diff --git a/Tethering/Android.bp b/Tethering/Android.bp
index dd60be7..414e50a 100644
--- a/Tethering/Android.bp
+++ b/Tethering/Android.bp
@@ -81,7 +81,10 @@
         "framework-tethering.impl",
     ],
     manifest: "AndroidManifestBase.xml",
-    lint: { strict_updatability_linting: true },
+    lint: {
+        strict_updatability_linting: true,
+        error_checks: ["NewApi"],
+    },
 }
 
 // build tethering static library, used to compile both variants of the tethering.
@@ -215,7 +218,10 @@
     use_embedded_native_libs: true,
     privapp_allowlist: ":privapp_allowlist_com.android.tethering",
     apex_available: ["com.android.tethering"],
-    lint: { strict_updatability_linting: true },
+    lint: {
+        strict_updatability_linting: true,
+        error_checks: ["NewApi"],
+    },
 }
 
 sdk {
diff --git a/Tethering/src/android/net/ip/IpServer.java b/Tethering/src/android/net/ip/IpServer.java
index 79d9a23..c065cd6 100644
--- a/Tethering/src/android/net/ip/IpServer.java
+++ b/Tethering/src/android/net/ip/IpServer.java
@@ -838,7 +838,7 @@
 
     private void addInterfaceToNetwork(final int netId, @NonNull final String ifaceName) {
         try {
-            if (null != mRoutingCoordinator.value) {
+            if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastS() && null != mRoutingCoordinator.value) {
                 // TODO : remove this call in favor of using the LocalNetworkConfiguration
                 // correctly, which will let ConnectivityService do it automatically.
                 mRoutingCoordinator.value.addInterfaceToNetwork(netId, ifaceName);
@@ -852,7 +852,7 @@
 
     private void addInterfaceForward(@NonNull final String fromIface,
             @NonNull final String toIface) throws ServiceSpecificException, RemoteException {
-        if (null != mRoutingCoordinator.value) {
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastS() && null != mRoutingCoordinator.value) {
             mRoutingCoordinator.value.addInterfaceForward(fromIface, toIface);
         } else {
             mNetd.tetherAddForward(fromIface, toIface);
@@ -862,7 +862,7 @@
 
     private void removeInterfaceForward(@NonNull final String fromIface,
             @NonNull final String toIface) {
-        if (null != mRoutingCoordinator.value) {
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastS() && null != mRoutingCoordinator.value) {
             try {
                 mRoutingCoordinator.value.removeInterfaceForward(fromIface, toIface);
             } catch (ServiceSpecificException e) {
diff --git a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadHalAidlImpl.java b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadHalAidlImpl.java
index e7dc757..9ef0f45 100644
--- a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadHalAidlImpl.java
+++ b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadHalAidlImpl.java
@@ -19,18 +19,21 @@
 import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadHardwareInterface.OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_AIDL;
 
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.TargetApi;
 import android.hardware.tetheroffload.ForwardedStats;
 import android.hardware.tetheroffload.IOffload;
 import android.hardware.tetheroffload.ITetheringOffloadCallback;
 import android.hardware.tetheroffload.NatTimeoutUpdate;
 import android.hardware.tetheroffload.NetworkProtocol;
 import android.hardware.tetheroffload.OffloadCallbackEvent;
+import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.Handler;
 import android.os.NativeHandle;
 import android.os.ParcelFileDescriptor;
 import android.os.ServiceManager;
 import android.system.OsConstants;
 
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
 import com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel;
 import com.android.net.module.util.SharedLog;
 import com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadHardwareInterface.OffloadHalCallback;
@@ -40,6 +43,7 @@
 /**
  * The implementation of IOffloadHal which based on Stable AIDL interface
  */
+@TargetApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.UPSIDE_DOWN_CAKE)
 public class OffloadHalAidlImpl implements IOffloadHal {
     private static final String TAG = OffloadHalAidlImpl.class.getSimpleName();
     private static final String HAL_INSTANCE_NAME = IOffload.DESCRIPTOR + "/default";
@@ -52,6 +56,7 @@
 
     private TetheringOffloadCallback mTetheringOffloadCallback;
 
+    @VisibleForTesting
     public OffloadHalAidlImpl(int version, @NonNull IOffload offload, @NonNull Handler handler,
             @NonNull SharedLog log) {
         mOffloadVersion = version;
diff --git a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadHalHidlImpl.java b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadHalHidlImpl.java
index e0a9878..71922f9 100644
--- a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadHalHidlImpl.java
+++ b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadHalHidlImpl.java
@@ -74,10 +74,7 @@
      */
     public boolean initOffload(@NonNull NativeHandle handle1, @NonNull NativeHandle handle2,
             @NonNull OffloadHalCallback callback) {
-        final String logmsg = String.format("initOffload(%d, %d, %s)",
-                handle1.getFileDescriptor().getInt$(), handle2.getFileDescriptor().getInt$(),
-                (callback == null) ? "null"
-                : "0x" + Integer.toHexString(System.identityHashCode(callback)));
+        final String logmsg = "initOffload()";
 
         mOffloadHalCallback = callback;
         mTetheringOffloadCallback = new TetheringOffloadCallback(
diff --git a/framework-t/api/system-current.txt b/framework-t/api/system-current.txt
index b285d85..05cf9e8 100644
--- a/framework-t/api/system-current.txt
+++ b/framework-t/api/system-current.txt
@@ -500,8 +500,8 @@
     method @RequiresPermission(allOf={android.Manifest.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE, "android.permission.THREAD_NETWORK_PRIVILEGED"}) public void registerOperationalDatasetCallback(@NonNull java.util.concurrent.Executor, @NonNull android.net.thread.ThreadNetworkController.OperationalDatasetCallback);
     method @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE) public void registerStateCallback(@NonNull java.util.concurrent.Executor, @NonNull android.net.thread.ThreadNetworkController.StateCallback);
     method @RequiresPermission("android.permission.THREAD_NETWORK_PRIVILEGED") public void scheduleMigration(@NonNull android.net.thread.PendingOperationalDataset, @NonNull java.util.concurrent.Executor, @NonNull android.os.OutcomeReceiver<java.lang.Void,android.net.thread.ThreadNetworkException>);
-    method public void unregisterOperationalDatasetCallback(@NonNull android.net.thread.ThreadNetworkController.OperationalDatasetCallback);
-    method public void unregisterStateCallback(@NonNull android.net.thread.ThreadNetworkController.StateCallback);
+    method @RequiresPermission(allOf={android.Manifest.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE, "android.permission.THREAD_NETWORK_PRIVILEGED"}) public void unregisterOperationalDatasetCallback(@NonNull android.net.thread.ThreadNetworkController.OperationalDatasetCallback);
+    method @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE) public void unregisterStateCallback(@NonNull android.net.thread.ThreadNetworkController.StateCallback);
     field public static final int DEVICE_ROLE_CHILD = 2; // 0x2
     field public static final int DEVICE_ROLE_DETACHED = 1; // 0x1
     field public static final int DEVICE_ROLE_LEADER = 4; // 0x4
diff --git a/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkStatsCollection.java b/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkStatsCollection.java
index e23faa4..20c5f30 100644
--- a/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkStatsCollection.java
+++ b/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkStatsCollection.java
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 import static android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_BLUETOOTH;
 import static android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_ETHERNET;
 import static android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_MOBILE;
+import static android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_PROXY;
 import static android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_WIFI;
 import static android.net.TrafficStats.UID_REMOVED;
 import static android.text.format.DateUtils.WEEK_IN_MILLIS;
@@ -784,6 +785,7 @@
         dumpCheckin(pw, start, end, new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_WIFI).build(), "wifi");
         dumpCheckin(pw, start, end, new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_ETHERNET).build(), "eth");
         dumpCheckin(pw, start, end, new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_BLUETOOTH).build(), "bt");
+        dumpCheckin(pw, start, end, new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_PROXY).build(), "proxy");
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkTemplate.java b/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkTemplate.java
index 33bd884..77b166c 100644
--- a/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkTemplate.java
+++ b/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkTemplate.java
@@ -1170,7 +1170,7 @@
          * @param matchRule the target match rule to be checked.
          */
         private static void assertRequestableMatchRule(final int matchRule) {
-            if (!isKnownMatchRule(matchRule) || matchRule == MATCH_PROXY) {
+            if (!isKnownMatchRule(matchRule)) {
                 throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid match rule: "
                         + getMatchRuleName(matchRule));
             }
diff --git a/framework/Android.bp b/framework/Android.bp
index c88bacc..fab37e9 100644
--- a/framework/Android.bp
+++ b/framework/Android.bp
@@ -301,6 +301,10 @@
     ],
     flags: [
         "--show-annotation android.annotation.FlaggedApi",
+        "--show-for-stub-purposes-annotation android.annotation.SystemApi" +
+        "\\(client=android.annotation.SystemApi.Client.PRIVILEGED_APPS\\)",
+        "--show-for-stub-purposes-annotation android.annotation.SystemApi" +
+        "\\(client=android.annotation.SystemApi.Client.MODULE_LIBRARIES\\)",
     ],
     aidl: {
         include_dirs: [
diff --git a/framework/api/module-lib-current.txt b/framework/api/module-lib-current.txt
index bfb4981..026d8a9 100644
--- a/framework/api/module-lib-current.txt
+++ b/framework/api/module-lib-current.txt
@@ -235,6 +235,7 @@
 
   public final class VpnTransportInfo implements android.os.Parcelable android.net.TransportInfo {
     ctor @Deprecated public VpnTransportInfo(int, @Nullable String);
+    method public long getApplicableRedactions();
     method @Nullable public String getSessionId();
     method @NonNull public android.net.VpnTransportInfo makeCopy(long);
   }
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/BpfNetMapsReader.java b/framework/src/android/net/BpfNetMapsReader.java
index 37c58f0..4ab6d3e 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/BpfNetMapsReader.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/BpfNetMapsReader.java
@@ -17,6 +17,9 @@
 package android.net;
 
 import static android.net.BpfNetMapsConstants.CONFIGURATION_MAP_PATH;
+import static android.net.BpfNetMapsConstants.DATA_SAVER_ENABLED;
+import static android.net.BpfNetMapsConstants.DATA_SAVER_ENABLED_KEY;
+import static android.net.BpfNetMapsConstants.DATA_SAVER_ENABLED_MAP_PATH;
 import static android.net.BpfNetMapsConstants.HAPPY_BOX_MATCH;
 import static android.net.BpfNetMapsConstants.PENALTY_BOX_MATCH;
 import static android.net.BpfNetMapsConstants.UID_OWNER_MAP_PATH;
@@ -33,14 +36,15 @@
 import android.os.ServiceSpecificException;
 import android.system.ErrnoException;
 import android.system.Os;
+import android.util.Log;
 
 import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
 import com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel;
 import com.android.net.module.util.BpfMap;
 import com.android.net.module.util.IBpfMap;
-import com.android.net.module.util.Struct;
 import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.S32;
 import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.U32;
+import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.U8;
 
 /**
  * A helper class to *read* java BpfMaps.
@@ -48,6 +52,8 @@
  */
 @RequiresApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)  // BPF maps were only mainlined in T
 public class BpfNetMapsReader {
+    private static final String TAG = BpfNetMapsReader.class.getSimpleName();
+
     // Locally store the handle of bpf maps. The FileDescriptors are statically cached inside the
     // BpfMap implementation.
 
@@ -57,6 +63,7 @@
     // Bpf map to store per uid traffic control configurations.
     // See {@link UidOwnerValue} for more detail.
     private final IBpfMap<S32, UidOwnerValue> mUidOwnerMap;
+    private final IBpfMap<S32, U8> mDataSaverEnabledMap;
     private final Dependencies mDeps;
 
     // Bitmaps for calculating whether a given uid is blocked by firewall chains.
@@ -104,6 +111,7 @@
         mDeps = deps;
         mConfigurationMap = mDeps.getConfigurationMap();
         mUidOwnerMap = mDeps.getUidOwnerMap();
+        mDataSaverEnabledMap = mDeps.getDataSaverEnabledMap();
     }
 
     /**
@@ -130,6 +138,16 @@
                 throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot open uid owner map", e);
             }
         }
+
+        /** Get the data saver enabled map. */
+        public  IBpfMap<S32, U8> getDataSaverEnabledMap() {
+            try {
+                return new BpfMap<>(DATA_SAVER_ENABLED_MAP_PATH, BpfMap.BPF_F_RDONLY, S32.class,
+                        U8.class);
+            } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot open data saver enabled map", e);
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     /**
@@ -171,12 +189,12 @@
      *                                  cause of the failure.
      */
     public static boolean isChainEnabled(
-            final IBpfMap<Struct.S32, Struct.U32> configurationMap, final int chain) {
+            final IBpfMap<S32, U32> configurationMap, final int chain) {
         throwIfPreT("isChainEnabled is not available on pre-T devices");
 
         final long match = getMatchByFirewallChain(chain);
         try {
-            final Struct.U32 config = configurationMap.getValue(UID_RULES_CONFIGURATION_KEY);
+            final U32 config = configurationMap.getValue(UID_RULES_CONFIGURATION_KEY);
             return (config.val & match) != 0;
         } catch (ErrnoException e) {
             throw new ServiceSpecificException(e.errno,
@@ -195,14 +213,14 @@
      * @throws ServiceSpecificException      in case of failure, with an error code indicating the
      *                                       cause of the failure.
      */
-    public static int getUidRule(final IBpfMap<Struct.S32, UidOwnerValue> uidOwnerMap,
+    public static int getUidRule(final IBpfMap<S32, UidOwnerValue> uidOwnerMap,
             final int chain, final int uid) {
         throwIfPreT("getUidRule is not available on pre-T devices");
 
         final long match = getMatchByFirewallChain(chain);
         final boolean isAllowList = isFirewallAllowList(chain);
         try {
-            final UidOwnerValue uidMatch = uidOwnerMap.getValue(new Struct.S32(uid));
+            final UidOwnerValue uidMatch = uidOwnerMap.getValue(new S32(uid));
             final boolean isMatchEnabled = uidMatch != null && (uidMatch.rule & match) != 0;
             return isMatchEnabled == isAllowList ? FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW : FIREWALL_RULE_DENY;
         } catch (ErrnoException e) {
@@ -249,4 +267,29 @@
         if ((uidMatch & HAPPY_BOX_MATCH) != 0) return false;
         return isDataSaverEnabled;
     }
+
+    /**
+     * Get Data Saver enabled or disabled
+     *
+     * @return whether Data Saver is enabled or disabled.
+     * @throws ServiceSpecificException in case of failure, with an error code indicating the
+     *                                  cause of the failure.
+     */
+    public boolean getDataSaverEnabled() {
+        throwIfPreT("getDataSaverEnabled is not available on pre-T devices");
+
+        // Note that this is not expected to be called until V given that it relies on the
+        // counterpart platform solution to set data saver status to bpf.
+        // See {@code NetworkManagementService#setDataSaverModeEnabled}.
+        if (!SdkLevel.isAtLeastV()) {
+            Log.wtf(TAG, "getDataSaverEnabled is not expected to be called on pre-V devices");
+        }
+
+        try {
+            return mDataSaverEnabledMap.getValue(DATA_SAVER_ENABLED_KEY).val == DATA_SAVER_ENABLED;
+        } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+            throw new ServiceSpecificException(e.errno, "Unable to get data saver: "
+                    + Os.strerror(e.errno));
+        }
+    }
 }
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java b/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java
index 57ecf49..a934ddb 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java
@@ -83,6 +83,7 @@
 
 import com.android.internal.annotations.GuardedBy;
 import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel;
 
 import libcore.net.event.NetworkEventDispatcher;
 
