diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
index fc67c38..e5fddef 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
@@ -193,6 +193,7 @@
 import com.android.server.net.BaseNetworkObserver;
 import com.android.server.net.LockdownVpnTracker;
 import com.android.server.net.NetworkPolicyManagerInternal;
+import com.android.server.net.NetworkStatsFactory;
 import com.android.server.utils.PriorityDump;
 
 import com.google.android.collect.Lists;
@@ -4389,7 +4390,7 @@
 
     /**
      * @return VPN information for accounting, or null if we can't retrieve all required
-     *         information, e.g primary underlying iface.
+     *         information, e.g underlying ifaces.
      */
     @Nullable
     private VpnInfo createVpnInfo(Vpn vpn) {
@@ -4401,17 +4402,28 @@
         // see VpnService.setUnderlyingNetworks()'s javadoc about how to interpret
         // the underlyingNetworks list.
         if (underlyingNetworks == null) {
-            NetworkAgentInfo defaultNetwork = getDefaultNetwork();
-            if (defaultNetwork != null && defaultNetwork.linkProperties != null) {
-                info.primaryUnderlyingIface = getDefaultNetwork().linkProperties.getInterfaceName();
-            }
-        } else if (underlyingNetworks.length > 0) {
-            LinkProperties linkProperties = getLinkProperties(underlyingNetworks[0]);
-            if (linkProperties != null) {
-                info.primaryUnderlyingIface = linkProperties.getInterfaceName();
+            NetworkAgentInfo defaultNai = getDefaultNetwork();
+            if (defaultNai != null) {
+                underlyingNetworks = new Network[] { defaultNai.network };
             }
         }
-        return info.primaryUnderlyingIface == null ? null : info;
+        if (underlyingNetworks != null && underlyingNetworks.length > 0) {
+            List<String> interfaces = new ArrayList<>();
+            for (Network network : underlyingNetworks) {
+                LinkProperties lp = getLinkProperties(network);
+                if (lp != null) {
+                    for (String iface : lp.getAllInterfaceNames()) {
+                        if (!TextUtils.isEmpty(iface)) {
+                            interfaces.add(iface);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if (!interfaces.isEmpty()) {
+                info.underlyingIfaces = interfaces.toArray(new String[interfaces.size()]);
+            }
+        }
+        return info.underlyingIfaces == null ? null : info;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -6791,8 +6803,8 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Notify NetworkStatsService that the set of active ifaces has changed, or that one of the
-     * properties tracked by NetworkStatsService on an active iface has changed.
+     * Notify NetworkStatsService and NetworkStatsFactory that the set of active ifaces has changed,
+     * or that one of the active iface's trackedproperties has changed.
      */
     private void notifyIfacesChangedForNetworkStats() {
         ensureRunningOnConnectivityServiceThread();
@@ -6801,11 +6813,17 @@
         if (activeLinkProperties != null) {
             activeIface = activeLinkProperties.getInterfaceName();
         }
+
+        // CAUTION: Ordering matters between updateVpnInfos() and forceUpdateIfaces(), which
+        // triggers a new poll. Trigger the poll first to ensure a snapshot is taken before
+        // switching to the new state. This ensures that traffic does not get mis-attributed to
+        // incorrect apps (including VPN app).
         try {
             mStatsService.forceUpdateIfaces(
-                    getDefaultNetworks(), getAllVpnInfo(), getAllNetworkState(), activeIface);
+                    getDefaultNetworks(), getAllNetworkState(), activeIface);
         } catch (Exception ignored) {
         }
+        NetworkStatsFactory.updateVpnInfos(getAllVpnInfo());
     }
 
     @Override
diff --git a/tests/net/java/android/net/NetworkStatsTest.java b/tests/net/java/android/net/NetworkStatsTest.java
index b5b0384..c16a0f4 100644
--- a/tests/net/java/android/net/NetworkStatsTest.java
+++ b/tests/net/java/android/net/NetworkStatsTest.java
@@ -569,7 +569,7 @@
             .addValues(underlyingIface, tunUid, SET_FOREGROUND, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
                     DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L);
 
-        assertTrue(delta.toString(), delta.migrateTun(tunUid, tunIface, underlyingIface));
+        delta.migrateTun(tunUid, tunIface, new String[] {underlyingIface});
         assertEquals(20, delta.size());
 
         // tunIface and TEST_IFACE entries are not changed.
@@ -650,7 +650,7 @@
             .addValues(underlyingIface, tunUid, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
                     DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO,  75500L, 37L, 130000L, 70L, 0L);
 
-        assertTrue(delta.migrateTun(tunUid, tunIface, underlyingIface));
+        delta.migrateTun(tunUid, tunIface, new String[]{underlyingIface});
         assertEquals(9, delta.size());
 
         // tunIface entries should not be changed.
@@ -813,6 +813,37 @@
     }
 
     @Test
+    public void testFilterDebugEntries() {
+        NetworkStats.Entry entry1 = new NetworkStats.Entry(
+                "test1", 10100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 50000L, 25L, 100000L, 50L, 0L);
+
+        NetworkStats.Entry entry2 = new NetworkStats.Entry(
+                "test2", 10101, SET_DBG_VPN_IN, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 50000L, 25L, 100000L, 50L, 0L);
+
+        NetworkStats.Entry entry3 = new NetworkStats.Entry(
+                "test2", 10101, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 50000L, 25L, 100000L, 50L, 0L);
+
+        NetworkStats.Entry entry4 = new NetworkStats.Entry(
+                "test2", 10101, SET_DBG_VPN_OUT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 50000L, 25L, 100000L, 50L, 0L);
+
+        NetworkStats stats = new NetworkStats(TEST_START, 4)
+                .addValues(entry1)
+                .addValues(entry2)
+                .addValues(entry3)
+                .addValues(entry4);
+
+        stats.filterDebugEntries();
+
+        assertEquals(2, stats.size());
+        assertEquals(entry1, stats.getValues(0, null));
+        assertEquals(entry3, stats.getValues(1, null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
     public void testApply464xlatAdjustments() {
         final String v4Iface = "v4-wlan0";
         final String baseIface = "wlan0";
diff --git a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
index 73ee7f5..37cc304 100644
--- a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
+++ b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
@@ -200,6 +200,7 @@
 import com.android.server.connectivity.Vpn;
 import com.android.server.net.NetworkPinner;
 import com.android.server.net.NetworkPolicyManagerInternal;
+import com.android.server.net.NetworkStatsFactory;
 
 import org.junit.After;
 import org.junit.Before;
@@ -4936,9 +4937,9 @@
         verify(mStatsService, atLeastOnce())
                 .forceUpdateIfaces(
                         eq(onlyCell),
-                        eq(new VpnInfo[0]),
                         any(NetworkState[].class),
                         eq(MOBILE_IFNAME));
+        assertEquals(new VpnInfo[0], NetworkStatsFactory.getVpnInfos());
         reset(mStatsService);
 
         // Default network switch should update ifaces.
@@ -4949,9 +4950,9 @@
         verify(mStatsService, atLeastOnce())
                 .forceUpdateIfaces(
                         eq(onlyWifi),
-                        eq(new VpnInfo[0]),
                         any(NetworkState[].class),
                         eq(WIFI_IFNAME));
+        assertEquals(new VpnInfo[0], NetworkStatsFactory.getVpnInfos());
         reset(mStatsService);
 
         // Disconnect should update ifaces.
@@ -4960,9 +4961,9 @@
         verify(mStatsService, atLeastOnce())
                 .forceUpdateIfaces(
                         eq(onlyCell),
-                        eq(new VpnInfo[0]),
                         any(NetworkState[].class),
                         eq(MOBILE_IFNAME));
+        assertEquals(new VpnInfo[0], NetworkStatsFactory.getVpnInfos());
         reset(mStatsService);
 
