);
     return (jint)status.code();
 }
 
-static void native_setPermissionForUids(JNIEnv* env, jobject clazz, jint permission,
-                                      jintArray jUids) {
+static void native_setPermissionForUids(JNIEnv* env, jobject self, jint permission,
+                                        jintArray jUids) {
     ScopedIntArrayRO uids(env, jUids);
     if (uids.get() == nullptr) return;
 
@@ -190,7 +168,7 @@
     mTc.setPermissionForUids(permission, data);
 }
 
-static void native_dump(JNIEnv* env, jobject clazz, jobject javaFd, jboolean verbose) {
+static void native_dump(JNIEnv* env, jobject self, jobject javaFd, jboolean verbose) {
     int fd = netjniutils::GetNativeFileDescriptor(env, javaFd);
     if (fd < 0) {
         jniThrowExceptionFmt(env, "java/io/IOException", "Invalid file descriptor");
@@ -235,9 +213,8 @@
 // clang-format on
 
 int register_com_android_server_BpfNetMaps(JNIEnv* env) {
-    return jniRegisterNativeMethods(env,
-    "com/android/server/BpfNetMaps",
-    gMethods, NELEM(gMethods));
+    return jniRegisterNativeMethods(env, "com/android/server/BpfNetMaps",
+                                    gMethods, NELEM(gMethods));
 }
 
 }; // namespace android
diff --git a/service/native/Android.bp b/service/native/Android.bp
index cb26bc3..697fcbd 100644
--- a/service/native/Android.bp
+++ b/service/native/Android.bp
@@ -52,7 +52,8 @@
 
 cc_test {
     name: "traffic_controller_unit_test",
-    test_suites: ["general-tests"],
+    test_suites: ["general-tests", "mts-tethering"],
+    test_config_template: ":net_native_test_config_template",
     require_root: true,
     local_include_dirs: ["include"],
     header_libs: [
@@ -71,4 +72,13 @@
         "libnetd_updatable",
         "netd_aidl_interface-lateststable-ndk",
     ],
+    compile_multilib: "both",
+    multilib: {
+        lib32: {
+            suffix: "32",
+        },
+        lib64: {
+            suffix: "64",
+        },
+    },
 }
diff --git a/service/native/TrafficController.cpp b/service/native/TrafficController.cpp
index 473c9e3..55db393 100644
--- a/service/native/TrafficController.cpp
+++ b/service/native/TrafficController.cpp
@@ -98,6 +98,7 @@
     FLAG_MSG_TRANS(matchType, RESTRICTED_MATCH, match);
     FLAG_MSG_TRANS(matchType, LOW_POWER_STANDBY_MATCH, match);
     FLAG_MSG_TRANS(matchType, IIF_MATCH, match);
+    FLAG_MSG_TRANS(matchType, LOCKDOWN_VPN_MATCH, match);
     if (match) {
         return StringPrintf("Unknown match: %u", match);
     }
@@ -183,6 +184,7 @@
     RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(mUidOwnerMap.init(UID_OWNER_MAP_PATH));
     RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(mUidOwnerMap.clear());
     RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(mUidPermissionMap.init(UID_PERMISSION_MAP_PATH));
+    ALOGI("%s successfully", __func__);
 
     return netdutils::status::ok;
 }
@@ -286,16 +288,13 @@
 }
 
 Status TrafficController::addRule(uint32_t uid, UidOwnerMatchType match, uint32_t iif) {
-    // iif should be non-zero if and only if match == MATCH_IIF
-    if (match == IIF_MATCH && iif == 0) {
-        return statusFromErrno(EINVAL, "Interface match must have nonzero interface index");
-    } else if (match != IIF_MATCH && iif != 0) {
+    if (match != IIF_MATCH && iif != 0) {
         return statusFromErrno(EINVAL, "Non-interface match must have zero interface index");
     }
     auto oldMatch = mUidOwnerMap.readValue(uid);
     if (oldMatch.ok()) {
         UidOwnerValue newMatch = {
-                .iif = iif ? iif : oldMatch.value().iif,
+                .iif = (match == IIF_MATCH) ? iif : oldMatch.value().iif,
                 .rule = oldMatch.value().rule | match,
         };
         RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(mUidOwnerMap.writeValue(uid, newMatch, BPF_ANY));
@@ -335,6 +334,8 @@
             return ALLOWLIST;
         case LOW_POWER_STANDBY:
             return ALLOWLIST;
+        case LOCKDOWN:
+            return DENYLIST;
         case NONE:
         default:
             return DENYLIST;
@@ -360,6 +361,9 @@
         case LOW_POWER_STANDBY:
             res = updateOwnerMapEntry(LOW_POWER_STANDBY_MATCH, uid, rule, type);
             break;
+        case LOCKDOWN:
+            res = updateOwnerMapEntry(LOCKDOWN_VPN_MATCH, uid, rule, type);
+            break;
         case NONE:
         default:
             ALOGW("Unknown child chain: %d", chain);
@@ -399,9 +403,6 @@
 
 Status TrafficController::addUidInterfaceRules(const int iif,
                                                const std::vector<int32_t>& uidsToAdd) {
-    if (!iif) {
-        return statusFromErrno(EINVAL, "Interface rule must specify interface");
-    }
     std::lock_guard guard(mMutex);
 
     for (auto uid : uidsToAdd) {
@@ -454,15 +455,15 @@
 int TrafficController::toggleUidOwnerMap(ChildChain chain, bool enable) {
     std::lock_guard guard(mMutex);
     uint32_t key = UID_RULES_CONFIGURATION_KEY;
-    auto oldConfiguration = mConfigurationMap.readValue(key);
-    if (!oldConfiguration.ok()) {
+    auto oldConfigure = mConfigurationMap.readValue(key);
+    if (!oldConfigure.ok()) {
         ALOGE("Cannot read the old configuration from map: %s",
-              oldConfiguration.error().message().c_str());
-        return -oldConfiguration.error().code();
+              oldConfigure.error().message().c_str());
+        return -oldConfigure.error().code();
     }
     Status res;
     BpfConfig newConfiguration;
-    uint8_t match;
+    uint32_t match;
     switch (chain) {
         case DOZABLE:
             match = DOZABLE_MATCH;
@@ -483,7 +484,7 @@
             return -EINVAL;
     }
     newConfiguration =
-            enable ? (oldConfiguration.value() | match) : (oldConfiguration.value() & (~match));
+            enable ? (oldConfigure.value() | match) : (oldConfigure.value() & (~match));
     res = mConfigurationMap.writeValue(key, newConfiguration, BPF_EXIST);
     if (!isOk(res)) {
         ALOGE("Failed to toggleUidOwnerMap(%d): %s", chain, res.msg().c_str());
@@ -495,17 +496,17 @@
     std::lock_guard guard(mMutex);
 
     uint32_t key = CURRENT_STATS_MAP_CONFIGURATION_KEY;
-    auto oldConfiguration = mConfigurationMap.readValue(key);
-    if (!oldConfiguration.ok()) {
+    auto oldConfigure = mConfigurationMap.readValue(key);
+    if (!oldConfigure.ok()) {
         ALOGE("Cannot read the old configuration from map: %s",
-              oldConfiguration.error().message().c_str());
-        return Status(oldConfiguration.error().code(), oldConfiguration.error().message());
+              oldConfigure.error().message().c_str());
+        return Status(oldConfigure.error().code(), oldConfigure.error().message());
     }
 
     // Write to the configuration map to inform the kernel eBPF program to switch
     // from using one map to the other. Use flag BPF_EXIST here since the map should
     // be already populated in initMaps.
-    uint8_t newConfigure = (oldConfiguration.value() == SELECT_MAP_A) ? SELECT_MAP_B : SELECT_MAP_A;
+    uint32_t newConfigure = (oldConfigure.value() == SELECT_MAP_A) ? SELECT_MAP_B : SELECT_MAP_A;
     auto res = mConfigurationMap.writeValue(CURRENT_STATS_MAP_CONFIGURATION_KEY, newConfigure,
                                             BPF_EXIST);
     if (!res.ok()) {
diff --git a/service/native/TrafficControllerTest.cpp b/service/native/TrafficControllerTest.cpp
index 9529cae..96bd57c 100644
--- a/service/native/TrafficControllerTest.cpp
+++ b/service/native/TrafficControllerTest.cpp
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@
     BpfMap<uint64_t, UidTagValue> mFakeCookieTagMap;
     BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue> mFakeAppUidStatsMap;
     BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue> mFakeStatsMapA;
-    BpfMap<uint32_t, uint8_t> mFakeConfigurationMap;
+    BpfMap<uint32_t, uint32_t> mFakeConfigurationMap;
     BpfMap<uint32_t, UidOwnerValue> mFakeUidOwnerMap;
     BpfMap<uint32_t, uint8_t> mFakeUidPermissionMap;
 
@@ -307,6 +307,7 @@
     checkUidOwnerRuleForChain(POWERSAVE, POWERSAVE_MATCH);
     checkUidOwnerRuleForChain(RESTRICTED, RESTRICTED_MATCH);
     checkUidOwnerRuleForChain(LOW_POWER_STANDBY, LOW_POWER_STANDBY_MATCH);
+    checkUidOwnerRuleForChain(LOCKDOWN, LOCKDOWN_VPN_MATCH);
     ASSERT_EQ(-EINVAL, mTc.changeUidOwnerRule(NONE, TEST_UID, ALLOW, ALLOWLIST));
     ASSERT_EQ(-EINVAL, mTc.changeUidOwnerRule(INVALID_CHAIN, TEST_UID, ALLOW, ALLOWLIST));
 }
@@ -491,6 +492,70 @@
     checkEachUidValue({10001, 10002}, IIF_MATCH);
 }
 
+TEST_F(TrafficControllerTest, TestAddUidInterfaceFilteringRulesWithWildcard) {
+    // iif=0 is a wildcard
+    int iif = 0;
+    // Add interface rule with wildcard to uids
+    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(mTc.addUidInterfaceRules(iif, {1000, 1001})));
+    expectUidOwnerMapValues({1000, 1001}, IIF_MATCH, iif);
+}
+
+TEST_F(TrafficControllerTest, TestRemoveUidInterfaceFilteringRulesWithWildcard) {
+    // iif=0 is a wildcard
+    int iif = 0;
+    // Add interface rule with wildcard to two uids
+    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(mTc.addUidInterfaceRules(iif, {1000, 1001})));
+    expectUidOwnerMapValues({1000, 1001}, IIF_MATCH, iif);
+
+    // Remove interface rule from one of the uids
+    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(mTc.removeUidInterfaceRules({1000})));
+    expectUidOwnerMapValues({1001}, IIF_MATCH, iif);
+    checkEachUidValue({1001}, IIF_MATCH);
+
+    // Remove interface rule from the remaining uid
+    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(mTc.removeUidInterfaceRules({1001})));
+    expectMapEmpty(mFakeUidOwnerMap);
+}
+
+TEST_F(TrafficControllerTest, TestUidInterfaceFilteringRulesWithWildcardAndExistingMatches) {
+    // Set up existing DOZABLE_MATCH and POWERSAVE_MATCH rule
+    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(updateUidOwnerMaps({1000}, DOZABLE_MATCH,
+                                        TrafficController::IptOpInsert)));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(updateUidOwnerMaps({1000}, POWERSAVE_MATCH,
+                                        TrafficController::IptOpInsert)));
+
+    // iif=0 is a wildcard
+    int iif = 0;
+    // Add interface rule with wildcard to the existing uid
+    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(mTc.addUidInterfaceRules(iif, {1000})));
+    expectUidOwnerMapValues({1000}, POWERSAVE_MATCH | DOZABLE_MATCH | IIF_MATCH, iif);
+
+    // Remove interface rule with wildcard from the existing uid
+    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(mTc.removeUidInterfaceRules({1000})));
+    expectUidOwnerMapValues({1000}, POWERSAVE_MATCH | DOZABLE_MATCH, 0);
+}
+
+TEST_F(TrafficControllerTest, TestUidInterfaceFilteringRulesWithWildcardAndNewMatches) {
+    // iif=0 is a wildcard
+    int iif = 0;
+    // Set up existing interface rule with wildcard
+    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(mTc.addUidInterfaceRules(iif, {1000})));
+
+    // Add DOZABLE_MATCH and POWERSAVE_MATCH rule to the existing uid
+    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(updateUidOwnerMaps({1000}, DOZABLE_MATCH,
+                                        TrafficController::IptOpInsert)));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(updateUidOwnerMaps({1000}, POWERSAVE_MATCH,
+                                        TrafficController::IptOpInsert)));
+    expectUidOwnerMapValues({1000}, POWERSAVE_MATCH | DOZABLE_MATCH | IIF_MATCH, iif);
+
+    // Remove DOZABLE_MATCH and POWERSAVE_MATCH rule from the existing uid
+    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(updateUidOwnerMaps({1000}, DOZABLE_MATCH,
+                                        TrafficController::IptOpDelete)));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(updateUidOwnerMaps({1000}, POWERSAVE_MATCH,
+                                        TrafficController::IptOpDelete)));
+    expectUidOwnerMapValues({1000}, IIF_MATCH, iif);
+}
+
 TEST_F(TrafficControllerTest, TestGrantInternetPermission) {
     std::vector<uid_t> appUids = {TEST_UID, TEST_UID2, TEST_UID3};
 
@@ -620,7 +685,7 @@
                 if (res.ok() || (res.error().code() == ENOENT)) {
                     return Result<void>();
                 }
-                ALOGE("Failed to delete data(cookie = %" PRIu64 "): %s\n", key,
+                ALOGE("Failed to delete data(cookie = %" PRIu64 "): %s", key,
                       strerror(res.error().code()));
             }
             // Move forward to next cookie in the map.
diff --git a/service/native/include/Common.h b/service/native/include/Common.h
index dc44845..847acec 100644
--- a/service/native/include/Common.h
+++ b/service/native/include/Common.h
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
     POWERSAVE = 3,
     RESTRICTED = 4,
     LOW_POWER_STANDBY = 5,
+    LOCKDOWN = 6,
     INVALID_CHAIN
 };
 // LINT.ThenChange(packages/modules/Connectivity/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java)
diff --git a/service/native/include/TrafficController.h b/service/native/include/TrafficController.h
index 79e75ac..d3d52e2 100644
--- a/service/native/include/TrafficController.h
+++ b/service/native/include/TrafficController.h
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@
      *    Userspace can do scraping and cleaning job on the other one depending on the
      *    current configs.
      */
-    bpf::BpfMap<uint32_t, uint8_t> mConfigurationMap GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
+    bpf::BpfMap<uint32_t, uint32_t> mConfigurationMap GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
 
     /*
      * mUidOwnerMap: Store uids that are used for bandwidth control uid match.
diff --git a/service/native/libs/libclat/Android.bp b/service/native/libs/libclat/Android.bp
index 68e4dc4..54d40ac 100644
--- a/service/native/libs/libclat/Android.bp
+++ b/service/native/libs/libclat/Android.bp
@@ -35,7 +35,8 @@
 cc_test {
     name: "libclat_test",
     defaults: ["netd_defaults"],
-    test_suites: ["device-tests"],
+    test_suites: ["general-tests", "mts-tethering"],
+    test_config_template: ":net_native_test_config_template",
     srcs: [
         "clatutils_test.cpp",
     ],
@@ -49,5 +50,14 @@
         "liblog",
         "libnetutils",
     ],
+    compile_multilib: "both",
+    multilib: {
+        lib32: {
+            suffix: "32",
+        },
+        lib64: {
+            suffix: "64",
+        },
+    },
     require_root: true,
 }
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java b/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
index 66ef9e9..e55678c 100644
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
@@ -748,7 +748,7 @@
      * The BPF program attached to the tc-police hook to account for to-be-dropped traffic.
      */
     private static final String TC_POLICE_BPF_PROG_PATH =
-            "/sys/fs/bpf/net_shared/prog_netd_schedact_ingress_account";
+            "/sys/fs/bpf/netd_shared/prog_netd_schedact_ingress_account";
 
     private static String eventName(int what) {
         return sMagicDecoderRing.get(what, Integer.toString(what));
@@ -3428,6 +3428,10 @@
         for (NetworkAgentInfo nai : networksSortedById()) {
             pw.println(nai.toString());
             pw.increaseIndent();
+            pw.println("Nat464Xlat:");
+            pw.increaseIndent();
+            nai.dumpNat464Xlat(pw);
+            pw.decreaseIndent();
             pw.println(String.format(
                     "Requests: REQUEST:%d LISTEN:%d BACKGROUND_REQUEST:%d total:%d",
                     nai.numForegroundNetworkRequests(),
@@ -3443,10 +3447,6 @@
             pw.increaseIndent();
             nai.dumpInactivityTimers(pw);
             pw.decreaseIndent();
-            pw.println("Nat464Xlat:");
-            pw.increaseIndent();
-            nai.dumpNat464Xlat(pw);
-            pw.decreaseIndent();
             pw.decreaseIndent();
         }
     }
@@ -3872,7 +3872,6 @@
             }
 
             final boolean wasValidated = nai.lastValidated;
-            final boolean wasDefault = isDefaultNetwork(nai);
             final boolean wasPartial = nai.partialConnectivity;
             nai.partialConnectivity = ((testResult & NETWORK_VALIDATION_RESULT_PARTIAL) != 0);
             final boolean partialConnectivityChanged =
@@ -5969,6 +5968,10 @@
                     + Arrays.toString(ranges) + "): netd command failed: " + e);
         }
 
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastT()) {
+            mPermissionMonitor.updateVpnLockdownUidRanges(requireVpn, ranges);
+        }
+
         for (final NetworkAgentInfo nai : mNetworkAgentInfos) {
             final boolean curMetered = nai.networkCapabilities.isMetered();
             maybeNotifyNetworkBlocked(nai, curMetered, curMetered,
@@ -7732,10 +7735,10 @@
 
     private void updateVpnFiltering(LinkProperties newLp, LinkProperties oldLp,
             NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
-        final String oldIface = oldLp != null ? oldLp.getInterfaceName() : null;
-        final String newIface = newLp != null ? newLp.getInterfaceName() : null;
-        final boolean wasFiltering = requiresVpnIsolation(nai, nai.networkCapabilities, oldLp);
-        final boolean needsFiltering = requiresVpnIsolation(nai, nai.networkCapabilities, newLp);
+        final String oldIface = getVpnIsolationInterface(nai, nai.networkCapabilities, oldLp);
+        final String newIface = getVpnIsolationInterface(nai, nai.networkCapabilities, newLp);
+        final boolean wasFiltering = requiresVpnAllowRule(nai, oldLp, oldIface);
+        final boolean needsFiltering = requiresVpnAllowRule(nai, newLp, newIface);
 
         if (!wasFiltering && !needsFiltering) {
             // Nothing to do.
@@ -7748,11 +7751,19 @@
         }
 
         final Set<UidRange> ranges = nai.networkCapabilities.getUidRanges();
+        if (ranges == null || ranges.isEmpty()) {
+            return;
+        }
+
         final int vpnAppUid = nai.networkCapabilities.getOwnerUid();
         // TODO: this create a window of opportunity for apps to receive traffic between the time
         // when the old rules are removed and the time when new rules are added. To fix this,
         // make eBPF support two allowlisted interfaces so here new rules can be added before the
         // old rules are being removed.
+
+        // Null iface given to onVpnUidRangesAdded/Removed is a wildcard to allow apps to receive
+        // packets on all interfaces. This is required to accept incoming traffic in Lockdown mode
+        // by overriding the Lockdown blocking rule.
         if (wasFiltering) {
             mPermissionMonitor.onVpnUidRangesRemoved(oldIface, ranges, vpnAppUid);
         }
@@ -7813,6 +7824,7 @@
         }
         nai.declaredCapabilities = new NetworkCapabilities(nc);
         NetworkAgentInfo.restrictCapabilitiesFromNetworkAgent(nc, nai.creatorUid,
+                mContext.getPackageManager().hasSystemFeature(PackageManager.FEATURE_AUTOMOTIVE),
                 mCarrierPrivilegeAuthenticator);
     }
 
@@ -8041,15 +8053,14 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Returns whether VPN isolation (ingress interface filtering) should be applied on the given
-     * network.
+     * Returns the interface which requires VPN isolation (ingress interface filtering).
      *
      * Ingress interface filtering enforces that all apps under the given network can only receive
      * packets from the network's interface (and loopback). This is important for VPNs because
      * apps that cannot bypass a fully-routed VPN shouldn't be able to receive packets from any
      * non-VPN interfaces.
      *
-     * As a result, this method should return true iff
+     * As a result, this method should return Non-null interface iff
      *  1. the network is an app VPN (not legacy VPN)
      *  2. the VPN does not allow bypass
      *  3. the VPN is fully-routed
@@ -8058,16 +8069,32 @@
      * @see INetd#firewallAddUidInterfaceRules
      * @see INetd#firewallRemoveUidInterfaceRules
      */
-    private boolean requiresVpnIsolation(@NonNull NetworkAgentInfo nai, NetworkCapabilities nc,
+    @Nullable
+    private String getVpnIsolationInterface(@NonNull NetworkAgentInfo nai, NetworkCapabilities nc,
             LinkProperties lp) {
-        if (nc == null || lp == null) return false;
-        return nai.isVPN()
+        if (nc == null || lp == null) return null;
+        if (nai.isVPN()
                 && !nai.networkAgentConfig.allowBypass
                 && nc.getOwnerUid() != Process.SYSTEM_UID
                 && lp.getInterfaceName() != null
                 && (lp.hasIpv4DefaultRoute() || lp.hasIpv4UnreachableDefaultRoute())
                 && (lp.hasIpv6DefaultRoute() || lp.hasIpv6UnreachableDefaultRoute())
-                && !lp.hasExcludeRoute();
+                && !lp.hasExcludeRoute()) {
+            return lp.getInterfaceName();
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns whether we need to set interface filtering rule or not
+     */
+    private boolean requiresVpnAllowRule(NetworkAgentInfo nai, LinkProperties lp,
+            String filterIface) {
+        // Only filter if lp has an interface.
+        if (lp == null || lp.getInterfaceName() == null) return false;
+        // Before T, allow rules are only needed if VPN isolation is enabled.
+        // T and After T, allow rules are needed for all VPNs.
+        return filterIface != null || (nai.isVPN() && SdkLevel.isAtLeastT());
     }
 
     private static UidRangeParcel[] toUidRangeStableParcels(final @NonNull Set<UidRange> ranges) {
@@ -8195,9 +8222,10 @@
             if (!prevRanges.isEmpty()) {
                 updateVpnUidRanges(false, nai, prevRanges);
             }
-            final boolean wasFiltering = requiresVpnIsolation(nai, prevNc, nai.linkProperties);
-            final boolean shouldFilter = requiresVpnIsolation(nai, newNc, nai.linkProperties);
-            final String iface = nai.linkProperties.getInterfaceName();
+            final String oldIface = getVpnIsolationInterface(nai, prevNc, nai.linkProperties);
+            final String newIface = getVpnIsolationInterface(nai, newNc, nai.linkProperties);
+            final boolean wasFiltering = requiresVpnAllowRule(nai, nai.linkProperties, oldIface);
+            final boolean shouldFilter = requiresVpnAllowRule(nai, nai.linkProperties, newIface);
             // For VPN uid interface filtering, old ranges need to be removed before new ranges can
             // be added, due to the range being expanded and stored as individual UIDs. For example
             // the UIDs might be updated from [0, 99999] to ([0, 10012], [10014, 99999]) which means
@@ -8209,11 +8237,16 @@
             // above, where the addition of new ranges happens before the removal of old ranges.
             // TODO Fix this window by computing an accurate diff on Set<UidRange>, so the old range
             // to be removed will never overlap with the new range to be added.
+
+            // Null iface given to onVpnUidRangesAdded/Removed is a wildcard to allow apps to
+            // receive packets on all interfaces. This is required to accept incoming traffic in
+            // Lockdown mode by overriding the Lockdown blocking rule.
             if (wasFiltering && !prevRanges.isEmpty()) {
-                mPermissionMonitor.onVpnUidRangesRemoved(iface, prevRanges, prevNc.getOwnerUid());
+                mPermissionMonitor.onVpnUidRangesRemoved(oldIface, prevRanges,
+                        prevNc.getOwnerUid());
             }
             if (shouldFilter && !newRanges.isEmpty()) {
-                mPermissionMonitor.onVpnUidRangesAdded(iface, newRanges, newNc.getOwnerUid());
+                mPermissionMonitor.onVpnUidRangesAdded(newIface, newRanges, newNc.getOwnerUid());
             }
         } catch (Exception e) {
             // Never crash!
@@ -9218,7 +9251,18 @@
             params.networkCapabilities = networkAgent.networkCapabilities;
             params.linkProperties = new LinkProperties(networkAgent.linkProperties,
                     true /* parcelSensitiveFields */);
-            networkAgent.networkMonitor().notifyNetworkConnected(params);
+            // isAtLeastT() is conservative here, as recent versions of NetworkStack support the
+            // newer callback even before T. However getInterfaceVersion is a synchronized binder
+            // call that would cause a Log.wtf to be emitted from the system_server process, and
+            // in the absence of a satisfactory, scalable solution which follows an easy/standard
+            // process to check the interface version, just use an SDK check. NetworkStack will
+            // always be new enough when running on T+.
+            if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastT()) {
+                networkAgent.networkMonitor().notifyNetworkConnected(params);
+            } else {
+                networkAgent.networkMonitor().notifyNetworkConnected(params.linkProperties,
+                        params.networkCapabilities);
+            }
             scheduleUnvalidatedPrompt(networkAgent);
 