@@ -6371,10 +6372,13 @@
         final BpfNetMapsReader reader = BpfNetMapsReader.getInstance();
 
         final boolean isDataSaverEnabled;
-        // TODO: For U-QPR3+ devices, get data saver status from bpf configuration map directly.
-        final DataSaverStatusTracker dataSaverStatusTracker =
-                DataSaverStatusTracker.getInstance(mContext);
-        isDataSaverEnabled = dataSaverStatusTracker.getDataSaverEnabled();
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastV()) {
+            isDataSaverEnabled = reader.getDataSaverEnabled();
+        } else {
+            final DataSaverStatusTracker dataSaverStatusTracker =
+                    DataSaverStatusTracker.getInstance(mContext);
+            isDataSaverEnabled = dataSaverStatusTracker.getDataSaverEnabled();
+        }
 
         return reader.isUidNetworkingBlocked(uid, isNetworkMetered, isDataSaverEnabled);
     }
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/LocalNetworkConfig.java b/framework/src/android/net/LocalNetworkConfig.java
index e1b33e8..17b1064 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/LocalNetworkConfig.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/LocalNetworkConfig.java
@@ -62,11 +62,19 @@
         return mUpstreamSelector;
     }
 
-    public @NonNull MulticastRoutingConfig getUpstreamMulticastRoutingConfig() {
+    /**
+     * Get the upstream multicast routing config
+     */
+    @NonNull
+    public MulticastRoutingConfig getUpstreamMulticastRoutingConfig() {
         return mUpstreamMulticastRoutingConfig;
     }
 
-    public @NonNull MulticastRoutingConfig getDownstreamMulticastRoutingConfig() {
+    /**
+     * Get the downstream multicast routing config
+     */
+    @NonNull
+    public MulticastRoutingConfig getDownstreamMulticastRoutingConfig() {
         return mDownstreamMulticastRoutingConfig;
     }
 
@@ -109,13 +117,13 @@
 
     public static final class Builder {
         @Nullable
-        NetworkRequest mUpstreamSelector;
+        private NetworkRequest mUpstreamSelector;
 
         @Nullable
-        MulticastRoutingConfig mUpstreamMulticastRoutingConfig;
+        private MulticastRoutingConfig mUpstreamMulticastRoutingConfig;
 
         @Nullable
-        MulticastRoutingConfig mDownstreamMulticastRoutingConfig;
+        private MulticastRoutingConfig mDownstreamMulticastRoutingConfig;
 
         /**
          * Create a Builder
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/MulticastRoutingConfig.java b/framework/src/android/net/MulticastRoutingConfig.java
index 6f4ab11..4a3e1be 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/MulticastRoutingConfig.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/MulticastRoutingConfig.java
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 import android.annotation.Nullable;
 import android.os.Parcel;
 import android.os.Parcelable;
+import android.text.TextUtils;
 import android.util.ArraySet;
 import android.util.Log;
 
@@ -30,7 +31,9 @@
 import java.net.UnknownHostException;
 import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Objects;
 import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.StringJoiner;
 
 /**
  * A class representing a configuration for multicast routing.
@@ -38,8 +41,8 @@
  * Internal usage to Connectivity
  * @hide
  */
-// TODO : @SystemApi
-public class MulticastRoutingConfig implements Parcelable {
+// @SystemApi(client = MODULE_LIBRARIES)
+public final class MulticastRoutingConfig implements Parcelable {
     private static final String TAG = MulticastRoutingConfig.class.getSimpleName();
 
     /** Do not forward any multicast packets. */
@@ -55,6 +58,7 @@
      */
     public static final int FORWARD_WITH_MIN_SCOPE = 2;
 
+    /** @hide */
     @Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
     @IntDef(prefix = { "FORWARD_" }, value = {
             FORWARD_NONE,
@@ -68,6 +72,7 @@
      */
     public static final int MULTICAST_SCOPE_NONE = -1;
 
+    /** @hide */
     public static final MulticastRoutingConfig CONFIG_FORWARD_NONE =
             new MulticastRoutingConfig(FORWARD_NONE, MULTICAST_SCOPE_NONE, null);
 
@@ -102,7 +107,7 @@
      * Returns the minimal group address scope that is allowed for forwarding.
      * If the forwarding mode is not FORWARD_WITH_MIN_SCOPE, will be MULTICAST_SCOPE_NONE.
      */
-    public int getMinScope() {
+    public int getMinimumScope() {
         return mMinScope;
     }
 
@@ -111,7 +116,7 @@
      * The list will be empty if the forwarding mode is not FORWARD_SELECTED.
      */
     @NonNull
-    public Set<Inet6Address> getMulticastListeningAddresses() {
+    public Set<Inet6Address> getListeningAddresses() {
         return mListeningAddresses;
     }
 
@@ -133,7 +138,7 @@
     }
 
     @Override
-    public void writeToParcel(Parcel dest, int flags) {
+    public void writeToParcel(@NonNull Parcel dest, int flags) {
         dest.writeInt(mForwardingMode);
         dest.writeInt(mMinScope);
         dest.writeInt(mListeningAddresses.size());
@@ -147,9 +152,10 @@
         return 0;
     }
 
+    @NonNull
     public static final Creator<MulticastRoutingConfig> CREATOR = new Creator<>() {
         @Override
-        public MulticastRoutingConfig createFromParcel(Parcel in) {
+        public MulticastRoutingConfig createFromParcel(@NonNull Parcel in) {
             return new MulticastRoutingConfig(in);
         }
 
@@ -159,15 +165,6 @@
         }
     };
 
-    @Override
-    public String toString() {
-        return "MulticastRoutingConfig{"
-                + "ForwardingMode=" + forwardingModeToString(mForwardingMode)
-                + ", MinScope=" + mMinScope
-                + ", ListeningAddresses=" + mListeningAddresses
-                + '}';
-    }
-
     private static String forwardingModeToString(final int forwardingMode) {
         switch (forwardingMode) {
             case FORWARD_NONE: return "NONE";
@@ -177,43 +174,58 @@
         }
     }
 
-    public static class Builder {
+    public static final class Builder {
         @MulticastForwardingMode
         private final int mForwardingMode;
         private int mMinScope;
         private final ArraySet<Inet6Address> mListeningAddresses;
 
-        private Builder(@MulticastForwardingMode final int mode, int scope) {
+        // The two constructors with runtime checks for the mode and scope are arguably
+        // less convenient than three static factory methods, but API guidelines mandates
+        // that Builders are built with a constructor and not factory methods.
+        /**
+         * Create a new builder for forwarding mode FORWARD_NONE or FORWARD_SELECTED.
+         *
+         * <p>On a Builder for FORWARD_NONE, no properties can be set.
+         * <p>On a Builder for FORWARD_SELECTED, listening addresses can be added and removed
+         * but the minimum scope can't be set.
+         *
+         * @param mode {@link #FORWARD_NONE} or {@link #FORWARD_SELECTED}. Any other
+         *             value will result in IllegalArgumentException.
+         * @see #Builder(int, int)
+         */
+        public Builder(@MulticastForwardingMode final int mode) {
+            if (FORWARD_NONE != mode && FORWARD_SELECTED != mode) {
+                if (FORWARD_WITH_MIN_SCOPE == mode) {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("FORWARD_WITH_MIN_SCOPE requires "
+                            + "passing the scope as a second argument");
+                } else {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unknown forwarding mode : " + mode);
+                }
+            }
             mForwardingMode = mode;
-            mMinScope = scope;
+            mMinScope = MULTICAST_SCOPE_NONE;
             mListeningAddresses = new ArraySet<>();
         }
 
         /**
-         * Create a builder that forwards nothing.
-         * No properties can be set on such a builder.
-         */
-        public static Builder newBuilderForwardingNone() {
-            return new Builder(FORWARD_NONE, MULTICAST_SCOPE_NONE);
-        }
-
-        /**
-         * Create a builder that forwards packets above a certain scope
+         * Create a new builder for forwarding mode FORWARD_WITH_MIN_SCOPE.
          *
-         * The scope can be changed on this builder, but not the listening addresses.
-         * @param scope the initial scope
-         */
-        public static Builder newBuilderWithMinScope(final int scope) {
-            return new Builder(FORWARD_WITH_MIN_SCOPE, scope);
-        }
-
-        /**
-         * Create a builder that forwards a specified list of listening addresses.
+         * <p>On this Builder the scope can be set with {@link #setMinimumScope}, but
+         * listening addresses can't be added or removed.
          *
-         * Addresses can be added and removed from this builder, but the scope can't be set.
+         * @param mode Must be {@link #FORWARD_WITH_MIN_SCOPE}.
+         * @param scope the minimum scope for this multicast routing config.
+         * @see Builder#Builder(int)
          */
-        public static Builder newBuilderWithListeningAddresses() {
-            return new Builder(FORWARD_SELECTED, MULTICAST_SCOPE_NONE);
+        public Builder(@MulticastForwardingMode final int mode, int scope) {
+            if (FORWARD_WITH_MIN_SCOPE != mode) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Forwarding with a min scope must "
+                        + "use forward mode FORWARD_WITH_MIN_SCOPE");
+            }
+            mForwardingMode = mode;
+            mMinScope = scope;
+            mListeningAddresses = new ArraySet<>();
         }
 
         /**
@@ -221,6 +233,7 @@
          * This is only meaningful (indeed, allowed) for configs in FORWARD_WITH_MIN_SCOPE mode.
          * @return this builder
          */
+        @NonNull
         public Builder setMinimumScope(final int scope) {
             if (FORWARD_WITH_MIN_SCOPE != mForwardingMode) {
                 throw new IllegalArgumentException("Can't set the scope on a builder in mode "
@@ -237,6 +250,7 @@
          * If this address was already added, this is a no-op.
          * @return this builder
          */
+        @NonNull
         public Builder addListeningAddress(@NonNull final Inet6Address address) {
             if (FORWARD_SELECTED != mForwardingMode) {
                 throw new IllegalArgumentException("Can't add an address on a builder in mode "
@@ -254,7 +268,8 @@
          * If this address was not added, or was already removed, this is a no-op.
          * @return this builder
          */
-        public Builder removeListeningAddress(@NonNull final Inet6Address address) {
+        @NonNull
+        public Builder clearListeningAddress(@NonNull final Inet6Address address) {
             if (FORWARD_SELECTED != mForwardingMode) {
                 throw new IllegalArgumentException("Can't remove an address on a builder in mode "
                         + modeToString(mForwardingMode));
@@ -266,6 +281,7 @@
         /**
          * Build the config.
          */
+        @NonNull
         public MulticastRoutingConfig build() {
             return new MulticastRoutingConfig(mForwardingMode, mMinScope, mListeningAddresses);
         }
@@ -279,4 +295,41 @@
             default: return "unknown multicast routing mode " + mode;
         }
     }
+
+    public boolean equals(Object other) {
+        if (other == this) {
+            return true;
+        } else if (!(other instanceof MulticastRoutingConfig)) {
+            return false;
+        } else {
+            final MulticastRoutingConfig otherConfig = (MulticastRoutingConfig) other;
+            return mForwardingMode == otherConfig.mForwardingMode
+                && mMinScope == otherConfig.mMinScope
+                && mListeningAddresses.equals(otherConfig.mListeningAddresses);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public int hashCode() {
+        return Objects.hash(mForwardingMode, mMinScope, mListeningAddresses);
+    }
+
+    public String toString() {
+        final StringJoiner resultJoiner = new StringJoiner(" ", "{", "}");
+
+        resultJoiner.add("ForwardingMode:");
+        resultJoiner.add(modeToString(mForwardingMode));
+
+        if (mForwardingMode == FORWARD_WITH_MIN_SCOPE) {
+            resultJoiner.add("MinScope:");
+            resultJoiner.add(Integer.toString(mMinScope));
+        }
+
+        if (mForwardingMode == FORWARD_SELECTED && !mListeningAddresses.isEmpty()) {
+            resultJoiner.add("ListeningAddresses: [");
+            resultJoiner.add(TextUtils.join(",", mListeningAddresses));
+            resultJoiner.add("]");
+        }
+
+        return resultJoiner.toString();
+    }
 }
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/QosSession.java b/framework/src/android/net/QosSession.java
index 25f3965..d1edae9 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/QosSession.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/QosSession.java
@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
 import android.os.Parcel;
 import android.os.Parcelable;
 
+import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
+import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
+
 /**
  * Provides identifying information of a QoS session.  Sent to an application through
  * {@link QosCallback}.
@@ -107,6 +110,7 @@
             TYPE_EPS_BEARER,
             TYPE_NR_BEARER,
     })
+    @Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
     @interface QosSessionType {}
 
     private QosSession(final Parcel in) {
diff --git a/nearby/framework/java/android/nearby/BroadcastRequest.java b/nearby/framework/java/android/nearby/BroadcastRequest.java
index 90f4d0f..6d6357d 100644
--- a/nearby/framework/java/android/nearby/BroadcastRequest.java
+++ b/nearby/framework/java/android/nearby/BroadcastRequest.java
@@ -88,6 +88,7 @@
      * @hide
      */
     @IntDef({MEDIUM_BLE})
+    @Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
     public @interface Medium {}
 
     /**
diff --git a/nearby/framework/java/android/nearby/NearbyDevice.java b/nearby/framework/java/android/nearby/NearbyDevice.java
index e8fcc28..e7db0c5 100644
--- a/nearby/framework/java/android/nearby/NearbyDevice.java
+++ b/nearby/framework/java/android/nearby/NearbyDevice.java
@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@
 
 import com.android.internal.util.Preconditions;
 
+import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
+import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Objects;
 import java.util.Set;
@@ -149,6 +151,7 @@
      * @hide
      */
     @IntDef({Medium.BLE, Medium.BLUETOOTH})
+    @Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
     public @interface Medium {
         int BLE = 1;
         int BLUETOOTH = 2;
diff --git a/nearby/framework/java/android/nearby/NearbyManager.java b/nearby/framework/java/android/nearby/NearbyManager.java
index a70b303..070a2b6 100644
--- a/nearby/framework/java/android/nearby/NearbyManager.java
+++ b/nearby/framework/java/android/nearby/NearbyManager.java
@@ -34,6 +34,8 @@
 import com.android.internal.annotations.GuardedBy;
 import com.android.internal.util.Preconditions;
 