         // Metered change should update ifaces
@@ -4971,9 +4972,9 @@
         verify(mStatsService, atLeastOnce())
                 .forceUpdateIfaces(
                         eq(onlyCell),
-                        eq(new VpnInfo[0]),
                         any(NetworkState[].class),
                         eq(MOBILE_IFNAME));
+        assertEquals(new VpnInfo[0], NetworkStatsFactory.getVpnInfos());
         reset(mStatsService);
 
         mCellNetworkAgent.removeCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
@@ -4981,9 +4982,9 @@
         verify(mStatsService, atLeastOnce())
                 .forceUpdateIfaces(
                         eq(onlyCell),
-                        eq(new VpnInfo[0]),
                         any(NetworkState[].class),
                         eq(MOBILE_IFNAME));
+        assertEquals(new VpnInfo[0], NetworkStatsFactory.getVpnInfos());
         reset(mStatsService);
 
         // Captive portal change shouldn't update ifaces
@@ -4992,9 +4993,9 @@
         verify(mStatsService, never())
                 .forceUpdateIfaces(
                         eq(onlyCell),
-                        eq(new VpnInfo[0]),
                         any(NetworkState[].class),
                         eq(MOBILE_IFNAME));
+        assertEquals(new VpnInfo[0], NetworkStatsFactory.getVpnInfos());
         reset(mStatsService);
 
         // Roaming change should update ifaces
@@ -5003,9 +5004,9 @@
         verify(mStatsService, atLeastOnce())
                 .forceUpdateIfaces(
                         eq(onlyCell),
-                        eq(new VpnInfo[0]),
                         any(NetworkState[].class),
                         eq(MOBILE_IFNAME));
+        assertEquals(new VpnInfo[0], NetworkStatsFactory.getVpnInfos());
         reset(mStatsService);
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsBaseTest.java b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsBaseTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..28785f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsBaseTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2011 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.net;
+
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.METERED_ALL;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.METERED_NO;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.METERED_YES;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.ROAMING_ALL;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.ROAMING_NO;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.ROAMING_YES;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.SET_ALL;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.SET_DEFAULT;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.SET_FOREGROUND;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.TAG_NONE;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+
+import android.net.NetworkStats;
+
+import com.android.internal.net.VpnInfo;
+
+/** Superclass with utilities for NetworkStats(Service|Factory)Test */
+abstract class NetworkStatsBaseTest {
+    static final String TEST_IFACE = "test0";
+    static final String TEST_IFACE2 = "test1";
+    static final String TUN_IFACE = "test_nss_tun0";
+
+    static final int UID_RED = 1001;
+    static final int UID_BLUE = 1002;
+    static final int UID_GREEN = 1003;
+    static final int UID_VPN = 1004;
+
+    void assertValues(NetworkStats stats, String iface, int uid, long rxBytes,
+            long rxPackets, long txBytes, long txPackets) {
+        assertValues(
+                stats, iface, uid, SET_ALL, TAG_NONE, METERED_ALL, ROAMING_ALL, DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL,
+                rxBytes, rxPackets, txBytes, txPackets, 0);
+    }
+
+    void assertValues(NetworkStats stats, String iface, int uid, int set, int tag,
+            int metered, int roaming, int defaultNetwork, long rxBytes, long rxPackets,
+            long txBytes, long txPackets, long operations) {
+        final NetworkStats.Entry entry = new NetworkStats.Entry();
+        final int[] sets;
+        if (set == SET_ALL) {
+            sets = new int[] {SET_ALL, SET_DEFAULT, SET_FOREGROUND};
+        } else {
+            sets = new int[] {set};
+        }
+
+        final int[] roamings;
+        if (roaming == ROAMING_ALL) {
+            roamings = new int[] {ROAMING_ALL, ROAMING_YES, ROAMING_NO};
+        } else {
+            roamings = new int[] {roaming};
+        }
+
+        final int[] meterings;
+        if (metered == METERED_ALL) {
+            meterings = new int[] {METERED_ALL, METERED_YES, METERED_NO};
+        } else {
+            meterings = new int[] {metered};
+        }
+
+        final int[] defaultNetworks;
+        if (defaultNetwork == DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL) {
+            defaultNetworks =
+                    new int[] {DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO};
+        } else {
+            defaultNetworks = new int[] {defaultNetwork};
+        }
+
+        for (int s : sets) {
+            for (int r : roamings) {
+                for (int m : meterings) {
+                    for (int d : defaultNetworks) {
+                        final int i = stats.findIndex(iface, uid, s, tag, m, r, d);
+                        if (i != -1) {
+                            entry.add(stats.getValues(i, null));
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        assertEquals("unexpected rxBytes", rxBytes, entry.rxBytes);
+        assertEquals("unexpected rxPackets", rxPackets, entry.rxPackets);
+        assertEquals("unexpected txBytes", txBytes, entry.txBytes);
+        assertEquals("unexpected txPackets", txPackets, entry.txPackets);
+        assertEquals("unexpected operations", operations, entry.operations);
+    }
+
+    VpnInfo createVpnInfo(String[] underlyingIfaces) {
+        VpnInfo info = new VpnInfo();
+        info.ownerUid = UID_VPN;
+        info.vpnIface = TUN_IFACE;
+        info.underlyingIfaces = underlyingIfaces;
+        return info;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsFactoryTest.java b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsFactoryTest.java
index 95bc7d9..7329474 100644
--- a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsFactoryTest.java
+++ b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsFactoryTest.java
@@ -16,8 +16,11 @@
 
 package com.android.server.net;
 
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL;
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.METERED_ALL;
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.METERED_NO;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.ROAMING_ALL;
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.ROAMING_NO;
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.SET_ALL;
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.SET_DEFAULT;
@@ -39,6 +42,7 @@
 import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
 
 import com.android.frameworks.tests.net.R;
+import com.android.internal.net.VpnInfo;
 
 import libcore.io.IoUtils;
 import libcore.io.Streams;
@@ -54,12 +58,12 @@
 import java.io.InputStream;
 import java.io.OutputStream;
 
-/**
- * Tests for {@link NetworkStatsFactory}.
- */
+/** Tests for {@link NetworkStatsFactory}. */
 @RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
 @SmallTest
-public class NetworkStatsFactoryTest {
+public class NetworkStatsFactoryTest extends NetworkStatsBaseTest {
+    private static final String CLAT_PREFIX = "v4-";
+
     private File mTestProc;
     private NetworkStatsFactory mFactory;
 
@@ -75,6 +79,8 @@
         // related to networkStatsFactory is compiled to a minimal native library and loaded here.
         System.loadLibrary("networkstatsfactorytestjni");
         mFactory = new NetworkStatsFactory(mTestProc, false);
+        NetworkStatsFactory.updateVpnInfos(new VpnInfo[0]);
+        NetworkStatsFactory.clearStackedIfaces();
     }
 