             // Whether a particular NetworkRequest listen should cause signal strength thresholds to
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/Nat464Xlat.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/Nat464Xlat.java
index e8fc06d..738caab 100644
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/Nat464Xlat.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/Nat464Xlat.java
@@ -540,7 +540,7 @@
                 mClatCoordinator.dump(pw);
                 pw.decreaseIndent();
             } else {
-                pw.println("<not start>");
+                pw.println("<not started>");
             }
         }
     }
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkAgentInfo.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkAgentInfo.java
index 323888a..b40b6e0 100644
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkAgentInfo.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkAgentInfo.java
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 import static android.net.ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.ConnectivityReport;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_ETHERNET;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_TEST;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.transportNamesOf;
 
@@ -1224,20 +1225,22 @@
      *
      * @param nc the capabilities to sanitize
      * @param creatorUid the UID of the process creating this network agent
+     * @param hasAutomotiveFeature true if this device has the automotive feature, false otherwise
      * @param authenticator the carrier privilege authenticator to check for telephony constraints
      */
     public static void restrictCapabilitiesFromNetworkAgent(@NonNull final NetworkCapabilities nc,
-            final int creatorUid, @NonNull final CarrierPrivilegeAuthenticator authenticator) {
+            final int creatorUid, final boolean hasAutomotiveFeature,
+            @Nullable final CarrierPrivilegeAuthenticator authenticator) {
         if (nc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_TEST)) {
             nc.restrictCapabilitiesForTestNetwork(creatorUid);
         }
-        if (!areAllowedUidsAcceptableFromNetworkAgent(nc, authenticator)) {
+        if (!areAllowedUidsAcceptableFromNetworkAgent(nc, hasAutomotiveFeature, authenticator)) {
             nc.setAllowedUids(new ArraySet<>());
         }
     }
 
     private static boolean areAllowedUidsAcceptableFromNetworkAgent(
-            @NonNull final NetworkCapabilities nc,
+            @NonNull final NetworkCapabilities nc, final boolean hasAutomotiveFeature,
             @Nullable final CarrierPrivilegeAuthenticator carrierPrivilegeAuthenticator) {
         // NCs without access UIDs are fine.
         if (!nc.hasAllowedUids()) return true;
@@ -1252,6 +1255,11 @@
         // access UIDs
         if (nc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_TEST)) return true;
 
+        // Factories that make ethernet networks can allow UIDs for automotive devices.
+        if (nc.hasSingleTransport(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET) && hasAutomotiveFeature) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
         // Factories that make cell networks can allow the UID for the carrier service package.
         // This can only work in T where there is support for CarrierPrivilegeAuthenticator
         if (null != carrierPrivilegeAuthenticator
@@ -1262,8 +1270,6 @@
             return true;
         }
 
-        // TODO : accept Railway callers
-
         return false;
     }
 
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitor.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitor.java
index 8d99cb4..e4a2c20 100755
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitor.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitor.java
@@ -23,6 +23,9 @@
 import static android.Manifest.permission.UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS;
 import static android.content.pm.PackageInfo.REQUESTED_PERMISSION_GRANTED;
 import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.GET_PERMISSIONS;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOCKDOWN_VPN;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_RULE_DENY;
 import static android.net.ConnectivitySettingsManager.UIDS_ALLOWED_ON_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS;
 import static android.net.INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET;
 import static android.net.INetd.PERMISSION_NETWORK;
@@ -37,6 +40,7 @@
 import static com.android.net.module.util.CollectionUtils.toIntArray;
 
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
 import android.content.BroadcastReceiver;
 import android.content.Context;
 import android.content.Intent;
@@ -74,7 +78,6 @@
 import com.android.server.BpfNetMaps;
 
 import java.util.ArrayList;
-import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.HashSet;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
@@ -108,10 +111,19 @@
     @GuardedBy("this")
     private final SparseIntArray mUidToNetworkPerm = new SparseIntArray();
 
-    // Keys are active non-bypassable and fully-routed VPN's interface name, Values are uid ranges
-    // for apps under the VPN
+    // NonNull keys are active non-bypassable and fully-routed VPN's interface name, Values are uid
+    // ranges for apps under the VPNs which enable interface filtering.
+    // If key is null, Values are uid ranges for apps under the VPNs which are connected but do not
+    // enable interface filtering.
     @GuardedBy("this")
-    private final Map<String, Set<UidRange>> mVpnUidRanges = new HashMap<>();
+    private final Map<String, Set<UidRange>> mVpnInterfaceUidRanges = new ArrayMap<>();
+
+    // Items are uid ranges for apps under the VPN Lockdown
+    // Ranges were given through ConnectivityManager#setRequireVpnForUids, and ranges are allowed to
+    // have duplicates. Also, it is allowed to give ranges that are already subject to lockdown.
+    // So we need to maintain uid range with multiset.
+    @GuardedBy("this")
+    private final MultiSet<UidRange> mVpnLockdownUidRanges = new MultiSet<>();
 
     // A set of appIds for apps across all users on the device. We track appIds instead of uids
     // directly to reduce its size and also eliminate the need to update this set when user is
@@ -201,6 +213,38 @@
         }
     }
 
+    private static class MultiSet<T> {
+        private final Map<T, Integer> mMap = new ArrayMap<>();
+
+        /**
+         * Returns the number of key in the set before this addition.
+         */
+        public int add(T key) {
+            final int oldCount = mMap.getOrDefault(key, 0);
+            mMap.put(key, oldCount + 1);
+            return oldCount;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Return the number of key in the set before this removal.
+         */
+        public int remove(T key) {
+            final int oldCount = mMap.getOrDefault(key, 0);
+            if (oldCount == 0) {
+                Log.wtf(TAG, "Attempt to remove non existing key = " + key.toString());
+            } else if (oldCount == 1) {
+                mMap.remove(key);
+            } else {
+                mMap.put(key, oldCount - 1);
+            }
+            return oldCount;
+        }
+
+        public Set<T> getSet() {
+            return mMap.keySet();
+        }
+    }
+
     public PermissionMonitor(@NonNull final Context context, @NonNull final INetd netd,
             @NonNull final BpfNetMaps bpfNetMaps) {
         this(context, netd, bpfNetMaps, new Dependencies());
@@ -626,16 +670,26 @@
     }
 
     private synchronized void updateVpnUid(int uid, boolean add) {
-        for (Map.Entry<String, Set<UidRange>> vpn : mVpnUidRanges.entrySet()) {
+        // Apps that can use restricted networks can always bypass VPNs.
+        if (hasRestrictedNetworksPermission(uid)) {
+            return;
+        }
+        for (Map.Entry<String, Set<UidRange>> vpn : mVpnInterfaceUidRanges.entrySet()) {
             if (UidRange.containsUid(vpn.getValue(), uid)) {
                 final Set<Integer> changedUids = new HashSet<>();
                 changedUids.add(uid);
-                removeBypassingUids(changedUids, -1 /* vpnAppUid */);
                 updateVpnUidsInterfaceRules(vpn.getKey(), changedUids, add);
             }
         }
     }
 
+    private synchronized void updateLockdownUid(int uid, boolean add) {
+        if (UidRange.containsUid(mVpnLockdownUidRanges.getSet(), uid)
+                && !hasRestrictedNetworksPermission(uid)) {
+            updateLockdownUidRule(uid, add);
+        }
+    }
+
     /**
      * This handles both network and traffic permission, because there is no overlap in actual
      * values, where network permission is NETWORK or SYSTEM, and traffic permission is INTERNET
@@ -729,9 +783,10 @@
 
         // If the newly-installed package falls within some VPN's uid range, update Netd with it.
         // This needs to happen after the mUidToNetworkPerm update above, since
-        // removeBypassingUids() in updateVpnUid() depends on mUidToNetworkPerm to check if the
-        // package can bypass VPN.
+        // hasRestrictedNetworksPermission() in updateVpnUid() and updateLockdownUid() depends on
+        // mUidToNetworkPerm to check if the package can bypass VPN.
         updateVpnUid(uid, true /* add */);
+        updateLockdownUid(uid, true /* add */);
         mAllApps.add(appId);
 
         // Log package added.
@@ -775,9 +830,10 @@
 
         // If the newly-removed package falls within some VPN's uid range, update Netd with it.
         // This needs to happen before the mUidToNetworkPerm update below, since
-        // removeBypassingUids() in updateVpnUid() depends on mUidToNetworkPerm to check if the
-        // package can bypass VPN.
+        // hasRestrictedNetworksPermission() in updateVpnUid() and updateLockdownUid() depends on
+        // mUidToNetworkPerm to check if the package can bypass VPN.
         updateVpnUid(uid, false /* add */);
+        updateLockdownUid(uid, false /* add */);
         // If the package has been removed from all users on the device, clear it form mAllApps.
         if (mPackageManager.getNameForUid(uid) == null) {
             mAllApps.remove(appId);
@@ -859,48 +915,100 @@
     /**
      * Called when a new set of UID ranges are added to an active VPN network
      *
-     * @param iface The active VPN network's interface name
+     * @param iface The active VPN network's interface name. Null iface indicates that the app is
+     *              allowed to receive packets on all interfaces.
      * @param rangesToAdd The new UID ranges to be added to the network
      * @param vpnAppUid The uid of the VPN app
      */
-    public synchronized void onVpnUidRangesAdded(@NonNull String iface, Set<UidRange> rangesToAdd,
+    public synchronized void onVpnUidRangesAdded(@Nullable String iface, Set<UidRange> rangesToAdd,
             int vpnAppUid) {
         // Calculate the list of new app uids under the VPN due to the new UID ranges and update
         // Netd about them. Because mAllApps only contains appIds instead of uids, the result might
         // be an overestimation if an app is not installed on the user on which the VPN is running,
-        // but that's safe.
+        // but that's safe: if an app is not installed, it cannot receive any packets, so dropping
+        // packets to that UID is fine.
         final Set<Integer> changedUids = intersectUids(rangesToAdd, mAllApps);
         removeBypassingUids(changedUids, vpnAppUid);
         updateVpnUidsInterfaceRules(iface, changedUids, true /* add */);
-        if (mVpnUidRanges.containsKey(iface)) {
-            mVpnUidRanges.get(iface).addAll(rangesToAdd);
+        if (mVpnInterfaceUidRanges.containsKey(iface)) {
+            mVpnInterfaceUidRanges.get(iface).addAll(rangesToAdd);
         } else {
-            mVpnUidRanges.put(iface, new HashSet<UidRange>(rangesToAdd));
+            mVpnInterfaceUidRanges.put(iface, new HashSet<UidRange>(rangesToAdd));
         }
     }
 
     /**
      * Called when a set of UID ranges are removed from an active VPN network
      *
-     * @param iface The VPN network's interface name
+     * @param iface The VPN network's interface name. Null iface indicates that the app is allowed
+     *              to receive packets on all interfaces.
      * @param rangesToRemove Existing UID ranges to be removed from the VPN network
      * @param vpnAppUid The uid of the VPN app
      */
-    public synchronized void onVpnUidRangesRemoved(@NonNull String iface,
+    public synchronized void onVpnUidRangesRemoved(@Nullable String iface,
             Set<UidRange> rangesToRemove, int vpnAppUid) {
         // Calculate the list of app uids that are no longer under the VPN due to the removed UID
         // ranges and update Netd about them.
         final Set<Integer> changedUids = intersectUids(rangesToRemove, mAllApps);
         removeBypassingUids(changedUids, vpnAppUid);
         updateVpnUidsInterfaceRules(iface, changedUids, false /* add */);
-        Set<UidRange> existingRanges = mVpnUidRanges.getOrDefault(iface, null);
+        Set<UidRange> existingRanges = mVpnInterfaceUidRanges.getOrDefault(iface, null);
         if (existingRanges == null) {
             loge("Attempt to remove unknown vpn uid Range iface = " + iface);
             return;
         }
         existingRanges.removeAll(rangesToRemove);
         if (existingRanges.size() == 0) {
-            mVpnUidRanges.remove(iface);
+            mVpnInterfaceUidRanges.remove(iface);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Called when UID ranges under VPN Lockdown are updated
+     *
+     * @param add {@code true} if the uids are to be added to the Lockdown, {@code false} if they
+     *        are to be removed from the Lockdown.
+     * @param ranges The updated UID ranges under VPN Lockdown. This function does not treat the VPN
+     *               app's UID in any special way. The caller is responsible for excluding the VPN
+     *               app UID from the passed-in ranges.
+     *               Ranges can have duplications and/or contain the range that is already subject
+     *               to lockdown. However, ranges can not have overlaps with other ranges including
+     *               ranges that are currently subject to lockdown.
+     */
+    public synchronized void updateVpnLockdownUidRanges(boolean add, UidRange[] ranges) {
+        final Set<UidRange> affectedUidRanges = new HashSet<>();
+
+        for (final UidRange range : ranges) {
+            if (add) {
+                // Rule will be added if mVpnLockdownUidRanges does not have this uid range entry
+                // currently.
+                if (mVpnLockdownUidRanges.add(range) == 0) {
+                    affectedUidRanges.add(range);
+                }
+            } else {
+                // Rule will be removed if the number of the range in the set is 1 before the
+                // removal.
+                if (mVpnLockdownUidRanges.remove(range) == 1) {
+                    affectedUidRanges.add(range);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // mAllApps only contains appIds instead of uids. So the generated uid list might contain
+        // apps that are installed only on some users but not others. But that's safe: if an app is
+        // not installed, it cannot receive any packets, so dropping packets to that UID is fine.
+        final Set<Integer> affectedUids = intersectUids(affectedUidRanges, mAllApps);
+
+        // We skip adding rule to privileged apps and allow them to bypass incoming packet
+        // filtering. The behaviour is consistent with how lockdown works for outgoing packets, but
+        // the implementation is different: while ConnectivityService#setRequireVpnForUids does not
+        // exclude privileged apps from the prohibit routing rules used to implement outgoing packet
+        // filtering, privileged apps can still bypass outgoing packet filtering because the
+        // prohibit rules observe the protected from VPN bit.
+        for (final int uid: affectedUids) {
+            if (!hasRestrictedNetworksPermission(uid)) {
+                updateLockdownUidRule(uid, add);
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -939,7 +1047,7 @@
      */
     private void removeBypassingUids(Set<Integer> uids, int vpnAppUid) {
         uids.remove(vpnAppUid);
-        uids.removeIf(uid -> mUidToNetworkPerm.get(uid, PERMISSION_NONE) == PERMISSION_SYSTEM);
+        uids.removeIf(this::hasRestrictedNetworksPermission);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -948,6 +1056,7 @@
      *
      * This is to instruct netd to set up appropriate filtering rules for these uids, such that they
      * can only receive ingress packets from the VPN's tunnel interface (and loopback).
+     * Null iface set up a wildcard rule that allow app to receive packets on all interfaces.
      *
      * @param iface the interface name of the active VPN connection
      * @param add {@code true} if the uids are to be added to the interface, {@code false} if they
@@ -968,6 +1077,18 @@
         }
     }
 
+    private void updateLockdownUidRule(int uid, boolean add) {
+        try {
+            if (add) {
+                mBpfNetMaps.setUidRule(FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOCKDOWN_VPN, uid, FIREWALL_RULE_DENY);
+            } else {
+                mBpfNetMaps.setUidRule(FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOCKDOWN_VPN, uid, FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW);
+            }
+        } catch (ServiceSpecificException e) {
+            loge("Failed to " + (add ? "add" : "remove") + " Lockdown rule: " + e);
+        }
+    }
+
     /**
      * Send the updated permission information to netd. Called upon package install/uninstall.
      *
@@ -1055,8 +1176,14 @@
 
     /** Should only be used by unit tests */
     @VisibleForTesting
-    public Set<UidRange> getVpnUidRanges(String iface) {
-        return mVpnUidRanges.get(iface);
+    public Set<UidRange> getVpnInterfaceUidRanges(String iface) {
+        return mVpnInterfaceUidRanges.get(iface);
+    }
+
+    /** Should only be used by unit tests */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public Set<UidRange> getVpnLockdownUidRanges() {
+        return mVpnLockdownUidRanges.getSet();
     }
 
     private synchronized void onSettingChanged() {
@@ -1121,7 +1248,7 @@
     public void dump(IndentingPrintWriter pw) {
         pw.println("Interface filtering rules:");
         pw.increaseIndent();
-        for (Map.Entry<String, Set<UidRange>> vpn : mVpnUidRanges.entrySet()) {
+        for (Map.Entry<String, Set<UidRange>> vpn : mVpnInterfaceUidRanges.entrySet()) {
             pw.println("Interface: " + vpn.getKey());
             pw.println("UIDs: " + vpn.getValue().toString());
             pw.println();
@@ -1129,6 +1256,14 @@
         pw.decreaseIndent();
 
         pw.println();
+        pw.println("Lockdown filtering rules:");
+        pw.increaseIndent();
+        for (final UidRange range : mVpnLockdownUidRanges.getSet()) {
+            pw.println("UIDs: " + range.toString());
+        }
+        pw.decreaseIndent();
+
+        pw.println();
         pw.println("Update logs:");
         pw.increaseIndent();
         mPermissionUpdateLogs.reverseDump(pw);
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/net/DelayedDiskWrite.java b/service/src/com/android/server/net/DelayedDiskWrite.java
index 35dc455..41cb419 100644
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/net/DelayedDiskWrite.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/net/DelayedDiskWrite.java
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@
 import android.text.TextUtils;
 import android.util.Log;
 
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+
 import java.io.BufferedOutputStream;
 import java.io.DataOutputStream;
 import java.io.FileOutputStream;
@@ -32,11 +34,42 @@
 public class DelayedDiskWrite {
     private static final String TAG = "DelayedDiskWrite";
 
+    private final Dependencies mDeps;
+
     private HandlerThread mDiskWriteHandlerThread;
     private Handler mDiskWriteHandler;
     /* Tracks multiple writes on the same thread */
     private int mWriteSequence = 0;
 
+    public DelayedDiskWrite() {
+        this(new Dependencies());
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    DelayedDiskWrite(Dependencies deps) {
+        mDeps = deps;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Dependencies class of DelayedDiskWrite, used for injection in tests.
+     */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    static class Dependencies {
+        /**
+         * Create a HandlerThread to use in DelayedDiskWrite.
+         */
+        public HandlerThread makeHandlerThread() {
+            return new HandlerThread("DelayedDiskWriteThread");
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Quit the HandlerThread looper.
+         */
+        public void quitHandlerThread(HandlerThread handlerThread) {
+            handlerThread.getLooper().quit();
+        }
+    }
+
     /**
      * Used to do a delayed data write to a given {@link OutputStream}.
      */
@@ -65,7 +98,7 @@
         /* Do a delayed write to disk on a separate handler thread */
         synchronized (this) {
             if (++mWriteSequence == 1) {
-                mDiskWriteHandlerThread = new HandlerThread("DelayedDiskWriteThread");
+                mDiskWriteHandlerThread = mDeps.makeHandlerThread();
                 mDiskWriteHandlerThread.start();
                 mDiskWriteHandler = new Handler(mDiskWriteHandlerThread.getLooper());
             }
@@ -99,9 +132,9 @@
             // Quit if no more writes sent
             synchronized (this) {
                 if (--mWriteSequence == 0) {
-                    mDiskWriteHandler.getLooper().quit();
-                    mDiskWriteHandler = null;
+                    mDeps.quitHandlerThread(mDiskWriteHandlerThread);
                     mDiskWriteHandlerThread = null;
+                    mDiskWriteHandler = null;
                 }
             }
         }
diff --git a/tests/common/Android.bp b/tests/common/Android.bp
index 509e881..58731e0 100644
--- a/tests/common/Android.bp
+++ b/tests/common/Android.bp
@@ -140,6 +140,30 @@
     ],
 }
 
+// defaults for tests that need to build against framework-connectivity's @hide APIs, but also
+// using fully @hide classes that are jarjared (because they have no API member). Similar to
+// framework-connectivity-test-defaults above but uses pre-jarjar class names.
+// Only usable from targets that have visibility on framework-connectivity-pre-jarjar, and apply
+// connectivity jarjar rules so that references to jarjared classes still match: this is limited to
+// connectivity internal tests only.
+java_defaults {
+    name: "framework-connectivity-internal-test-defaults",
+    sdk_version: "core_platform", // tests can use @CorePlatformApi's
+    libs: [
+        // order matters: classes in framework-connectivity are resolved before framework,
+        // meaning @hide APIs in framework-connectivity are resolved before @SystemApi
+        // stubs in framework
+        "framework-connectivity-pre-jarjar",
+        "framework-connectivity-t-pre-jarjar",
+        "framework-tethering.impl",
+        "framework",
+
+        // if sdk_version="" this gets automatically included, but here we need to add manually.
+        "framework-res",
+    ],
+    defaults_visibility: ["//packages/modules/Connectivity/tests:__subpackages__"],
+}
+
 // Defaults for tests that want to run in mainline-presubmit.
 // Not widely used because many of our tests have AndroidTest.xml files and
 // use the mainline-param config-descriptor metadata in AndroidTest.xml.
diff --git a/tests/common/java/android/net/LinkPropertiesTest.java b/tests/common/java/android/net/LinkPropertiesTest.java
index b66a979..581ee22 100644
--- a/tests/common/java/android/net/LinkPropertiesTest.java
+++ b/tests/common/java/android/net/LinkPropertiesTest.java
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreAfter;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo;
+import com.android.testutils.filters.CtsNetTestCasesMaxTargetSdk31;
 
 import libcore.junit.util.compat.CoreCompatChangeRule.DisableCompatChanges;
 import libcore.junit.util.compat.CoreCompatChangeRule.EnableCompatChanges;
@@ -1307,6 +1308,7 @@
     }
 
     @Test @IgnoreUpTo(SC_V2)
+    @CtsNetTestCasesMaxTargetSdk31(reason = "Compat change cannot be overridden on T or above")
     @DisableCompatChanges({LinkProperties.EXCLUDED_ROUTES})
     public void testExcludedRoutesDisabled() {
         final LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
diff --git a/tests/common/java/android/net/netstats/NetworkStatsHistoryTest.kt b/tests/common/java/android/net/netstats/NetworkStatsHistoryTest.kt
index c2654c5..f8e041a 100644
--- a/tests/common/java/android/net/netstats/NetworkStatsHistoryTest.kt
+++ b/tests/common/java/android/net/netstats/NetworkStatsHistoryTest.kt
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith
 import org.junit.runners.JUnit4
 import kotlin.test.assertEquals
+import kotlin.test.assertFailsWith
 