+import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
+import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
 import java.lang.ref.WeakReference;
 import java.util.Objects;
 import java.util.WeakHashMap;
@@ -63,6 +65,7 @@
             ScanStatus.SUCCESS,
             ScanStatus.ERROR,
     })
+    @Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
     public @interface ScanStatus {
         // The undetermined status, some modules may be initializing. Retry is suggested.
         int UNKNOWN = 0;
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/NsdService.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/NsdService.java
index c74f229..ee5f25b 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/NsdService.java
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/NsdService.java
@@ -1645,12 +1645,14 @@
                         mContext, MdnsFeatureFlags.NSD_FORCE_DISABLE_MDNS_OFFLOAD))
                 .setIncludeInetAddressRecordsInProbing(mDeps.isFeatureEnabled(
                         mContext, MdnsFeatureFlags.INCLUDE_INET_ADDRESS_RECORDS_IN_PROBING))
-                .setIsExpiredServicesRemovalEnabled(mDeps.isTrunkStableFeatureEnabled(
-                        MdnsFeatureFlags.NSD_EXPIRED_SERVICES_REMOVAL))
+                .setIsExpiredServicesRemovalEnabled(mDeps.isFeatureEnabled(
+                        mContext, MdnsFeatureFlags.NSD_EXPIRED_SERVICES_REMOVAL))
+                .setIsLabelCountLimitEnabled(mDeps.isTetheringFeatureNotChickenedOut(
+                        mContext, MdnsFeatureFlags.NSD_LIMIT_LABEL_COUNT))
                 .build();
         mMdnsSocketClient =
                 new MdnsMultinetworkSocketClient(handler.getLooper(), mMdnsSocketProvider,
-                        LOGGER.forSubComponent("MdnsMultinetworkSocketClient"));
+                        LOGGER.forSubComponent("MdnsMultinetworkSocketClient"), flags);
         mMdnsDiscoveryManager = deps.makeMdnsDiscoveryManager(new ExecutorProvider(),
                 mMdnsSocketClient, LOGGER.forSubComponent("MdnsDiscoveryManager"), flags);
         handler.post(() -> mMdnsSocketClient.setCallback(mMdnsDiscoveryManager));
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsFeatureFlags.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsFeatureFlags.java
index 6f7645e..0a6d8c1 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsFeatureFlags.java
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsFeatureFlags.java
@@ -36,6 +36,11 @@
     public static final String NSD_EXPIRED_SERVICES_REMOVAL =
             "nsd_expired_services_removal";
 
+    /**
+     * A feature flag to control whether the label count limit should be enabled.
+     */
+    public static final String NSD_LIMIT_LABEL_COUNT = "nsd_limit_label_count";
+
     // Flag for offload feature
     public final boolean mIsMdnsOffloadFeatureEnabled;
 
@@ -45,14 +50,20 @@
     // Flag for expired services removal
     public final boolean mIsExpiredServicesRemovalEnabled;
 
+    // Flag for label count limit
+    public final boolean mIsLabelCountLimitEnabled;
+
     /**
      * The constructor for {@link MdnsFeatureFlags}.
      */
     public MdnsFeatureFlags(boolean isOffloadFeatureEnabled,
-            boolean includeInetAddressRecordsInProbing, boolean isExpiredServicesRemovalEnabled) {
+            boolean includeInetAddressRecordsInProbing,
+            boolean isExpiredServicesRemovalEnabled,
+            boolean isLabelCountLimitEnabled) {
         mIsMdnsOffloadFeatureEnabled = isOffloadFeatureEnabled;
         mIncludeInetAddressRecordsInProbing = includeInetAddressRecordsInProbing;
         mIsExpiredServicesRemovalEnabled = isExpiredServicesRemovalEnabled;
+        mIsLabelCountLimitEnabled = isLabelCountLimitEnabled;
     }
 
 
@@ -67,6 +78,7 @@
         private boolean mIsMdnsOffloadFeatureEnabled;
         private boolean mIncludeInetAddressRecordsInProbing;
         private boolean mIsExpiredServicesRemovalEnabled;
+        private boolean mIsLabelCountLimitEnabled;
 
         /**
          * The constructor for {@link Builder}.
@@ -74,7 +86,8 @@
         public Builder() {
             mIsMdnsOffloadFeatureEnabled = false;
             mIncludeInetAddressRecordsInProbing = false;
-            mIsExpiredServicesRemovalEnabled = true; // Default enabled.
+            mIsExpiredServicesRemovalEnabled = false;
+            mIsLabelCountLimitEnabled = true; // Default enabled.
         }
 
         /**
@@ -109,11 +122,23 @@
         }
 
         /**
+         * Set whether the label count limit is enabled.
+         *
+         * @see #NSD_LIMIT_LABEL_COUNT
+         */
+        public Builder setIsLabelCountLimitEnabled(boolean isLabelCountLimitEnabled) {
+            mIsLabelCountLimitEnabled = isLabelCountLimitEnabled;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
          * Builds a {@link MdnsFeatureFlags} with the arguments supplied to this builder.
          */
         public MdnsFeatureFlags build() {
             return new MdnsFeatureFlags(mIsMdnsOffloadFeatureEnabled,
-                    mIncludeInetAddressRecordsInProbing, mIsExpiredServicesRemovalEnabled);
+                    mIncludeInetAddressRecordsInProbing,
+                    mIsExpiredServicesRemovalEnabled,
+                    mIsLabelCountLimitEnabled);
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsInterfaceAdvertiser.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsInterfaceAdvertiser.java
index 42a6b0d..62c37ad 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsInterfaceAdvertiser.java
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsInterfaceAdvertiser.java
@@ -65,11 +65,12 @@
     private final MdnsProber mProber;
     @NonNull
     private final MdnsReplySender mReplySender;
-
     @NonNull
     private final SharedLog mSharedLog;
     @NonNull
     private final byte[] mPacketCreationBuffer;
+    @NonNull
+    private final MdnsFeatureFlags mMdnsFeatureFlags;
 
     /**
      * Callbacks called by {@link MdnsInterfaceAdvertiser} to report status updates.
@@ -213,6 +214,7 @@
         mProber = deps.makeMdnsProber(sharedLog.getTag(), looper, mReplySender, mProbingCallback,
                 sharedLog);
         mSharedLog = sharedLog;
+        mMdnsFeatureFlags = mdnsFeatureFlags;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -351,7 +353,7 @@
     public void handlePacket(byte[] recvbuf, int length, InetSocketAddress src) {
         final MdnsPacket packet;
         try {
-            packet = MdnsPacket.parse(new MdnsPacketReader(recvbuf, length));
+            packet = MdnsPacket.parse(new MdnsPacketReader(recvbuf, length, mMdnsFeatureFlags));
         } catch (MdnsPacket.ParseException e) {
             mSharedLog.e("Error parsing mDNS packet", e);
             if (DBG) {
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsMultinetworkSocketClient.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsMultinetworkSocketClient.java
index 4ba6912..e7b0eaa 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsMultinetworkSocketClient.java
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsMultinetworkSocketClient.java
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@
     @NonNull private final Handler mHandler;
     @NonNull private final MdnsSocketProvider mSocketProvider;
     @NonNull private final SharedLog mSharedLog;
+    @NonNull private final MdnsFeatureFlags mMdnsFeatureFlags;
 
     private final ArrayMap<MdnsServiceBrowserListener, InterfaceSocketCallback> mSocketRequests =
             new ArrayMap<>();
@@ -58,11 +59,12 @@
     private int mReceivedPacketNumber = 0;
 
     public MdnsMultinetworkSocketClient(@NonNull Looper looper,
-            @NonNull MdnsSocketProvider provider,
-            @NonNull SharedLog sharedLog) {
+            @NonNull MdnsSocketProvider provider, @NonNull SharedLog sharedLog,
+            @NonNull MdnsFeatureFlags mdnsFeatureFlags) {
         mHandler = new Handler(looper);
         mSocketProvider = provider;
         mSharedLog = sharedLog;
+        mMdnsFeatureFlags = mdnsFeatureFlags;
     }
 
     private class InterfaceSocketCallback implements MdnsSocketProvider.SocketCallback {
@@ -239,7 +241,7 @@
 
         final MdnsPacket response;
         try {
-            response = MdnsResponseDecoder.parseResponse(recvbuf, length);
+            response = MdnsResponseDecoder.parseResponse(recvbuf, length, mMdnsFeatureFlags);
         } catch (MdnsPacket.ParseException e) {
             if (e.code != MdnsResponseErrorCode.ERROR_NOT_RESPONSE_MESSAGE) {
                 mSharedLog.e(e.getMessage(), e);
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsPacketReader.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsPacketReader.java
index aa38844..4917188 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsPacketReader.java
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsPacketReader.java
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
 
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
 import android.annotation.Nullable;
 import android.util.SparseArray;
 
@@ -33,21 +34,23 @@
     private final byte[] buf;
     private final int count;
     private final SparseArray<LabelEntry> labelDictionary;
+    private final MdnsFeatureFlags mMdnsFeatureFlags;
     private int pos;
     private int limit;
 
     /** Constructs a reader for the given packet. */
     public MdnsPacketReader(DatagramPacket packet) {
-        this(packet.getData(), packet.getLength());
+        this(packet.getData(), packet.getLength(), MdnsFeatureFlags.newBuilder().build());
     }
 
     /** Constructs a reader for the given packet. */
-    public MdnsPacketReader(byte[] buffer, int length) {
+    public MdnsPacketReader(byte[] buffer, int length, @NonNull MdnsFeatureFlags mdnsFeatureFlags) {
         buf = buffer;
         count = length;
         pos = 0;
         limit = -1;
         labelDictionary = new SparseArray<>(16);
+        mMdnsFeatureFlags = mdnsFeatureFlags;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -269,4 +272,4 @@
             this.label = label;
         }
     }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsRecordRepository.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsRecordRepository.java
index 73c1758..e34778f 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsRecordRepository.java
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsRecordRepository.java
@@ -133,11 +133,6 @@
         public final boolean isSharedName;
 
         /**
-         * Whether probing is still in progress for the record.
-         */
-        public boolean isProbing;
-
-        /**
          * Last time (as per SystemClock.elapsedRealtime) when advertised via multicast, 0 if never
          */
         public long lastAdvertisedTimeMs;
@@ -148,12 +143,10 @@
          */
         public long lastSentTimeMs;
 
-        RecordInfo(NsdServiceInfo serviceInfo, T record, boolean sharedName,
-                 boolean probing) {
+        RecordInfo(NsdServiceInfo serviceInfo, T record, boolean sharedName) {
             this.serviceInfo = serviceInfo;
             this.record = record;
             this.isSharedName = sharedName;
-            this.isProbing = probing;
         }
     }
 
@@ -187,6 +180,11 @@
         public int sentPacketCount = NO_PACKET;
 
         /**
+         * Whether probing is still in progress.
+         */
+        private boolean isProbing;
+
+        /**
          * Create a ServiceRegistration for dns-sd service registration (RFC6763).
          *
          * @param deviceHostname Hostname of the device (for the interface used)
@@ -209,7 +207,7 @@
                             false /* cacheFlush */,
                             NON_NAME_RECORDS_TTL_MILLIS,
                             serviceName),
-                    true /* sharedName */, true /* probing */);
+                    true /* sharedName */);
 
             if (subtype == null) {
                 this.ptrRecords = Collections.singletonList(ptrRecord);
@@ -226,7 +224,7 @@
                                 false /* cacheFlush */,
                                 NON_NAME_RECORDS_TTL_MILLIS,
                                 serviceName),
-                        true /* sharedName */, true /* probing */);
+                        true /* sharedName */);
 
                 this.ptrRecords = List.of(ptrRecord, subtypeRecord);
             }
@@ -239,7 +237,7 @@
                             NAME_RECORDS_TTL_MILLIS, 0 /* servicePriority */, 0 /* serviceWeight */,
                             serviceInfo.getPort(),
                             deviceHostname),
-                    false /* sharedName */, true /* probing */);
+                    false /* sharedName */);
 
             txtRecord = new RecordInfo<>(
                     serviceInfo,
@@ -248,7 +246,7 @@
                             true /* cacheFlush */, // Service name is verified unique after probing
                             NON_NAME_RECORDS_TTL_MILLIS,
                             attrsToTextEntries(serviceInfo.getAttributes())),
-                    false /* sharedName */, true /* probing */);
+                    false /* sharedName */);
 
             final ArrayList<RecordInfo<?>> allRecords = new ArrayList<>(5);
             allRecords.addAll(ptrRecords);
@@ -263,18 +261,18 @@
                             false /* cacheFlush */,
                             NON_NAME_RECORDS_TTL_MILLIS,
                             serviceType),
-                    true /* sharedName */, true /* probing */));
+                    true /* sharedName */));
 
             this.allRecords = Collections.unmodifiableList(allRecords);
             this.repliedServiceCount = repliedServiceCount;
             this.sentPacketCount = sentPacketCount;
+            this.isProbing = true;
         }
 
         void setProbing(boolean probing) {
-            for (RecordInfo<?> info : allRecords) {
-                info.isProbing = probing;
-            }
+            this.isProbing = probing;
         }
+
     }
 
     /**
@@ -292,7 +290,7 @@
                             true /* cacheFlush */,
                             NAME_RECORDS_TTL_MILLIS,
                             mDeviceHostname),
-                    false /* sharedName */, false /* probing */));
+                    false /* sharedName */));
 
             mGeneralRecords.add(new RecordInfo<>(
                     null /* serviceInfo */,
@@ -302,7 +300,7 @@
                             true /* cacheFlush */,
                             NAME_RECORDS_TTL_MILLIS,
                             addr.getAddress()),
-                    false /* sharedName */, false /* probing */));
+                    false /* sharedName */));
         }
     }
 
@@ -485,7 +483,7 @@
             // Add answers from each service
             for (int i = 0; i < mServices.size(); i++) {
                 final ServiceRegistration registration = mServices.valueAt(i);
-                if (registration.exiting) continue;
+                if (registration.exiting || registration.isProbing) continue;
                 if (addReplyFromService(question, registration.allRecords, registration.ptrRecords,
                         registration.srvRecord, registration.txtRecord, replyUnicast, now,
                         answerInfo, additionalAnswerRecords)) {
@@ -558,7 +556,6 @@
 
         final int answersStartIndex = answerInfo.size();
         for (RecordInfo<?> info : serviceRecords) {
-            if (info.isProbing) continue;
 
              /* RFC6762 6.: the record name must match the question name, the record rrtype
              must match the question qtype unless the qtype is "ANY" (255) or the rrtype is
@@ -870,7 +867,7 @@
         final ServiceRegistration registration = mServices.get(serviceId);
         if (registration == null) return false;
 
-        return registration.srvRecord.isProbing;
+        return registration.isProbing;
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsResponse.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsResponse.java
index e2288c1..05ad1be 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsResponse.java
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsResponse.java
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
 