     @After
@@ -99,6 +105,236 @@
     }
 
     @Test
+    public void vpnRewriteTrafficThroughItself() throws Exception {
+        VpnInfo[] vpnInfos = new VpnInfo[] {createVpnInfo(new String[] {TEST_IFACE})};
+        NetworkStatsFactory.updateVpnInfos(vpnInfos);
+
+        // create some traffic (assume 10 bytes of MTU for VPN interface and 1 byte encryption
+        // overhead per packet):
+        //
+        // 1000 bytes (100 packets) were sent, and 2000 bytes (200 packets) were received by UID_RED
+        // over VPN.
+        // 500 bytes (50 packets) were sent, and 1000 bytes (100 packets) were received by UID_BLUE
+        // over VPN.
+        //
+        // VPN UID rewrites packets read from TUN back to TUN, plus some of its own traffic
+
+        final NetworkStats tunStats = parseDetailedStats(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_vpn_rewrite_through_self);
+
+        assertValues(tunStats, TUN_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_ALL, TAG_NONE, METERED_ALL, ROAMING_ALL,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, 2000L, 200L, 1000L, 100L, 0);
+        assertValues(tunStats, TUN_IFACE, UID_BLUE, SET_ALL, TAG_NONE, METERED_ALL, ROAMING_ALL,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, 1000L, 100L, 500L, 50L, 0);
+        assertValues(tunStats, TUN_IFACE, UID_VPN, SET_ALL, TAG_NONE, METERED_ALL, ROAMING_ALL,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, 0L, 0L, 1600L, 160L, 0);
+
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, 2000L, 200L, 1000L, 100L);
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_BLUE, 1000L, 100L, 500L, 50L);
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_VPN, 300L, 0L, 260L, 26L);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void vpnWithClat() throws Exception {
+        VpnInfo[] vpnInfos = new VpnInfo[] {createVpnInfo(new String[] {CLAT_PREFIX + TEST_IFACE})};
+        NetworkStatsFactory.updateVpnInfos(vpnInfos);
+        NetworkStatsFactory.noteStackedIface(CLAT_PREFIX + TEST_IFACE, TEST_IFACE);
+
+        // create some traffic (assume 10 bytes of MTU for VPN interface and 1 byte encryption
+        // overhead per packet):
+        // 1000 bytes (100 packets) were sent, and 2000 bytes (200 packets) were received by UID_RED
+        // over VPN.
+        // 500 bytes (50 packets) were sent, and 1000 bytes (100 packets) were received by UID_BLUE
+        // over VPN.
+        // VPN sent 1650 bytes (150 packets), and received 3300 (300 packets) over v4-WiFi, and clat
+        // added 20 bytes per packet of extra overhead
+        //
+        // For 1650 bytes sent over v4-WiFi, 4650 bytes were actually sent over WiFi, which is
+        // expected to be split as follows:
+        // UID_RED: 1000 bytes, 100 packets
+        // UID_BLUE: 500 bytes, 50 packets
+        // UID_VPN: 3150 bytes, 0 packets
+        //
+        // For 3300 bytes received over v4-WiFi, 9300 bytes were actually sent over WiFi, which is
+        // expected to be split as follows:
+        // UID_RED: 2000 bytes, 200 packets
+        // UID_BLUE: 1000 bytes, 100 packets
+        // UID_VPN: 6300 bytes, 0 packets
+        final NetworkStats tunStats = parseDetailedStats(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_vpn_with_clat);
+
+        assertValues(tunStats, CLAT_PREFIX + TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, 2000L, 200L, 1000, 100L);
+        assertValues(tunStats, CLAT_PREFIX + TEST_IFACE, UID_BLUE, 1000L, 100L, 500L, 50L);
+        assertValues(tunStats, CLAT_PREFIX + TEST_IFACE, UID_VPN, 6300L, 0L, 3150L, 0L);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void vpnWithOneUnderlyingIface() throws Exception {
+        VpnInfo[] vpnInfos = new VpnInfo[] {createVpnInfo(new String[] {TEST_IFACE})};
+        NetworkStatsFactory.updateVpnInfos(vpnInfos);
+
+        // create some traffic (assume 10 bytes of MTU for VPN interface and 1 byte encryption
+        // overhead per packet):
+        // 1000 bytes (100 packets) were sent, and 2000 bytes (200 packets) were received by UID_RED
+        // over VPN.
+        // 500 bytes (50 packets) were sent, and 1000 bytes (100 packets) were received by UID_BLUE
+        // over VPN.
+        // VPN sent 1650 bytes (150 packets), and received 3300 (300 packets) over WiFi.
+        // Of 1650 bytes sent over WiFi, expect 1000 bytes attributed to UID_RED, 500 bytes
+        // attributed to UID_BLUE, and 150 bytes attributed to UID_VPN.
+        // Of 3300 bytes received over WiFi, expect 2000 bytes attributed to UID_RED, 1000 bytes
+        // attributed to UID_BLUE, and 300 bytes attributed to UID_VPN.
+        final NetworkStats tunStats = parseDetailedStats(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_vpn_one_underlying);
+
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, 2000L, 200L, 1000L, 100L);
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_BLUE, 1000L, 100L, 500L, 50L);
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_VPN, 300L, 0L, 150L, 0L);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void vpnWithOneUnderlyingIfaceAndOwnTraffic() throws Exception {
+        // WiFi network is connected and VPN is using WiFi (which has TEST_IFACE).
+        VpnInfo[] vpnInfos = new VpnInfo[] {createVpnInfo(new String[] {TEST_IFACE})};
+        NetworkStatsFactory.updateVpnInfos(vpnInfos);
+
+        // create some traffic (assume 10 bytes of MTU for VPN interface and 1 byte encryption
+        // overhead per packet):
+        // 1000 bytes (100 packets) were sent, and 2000 bytes (200 packets) were received by UID_RED
+        // over VPN.
+        // 500 bytes (50 packets) were sent, and 1000 bytes (100 packets) were received by UID_BLUE
+        // over VPN.
+        // Additionally, the VPN sends 6000 bytes (600 packets) of its own traffic into the tun
+        // interface (passing that traffic to the VPN endpoint), and receives 5000 bytes (500
+        // packets) from it. Including overhead that is 6600/5500 bytes.
+        // VPN sent 8250 bytes (750 packets), and received 8800 (800 packets) over WiFi.
+        // Of 8250 bytes sent over WiFi, expect 1000 bytes attributed to UID_RED, 500 bytes
+        // attributed to UID_BLUE, and 6750 bytes attributed to UID_VPN.
+        // Of 8800 bytes received over WiFi, expect 2000 bytes attributed to UID_RED, 1000 bytes
+        // attributed to UID_BLUE, and 5800 bytes attributed to UID_VPN.
+        final NetworkStats tunStats =
+                parseDetailedStats(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_vpn_one_underlying_own_traffic);
+
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, 2000L, 200L, 1000L, 100L);
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_BLUE, 1000L, 100L, 500L, 50L);
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_VPN, 5800L, 500L, 6750L, 600L);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void vpnWithOneUnderlyingIface_withCompression() throws Exception {
+        // WiFi network is connected and VPN is using WiFi (which has TEST_IFACE).
+        VpnInfo[] vpnInfos = new VpnInfo[] {createVpnInfo(new String[] {TEST_IFACE})};
+        NetworkStatsFactory.updateVpnInfos(vpnInfos);
+
+        // create some traffic (assume 10 bytes of MTU for VPN interface and 1 byte encryption
+        // overhead per packet):
+        // 1000 bytes (100 packets) were sent/received by UID_RED over VPN.
+        // 3000 bytes (300 packets) were sent/received by UID_BLUE over VPN.
+        // VPN sent/received 1000 bytes (100 packets) over WiFi.
+        // Of 1000 bytes over WiFi, expect 250 bytes attributed UID_RED and 750 bytes to UID_BLUE,
+        // with nothing attributed to UID_VPN for both rx/tx traffic.
+        final NetworkStats tunStats =
+                parseDetailedStats(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_vpn_one_underlying_compression);
+
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, 250L, 25L, 250L, 25L);
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_BLUE, 750L, 75L, 750L, 75L);
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_VPN, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void vpnWithTwoUnderlyingIfaces_packetDuplication() throws Exception {
+        // WiFi and Cell networks are connected and VPN is using WiFi (which has TEST_IFACE) and
+        // Cell (which has TEST_IFACE2) and has declared both of them in its underlying network set.
+        // Additionally, VPN is duplicating traffic across both WiFi and Cell.
+        VpnInfo[] vpnInfos = new VpnInfo[] {createVpnInfo(new String[] {TEST_IFACE, TEST_IFACE2})};
+        NetworkStatsFactory.updateVpnInfos(vpnInfos);
+
+        // create some traffic (assume 10 bytes of MTU for VPN interface and 1 byte encryption
+        // overhead per packet):
+        // 1000 bytes (100 packets) were sent/received by UID_RED and UID_BLUE over VPN.
+        // VPN sent/received 4400 bytes (400 packets) over both WiFi and Cell (8800 bytes in total).
+        // Of 8800 bytes over WiFi/Cell, expect:
+        // - 500 bytes rx/tx each over WiFi/Cell attributed to both UID_RED and UID_BLUE.
+        // - 1200 bytes rx/tx each over WiFi/Cell for VPN_UID.
+        final NetworkStats tunStats =
+                parseDetailedStats(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_vpn_two_underlying_duplication);
+
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, 500L, 50L, 500L, 50L);
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_BLUE, 500L, 50L, 500L, 50L);
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_VPN, 1200L, 100L, 1200L, 100L);
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE2, UID_RED, 500L, 50L, 500L, 50L);
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE2, UID_BLUE, 500L, 50L, 500L, 50L);
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE2, UID_VPN, 1200L, 100L, 1200L, 100L);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void vpnWithTwoUnderlyingIfaces_splitTraffic() throws Exception {
+        // WiFi and Cell networks are connected and VPN is using WiFi (which has TEST_IFACE) and
+        // Cell (which has TEST_IFACE2) and has declared both of them in its underlying network set.
+        // Additionally, VPN is arbitrarily splitting traffic across WiFi and Cell.
+        VpnInfo[] vpnInfos = new VpnInfo[] {createVpnInfo(new String[] {TEST_IFACE, TEST_IFACE2})};
+        NetworkStatsFactory.updateVpnInfos(vpnInfos);
+
+        // create some traffic (assume 10 bytes of MTU for VPN interface and 1 byte encryption
+        // overhead per packet):
+        // 1000 bytes (100 packets) were sent, and 500 bytes (50 packets) received by UID_RED over
+        // VPN.
+        // VPN sent 660 bytes (60 packets) over WiFi and 440 bytes (40 packets) over Cell.
+        // And, it received 330 bytes (30 packets) over WiFi and 220 bytes (20 packets) over Cell.
+        // For UID_RED, expect 600 bytes attributed over WiFi and 400 bytes over Cell for sent (tx)
+        // traffic. For received (rx) traffic, expect 300 bytes over WiFi and 200 bytes over Cell.
+        //
+        // For UID_VPN, expect 60 bytes attributed over WiFi and 40 bytes over Cell for tx traffic.
+        // And, 30 bytes over WiFi and 20 bytes over Cell for rx traffic.
+        final NetworkStats tunStats = parseDetailedStats(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_vpn_two_underlying_split);
+
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, 300L, 30L, 600L, 60L);
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_VPN, 30L, 0L, 60L, 0L);
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE2, UID_RED, 200L, 20L, 400L, 40L);
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE2, UID_VPN, 20L, 0L, 40L, 0L);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void vpnWithTwoUnderlyingIfaces_splitTrafficWithCompression() throws Exception {
+        // WiFi and Cell networks are connected and VPN is using WiFi (which has TEST_IFACE) and
+        // Cell (which has TEST_IFACE2) and has declared both of them in its underlying network set.
+        // Additionally, VPN is arbitrarily splitting compressed traffic across WiFi and Cell.
+        VpnInfo[] vpnInfos = new VpnInfo[] {createVpnInfo(new String[] {TEST_IFACE, TEST_IFACE2})};
+        NetworkStatsFactory.updateVpnInfos(vpnInfos);
+
+        // create some traffic (assume 10 bytes of MTU for VPN interface:
+        // 1000 bytes (100 packets) were sent/received by UID_RED over VPN.
+        // VPN sent/received 600 bytes (60 packets) over WiFi and 200 bytes (20 packets) over Cell.
+        // For UID_RED, expect 600 bytes attributed over WiFi and 200 bytes over Cell for both
+        // rx/tx.
+        // UID_VPN gets nothing attributed to it (avoiding negative stats).
+        final NetworkStats tunStats =
+                parseDetailedStats(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_vpn_two_underlying_split_compression);
+
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, 600L, 60L, 600L, 60L);
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_VPN, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L);
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE2, UID_RED, 200L, 20L, 200L, 20L);
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE2, UID_VPN, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void vpnWithIncorrectUnderlyingIface() throws Exception {
+        // WiFi and Cell networks are connected and VPN is using Cell (which has TEST_IFACE2),
+        // but has declared only WiFi (TEST_IFACE) in its underlying network set.
+        VpnInfo[] vpnInfos = new VpnInfo[] {createVpnInfo(new String[] {TEST_IFACE})};
+        NetworkStatsFactory.updateVpnInfos(vpnInfos);
+
+        // create some traffic (assume 10 bytes of MTU for VPN interface and 1 byte encryption
+        // overhead per packet):
+        // 1000 bytes (100 packets) were sent/received by UID_RED over VPN.
+        // VPN sent/received 1100 bytes (100 packets) over Cell.
+        // Of 1100 bytes over Cell, expect all of it attributed to UID_VPN for both rx/tx traffic.
+        final NetworkStats tunStats = parseDetailedStats(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_vpn_incorrect_iface);
+
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L);
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_VPN, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L);
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE2, UID_RED, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L);
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE2, UID_VPN, 1100L, 100L, 1100L, 100L);
+    }
+
+    @Test
     public void testKernelTags() throws Exception {
         assertEquals(0, kernelToTag("0x0000000000000000"));
         assertEquals(0x32, kernelToTag("0x0000003200000000"));
@@ -146,7 +382,7 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testDoubleClatAccounting() throws Exception {
+    public void testDoubleClatAccountingSimple() throws Exception {
         NetworkStatsFactory.noteStackedIface("v4-wlan0", "wlan0");
 