 @ConnectivityModuleTest
 @RunWith(JUnit4::class)
@@ -51,12 +52,22 @@
                 .build()
         statsSingle.assertEntriesEqual(entry1)
         assertEquals(DateUtils.HOUR_IN_MILLIS, statsSingle.bucketDuration)
+
+        // Verify the builder throws if the timestamp of added entry is not greater than
+        // that of any previously-added entry.
+        assertFailsWith(IllegalArgumentException::class) {
+            NetworkStatsHistory
+                    .Builder(DateUtils.SECOND_IN_MILLIS, /* initialCapacity */ 0)
+                    .addEntry(entry1).addEntry(entry2).addEntry(entry3)
+                    .build()
+        }
+
         val statsMultiple = NetworkStatsHistory
                 .Builder(DateUtils.SECOND_IN_MILLIS, /* initialCapacity */ 0)
-                .addEntry(entry1).addEntry(entry2).addEntry(entry3)
+                .addEntry(entry3).addEntry(entry1).addEntry(entry2)
                 .build()
         assertEquals(DateUtils.SECOND_IN_MILLIS, statsMultiple.bucketDuration)
-        statsMultiple.assertEntriesEqual(entry1, entry2, entry3)
+        statsMultiple.assertEntriesEqual(entry3, entry1, entry2)
     }
 
     fun NetworkStatsHistory.assertEntriesEqual(vararg entries: NetworkStatsHistory.Entry) {
diff --git a/tests/cts/hostside/app/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/AbstractRestrictBackgroundNetworkTestCase.java b/tests/cts/hostside/app/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/AbstractRestrictBackgroundNetworkTestCase.java
index 524bd65..93e9dcd 100644
--- a/tests/cts/hostside/app/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/AbstractRestrictBackgroundNetworkTestCase.java
+++ b/tests/cts/hostside/app/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/AbstractRestrictBackgroundNetworkTestCase.java
@@ -217,7 +217,10 @@
             Log.d(TAG, "Expecting count " + expectedCount + " but actual is " + count + " after "
                     + attempts + " attempts; sleeping "
                     + SLEEP_TIME_SEC + " seconds before trying again");
-            SystemClock.sleep(SLEEP_TIME_SEC * SECOND_IN_MS);
+            // No sleep after the last turn
+            if (attempts <= maxAttempts) {
+                SystemClock.sleep(SLEEP_TIME_SEC * SECOND_IN_MS);
+            }
         } while (attempts <= maxAttempts);
         assertEquals("Number of expected broadcasts for " + receiverName + " not reached after "
                 + maxAttempts * SLEEP_TIME_SEC + " seconds", expectedCount, count);
@@ -328,7 +331,10 @@
             }
             Log.d(TAG, "App not on background state (" + state + ") on attempt #" + i
                     + "; sleeping 1s before trying again");
-            SystemClock.sleep(SECOND_IN_MS);
+            // No sleep after the last turn
+            if (i < maxTries) {
+                SystemClock.sleep(SECOND_IN_MS);
+            }
         }
         fail("App2 (" + mUid + ") is not on background state after "
                 + maxTries + " attempts: " + state);
@@ -347,7 +353,10 @@
             Log.d(TAG, "App not on foreground state on attempt #" + i
                     + "; sleeping 1s before trying again");
             turnScreenOn();
-            SystemClock.sleep(SECOND_IN_MS);
+            // No sleep after the last turn
+            if (i < maxTries) {
+                SystemClock.sleep(SECOND_IN_MS);
+            }
         }
         fail("App2 (" + mUid + ") is not on foreground state after "
                 + maxTries + " attempts: " + state);
@@ -365,7 +374,10 @@
             }
             Log.d(TAG, "App not on foreground service state on attempt #" + i
                     + "; sleeping 1s before trying again");
-            SystemClock.sleep(SECOND_IN_MS);
+            // No sleep after the last turn
+            if (i < maxTries) {
+                SystemClock.sleep(SECOND_IN_MS);
+            }
         }
         fail("App2 (" + mUid + ") is not on foreground service state after "
                 + maxTries + " attempts: " + state);
@@ -506,7 +518,10 @@
             Log.v(TAG, "Command '" + command + "' returned '" + result + " instead of '"
                     + checker.getExpected() + "' on attempt #" + i
                     + "; sleeping " + napTimeSeconds + "s before trying again");
-            SystemClock.sleep(napTimeSeconds * SECOND_IN_MS);
+            // No sleep after the last turn
+            if (i < maxTries) {
+                SystemClock.sleep(napTimeSeconds * SECOND_IN_MS);
+            }
         }
         fail("Command '" + command + "' did not return '" + checker.getExpected() + "' after "
                 + maxTries
@@ -578,7 +593,10 @@
             }
             Log.v(TAG, list + " check for uid " + uid + " doesn't match yet (expected "
                     + expected + ", got " + actual + "); sleeping 1s before polling again");
-            SystemClock.sleep(SECOND_IN_MS);
+            // No sleep after the last turn
+            if (i < maxTries) {
+                SystemClock.sleep(SECOND_IN_MS);
+            }
         }
         fail(list + " check for uid " + uid + " failed: expected " + expected + ", got " + actual
                 + ". Full list: " + uids);
@@ -738,7 +756,8 @@
 
     protected void assertAppIdle(boolean enabled) throws Exception {
         try {
-            assertDelayedShellCommand("am get-inactive " + TEST_APP2_PKG, 15, 2, "Idle=" + enabled);
+            assertDelayedShellCommand("am get-inactive " + TEST_APP2_PKG,
+                    30 /* maxTries */, 1 /* napTimeSeconds */, "Idle=" + enabled);
         } catch (Throwable e) {
             throw e;
         }
@@ -765,7 +784,10 @@
                 return;
             }
             Log.v(TAG, "app2 receiver is not ready yet; sleeping 1s before polling again");
-            SystemClock.sleep(SECOND_IN_MS);
+            // No sleep after the last turn
+            if (i < maxTries) {
+                SystemClock.sleep(SECOND_IN_MS);
+            }
         }
         fail("app2 receiver is not ready in " + mUid);
     }
@@ -814,8 +836,6 @@
             return;
         } else if (type == TYPE_COMPONENT_ACTIVTIY) {
             turnScreenOn();
-            // Wait for screen-on state to propagate through the system.
-            SystemClock.sleep(2000);
             final CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(1);
             final Intent launchIntent = getIntentForComponent(type);
             final Bundle extras = new Bundle();
diff --git a/tests/cts/hostside/app2/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/app2/MyActivity.java b/tests/cts/hostside/app2/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/app2/MyActivity.java
index 51acfdf..82f13ae 100644
--- a/tests/cts/hostside/app2/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/app2/MyActivity.java
+++ b/tests/cts/hostside/app2/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/app2/MyActivity.java
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
 import android.os.Bundle;
 import android.os.RemoteException;
 import android.util.Log;
+import android.view.WindowManager;
 
 import androidx.annotation.GuardedBy;
 
@@ -46,6 +47,8 @@
     protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
         super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
         Log.d(TAG, "MyActivity.onCreate()");
+
+        getWindow().addFlags(WindowManager.LayoutParams.FLAG_KEEP_SCREEN_ON);
     }
 
     @Override
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/Android.bp b/tests/cts/net/Android.bp
index e979a3b..a6ed762 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/Android.bp
+++ b/tests/cts/net/Android.bp
@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@
     // sdk_version: "current",
     platform_apis: true,
     required: ["ConnectivityChecker"],
+    test_config_template: "AndroidTestTemplate.xml",
 }
 
 // Networking CTS tests for development and release. These tests always target the platform SDK
@@ -79,7 +80,16 @@
         "cts",
         "general-tests",
     ],
-    test_config_template: "AndroidTestTemplate.xml",
+}
+
+java_defaults {
+    name: "CtsNetTestCasesApiStableDefaults",
+    // TODO: CTS should not depend on the entirety of the networkstack code.
+    static_libs: [
+        "NetworkStackApiStableLib",
+    ],
+    jni_uses_sdk_apis: true,
+    min_sdk_version: "29",
 }
 
 // Networking CTS tests that target the latest released SDK. These tests can be installed on release
@@ -87,14 +97,11 @@
 // on release devices.
 android_test {
     name: "CtsNetTestCasesLatestSdk",
-    defaults: ["CtsNetTestCasesDefaults"],
-    // TODO: CTS should not depend on the entirety of the networkstack code.
-    static_libs: [
-        "NetworkStackApiStableLib",
+    defaults: [
+        "CtsNetTestCasesDefaults",
+        "CtsNetTestCasesApiStableDefaults",
     ],
-    jni_uses_sdk_apis: true,
-    min_sdk_version: "29",
-    target_sdk_version: "30",
+    target_sdk_version: "33",
     test_suites: [
         "general-tests",
         "mts-dnsresolver",
@@ -102,5 +109,21 @@
         "mts-tethering",
         "mts-wifi",
     ],
-    test_config_template: "AndroidTestTemplate.xml",
 }
+
+android_test {
+    name: "CtsNetTestCasesMaxTargetSdk31",  // Must match CtsNetTestCasesMaxTargetSdk31 annotation.
+    defaults: [
+        "CtsNetTestCasesDefaults",
+        "CtsNetTestCasesApiStableDefaults",
+    ],
+    target_sdk_version: "31",
+    package_name: "android.net.cts.maxtargetsdk31",  // CTS package names must be unique.
+    instrumentation_target_package: "android.net.cts.maxtargetsdk31",
+    test_suites: [
+        "cts",
+        "general-tests",
+        "mts-networking",
+    ],
+}
+
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/AndroidManifest.xml b/tests/cts/net/AndroidManifest.xml
index 3b47100..6b5bb93 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/AndroidManifest.xml
+++ b/tests/cts/net/AndroidManifest.xml
@@ -44,7 +44,8 @@
              android.permission.MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS
     -->
 
-    <application android:usesCleartextTraffic="true">
+    <application android:debuggable="true"
+                 android:usesCleartextTraffic="true">
         <uses-library android:name="android.test.runner" />
         <uses-library android:name="org.apache.http.legacy" android:required="false" />
     </application>
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/AndroidTestTemplate.xml b/tests/cts/net/AndroidTestTemplate.xml
index 33f3af5..d2fb04a 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/AndroidTestTemplate.xml
+++ b/tests/cts/net/AndroidTestTemplate.xml
@@ -33,10 +33,21 @@
     <target_preparer class="com.android.testutils.DisableConfigSyncTargetPreparer">
     </target_preparer>
     <test class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.AndroidJUnitTest" >
-        <option name="package" value="android.net.cts" />
+        <option name="package" value="{PACKAGE}" />
         <option name="runtime-hint" value="9m4s" />
         <option name="hidden-api-checks" value="false" />
         <option name="isolated-storage" value="false" />
+        <!-- Test filter that allows test APKs to select which tests they want to run by annotating
+             those tests with an annotation matching the name of the APK.
+
+             This allows us to maintain one AndroidTestTemplate.xml for all CtsNetTestCases*.apk,
+             and have CtsNetTestCases and CtsNetTestCasesLatestSdk run all tests, but have
+             CtsNetTestCasesMaxTargetSdk31 run only tests that require target SDK 31.
+
+             This relies on the fact that if the class specified in include-annotation exists, then
+             the runner will only run the tests annotated with that annotation, but if it does not,
+             the runner will run all the tests. -->
+        <option name="include-annotation" value="com.android.testutils.filters.{MODULE}" />
     </test>
     <!-- When this test is run in a Mainline context (e.g. with `mts-tradefed`), only enable it if
         one of the Mainline modules below is present on the device used for testing. -->
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/api23Test/Android.bp b/tests/cts/net/api23Test/Android.bp
index 5b37294..9b81a56 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/api23Test/Android.bp
+++ b/tests/cts/net/api23Test/Android.bp
@@ -51,5 +51,8 @@
         "cts",
         "general-tests",
     ],
-
+    data: [
+        ":CtsNetTestAppForApi23",
+    ],
+    per_testcase_directory: true,
 }
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/ConnectivityManagerTest.java b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/ConnectivityManagerTest.java
index 8f6786f..3b88189 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/ConnectivityManagerTest.java
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/ConnectivityManagerTest.java
@@ -3235,14 +3235,16 @@
             // TODD: Have a significant signal to know the uids has been sent to netd.
             assertBindSocketToNetworkSuccess(network);
 
-            // Uid is in allowed list. Try file network request again.
-            requestNetwork(restrictedRequest, restrictedNetworkCb);
-            // Verify that the network is restricted.
-            restrictedNetworkCb.eventuallyExpect(CallbackEntry.NETWORK_CAPS_UPDATED,
-                    NETWORK_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS,
-                    entry -> network.equals(entry.getNetwork())
-                            && (!((CallbackEntry.CapabilitiesChanged) entry).getCaps()
-                            .hasCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED)));
+            if (TestUtils.shouldTestTApis()) {
+                // Uid is in allowed list. Try file network request again.
+                requestNetwork(restrictedRequest, restrictedNetworkCb);
+                // Verify that the network is restricted.
+                restrictedNetworkCb.eventuallyExpect(CallbackEntry.NETWORK_CAPS_UPDATED,
+                        NETWORK_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS,
+                        entry -> network.equals(entry.getNetwork())
+                                && (!((CallbackEntry.CapabilitiesChanged) entry).getCaps()
+                                .hasCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED)));
+            }
         } finally {
             agent.unregister();
 
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/DscpPolicyTest.kt b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/DscpPolicyTest.kt
index 1e42fe6..bbac09b 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/DscpPolicyTest.kt
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/DscpPolicyTest.kt
@@ -626,15 +626,31 @@
     @Test
     fun testParcelingDscpPolicyIsLossless(): Unit = createConnectedNetworkAgent().let {
                 (agent, callback) ->
+        val policyId = 1
+        val dscpValue = 1
+        val range = Range(4444, 4444)
+        val srcPort = 555
+
         // Check that policy with partial parameters is lossless.
-        val policy = DscpPolicy.Builder(1, 1).setDestinationPortRange(Range(4444, 4444)).build()
+        val policy = DscpPolicy.Builder(policyId, dscpValue).setDestinationPortRange(range).build()
+        assertEquals(policyId, policy.policyId)
+        assertEquals(dscpValue, policy.dscpValue)
+        assertEquals(range, policy.destinationPortRange)
         assertParcelingIsLossless(policy)
 
         // Check that policy with all parameters is lossless.
-        val policy2 = DscpPolicy.Builder(1, 1).setDestinationPortRange(Range(4444, 4444))
+        val policy2 = DscpPolicy.Builder(policyId, dscpValue).setDestinationPortRange(range)
                 .setSourceAddress(LOCAL_IPV4_ADDRESS)
                 .setDestinationAddress(TEST_TARGET_IPV4_ADDR)
+                .setSourcePort(srcPort)
                 .setProtocol(IPPROTO_UDP).build()
+        assertEquals(policyId, policy2.policyId)
+        assertEquals(dscpValue, policy2.dscpValue)
+        assertEquals(range, policy2.destinationPortRange)
+        assertEquals(TEST_TARGET_IPV4_ADDR, policy2.destinationAddress)
+        assertEquals(LOCAL_IPV4_ADDRESS, policy2.sourceAddress)
+        assertEquals(srcPort, policy2.sourcePort)
+        assertEquals(IPPROTO_UDP, policy2.protocol)
         assertParcelingIsLossless(policy2)
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/EthernetManagerTest.kt b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/EthernetManagerTest.kt
index 04434e5..0a02593 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/EthernetManagerTest.kt
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/EthernetManagerTest.kt
@@ -15,54 +15,71 @@
  */
 package android.net.cts
 
+import android.Manifest.permission.CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS
 import android.Manifest.permission.MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS
 import android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS
+import android.content.Context
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager
+import android.net.EthernetNetworkSpecifier
 import android.net.InetAddresses
 import android.net.IpConfiguration
 import android.net.MacAddress
+import android.net.Network
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_TRUSTED
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_ETHERNET
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_TEST
+import android.net.NetworkRequest
 import android.net.TestNetworkInterface
 import android.net.TestNetworkManager
-import android.platform.test.annotations.AppModeFull
-import androidx.test.platform.app.InstrumentationRegistry
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4
-import com.android.net.module.util.ArrayTrackRecord
-import com.android.net.module.util.TrackRecord
-import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule
-import com.android.testutils.SC_V2
-import com.android.testutils.runAsShell
-import org.junit.After
-import org.junit.Before
-import org.junit.Rule
-import org.junit.Test
-import android.content.Context
-import org.junit.runner.RunWith
-import kotlin.test.assertNull
-import kotlin.test.fail
 import android.net.cts.EthernetManagerTest.EthernetStateListener.CallbackEntry.InterfaceStateChanged
 import android.os.Handler
 import android.os.HandlerExecutor
 import android.os.Looper
+import android.platform.test.annotations.AppModeFull
+import android.util.ArraySet
+import androidx.test.platform.app.InstrumentationRegistry
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4
+import com.android.net.module.util.ArrayTrackRecord
+import com.android.net.module.util.TrackRecord
+import com.android.networkstack.apishim.EthernetManagerShimImpl
 import com.android.networkstack.apishim.common.EthernetManagerShim.InterfaceStateListener
+import com.android.networkstack.apishim.common.EthernetManagerShim.ROLE_CLIENT
+import com.android.networkstack.apishim.common.EthernetManagerShim.ROLE_NONE
 import com.android.networkstack.apishim.common.EthernetManagerShim.STATE_ABSENT
 import com.android.networkstack.apishim.common.EthernetManagerShim.STATE_LINK_DOWN
 import com.android.networkstack.apishim.common.EthernetManagerShim.STATE_LINK_UP
-import com.android.networkstack.apishim.common.EthernetManagerShim.ROLE_CLIENT
-import com.android.networkstack.apishim.common.EthernetManagerShim.ROLE_NONE
-import com.android.networkstack.apishim.EthernetManagerShimImpl
+import com.android.testutils.anyNetwork
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule
+import com.android.testutils.RecorderCallback.CallbackEntry.Available
+import com.android.testutils.RecorderCallback.CallbackEntry.Lost
 import com.android.testutils.RouterAdvertisementResponder
+import com.android.testutils.SC_V2
 import com.android.testutils.TapPacketReader
+import com.android.testutils.TestableNetworkCallback
+import com.android.testutils.runAsShell
 import com.android.testutils.waitForIdle
+import org.junit.After
+import org.junit.Before
+import org.junit.Rule
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
 import java.net.Inet6Address
-import java.util.concurrent.Executor
-import kotlin.test.assertFalse
 import kotlin.test.assertEquals
+import kotlin.test.assertFalse
+import kotlin.test.assertNotNull
+import kotlin.test.assertNull
 import kotlin.test.assertTrue
-import java.net.NetworkInterface
+import kotlin.test.fail
 
 private const val TIMEOUT_MS = 1000L
 private const val NO_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS = 200L
 private val DEFAULT_IP_CONFIGURATION = IpConfiguration(IpConfiguration.IpAssignment.DHCP,
     IpConfiguration.ProxySettings.NONE, null, null)
+private val ETH_REQUEST: NetworkRequest = NetworkRequest.Builder()
+    .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_TEST)
+    .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET)
+    .removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TRUSTED)
+    .build()
 
 @AppModeFull(reason = "Instant apps can't access EthernetManager")
 @RunWith(AndroidJUnit4::class)
@@ -73,9 +90,12 @@
 
     private val context by lazy { InstrumentationRegistry.getInstrumentation().context }
     private val em by lazy { EthernetManagerShimImpl.newInstance(context) }
+    private val cm by lazy { context.getSystemService(ConnectivityManager::class.java) }
 
+    private val ifaceListener = EthernetStateListener()
     private val createdIfaces = ArrayList<EthernetTestInterface>()
     private val addedListeners = ArrayList<EthernetStateListener>()
+    private val networkRequests = ArrayList<TestableNetworkCallback>()
 
     private class EthernetTestInterface(
         context: Context,
@@ -91,7 +111,7 @@
                 val tnm = context.getSystemService(TestNetworkManager::class.java)
                 tnm.createTapInterface(false /* bringUp */)
             }
-            val mtu = NetworkInterface.getByName(tapInterface.interfaceName).getMTU()
+            val mtu = 1500
             packetReader = TapPacketReader(handler, tapInterface.fileDescriptor.fileDescriptor, mtu)
             raResponder = RouterAdvertisementResponder(packetReader)
             raResponder.addRouterEntry(MacAddress.fromString("01:23:45:67:89:ab"),
@@ -141,14 +161,23 @@
         }
 
         fun expectCallback(iface: EthernetTestInterface, state: Int, role: Int) {
-            expectCallback(InterfaceStateChanged(iface.interfaceName, state, role,
-                if (state != STATE_ABSENT) DEFAULT_IP_CONFIGURATION else null))
+            expectCallback(createChangeEvent(iface, state, role))
         }
 
+        fun createChangeEvent(iface: EthernetTestInterface, state: Int, role: Int) =
+                InterfaceStateChanged(iface.interfaceName, state, role,
+                        if (state != STATE_ABSENT) DEFAULT_IP_CONFIGURATION else null)
+
         fun pollForNextCallback(): CallbackEntry {
             return events.poll(TIMEOUT_MS) ?: fail("Did not receive callback after ${TIMEOUT_MS}ms")
         }
 
+        fun eventuallyExpect(expected: CallbackEntry) = events.poll(TIMEOUT_MS) { it == expected }
+
+        fun eventuallyExpect(iface: EthernetTestInterface, state: Int, role: Int) {
+            assertNotNull(eventuallyExpect(createChangeEvent(iface, state, role)))
+        }
+
         fun assertNoCallback() {
             val cb = events.poll(NO_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS)
             assertNull(cb, "Expected no callback but got $cb")
@@ -158,6 +187,7 @@
     @Before
     fun setUp() {
         setIncludeTestInterfaces(true)
+        addInterfaceStateListener(ifaceListener)
     }
 
     @After
@@ -165,22 +195,32 @@
         setIncludeTestInterfaces(false)
         for (iface in createdIfaces) {
             iface.destroy()
+            ifaceListener.eventuallyExpect(iface, STATE_ABSENT, ROLE_NONE)
         }
         for (listener in addedListeners) {
             em.removeInterfaceStateListener(listener)
         }
+        networkRequests.forEach { cm.unregisterNetworkCallback(it) }
     }
 
-    private fun addInterfaceStateListener(executor: Executor, listener: EthernetStateListener) {
-        em.addInterfaceStateListener(executor, listener)
+    private fun addInterfaceStateListener(listener: EthernetStateListener) {
+        runAsShell(CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS) {
+            em.addInterfaceStateListener(HandlerExecutor(Handler(Looper.getMainLooper())), listener)
+        }
         addedListeners.add(listener)
     }
 
     private fun createInterface(): EthernetTestInterface {
-        return EthernetTestInterface(
+        val iface = EthernetTestInterface(
             context,
             Handler(Looper.getMainLooper())
         ).also { createdIfaces.add(it) }
+        with(ifaceListener) {
+            // when an interface comes up, we should always see a down cb before an up cb.
+            eventuallyExpect(iface, STATE_LINK_DOWN, ROLE_CLIENT)
+            expectCallback(iface, STATE_LINK_UP, ROLE_CLIENT)
+        }
+        return iface
     }
 
     private fun setIncludeTestInterfaces(value: Boolean) {
@@ -192,49 +232,97 @@
     private fun removeInterface(iface: EthernetTestInterface) {
         iface.destroy()
         createdIfaces.remove(iface)
+        ifaceListener.eventuallyExpect(iface, STATE_ABSENT, ROLE_NONE)
     }
 
-    @Test
-    public fun testCallbacks() {
-        val executor = HandlerExecutor(Handler(Looper.getMainLooper()))
+    private fun requestNetwork(request: NetworkRequest): TestableNetworkCallback {
+        return TestableNetworkCallback().also {
+            cm.requestNetwork(request, it)
+            networkRequests.add(it)
+        }
+    }
 
+    private fun releaseNetwork(cb: TestableNetworkCallback) {
+        cm.unregisterNetworkCallback(cb)
+        networkRequests.remove(cb)
+    }
+
+    private fun NetworkRequest.createCopyWithEthernetSpecifier(ifaceName: String) =
+        NetworkRequest.Builder(NetworkRequest(ETH_REQUEST))
+            .setNetworkSpecifier(EthernetNetworkSpecifier(ifaceName)).build()
+
+    // It can take multiple seconds for the network to become available.
+    private fun TestableNetworkCallback.expectAvailable() =
+        expectCallback<Available>(anyNetwork(), 5000/*ms timeout*/).network
+
+    // b/233534110: eventuallyExpect<Lost>() does not advance ReadHead, use
+    // eventuallyExpect(Lost::class) instead.
+    private fun TestableNetworkCallback.eventuallyExpectLost(n: Network? = null) =
+        eventuallyExpect(Lost::class, TIMEOUT_MS) { n?.equals(it.network) ?: true }
+
+    private fun TestableNetworkCallback.assertNotLost(n: Network? = null) =
+        assertNoCallbackThat() { it is Lost && (n?.equals(it.network) ?: true) }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testCallbacks() {
         // If an interface exists when the callback is registered, it is reported on registration.
         val iface = createInterface()
-        val listener = EthernetStateListener()
-        addInterfaceStateListener(executor, listener)
-        listener.expectCallback(iface, STATE_LINK_UP, ROLE_CLIENT)
+        val listener1 = EthernetStateListener()
+        addInterfaceStateListener(listener1)
+        validateListenerOnRegistration(listener1)
 
         // If an interface appears, existing callbacks see it.
         // TODO: fix the up/up/down/up callbacks and only send down/up.
         val iface2 = createInterface()
-        listener.expectCallback(iface2, STATE_LINK_UP, ROLE_CLIENT)
-        listener.expectCallback(iface2, STATE_LINK_UP, ROLE_CLIENT)
-        listener.expectCallback(iface2, STATE_LINK_DOWN, ROLE_CLIENT)
-        listener.expectCallback(iface2, STATE_LINK_UP, ROLE_CLIENT)
+        listener1.expectCallback(iface2, STATE_LINK_UP, ROLE_CLIENT)
+        listener1.expectCallback(iface2, STATE_LINK_UP, ROLE_CLIENT)
+        listener1.expectCallback(iface2, STATE_LINK_DOWN, ROLE_CLIENT)
+        listener1.expectCallback(iface2, STATE_LINK_UP, ROLE_CLIENT)
 
         // Register a new listener, it should see state of all existing interfaces immediately.
         val listener2 = EthernetStateListener()
-        addInterfaceStateListener(executor, listener2)
-        listener2.expectCallback(iface, STATE_LINK_UP, ROLE_CLIENT)
-        listener2.expectCallback(iface2, STATE_LINK_UP, ROLE_CLIENT)
+        addInterfaceStateListener(listener2)
+        validateListenerOnRegistration(listener2)
 
         // Removing interfaces first sends link down, then STATE_ABSENT/ROLE_NONE.
         removeInterface(iface)
-        for (listener in addedListeners) {
+        for (listener in listOf(listener1, listener2)) {
             listener.expectCallback(iface, STATE_LINK_DOWN, ROLE_CLIENT)
             listener.expectCallback(iface, STATE_ABSENT, ROLE_NONE)
         }
 
         removeInterface(iface2)
-        for (listener in addedListeners) {
+        for (listener in listOf(listener1, listener2)) {
             listener.expectCallback(iface2, STATE_LINK_DOWN, ROLE_CLIENT)
             listener.expectCallback(iface2, STATE_ABSENT, ROLE_NONE)
             listener.assertNoCallback()
         }
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Validate all interfaces are returned for an EthernetStateListener upon registration.
+     */
+    private fun validateListenerOnRegistration(listener: EthernetStateListener) {
+        // Get all tracked interfaces to validate on listener registration. Ordering and interface
+        // state (up/down) can't be validated for interfaces not created as part of testing.
+        val ifaces = em.getInterfaceList()
+        val polledIfaces = ArraySet<String>()
+        for (i in ifaces) {
+            val event = (listener.pollForNextCallback() as InterfaceStateChanged)
+            val iface = event.iface
+            assertTrue(polledIfaces.add(iface), "Duplicate interface $iface returned")
+            assertTrue(ifaces.contains(iface), "Untracked interface $iface returned")
+            // If the event's iface was created in the test, additional criteria can be validated.
+            createdIfaces.find { it.interfaceName.equals(iface) }?.let {
+                assertEquals(event, listener.createChangeEvent(it, STATE_LINK_UP, ROLE_CLIENT))
+            }
+        }
+        // Assert all callbacks are accounted for.
+        listener.assertNoCallback()
+    }
+
     @Test
-    public fun testGetInterfaceList() {
+    fun testGetInterfaceList() {
         setIncludeTestInterfaces(true)
 