 /** An mDNS response. */
 public class MdnsResponse {
+    public static final long EXPIRATION_NEVER = Long.MAX_VALUE;
     private final List<MdnsRecord> records;
     private final List<MdnsPointerRecord> pointerRecords;
     private MdnsServiceRecord serviceRecord;
@@ -349,6 +350,21 @@
         return serviceName;
     }
 
+    /** Get the min remaining ttl time from received records */
+    public long getMinRemainingTtl(long now) {
+        long minRemainingTtl = EXPIRATION_NEVER;
+        // TODO: Check other records(A, AAAA, TXT) ttl time.
+        if (!hasServiceRecord()) {
+            return EXPIRATION_NEVER;
+        }
+        // Check ttl time.
+        long remainingTtl = serviceRecord.getRemainingTTL(now);
+        if (remainingTtl < minRemainingTtl) {
+            minRemainingTtl = remainingTtl;
+        }
+        return minRemainingTtl;
+    }
+
     /**
      * Tests if this response is a goodbye message. This will be true if a service record is present
      * and any of the records have a TTL of 0.
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsResponseDecoder.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsResponseDecoder.java
index 050913f..b812bb4 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsResponseDecoder.java
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsResponseDecoder.java
@@ -84,9 +84,9 @@
      * @throws MdnsPacket.ParseException if a response packet could not be parsed.
      */
     @NonNull
-    public static MdnsPacket parseResponse(@NonNull byte[] recvbuf, int length)
-            throws MdnsPacket.ParseException {
-        MdnsPacketReader reader = new MdnsPacketReader(recvbuf, length);
+    public static MdnsPacket parseResponse(@NonNull byte[] recvbuf, int length,
+            @NonNull MdnsFeatureFlags mdnsFeatureFlags) throws MdnsPacket.ParseException {
+        final MdnsPacketReader reader = new MdnsPacketReader(recvbuf, length, mdnsFeatureFlags);
 
         final MdnsPacket mdnsPacket;
         try {
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceCache.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceCache.java
index d3493c7..e9a41d1 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceCache.java
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceCache.java
@@ -16,16 +16,22 @@
 
 package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
 
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsResponse.EXPIRATION_NEVER;
 import static com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.util.MdnsUtils.ensureRunningOnHandlerThread;
 import static com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.util.MdnsUtils.equalsIgnoreDnsCase;
 import static com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.util.MdnsUtils.toDnsLowerCase;
 
+import static java.lang.Math.min;
+
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
 import android.annotation.Nullable;
 import android.os.Handler;
 import android.os.Looper;
 import android.util.ArrayMap;
 
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.util.MdnsUtils;
+
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Collections;
 import java.util.Iterator;
@@ -67,8 +73,11 @@
         }
     }
     /**
-     * A map of cached services. Key is composed of service name, type and socket. Value is the
-     * service which use the service type to discover from each socket.
+     * A map of cached services. Key is composed of service type and socket. Value is the list of
+     * services which are discovered from the given CacheKey.
+     * When the MdnsFeatureFlags#NSD_EXPIRED_SERVICES_REMOVAL flag is enabled, the lists are sorted
+     * by expiration time, with the earliest entries appearing first. This sorting allows the
+     * removal process to progress through the expiration check efficiently.
      */
     @NonNull
     private final ArrayMap<CacheKey, List<MdnsResponse>> mCachedServices = new ArrayMap<>();
@@ -82,10 +91,20 @@
     private final Handler mHandler;
     @NonNull
     private final MdnsFeatureFlags mMdnsFeatureFlags;
+    @NonNull
+    private final MdnsUtils.Clock mClock;
+    private long mNextExpirationTime = EXPIRATION_NEVER;
 
     public MdnsServiceCache(@NonNull Looper looper, @NonNull MdnsFeatureFlags mdnsFeatureFlags) {
+        this(looper, mdnsFeatureFlags, new MdnsUtils.Clock());
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    MdnsServiceCache(@NonNull Looper looper, @NonNull MdnsFeatureFlags mdnsFeatureFlags,
+            @NonNull MdnsUtils.Clock clock) {
         mHandler = new Handler(looper);
         mMdnsFeatureFlags = mdnsFeatureFlags;
+        mClock = clock;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -97,6 +116,9 @@
     @NonNull
     public List<MdnsResponse> getCachedServices(@NonNull CacheKey cacheKey) {
         ensureRunningOnHandlerThread(mHandler);
+        if (mMdnsFeatureFlags.mIsExpiredServicesRemovalEnabled) {
+            maybeRemoveExpiredServices(cacheKey, mClock.elapsedRealtime());
+        }
         return mCachedServices.containsKey(cacheKey)
                 ? Collections.unmodifiableList(new ArrayList<>(mCachedServices.get(cacheKey)))
                 : Collections.emptyList();
@@ -129,6 +151,9 @@
     @Nullable
     public MdnsResponse getCachedService(@NonNull String serviceName, @NonNull CacheKey cacheKey) {
         ensureRunningOnHandlerThread(mHandler);
+        if (mMdnsFeatureFlags.mIsExpiredServicesRemovalEnabled) {
+            maybeRemoveExpiredServices(cacheKey, mClock.elapsedRealtime());
+        }
         final List<MdnsResponse> responses = mCachedServices.get(cacheKey);
         if (responses == null) {
             return null;
@@ -137,6 +162,16 @@
         return response != null ? new MdnsResponse(response) : null;
     }
 
+    static void insertResponseAndSortList(
+            List<MdnsResponse> responses, MdnsResponse response, long now) {
+        // binarySearch returns "the index of the search key, if it is contained in the list;
+        // otherwise, (-(insertion point) - 1)"
+        final int searchRes = Collections.binarySearch(responses, response,
+                // Sort the list by ttl.
+                (o1, o2) -> Long.compare(o1.getMinRemainingTtl(now), o2.getMinRemainingTtl(now)));
+        responses.add(searchRes >= 0 ? searchRes : (-searchRes - 1), response);
+    }
+
     /**
      * Add or update a service.
      *
@@ -151,7 +186,15 @@
         final MdnsResponse existing =
                 findMatchedResponse(responses, response.getServiceInstanceName());
         responses.remove(existing);
-        responses.add(response);
+        if (mMdnsFeatureFlags.mIsExpiredServicesRemovalEnabled) {
+            final long now = mClock.elapsedRealtime();
+            // Insert and sort service
+            insertResponseAndSortList(responses, response, now);
+            // Update the next expiration check time when a new service is added.
+            mNextExpirationTime = getNextExpirationTime(now);
+        } else {
+            responses.add(response);
+        }
     }
 
     /**
@@ -168,14 +211,25 @@
             return null;
         }
         final Iterator<MdnsResponse> iterator = responses.iterator();
+        MdnsResponse removedResponse = null;
         while (iterator.hasNext()) {
             final MdnsResponse response = iterator.next();
             if (equalsIgnoreDnsCase(serviceName, response.getServiceInstanceName())) {
                 iterator.remove();
-                return response;
+                removedResponse = response;
+                break;
             }
         }
-        return null;
+
+        if (mMdnsFeatureFlags.mIsExpiredServicesRemovalEnabled) {
+            // Remove the serviceType if no response.
+            if (responses.isEmpty()) {
+                mCachedServices.remove(cacheKey);
+            }
+            // Update the next expiration check time when a service is removed.
+            mNextExpirationTime = getNextExpirationTime(mClock.elapsedRealtime());
+        }
+        return removedResponse;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -203,6 +257,87 @@
         mCallbacks.remove(cacheKey);
     }
 
+    private void notifyServiceExpired(@NonNull CacheKey cacheKey,
+            @NonNull MdnsResponse previousResponse, @Nullable MdnsResponse newResponse) {
+        final ServiceExpiredCallback callback = mCallbacks.get(cacheKey);
+        if (callback == null) {
+            // The cached service is no listener.
+            return;
+        }
+        mHandler.post(()-> callback.onServiceRecordExpired(previousResponse, newResponse));
+    }
+
+    static List<MdnsResponse> removeExpiredServices(@NonNull List<MdnsResponse> responses,
+            long now) {
+        final List<MdnsResponse> removedResponses = new ArrayList<>();
+        final Iterator<MdnsResponse> iterator = responses.iterator();
+        while (iterator.hasNext()) {
+            final MdnsResponse response = iterator.next();
+            // TODO: Check other records (A, AAAA, TXT) ttl time and remove the record if it's
+            //  expired. Then send service update notification.
+            if (!response.hasServiceRecord() || response.getMinRemainingTtl(now) > 0) {
+                // The responses are sorted by the service record ttl time. Break out of loop
+                // early if service is not expired or no service record.
+                break;
+            }
+            // Remove the ttl expired service.
+            iterator.remove();
+            removedResponses.add(response);
+        }
+        return removedResponses;
+    }
+
+    private long getNextExpirationTime(long now) {
+        if (mCachedServices.isEmpty()) {
+            return EXPIRATION_NEVER;
+        }
+
+        long minRemainingTtl = EXPIRATION_NEVER;
+        for (int i = 0; i < mCachedServices.size(); i++) {
+            minRemainingTtl = min(minRemainingTtl,
+                    // The empty lists are not kept in the map, so there's always at least one
+                    // element in the list. Therefore, it's fine to get the first element without a
+                    // null check.
+                    mCachedServices.valueAt(i).get(0).getMinRemainingTtl(now));
+        }
+        return minRemainingTtl == EXPIRATION_NEVER ? EXPIRATION_NEVER : now + minRemainingTtl;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check whether the ttl time is expired on each service and notify to the listeners
+     */
+    private void maybeRemoveExpiredServices(CacheKey cacheKey, long now) {
+        ensureRunningOnHandlerThread(mHandler);
+        if (now < mNextExpirationTime) {
+            // Skip the check if ttl time is not expired.
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final List<MdnsResponse> responses = mCachedServices.get(cacheKey);
+        if (responses == null) {
+            // No such services.
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final List<MdnsResponse> removedResponses = removeExpiredServices(responses, now);
+        if (removedResponses.isEmpty()) {
+            // No expired services.
+            return;
+        }
+
+        for (MdnsResponse previousResponse : removedResponses) {
+            notifyServiceExpired(cacheKey, previousResponse, null /* newResponse */);
+        }
+
+        // Remove the serviceType if no response.
+        if (responses.isEmpty()) {
+            mCachedServices.remove(cacheKey);
+        }
+
+        // Update next expiration time.
+        mNextExpirationTime = getNextExpirationTime(now);
+    }
+
     /*** Callbacks for listening service expiration */
     public interface ServiceExpiredCallback {
         /*** Notify the service is expired */
@@ -210,5 +345,5 @@
                 @Nullable MdnsResponse newResponse);
     }
 
-    // TODO: check ttl expiration for each service and notify to the clients.
+    // TODO: Schedule a job to check ttl expiration for all services and notify to the clients.
 }
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceTypeClient.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceTypeClient.java
index 0a03186..32f604e 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceTypeClient.java
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceTypeClient.java
@@ -312,8 +312,7 @@
         this.searchOptions = searchOptions;
         boolean hadReply = false;
         if (listeners.put(listener, searchOptions) == null) {
-            for (MdnsResponse existingResponse :
-                    serviceCache.getCachedServices(cacheKey)) {
+            for (MdnsResponse existingResponse : serviceCache.getCachedServices(cacheKey)) {
                 if (!responseMatchesOptions(existingResponse, searchOptions)) continue;
                 final MdnsServiceInfo info =
                         buildMdnsServiceInfoFromResponse(existingResponse, serviceTypeLabels);
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsSocketClient.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsSocketClient.java
index d18a19b..82c8c5b 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsSocketClient.java
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsSocketClient.java
@@ -105,9 +105,10 @@
     private AtomicInteger packetsCount;
     @Nullable private Timer checkMulticastResponseTimer;
     private final SharedLog sharedLog;
+    @NonNull private final MdnsFeatureFlags mdnsFeatureFlags;
 
     public MdnsSocketClient(@NonNull Context context, @NonNull MulticastLock multicastLock,
-            SharedLog sharedLog) {
+            SharedLog sharedLog, @NonNull MdnsFeatureFlags mdnsFeatureFlags) {
         this.sharedLog = sharedLog;
         this.context = context;
         this.multicastLock = multicastLock;
@@ -116,6 +117,7 @@
         } else {
             unicastReceiverBuffer = null;
         }
+        this.mdnsFeatureFlags = mdnsFeatureFlags;
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -454,7 +456,8 @@
 
         final MdnsPacket response;
         try {
-            response = MdnsResponseDecoder.parseResponse(packet.getData(), packet.getLength());
+            response = MdnsResponseDecoder.parseResponse(
+                    packet.getData(), packet.getLength(), mdnsFeatureFlags);
         } catch (MdnsPacket.ParseException e) {
             sharedLog.w(String.format("Error while decoding %s packet (%d): %d",
                     responseType, packetNumber, e.code));
diff --git a/service/Android.bp b/service/Android.bp
index 82f64ba..76741bc 100644
--- a/service/Android.bp
+++ b/service/Android.bp
@@ -107,10 +107,6 @@
         "-Werror",
         "-Wno-unused-parameter",
         "-Wthread-safety",
-
-        // AServiceManager_waitForService is available on only 31+, but it's still safe for Thread
-        // service because it's enabled on only 34+
-        "-Wno-unguarded-availability",
     ],
     srcs: [
         ":services.connectivity-netstats-jni-sources",
diff --git a/service/jni/com_android_server_ServiceManagerWrapper.cpp b/service/jni/com_android_server_ServiceManagerWrapper.cpp
index 0cd58f4..0e32726 100644
--- a/service/jni/com_android_server_ServiceManagerWrapper.cpp
+++ b/service/jni/com_android_server_ServiceManagerWrapper.cpp
@@ -25,7 +25,13 @@
 static jobject com_android_server_ServiceManagerWrapper_waitForService(
         JNIEnv* env, jobject clazz, jstring serviceName) {
     ScopedUtfChars name(env, serviceName);
+
+// AServiceManager_waitForService is available on only 31+, but it's still safe for Thread
+// service because it's enabled on only 34+
+#pragma clang diagnostic push
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wunguarded-availability"
     return AIBinder_toJavaBinder(env, AServiceManager_waitForService(name.c_str()));
+#pragma clang diagnostic pop
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/BpfNetMaps.java b/service/src/com/android/server/BpfNetMaps.java
index 086d276..ad9cfbe 100644
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/BpfNetMaps.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/BpfNetMaps.java
@@ -45,8 +45,6 @@
 import static android.system.OsConstants.ENODEV;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.ENOENT;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.EOPNOTSUPP;
-import static android.system.OsConstants.SOCK_RAW;
-import static android.system.OsConstants.SOCK_CLOEXEC;
 
 import static com.android.server.ConnectivityStatsLog.NETWORK_BPF_MAP_INFO;
 