         // xt_qtaguid_with_clat_simple is a synthetic file that simulates
@@ -154,12 +390,17 @@
         //  - 41 sent 464xlat packets of size 100 bytes
         //  - no other traffic on base interface for root uid.
         NetworkStats stats = parseDetailedStats(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_with_clat_simple);
-        assertEquals(4, stats.size());
+        assertEquals(3, stats.size());
 
         assertStatsEntry(stats, "v4-wlan0", 10060, SET_DEFAULT, 0x0, 46860L, 4920L);
         assertStatsEntry(stats, "wlan0", 0, SET_DEFAULT, 0x0, 0L, 0L);
+    }
 
-        stats = parseDetailedStats(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_with_clat);
+    @Test
+    public void testDoubleClatAccounting() throws Exception {
+        NetworkStatsFactory.noteStackedIface("v4-wlan0", "wlan0");
+
+        NetworkStats stats = parseDetailedStats(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_with_clat);
         assertEquals(42, stats.size());
 
         assertStatsEntry(stats, "v4-wlan0", 0, SET_DEFAULT, 0x0, 356L, 276L);
@@ -272,11 +513,19 @@
 
     private static void assertStatsEntry(NetworkStats stats, String iface, int uid, int set,
             int tag, long rxBytes, long rxPackets, long txBytes, long txPackets) {
-        final int i = stats.findIndex(iface, uid, set, tag, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
-                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO);
+        assertStatsEntry(stats, iface, uid, set, tag, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO,
+                rxBytes, rxPackets, txBytes, txPackets);
+    }
+
+    private static void assertStatsEntry(NetworkStats stats, String iface, int uid, int set,
+            int tag, int metered, int roaming, int defaultNetwork, long rxBytes, long rxPackets,
+            long txBytes, long txPackets) {
+        final int i = stats.findIndex(iface, uid, set, tag, metered, roaming, defaultNetwork);
+
         if (i < 0) {
-            fail(String.format("no NetworkStats for (iface: %s, uid: %d, set: %d, tag: %d)",
-                    iface, uid, set, tag));
+            fail(String.format("no NetworkStats for (iface: %s, uid: %d, set: %d, tag: %d, metered:"
+                    + " %d, roaming: %d, defaultNetwork: %d)",
+                    iface, uid, set, tag, metered, roaming, defaultNetwork));
         }
         final NetworkStats.Entry entry = stats.getValues(i, null);
         assertEquals("unexpected rxBytes", rxBytes, entry.rxBytes);
diff --git a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsObserversTest.java b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsObserversTest.java
index 43a3803..f21a7dd 100644
--- a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsObserversTest.java
+++ b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsObserversTest.java
@@ -54,7 +54,6 @@
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
 import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
 
-import com.android.internal.net.VpnInfo;
 import com.android.server.net.NetworkStatsServiceTest.LatchedHandler;
 
 import org.junit.Before;
@@ -94,8 +93,6 @@
     private static final long BASE_BYTES = 7 * MB_IN_BYTES;
     private static final int INVALID_TYPE = -1;
 
-    private static final VpnInfo[] VPN_INFO = new VpnInfo[0];
-
     private long mElapsedRealtime;
 
     private HandlerThread mObserverHandlerThread;
@@ -248,8 +245,7 @@
         NetworkStats uidSnapshot = null;
 
         mStatsObservers.updateStats(
-                xtSnapshot, uidSnapshot, mActiveIfaces, mActiveUidIfaces,
-                VPN_INFO, TEST_START);
+                xtSnapshot, uidSnapshot, mActiveIfaces, mActiveUidIfaces, TEST_START);
         waitForObserverToIdle();
     }
 