         // Create two test interfaces and check the return list contains the interface names.
@@ -254,4 +342,105 @@
 
         removeInterface(iface2)
     }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testNetworkRequest_withSingleExistingInterface() {
+        setIncludeTestInterfaces(true)
+        createInterface()
+
+        // install a listener which will later be used to verify the Lost callback
+        val listenerCb = TestableNetworkCallback()
+        cm.registerNetworkCallback(ETH_REQUEST, listenerCb)
+        networkRequests.add(listenerCb)
+
+        val cb = requestNetwork(ETH_REQUEST)
+        val network = cb.expectAvailable()
+
+        cb.assertNotLost()
+        releaseNetwork(cb)
+        listenerCb.eventuallyExpectLost(network)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testNetworkRequest_beforeSingleInterfaceIsUp() {
+        setIncludeTestInterfaces(true)
+
+        val cb = requestNetwork(ETH_REQUEST)
+
+        // bring up interface after network has been requested
+        val iface = createInterface()
+        val network = cb.expectAvailable()
+
+        // remove interface before network request has been removed
+        cb.assertNotLost()
+        removeInterface(iface)
+        cb.eventuallyExpectLost()
+
+        releaseNetwork(cb)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testNetworkRequest_withMultipleInterfaces() {
+        setIncludeTestInterfaces(true)
+
+        val iface1 = createInterface()
+        val iface2 = createInterface()
+
+        val cb = requestNetwork(ETH_REQUEST.createCopyWithEthernetSpecifier(iface2.interfaceName))
+
+        val network = cb.expectAvailable()
+        cb.expectCapabilitiesThat(network) {
+            it.networkSpecifier == EthernetNetworkSpecifier(iface2.interfaceName)
+        }
+
+        removeInterface(iface1)
+        cb.assertNotLost()
+        removeInterface(iface2)
+        cb.eventuallyExpectLost()
+
+        releaseNetwork(cb)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testNetworkRequest_withInterfaceBeingReplaced() {
+        setIncludeTestInterfaces(true)
+        val iface1 = createInterface()
+
+        val cb = requestNetwork(ETH_REQUEST)
+        val network = cb.expectAvailable()
+
+        // create another network and verify the request sticks to the current network
+        val iface2 = createInterface()
+        cb.assertNotLost()
+
+        // remove iface1 and verify the request brings up iface2
+        removeInterface(iface1)
+        cb.eventuallyExpectLost(network)
+        val network2 = cb.expectAvailable()
+
+        releaseNetwork(cb)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testNetworkRequest_withMultipleInterfacesAndRequests() {
+        setIncludeTestInterfaces(true)
+        val iface1 = createInterface()
+        val iface2 = createInterface()
+
+        val cb1 = requestNetwork(ETH_REQUEST.createCopyWithEthernetSpecifier(iface1.interfaceName))
+        val cb2 = requestNetwork(ETH_REQUEST.createCopyWithEthernetSpecifier(iface2.interfaceName))
+        val cb3 = requestNetwork(ETH_REQUEST)
+
+        cb1.expectAvailable()
+        cb2.expectAvailable()
+        cb3.expectAvailable()
+
+        cb1.assertNotLost()
+        cb2.assertNotLost()
+        cb3.assertNotLost()
+
+        releaseNetwork(cb1)
+        releaseNetwork(cb2)
+        releaseNetwork(cb3)
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/EthernetNetworkUpdateRequestTest.java b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/EthernetNetworkUpdateRequestTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c8ee0c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/EthernetNetworkUpdateRequestTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net.cts;
+
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED;
+
+import static com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRuleKt.SC_V2;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotSame;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertThrows;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.net.EthernetNetworkUpdateRequest;
+import android.net.IpConfiguration;
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
+import android.net.StaticIpConfiguration;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+@SmallTest
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(SC_V2) // TODO: Use to Build.VERSION_CODES.SC_V2 when available
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
+public class EthernetNetworkUpdateRequestTest {
+    private static final NetworkCapabilities DEFAULT_CAPS =
+            new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
+                    .removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED).build();
+    private static final StaticIpConfiguration DEFAULT_STATIC_IP_CONFIG =
+            new StaticIpConfiguration.Builder().setDomains("test").build();
+    private static final IpConfiguration DEFAULT_IP_CONFIG =
+            new IpConfiguration.Builder()
+                    .setStaticIpConfiguration(DEFAULT_STATIC_IP_CONFIG).build();
+
+    private EthernetNetworkUpdateRequest createRequest(@NonNull final NetworkCapabilities nc,
+            @NonNull final IpConfiguration ipConfig) {
+        return new EthernetNetworkUpdateRequest.Builder()
+                .setNetworkCapabilities(nc)
+                .setIpConfiguration(ipConfig)
+                .build();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetNetworkCapabilities() {
+        final EthernetNetworkUpdateRequest r = createRequest(DEFAULT_CAPS, DEFAULT_IP_CONFIG);
+        assertEquals(DEFAULT_CAPS, r.getNetworkCapabilities());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetIpConfiguration() {
+        final EthernetNetworkUpdateRequest r = createRequest(DEFAULT_CAPS, DEFAULT_IP_CONFIG);
+        assertEquals(DEFAULT_IP_CONFIG, r.getIpConfiguration());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBuilderWithRequest() {
+        final EthernetNetworkUpdateRequest r = createRequest(DEFAULT_CAPS, DEFAULT_IP_CONFIG);
+        final EthernetNetworkUpdateRequest rFromExisting =
+                new EthernetNetworkUpdateRequest.Builder(r).build();
+
+        assertNotSame(r, rFromExisting);
+        assertEquals(r.getIpConfiguration(), rFromExisting.getIpConfiguration());
+        assertEquals(r.getNetworkCapabilities(), rFromExisting.getNetworkCapabilities());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNullIpConfigurationAndNetworkCapabilitiesThrows() {
+        assertThrows("Should not be able to build with null ip config and network capabilities.",
+                IllegalStateException.class,
+                () -> createRequest(null, null));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/Ikev2VpnTest.java b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/Ikev2VpnTest.java
index 7286bf6..2b1d173 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/Ikev2VpnTest.java
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/Ikev2VpnTest.java
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 import static android.net.cts.util.CtsNetUtils.TestNetworkCallback;
 
 import static com.android.compatibility.common.util.SystemUtil.runWithShellPermissionIdentity;
+import static com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel.isAtLeastT;
 import static com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRuleKt.SC_V2;
 import static com.android.testutils.TestableNetworkCallbackKt.anyNetwork;
 
@@ -60,12 +61,7 @@
 
 import com.android.internal.util.HexDump;
 import com.android.networkstack.apishim.ConstantsShim;
-import com.android.networkstack.apishim.Ikev2VpnProfileBuilderShimImpl;
-import com.android.networkstack.apishim.Ikev2VpnProfileShimImpl;
 import com.android.networkstack.apishim.VpnManagerShimImpl;
-import com.android.networkstack.apishim.common.Ikev2VpnProfileBuilderShim;
-import com.android.networkstack.apishim.common.Ikev2VpnProfileShim;
-import com.android.networkstack.apishim.common.UnsupportedApiLevelException;
 import com.android.networkstack.apishim.common.VpnManagerShim;
 import com.android.networkstack.apishim.common.VpnProfileStateShim;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
@@ -228,22 +224,17 @@
     }
 
     private Ikev2VpnProfile buildIkev2VpnProfileCommon(
-            @NonNull Ikev2VpnProfileBuilderShim builderShim, boolean isRestrictedToTestNetworks,
+            @NonNull Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder builder, boolean isRestrictedToTestNetworks,
             boolean requiresValidation) throws Exception {
 
-        builderShim.setBypassable(true)
+        builder.setBypassable(true)
                 .setAllowedAlgorithms(TEST_ALLOWED_ALGORITHMS)
                 .setProxy(TEST_PROXY_INFO)
                 .setMaxMtu(TEST_MTU)
                 .setMetered(false);
         if (TestUtils.shouldTestTApis()) {
-            builderShim.setRequiresInternetValidation(requiresValidation);
+            builder.setRequiresInternetValidation(requiresValidation);
         }
-
-        // Convert shim back to Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder since restrictToTestNetworks is a hidden
-        // method and does not defined in shims.
-        // TODO: replace it in alternative way to remove the hidden method usage
-        final Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder builder = (Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder) builderShim.getBuilder();
         if (isRestrictedToTestNetworks) {
             builder.restrictToTestNetworks();
         }
@@ -259,14 +250,13 @@
                         ? IkeSessionTestUtils.IKE_PARAMS_V6 : IkeSessionTestUtils.IKE_PARAMS_V4,
                         IkeSessionTestUtils.CHILD_PARAMS);
 
-        final Ikev2VpnProfileBuilderShim builderShim =
-                Ikev2VpnProfileBuilderShimImpl.newInstance(null, null, params)
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder builder =
+                new Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder(params)
                         .setRequiresInternetValidation(requiresValidation)
                         .setProxy(TEST_PROXY_INFO)
                         .setMaxMtu(TEST_MTU)
                         .setMetered(false);
 
-        final Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder builder = (Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder) builderShim.getBuilder();
         if (isRestrictedToTestNetworks) {
             builder.restrictToTestNetworks();
         }
@@ -275,9 +265,8 @@
 
     private Ikev2VpnProfile buildIkev2VpnProfilePsk(@NonNull String remote,
             boolean isRestrictedToTestNetworks, boolean requiresValidation) throws Exception {
-        final Ikev2VpnProfileBuilderShim builder =
-                Ikev2VpnProfileBuilderShimImpl.newInstance(remote, TEST_IDENTITY, null)
-                        .setAuthPsk(TEST_PSK);
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder builder =
+                new Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder(remote, TEST_IDENTITY).setAuthPsk(TEST_PSK);
         return buildIkev2VpnProfileCommon(builder, isRestrictedToTestNetworks,
                 requiresValidation);
     }
@@ -285,8 +274,8 @@
     private Ikev2VpnProfile buildIkev2VpnProfileUsernamePassword(boolean isRestrictedToTestNetworks)
             throws Exception {
 
-        final Ikev2VpnProfileBuilderShim builder =
-                Ikev2VpnProfileBuilderShimImpl.newInstance(TEST_SERVER_ADDR_V6, TEST_IDENTITY, null)
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder builder =
+                new Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder(TEST_SERVER_ADDR_V6, TEST_IDENTITY)
                         .setAuthUsernamePassword(TEST_USER, TEST_PASSWORD, mServerRootCa);
         return buildIkev2VpnProfileCommon(builder, isRestrictedToTestNetworks,
                 false /* requiresValidation */);
@@ -294,8 +283,8 @@
 
     private Ikev2VpnProfile buildIkev2VpnProfileDigitalSignature(boolean isRestrictedToTestNetworks)
             throws Exception {
-        final Ikev2VpnProfileBuilderShim builder =
-                Ikev2VpnProfileBuilderShimImpl.newInstance(TEST_SERVER_ADDR_V6, TEST_IDENTITY, null)
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder builder =
+                new Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder(TEST_SERVER_ADDR_V6, TEST_IDENTITY)
                         .setAuthDigitalSignature(
                                 mUserCertKey.cert, mUserCertKey.key, mServerRootCa);
         return buildIkev2VpnProfileCommon(builder, isRestrictedToTestNetworks,
@@ -328,15 +317,8 @@
         assertNull(profile.getServerRootCaCert());
         assertNull(profile.getRsaPrivateKey());
         assertNull(profile.getUserCert());
-        final Ikev2VpnProfileShim<Ikev2VpnProfile> shim = new Ikev2VpnProfileShimImpl(profile);
-        if (TestUtils.shouldTestTApis()) {
-            assertEquals(requiresValidation, shim.isInternetValidationRequired());
-        } else {
-            try {
-                shim.isInternetValidationRequired();
-                fail("Only supported from API level 33");
-            } catch (UnsupportedApiLevelException expected) {
-            }
+        if (isAtLeastT()) {
+            assertEquals(requiresValidation, profile.isInternetValidationRequired());
         }
     }
 
@@ -348,8 +330,8 @@
 
         final IkeTunnelConnectionParams expectedParams = new IkeTunnelConnectionParams(
                 IkeSessionTestUtils.IKE_PARAMS_V6, IkeSessionTestUtils.CHILD_PARAMS);
-        final Ikev2VpnProfileBuilderShim ikeProfileBuilder =
-                Ikev2VpnProfileBuilderShimImpl.newInstance(null, null, expectedParams);
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder ikeProfileBuilder =
+                new Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder(expectedParams);
         // Verify the other Ike options could not be set with IkeTunnelConnectionParams.
         final Class<IllegalArgumentException> expected = IllegalArgumentException.class;
         assertThrows(expected, () -> ikeProfileBuilder.setAuthPsk(TEST_PSK));
@@ -358,10 +340,9 @@
         assertThrows(expected, () -> ikeProfileBuilder.setAuthDigitalSignature(
                 mUserCertKey.cert, mUserCertKey.key, mServerRootCa));
 
-        final Ikev2VpnProfile profile = (Ikev2VpnProfile) ikeProfileBuilder.build().getProfile();
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile profile = ikeProfileBuilder.build();
 
-        assertEquals(expectedParams,
-                new Ikev2VpnProfileShimImpl(profile).getIkeTunnelConnectionParams());
+        assertEquals(expectedParams, profile.getIkeTunnelConnectionParams());
     }
 
     @Test
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NsdManagerTest.kt b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NsdManagerTest.kt
index 7b0451f..33a0a83 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NsdManagerTest.kt
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NsdManagerTest.kt
@@ -52,10 +52,7 @@
 import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4
 import com.android.net.module.util.ArrayTrackRecord
 import com.android.net.module.util.TrackRecord
-import com.android.networkstack.apishim.ConstantsShim
 import com.android.networkstack.apishim.NsdShimImpl
-import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule
-import com.android.testutils.SC_V2
 import com.android.testutils.TestableNetworkAgent
 import com.android.testutils.TestableNetworkCallback
 import com.android.testutils.runAsShell
@@ -65,7 +62,6 @@
 import org.junit.Assert.assertTrue
 import org.junit.Assume.assumeTrue
 import org.junit.Before
-import org.junit.Rule
 import org.junit.Test
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith
 import java.net.ServerSocket
@@ -90,10 +86,6 @@
 @AppModeFull(reason = "Socket cannot bind in instant app mode")
 @RunWith(AndroidJUnit4::class)
 class NsdManagerTest {
-    // NsdManager is not updatable before S, so tests do not need to be backwards compatible
-    @get:Rule
-    val ignoreRule = DevSdkIgnoreRule(ignoreClassUpTo = SC_V2)
-
     private val context by lazy { InstrumentationRegistry.getInstrumentation().context }
     private val nsdManager by lazy { context.getSystemService(NsdManager::class.java) }
 
@@ -255,9 +247,11 @@
     fun setUp() {
         handlerThread.start()
 
-        runAsShell(MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS) {
-            testNetwork1 = createTestNetwork()
-            testNetwork2 = createTestNetwork()
+        if (TestUtils.shouldTestTApis()) {
+            runAsShell(MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS) {
+                testNetwork1 = createTestNetwork()
+                testNetwork2 = createTestNetwork()
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -296,9 +290,11 @@
 
     @After
     fun tearDown() {
-        runAsShell(MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS) {
-            testNetwork1.close(cm)
-            testNetwork2.close(cm)
+        if (TestUtils.shouldTestTApis()) {
+            runAsShell(MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS) {
+                testNetwork1.close(cm)
+                testNetwork2.close(cm)
+            }
         }
         handlerThread.quitSafely()
     }
@@ -399,14 +395,17 @@
         si2.serviceName = serviceName
         si2.port = localPort
         val registrationRecord2 = NsdRegistrationRecord()
-        val registeredInfo2 = registerService(registrationRecord2, si2)
+        nsdManager.registerService(si2, NsdManager.PROTOCOL_DNS_SD, registrationRecord2)
+        val registeredInfo2 = registrationRecord2.expectCallback<ServiceRegistered>().serviceInfo
 
         // Expect a service record to be discovered (and filter the ones
         // that are unrelated to this test)
         val foundInfo2 = discoveryRecord.waitForServiceDiscovered(registeredInfo2.serviceName)
 
         // Resolve the service
-        val resolvedService2 = resolveService(foundInfo2)
+        val resolveRecord2 = NsdResolveRecord()
+        nsdManager.resolveService(foundInfo2, resolveRecord2)
+        val resolvedService2 = resolveRecord2.expectCallback<ServiceResolved>().serviceInfo
 
         // Check that the resolved service doesn't have any TXT records
         assertEquals(0, resolvedService2.attributes.size)
@@ -422,7 +421,7 @@
     @Test
     fun testNsdManager_DiscoverOnNetwork() {
         // This test requires shims supporting T+ APIs (discovering on specific network)
-        assumeTrue(ConstantsShim.VERSION > SC_V2)
+        assumeTrue(TestUtils.shouldTestTApis())
 
         val si = NsdServiceInfo()
         si.serviceType = SERVICE_TYPE
@@ -456,7 +455,7 @@
     @Test
     fun testNsdManager_DiscoverWithNetworkRequest() {
         // This test requires shims supporting T+ APIs (discovering on network request)
-        assumeTrue(ConstantsShim.VERSION > SC_V2)
+        assumeTrue(TestUtils.shouldTestTApis())
 
         val si = NsdServiceInfo()
         si.serviceType = SERVICE_TYPE
@@ -521,7 +520,7 @@
     @Test
     fun testNsdManager_ResolveOnNetwork() {
         // This test requires shims supporting T+ APIs (NsdServiceInfo.network)
-        assumeTrue(ConstantsShim.VERSION > SC_V2)
+        assumeTrue(TestUtils.shouldTestTApis())
 
         val si = NsdServiceInfo()
         si.serviceType = SERVICE_TYPE
@@ -565,7 +564,7 @@
     @Test
     fun testNsdManager_RegisterOnNetwork() {
         // This test requires shims supporting T+ APIs (NsdServiceInfo.network)
-        assumeTrue(ConstantsShim.VERSION > SC_V2)
+        assumeTrue(TestUtils.shouldTestTApis())
 
         val si = NsdServiceInfo()
         si.serviceType = SERVICE_TYPE
@@ -611,6 +610,41 @@
         }
     }
 
+    @Test
+    fun testNsdManager_RegisterServiceNameWithNonStandardCharacters() {
+        val serviceNames = "^Nsd.Test|Non-#AsCiI\\Characters&\\ufffe テスト 測試"
+        val si = NsdServiceInfo().apply {
+            serviceType = SERVICE_TYPE
+            serviceName = serviceNames
+            port = 12345 // Test won't try to connect so port does not matter
+        }
+
+        // Register the service name which contains non-standard characters.
+        val registrationRecord = NsdRegistrationRecord()
+        nsdManager.registerService(si, NsdManager.PROTOCOL_DNS_SD, registrationRecord)
+        registrationRecord.expectCallback<ServiceRegistered>()
+
+        tryTest {
+            // Discover that service name.
+            val discoveryRecord = NsdDiscoveryRecord()
+            nsdManager.discoverServices(
+                SERVICE_TYPE, NsdManager.PROTOCOL_DNS_SD, discoveryRecord
+            )
+            val foundInfo = discoveryRecord.waitForServiceDiscovered(serviceNames)
+
+            // Expect that resolving the service name works properly even service name contains
+            // non-standard characters.
+            val resolveRecord = NsdResolveRecord()
+            nsdManager.resolveService(foundInfo, resolveRecord)
+            val resolvedCb = resolveRecord.expectCallback<ServiceResolved>()
+            assertEquals(foundInfo.serviceName, resolvedCb.serviceInfo.serviceName)
+        } cleanupStep {
+            nsdManager.unregisterService(registrationRecord)
+        } cleanup {
+            registrationRecord.expectCallback<ServiceUnregistered>()
+        }
+    }
+
     /**
      * Register a service and return its registration record.
      */
diff --git a/tests/mts/bpf_existence_test.cpp b/tests/mts/bpf_existence_test.cpp
index 25694d7..db39e6f 100644
--- a/tests/mts/bpf_existence_test.cpp
+++ b/tests/mts/bpf_existence_test.cpp
@@ -42,7 +42,9 @@
 
 #define PLATFORM "/sys/fs/bpf/"
 #define TETHERING "/sys/fs/bpf/tethering/"
+#define PRIVATE "/sys/fs/bpf/net_private/"
 #define SHARED "/sys/fs/bpf/net_shared/"
+#define NETD "/sys/fs/bpf/netd_shared/"
 
 class BpfExistenceTest : public ::testing::Test {
 };
@@ -95,32 +97,35 @@
     SHARED "map_dscp_policy_ipv6_socket_to_policies_map_A",
     SHARED "map_dscp_policy_ipv6_socket_to_policies_map_B",
     SHARED "map_dscp_policy_switch_comp_map",
-    SHARED "map_netd_app_uid_stats_map",
-    SHARED "map_netd_configuration_map",
-    SHARED "map_netd_cookie_tag_map",
-    SHARED "map_netd_iface_index_name_map",
-    SHARED "map_netd_iface_stats_map",
-    SHARED "map_netd_stats_map_A",
-    SHARED "map_netd_stats_map_B",
-    SHARED "map_netd_uid_counterset_map",
-    SHARED "map_netd_uid_owner_map",
-    SHARED "map_netd_uid_permission_map",
-    SHARED "prog_block_bind4_block_port",
-    SHARED "prog_block_bind6_block_port",
+    NETD "map_netd_app_uid_stats_map",
+    NETD "map_netd_configuration_map",
+    NETD "map_netd_cookie_tag_map",
+    NETD "map_netd_iface_index_name_map",
+    NETD "map_netd_iface_stats_map",
+    NETD "map_netd_stats_map_A",
+    NETD "map_netd_stats_map_B",
+    NETD "map_netd_uid_counterset_map",
+    NETD "map_netd_uid_owner_map",
+    NETD "map_netd_uid_permission_map",
     SHARED "prog_clatd_schedcls_egress4_clat_ether",
     SHARED "prog_clatd_schedcls_egress4_clat_rawip",
     SHARED "prog_clatd_schedcls_ingress6_clat_ether",
     SHARED "prog_clatd_schedcls_ingress6_clat_rawip",
+    NETD "prog_netd_cgroupskb_egress_stats",
+    NETD "prog_netd_cgroupskb_ingress_stats",
+    NETD "prog_netd_cgroupsock_inet_create",
+    NETD "prog_netd_schedact_ingress_account",
+    NETD "prog_netd_skfilter_allowlist_xtbpf",
+    NETD "prog_netd_skfilter_denylist_xtbpf",
+    NETD "prog_netd_skfilter_egress_xtbpf",
+    NETD "prog_netd_skfilter_ingress_xtbpf",
+};
+
+static const set<string> INTRODUCED_T_5_4 = {
+    SHARED "prog_block_bind4_block_port",
+    SHARED "prog_block_bind6_block_port",
     SHARED "prog_dscp_policy_schedcls_set_dscp_ether",
     SHARED "prog_dscp_policy_schedcls_set_dscp_raw_ip",
-    SHARED "prog_netd_cgroupskb_egress_stats",
-    SHARED "prog_netd_cgroupskb_ingress_stats",
-    SHARED "prog_netd_cgroupsock_inet_create",
-    SHARED "prog_netd_schedact_ingress_account",
-    SHARED "prog_netd_skfilter_allowlist_xtbpf",
-    SHARED "prog_netd_skfilter_denylist_xtbpf",
-    SHARED "prog_netd_skfilter_egress_xtbpf",
-    SHARED "prog_netd_skfilter_ingress_xtbpf",
 };
 
 static const set<string> REMOVED_T = {
@@ -162,6 +167,7 @@
 
     if (IsAtLeastT()) {
         addAll(expected, INTRODUCED_T);
+        if (android::bpf::isAtLeastKernelVersion(5, 4, 0)) addAll(expected, INTRODUCED_T_5_4);
         removeAll(expected, REMOVED_T);
 
         addAll(unexpected, REMOVED_T);
diff --git a/tests/native/Android.bp b/tests/native/Android.bp
index a8d908a..7d43aa8 100644
--- a/tests/native/Android.bp
+++ b/tests/native/Android.bp
@@ -31,3 +31,10 @@
     ],
     compile_multilib: "first",
 }
+
+filegroup {
+    name: "net_native_test_config_template",
+    srcs: [
+        "NetNativeTestConfigTemplate.xml",
+    ],
+}
diff --git a/tests/native/NetNativeTestConfigTemplate.xml b/tests/native/NetNativeTestConfigTemplate.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b71e9aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/native/NetNativeTestConfigTemplate.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+<!-- Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+
+     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+     You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+     limitations under the License.
+-->
+<configuration description="Configuration for {MODULE} tests">
+    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="mts" />
+    <option name="config-descriptor:metadata" key="mainline-param" value="CaptivePortalLoginGoogle.apk+NetworkStackGoogle.apk+com.google.android.resolv.apex+com.google.android.tethering.apex" />
+    <!-- Only run tests if the device under test is SDK version 33 (Android 13) or above. -->
+    <object type="module_controller" class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.suite.module.Sdk33ModuleController" />
+
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.RootTargetPreparer"/>
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.compatibility.common.tradefed.targetprep.FilePusher">
+        <option name="cleanup" value="true" />
+        <option name="push" value="{MODULE}->/data/local/tmp/{MODULE}" />
+        <option name="append-bitness" value="true" />
+    </target_preparer>
+    <test class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.GTest" >
+        <option name="native-test-device-path" value="/data/local/tmp" />
+        <option name="module-name" value="{MODULE}" />
+    </test>
+</configuration>
diff --git a/tests/unit/Android.bp b/tests/unit/Android.bp
index 5b926de..3ea27f7 100644
--- a/tests/unit/Android.bp
+++ b/tests/unit/Android.bp
@@ -54,42 +54,21 @@
 filegroup {
     name: "non-connectivity-module-test",
     srcs: [
-        "java/android/app/usage/*.java",
-        "java/android/net/EthernetNetworkUpdateRequestTest.java",
         "java/android/net/Ikev2VpnProfileTest.java",
         "java/android/net/IpMemoryStoreTest.java",
-        "java/android/net/IpSecAlgorithmTest.java",
-        "java/android/net/IpSecConfigTest.java",
-        "java/android/net/IpSecManagerTest.java",
-        "java/android/net/IpSecTransformTest.java",
-        "java/android/net/KeepalivePacketDataUtilTest.java",
-        "java/android/net/NetworkIdentitySetTest.kt",
-        "java/android/net/NetworkIdentityTest.kt",
-        "java/android/net/NetworkStats*.java",
-        "java/android/net/NetworkTemplateTest.kt",
         "java/android/net/TelephonyNetworkSpecifierTest.java",
         "java/android/net/VpnManagerTest.java",
         "java/android/net/ipmemorystore/*.java",
         "java/android/net/netstats/NetworkStatsDataMigrationUtilsTest.kt",
-        "java/android/net/nsd/*.java",
         "java/com/android/internal/net/NetworkUtilsInternalTest.java",
         "java/com/android/internal/net/VpnProfileTest.java",
-        "java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceParameterizedTest.java",
-        "java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceRefcountedResourceTest.java",
-        "java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceTest.java",
         "java/com/android/server/NetworkManagementServiceTest.java",
-        "java/com/android/server/NsdServiceTest.java",
         "java/com/android/server/connectivity/IpConnectivityEventBuilderTest.java",
         "java/com/android/server/connectivity/IpConnectivityMetricsTest.java",
         "java/com/android/server/connectivity/MultipathPolicyTrackerTest.java",
         "java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetdEventListenerServiceTest.java",
         "java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java",
-        "java/com/android/server/ethernet/*.java",
         "java/com/android/server/net/ipmemorystore/*.java",
-        "java/com/android/server/net/BpfInterfaceMapUpdaterTest.java",
-        "java/com/android/server/net/IpConfigStoreTest.java",
-        "java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStats*.java",
-        "java/com/android/server/net/TestableUsageCallback.kt",
     ]
 }
 