@@ -327,19 +325,9 @@
          */
         @RequiresApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
         public int synchronizeKernelRCU() {
-            // See p/m/C's staticlibs/native/bpf_headers/include/bpf/BpfUtils.h
-            // for equivalent C implementation of this function.
             try {
-                // When closing socket, kernel calls synchronize_rcu()
-                // from pf_key's sock_release().
-                // Constants from //bionic/libc/include/sys/socket.h: AF_KEY=15
-                // and kernel's include/uapi/linux/pfkeyv2.h: PF_KEY_V2=2
-                Os.close(Os.socket(15 /*PF_KEY*/, SOCK_RAW | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 2));
+                BpfMap.synchronizeKernelRCU();
             } catch (ErrnoException e) {
-                // socket() can only fail due to lack of privs (selinux) or OOM,
-                // close() always succeeds, but may return a pending error,
-                // however on a freshly opened socket that cannot happen.
-                // As such this failing is basically a build configuration error.
                 return -e.errno;
             }
             return 0;
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java b/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
index 7d1644e..ba9ea86 100755
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
@@ -969,6 +969,9 @@
     // Flag to optimize closing frozen app sockets by waiting for the cellular modem to wake up.
     private final boolean mDelayDestroyFrozenSockets;
 
+    // Flag to allow SysUI to receive connectivity reports for wifi picker UI.
+    private final boolean mAllowSysUiConnectivityReports;
+
     // Uids that ConnectivityService is pending to close sockets of.
     private final Set<Integer> mPendingFrozenUids = new ArraySet<>();
 
@@ -1469,6 +1472,13 @@
         }
 
         /**
+         * @see DeviceConfigUtils#isTetheringFeatureNotChickenedOut
+         */
+        public boolean isFeatureNotChickenedOut(Context context, String name) {
+            return DeviceConfigUtils.isTetheringFeatureNotChickenedOut(context, name);
+        }
+
+        /**
          * Get the BpfNetMaps implementation to use in ConnectivityService.
          * @param netd a netd binder
          * @return BpfNetMaps implementation.
@@ -1760,7 +1770,12 @@
         mUserAllContext.registerReceiver(mPackageIntentReceiver, packageIntentFilter,
                 null /* broadcastPermission */, mHandler);
 
-        mNetworkActivityTracker = new LegacyNetworkActivityTracker(mContext, mNetd, mHandler);
+        // TrackMultiNetworkActivities feature should be enabled by trunk stable flag.
+        // But reading the trunk stable flags from mainline modules is not supported yet.
+        // So enabling this feature on V+ release.
+        mTrackMultiNetworkActivities = mDeps.isAtLeastV();
+        mNetworkActivityTracker = new LegacyNetworkActivityTracker(mContext, mNetd, mHandler,
+                mTrackMultiNetworkActivities);
 
         final NetdCallback netdCallback = new NetdCallback();
         try {
@@ -1835,6 +1850,8 @@
                 && mDeps.isFeatureEnabled(context, KEY_DESTROY_FROZEN_SOCKETS_VERSION);
         mDelayDestroyFrozenSockets = mDeps.isAtLeastU()
                 && mDeps.isFeatureEnabled(context, DELAY_DESTROY_FROZEN_SOCKETS_VERSION);
+        mAllowSysUiConnectivityReports = mDeps.isFeatureNotChickenedOut(
+                mContext, ALLOW_SYSUI_CONNECTIVITY_REPORTS);
         if (mDestroyFrozenSockets) {
             final UidFrozenStateChangedCallback frozenStateChangedCallback =
                     new UidFrozenStateChangedCallback() {
@@ -3234,9 +3251,20 @@
     private void handleReportNetworkActivity(final NetworkActivityParams params) {
         mNetworkActivityTracker.handleReportNetworkActivity(params);
 
+        final boolean isCellNetworkActivity;
+        if (mTrackMultiNetworkActivities) {
+            final NetworkAgentInfo nai = getNetworkAgentInfoForNetId(params.label);
+            // nai could be null if netd receives a netlink message and calls the network
+            // activity change callback after the network is unregistered from ConnectivityService.
+            isCellNetworkActivity = nai != null
+                    && nai.networkCapabilities.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        } else {
+            isCellNetworkActivity = params.label == TRANSPORT_CELLULAR;
+        }
+
         if (mDelayDestroyFrozenSockets
                 && params.isActive
-                && params.label == TRANSPORT_CELLULAR
+                && isCellNetworkActivity
                 && !mPendingFrozenUids.isEmpty()) {
             closePendingFrozenSockets();
         }
@@ -3297,6 +3325,10 @@
     static final String DELAY_DESTROY_FROZEN_SOCKETS_VERSION =
             "delay_destroy_frozen_sockets_version";
 
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public static final String ALLOW_SYSUI_CONNECTIVITY_REPORTS =
+            "allow_sysui_connectivity_reports";
+
     private void enforceInternetPermission() {
         mContext.enforceCallingOrSelfPermission(
                 android.Manifest.permission.INTERNET,
@@ -3460,6 +3492,11 @@
                 NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK);
     }
 
+    private boolean checkSystemBarServicePermission(int pid, int uid) {
+        return checkAnyPermissionOf(mContext, pid, uid,
+                android.Manifest.permission.STATUS_BAR_SERVICE);
+    }
+
     private boolean checkNetworkSignalStrengthWakeupPermission(int pid, int uid) {
         return checkAnyPermissionOf(mContext, pid, uid,
                 android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SIGNAL_STRENGTH_WAKEUP,
@@ -4944,6 +4981,11 @@
         if (wasDefault) {
             mDefaultInetConditionPublished = 0;
         }
+        if (mTrackMultiNetworkActivities) {
+            // If trackMultiNetworkActivities is disabled, ActivityTracker removes idleTimer when
+            // the network becomes no longer the default network.
+            mNetworkActivityTracker.removeDataActivityTracking(nai);
+        }
         notifyIfacesChangedForNetworkStats();
         // If this was a local network forwarded to some upstream, or if some local network was
         // forwarded to this nai, then disable forwarding rules now.
@@ -4997,12 +5039,7 @@
                 }
 
                 if (mDefaultRequest == nri) {
-                    // TODO : make battery stats aware that since 2013 multiple interfaces may be
-                    //  active at the same time. For now keep calling this with the default
-                    //  network, because while incorrect this is the closest to the old (also
-                    //  incorrect) behavior.
-                    mNetworkActivityTracker.updateDataActivityTracking(
-                            null /* newNetwork */, nai);
+                    mNetworkActivityTracker.updateDefaultNetwork(null /* newNetwork */, nai);
                     maybeClosePendingFrozenSockets(null /* newNetwork */, nai);
                     ensureNetworkTransitionWakelock(nai.toShortString());
                 }
@@ -6225,8 +6262,10 @@
                     if (!networkFound) return;
 
                     if (underpinnedNetworkFound) {
+                        final NetworkCapabilities underpinnedNc =
+                                getNetworkCapabilitiesInternal(underpinnedNetwork);
                         mKeepaliveTracker.handleMonitorAutomaticKeepalive(ki,
-                                underpinnedNetwork.netId);
+                                underpinnedNetwork.netId, underpinnedNc.getUids());
                     } else {
                         // If no underpinned network, then make sure the keepalive is running.
                         mKeepaliveTracker.handleMaybeResumeKeepalive(ki);
@@ -9623,7 +9662,7 @@
         if (oldDefaultNetwork != null) {
             mLingerMonitor.noteLingerDefaultNetwork(oldDefaultNetwork, newDefaultNetwork);
         }
-        mNetworkActivityTracker.updateDataActivityTracking(newDefaultNetwork, oldDefaultNetwork);
+        mNetworkActivityTracker.updateDefaultNetwork(newDefaultNetwork, oldDefaultNetwork);
         maybeClosePendingFrozenSockets(newDefaultNetwork, oldDefaultNetwork);
         mProxyTracker.setDefaultProxy(null != newDefaultNetwork
                 ? newDefaultNetwork.linkProperties.getHttpProxy() : null);
@@ -10046,6 +10085,45 @@
         // Process default network changes if applicable.
         processDefaultNetworkChanges(changes);
 
+        // Update forwarding rules for the upstreams of local networks. Do this before sending
+        // onAvailable so that by the time onAvailable is sent the forwarding rules are set up.
+        // Don't send CALLBACK_LOCAL_NETWORK_INFO_CHANGED yet though : they should be sent after
+        // onAvailable so clients know what network the change is about. Store such changes in
+        // an array that's only allocated if necessary (because it's almost never necessary).
+        ArrayList<NetworkAgentInfo> localInfoChangedAgents = null;
+        for (final NetworkAgentInfo nai : mNetworkAgentInfos) {
+            if (!nai.isLocalNetwork()) continue;
+            final NetworkRequest nr = nai.localNetworkConfig.getUpstreamSelector();
+            if (null == nr) continue; // No upstream for this local network
+            final NetworkRequestInfo nri = mNetworkRequests.get(nr);
+            final NetworkReassignment.RequestReassignment change = changes.getReassignment(nri);
+            if (null == change) continue; // No change in upstreams for this network
+            final String fromIface = nai.linkProperties.getInterfaceName();
+            if (!hasSameInterfaceName(change.mOldNetwork, change.mNewNetwork)
+                    || change.mOldNetwork.isDestroyed()) {
+                // There can be a change with the same interface name if the new network is the
+                // replacement for the old network that was unregisteredAfterReplacement.
+                try {
+                    if (null != change.mOldNetwork) {
+                        mRoutingCoordinatorService.removeInterfaceForward(fromIface,
+                                change.mOldNetwork.linkProperties.getInterfaceName());
+                    }
+                    // If the new upstream is already destroyed, there is no point in setting up
+                    // a forward (in fact, it might forward to the interface for some new network !)
+                    // Later when the upstream disconnects CS will try to remove the forward, which
+                    // is ignored with a benign log by RoutingCoordinatorService.
+                    if (null != change.mNewNetwork && !change.mNewNetwork.isDestroyed()) {
+                        mRoutingCoordinatorService.addInterfaceForward(fromIface,
+                                change.mNewNetwork.linkProperties.getInterfaceName());
+                    }
+                } catch (final RemoteException e) {
+                    loge("Can't update forwarding rules", e);
+                }
+            }
+            if (null == localInfoChangedAgents) localInfoChangedAgents = new ArrayList<>();
+            localInfoChangedAgents.add(nai);
+        }
+
         // Notify requested networks are available after the default net is switched, but
         // before LegacyTypeTracker sends legacy broadcasts
         for (final NetworkReassignment.RequestReassignment event :
@@ -10094,38 +10172,12 @@
             notifyNetworkLosing(nai, now);
         }
 
-        // Update forwarding rules for the upstreams of local networks. Do this after sending
-        // onAvailable so that clients understand what network this is about.
-        for (final NetworkAgentInfo nai : mNetworkAgentInfos) {
-            if (!nai.isLocalNetwork()) continue;
-            final NetworkRequest nr = nai.localNetworkConfig.getUpstreamSelector();
-            if (null == nr) continue; // No upstream for this local network
-            final NetworkRequestInfo nri = mNetworkRequests.get(nr);
-            final NetworkReassignment.RequestReassignment change = changes.getReassignment(nri);
-            if (null == change) continue; // No change in upstreams for this network
-            final String fromIface = nai.linkProperties.getInterfaceName();
-            if (!hasSameInterfaceName(change.mOldNetwork, change.mNewNetwork)
-                    || change.mOldNetwork.isDestroyed()) {
-                // There can be a change with the same interface name if the new network is the
-                // replacement for the old network that was unregisteredAfterReplacement.
-                try {
-                    if (null != change.mOldNetwork) {
-                        mRoutingCoordinatorService.removeInterfaceForward(fromIface,
-                                change.mOldNetwork.linkProperties.getInterfaceName());
-                    }
-                    // If the new upstream is already destroyed, there is no point in setting up
-                    // a forward (in fact, it might forward to the interface for some new network !)
-                    // Later when the upstream disconnects CS will try to remove the forward, which
-                    // is ignored with a benign log by RoutingCoordinatorService.
-                    if (null != change.mNewNetwork && !change.mNewNetwork.isDestroyed()) {
-                        mRoutingCoordinatorService.addInterfaceForward(fromIface,
-                                change.mNewNetwork.linkProperties.getInterfaceName());
-                    }
-                } catch (final RemoteException e) {
-                    loge("Can't update forwarding rules", e);
-                }
+        // Send LOCAL_NETWORK_INFO_CHANGED callbacks now that onAvailable and onLost have been sent.
+        if (null != localInfoChangedAgents) {
+            for (final NetworkAgentInfo nai : localInfoChangedAgents) {
+                notifyNetworkCallbacks(nai,
+                        ConnectivityManager.CALLBACK_LOCAL_NETWORK_INFO_CHANGED);
             }
-            notifyNetworkCallbacks(nai, ConnectivityManager.CALLBACK_LOCAL_NETWORK_INFO_CHANGED);
         }
 
         updateLegacyTypeTrackerAndVpnLockdownForRematch(changes, nais);
@@ -10523,6 +10575,15 @@
                     SystemClock.elapsedRealtime(), mNascentDelayMs);
             networkAgent.setInactive();
 
+            if (mTrackMultiNetworkActivities) {
+                // Start tracking activity of this network.
+                // This must be called before rematchAllNetworksAndRequests since the network
+                // should be tracked when the network becomes the default network.
+                // This method does not trigger any callbacks or broadcasts. Callbacks or broadcasts
+                // can be triggered later if this network becomes the default network.
+                mNetworkActivityTracker.setupDataActivityTracking(networkAgent);
+            }
+
             // Consider network even though it is not yet validated.
             rematchAllNetworksAndRequests();
 
@@ -11581,6 +11642,10 @@
         if (checkNetworkStackPermission(callbackPid, callbackUid)) {
             return true;
         }
+        if (mAllowSysUiConnectivityReports
+                && checkSystemBarServicePermission(callbackPid, callbackUid)) {
+            return true;
+        }
 
         // Administrator UIDs also contains the Owner UID
         final int[] administratorUids = nai.networkCapabilities.getAdministratorUids();
@@ -11710,8 +11775,8 @@
      */
     private static final class NetworkActivityParams {
         public final boolean isActive;
-        // Label used for idle timer. Transport type is used as label.
-        // label is int since NMS was using the identifier as int, and it has not been changed
+        // If TrackMultiNetworkActivities is enabled, idleTimer label is netid.
+        // If TrackMultiNetworkActivities is disabled, idleTimer label is transport type.
         public final int label;
         public final long timestampNs;
         // Uid represents the uid that was responsible for waking the radio.
@@ -11753,13 +11818,15 @@
         }
     }
 
+    private final boolean mTrackMultiNetworkActivities;
     private final LegacyNetworkActivityTracker mNetworkActivityTracker;
 