@@ -272,15 +268,13 @@
                 .addIfaceValues(TEST_IFACE, BASE_BYTES, 8L, BASE_BYTES, 16L);
         NetworkStats uidSnapshot = null;
         mStatsObservers.updateStats(
-                xtSnapshot, uidSnapshot, mActiveIfaces, mActiveUidIfaces,
-                VPN_INFO, TEST_START);
+                xtSnapshot, uidSnapshot, mActiveIfaces, mActiveUidIfaces, TEST_START);
 
         // Delta
         xtSnapshot = new NetworkStats(TEST_START, 1 /* initialSize */)
                 .addIfaceValues(TEST_IFACE, BASE_BYTES + 1024L, 10L, BASE_BYTES + 2048L, 20L);
         mStatsObservers.updateStats(
-                xtSnapshot, uidSnapshot, mActiveIfaces, mActiveUidIfaces,
-                VPN_INFO, TEST_START);
+                xtSnapshot, uidSnapshot, mActiveIfaces, mActiveUidIfaces, TEST_START);
         waitForObserverToIdle();
     }
 
@@ -304,16 +298,14 @@
                 .addIfaceValues(TEST_IFACE, BASE_BYTES, 8L, BASE_BYTES, 16L);
         NetworkStats uidSnapshot = null;
         mStatsObservers.updateStats(
-                xtSnapshot, uidSnapshot, mActiveIfaces, mActiveUidIfaces,
-                VPN_INFO, TEST_START);
+                xtSnapshot, uidSnapshot, mActiveIfaces, mActiveUidIfaces, TEST_START);
 
         // Delta
         xtSnapshot = new NetworkStats(TEST_START + MINUTE_IN_MILLIS, 1 /* initialSize */)
                 .addIfaceValues(TEST_IFACE, BASE_BYTES + THRESHOLD_BYTES, 12L,
                         BASE_BYTES + THRESHOLD_BYTES, 22L);
         mStatsObservers.updateStats(
-                xtSnapshot, uidSnapshot, mActiveIfaces, mActiveUidIfaces,
-                VPN_INFO, TEST_START);
+                xtSnapshot, uidSnapshot, mActiveIfaces, mActiveUidIfaces, TEST_START);
         waitForObserverToIdle();
         assertEquals(NetworkStatsManager.CALLBACK_LIMIT_REACHED, mHandler.lastMessageType);
     }
@@ -338,8 +330,7 @@
                 .addValues(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
                         DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, BASE_BYTES, 2L, BASE_BYTES, 2L, 0L);
         mStatsObservers.updateStats(
-                xtSnapshot, uidSnapshot, mActiveIfaces, mActiveUidIfaces,
-                VPN_INFO, TEST_START);
+                xtSnapshot, uidSnapshot, mActiveIfaces, mActiveUidIfaces, TEST_START);
 
         // Delta
         uidSnapshot = new NetworkStats(TEST_START + 2 * MINUTE_IN_MILLIS, 2 /* initialSize */)
@@ -347,8 +338,7 @@
                         DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, BASE_BYTES + THRESHOLD_BYTES, 2L,
                         BASE_BYTES + THRESHOLD_BYTES, 2L, 0L);
         mStatsObservers.updateStats(
-                xtSnapshot, uidSnapshot, mActiveIfaces, mActiveUidIfaces,
-                VPN_INFO, TEST_START);
+                xtSnapshot, uidSnapshot, mActiveIfaces, mActiveUidIfaces, TEST_START);
         waitForObserverToIdle();
         assertEquals(NetworkStatsManager.CALLBACK_LIMIT_REACHED, mHandler.lastMessageType);
     }
@@ -373,8 +363,7 @@
                 .addValues(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
                         DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, BASE_BYTES, 2L, BASE_BYTES, 2L, 0L);
         mStatsObservers.updateStats(
-                xtSnapshot, uidSnapshot, mActiveIfaces, mActiveUidIfaces,
-                VPN_INFO, TEST_START);
+                xtSnapshot, uidSnapshot, mActiveIfaces, mActiveUidIfaces, TEST_START);
 
         // Delta
         uidSnapshot = new NetworkStats(TEST_START + 2 * MINUTE_IN_MILLIS, 2 /* initialSize */)
@@ -382,8 +371,7 @@
                         DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, BASE_BYTES + THRESHOLD_BYTES, 2L,
                         BASE_BYTES + THRESHOLD_BYTES, 2L, 0L);
         mStatsObservers.updateStats(
-                xtSnapshot, uidSnapshot, mActiveIfaces, mActiveUidIfaces,
-                VPN_INFO, TEST_START);
+                xtSnapshot, uidSnapshot, mActiveIfaces, mActiveUidIfaces, TEST_START);
         waitForObserverToIdle();
     }
 
@@ -407,8 +395,7 @@
                 .addValues(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
                         DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, BASE_BYTES, 2L, BASE_BYTES, 2L, 0L);
         mStatsObservers.updateStats(
-                xtSnapshot, uidSnapshot, mActiveIfaces, mActiveUidIfaces,
-                VPN_INFO, TEST_START);
+                xtSnapshot, uidSnapshot, mActiveIfaces, mActiveUidIfaces, TEST_START);
 
         // Delta
         uidSnapshot = new NetworkStats(TEST_START + 2 * MINUTE_IN_MILLIS, 2 /* initialSize */)
@@ -416,8 +403,7 @@
                         DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, BASE_BYTES + THRESHOLD_BYTES, 2L,
                         BASE_BYTES + THRESHOLD_BYTES, 2L, 0L);
         mStatsObservers.updateStats(
-                xtSnapshot, uidSnapshot, mActiveIfaces, mActiveUidIfaces,
-                VPN_INFO, TEST_START);
+                xtSnapshot, uidSnapshot, mActiveIfaces, mActiveUidIfaces, TEST_START);
         waitForObserverToIdle();
         assertEquals(NetworkStatsManager.CALLBACK_LIMIT_REACHED, mHandler.lastMessageType);
     }
@@ -442,8 +428,7 @@
                 .addValues(TEST_IFACE, UID_ANOTHER_USER, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
                         ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, BASE_BYTES, 2L, BASE_BYTES, 2L, 0L);
         mStatsObservers.updateStats(
-                xtSnapshot, uidSnapshot, mActiveIfaces, mActiveUidIfaces,
-                VPN_INFO, TEST_START);
+                xtSnapshot, uidSnapshot, mActiveIfaces, mActiveUidIfaces, TEST_START);
 
         // Delta
         uidSnapshot = new NetworkStats(TEST_START + 2 * MINUTE_IN_MILLIS, 2 /* initialSize */)
@@ -451,8 +436,7 @@
                         ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, BASE_BYTES + THRESHOLD_BYTES, 2L,
                         BASE_BYTES + THRESHOLD_BYTES, 2L, 0L);
         mStatsObservers.updateStats(
-                xtSnapshot, uidSnapshot, mActiveIfaces, mActiveUidIfaces,
-                VPN_INFO, TEST_START);
+                xtSnapshot, uidSnapshot, mActiveIfaces, mActiveUidIfaces, TEST_START);
         waitForObserverToIdle();
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsServiceTest.java b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsServiceTest.java
index bce526d..956b2a7 100644
--- a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsServiceTest.java
+++ b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsServiceTest.java
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIMAX;
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL;
-import static android.net.NetworkStats.DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO;
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES;
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.IFACE_ALL;
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.INTERFACES_ALL;
@@ -42,7 +41,6 @@
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.UID_ALL;
 import static android.net.NetworkStatsHistory.FIELD_ALL;
 import static android.net.NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateMobileAll;
-import static android.net.NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateMobileWildcard;
 import static android.net.NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateWifiWildcard;
 import static android.net.TrafficStats.MB_IN_BYTES;
 import static android.net.TrafficStats.UID_REMOVED;
@@ -61,7 +59,6 @@
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyInt;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyLong;
-import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.argThat;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
@@ -99,7 +96,6 @@
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
 import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
 