@@ -108,7 +87,7 @@
     name: "FrameworksNetTestsDefaults",
     min_sdk_version: "30",
     defaults: [
-        "framework-connectivity-test-defaults",
+        "framework-connectivity-internal-test-defaults",
     ],
     srcs: [
         "java/**/*.java",
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/app/usage/NetworkStatsManagerTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/app/usage/NetworkStatsManagerTest.java
index 561e621..b1b76ec 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/app/usage/NetworkStatsManagerTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/app/usage/NetworkStatsManagerTest.java
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
 
 @RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
 @SmallTest
-@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
 public class NetworkStatsManagerTest {
     private static final String TEST_SUBSCRIBER_ID = "subid";
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecAlgorithmTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecAlgorithmTest.java
index c473e82..1482055 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecAlgorithmTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecAlgorithmTest.java
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@
 /** Unit tests for {@link IpSecAlgorithm}. */
 @SmallTest
 @RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
-@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
 public class IpSecAlgorithmTest {
     private static final byte[] KEY_MATERIAL;
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecConfigTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecConfigTest.java
index b87cb48..9f83036 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecConfigTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecConfigTest.java
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
 /** Unit tests for {@link IpSecConfig}. */
 @SmallTest
 @RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
-@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
 public class IpSecConfigTest {
 
     @Test
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecManagerTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecManagerTest.java
index cda8eb7..335f539 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecManagerTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecManagerTest.java
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
 /** Unit tests for {@link IpSecManager}. */
 @SmallTest
 @RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
-@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
 public class IpSecManagerTest {
 
     private static final int TEST_UDP_ENCAP_PORT = 34567;
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecTransformTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecTransformTest.java
index 81375f1..c1bd719 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecTransformTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecTransformTest.java
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
 /** Unit tests for {@link IpSecTransform}. */
 @SmallTest
 @RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
-@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
 public class IpSecTransformTest {
 
     @Test
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkIdentityTest.kt b/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkIdentityTest.kt
index bf5568d..d84328c 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkIdentityTest.kt
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkIdentityTest.kt
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@
 private const val TEST_SUBID2 = 2
 
 @RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner::class)
-@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
 class NetworkIdentityTest {
     private val mockContext = mock(Context::class.java)
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkStatsAccessTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkStatsAccessTest.java
index 97a93ca..a74056b 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkStatsAccessTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkStatsAccessTest.java
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 import static com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRuleKt.SC_V2;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doCallRealMethod;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
 
 import android.Manifest;
@@ -66,6 +67,10 @@
         when(mContext.getSystemServiceName(DevicePolicyManager.class))
                 .thenReturn(Context.DEVICE_POLICY_SERVICE);
         when(mContext.getSystemService(Context.DEVICE_POLICY_SERVICE)).thenReturn(mDpm);
+        if (mContext.getSystemService(DevicePolicyManager.class) == null) {
+            // Test is using mockito-extended
+            doCallRealMethod().when(mContext).getSystemService(DevicePolicyManager.class);
+        }
 
         setHasCarrierPrivileges(false);
         setIsDeviceOwner(false);
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkStatsHistoryTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkStatsHistoryTest.java
index 26079a2..43e331b 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkStatsHistoryTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkStatsHistoryTest.java
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@
 
 @RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
 @SmallTest
-@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
 public class NetworkStatsHistoryTest {
     private static final String TAG = "NetworkStatsHistoryTest";
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkStatsTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkStatsTest.java
index b0cc16c..6d79869 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkStatsTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkStatsTest.java
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@
 
 @RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
 @SmallTest
-@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
 public class NetworkStatsTest {
 
     private static final String TEST_IFACE = "test0";
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkTemplateTest.kt b/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkTemplateTest.kt
index abd1825..3e9662d 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkTemplateTest.kt
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkTemplateTest.kt
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
 private const val TEST_WIFI_KEY2 = "wifiKey2"
 
 @RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner::class)
-@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
 class NetworkTemplateTest {
     private val mockContext = mock(Context::class.java)
     private val mockWifiInfo = mock(WifiInfo::class.java)
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/netstats/NetworkStatsDataMigrationUtilsTest.kt b/tests/unit/java/android/net/netstats/NetworkStatsDataMigrationUtilsTest.kt
index 743d39e..aa5a246 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/netstats/NetworkStatsDataMigrationUtilsTest.kt
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/netstats/NetworkStatsDataMigrationUtilsTest.kt
@@ -61,14 +61,6 @@
         assertValues(builder.build(), 55, 1814302L, 21050L, 31001636L, 26152L)
     }
 
-    @Test
-    fun testMaybeReadLegacyUid() {
-        val builder = NetworkStatsCollection.Builder(BUCKET_DURATION_MS)
-        NetworkStatsDataMigrationUtils.readLegacyUid(builder,
-                getInputStreamForResource(R.raw.netstats_uid_v4), false /* taggedData */)
-        assertValues(builder.build(), 223, 106245210L, 710722L, 1130647496L, 1103989L)
-    }
-
     private fun assertValues(
         collection: NetworkStatsCollection,
         expectedSize: Int,
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/nsd/NsdManagerTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/nsd/NsdManagerTest.java
index 30b8fcd..32274bc 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/nsd/NsdManagerTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/nsd/NsdManagerTest.java
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@
 
 @RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
 @SmallTest
-@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
 public class NsdManagerTest {
 
     static final int PROTOCOL = NsdManager.PROTOCOL_DNS_SD;
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/nsd/NsdServiceInfoTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/nsd/NsdServiceInfoTest.java
index e5e7ebc..64355ed 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/nsd/NsdServiceInfoTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/nsd/NsdServiceInfoTest.java
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@
 
 @RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
 @SmallTest
-@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
 public class NsdServiceInfoTest {
 
     public final static InetAddress LOCALHOST;
@@ -125,6 +125,7 @@
         fullInfo.setPort(4242);
         fullInfo.setHost(LOCALHOST);
         fullInfo.setNetwork(new Network(123));
+        fullInfo.setInterfaceIndex(456);
         checkParcelable(fullInfo);
 
         NsdServiceInfo noHostInfo = new NsdServiceInfo();
@@ -175,6 +176,7 @@
         assertEquals(original.getHost(), result.getHost());
         assertTrue(original.getPort() == result.getPort());
         assertEquals(original.getNetwork(), result.getNetwork());
+        assertEquals(original.getInterfaceIndex(), result.getInterfaceIndex());
 
         // Assert equality of attribute map.
         Map<String, byte[]> originalMap = original.getAttributes();
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
index 3374672..1ea8d75 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
@@ -51,6 +51,9 @@
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.CONNECTIVITY_ACTION;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.EXTRA_NETWORK_INFO;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.EXTRA_NETWORK_TYPE;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOCKDOWN_VPN;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_RULE_DENY;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_DEFAULT;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_ENTERPRISE;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_ENTERPRISE_NO_FALLBACK;
@@ -9502,6 +9505,46 @@
         b2.expectBroadcast();
     }
 
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testLockdownSetFirewallUidRule() throws Exception {
+        // For ConnectivityService#setAlwaysOnVpnPackage.
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(
+                Manifest.permission.CONTROL_ALWAYS_ON_VPN, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
+        // Needed to call Vpn#setAlwaysOnPackage.
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(Manifest.permission.CONTROL_VPN, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
+        // Needed to call Vpn#isAlwaysOnPackageSupported.
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(NETWORK_SETTINGS, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
+
+        // Enable Lockdown
+        final ArrayList<String> allowList = new ArrayList<>();
+        mVpnManagerService.setAlwaysOnVpnPackage(PRIMARY_USER, ALWAYS_ON_PACKAGE,
+                true /* lockdown */, allowList);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        // Lockdown rule is set to apps uids
+        verify(mBpfNetMaps).setUidRule(
+                eq(FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOCKDOWN_VPN), eq(APP1_UID), eq(FIREWALL_RULE_DENY));
+        verify(mBpfNetMaps).setUidRule(
+                eq(FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOCKDOWN_VPN), eq(APP2_UID), eq(FIREWALL_RULE_DENY));
+
+        reset(mBpfNetMaps);
+
+        // Disable lockdown
+        mVpnManagerService.setAlwaysOnVpnPackage(PRIMARY_USER, null, false /* lockdown */,
+                allowList);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        // Lockdown rule is removed from apps uids
+        verify(mBpfNetMaps).setUidRule(
+                eq(FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOCKDOWN_VPN), eq(APP1_UID), eq(FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW));
+        verify(mBpfNetMaps).setUidRule(
+                eq(FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOCKDOWN_VPN), eq(APP2_UID), eq(FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW));
+
+        // Interface rules are not changed by Lockdown mode enable/disable
+        verify(mBpfNetMaps, never()).addUidInterfaceRules(any(), any());
+        verify(mBpfNetMaps, never()).removeUidInterfaceRules(any());
+    }
+
     /**
      * Test mutable and requestable network capabilities such as
      * {@link NetworkCapabilities#NET_CAPABILITY_TRUSTED} and
@@ -10373,7 +10416,7 @@
         verify(mBpfNetMaps, times(2)).addUidInterfaceRules(eq("tun0"), uidCaptor.capture());
         assertContainsExactly(uidCaptor.getAllValues().get(0), APP1_UID, APP2_UID);
         assertContainsExactly(uidCaptor.getAllValues().get(1), APP1_UID, APP2_UID);
-        assertTrue(mService.mPermissionMonitor.getVpnUidRanges("tun0").equals(vpnRange));
+        assertTrue(mService.mPermissionMonitor.getVpnInterfaceUidRanges("tun0").equals(vpnRange));
 
         mMockVpn.disconnect();
         waitForIdle();
@@ -10381,11 +10424,11 @@
         // Disconnected VPN should have interface rules removed
         verify(mBpfNetMaps).removeUidInterfaceRules(uidCaptor.capture());
         assertContainsExactly(uidCaptor.getValue(), APP1_UID, APP2_UID);
-        assertNull(mService.mPermissionMonitor.getVpnUidRanges("tun0"));
+        assertNull(mService.mPermissionMonitor.getVpnInterfaceUidRanges("tun0"));
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testLegacyVpnDoesNotResultInInterfaceFilteringRule() throws Exception {
+    public void testLegacyVpnInterfaceFilteringRule() throws Exception {
         LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
         lp.setInterfaceName("tun0");
         lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(Inet6Address.ANY, 0), null));
@@ -10395,13 +10438,34 @@
         mMockVpn.establish(lp, Process.SYSTEM_UID, vpnRange);
         assertVpnUidRangesUpdated(true, vpnRange, Process.SYSTEM_UID);
 
-        // Legacy VPN should not have interface rules set up
-        verify(mBpfNetMaps, never()).addUidInterfaceRules(any(), any());
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastT()) {
+            // On T and above, A connected Legacy VPN should have interface rules with null
+            // interface. Null Interface is a wildcard and this accepts traffic from all the
+            // interfaces. There are two expected invocations, one during the VPN initial
+            // connection, one during the VPN LinkProperties update.
+            ArgumentCaptor<int[]> uidCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(int[].class);
+            verify(mBpfNetMaps, times(2)).addUidInterfaceRules(
+                    eq(null) /* iface */, uidCaptor.capture());
+            assertContainsExactly(uidCaptor.getAllValues().get(0), APP1_UID, APP2_UID, VPN_UID);
+            assertContainsExactly(uidCaptor.getAllValues().get(1), APP1_UID, APP2_UID, VPN_UID);
+            assertEquals(mService.mPermissionMonitor.getVpnInterfaceUidRanges(null /* iface */),
+                    vpnRange);
+
+            mMockVpn.disconnect();
+            waitForIdle();
+
+            // Disconnected VPN should have interface rules removed
+            verify(mBpfNetMaps).removeUidInterfaceRules(uidCaptor.capture());
+            assertContainsExactly(uidCaptor.getValue(), APP1_UID, APP2_UID, VPN_UID);
+            assertNull(mService.mPermissionMonitor.getVpnInterfaceUidRanges(null /* iface */));
+        } else {
+            // Before T, Legacy VPN should not have interface rules.
+            verify(mBpfNetMaps, never()).addUidInterfaceRules(any(), any());
+        }
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testLocalIpv4OnlyVpnDoesNotResultInInterfaceFilteringRule()
-            throws Exception {
+    public void testLocalIpv4OnlyVpnInterfaceFilteringRule() throws Exception {
         LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
         lp.setInterfaceName("tun0");
         lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix("192.0.2.0/24"), null, "tun0"));
@@ -10411,8 +10475,31 @@
         mMockVpn.establish(lp, Process.SYSTEM_UID, vpnRange);
         assertVpnUidRangesUpdated(true, vpnRange, Process.SYSTEM_UID);
 
-        // IPv6 unreachable route should not be misinterpreted as a default route
-        verify(mBpfNetMaps, never()).addUidInterfaceRules(any(), any());
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastT()) {
+            // IPv6 unreachable route should not be misinterpreted as a default route
+            // On T and above, A connected VPN that does not provide a default route should have
+            // interface rules with null interface. Null Interface is a wildcard and this accepts
+            // traffic from all the interfaces. There are two expected invocations, one during the
+            // VPN initial connection, one during the VPN LinkProperties update.
+            ArgumentCaptor<int[]> uidCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(int[].class);
+            verify(mBpfNetMaps, times(2)).addUidInterfaceRules(
+                    eq(null) /* iface */, uidCaptor.capture());
+            assertContainsExactly(uidCaptor.getAllValues().get(0), APP1_UID, APP2_UID, VPN_UID);
+            assertContainsExactly(uidCaptor.getAllValues().get(1), APP1_UID, APP2_UID, VPN_UID);
+            assertEquals(mService.mPermissionMonitor.getVpnInterfaceUidRanges(null /* iface */),
+                    vpnRange);
+
+            mMockVpn.disconnect();
+            waitForIdle();
+
+            // Disconnected VPN should have interface rules removed
+            verify(mBpfNetMaps).removeUidInterfaceRules(uidCaptor.capture());
+            assertContainsExactly(uidCaptor.getValue(), APP1_UID, APP2_UID, VPN_UID);
+            assertNull(mService.mPermissionMonitor.getVpnInterfaceUidRanges(null /* iface */));
+        } else {
+            // Before T, VPN with IPv6 unreachable route should not have interface rules.
+            verify(mBpfNetMaps, never()).addUidInterfaceRules(any(), any());
+        }
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -11617,6 +11704,12 @@
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(networkCallback);
     }
 
+    private void verifyDump(String[] args) {
+        final StringWriter stringWriter = new StringWriter();
+        mService.dump(new FileDescriptor(), new PrintWriter(stringWriter), args);
+        assertFalse(stringWriter.toString().isEmpty());
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void testDumpDoesNotCrash() {
         mServiceContext.setPermission(DUMP, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
@@ -11629,11 +11722,26 @@
                 .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI).build();
         mCm.registerNetworkCallback(genericRequest, genericNetworkCallback);
         mCm.registerNetworkCallback(wifiRequest, wifiNetworkCallback);
-        final StringWriter stringWriter = new StringWriter();
 
-        mService.dump(new FileDescriptor(), new PrintWriter(stringWriter), new String[0]);
+        verifyDump(new String[0]);
 
-        assertFalse(stringWriter.toString().isEmpty());
+        // Verify dump with arguments.
+        final String dumpPrio = "--dump-priority";
+        final String[] dumpArgs = {dumpPrio};
+        verifyDump(dumpArgs);
+
+        final String[] highDumpArgs = {dumpPrio, "HIGH"};
+        verifyDump(highDumpArgs);
+
+        final String[] normalDumpArgs = {dumpPrio, "NORMAL"};
+        verifyDump(normalDumpArgs);
+
+        // Invalid args should do dumpNormal w/o exception
+        final String[] unknownDumpArgs = {dumpPrio, "UNKNOWN"};
+        verifyDump(unknownDumpArgs);
+
+        final String[] invalidDumpArgs = {"UNKNOWN"};
+        verifyDump(invalidDumpArgs);
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -15442,6 +15550,27 @@
     }
 
     @Test
+    public void testAutomotiveEthernetAllowedUids() throws Exception {
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(NETWORK_FACTORY, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
+
+        // In this test the automotive feature will be enabled.
+        mockHasSystemFeature(PackageManager.FEATURE_AUTOMOTIVE, true);
+
+        // Simulate a restricted ethernet network.
+        final NetworkCapabilities.Builder agentNetCaps = new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED)
+                .removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED);
+
+        mEthernetNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET,
+                new LinkProperties(), agentNetCaps.build());
+        validateAllowedUids(mEthernetNetworkAgent, TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, agentNetCaps, true);
+    }
+
+    @Test
     public void testCbsAllowedUids() throws Exception {
         mServiceContext.setPermission(NETWORK_FACTORY, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
         mServiceContext.setPermission(MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
@@ -15450,6 +15579,24 @@
         doReturn(true).when(mCarrierPrivilegeAuthenticator)
                 .hasCarrierPrivilegeForNetworkCapabilities(eq(TEST_PACKAGE_UID), any());
 
+        // Simulate a restricted telephony network. The telephony factory is entitled to set
+        // the access UID to the service package on any of its restricted networks.
+        final NetworkCapabilities.Builder agentNetCaps = new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED)
+                .removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED)
+                .setNetworkSpecifier(new TelephonyNetworkSpecifier(1 /* subid */));
+
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR,
+                new LinkProperties(), agentNetCaps.build());
+        validateAllowedUids(mCellNetworkAgent, TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, agentNetCaps, false);
+    }
+
+    private void validateAllowedUids(final TestNetworkAgentWrapper testAgent,
+            @NetworkCapabilities.Transport final int transportUnderTest,
+            final NetworkCapabilities.Builder ncb, final boolean forAutomotive) throws Exception {
         final ArraySet<Integer> serviceUidSet = new ArraySet<>();
         serviceUidSet.add(TEST_PACKAGE_UID);
         final ArraySet<Integer> nonServiceUidSet = new ArraySet<>();
@@ -15460,40 +15607,34 @@
 
         final TestNetworkCallback cb = new TestNetworkCallback();
 
-        // Simulate a restricted telephony network. The telephony factory is entitled to set
-        // the access UID to the service package on any of its restricted networks.
-        final NetworkCapabilities.Builder ncb = new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
-                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
-                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
-                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED)
-                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED)
-                .removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED)
-                .setNetworkSpecifier(new TelephonyNetworkSpecifier(1 /* subid */));
-
+        /* Test setting UIDs */
         // Cell gets to set the service UID as access UID
         mCm.requestNetwork(new NetworkRequest.Builder()
-                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+                .addTransportType(transportUnderTest)
                 .removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED)
                 .build(), cb);
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR,
-                new LinkProperties(), ncb.build());
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-        cb.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        testAgent.connect(true);
+        cb.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(testAgent);
         ncb.setAllowedUids(serviceUidSet);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.setNetworkCapabilities(ncb.build(), true /* sendToCS */);
+        testAgent.setNetworkCapabilities(ncb.build(), true /* sendToCS */);
         if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastT()) {
-            cb.expectCapabilitiesThat(mCellNetworkAgent,
+            cb.expectCapabilitiesThat(testAgent,
                     caps -> caps.getAllowedUids().equals(serviceUidSet));
         } else {
             // S must ignore access UIDs.
             cb.assertNoCallback(TEST_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS);
         }
 
+        /* Test setting UIDs is rejected when expected */
+        if (forAutomotive) {
+            mockHasSystemFeature(PackageManager.FEATURE_AUTOMOTIVE, false);
+        }
+
         // ...but not to some other UID. Rejection sets UIDs to the empty set
         ncb.setAllowedUids(nonServiceUidSet);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.setNetworkCapabilities(ncb.build(), true /* sendToCS */);
+        testAgent.setNetworkCapabilities(ncb.build(), true /* sendToCS */);
         if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastT()) {
-            cb.expectCapabilitiesThat(mCellNetworkAgent,
+            cb.expectCapabilitiesThat(testAgent,
                     caps -> caps.getAllowedUids().isEmpty());
         } else {
             // S must ignore access UIDs.
@@ -15502,18 +15643,18 @@
 
         // ...and also not to multiple UIDs even including the service UID
         ncb.setAllowedUids(serviceUidSetPlus);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.setNetworkCapabilities(ncb.build(), true /* sendToCS */);
+        testAgent.setNetworkCapabilities(ncb.build(), true /* sendToCS */);
         cb.assertNoCallback(TEST_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS);
 
-        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        cb.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        testAgent.disconnect();
+        cb.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, testAgent);
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(cb);
 
         // Must be unset before touching the transports, because remove and add transport types
         // check the specifier on the builder immediately, contradicting normal builder semantics
         // TODO : fix the builder
         ncb.setNetworkSpecifier(null);
-        ncb.removeTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        ncb.removeTransportType(transportUnderTest);
         ncb.addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
         // Wifi does not get to set access UID, even to the correct UID
         mCm.requestNetwork(new NetworkRequest.Builder()
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceParameterizedTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceParameterizedTest.java
index 45f3d3c..9401d47 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceParameterizedTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceParameterizedTest.java
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@
 public class IpSecServiceParameterizedTest {
     @Rule
     public final DevSdkIgnoreRule mIgnoreRule = new DevSdkIgnoreRule(
-            Build.VERSION_CODES.R /* ignoreClassUpTo */);
+            Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2 /* ignoreClassUpTo */);
 
     private static final int TEST_SPI = 0xD1201D;
 
@@ -783,6 +783,23 @@
     }
 
     @Test
+    public void testSetNetworkForTunnelInterfaceFailsForNullLp() throws Exception {
+        final IpSecTunnelInterfaceResponse createTunnelResp =
+                createAndValidateTunnel(mSourceAddr, mDestinationAddr, BLESSED_PACKAGE);
+        final Network newFakeNetwork = new Network(1000);
+        final int tunnelIfaceResourceId = createTunnelResp.resourceId;
+
+        try {
+            mIpSecService.setNetworkForTunnelInterface(
+                    tunnelIfaceResourceId, newFakeNetwork, BLESSED_PACKAGE);
+            fail(
+                    "Expected an IllegalArgumentException for underlying network with null"
+                            + " LinkProperties");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
     public void testSetNetworkForTunnelInterfaceFailsForInvalidResourceId() throws Exception {
         final IpSecTunnelInterfaceResponse createTunnelResp =
                 createAndValidateTunnel(mSourceAddr, mDestinationAddr, BLESSED_PACKAGE);
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceRefcountedResourceTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceRefcountedResourceTest.java
index 5c7ca6f..8595ab9 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceRefcountedResourceTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceRefcountedResourceTest.java
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
 /** Unit tests for {@link IpSecService.RefcountedResource}. */
 @SmallTest
 @RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
-@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
 public class IpSecServiceRefcountedResourceTest {
     Context mMockContext;
     IpSecService.Dependencies mMockDeps;
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceTest.java
index 7e6b157..6955620 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceTest.java
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@
 /** Unit tests for {@link IpSecService}. */
 @SmallTest
 @RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
-@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
 public class IpSecServiceTest {
 
     private static final int DROID_SPI = 0xD1201D;
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/NsdServiceTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/NsdServiceTest.java
index 3c228d0..9365bee 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/NsdServiceTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/NsdServiceTest.java
@@ -19,10 +19,13 @@
 import static libcore.junit.util.compat.CoreCompatChangeRule.DisableCompatChanges;
 import static libcore.junit.util.compat.CoreCompatChangeRule.EnableCompatChanges;
 