     /**
      * Class used for updating network activity tracking with netd and notify network activity
      * changes.
      */
-    private static final class LegacyNetworkActivityTracker {
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public static final class LegacyNetworkActivityTracker {
         private static final int NO_UID = -1;
         private final Context mContext;
         private final INetd mNetd;
@@ -11771,8 +11838,14 @@
         // If there is no default network, default network is considered active to keep the existing
         // behavior. Initial value is used until first connect to the default network.
         private volatile boolean mIsDefaultNetworkActive = true;
+        private Network mDefaultNetwork;
         // Key is netId. Value is configured idle timer information.
         private final SparseArray<IdleTimerParams> mActiveIdleTimers = new SparseArray<>();
+        private final boolean mTrackMultiNetworkActivities;
+        // Store netIds of Wi-Fi networks whose idletimers report that they are active
+        private final Set<Integer> mActiveWifiNetworks = new ArraySet<>();
+        // Store netIds of cellular networks whose idletimers report that they are active
+        private final Set<Integer> mActiveCellularNetworks = new ArraySet<>();
 
         private static class IdleTimerParams {
             public final int timeout;
@@ -11785,10 +11858,11 @@
         }
 
         LegacyNetworkActivityTracker(@NonNull Context context, @NonNull INetd netd,
-                @NonNull Handler handler) {
+                @NonNull Handler handler, boolean trackMultiNetworkActivities) {
             mContext = context;
             mNetd = netd;
             mHandler = handler;
+            mTrackMultiNetworkActivities = trackMultiNetworkActivities;
         }
 
         private void ensureRunningOnConnectivityServiceThread() {
@@ -11798,19 +11872,97 @@
             }
         }
 
-        public void handleReportNetworkActivity(NetworkActivityParams activityParams) {
-            ensureRunningOnConnectivityServiceThread();
+        /**
+         * Update network activity and call BatteryStats to update radio power state if the
+         * mobile or Wi-Fi activity is changed.
+         * LegacyNetworkActivityTracker considers the mobile network is active if at least one
+         * mobile network is active since BatteryStatsService only maintains a single power state
+         * for the mobile network.
+         * The Wi-Fi network is also the same.
+         *
+         * {@link #setupDataActivityTracking} and {@link #removeDataActivityTracking} use
+         * TRANSPORT_CELLULAR as the transportType argument if the network has both cell and Wi-Fi
+         * transports.
+         */
+        private void maybeUpdateRadioPowerState(final int netId, final int transportType,
+                final boolean isActive, final int uid) {
+            if (transportType != TRANSPORT_WIFI && transportType != TRANSPORT_CELLULAR) {
+                Log.e(TAG, "Unexpected transportType in maybeUpdateRadioPowerState: "
+                        + transportType);
+                return;
+            }
+            final Set<Integer> activeNetworks = transportType == TRANSPORT_WIFI
+                    ? mActiveWifiNetworks : mActiveCellularNetworks;
+
+            final boolean wasEmpty = activeNetworks.isEmpty();
+            if (isActive) {
+                activeNetworks.add(netId);
+            } else {
+                activeNetworks.remove(netId);
+            }
+
+            if (wasEmpty != activeNetworks.isEmpty()) {
+                updateRadioPowerState(isActive, transportType, uid);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void handleDefaultNetworkActivity(final int transportType,
+                final boolean isActive, final long timestampNs) {
+            mIsDefaultNetworkActive = isActive;
+            sendDataActivityBroadcast(transportTypeToLegacyType(transportType),
+                    isActive, timestampNs);
+            if (isActive) {
+                reportNetworkActive();
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void handleReportNetworkActivityWithNetIdLabel(
+                NetworkActivityParams activityParams) {
+            final int netId = activityParams.label;
+            final IdleTimerParams idleTimerParams = mActiveIdleTimers.get(netId);
+            if (idleTimerParams == null) {
+                // This network activity change is not tracked anymore
+                // This can happen if netd callback post activity change event message but idle
+                // timer is removed before processing this message.
+                return;
+            }
+            // TODO: if a network changes transports, storing the transport type in the
+            // IdleTimerParams is not correct. Consider getting it from the network's
+            // NetworkCapabilities instead.
+            final int transportType = idleTimerParams.transportType;
+            maybeUpdateRadioPowerState(netId, transportType,
+                    activityParams.isActive, activityParams.uid);
+
+            if (mDefaultNetwork == null || mDefaultNetwork.netId != netId) {
+                // This activity change is not for the default network.
+                return;
+            }
+
+            handleDefaultNetworkActivity(transportType, activityParams.isActive,
+                    activityParams.timestampNs);
+        }
+
+        private void handleReportNetworkActivityWithTransportTypeLabel(
+                NetworkActivityParams activityParams) {
             if (mActiveIdleTimers.size() == 0) {
                 // This activity change is not for the current default network.
                 // This can happen if netd callback post activity change event message but
                 // the default network is lost before processing this message.
                 return;
             }
-            sendDataActivityBroadcast(transportTypeToLegacyType(activityParams.label),
-                    activityParams.isActive, activityParams.timestampNs);
-            mIsDefaultNetworkActive = activityParams.isActive;
-            if (mIsDefaultNetworkActive) {
-                reportNetworkActive();
+            handleDefaultNetworkActivity(activityParams.label, activityParams.isActive,
+                    activityParams.timestampNs);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Handle network activity change
+         */
+        public void handleReportNetworkActivity(NetworkActivityParams activityParams) {
+            ensureRunningOnConnectivityServiceThread();
+            if (mTrackMultiNetworkActivities) {
+                handleReportNetworkActivityWithNetIdLabel(activityParams);
+            } else {
+                handleReportNetworkActivityWithTransportTypeLabel(activityParams);
             }
         }
 
@@ -11867,6 +12019,30 @@
         }
 
         /**
+         * Get idle timer label
+         */
+        @VisibleForTesting
+        public static int getIdleTimerLabel(final boolean trackMultiNetworkActivities,
+                final int netId, final int transportType) {
+            return trackMultiNetworkActivities ? netId : transportType;
+        }
+
+        private boolean maybeCreateIdleTimer(
+                String iface, int netId, int timeout, int transportType) {
+            if (timeout <= 0 || iface == null) return false;
+            try {
+                final String label = Integer.toString(getIdleTimerLabel(
+                        mTrackMultiNetworkActivities, netId, transportType));
+                mNetd.idletimerAddInterface(iface, timeout, label);
+                mActiveIdleTimers.put(netId, new IdleTimerParams(timeout, transportType));
+                return true;
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                loge("Exception in createIdleTimer", e);
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /**
          * Setup data activity tracking for the given network.
          *
          * Every {@code setupDataActivityTracking} should be paired with a
@@ -11875,13 +12051,17 @@
          * @return true if the idleTimer is added to the network, false otherwise
          */
         private boolean setupDataActivityTracking(NetworkAgentInfo networkAgent) {
+            ensureRunningOnConnectivityServiceThread();
             final String iface = networkAgent.linkProperties.getInterfaceName();
             final int netId = networkAgent.network().netId;
 
             final int timeout;
             final int type;
 
-            if (networkAgent.networkCapabilities.hasTransport(
+            if (!networkAgent.networkCapabilities.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN)) {
+                // Do not track VPN network.
+                return false;
+            } else if (networkAgent.networkCapabilities.hasTransport(
                     NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)) {
                 timeout = Settings.Global.getInt(mContext.getContentResolver(),
                         ConnectivitySettingsManager.DATA_ACTIVITY_TIMEOUT_MOBILE,
@@ -11897,25 +12077,21 @@
                 return false; // do not track any other networks
             }
 
-            updateRadioPowerState(true /* isActive */, type);
-
-            if (timeout > 0 && iface != null) {
-                try {
-                    mActiveIdleTimers.put(netId, new IdleTimerParams(timeout, type));
-                    mNetd.idletimerAddInterface(iface, timeout, Integer.toString(type));
-                    return true;
-                } catch (Exception e) {
-                    // You shall not crash!
-                    loge("Exception in setupDataActivityTracking " + e);
-                }
+            final boolean hasIdleTimer = maybeCreateIdleTimer(iface, netId, timeout, type);
+            if (hasIdleTimer || !mTrackMultiNetworkActivities) {
+                // If trackMultiNetwork is disabled, NetworkActivityTracker updates radio power
+                // state in all cases. If trackMultiNetwork is enabled, it updates radio power
+                // state only about a network that has an idletimer.
+                maybeUpdateRadioPowerState(netId, type, true /* isActive */, NO_UID);
             }
-            return false;
+            return hasIdleTimer;
         }
 
         /**
          * Remove data activity tracking when network disconnects.
          */
-        private void removeDataActivityTracking(NetworkAgentInfo networkAgent) {
+        public void removeDataActivityTracking(NetworkAgentInfo networkAgent) {
+            ensureRunningOnConnectivityServiceThread();
             final String iface = networkAgent.linkProperties.getInterfaceName();
             final int netId = networkAgent.network().netId;
             final NetworkCapabilities caps = networkAgent.networkCapabilities;
@@ -11923,7 +12099,10 @@
             if (iface == null) return;
 
             final int type;
-            if (caps.hasTransport(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)) {
+            if (!networkAgent.networkCapabilities.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN)) {
+                // Do not track VPN network.
+                return;
+            } else if (caps.hasTransport(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)) {
                 type = NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR;
             } else if (caps.hasTransport(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI)) {
                 type = NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI;
@@ -11932,16 +12111,17 @@
             }
 
             try {
-                updateRadioPowerState(false /* isActive */, type);
+                maybeUpdateRadioPowerState(netId, type, false /* isActive */, NO_UID);
                 final IdleTimerParams params = mActiveIdleTimers.get(netId);
                 if (params == null) {
                     // IdleTimer is not added if the configured timeout is 0 or negative value
                     return;
                 }
                 mActiveIdleTimers.remove(netId);
-                // The call fails silently if no idle timer setup for this interface
-                mNetd.idletimerRemoveInterface(iface, params.timeout,
-                        Integer.toString(params.transportType));
+                final String label = Integer.toString(getIdleTimerLabel(
+                        mTrackMultiNetworkActivities, netId, params.transportType));
+                        // The call fails silently if no idle timer setup for this interface
+                mNetd.idletimerRemoveInterface(iface, params.timeout, label);
             } catch (Exception e) {
                 // You shall not crash!
                 loge("Exception in removeDataActivityTracking " + e);
@@ -11951,12 +12131,15 @@
         private void updateDefaultNetworkActivity(NetworkAgentInfo defaultNetwork,
                 boolean hasIdleTimer) {
             if (defaultNetwork != null) {
+                mDefaultNetwork = defaultNetwork.network();
                 mIsDefaultNetworkActive = true;
-                // Callbacks are called only when the network has the idle timer.
-                if (hasIdleTimer) {
+                // If only the default network is tracked, callbacks are called only when the
+                // network has the idle timer.
+                if (mTrackMultiNetworkActivities || hasIdleTimer) {
                     reportNetworkActive();
                 }
             } else {
+                mDefaultNetwork = null;
                 // If there is no default network, default network is considered active to keep the
                 // existing behavior.
                 mIsDefaultNetworkActive = true;
@@ -11964,29 +12147,34 @@
         }
 
         /**
-         * Update data activity tracking when network state is updated.
+         * Update the default network this class tracks the activity of.
          */
-        public void updateDataActivityTracking(NetworkAgentInfo newNetwork,
+        public void updateDefaultNetwork(NetworkAgentInfo newNetwork,
                 NetworkAgentInfo oldNetwork) {
             ensureRunningOnConnectivityServiceThread();
+            // If TrackMultiNetworkActivities is enabled, devices add idleTimer when the network is
+            // first connected and remove when the network is disconnected.
+            // If TrackMultiNetworkActivities is disabled, devices add idleTimer when the network
+            // becomes the default network and remove when the network becomes no longer the default
+            // network.
             boolean hasIdleTimer = false;
-            if (newNetwork != null) {
+            if (!mTrackMultiNetworkActivities && newNetwork != null) {
                 hasIdleTimer = setupDataActivityTracking(newNetwork);
             }
             updateDefaultNetworkActivity(newNetwork, hasIdleTimer);
-            if (oldNetwork != null) {
+            if (!mTrackMultiNetworkActivities && oldNetwork != null) {
                 removeDataActivityTracking(oldNetwork);
             }
         }
 
-        private void updateRadioPowerState(boolean isActive, int transportType) {
+        private void updateRadioPowerState(boolean isActive, int transportType, int uid) {
             final BatteryStatsManager bs = mContext.getSystemService(BatteryStatsManager.class);
             switch (transportType) {
                 case NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR:
-                    bs.reportMobileRadioPowerState(isActive, NO_UID);
+                    bs.reportMobileRadioPowerState(isActive, uid);
                     break;
                 case NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI:
-                    bs.reportWifiRadioPowerState(isActive, NO_UID);
+                    bs.reportWifiRadioPowerState(isActive, uid);
                     break;
                 default:
                     logw("Untracked transport type:" + transportType);
@@ -12006,7 +12194,9 @@
         }
 
         public void dump(IndentingPrintWriter pw) {
+            pw.print("mTrackMultiNetworkActivities="); pw.println(mTrackMultiNetworkActivities);
             pw.print("mIsDefaultNetworkActive="); pw.println(mIsDefaultNetworkActive);
+            pw.print("mDefaultNetwork="); pw.println(mDefaultNetwork);
             pw.println("Idle timers:");
             try {
                 for (int i = 0; i < mActiveIdleTimers.size(); i++) {
@@ -12015,11 +12205,13 @@
                     pw.print("    timeout="); pw.print(params.timeout);
                     pw.print(" type="); pw.println(params.transportType);
                 }
+                pw.println("WiFi active networks: " + mActiveWifiNetworks);
+                pw.println("Cellular active networks: " + mActiveCellularNetworks);
             } catch (Exception e) {
-                // mActiveIdleTimers should only be accessed from handler thread, except dump().
-                // As dump() is never called in normal usage, it would be needlessly expensive
-                // to lock the collection only for its benefit.
-                // Also, mActiveIdleTimers is not expected to be updated frequently.
+                // mActiveIdleTimers, mActiveWifiNetworks, and mActiveCellularNetworks should only
+                // be accessed from handler thread, except dump(). As dump() is never called in
+                // normal usage, it would be needlessly expensive to lock the collection only for
+                // its benefit. Also, they are not expected to be updated frequently.
                 // So catching the exception and logging.
                 pw.println("Failed to dump NetworkActivityTracker: " + e);
             }
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/NetIdManager.java b/service/src/com/android/server/NetIdManager.java
index 61925c8..27b6b9b 100644
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/NetIdManager.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/NetIdManager.java
@@ -27,6 +27,16 @@
  * Class used to reserve and release net IDs.
  *
  * <p>Instances of this class are thread-safe.
+ *
+ * NetIds are currently 16 bits long and consume 16 bits in the fwmark.
+ * The reason they are large is that applications might get confused if the netId counter
+ * wraps - for example, Network#equals would return true for a current network
+ * and a long-disconnected network.
+ * We could in theory fix this by splitting the identifier in two, e.g., a 24-bit generation
+ * counter and an 8-bit netId. Java Network objects would be constructed from the full 32-bit
+ * number, but only the 8-bit number would be used by netd and the fwmark.
+ * We'd have to fix all code that assumes that it can take a netId or a mark and construct
+ * a Network object from it.
  */
 public class NetIdManager {
     // Sequence number for Networks; keep in sync with system/netd/NetworkController.cpp
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker.java
index bba132f..8036ae9 100644
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker.java
@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@
 import android.util.LocalLog;
 import android.util.Log;
 import android.util.Pair;
+import android.util.Range;
 import android.util.SparseArray;
 
 import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
@@ -77,6 +78,7 @@
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Set;
 