-import com.android.internal.net.VpnInfo;
 import com.android.internal.util.ArrayUtils;
 import com.android.internal.util.test.BroadcastInterceptingContext;
 import com.android.server.net.NetworkStatsService.NetworkStatsSettings;
@@ -129,13 +125,9 @@
  */
 @RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
 @SmallTest
-public class NetworkStatsServiceTest {
+public class NetworkStatsServiceTest extends NetworkStatsBaseTest {
     private static final String TAG = "NetworkStatsServiceTest";
 
-    private static final String TEST_IFACE = "test0";
-    private static final String TEST_IFACE2 = "test1";
-    private static final String TUN_IFACE = "test_nss_tun0";
-
     private static final long TEST_START = 1194220800000L;
 
     private static final String IMSI_1 = "310004";
@@ -146,11 +138,6 @@
     private static NetworkTemplate sTemplateImsi1 = buildTemplateMobileAll(IMSI_1);
     private static NetworkTemplate sTemplateImsi2 = buildTemplateMobileAll(IMSI_2);
 
-    private static final int UID_RED = 1001;
-    private static final int UID_BLUE = 1002;
-    private static final int UID_GREEN = 1003;
-    private static final int UID_VPN = 1004;
-
     private static final Network WIFI_NETWORK =  new Network(100);
     private static final Network MOBILE_NETWORK =  new Network(101);
     private static final Network VPN_NETWORK = new Network(102);
@@ -217,10 +204,12 @@
         expectSystemReady();
 
         mService.systemReady();
+        // Verify that system ready fetches realtime stats
+        verify(mNetManager).getNetworkStatsUidDetail(UID_ALL, INTERFACES_ALL);
+
         mSession = mService.openSession();
         assertNotNull("openSession() failed", mSession);
 
-
         // catch INetworkManagementEventObserver during systemReady()
         ArgumentCaptor<INetworkManagementEventObserver> networkObserver =
               ArgumentCaptor.forClass(INetworkManagementEventObserver.class);
@@ -252,7 +241,7 @@
         expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
         expectBandwidthControlCheck();
 
-        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_WIFI, new VpnInfo[0], states, getActiveIface(states));
+        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_WIFI, states, getActiveIface(states));
 
         // verify service has empty history for wifi
         assertNetworkTotal(sTemplateWifi, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0);
@@ -296,7 +285,7 @@
         expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
         expectBandwidthControlCheck();
 
-        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_WIFI, new VpnInfo[0], states, getActiveIface(states));
+        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_WIFI, states, getActiveIface(states));
 
         // verify service has empty history for wifi
         assertNetworkTotal(sTemplateWifi, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0);
@@ -370,8 +359,7 @@
         expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
         expectBandwidthControlCheck();
 
-        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_WIFI, new VpnInfo[0], states, getActiveIface(states));
-
+        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_WIFI, states, getActiveIface(states));
 
         // modify some number on wifi, and trigger poll event
         incrementCurrentTime(2 * HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
@@ -412,8 +400,7 @@
         expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
         expectBandwidthControlCheck();
 
-        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_MOBILE, new VpnInfo[0], states, getActiveIface(states));
-
+        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_MOBILE, states, getActiveIface(states));
 
         // create some traffic on first network
         incrementCurrentTime(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
@@ -448,7 +435,7 @@
                 .addValues(TEST_IFACE, UID_BLUE, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 512L, 4L, 0L, 0L, 0L));
         expectBandwidthControlCheck();
 
-        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_MOBILE, new VpnInfo[0], states, getActiveIface(states));
+        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_MOBILE, states, getActiveIface(states));
         forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
 
 
@@ -488,8 +475,7 @@
         expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
         expectBandwidthControlCheck();
 
-        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_WIFI, new VpnInfo[0], states, getActiveIface(states));
-
+        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_WIFI, states, getActiveIface(states));
 
         // create some traffic
         incrementCurrentTime(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
@@ -547,8 +533,7 @@
         expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
         expectBandwidthControlCheck();
 
-        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_MOBILE, new VpnInfo[0], states, getActiveIface(states));
-
+        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_MOBILE, states, getActiveIface(states));
 
         // create some traffic
         incrementCurrentTime(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
@@ -575,7 +560,7 @@
                 .addValues(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, 0xF00D, 512L, 4L, 512L, 4L, 0L));
         expectBandwidthControlCheck();
 
-        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_MOBILE, new VpnInfo[0], states, getActiveIface(states));
+        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_MOBILE, states, getActiveIface(states));
         forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
 
 
@@ -605,8 +590,7 @@
         expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
         expectBandwidthControlCheck();
 
-        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_WIFI, new VpnInfo[0], states, getActiveIface(states));
-
+        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_WIFI, states, getActiveIface(states));
 
         // create some traffic for two apps
         incrementCurrentTime(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
@@ -664,7 +648,7 @@
         expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
         expectBandwidthControlCheck();
 
-        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_WIFI, new VpnInfo[0], states, getActiveIface(states));
+        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_WIFI, states, getActiveIface(states));
 
         NetworkStats.Entry entry1 = new NetworkStats.Entry(
                 TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 50L, 5L, 50L, 5L, 0L);
@@ -708,7 +692,7 @@
         expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
         expectBandwidthControlCheck();
 
-        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_WIFI, new VpnInfo[0], states, getActiveIface(states));
+        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_WIFI, states, getActiveIface(states));
 
         NetworkStats.Entry uidStats = new NetworkStats.Entry(
                 TEST_IFACE, UID_BLUE, SET_DEFAULT, 0xF00D, 1024L, 8L, 512L, 4L, 0L);
@@ -733,11 +717,17 @@
 
         NetworkStats stats = mService.getDetailedUidStats(ifaceFilter);
 
-        verify(mNetManager, times(1)).getNetworkStatsUidDetail(eq(UID_ALL), argThat(ifaces ->
-                ifaces != null && ifaces.length == 2
-                        && ArrayUtils.contains(ifaces, TEST_IFACE)
-                        && ArrayUtils.contains(ifaces, stackedIface)));
-
+        // mNetManager#getNetworkStatsUidDetail(UID_ALL, INTERFACES_ALL) has following invocations:
+        // 1) NetworkStatsService#systemReady from #setUp.
+        // 2) mService#forceUpdateIfaces in the test above.
+        //
+        // Additionally, we should have one call from the above call to mService#getDetailedUidStats
+        // with the augmented ifaceFilter
+        verify(mNetManager, times(2)).getNetworkStatsUidDetail(UID_ALL, INTERFACES_ALL);
+        verify(mNetManager, times(1)).getNetworkStatsUidDetail(
+                eq(UID_ALL), eq(NetworkStatsFactory.augmentWithStackedInterfaces(ifaceFilter)));
+        assertTrue(ArrayUtils.contains(stats.getUniqueIfaces(), TEST_IFACE));
+        assertTrue(ArrayUtils.contains(stats.getUniqueIfaces(), stackedIface));
         assertEquals(2, stats.size());
         assertEquals(uidStats, stats.getValues(0, null));
         assertEquals(tetheredStats1, stats.getValues(1, null));
@@ -752,8 +742,7 @@
         expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
         expectBandwidthControlCheck();
 
-        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_WIFI, new VpnInfo[0], states, getActiveIface(states));
-
+        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_WIFI, states, getActiveIface(states));
 
         // create some initial traffic
         incrementCurrentTime(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
@@ -810,8 +799,7 @@
         expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
         expectBandwidthControlCheck();
 
-        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_WIFI, new VpnInfo[0], states, getActiveIface(states));
-
+        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_WIFI, states, getActiveIface(states));
 
         // create some initial traffic
         incrementCurrentTime(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
@@ -851,8 +839,7 @@
         expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
         expectBandwidthControlCheck();
 
-        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_MOBILE, new VpnInfo[0], states, getActiveIface(states));
-
+        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_MOBILE, states, getActiveIface(states));
 
         // Create some traffic
         incrementCurrentTime(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
@@ -890,8 +877,7 @@
         expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
         expectBandwidthControlCheck();
 
-        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_MOBILE, new VpnInfo[0], states, getActiveIface(states));
-
+        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_MOBILE, states, getActiveIface(states));
 