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyInt;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyString;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.any;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doCallRealMethod;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.eq;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
@@ -36,6 +39,12 @@
 import android.compat.testing.PlatformCompatChangeRule;
 import android.content.ContentResolver;
 import android.content.Context;
+import android.net.INetd;
+import android.net.InetAddresses;
+import android.net.mdns.aidl.DiscoveryInfo;
+import android.net.mdns.aidl.GetAddressInfo;
+import android.net.mdns.aidl.IMDnsEventListener;
+import android.net.mdns.aidl.ResolutionInfo;
 import android.net.nsd.INsdManagerCallback;
 import android.net.nsd.INsdServiceConnector;
 import android.net.nsd.MDnsManager;
@@ -63,6 +72,7 @@
 import org.junit.rules.TestRule;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
 import org.mockito.AdditionalAnswers;
+import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;
 import org.mockito.Mock;
 import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
 
@@ -74,7 +84,7 @@
 //  - test NSD_ON ENABLE/DISABLED listening
 @RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
 @SmallTest
-@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
 public class NsdServiceTest {
 
     static final int PROTOCOL = NsdManager.PROTOCOL_DNS_SD;
@@ -114,6 +124,10 @@
         doReturn(MDnsManager.MDNS_SERVICE).when(mContext)
                 .getSystemServiceName(MDnsManager.class);
         doReturn(mMockMDnsM).when(mContext).getSystemService(MDnsManager.MDNS_SERVICE);
+        if (mContext.getSystemService(MDnsManager.class) == null) {
+            // Test is using mockito-extended
+            doCallRealMethod().when(mContext).getSystemService(MDnsManager.class);
+        }
         doReturn(true).when(mMockMDnsM).registerService(
                 anyInt(), anyString(), anyString(), anyInt(), any(), anyInt());
         doReturn(true).when(mMockMDnsM).stopOperation(anyInt());
@@ -275,6 +289,105 @@
         verify(mMockMDnsM, never()).stopDaemon();
     }
 
+    @Test
+    public void testDiscoverOnTetheringDownstream() throws Exception {
+        NsdService service = makeService();
+        NsdManager client = connectClient(service);
+
+        final String serviceType = "a_type";
+        final String serviceName = "a_name";
+        final String domainName = "mytestdevice.local";
+        final int interfaceIdx = 123;
+        final NsdManager.DiscoveryListener discListener = mock(NsdManager.DiscoveryListener.class);
+        client.discoverServices(serviceType, NsdManager.PROTOCOL_DNS_SD, discListener);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        final ArgumentCaptor<IMDnsEventListener> listenerCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(IMDnsEventListener.class);
+        verify(mMockMDnsM).registerEventListener(listenerCaptor.capture());
+        final ArgumentCaptor<Integer> discIdCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(Integer.class);
+        verify(mMockMDnsM).discover(discIdCaptor.capture(), eq(serviceType),
+                eq(0) /* interfaceIdx */);
+        // NsdManager uses a separate HandlerThread to dispatch callbacks (on ServiceHandler), so
+        // this needs to use a timeout
+        verify(discListener, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS)).onDiscoveryStarted(serviceType);
+
+        final DiscoveryInfo discoveryInfo = new DiscoveryInfo(
+                discIdCaptor.getValue(),
+                IMDnsEventListener.SERVICE_FOUND,
+                serviceName,
+                serviceType,
+                domainName,
+                interfaceIdx,
+                INetd.LOCAL_NET_ID); // LOCAL_NET_ID (99) used on tethering downstreams
+        final IMDnsEventListener eventListener = listenerCaptor.getValue();
+        eventListener.onServiceDiscoveryStatus(discoveryInfo);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        final ArgumentCaptor<NsdServiceInfo> discoveredInfoCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(NsdServiceInfo.class);
+        verify(discListener, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS)).onServiceFound(discoveredInfoCaptor.capture());
+        final NsdServiceInfo foundInfo = discoveredInfoCaptor.getValue();
+        assertEquals(serviceName, foundInfo.getServiceName());
+        assertEquals(serviceType, foundInfo.getServiceType());
+        assertNull(foundInfo.getHost());
+        assertNull(foundInfo.getNetwork());
+        assertEquals(interfaceIdx, foundInfo.getInterfaceIndex());
+
+        // After discovering the service, verify resolving it
+        final NsdManager.ResolveListener resolveListener = mock(NsdManager.ResolveListener.class);
+        client.resolveService(foundInfo, resolveListener);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        final ArgumentCaptor<Integer> resolvIdCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(Integer.class);
+        verify(mMockMDnsM).resolve(resolvIdCaptor.capture(), eq(serviceName), eq(serviceType),
+                eq("local.") /* domain */, eq(interfaceIdx));
+
+        final int servicePort = 10123;
+        final String serviceFullName = serviceName + "." + serviceType;
+        final ResolutionInfo resolutionInfo = new ResolutionInfo(
+                resolvIdCaptor.getValue(),
+                IMDnsEventListener.SERVICE_RESOLVED,
+                null /* serviceName */,
+                null /* serviceType */,
+                null /* domain */,
+                serviceFullName,
+                domainName,
+                servicePort,
+                new byte[0] /* txtRecord */,
+                interfaceIdx);
+
+        doReturn(true).when(mMockMDnsM).getServiceAddress(anyInt(), any(), anyInt());
+        eventListener.onServiceResolutionStatus(resolutionInfo);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        final ArgumentCaptor<Integer> getAddrIdCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(Integer.class);
+        verify(mMockMDnsM).getServiceAddress(getAddrIdCaptor.capture(), eq(domainName),
+                eq(interfaceIdx));
+
+        final String serviceAddress = "192.0.2.123";
+        final GetAddressInfo addressInfo = new GetAddressInfo(
+                getAddrIdCaptor.getValue(),
+                IMDnsEventListener.SERVICE_GET_ADDR_SUCCESS,
+                serviceFullName,
+                serviceAddress,
+                interfaceIdx,
+                INetd.LOCAL_NET_ID);
+        eventListener.onGettingServiceAddressStatus(addressInfo);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        final ArgumentCaptor<NsdServiceInfo> resInfoCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(NsdServiceInfo.class);
+        verify(resolveListener, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS)).onServiceResolved(resInfoCaptor.capture());
+        final NsdServiceInfo resolvedService = resInfoCaptor.getValue();
+        assertEquals(serviceName, resolvedService.getServiceName());
+        assertEquals("." + serviceType, resolvedService.getServiceType());
+        assertEquals(InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress(serviceAddress), resolvedService.getHost());
+        assertEquals(servicePort, resolvedService.getPort());
+        assertNull(resolvedService.getNetwork());
+        assertEquals(interfaceIdx, resolvedService.getInterfaceIndex());
+    }
+
     private void waitForIdle() {
         HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandler, TIMEOUT_MS);
     }
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitorTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitorTest.java
index fb821c3..ecd17ba 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitorTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitorTest.java
@@ -30,6 +30,9 @@
 import static android.content.pm.PackageInfo.REQUESTED_PERMISSION_REQUIRED;
 import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.GET_PERMISSIONS;
 import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.MATCH_ANY_USER;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOCKDOWN_VPN;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_RULE_DENY;
 import static android.net.ConnectivitySettingsManager.UIDS_ALLOWED_ON_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS;
 import static android.net.INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET;
 import static android.net.INetd.PERMISSION_NETWORK;
@@ -761,8 +764,8 @@
                 MOCK_APPID1);
     }
 
-    @Test
-    public void testUidFilteringDuringVpnConnectDisconnectAndUidUpdates() throws Exception {
+    private void doTestuidFilteringDuringVpnConnectDisconnectAndUidUpdates(@Nullable String ifName)
+            throws Exception {
         doReturn(List.of(buildPackageInfo(SYSTEM_PACKAGE1, SYSTEM_APP_UID11, CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE,
                         CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS),
                 buildPackageInfo(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID11),
@@ -778,8 +781,8 @@
         final Set<UidRange> vpnRange2 = Set.of(new UidRange(MOCK_UID12, MOCK_UID12));
 
         // When VPN is connected, expect a rule to be set up for user app MOCK_UID11
-        mPermissionMonitor.onVpnUidRangesAdded("tun0", vpnRange1, VPN_UID);
-        verify(mBpfNetMaps).addUidInterfaceRules(eq("tun0"), aryEq(new int[]{MOCK_UID11}));
+        mPermissionMonitor.onVpnUidRangesAdded(ifName, vpnRange1, VPN_UID);
+        verify(mBpfNetMaps).addUidInterfaceRules(eq(ifName), aryEq(new int[]{MOCK_UID11}));
 
         reset(mBpfNetMaps);
 
@@ -787,27 +790,38 @@
         mPermissionMonitor.onPackageRemoved(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID11);
         verify(mBpfNetMaps).removeUidInterfaceRules(aryEq(new int[]{MOCK_UID11}));
         mPermissionMonitor.onPackageAdded(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID11);
-        verify(mBpfNetMaps).addUidInterfaceRules(eq("tun0"), aryEq(new int[]{MOCK_UID11}));
+        verify(mBpfNetMaps).addUidInterfaceRules(eq(ifName), aryEq(new int[]{MOCK_UID11}));
 
         reset(mBpfNetMaps);
 
         // During VPN uid update (vpnRange1 -> vpnRange2), ConnectivityService first deletes the
         // old UID rules then adds the new ones. Expect netd to be updated
-        mPermissionMonitor.onVpnUidRangesRemoved("tun0", vpnRange1, VPN_UID);
+        mPermissionMonitor.onVpnUidRangesRemoved(ifName, vpnRange1, VPN_UID);
         verify(mBpfNetMaps).removeUidInterfaceRules(aryEq(new int[] {MOCK_UID11}));
-        mPermissionMonitor.onVpnUidRangesAdded("tun0", vpnRange2, VPN_UID);
-        verify(mBpfNetMaps).addUidInterfaceRules(eq("tun0"), aryEq(new int[]{MOCK_UID12}));
+        mPermissionMonitor.onVpnUidRangesAdded(ifName, vpnRange2, VPN_UID);
+        verify(mBpfNetMaps).addUidInterfaceRules(eq(ifName), aryEq(new int[]{MOCK_UID12}));
 
         reset(mBpfNetMaps);
 
         // When VPN is disconnected, expect rules to be torn down
-        mPermissionMonitor.onVpnUidRangesRemoved("tun0", vpnRange2, VPN_UID);
+        mPermissionMonitor.onVpnUidRangesRemoved(ifName, vpnRange2, VPN_UID);
         verify(mBpfNetMaps).removeUidInterfaceRules(aryEq(new int[] {MOCK_UID12}));
-        assertNull(mPermissionMonitor.getVpnUidRanges("tun0"));
+        assertNull(mPermissionMonitor.getVpnInterfaceUidRanges(ifName));
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testUidFilteringDuringPackageInstallAndUninstall() throws Exception {
+    public void testUidFilteringDuringVpnConnectDisconnectAndUidUpdates() throws Exception {
+        doTestuidFilteringDuringVpnConnectDisconnectAndUidUpdates("tun0");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUidFilteringDuringVpnConnectDisconnectAndUidUpdatesWithWildcard()
+            throws Exception {
+        doTestuidFilteringDuringVpnConnectDisconnectAndUidUpdates(null /* ifName */);
+    }
+
+    private void doTestUidFilteringDuringPackageInstallAndUninstall(@Nullable String ifName) throws
+            Exception {
         doReturn(List.of(buildPackageInfo(SYSTEM_PACKAGE1, SYSTEM_APP_UID11, CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE,
                         NETWORK_STACK, CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS),
                 buildPackageInfo(SYSTEM_PACKAGE2, VPN_UID)))
@@ -818,12 +832,12 @@
         mPermissionMonitor.startMonitoring();
         final Set<UidRange> vpnRange = Set.of(UidRange.createForUser(MOCK_USER1),
                 UidRange.createForUser(MOCK_USER2));
-        mPermissionMonitor.onVpnUidRangesAdded("tun0", vpnRange, VPN_UID);
+        mPermissionMonitor.onVpnUidRangesAdded(ifName, vpnRange, VPN_UID);
 
         // Newly-installed package should have uid rules added
         addPackageForUsers(new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2}, MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_APPID1);
-        verify(mBpfNetMaps).addUidInterfaceRules(eq("tun0"), aryEq(new int[]{MOCK_UID11}));
-        verify(mBpfNetMaps).addUidInterfaceRules(eq("tun0"), aryEq(new int[]{MOCK_UID21}));
+        verify(mBpfNetMaps).addUidInterfaceRules(eq(ifName), aryEq(new int[]{MOCK_UID11}));
+        verify(mBpfNetMaps).addUidInterfaceRules(eq(ifName), aryEq(new int[]{MOCK_UID21}));
 
         // Removed package should have its uid rules removed
         mPermissionMonitor.onPackageRemoved(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID11);
@@ -831,6 +845,168 @@
         verify(mBpfNetMaps, never()).removeUidInterfaceRules(aryEq(new int[]{MOCK_UID21}));
     }
 
+    @Test
+    public void testUidFilteringDuringPackageInstallAndUninstall() throws Exception {
+        doTestUidFilteringDuringPackageInstallAndUninstall("tun0");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUidFilteringDuringPackageInstallAndUninstallWithWildcard() throws Exception {
+        doTestUidFilteringDuringPackageInstallAndUninstall(null /* ifName */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLockdownUidFilteringWithLockdownEnableDisable() {
+        doReturn(List.of(buildPackageInfo(SYSTEM_PACKAGE1, SYSTEM_APP_UID11, CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE,
+                        CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS),
+                buildPackageInfo(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID11),
+                buildPackageInfo(MOCK_PACKAGE2, MOCK_UID12),
+                buildPackageInfo(SYSTEM_PACKAGE2, VPN_UID)))
+                .when(mPackageManager).getInstalledPackagesAsUser(eq(GET_PERMISSIONS), anyInt());
+        mPermissionMonitor.startMonitoring();
+        // Every app on user 0 except MOCK_UID12 are under VPN.
+        final UidRange[] vpnRange1 = {
+                new UidRange(0, MOCK_UID12 - 1),
+                new UidRange(MOCK_UID12 + 1, UserHandle.PER_USER_RANGE - 1)
+        };
+
+        // Add Lockdown uid range, expect a rule to be set up for user app MOCK_UID11
+        mPermissionMonitor.updateVpnLockdownUidRanges(true /* add */, vpnRange1);
+        verify(mBpfNetMaps)
+                .setUidRule(
+                        eq(FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOCKDOWN_VPN), eq(MOCK_UID11),
+                        eq(FIREWALL_RULE_DENY));
+        assertEquals(mPermissionMonitor.getVpnLockdownUidRanges(), Set.of(vpnRange1));
+
+        reset(mBpfNetMaps);
+
+        // Remove Lockdown uid range, expect rules to be torn down
+        mPermissionMonitor.updateVpnLockdownUidRanges(false /* false */, vpnRange1);
+        verify(mBpfNetMaps)
+                .setUidRule(eq(FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOCKDOWN_VPN), eq(MOCK_UID11),
+                        eq(FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW));
+        assertTrue(mPermissionMonitor.getVpnLockdownUidRanges().isEmpty());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLockdownUidFilteringWithLockdownEnableDisableWithMultiAdd() {
+        doReturn(List.of(buildPackageInfo(SYSTEM_PACKAGE1, SYSTEM_APP_UID11, CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE,
+                        CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS),
+                buildPackageInfo(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID11),
+                buildPackageInfo(SYSTEM_PACKAGE2, VPN_UID)))
+                .when(mPackageManager).getInstalledPackagesAsUser(eq(GET_PERMISSIONS), anyInt());
+        mPermissionMonitor.startMonitoring();
+        // MOCK_UID11 is under VPN.
+        final UidRange range = new UidRange(MOCK_UID11, MOCK_UID11);
+        final UidRange[] vpnRange = {range};
+
+        // Add Lockdown uid range at 1st time, expect a rule to be set up
+        mPermissionMonitor.updateVpnLockdownUidRanges(true /* add */, vpnRange);
+        verify(mBpfNetMaps)
+                .setUidRule(eq(FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOCKDOWN_VPN), eq(MOCK_UID11),
+                        eq(FIREWALL_RULE_DENY));
+        assertEquals(mPermissionMonitor.getVpnLockdownUidRanges(), Set.of(vpnRange));
+
+        reset(mBpfNetMaps);
+
+        // Add Lockdown uid range at 2nd time, expect a rule not to be set up because the uid
+        // already has the rule
+        mPermissionMonitor.updateVpnLockdownUidRanges(true /* add */, vpnRange);
+        verify(mBpfNetMaps, never()).setUidRule(anyInt(), anyInt(), anyInt());
+        assertEquals(mPermissionMonitor.getVpnLockdownUidRanges(), Set.of(vpnRange));
+
+        reset(mBpfNetMaps);
+
+        // Remove Lockdown uid range at 1st time, expect a rule not to be torn down because we added
+        // the range 2 times.
+        mPermissionMonitor.updateVpnLockdownUidRanges(false /* false */, vpnRange);
+        verify(mBpfNetMaps, never()).setUidRule(anyInt(), anyInt(), anyInt());
+        assertEquals(mPermissionMonitor.getVpnLockdownUidRanges(), Set.of(vpnRange));
+
+        reset(mBpfNetMaps);
+
+        // Remove Lockdown uid range at 2nd time, expect a rule to be torn down because we added
+        // twice and we removed twice.
+        mPermissionMonitor.updateVpnLockdownUidRanges(false /* false */, vpnRange);
+        verify(mBpfNetMaps)
+                .setUidRule(eq(FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOCKDOWN_VPN), eq(MOCK_UID11),
+                        eq(FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW));
+        assertTrue(mPermissionMonitor.getVpnLockdownUidRanges().isEmpty());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLockdownUidFilteringWithLockdownEnableDisableWithDuplicates() {
+        doReturn(List.of(buildPackageInfo(SYSTEM_PACKAGE1, SYSTEM_APP_UID11, CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE,
+                        CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS),
+                buildPackageInfo(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID11),
+                buildPackageInfo(SYSTEM_PACKAGE2, VPN_UID)))
+                .when(mPackageManager).getInstalledPackagesAsUser(eq(GET_PERMISSIONS), anyInt());
+        mPermissionMonitor.startMonitoring();
+        // MOCK_UID11 is under VPN.
+        final UidRange range = new UidRange(MOCK_UID11, MOCK_UID11);
+        final UidRange[] vpnRangeDuplicates = {range, range};
+        final UidRange[] vpnRange = {range};
+
+        // Add Lockdown uid ranges which contains duplicated uid ranges
+        mPermissionMonitor.updateVpnLockdownUidRanges(true /* add */, vpnRangeDuplicates);
+        verify(mBpfNetMaps)
+                .setUidRule(eq(FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOCKDOWN_VPN), eq(MOCK_UID11),
+                        eq(FIREWALL_RULE_DENY));
+        assertEquals(mPermissionMonitor.getVpnLockdownUidRanges(), Set.of(vpnRange));
+
+        reset(mBpfNetMaps);
+
+        // Remove Lockdown uid range at 1st time, expect a rule not to be torn down because uid
+        // ranges we added contains duplicated uid ranges.
+        mPermissionMonitor.updateVpnLockdownUidRanges(false /* false */, vpnRange);
+        verify(mBpfNetMaps, never()).setUidRule(anyInt(), anyInt(), anyInt());
+        assertEquals(mPermissionMonitor.getVpnLockdownUidRanges(), Set.of(vpnRange));
+
+        reset(mBpfNetMaps);
+
+        // Remove Lockdown uid range at 2nd time, expect a rule to be torn down.
+        mPermissionMonitor.updateVpnLockdownUidRanges(false /* false */, vpnRange);
+        verify(mBpfNetMaps)
+                .setUidRule(eq(FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOCKDOWN_VPN), eq(MOCK_UID11),
+                        eq(FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW));
+        assertTrue(mPermissionMonitor.getVpnLockdownUidRanges().isEmpty());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLockdownUidFilteringWithInstallAndUnInstall() {
+        doReturn(List.of(buildPackageInfo(SYSTEM_PACKAGE1, SYSTEM_APP_UID11, CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE,
+                        NETWORK_STACK, CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS),
+                buildPackageInfo(SYSTEM_PACKAGE2, VPN_UID)))
+                .when(mPackageManager).getInstalledPackagesAsUser(eq(GET_PERMISSIONS), anyInt());
+        doReturn(List.of(MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2)).when(mUserManager).getUserHandles(eq(true));
+
+        mPermissionMonitor.startMonitoring();
+        final UidRange[] vpnRange = {
+                UidRange.createForUser(MOCK_USER1),
+                UidRange.createForUser(MOCK_USER2)
+        };
+        mPermissionMonitor.updateVpnLockdownUidRanges(true /* add */, vpnRange);
+
+        // Installing package should add Lockdown rules
+        addPackageForUsers(new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2}, MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_APPID1);
+        verify(mBpfNetMaps)
+                .setUidRule(eq(FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOCKDOWN_VPN), eq(MOCK_UID11),
+                        eq(FIREWALL_RULE_DENY));
+        verify(mBpfNetMaps)
+                .setUidRule(eq(FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOCKDOWN_VPN), eq(MOCK_UID21),
+                        eq(FIREWALL_RULE_DENY));
+
+        reset(mBpfNetMaps);
+
+        // Uninstalling package should remove Lockdown rules
+        mPermissionMonitor.onPackageRemoved(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID11);
+        verify(mBpfNetMaps)
+                .setUidRule(eq(FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOCKDOWN_VPN), eq(MOCK_UID11),
+                        eq(FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW));
+        verify(mBpfNetMaps, never())
+                .setUidRule(eq(FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOCKDOWN_VPN), eq(MOCK_UID21),
+                        eq(FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW));
+    }
 
     // Normal package add/remove operations will trigger multiple intent for uids corresponding to
     // each user. To simulate generic package operations, the onPackageAdded/Removed will need to be
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetConfigStoreTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetConfigStoreTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a9f80ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetConfigStoreTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.ethernet;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.net.InetAddresses;
+import android.net.IpConfiguration;
+import android.net.IpConfiguration.IpAssignment;
+import android.net.IpConfiguration.ProxySettings;
+import android.net.LinkAddress;
+import android.net.ProxyInfo;
+import android.net.StaticIpConfiguration;
+import android.util.ArrayMap;
+
+import androidx.test.InstrumentationRegistry;
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+public class EthernetConfigStoreTest {
+    private static final LinkAddress LINKADDR = new LinkAddress("192.168.1.100/25");
+    private static final InetAddress GATEWAY = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("192.168.1.1");
+    private static final InetAddress DNS1 = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("8.8.8.8");
+    private static final InetAddress DNS2 = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("8.8.4.4");
+    private static final StaticIpConfiguration STATIC_IP_CONFIG =
+            new StaticIpConfiguration.Builder()
+                    .setIpAddress(LINKADDR)
+                    .setGateway(GATEWAY)
+                    .setDnsServers(new ArrayList<InetAddress>(
+                            List.of(DNS1, DNS2)))
+                    .build();
+    private static final ProxyInfo PROXY_INFO = ProxyInfo.buildDirectProxy("test", 8888);
+    private static final IpConfiguration APEX_IP_CONFIG =
+            new IpConfiguration(IpAssignment.DHCP, ProxySettings.NONE, null, null);
+    private static final IpConfiguration LEGACY_IP_CONFIG =
+            new IpConfiguration(IpAssignment.STATIC, ProxySettings.STATIC, STATIC_IP_CONFIG,
+                    PROXY_INFO);
+
+    private EthernetConfigStore mEthernetConfigStore;
+    private File mApexTestDir;
+    private File mLegacyTestDir;
+    private File mApexConfigFile;
+    private File mLegacyConfigFile;
+
+    private void createTestDir() {
+        final Context context = InstrumentationRegistry.getContext();
+        final File baseDir = context.getFilesDir();
+        mApexTestDir = new File(baseDir.getPath() + "/apex");
+        mApexTestDir.mkdirs();
+
+        mLegacyTestDir = new File(baseDir.getPath() + "/legacy");
+        mLegacyTestDir.mkdirs();
+    }
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() {
+        createTestDir();
+        mEthernetConfigStore = new EthernetConfigStore();
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() {
+        mApexTestDir.delete();
+        mLegacyTestDir.delete();
+    }
+
+    private void assertConfigFileExist(final String filepath) {
+        assertTrue(new File(filepath).exists());
+    }
+
+    /** Wait for the delayed write operation completes. */
+    private void waitForMs(long ms) {
+        try {
+            Thread.sleep(ms);
+        } catch (final InterruptedException e) {
+            fail("Thread was interrupted");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testWriteIpConfigToApexFilePathAndRead() throws Exception {
+        // Write the config file to the apex file path, pretend the config file exits and
+        // check if IP config should be read from apex file path.
+        mApexConfigFile = new File(mApexTestDir.getPath(), "test.txt");
+        mEthernetConfigStore.write("eth0", APEX_IP_CONFIG, mApexConfigFile.getPath());
+        waitForMs(50);
+
+        mEthernetConfigStore.read(mApexTestDir.getPath(), mLegacyTestDir.getPath(), "/test.txt");
+        final ArrayMap<String, IpConfiguration> ipConfigurations =
+                mEthernetConfigStore.getIpConfigurations();
+        assertEquals(APEX_IP_CONFIG, ipConfigurations.get("eth0"));
+
+        mApexConfigFile.delete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testWriteIpConfigToLegacyFilePathAndRead() throws Exception {
+        // Write the config file to the legacy file path, pretend the config file exits and
+        // check if IP config should be read from legacy file path.
+        mLegacyConfigFile = new File(mLegacyTestDir, "test.txt");
+        mEthernetConfigStore.write("0", LEGACY_IP_CONFIG, mLegacyConfigFile.getPath());
+        waitForMs(50);
+
+        mEthernetConfigStore.read(mApexTestDir.getPath(), mLegacyTestDir.getPath(), "/test.txt");
+        final ArrayMap<String, IpConfiguration> ipConfigurations =
+                mEthernetConfigStore.getIpConfigurations();
+        assertEquals(LEGACY_IP_CONFIG, ipConfigurations.get("0"));
+
+        // Check the same config file in apex file path is created.
+        assertConfigFileExist(mApexTestDir.getPath() + "/test.txt");
+
+        final File apexConfigFile = new File(mApexTestDir.getPath() + "/test.txt");
+        apexConfigFile.delete();
+        mLegacyConfigFile.delete();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetNetworkFactoryTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetNetworkFactoryTest.java
index dfb4fcc..4f849d2 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetNetworkFactoryTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetNetworkFactoryTest.java
@@ -16,8 +16,6 @@
 
 package com.android.server.ethernet;
 