 /**
  * Manages automatic on/off socket keepalive requests.
@@ -373,26 +375,27 @@
      * Determine if any state transition is needed for the specific automatic keepalive.
      */
     public void handleMonitorAutomaticKeepalive(@NonNull final AutomaticOnOffKeepalive ki,
-            final int vpnNetId) {
+            final int vpnNetId, @NonNull Set<Range<Integer>> vpnUidRanges) {
         // Might happen if the automatic keepalive was removed by the app just as the alarm fires.
         if (!mAutomaticOnOffKeepalives.contains(ki)) return;
         if (STATE_ALWAYS_ON == ki.mAutomaticOnOffState) {
             throw new IllegalStateException("Should not monitor non-auto keepalive");
         }
 
-        handleMonitorTcpConnections(ki, vpnNetId);
+        handleMonitorTcpConnections(ki, vpnNetId, vpnUidRanges);
     }
 
     /**
      * Determine if disable or re-enable keepalive is needed or not based on TCP sockets status.
      */
-    private void handleMonitorTcpConnections(@NonNull AutomaticOnOffKeepalive ki, int vpnNetId) {
+    private void handleMonitorTcpConnections(@NonNull AutomaticOnOffKeepalive ki, int vpnNetId,
+            @NonNull Set<Range<Integer>> vpnUidRanges) {
         // Might happen if the automatic keepalive was removed by the app just as the alarm fires.
         if (!mAutomaticOnOffKeepalives.contains(ki)) return;
         if (STATE_ALWAYS_ON == ki.mAutomaticOnOffState) {
             throw new IllegalStateException("Should not monitor non-auto keepalive");
         }
-        if (!isAnyTcpSocketConnected(vpnNetId)) {
+        if (!isAnyTcpSocketConnected(vpnNetId, vpnUidRanges)) {
             // No TCP socket exists. Stop keepalive if ENABLED, and remain SUSPENDED if currently
             // SUSPENDED.
             if (ki.mAutomaticOnOffState == STATE_ENABLED) {
@@ -744,7 +747,7 @@
     }
 
     @VisibleForTesting
-    boolean isAnyTcpSocketConnected(int netId) {
+    boolean isAnyTcpSocketConnected(int netId, @NonNull Set<Range<Integer>> vpnUidRanges) {
         FileDescriptor fd = null;
 
         try {
@@ -757,7 +760,8 @@
 
             // Send request for each IP family
             for (final int family : ADDRESS_FAMILIES) {
-                if (isAnyTcpSocketConnectedForFamily(fd, family, networkMark, networkMask)) {
+                if (isAnyTcpSocketConnectedForFamily(
+                        fd, family, networkMark, networkMask, vpnUidRanges)) {
                     return true;
                 }
             }
@@ -771,7 +775,8 @@
     }
 
     private boolean isAnyTcpSocketConnectedForFamily(FileDescriptor fd, int family, int networkMark,
-            int networkMask) throws ErrnoException, InterruptedIOException {
+            int networkMask, @NonNull Set<Range<Integer>> vpnUidRanges)
+            throws ErrnoException, InterruptedIOException {
         ensureRunningOnHandlerThread();
         // Build SocketDiag messages and cache it.
         if (mSockDiagMsg.get(family) == null) {
diff --git a/staticlibs/device/com/android/net/module/util/BpfBitmap.java b/staticlibs/device/com/android/net/module/util/BpfBitmap.java
index d2a5b65..acb3ca5 100644
--- a/staticlibs/device/com/android/net/module/util/BpfBitmap.java
+++ b/staticlibs/device/com/android/net/module/util/BpfBitmap.java
@@ -16,9 +16,11 @@
 
 package com.android.net.module.util;
 
+import android.os.Build;
 import android.system.ErrnoException;
 
 import androidx.annotation.NonNull;
+import androidx.annotation.RequiresApi;
 
  /**
  *
@@ -26,6 +28,7 @@
  * array type with key->int and value->uint64_t defined in the bpf program.
  *
  */
+@RequiresApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.S)
 public class BpfBitmap {
     private BpfMap<Struct.S32, Struct.S64> mBpfMap;
 
diff --git a/staticlibs/device/com/android/net/module/util/BpfMap.java b/staticlibs/device/com/android/net/module/util/BpfMap.java
index 595ac74..e3ef0f0 100644
--- a/staticlibs/device/com/android/net/module/util/BpfMap.java
+++ b/staticlibs/device/com/android/net/module/util/BpfMap.java
@@ -18,12 +18,14 @@
 import static android.system.OsConstants.EEXIST;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.ENOENT;
 
+import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.ParcelFileDescriptor;
 import android.system.ErrnoException;
 import android.util.Pair;
 
 import androidx.annotation.NonNull;
 import androidx.annotation.Nullable;
+import androidx.annotation.RequiresApi;
 
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
@@ -40,6 +42,7 @@
  * @param <K> the key of the map.
  * @param <V> the value of the map.
  */
+@RequiresApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.S)
 public class BpfMap<K extends Struct, V extends Struct> implements IBpfMap<K, V> {
     static {
         System.loadLibrary(JniUtil.getJniLibraryName(BpfMap.class.getPackage()));
@@ -239,6 +242,11 @@
         return Struct.parse(mValueClass, buffer);
     }
 
+    /** Synchronize Kernel RCU */
+    public static void synchronizeKernelRCU() throws ErrnoException {
+        nativeSynchronizeKernelRCU();
+    }
+
     private static native int nativeBpfFdGet(String path, int mode, int keySize, int valueSize)
             throws ErrnoException, NullPointerException;
 
@@ -260,4 +268,6 @@
 
     private native boolean nativeFindMapEntry(int fd, byte[] key, byte[] value)
             throws ErrnoException;
+
+    private static native void nativeSynchronizeKernelRCU() throws ErrnoException;
 }
diff --git a/staticlibs/device/com/android/net/module/util/BpfUtils.java b/staticlibs/device/com/android/net/module/util/BpfUtils.java
index 10a8f60..cdd6fd7 100644
--- a/staticlibs/device/com/android/net/module/util/BpfUtils.java
+++ b/staticlibs/device/com/android/net/module/util/BpfUtils.java
@@ -15,7 +15,10 @@
  */
 package com.android.net.module.util;
 
+import android.os.Build;
+
 import androidx.annotation.NonNull;
+import androidx.annotation.RequiresApi;
 
 import java.io.IOException;
 
@@ -24,6 +27,7 @@
  *
  * {@hide}
  */
+@RequiresApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
 public class BpfUtils {
     static {
         System.loadLibrary(JniUtil.getJniLibraryName(BpfUtils.class.getPackage()));
diff --git a/staticlibs/device/com/android/net/module/util/netlink/IpSecStructXfrmAddressT.java b/staticlibs/device/com/android/net/module/util/netlink/IpSecStructXfrmAddressT.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4c19887
--- /dev/null
+++ b/staticlibs/device/com/android/net/module/util/netlink/IpSecStructXfrmAddressT.java
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.android.net.module.util.netlink;
+
+import android.system.OsConstants;
+
+import androidx.annotation.NonNull;
+
+import com.android.net.module.util.Struct;
+import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.Field;
+import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.Type;
+
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.UnknownHostException;
+
+/**
+ * Struct xfrm_address_t
+ *
+ * <p>see include/uapi/linux/xfrm.h
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * typedef union {
+ *      __be32 a4;
+ *      __be32 a6[4];
+ *      struct in6_addr in6;
+ * } xfrm_address_t;
+ * </pre>
+ *
+ * @hide
+ */
+public class IpSecStructXfrmAddressT extends Struct {
+    private static final int IPV4_ADDRESS_LEN = 4;
+
+    public static final int STRUCT_SIZE = 16;
+
+    @Field(order = 0, type = Type.ByteArray, arraysize = STRUCT_SIZE)
+    public final byte[] address;
+
+    // Constructor that allows Strutc.parse(Class<T>, ByteBuffer) to work
+    public IpSecStructXfrmAddressT(@NonNull byte[] address) {
+        this.address = address.clone();
+    }
+
+    // Constructor to build a new message
+    public IpSecStructXfrmAddressT(@NonNull InetAddress inetAddress) {
+        this.address = new byte[STRUCT_SIZE];
+        final byte[] addressBytes = inetAddress.getAddress();
+        System.arraycopy(addressBytes, 0, address, 0, addressBytes.length);
+    }
+
+    /** Return the address in InetAddress */
+    public InetAddress getAddress(int family) {
+        final byte[] addressBytes;
+        if (family == OsConstants.AF_INET6) {
+            addressBytes = this.address;
+        } else if (family == OsConstants.AF_INET) {
+            addressBytes = new byte[IPV4_ADDRESS_LEN];
+            System.arraycopy(this.address, 0, addressBytes, 0, addressBytes.length);
+        } else {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid IP family " + family);
+        }
+
+        try {
+            return InetAddress.getByAddress(addressBytes);
+        } catch (UnknownHostException e) {
+            // This should never happen
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                    "Illegal length of IP address " + addressBytes.length, e);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/staticlibs/device/com/android/net/module/util/netlink/IpSecStructXfrmUsersaId.java b/staticlibs/device/com/android/net/module/util/netlink/IpSecStructXfrmUsersaId.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6f7b656
--- /dev/null
+++ b/staticlibs/device/com/android/net/module/util/netlink/IpSecStructXfrmUsersaId.java
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.net.module.util.netlink;
+
+import androidx.annotation.NonNull;
+
+import com.android.net.module.util.Struct;
+import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.Field;
+import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.Type;
+
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+
+/**
+ * Struct xfrm_usersa_id
+ *
+ * <p>see include/uapi/linux/xfrm.h
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * struct xfrm_usersa_id {
+ *      xfrm_address_t      daddr;
+ *      __be32              spi;
+ *      __u16               family;
+ *      __u8                proto;
+ * };
+ * </pre>
+ *
+ * @hide
+ */
+public class IpSecStructXfrmUsersaId extends Struct {
+    public static final int STRUCT_SIZE = 24;
+
+    @Field(order = 0, type = Type.ByteArray, arraysize = 16)
+    public final byte[] nestedStructDAddr; // xfrm_address_t
+
+    @Field(order = 1, type = Type.UBE32)
+    public final long spi;
+
+    @Field(order = 2, type = Type.U16)
+    public final int family;
+
+    @Field(order = 3, type = Type.U8, padding = 1)
+    public final short proto;
+
+    @Computed private final IpSecStructXfrmAddressT mDestXfrmAddressT;
+
+    // Constructor that allows Strutc.parse(Class<T>, ByteBuffer) to work
+    public IpSecStructXfrmUsersaId(
+            @NonNull byte[] nestedStructDAddr, long spi, int family, short proto) {
+        this.nestedStructDAddr = nestedStructDAddr.clone();
+        this.spi = spi;
+        this.family = family;
+        this.proto = proto;
+
+        mDestXfrmAddressT = new IpSecStructXfrmAddressT(this.nestedStructDAddr);
+    }
+
+    // Constructor to build a new message
+    public IpSecStructXfrmUsersaId(
+            @NonNull InetAddress destAddress, long spi, int family, short proto) {
+        this(new IpSecStructXfrmAddressT(destAddress).writeToBytes(), spi, family, proto);
+    }
+
+    /** Return the destination address */
+    public InetAddress getDestAddress() {
+        return mDestXfrmAddressT.getAddress(family);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/staticlibs/device/com/android/net/module/util/netlink/IpSecXfrmNetlinkMessage.java b/staticlibs/device/com/android/net/module/util/netlink/IpSecXfrmNetlinkMessage.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8ad784b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/staticlibs/device/com/android/net/module/util/netlink/IpSecXfrmNetlinkMessage.java
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.net.module.util.netlink;
+
+import androidx.annotation.NonNull;
+
+/** Base calss for XFRM netlink messages */
+// Developer notes: The Linux kernel includes a number of XFRM structs that are not standard netlink
+// attributes (e.g., xfrm_usersa_id). These structs are unlikely to change size, so this XFRM
+// netlink message implementation assumes their sizes will remain stable. If any non-attribute
+// struct size changes, it should be caught by CTS and then developers should add
+// kernel-version-based behvaiours.
+public abstract class IpSecXfrmNetlinkMessage extends NetlinkMessage {
+    // TODO: STOPSHIP: b/308011229 Remove it when OsConstants.IPPROTO_ESP is exposed
+    public static final int IPPROTO_ESP = 50;
+
+    public IpSecXfrmNetlinkMessage(@NonNull StructNlMsgHdr header) {
+        super(header);
+    }
+
+    // TODO: Add the support for parsing messages
+}
diff --git a/staticlibs/framework/com/android/net/module/util/DnsSvcbPacket.java b/staticlibs/framework/com/android/net/module/util/DnsSvcbPacket.java
index c7ed3e6..d298599 100644
--- a/staticlibs/framework/com/android/net/module/util/DnsSvcbPacket.java
+++ b/staticlibs/framework/com/android/net/module/util/DnsSvcbPacket.java
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@
 
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
 import android.annotation.Nullable;
-import android.text.TextUtils;
 import android.util.Log;
 
 import java.net.InetAddress;
@@ -29,7 +28,6 @@
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Collections;
 import java.util.List;
-import java.util.StringJoiner;
 
 /**
  * A class for a DNS SVCB response packet.
@@ -159,16 +157,6 @@
         return out;
     }
 
-    @Override
-    public String toString() {
-        final StringJoiner out = new StringJoiner(" ");
-        out.add("QUERY: [" + TextUtils.join(", ", mRecords[QDSECTION]) + "]");
-        out.add("ANSWER: [" + TextUtils.join(", ", mRecords[ANSECTION]) + "]");
-        out.add("AUTHORITY: [" + TextUtils.join(", ", mRecords[NSSECTION]) + "]");
-        out.add("ADDITIONAL: [" + TextUtils.join(", ", mRecords[ARSECTION]) + "]");
-        return out.toString();
-    }
-
     /**
      * Creates a DnsSvcbPacket object from the given wire-format DNS answer.
      */
diff --git a/staticlibs/framework/com/android/net/module/util/DnsSvcbRecord.java b/staticlibs/framework/com/android/net/module/util/DnsSvcbRecord.java
index 669725c..935cdf6 100644
--- a/staticlibs/framework/com/android/net/module/util/DnsSvcbRecord.java
+++ b/staticlibs/framework/com/android/net/module/util/DnsSvcbRecord.java
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@
     /**
      * The base class for all SvcParam.
      */
-    private abstract static class SvcParam {
+    private abstract static class SvcParam<T> {
         private final int mKey;
 