         // create some tethering traffic
         incrementCurrentTime(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
@@ -923,113 +909,6 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void vpnWithOneUnderlyingIface() throws Exception {
-        // WiFi network is connected and VPN is using WiFi (which has TEST_IFACE).
-        expectDefaultSettings();
-        NetworkState[] networkStates = new NetworkState[] {buildWifiState(), buildVpnState()};
-        VpnInfo[] vpnInfos = new VpnInfo[] {createVpnInfo(TEST_IFACE)};
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
-        expectBandwidthControlCheck();
-
-        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(
-                new Network[] {WIFI_NETWORK, VPN_NETWORK},
-                vpnInfos,
-                networkStates,
-                getActiveIface(networkStates));
-        // create some traffic (assume 10 bytes of MTU for VPN interface and 1 byte encryption
-        // overhead per packet):
-        // 1000 bytes (100 packets) were sent/received by UID_RED over VPN.
-        // 500 bytes (50 packets) were sent/received by UID_BLUE over VPN.
-        // VPN sent/received 1650 bytes (150 packets) over WiFi.
-        // Of 1650 bytes over WiFi, expect 1000 bytes attributed to UID_RED, 500 bytes attributed to
-        // UID_BLUE, and 150 bytes attributed to UID_VPN for both rx/tx traffic.
-        incrementCurrentTime(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 3)
-                .addValues(TUN_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 1000L, 100L, 1000L, 100L, 1L)
-                .addValues(TUN_IFACE, UID_BLUE, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 500L, 50L, 500L, 50L, 1L)
-                .addValues(
-                    TEST_IFACE, UID_VPN, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 1650L, 150L, 1650L, 150L, 2L));
-
-        forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
-
-        assertUidTotal(sTemplateWifi, UID_RED, 1000L, 100L, 1000L, 100L, 1);
-        assertUidTotal(sTemplateWifi, UID_BLUE, 500L, 50L, 500L, 50L, 1);
-        assertUidTotal(sTemplateWifi, UID_VPN, 150L, 0L, 150L, 0L, 2);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void vpnWithOneUnderlyingIface_withCompression() throws Exception {
-        // WiFi network is connected and VPN is using WiFi (which has TEST_IFACE).
-        expectDefaultSettings();
-        NetworkState[] networkStates = new NetworkState[] {buildWifiState(), buildVpnState()};
-        VpnInfo[] vpnInfos = new VpnInfo[] {createVpnInfo(TEST_IFACE)};
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
-        expectBandwidthControlCheck();
-
-        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(
-                new Network[] {WIFI_NETWORK, VPN_NETWORK},
-                vpnInfos,
-                networkStates,
-                getActiveIface(networkStates));
-        // create some traffic (assume 10 bytes of MTU for VPN interface and 1 byte encryption
-        // overhead per packet):
-        // 1000 bytes (100 packets) were sent/received by UID_RED over VPN.
-        // 3000 bytes (300 packets) were sent/received by UID_BLUE over VPN.
-        // VPN sent/received 1000 bytes (100 packets) over WiFi.
-        // Of 1000 bytes over WiFi, expect 250 bytes attributed UID_RED and 750 bytes to UID_BLUE,
-        // with nothing attributed to UID_VPN for both rx/tx traffic.
-        incrementCurrentTime(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 3)
-                .addValues(TUN_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 1000L, 100L, 1000L, 100L, 1L)
-                .addValues(TUN_IFACE, UID_BLUE, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 3000L, 300L, 3000L, 300L, 1L)
-                .addValues(
-                    TEST_IFACE, UID_VPN, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 1000L, 100L, 1000L, 100L, 0L));
-
-        forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
-
-        assertUidTotal(sTemplateWifi, UID_RED, 250L, 25L, 250L, 25L, 0);
-        assertUidTotal(sTemplateWifi, UID_BLUE, 750L, 75L, 750L, 75L, 0);
-        assertUidTotal(sTemplateWifi, UID_VPN, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void vpnWithIncorrectUnderlyingIface() throws Exception {
-        // WiFi and Cell networks are connected and VPN is using Cell (which has TEST_IFACE2),
-        // but has declared only WiFi (TEST_IFACE) in its underlying network set.
-        expectDefaultSettings();
-        NetworkState[] networkStates =
-                new NetworkState[] {
-                    buildWifiState(), buildMobile4gState(TEST_IFACE2), buildVpnState()
-                };
-        VpnInfo[] vpnInfos = new VpnInfo[] {createVpnInfo(TEST_IFACE)};
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
-        expectBandwidthControlCheck();
-
-        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(
-                new Network[] {WIFI_NETWORK, VPN_NETWORK},
-                vpnInfos,
-                networkStates,
-                getActiveIface(networkStates));
-        // create some traffic (assume 10 bytes of MTU for VPN interface and 1 byte encryption
-        // overhead per packet):
-        // 1000 bytes (100 packets) were sent/received by UID_RED over VPN.
-        // VPN sent/received 1100 bytes (100 packets) over Cell.
-        // Of 1100 bytes over Cell, expect all of it attributed to UID_VPN for both rx/tx traffic.
-        incrementCurrentTime(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 2)
-                .addValues(TUN_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 1000L, 100L, 1000L, 100L, 1L)
-                .addValues(
-                    TEST_IFACE2, UID_VPN, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 1100L, 100L, 1100L, 100L, 1L));
-
-        forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
-
-        assertUidTotal(sTemplateWifi, UID_RED, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0);
-        assertUidTotal(sTemplateWifi, UID_VPN, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0);
-        assertUidTotal(buildTemplateMobileWildcard(), UID_RED, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0);
-        assertUidTotal(buildTemplateMobileWildcard(), UID_VPN, 1100L, 100L, 1100L, 100L, 1);
-    }
-
-    @Test
     public void testRegisterUsageCallback() throws Exception {
         // pretend that wifi network comes online; service should ask about full
         // network state, and poll any existing interfaces before updating.
@@ -1039,7 +918,7 @@
         expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
         expectBandwidthControlCheck();
 
-        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_WIFI, new VpnInfo[0], states, getActiveIface(states));
+        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_WIFI, states, getActiveIface(states));
 
         // verify service has empty history for wifi
         assertNetworkTotal(sTemplateWifi, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0);
@@ -1264,59 +1143,6 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private static void assertValues(NetworkStats stats, String iface, int uid, int set,
-            int tag, int metered, int roaming, int defaultNetwork, long rxBytes, long rxPackets,
-            long txBytes, long txPackets, int operations) {
-        final NetworkStats.Entry entry = new NetworkStats.Entry();
-        final int[] sets;
-        if (set == SET_ALL) {
-            sets = new int[] { SET_ALL, SET_DEFAULT, SET_FOREGROUND };
-        } else {
-            sets = new int[] { set };
-        }
-
-        final int[] roamings;
-        if (roaming == ROAMING_ALL) {
-            roamings = new int[] { ROAMING_ALL, ROAMING_YES, ROAMING_NO };
-        } else {
-            roamings = new int[] { roaming };
-        }
-
-        final int[] meterings;
-        if (metered == METERED_ALL) {
-            meterings = new int[] { METERED_ALL, METERED_YES, METERED_NO };
-        } else {
-            meterings = new int[] { metered };
-        }
-
-        final int[] defaultNetworks;
-        if (defaultNetwork == DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL) {
-            defaultNetworks = new int[] { DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES,
-                    DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO };
-        } else {
-            defaultNetworks = new int[] { defaultNetwork };
-        }
-
-        for (int s : sets) {
-            for (int r : roamings) {
-                for (int m : meterings) {
-                    for (int d : defaultNetworks) {
-                        final int i = stats.findIndex(iface, uid, s, tag, m, r, d);
-                        if (i != -1) {
-                            entry.add(stats.getValues(i, null));
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        assertEquals("unexpected rxBytes", rxBytes, entry.rxBytes);
-        assertEquals("unexpected rxPackets", rxPackets, entry.rxPackets);
-        assertEquals("unexpected txBytes", txBytes, entry.txBytes);
-        assertEquals("unexpected txPackets", txPackets, entry.txPackets);
-        assertEquals("unexpected operations", operations, entry.operations);
-    }
-
     private static void assertValues(NetworkStatsHistory stats, long start, long end, long rxBytes,
             long rxPackets, long txBytes, long txPackets, int operations) {
         final NetworkStatsHistory.Entry entry = stats.getValues(start, end, null);
@@ -1382,14 +1208,6 @@
         return new NetworkState(info, prop, new NetworkCapabilities(), VPN_NETWORK, null, null);
     }
 