-import static com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRuleKt.SC_V2;
-
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotSame;
@@ -32,7 +30,6 @@
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.clearInvocations;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.doAnswer;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.never;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
 
@@ -51,20 +48,22 @@
 import android.net.NetworkAgentConfig;
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
 import android.net.NetworkProvider;
+import android.net.NetworkProvider.NetworkOfferCallback;
 import android.net.NetworkRequest;
 import android.net.StaticIpConfiguration;
 import android.net.ip.IpClientCallbacks;
 import android.net.ip.IpClientManager;
+import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.Handler;
 import android.os.IBinder;
 import android.os.Looper;
 import android.os.test.TestLooper;
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
 
 import com.android.net.module.util.InterfaceParams;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 
 import org.junit.After;
 import org.junit.Before;
@@ -79,8 +78,9 @@
 import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
 import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
 
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
 @SmallTest
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
 public class EthernetNetworkFactoryTest {
     private static final int TIMEOUT_MS = 2_000;
     private static final String TEST_IFACE = "test123";
@@ -99,6 +99,7 @@
     @Mock private EthernetNetworkAgent mNetworkAgent;
     @Mock private InterfaceParams mInterfaceParams;
     @Mock private Network mMockNetwork;
+    @Mock private NetworkProvider mNetworkProvider;
 
     @Before
     public void setUp() throws Exception {
@@ -112,7 +113,7 @@
     private void initEthernetNetworkFactory() {
         mLooper = new TestLooper();
         mHandler = new Handler(mLooper.getLooper());
-        mNetFactory = new EthernetNetworkFactory(mHandler, mContext, mDeps);
+        mNetFactory = new EthernetNetworkFactory(mHandler, mContext, mNetworkProvider, mDeps);
     }
 
     private void setupNetworkAgentMock() {
@@ -239,9 +240,16 @@
         mNetFactory.addInterface(iface, HW_ADDR, ipConfig,
                 createInterfaceCapsBuilder(transportType).build());
         assertTrue(mNetFactory.updateInterfaceLinkState(iface, true, NULL_LISTENER));
+
+        ArgumentCaptor<NetworkOfferCallback> captor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(
+                NetworkOfferCallback.class);
+        verify(mNetworkProvider).registerNetworkOffer(any(), any(), any(), captor.capture());
+        captor.getValue().onNetworkNeeded(createDefaultRequest());
+
         verifyStart(ipConfig);
         clearInvocations(mDeps);
         clearInvocations(mIpClient);
+        clearInvocations(mNetworkProvider);
     }
 
     // creates a provisioned interface
@@ -281,29 +289,15 @@
         // To create an unprovisioned interface, provision and then "stop" it, i.e. stop its
         // NetworkAgent and IpClient. One way this can be done is by provisioning an interface and
         // then calling onNetworkUnwanted.
-        createAndVerifyProvisionedInterface(iface);
-
-        mNetworkAgent.getCallbacks().onNetworkUnwanted();
-        mLooper.dispatchAll();
-        verifyStop();
+        mNetFactory.addInterface(iface, HW_ADDR, createDefaultIpConfig(),
+                createInterfaceCapsBuilder(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_ETHERNET).build());
+        assertTrue(mNetFactory.updateInterfaceLinkState(iface, true, NULL_LISTENER));
 
         clearInvocations(mIpClient);
         clearInvocations(mNetworkAgent);
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testAcceptRequest() throws Exception {
-        initEthernetNetworkFactory();
-        createInterfaceUndergoingProvisioning(TEST_IFACE);
-        assertTrue(mNetFactory.acceptRequest(createDefaultRequest()));
-
-        NetworkRequest wifiRequest = createDefaultRequestBuilder()
-                .removeTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_ETHERNET)
-                .addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI).build();
-        assertFalse(mNetFactory.acceptRequest(wifiRequest));
-    }
-
-    @Test
     public void testUpdateInterfaceLinkStateForActiveProvisioningInterface() throws Exception {
         initEthernetNetworkFactory();
         createInterfaceUndergoingProvisioning(TEST_IFACE);
@@ -378,36 +372,6 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testNeedNetworkForOnProvisionedInterface() throws Exception {
-        initEthernetNetworkFactory();
-        createAndVerifyProvisionedInterface(TEST_IFACE);
-        mNetFactory.needNetworkFor(createDefaultRequest());
-        verify(mIpClient, never()).startProvisioning(any());
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testNeedNetworkForOnUnprovisionedInterface() throws Exception {
-        initEthernetNetworkFactory();
-        createUnprovisionedInterface(TEST_IFACE);
-        mNetFactory.needNetworkFor(createDefaultRequest());
-        verify(mIpClient).startProvisioning(any());
-
-        triggerOnProvisioningSuccess();
-        verifyNetworkAgentRegistersAndConnects();
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testNeedNetworkForOnInterfaceUndergoingProvisioning() throws Exception {
-        initEthernetNetworkFactory();
-        createInterfaceUndergoingProvisioning(TEST_IFACE);
-        mNetFactory.needNetworkFor(createDefaultRequest());
-        verify(mIpClient, never()).startProvisioning(any());
-
-        triggerOnProvisioningSuccess();
-        verifyNetworkAgentRegistersAndConnects();
-    }
-
-    @Test
     public void testProvisioningLoss() throws Exception {
         initEthernetNetworkFactory();
         when(mDeps.getNetworkInterfaceByName(TEST_IFACE)).thenReturn(mInterfaceParams);
@@ -441,31 +405,6 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testIpClientIsNotStartedWhenLinkIsDown() throws Exception {
-        initEthernetNetworkFactory();
-        createUnprovisionedInterface(TEST_IFACE);
-        mNetFactory.updateInterfaceLinkState(TEST_IFACE, false, NULL_LISTENER);
-
-        mNetFactory.needNetworkFor(createDefaultRequest());
-
-        verify(mDeps, never()).makeIpClient(any(), any(), any());
-
-        // BUG(b/191854824): requesting a network with a specifier (Android Auto use case) should
-        // not start an IpClient when the link is down, but fixing this may make matters worse by
-        // tiggering b/197548738.
-        NetworkRequest specificNetRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
-                .addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_ETHERNET)
-                .setNetworkSpecifier(new EthernetNetworkSpecifier(TEST_IFACE))
-                .build();
-        mNetFactory.needNetworkFor(specificNetRequest);
-        mNetFactory.releaseNetworkFor(specificNetRequest);
-
-        mNetFactory.updateInterfaceLinkState(TEST_IFACE, true, NULL_LISTENER);
-        // TODO: change to once when b/191854824 is fixed.
-        verify(mDeps, times(2)).makeIpClient(any(), eq(TEST_IFACE), any());
-    }
-
-    @Test
     public void testLinkPropertiesChanged() throws Exception {
         initEthernetNetworkFactory();
         createAndVerifyProvisionedInterface(TEST_IFACE);
@@ -669,7 +608,6 @@
         assertEquals(listener.expectOnResult(), TEST_IFACE);
     }
 
-    @DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(SC_V2) // TODO: Use to Build.VERSION_CODES.SC_V2 when available
     @Test
     public void testUpdateInterfaceAbortsOnConcurrentRemoveInterface() throws Exception {
         initEthernetNetworkFactory();
@@ -678,7 +616,6 @@
                 () -> mNetFactory.removeInterface(TEST_IFACE));
     }
 
-    @DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(SC_V2) // TODO: Use to Build.VERSION_CODES.SC_V2 when available
     @Test
     public void testUpdateInterfaceAbortsOnConcurrentUpdateInterfaceLinkState() throws Exception {
         initEthernetNetworkFactory();
@@ -687,7 +624,6 @@
                 () -> mNetFactory.updateInterfaceLinkState(TEST_IFACE, false, NULL_LISTENER));
     }
 
-    @DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(SC_V2) // TODO: Use to Build.VERSION_CODES.SC_V2 when available
     @Test
     public void testUpdateInterfaceCallsListenerCorrectlyOnConcurrentRequests() throws Exception {
         initEthernetNetworkFactory();
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetServiceImplTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetServiceImplTest.java
index dd1f1ed..b2b9f2c 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetServiceImplTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetServiceImplTest.java
@@ -20,12 +20,12 @@
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertThrows;
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
-
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyString;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.isNull;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.doThrow;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.never;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.reset;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
@@ -35,23 +35,25 @@
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
 import android.content.Context;
 import android.content.pm.PackageManager;
-import android.net.INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver;
 import android.net.EthernetNetworkUpdateRequest;
+import android.net.INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver;
 import android.net.IpConfiguration;
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
+import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.Handler;
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
-import org.mockito.Mock;
-import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
 
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
 @SmallTest
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
 public class EthernetServiceImplTest {
     private static final String TEST_IFACE = "test123";
     private static final EthernetNetworkUpdateRequest UPDATE_REQUEST =
@@ -69,14 +71,17 @@
                     .build();
     private static final INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver NULL_LISTENER = null;
     private EthernetServiceImpl mEthernetServiceImpl;
-    @Mock private Context mContext;
-    @Mock private Handler mHandler;
-    @Mock private EthernetTracker mEthernetTracker;
-    @Mock private PackageManager mPackageManager;
+    private Context mContext;
+    private Handler mHandler;
+    private EthernetTracker mEthernetTracker;
+    private PackageManager mPackageManager;
 
     @Before
     public void setup() {
-        MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
+        mContext = mock(Context.class);
+        mHandler = mock(Handler.class);
+        mEthernetTracker = mock(EthernetTracker.class);
+        mPackageManager = mock(PackageManager.class);
         doReturn(mPackageManager).when(mContext).getPackageManager();
         mEthernetServiceImpl = new EthernetServiceImpl(mContext, mHandler, mEthernetTracker);
         mEthernetServiceImpl.mStarted.set(true);
@@ -111,18 +116,18 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testConnectNetworkRejectsWhenEthNotStarted() {
+    public void testEnableInterfaceRejectsWhenEthNotStarted() {
         mEthernetServiceImpl.mStarted.set(false);
         assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, () -> {
-            mEthernetServiceImpl.connectNetwork("" /* iface */, null /* listener */);
+            mEthernetServiceImpl.enableInterface("" /* iface */, null /* listener */);
         });
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testDisconnectNetworkRejectsWhenEthNotStarted() {
+    public void testDisableInterfaceRejectsWhenEthNotStarted() {
         mEthernetServiceImpl.mStarted.set(false);
         assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, () -> {
-            mEthernetServiceImpl.disconnectNetwork("" /* iface */, null /* listener */);
+            mEthernetServiceImpl.disableInterface("" /* iface */, null /* listener */);
         });
     }
 
@@ -134,16 +139,16 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testConnectNetworkRejectsNullIface() {
+    public void testEnableInterfaceRejectsNullIface() {
         assertThrows(NullPointerException.class, () -> {
-            mEthernetServiceImpl.connectNetwork(null /* iface */, NULL_LISTENER);
+            mEthernetServiceImpl.enableInterface(null /* iface */, NULL_LISTENER);
         });
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testDisconnectNetworkRejectsNullIface() {
+    public void testDisableInterfaceRejectsNullIface() {
         assertThrows(NullPointerException.class, () -> {
-            mEthernetServiceImpl.disconnectNetwork(null /* iface */, NULL_LISTENER);
+            mEthernetServiceImpl.disableInterface(null /* iface */, NULL_LISTENER);
         });
     }
 
@@ -165,22 +170,6 @@
                 eq(UPDATE_REQUEST_WITHOUT_CAPABILITIES.getNetworkCapabilities()), isNull());
     }
 
-    @Test
-    public void testConnectNetworkRejectsWithoutAutomotiveFeature() {
-        toggleAutomotiveFeature(false);
-        assertThrows(UnsupportedOperationException.class, () -> {
-            mEthernetServiceImpl.connectNetwork("" /* iface */, NULL_LISTENER);
-        });
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testDisconnectNetworkRejectsWithoutAutomotiveFeature() {
-        toggleAutomotiveFeature(false);
-        assertThrows(UnsupportedOperationException.class, () -> {
-            mEthernetServiceImpl.disconnectNetwork("" /* iface */, NULL_LISTENER);
-        });
-    }
-
     private void denyManageEthPermission() {
         doThrow(new SecurityException("")).when(mContext)
                 .enforceCallingOrSelfPermission(
@@ -202,18 +191,18 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testConnectNetworkRejectsWithoutManageEthPermission() {
+    public void testEnableInterfaceRejectsWithoutManageEthPermission() {
         denyManageEthPermission();
         assertThrows(SecurityException.class, () -> {
-            mEthernetServiceImpl.connectNetwork(TEST_IFACE, NULL_LISTENER);
+            mEthernetServiceImpl.enableInterface(TEST_IFACE, NULL_LISTENER);
         });
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testDisconnectNetworkRejectsWithoutManageEthPermission() {
+    public void testDisableInterfaceRejectsWithoutManageEthPermission() {
         denyManageEthPermission();
         assertThrows(SecurityException.class, () -> {
-            mEthernetServiceImpl.disconnectNetwork(TEST_IFACE, NULL_LISTENER);
+            mEthernetServiceImpl.disableInterface(TEST_IFACE, NULL_LISTENER);
         });
     }
 
@@ -231,20 +220,20 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testConnectNetworkRejectsTestRequestWithoutTestPermission() {
+    public void testEnableInterfaceRejectsTestRequestWithoutTestPermission() {
         enableTestInterface();
         denyManageTestNetworksPermission();
         assertThrows(SecurityException.class, () -> {
-            mEthernetServiceImpl.connectNetwork(TEST_IFACE, NULL_LISTENER);
+            mEthernetServiceImpl.enableInterface(TEST_IFACE, NULL_LISTENER);
         });
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testDisconnectNetworkRejectsTestRequestWithoutTestPermission() {
+    public void testDisableInterfaceRejectsTestRequestWithoutTestPermission() {
         enableTestInterface();
         denyManageTestNetworksPermission();
         assertThrows(SecurityException.class, () -> {
-            mEthernetServiceImpl.disconnectNetwork(TEST_IFACE, NULL_LISTENER);
+            mEthernetServiceImpl.disableInterface(TEST_IFACE, NULL_LISTENER);
         });
     }
 
@@ -258,15 +247,15 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testConnectNetwork() {
-        mEthernetServiceImpl.connectNetwork(TEST_IFACE, NULL_LISTENER);
-        verify(mEthernetTracker).connectNetwork(eq(TEST_IFACE), eq(NULL_LISTENER));
+    public void testEnableInterface() {
+        mEthernetServiceImpl.enableInterface(TEST_IFACE, NULL_LISTENER);
+        verify(mEthernetTracker).enableInterface(eq(TEST_IFACE), eq(NULL_LISTENER));
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testDisconnectNetwork() {
-        mEthernetServiceImpl.disconnectNetwork(TEST_IFACE, NULL_LISTENER);
-        verify(mEthernetTracker).disconnectNetwork(eq(TEST_IFACE), eq(NULL_LISTENER));
+    public void testDisableInterface() {
+        mEthernetServiceImpl.disableInterface(TEST_IFACE, NULL_LISTENER);
+        verify(mEthernetTracker).disableInterface(eq(TEST_IFACE), eq(NULL_LISTENER));
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -324,23 +313,23 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testConnectNetworkForTestRequestDoesNotRequireAutoOrNetPermission() {
+    public void testEnableInterfaceForTestRequestDoesNotRequireNetPermission() {
         enableTestInterface();
         toggleAutomotiveFeature(false);
         denyManageEthPermission();
 
-        mEthernetServiceImpl.connectNetwork(TEST_IFACE, NULL_LISTENER);
-        verify(mEthernetTracker).connectNetwork(eq(TEST_IFACE), eq(NULL_LISTENER));
+        mEthernetServiceImpl.enableInterface(TEST_IFACE, NULL_LISTENER);
+        verify(mEthernetTracker).enableInterface(eq(TEST_IFACE), eq(NULL_LISTENER));
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testDisconnectNetworkForTestRequestDoesNotRequireAutoOrNetPermission() {
+    public void testDisableInterfaceForTestRequestDoesNotRequireAutoOrNetPermission() {
         enableTestInterface();
         toggleAutomotiveFeature(false);
         denyManageEthPermission();
 
-        mEthernetServiceImpl.disconnectNetwork(TEST_IFACE, NULL_LISTENER);
-        verify(mEthernetTracker).disconnectNetwork(eq(TEST_IFACE), eq(NULL_LISTENER));
+        mEthernetServiceImpl.disableInterface(TEST_IFACE, NULL_LISTENER);
+        verify(mEthernetTracker).disableInterface(eq(TEST_IFACE), eq(NULL_LISTENER));
     }
 
     private void denyPermissions(String... permissions) {
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetTrackerTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetTrackerTest.java
index b1831c4..4c35221 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetTrackerTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetTrackerTest.java
@@ -29,38 +29,41 @@
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyString;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.never;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.reset;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.spy;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.timeout;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
 
 import android.content.Context;
-import android.content.res.Resources;
 import android.net.EthernetManager;
-import android.net.InetAddresses;
-import android.net.INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver;
 import android.net.IEthernetServiceListener;
 import android.net.INetd;
+import android.net.INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver;
+import android.net.InetAddresses;
+import android.net.InterfaceConfigurationParcel;
 import android.net.IpConfiguration;
 import android.net.IpConfiguration.IpAssignment;
 import android.net.IpConfiguration.ProxySettings;
-import android.net.InterfaceConfigurationParcel;
 import android.net.LinkAddress;
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
 import android.net.StaticIpConfiguration;
+import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.HandlerThread;
 import android.os.RemoteException;
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
 
-import com.android.connectivity.resources.R;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 import com.android.testutils.HandlerUtils;
 
 import org.junit.After;
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;
 import org.mockito.Mock;
 import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
 
@@ -68,7 +71,8 @@
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 
 @SmallTest
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
 public class EthernetTrackerTest {
     private static final String TEST_IFACE = "test123";
     private static final int TIMEOUT_MS = 1_000;
@@ -351,8 +355,8 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testConnectNetworkCorrectlyCallsFactory() {
-        tracker.connectNetwork(TEST_IFACE, NULL_LISTENER);
+    public void testEnableInterfaceCorrectlyCallsFactory() {
+        tracker.enableInterface(TEST_IFACE, NULL_LISTENER);
         waitForIdle();
 
         verify(mFactory).updateInterfaceLinkState(eq(TEST_IFACE), eq(true /* up */),
@@ -360,8 +364,8 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testDisconnectNetworkCorrectlyCallsFactory() {
-        tracker.disconnectNetwork(TEST_IFACE, NULL_LISTENER);
+    public void testDisableInterfaceCorrectlyCallsFactory() {
+        tracker.disableInterface(TEST_IFACE, NULL_LISTENER);
         waitForIdle();
 
         verify(mFactory).updateInterfaceLinkState(eq(TEST_IFACE), eq(false /* up */),
@@ -410,18 +414,24 @@
                 IpConfiguration configuration) { }
     }
 
+    private InterfaceConfigurationParcel createMockedIfaceParcel(final String ifname,
+            final String hwAddr) {
+        final InterfaceConfigurationParcel ifaceParcel = new InterfaceConfigurationParcel();
+        ifaceParcel.ifName = ifname;
+        ifaceParcel.hwAddr = hwAddr;
+        ifaceParcel.flags = new String[] {INetd.IF_STATE_UP};
+        return ifaceParcel;
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void testListenEthernetStateChange() throws Exception {
-        final String testIface = "testtap123";
-        final String testHwAddr = "11:22:33:44:55:66";
-        final InterfaceConfigurationParcel ifaceParcel = new InterfaceConfigurationParcel();
-        ifaceParcel.ifName = testIface;
-        ifaceParcel.hwAddr = testHwAddr;
-        ifaceParcel.flags = new String[] {INetd.IF_STATE_UP};
-
         tracker.setIncludeTestInterfaces(true);
         waitForIdle();
 
+        final String testIface = "testtap123";
+        final String testHwAddr = "11:22:33:44:55:66";
+        final InterfaceConfigurationParcel ifaceParcel = createMockedIfaceParcel(testIface,
+                testHwAddr);
         when(mNetd.interfaceGetList()).thenReturn(new String[] {testIface});
         when(mNetd.interfaceGetCfg(eq(testIface))).thenReturn(ifaceParcel);
         doReturn(new String[] {testIface}).when(mFactory).getAvailableInterfaces(anyBoolean());
@@ -453,4 +463,43 @@
         verify(listener).onInterfaceStateChanged(eq(testIface), eq(EthernetManager.STATE_LINK_UP),
                 anyInt(), any());
     }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testListenEthernetStateChange_unsolicitedEventListener() throws Exception {
+        when(mNetd.interfaceGetList()).thenReturn(new String[] {});
+        doReturn(new String[] {}).when(mFactory).getAvailableInterfaces(anyBoolean());
+
+        tracker.setIncludeTestInterfaces(true);
+        tracker.start();
+
+        final ArgumentCaptor<EthernetTracker.InterfaceObserver> captor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(EthernetTracker.InterfaceObserver.class);
+        verify(mNetd, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS)).registerUnsolicitedEventListener(captor.capture());
+        final EthernetTracker.InterfaceObserver observer = captor.getValue();
+
+        tracker.setEthernetEnabled(false);
+        waitForIdle();
+        reset(mFactory);
+        reset(mNetd);
+
+        final String testIface = "testtap1";
+        observer.onInterfaceAdded(testIface);
+        verify(mFactory, never()).addInterface(eq(testIface), anyString(), any(), any());
+        observer.onInterfaceRemoved(testIface);
+        verify(mFactory, never()).removeInterface(eq(testIface));
+
+        final String testHwAddr = "11:22:33:44:55:66";
+        final InterfaceConfigurationParcel testIfaceParce =
+                createMockedIfaceParcel(testIface, testHwAddr);
+        when(mNetd.interfaceGetList()).thenReturn(new String[] {testIface});
+        when(mNetd.interfaceGetCfg(eq(testIface))).thenReturn(testIfaceParce);
+        doReturn(new String[] {testIface}).when(mFactory).getAvailableInterfaces(anyBoolean());
+        tracker.setEthernetEnabled(true);
+        waitForIdle();
+        reset(mFactory);
+
+        final String testIface2 = "testtap2";
+        observer.onInterfaceRemoved(testIface2);
+        verify(mFactory, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS)).removeInterface(eq(testIface2));
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/BpfInterfaceMapUpdaterTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/BpfInterfaceMapUpdaterTest.java
index 987b7b7..c6852d1 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/BpfInterfaceMapUpdaterTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/BpfInterfaceMapUpdaterTest.java
@@ -24,16 +24,18 @@
 import android.content.Context;
 import android.net.INetd;
 import android.net.MacAddress;
+import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.Handler;
 import android.os.test.TestLooper;
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
 
 import com.android.net.module.util.BaseNetdUnsolicitedEventListener;
 import com.android.net.module.util.IBpfMap;
 import com.android.net.module.util.InterfaceParams;
 import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.U32;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.Test;
@@ -42,8 +44,9 @@
 import org.mockito.Mock;
 import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
 
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
 @SmallTest
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
 public final class BpfInterfaceMapUpdaterTest {
     private static final int TEST_INDEX = 1;
     private static final int TEST_INDEX2 = 2;
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/IpConfigStoreTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/IpConfigStoreTest.java
index e9a5309..4adc999 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/IpConfigStoreTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/IpConfigStoreTest.java
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
 