-    private static VpnInfo createVpnInfo(String underlyingIface) {
-        VpnInfo info = new VpnInfo();
-        info.ownerUid = UID_VPN;
-        info.vpnIface = TUN_IFACE;
-        info.primaryUnderlyingIface = underlyingIface;
-        return info;
-    }
-
     private long getElapsedRealtime() {
         return mElapsedRealtime;
     }
diff --git a/tests/net/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_incorrect_iface b/tests/net/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_incorrect_iface
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fc92715
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/net/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_incorrect_iface
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+idx iface acct_tag_hex uid_tag_int cnt_set rx_bytes rx_packets tx_bytes tx_packets rx_tcp_bytes rx_tcp_packets rx_udp_bytes rx_udp_packets rx_other_bytes rx_other_packets tx_tcp_bytes tx_tcp_packets tx_udp_bytes tx_udp_packets tx_other_bytes tx_other_packets
+2 test_nss_tun0 0x0 1001 0 1000 100 1000 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+3 test1 0x0 1004 0 1100 100 1100 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/net/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_one_underlying b/tests/net/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_one_underlying
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1ef1889
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/net/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_one_underlying
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+idx iface acct_tag_hex uid_tag_int cnt_set rx_bytes rx_packets tx_bytes tx_packets rx_tcp_bytes rx_tcp_packets rx_udp_bytes rx_udp_packets rx_other_bytes rx_other_packets tx_tcp_bytes tx_tcp_packets tx_udp_bytes tx_udp_packets tx_other_bytes tx_other_packets
+2 test_nss_tun0 0x0 1001 0 2000 200 1000 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+3 test_nss_tun0 0x0 1002 0 1000 100 500 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+4 test0 0x0 1004 0 3300 300 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+5 test0 0x0 1004 1 0 0 1650 150 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/net/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_one_underlying_compression b/tests/net/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_one_underlying_compression
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6d6bf55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/net/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_one_underlying_compression
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+idx iface acct_tag_hex uid_tag_int cnt_set rx_bytes rx_packets tx_bytes tx_packets rx_tcp_bytes rx_tcp_packets rx_udp_bytes rx_udp_packets rx_other_bytes rx_other_packets tx_tcp_bytes tx_tcp_packets tx_udp_bytes tx_udp_packets tx_other_bytes tx_other_packets
+2 test_nss_tun0 0x0 1001 0 1000 100 1000 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+3 test_nss_tun0 0x0 1002 0 3000 300 3000 300 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+4 test0 0x0 1004 0 1000 100 1000 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/net/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_one_underlying_own_traffic b/tests/net/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_one_underlying_own_traffic
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2c2e5d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/net/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_one_underlying_own_traffic
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+idx iface acct_tag_hex uid_tag_int cnt_set rx_bytes rx_packets tx_bytes tx_packets rx_tcp_bytes rx_tcp_packets rx_udp_bytes rx_udp_packets rx_other_bytes rx_other_packets tx_tcp_bytes tx_tcp_packets tx_udp_bytes tx_udp_packets tx_other_bytes tx_other_packets
+2 test_nss_tun0 0x0 1001 0 2000 200 1000 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+3 test_nss_tun0 0x0 1002 0 1000 100 500 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+4 test_nss_tun0 0x0 1004 0 5000 500 6000 600 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+5 test0 0x0 1004 0 8800 800 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+6 test0 0x0 1004 1 0 0 8250 750 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/net/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_rewrite_through_self b/tests/net/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_rewrite_through_self
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..afcdd71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/net/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_rewrite_through_self
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+idx iface acct_tag_hex uid_tag_int cnt_set rx_bytes rx_packets tx_bytes tx_packets rx_tcp_bytes rx_tcp_packets rx_udp_bytes rx_udp_packets rx_other_bytes rx_other_packets tx_tcp_bytes tx_tcp_packets tx_udp_bytes tx_udp_packets tx_other_bytes tx_other_packets
+2 test_nss_tun0 0x0 1001 0 2000 200 1000 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+3 test_nss_tun0 0x0 1002 0 1000 100 500 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+4 test_nss_tun0 0x0 1004 0 0 0 1600 160 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+5 test0 0x0 1004 1 0 0 1760 176 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+6 test0 0x0 1004 0 3300 300 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/net/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_two_underlying_duplication b/tests/net/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_two_underlying_duplication
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d7c7eb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/net/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_two_underlying_duplication
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+idx iface acct_tag_hex uid_tag_int cnt_set rx_bytes rx_packets tx_bytes tx_packets rx_tcp_bytes rx_tcp_packets rx_udp_bytes rx_udp_packets rx_other_bytes rx_other_packets tx_tcp_bytes tx_tcp_packets tx_udp_bytes tx_udp_packets tx_other_bytes tx_other_packets
+2 test_nss_tun0 0x0 1001 0 1000 100 1000 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+3 test_nss_tun0 0x0 1002 0 1000 100 1000 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+4 test0 0x0 1004 0 2200 200 2200 200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+5 test1 0x0 1004 0 2200 200 2200 200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/net/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_two_underlying_split b/tests/net/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_two_underlying_split
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..38a3dce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/net/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_two_underlying_split
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+idx iface acct_tag_hex uid_tag_int cnt_set rx_bytes rx_packets tx_bytes tx_packets rx_tcp_bytes rx_tcp_packets rx_udp_bytes rx_udp_packets rx_other_bytes rx_other_packets tx_tcp_bytes tx_tcp_packets tx_udp_bytes tx_udp_packets tx_other_bytes tx_other_packets
+2 test_nss_tun0 0x0 1001 0 500 50 1000 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+3 test0 0x0 1004 0 330 30 660 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+4 test1 0x0 1004 0 220 20 440 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/net/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_two_underlying_split_compression b/tests/net/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_two_underlying_split_compression
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d35244b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/net/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_two_underlying_split_compression
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+idx iface acct_tag_hex uid_tag_int cnt_set rx_bytes rx_packets tx_bytes tx_packets rx_tcp_bytes rx_tcp_packets rx_udp_bytes rx_udp_packets rx_other_bytes rx_other_packets tx_tcp_bytes tx_tcp_packets tx_udp_bytes tx_udp_packets tx_other_bytes tx_other_packets
+2 test_nss_tun0 0x0 1001 0 1000 100 1000 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+3 test0 0x0 1004 0 600 60 600 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+4 test1 0x0 1004 0 200 20 200 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/net/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_with_clat b/tests/net/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_with_clat
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0d893d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/net/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_with_clat
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+idx iface acct_tag_hex uid_tag_int cnt_set rx_bytes rx_packets tx_bytes tx_packets rx_tcp_bytes rx_tcp_packets rx_udp_bytes rx_udp_packets rx_other_bytes rx_other_packets tx_tcp_bytes tx_tcp_packets tx_udp_bytes tx_udp_packets tx_other_bytes tx_other_packets
+2 test_nss_tun0 0x0 1001 0 2000 200 1000 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+3 test_nss_tun0 0x0 1002 0 1000 100 500 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+4 v4-test0 0x0 1004 0 3300 300 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+5 v4-test0 0x0 1004 1 0 0 1650 150 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+6 test0 0x0 0 0 9300 300 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+7 test0 0x0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+8 test0 0x0 1029 0 0 0 4650 150 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/net/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_with_clat_simple b/tests/net/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_with_clat_simple
index 8c132e7..b37fae6 100644
--- a/tests/net/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_with_clat_simple
+++ b/tests/net/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_with_clat_simple
@@ -2,5 +2,4 @@
 2 v4-wlan0 0x0 10060 0 42600 213 4100 41 42600 213 0 0 0 0 4100 41 0 0 0 0
 3 v4-wlan0 0x0 10060 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 4 wlan0 0x0 0 0 46860 213 0 0 46860 213 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-5 wlan0 0x0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-6 wlan0 0x0 1029 0 0 0 4920 41 0 0 0 0 0 0 4920 41 0 0 0 0
+5 wlan0 0x0 1029 0 0 0 4920 41 0 0 0 0 0 0 4920 41 0 0 0 0