+import android.content.Context;
 import android.net.InetAddresses;
 import android.net.IpConfiguration;
 import android.net.IpConfiguration.IpAssignment;
@@ -27,9 +28,15 @@
 import android.net.LinkAddress;
 import android.net.ProxyInfo;
 import android.net.StaticIpConfiguration;
+import android.os.Build;
+import android.os.HandlerThread;
 import android.util.ArrayMap;
 
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+import androidx.test.InstrumentationRegistry;
+
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
+import com.android.testutils.HandlerUtils;
 
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
@@ -37,17 +44,21 @@
 import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
 import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
 import java.io.DataOutputStream;
+import java.io.File;
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.io.InputStream;
 import java.net.InetAddress;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
 
 /**
  * Unit tests for {@link IpConfigStore}
  */
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
 public class IpConfigStoreTest {
+    private static final int TIMEOUT_MS = 2_000;
     private static final int KEY_CONFIG = 17;
     private static final String IFACE_1 = "eth0";
     private static final String IFACE_2 = "eth1";
@@ -56,6 +67,22 @@
     private static final String DNS_IP_ADDR_1 = "1.2.3.4";
     private static final String DNS_IP_ADDR_2 = "5.6.7.8";
 
+    private static final ArrayList<InetAddress> DNS_SERVERS = new ArrayList<>(List.of(
+            InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress(DNS_IP_ADDR_1),
+            InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress(DNS_IP_ADDR_2)));
+    private static final StaticIpConfiguration STATIC_IP_CONFIG_1 =
+            new StaticIpConfiguration.Builder()
+                    .setIpAddress(new LinkAddress(IP_ADDR_1))
+                    .setDnsServers(DNS_SERVERS)
+                    .build();
+    private static final StaticIpConfiguration STATIC_IP_CONFIG_2 =
+            new StaticIpConfiguration.Builder()
+                    .setIpAddress(new LinkAddress(IP_ADDR_2))
+                    .setDnsServers(DNS_SERVERS)
+                    .build();
+    private static final ProxyInfo PROXY_INFO =
+            ProxyInfo.buildDirectProxy("10.10.10.10", 88, Arrays.asList("host1", "host2"));
+
     @Test
     public void backwardCompatibility2to3() throws IOException {
         ByteArrayOutputStream byteStream = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
@@ -79,40 +106,73 @@
 
     @Test
     public void staticIpMultiNetworks() throws Exception {
-        final ArrayList<InetAddress> dnsServers = new ArrayList<>();
-        dnsServers.add(InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress(DNS_IP_ADDR_1));
-        dnsServers.add(InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress(DNS_IP_ADDR_2));
-        final StaticIpConfiguration staticIpConfiguration1 = new StaticIpConfiguration.Builder()
-                .setIpAddress(new LinkAddress(IP_ADDR_1))
-                .setDnsServers(dnsServers).build();
-        final StaticIpConfiguration staticIpConfiguration2 = new StaticIpConfiguration.Builder()
-                .setIpAddress(new LinkAddress(IP_ADDR_2))
-                .setDnsServers(dnsServers).build();
+        final IpConfiguration expectedConfig1 = newIpConfiguration(IpAssignment.STATIC,
+                ProxySettings.STATIC, STATIC_IP_CONFIG_1, PROXY_INFO);
+        final IpConfiguration expectedConfig2 = newIpConfiguration(IpAssignment.STATIC,
+                ProxySettings.STATIC, STATIC_IP_CONFIG_2, PROXY_INFO);
 
-        ProxyInfo proxyInfo =
-                ProxyInfo.buildDirectProxy("10.10.10.10", 88, Arrays.asList("host1", "host2"));
-
-        IpConfiguration expectedConfig1 = newIpConfiguration(IpAssignment.STATIC,
-                ProxySettings.STATIC, staticIpConfiguration1, proxyInfo);
-        IpConfiguration expectedConfig2 = newIpConfiguration(IpAssignment.STATIC,
-                ProxySettings.STATIC, staticIpConfiguration2, proxyInfo);
-
-        ArrayMap<String, IpConfiguration> expectedNetworks = new ArrayMap<>();
+        final ArrayMap<String, IpConfiguration> expectedNetworks = new ArrayMap<>();
         expectedNetworks.put(IFACE_1, expectedConfig1);
         expectedNetworks.put(IFACE_2, expectedConfig2);
 
-        MockedDelayedDiskWrite writer = new MockedDelayedDiskWrite();
-        IpConfigStore store = new IpConfigStore(writer);
+        final MockedDelayedDiskWrite writer = new MockedDelayedDiskWrite();
+        final IpConfigStore store = new IpConfigStore(writer);
         store.writeIpConfigurations("file/path/not/used/", expectedNetworks);
 
-        InputStream in = new ByteArrayInputStream(writer.mByteStream.toByteArray());
-        ArrayMap<String, IpConfiguration> actualNetworks = IpConfigStore.readIpConfigurations(in);
+        final InputStream in = new ByteArrayInputStream(writer.mByteStream.toByteArray());
+        final ArrayMap<String, IpConfiguration> actualNetworks =
+                IpConfigStore.readIpConfigurations(in);
         assertNotNull(actualNetworks);
         assertEquals(2, actualNetworks.size());
         assertEquals(expectedNetworks.get(IFACE_1), actualNetworks.get(IFACE_1));
         assertEquals(expectedNetworks.get(IFACE_2), actualNetworks.get(IFACE_2));
     }
 
+    @Test
+    public void readIpConfigurationFromFilePath() throws Exception {
+        final HandlerThread testHandlerThread = new HandlerThread("IpConfigStoreTest");
+        final DelayedDiskWrite.Dependencies dependencies =
+                new DelayedDiskWrite.Dependencies() {
+                    @Override
+                    public HandlerThread makeHandlerThread() {
+                        return testHandlerThread;
+                    }
+                    @Override
+                    public void quitHandlerThread(HandlerThread handlerThread) {
+                        testHandlerThread.quitSafely();
+                    }
+        };
+
+        final IpConfiguration ipConfig = newIpConfiguration(IpAssignment.STATIC,
+                ProxySettings.STATIC, STATIC_IP_CONFIG_1, PROXY_INFO);
+        final ArrayMap<String, IpConfiguration> expectedNetworks = new ArrayMap<>();
+        expectedNetworks.put(IFACE_1, ipConfig);
+
+        // Write IP config to specific file path and read it later.
+        final Context context = InstrumentationRegistry.getContext();
+        final File configFile = new File(context.getFilesDir().getPath(),
+                "IpConfigStoreTest-ipconfig.txt");
+        final DelayedDiskWrite writer = new DelayedDiskWrite(dependencies);
+        final IpConfigStore store = new IpConfigStore(writer);
+        store.writeIpConfigurations(configFile.getPath(), expectedNetworks);
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(testHandlerThread, TIMEOUT_MS);
+
+        // Read IP config from the file path.
+        final ArrayMap<String, IpConfiguration> actualNetworks =
+                IpConfigStore.readIpConfigurations(configFile.getPath());
+        assertNotNull(actualNetworks);
+        assertEquals(1, actualNetworks.size());
+        assertEquals(expectedNetworks.get(IFACE_1), actualNetworks.get(IFACE_1));
+
+        // Return an empty array when reading IP configuration from an non-exist config file.
+        final ArrayMap<String, IpConfiguration> emptyNetworks =
+                IpConfigStore.readIpConfigurations("/dev/null");
+        assertNotNull(emptyNetworks);
+        assertEquals(0, emptyNetworks.size());
+
+        configFile.delete();
+    }
+
     private IpConfiguration newIpConfiguration(IpAssignment ipAssignment,
             ProxySettings proxySettings, StaticIpConfiguration staticIpConfig, ProxyInfo info) {
         final IpConfiguration config = new IpConfiguration();
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsFactoryTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsFactoryTest.java
index 79744b1..5400a00 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsFactoryTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsFactoryTest.java
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.UID_ALL;
 
 import static com.android.server.net.NetworkStatsFactory.kernelToTag;
+import static com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRuleKt.SC_V2;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
@@ -38,7 +39,6 @@
 import android.net.NetworkStats;
 import android.net.TrafficStats;
 import android.net.UnderlyingNetworkInfo;
-import android.os.Build;
 
 import androidx.test.InstrumentationRegistry;
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@
 /** Tests for {@link NetworkStatsFactory}. */
 @RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
 @SmallTest
-@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(SC_V2)
 public class NetworkStatsFactoryTest extends NetworkStatsBaseTest {
     private static final String CLAT_PREFIX = "v4-";
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsObserversTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsObserversTest.java
index e8c9637..5747e10 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsObserversTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsObserversTest.java
@@ -274,8 +274,12 @@
 
         mStatsObservers.unregister(request, UID_BLUE);
         waitForObserverToIdle();
-
         Mockito.verifyZeroInteractions(mUsageCallbackBinder);
+
+        // Verify that system uid can unregister for other uids.
+        mStatsObservers.unregister(request, Process.SYSTEM_UID);
+        waitForObserverToIdle();
+        mUsageCallback.expectOnCallbackReleased(request);
     }
 
     private NetworkIdentitySet makeTestIdentSet() {
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsServiceTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsServiceTest.java
index ceeb997..f1820b3 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsServiceTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsServiceTest.java
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 
 import static android.Manifest.permission.READ_NETWORK_USAGE_HISTORY;
 import static android.Manifest.permission.UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS;
+import static android.app.usage.NetworkStatsManager.PREFIX_DEV;
 import static android.content.Intent.ACTION_UID_REMOVED;
 import static android.content.Intent.EXTRA_UID;
 import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.PERMISSION_DENIED;
@@ -56,6 +57,9 @@
 import static android.net.TrafficStats.MB_IN_BYTES;
 import static android.net.TrafficStats.UID_REMOVED;
 import static android.net.TrafficStats.UID_TETHERING;
+import static android.net.netstats.NetworkStatsDataMigrationUtils.PREFIX_UID;
+import static android.net.netstats.NetworkStatsDataMigrationUtils.PREFIX_UID_TAG;
+import static android.net.netstats.NetworkStatsDataMigrationUtils.PREFIX_XT;
 import static android.text.format.DateUtils.DAY_IN_MILLIS;
 import static android.text.format.DateUtils.HOUR_IN_MILLIS;
 import static android.text.format.DateUtils.MINUTE_IN_MILLIS;
@@ -77,6 +81,7 @@
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyString;
 import static org.mockito.Matchers.eq;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.never;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.reset;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.spy;
@@ -96,6 +101,7 @@
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
 import android.net.NetworkStateSnapshot;
 import android.net.NetworkStats;
+import android.net.NetworkStatsCollection;
 import android.net.NetworkStatsHistory;
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate;
 import android.net.TelephonyNetworkSpecifier;
@@ -104,6 +110,7 @@
 import android.net.UnderlyingNetworkInfo;
 import android.net.netstats.provider.INetworkStatsProviderCallback;
 import android.net.wifi.WifiInfo;
+import android.os.DropBoxManager;
 import android.os.Handler;
 import android.os.HandlerThread;
 import android.os.IBinder;
@@ -112,11 +119,13 @@
 import android.provider.Settings;
 import android.system.ErrnoException;
 import android.telephony.TelephonyManager;
+import android.util.ArrayMap;
 
 import androidx.annotation.Nullable;
 import androidx.test.InstrumentationRegistry;
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
 
+import com.android.internal.util.FileRotator;
 import com.android.internal.util.test.BroadcastInterceptingContext;
 import com.android.net.module.util.IBpfMap;
 import com.android.net.module.util.LocationPermissionChecker;
@@ -131,6 +140,16 @@
 import com.android.testutils.TestBpfMap;
 import com.android.testutils.TestableNetworkStatsProviderBinder;
 
+import java.io.File;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.time.Clock;
+import java.time.ZoneOffset;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+
 import libcore.testing.io.TestIoUtils;
 
 import org.junit.After;
@@ -142,13 +161,6 @@
 import org.mockito.Mock;
 import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
 
-import java.io.File;
-import java.time.Clock;
-import java.time.ZoneOffset;
-import java.util.Objects;
-import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
-import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
-
 /**
  * Tests for {@link NetworkStatsService}.
  *
@@ -187,6 +199,7 @@
     private long mElapsedRealtime;
 
     private File mStatsDir;
+    private File mLegacyStatsDir;
     private MockContext mServiceContext;
     private @Mock TelephonyManager mTelephonyManager;
     private static @Mock WifiInfo sWifiInfo;
@@ -220,6 +233,12 @@
     private ContentObserver mContentObserver;
     private Handler mHandler;
     private TetheringManager.TetheringEventCallback mTetheringEventCallback;
+    private Map<String, NetworkStatsCollection> mPlatformNetworkStatsCollection =
+            new ArrayMap<String, NetworkStatsCollection>();
+    private boolean mStoreFilesInApexData = false;
+    private int mImportLegacyTargetAttempts = 0;
+    private @Mock PersistentInt mImportLegacyAttemptsCounter;
+    private @Mock PersistentInt mImportLegacySuccessesCounter;
 
     private class MockContext extends BroadcastInterceptingContext {
         private final Context mBaseContext;
@@ -286,6 +305,8 @@
                 any(), any(), anyInt(), anyBoolean(), any())).thenReturn(true);
         when(sWifiInfo.getNetworkKey()).thenReturn(TEST_WIFI_NETWORK_KEY);
         mStatsDir = TestIoUtils.createTemporaryDirectory(getClass().getSimpleName());
+        mLegacyStatsDir = TestIoUtils.createTemporaryDirectory(
+                getClass().getSimpleName() + "-legacy");
 
         PowerManager powerManager = (PowerManager) mServiceContext.getSystemService(
                 Context.POWER_SERVICE);
@@ -295,8 +316,7 @@
         mHandlerThread = new HandlerThread("HandlerThread");
         final NetworkStatsService.Dependencies deps = makeDependencies();
         mService = new NetworkStatsService(mServiceContext, mNetd, mAlarmManager, wakeLock,
-                mClock, mSettings, mStatsFactory, new NetworkStatsObservers(), mStatsDir,
-                getBaseDir(mStatsDir), deps);
+                mClock, mSettings, mStatsFactory, new NetworkStatsObservers(), deps);
 
         mElapsedRealtime = 0L;
 
@@ -339,6 +359,44 @@
     private NetworkStatsService.Dependencies makeDependencies() {
         return new NetworkStatsService.Dependencies() {
             @Override
+            public File getLegacyStatsDir() {
+                return mLegacyStatsDir;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public File getOrCreateStatsDir() {
+                return mStatsDir;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public boolean getStoreFilesInApexData() {
+                return mStoreFilesInApexData;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public int getImportLegacyTargetAttempts() {
+                return mImportLegacyTargetAttempts;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public PersistentInt createImportLegacyAttemptsCounter(
+                    @androidx.annotation.NonNull Path path) {
+                return mImportLegacyAttemptsCounter;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public PersistentInt createImportLegacySuccessesCounter(
+                    @androidx.annotation.NonNull Path path) {
+                return mImportLegacySuccessesCounter;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public NetworkStatsCollection readPlatformCollection(
+                    @NonNull String prefix, long bucketDuration) {
+                return mPlatformNetworkStatsCollection.get(prefix);
+            }
+
+            @Override
             public HandlerThread makeHandlerThread() {
                 return mHandlerThread;
             }
@@ -1704,10 +1762,108 @@
         assertNetworkTotal(sTemplateImsi1, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0);
     }
 
-    private static File getBaseDir(File statsDir) {
-        File baseDir = new File(statsDir, "netstats");
-        baseDir.mkdirs();
-        return baseDir;
+    /**
+     * Verify the service will perform data migration process can be controlled by the device flag.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testDataMigration() throws Exception {
+        assertStatsFilesExist(false);
+        expectDefaultSettings();
+
+        NetworkStateSnapshot[] states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[] {buildWifiState()};
+
+        mService.notifyNetworkStatus(NETWORKS_WIFI, states, getActiveIface(states),
+                new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0]);
+
+        // modify some number on wifi, and trigger poll event
+        incrementCurrentTime(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
+        // expectDefaultSettings();
+        expectNetworkStatsSummary(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 1024L, 8L, 2048L, 16L));
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 2)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 512L, 4L, 256L, 2L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, 0xFAAD, 256L, 2L, 128L, 1L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_FOREGROUND, TAG_NONE, 512L, 4L, 256L, 2L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_FOREGROUND, 0xFAAD, 256L, 2L, 128L, 1L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_BLUE, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 128L, 1L, 128L, 1L, 0L));
+
+        mService.noteUidForeground(UID_RED, false);
+        verify(mUidCounterSetMap, never()).deleteEntry(any());
+        mService.incrementOperationCount(UID_RED, 0xFAAD, 4);
+        mService.noteUidForeground(UID_RED, true);
+        verify(mUidCounterSetMap).updateEntry(
+                eq(new U32(UID_RED)), eq(new U8((short) SET_FOREGROUND)));
+        mService.incrementOperationCount(UID_RED, 0xFAAD, 6);
+
+        forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
+        // Simulate shutdown to force persisting data
+        mServiceContext.sendBroadcast(new Intent(Intent.ACTION_SHUTDOWN));
+        assertStatsFilesExist(true);
+
+        // Move the files to the legacy directory to simulate an import from old data
+        for (File f : mStatsDir.listFiles()) {
+            Files.move(f.toPath(), mLegacyStatsDir.toPath().resolve(f.getName()));
+        }
+        assertStatsFilesExist(false);
+
+        // Fetch the stats from the legacy files and set platform stats collection to be identical
+        mPlatformNetworkStatsCollection.put(PREFIX_DEV,
+                getLegacyCollection(PREFIX_DEV, false /* includeTags */));
+        mPlatformNetworkStatsCollection.put(PREFIX_XT,
+                getLegacyCollection(PREFIX_XT, false /* includeTags */));
+        mPlatformNetworkStatsCollection.put(PREFIX_UID,
+                getLegacyCollection(PREFIX_UID, false /* includeTags */));
+        mPlatformNetworkStatsCollection.put(PREFIX_UID_TAG,
+                getLegacyCollection(PREFIX_UID_TAG, true /* includeTags */));
+
+        // Mock zero usage and boot through serviceReady(), verify there is no imported data.
+        expectDefaultSettings();
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+        expectSystemReady();
+        mService.systemReady();
+        assertStatsFilesExist(false);
+
+        // Set the flag and reboot, verify the imported data is not there until next boot.
+        mStoreFilesInApexData = true;
+        mImportLegacyTargetAttempts = 3;
+        mServiceContext.sendBroadcast(new Intent(Intent.ACTION_SHUTDOWN));
+        assertStatsFilesExist(false);
+
+        // Boot through systemReady() again.
+        expectDefaultSettings();
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+        expectSystemReady();
+        mService.systemReady();
+
+        // After systemReady(), the service should have historical stats loaded again.
+        // Thus, verify
+        //  1. The stats are absorbed by the recorder.
+        //  2. The imported data are persisted.
+        //  3. The attempts count is set to target attempts count to indicate a successful
+        //     migration.
+        assertNetworkTotal(sTemplateWifi, 1024L, 8L, 2048L, 16L, 0);
+        assertStatsFilesExist(true);
+        verify(mImportLegacyAttemptsCounter).set(3);
+        verify(mImportLegacySuccessesCounter).set(1);
+
+        // TODO: Verify upgrading with Exception won't damege original data and
+        //  will decrease the retry counter by 1.
+    }
+
+    private NetworkStatsRecorder makeTestRecorder(File directory, String prefix, Config config,
+            boolean includeTags) {
+        final NetworkStats.NonMonotonicObserver observer =
+                mock(NetworkStats.NonMonotonicObserver.class);
+        final DropBoxManager dropBox = mock(DropBoxManager.class);
+        return new NetworkStatsRecorder(new FileRotator(
+                directory, prefix, config.rotateAgeMillis, config.deleteAgeMillis),
+                observer, dropBox, prefix, config.bucketDuration, includeTags);
+    }
+
+    private NetworkStatsCollection getLegacyCollection(String prefix, boolean includeTags) {
+        final NetworkStatsRecorder recorder = makeTestRecorder(mLegacyStatsDir, PREFIX_DEV,
+                mSettings.getDevConfig(), includeTags);
+        return recorder.getOrLoadCompleteLocked();
     }
 
     private void assertNetworkTotal(NetworkTemplate template, long rxBytes, long rxPackets,
@@ -1816,11 +1972,10 @@
     }
 
     private void assertStatsFilesExist(boolean exist) {
-        final File basePath = new File(mStatsDir, "netstats");
         if (exist) {
-            assertTrue(basePath.list().length > 0);
+            assertTrue(mStatsDir.list().length > 0);
         } else {
-            assertTrue(basePath.list().length == 0);
+            assertTrue(mStatsDir.list().length == 0);
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsSubscriptionsMonitorTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsSubscriptionsMonitorTest.java
index 0d34609..622f2be 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsSubscriptionsMonitorTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsSubscriptionsMonitorTest.java
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@
 import static android.telephony.TelephonyDisplayInfo.OVERRIDE_NETWORK_TYPE_NONE;
 import static android.telephony.TelephonyDisplayInfo.OVERRIDE_NETWORK_TYPE_NR_NSA;
 
+import static com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRuleKt.SC_V2;
+
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
@@ -37,7 +39,6 @@
 import android.annotation.Nullable;
 import android.app.usage.NetworkStatsManager;
 import android.content.Context;
-import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.Looper;
 import android.os.Parcel;
 import android.telephony.SubscriptionManager;
@@ -63,7 +64,7 @@
 import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
 
 @RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
-@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(SC_V2)
 public final class NetworkStatsSubscriptionsMonitorTest {
     private static final int TEST_SUBID1 = 3;
     private static final int TEST_SUBID2 = 5;
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/PersistentIntTest.kt b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/PersistentIntTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9268352
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/PersistentIntTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.net
+
+import android.util.SystemConfigFileCommitEventLogger
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner
+import com.android.testutils.SC_V2
+import com.android.testutils.assertThrows
+import org.junit.After
+import org.junit.Before
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+import java.io.File
+import java.io.IOException
+import java.nio.file.Files
+import java.nio.file.Path
+import java.nio.file.attribute.PosixFilePermission
+import java.nio.file.attribute.PosixFilePermission.OWNER_EXECUTE
+import java.nio.file.attribute.PosixFilePermission.OWNER_READ
+import java.nio.file.attribute.PosixFilePermission.OWNER_WRITE
+import java.util.Random
+import kotlin.test.assertEquals
+
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner::class)
+@IgnoreUpTo(SC_V2)
+class PersistentIntTest {
+    val tempFilesCreated = mutableSetOf<Path>()
+    lateinit var tempDir: Path
+
+    @Before
+    fun setUp() {
+        tempDir = Files.createTempDirectory("tmp.PersistentIntTest.")
+    }
+
+    @After
+    fun tearDown() {
+        var permissions = setOf(OWNER_READ, OWNER_WRITE, OWNER_EXECUTE)
+        Files.setPosixFilePermissions(tempDir, permissions)
+
+        for (file in tempFilesCreated) {
+            Files.deleteIfExists(file)
+        }
+        Files.delete(tempDir)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testNormalReadWrite() {
+        // New, initialized to 0.
+        val pi = createPersistentInt()
+        assertEquals(0, pi.get())
+        pi.set(12345)
+        assertEquals(12345, pi.get())
+
+        // Existing.
+        val pi2 = createPersistentInt(pathOf(pi))
+        assertEquals(12345, pi2.get())
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testReadOrWriteFailsInCreate() {
+        setWritable(tempDir, false)
+        assertThrows(IOException::class.java) {
+            createPersistentInt()
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testReadOrWriteFailsAfterCreate() {
+        val pi = createPersistentInt()
+        pi.set(42)
+        assertEquals(42, pi.get())
+
+        val path = pathOf(pi)
+        setReadable(path, false)
+        assertThrows(IOException::class.java) { pi.get() }
+        pi.set(77)
+
+        setReadable(path, true)
+        setWritable(path, false)
+        setWritable(tempDir, false) // Writing creates a new file+renames, make this fail.
+        assertThrows(IOException::class.java) { pi.set(99) }
+        assertEquals(77, pi.get())
+    }
+
+    fun addOrRemovePermission(p: Path, permission: PosixFilePermission, add: Boolean) {
+        val permissions = Files.getPosixFilePermissions(p)
+        if (add) {
+            permissions.add(permission)
+        } else {
+            permissions.remove(permission)
+        }
+        Files.setPosixFilePermissions(p, permissions)
+    }
+
+    fun setReadable(p: Path, readable: Boolean) {
+        addOrRemovePermission(p, OWNER_READ, readable)
+    }
+
+    fun setWritable(p: Path, writable: Boolean) {
+        addOrRemovePermission(p, OWNER_WRITE, writable)
+    }
+
+    fun pathOf(pi: PersistentInt): Path {
+        return File(pi.path).toPath()
+    }
+
+    fun createPersistentInt(path: Path = randomTempPath()): PersistentInt {
+        tempFilesCreated.add(path)
+        return PersistentInt(path.toString(),
+                SystemConfigFileCommitEventLogger("PersistentIntTest"))
+    }
+
+    fun randomTempPath(): Path {
+        return tempDir.resolve(Integer.toHexString(Random().nextInt())).also {
+            tempFilesCreated.add(it)
+        }
+    }
+}