         SvcParam(int key) {
@@ -240,9 +240,11 @@
         int getKey() {
             return mKey;
         }
+
+        abstract T getValue();
     }
 
-    private static class SvcParamMandatory extends SvcParam {
+    private static class SvcParamMandatory extends SvcParam<short[]> {
         private final short[] mValue;
 
         private SvcParamMandatory(@NonNull ByteBuffer buf) throws BufferUnderflowException,
@@ -258,6 +260,12 @@
         }
 
         @Override
+        short[] getValue() {
+            /* Not yet implemented */
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
         public String toString() {
             final StringJoiner valueJoiner = new StringJoiner(",");
             for (short key : mValue) {
@@ -267,7 +275,7 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private static class SvcParamAlpn extends SvcParam {
+    private static class SvcParamAlpn extends SvcParam<List<String>> {
         private final List<String> mValue;
 
         SvcParamAlpn(@NonNull ByteBuffer buf) throws BufferUnderflowException, ParseException {
@@ -281,6 +289,7 @@
             }
         }
 
+        @Override
         List<String> getValue() {
             return Collections.unmodifiableList(mValue);
         }
@@ -291,7 +300,7 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private static class SvcParamNoDefaultAlpn extends SvcParam {
+    private static class SvcParamNoDefaultAlpn extends SvcParam<Void> {
         SvcParamNoDefaultAlpn(@NonNull ByteBuffer buf) throws BufferUnderflowException,
                 ParseException {
             super(KEY_NO_DEFAULT_ALPN);
@@ -303,12 +312,17 @@
         }
 
         @Override
+        Void getValue() {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
         public String toString() {
             return toKeyName(getKey());
         }
     }
 
-    private static class SvcParamPort extends SvcParam {
+    private static class SvcParamPort extends SvcParam<Integer> {
         private final int mValue;
 
         SvcParamPort(@NonNull ByteBuffer buf) throws BufferUnderflowException, ParseException {
@@ -321,7 +335,8 @@
             mValue = Short.toUnsignedInt(buf.getShort());
         }
 
-        int getValue() {
+        @Override
+        Integer getValue() {
             return mValue;
         }
 
@@ -331,7 +346,7 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private static class SvcParamIpHint extends SvcParam {
+    private static class SvcParamIpHint extends SvcParam<List<InetAddress>> {
         private final List<InetAddress> mValue;
 
         private SvcParamIpHint(int key, @NonNull ByteBuffer buf, int addrLen) throws
@@ -346,6 +361,7 @@
             }
         }
 
+        @Override
         List<InetAddress> getValue() {
             return Collections.unmodifiableList(mValue);
         }
@@ -378,7 +394,7 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private static class SvcParamDohPath extends SvcParam {
+    private static class SvcParamDohPath extends SvcParam<String> {
         private final String mValue;
 
         SvcParamDohPath(@NonNull ByteBuffer buf) throws BufferUnderflowException, ParseException {
@@ -390,6 +406,7 @@
             mValue = new String(value, StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
         }
 
+        @Override
         String getValue() {
             return mValue;
         }
@@ -401,7 +418,7 @@
     }
 
     // For other unrecognized and unimplemented SvcParams, they are stored as SvcParamGeneric.
-    private static class SvcParamGeneric extends SvcParam {
+    private static class SvcParamGeneric extends SvcParam<byte[]> {
         private final byte[] mValue;
 
         SvcParamGeneric(int key, @NonNull ByteBuffer buf) throws BufferUnderflowException,
@@ -414,6 +431,12 @@
         }
 
         @Override
+        byte[] getValue() {
+            /* Not yet implemented */
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
         public String toString() {
             final StringBuilder out = new StringBuilder();
             out.append(toKeyName(getKey()));
diff --git a/staticlibs/native/bpf_headers/BpfRingbufTest.cpp b/staticlibs/native/bpf_headers/BpfRingbufTest.cpp
index 6c0841c..e81fb92 100644
--- a/staticlibs/native/bpf_headers/BpfRingbufTest.cpp
+++ b/staticlibs/native/bpf_headers/BpfRingbufTest.cpp
@@ -72,12 +72,31 @@
 
     auto result = BpfRingbuf<uint64_t>::Create(mRingbufPath.c_str());
     ASSERT_RESULT_OK(result);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(result.value()->isEmpty());
+
+    struct timespec t1, t2;
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &t1));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(result.value()->wait(1000 /*ms*/));  // false because wait should timeout
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &t2));
+    long long time1 = t1.tv_sec * 1000000000LL + t1.tv_nsec;
+    long long time2 = t2.tv_sec * 1000000000LL + t2.tv_nsec;
+    EXPECT_GE(time2 - time1, 1000000000 /*ns*/);  // 1000 ms as ns
 
     for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
       RunProgram();
     }
 
+    EXPECT_FALSE(result.value()->isEmpty());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &t1));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(result.value()->wait());
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &t2));
+    time1 = t1.tv_sec * 1000000000LL + t1.tv_nsec;
+    time2 = t2.tv_sec * 1000000000LL + t2.tv_nsec;
+    EXPECT_LE(time2 - time1, 1000000 /*ns*/);  // in x86 CF testing < 5000 ns
+
     EXPECT_THAT(result.value()->ConsumeAll(callback), HasValue(n));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(result.value()->isEmpty());
     EXPECT_EQ(output, TEST_RINGBUF_MAGIC_NUM);
     EXPECT_EQ(run_count, n);
   }
diff --git a/staticlibs/native/bpf_headers/include/bpf/BpfRingbuf.h b/staticlibs/native/bpf_headers/include/bpf/BpfRingbuf.h
index dd1504c..d716358 100644
--- a/staticlibs/native/bpf_headers/include/bpf/BpfRingbuf.h
+++ b/staticlibs/native/bpf_headers/include/bpf/BpfRingbuf.h
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include <android-base/result.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 #include <linux/bpf.h>
+#include <poll.h>
 #include <sys/mman.h>
 #include <utils/Log.h>
 
@@ -39,6 +40,11 @@
     mProducerPos = nullptr;
   }
 
+  bool isEmpty(void);
+
+  // returns !isEmpty() for convenience
+  bool wait(int timeout_ms = -1);
+
  protected:
   // Non-initializing constructor, used by Create.
   BpfRingbufBase(size_t value_size) : mValueSize(value_size) {}
@@ -197,6 +203,22 @@
   return {};
 }
 
+inline bool BpfRingbufBase::isEmpty(void) {
+  uint32_t prod_pos = mProducerPos->load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  uint64_t cons_pos = mConsumerPos->load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  return (cons_pos & 0xFFFFFFFF) == prod_pos;
+}
+
+inline bool BpfRingbufBase::wait(int timeout_ms) {
+  // possible optimization: if (!isEmpty()) return true;
+  struct pollfd pfd = {  // 1-element array
+    .fd = mRingFd.get(),
+    .events = POLLIN,
+  };
+  (void)poll(&pfd, 1, timeout_ms);  // 'best effort' poll
+  return !isEmpty();
+}
+
 inline base::Result<int> BpfRingbufBase::ConsumeAll(
     const std::function<void(const void*)>& callback) {
   int64_t count = 0;
diff --git a/staticlibs/native/bpfmapjni/com_android_net_module_util_BpfMap.cpp b/staticlibs/native/bpfmapjni/com_android_net_module_util_BpfMap.cpp
index f93d6e1..b92f107 100644
--- a/staticlibs/native/bpfmapjni/com_android_net_module_util_BpfMap.cpp
+++ b/staticlibs/native/bpfmapjni/com_android_net_module_util_BpfMap.cpp
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@
  */
 
 #include <errno.h>
+#include <linux/pfkeyv2.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
 #include <jni.h>
 #include <nativehelper/JNIHelp.h>
 #include <nativehelper/ScopedLocalRef.h>
@@ -117,6 +119,22 @@
     return throwIfNotEnoent(env, "nativeFindMapEntry", ret, errno);
 }
 
+static void com_android_net_module_util_BpfMap_nativeSynchronizeKernelRCU(JNIEnv *env,
+                                                                          jclass clazz) {
+    const int pfSocket = socket(AF_KEY, SOCK_RAW | SOCK_CLOEXEC, PF_KEY_V2);
+
+    if (pfSocket < 0) {
+        jniThrowErrnoException(env, "nativeSynchronizeKernelRCU:socket", errno);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (close(pfSocket)) {
+        jniThrowErrnoException(env, "nativeSynchronizeKernelRCU:close", errno);
+        return;
+    }
+    return;
+}
+
 /*
  * JNI registration.
  */
@@ -132,6 +150,8 @@
         (void*) com_android_net_module_util_BpfMap_nativeGetNextMapKey },
     { "nativeFindMapEntry", "(I[B[B)Z",
         (void*) com_android_net_module_util_BpfMap_nativeFindMapEntry },
+    { "nativeSynchronizeKernelRCU", "()V",
+        (void*) com_android_net_module_util_BpfMap_nativeSynchronizeKernelRCU },
 
 };
 
diff --git a/staticlibs/netd/Android.bp b/staticlibs/netd/Android.bp
index 65b3b09..56565ed 100644
--- a/staticlibs/netd/Android.bp
+++ b/staticlibs/netd/Android.bp
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
     sdk_version: "system_current",
     min_sdk_version: "30",
     static_libs: [
-        "netd_aidl_interface-V13-java",
+        "netd_aidl_interface-V14-java",
     ],
     apex_available: [
         "//apex_available:platform", // used from services.net
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@
 cc_library_static {
     name: "netd_aidl_interface-lateststable-ndk",
     whole_static_libs: [
-        "netd_aidl_interface-V13-ndk",
+        "netd_aidl_interface-V14-ndk",
     ],
     apex_available: [
         "com.android.resolv",
@@ -55,12 +55,12 @@
 
 cc_defaults {
     name: "netd_aidl_interface_lateststable_cpp_static",
-    static_libs: ["netd_aidl_interface-V13-cpp"],
+    static_libs: ["netd_aidl_interface-V14-cpp"],
 }
 
 cc_defaults {
     name: "netd_aidl_interface_lateststable_cpp_shared",
-    shared_libs: ["netd_aidl_interface-V13-cpp"],
+    shared_libs: ["netd_aidl_interface-V14-cpp"],
 }
 
 aidl_interface {
@@ -162,8 +162,13 @@
             version: "13",
             imports: [],
         },
+        {
+            version: "14",
+            imports: [],
+        },
 
     ],
+    frozen: true,
 
 }
 
diff --git a/staticlibs/netd/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/14/.hash b/staticlibs/netd/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/14/.hash
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0bf7bde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/staticlibs/netd/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/14/.hash
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+50bce96bc8d5811ed952950df30ec503f8a561ed
diff --git a/staticlibs/netd/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/14/android/net/INetd.aidl b/staticlibs/netd/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/14/android/net/INetd.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8ccefb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/staticlibs/netd/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/14/android/net/INetd.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,259 @@
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2016, The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// This file is a snapshot of an AIDL file. Do not edit it manually. There are
+// two cases:
+// 1). this is a frozen version file - do not edit this in any case.
+// 2). this is a 'current' file. If you make a backwards compatible change to
+//     the interface (from the latest frozen version), the build system will
+//     prompt you to update this file with `m <name>-update-api`.
+//
+// You must not make a backward incompatible change to any AIDL file built
+// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
+// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
+// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
+// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
+// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
+
+package android.net;
+/* @hide */
+interface INetd {
+  boolean isAlive();
+  /**
+   * @deprecated unimplemented on T+.
+   */
+  boolean firewallReplaceUidChain(in @utf8InCpp String chainName, boolean isAllowlist, in int[] uids);
+  boolean bandwidthEnableDataSaver(boolean enable);
+  /**
+   * @deprecated use networkCreate() instead.
+   */
+  void networkCreatePhysical(int netId, int permission);
+  /**
+   * @deprecated use networkCreate() instead.
+   */
+  void networkCreateVpn(int netId, boolean secure);
+  void networkDestroy(int netId);
+  void networkAddInterface(int netId, in @utf8InCpp String iface);
+  void networkRemoveInterface(int netId, in @utf8InCpp String iface);
+  void networkAddUidRanges(int netId, in android.net.UidRangeParcel[] uidRanges);
+  void networkRemoveUidRanges(int netId, in android.net.UidRangeParcel[] uidRanges);
+  void networkRejectNonSecureVpn(boolean add, in android.net.UidRangeParcel[] uidRanges);
+  void socketDestroy(in android.net.UidRangeParcel[] uidRanges, in int[] exemptUids);
+  boolean tetherApplyDnsInterfaces();
+  android.net.TetherStatsParcel[] tetherGetStats();
+  void interfaceAddAddress(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, in @utf8InCpp String addrString, int prefixLength);
+  void interfaceDelAddress(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, in @utf8InCpp String addrString, int prefixLength);
+  @utf8InCpp String getProcSysNet(int ipversion, int which, in @utf8InCpp String ifname, in @utf8InCpp String parameter);
+  void setProcSysNet(int ipversion, int which, in @utf8InCpp String ifname, in @utf8InCpp String parameter, in @utf8InCpp String value);
+  void ipSecSetEncapSocketOwner(in ParcelFileDescriptor socket, int newUid);
+  int ipSecAllocateSpi(int transformId, in @utf8InCpp String sourceAddress, in @utf8InCpp String destinationAddress, int spi);
+  void ipSecAddSecurityAssociation(int transformId, int mode, in @utf8InCpp String sourceAddress, in @utf8InCpp String destinationAddress, int underlyingNetId, int spi, int markValue, int markMask, in @utf8InCpp String authAlgo, in byte[] authKey, in int authTruncBits, in @utf8InCpp String cryptAlgo, in byte[] cryptKey, in int cryptTruncBits, in @utf8InCpp String aeadAlgo, in byte[] aeadKey, in int aeadIcvBits, int encapType, int encapLocalPort, int encapRemotePort, int interfaceId);
+  void ipSecDeleteSecurityAssociation(int transformId, in @utf8InCpp String sourceAddress, in @utf8InCpp String destinationAddress, int spi, int markValue, int markMask, int interfaceId);
+  void ipSecApplyTransportModeTransform(in ParcelFileDescriptor socket, int transformId, int direction, in @utf8InCpp String sourceAddress, in @utf8InCpp String destinationAddress, int spi);
+  void ipSecRemoveTransportModeTransform(in ParcelFileDescriptor socket);
+  void ipSecAddSecurityPolicy(int transformId, int selAddrFamily, int direction, in @utf8InCpp String tmplSrcAddress, in @utf8InCpp String tmplDstAddress, int spi, int markValue, int markMask, int interfaceId);
+  void ipSecUpdateSecurityPolicy(int transformId, int selAddrFamily, int direction, in @utf8InCpp String tmplSrcAddress, in @utf8InCpp String tmplDstAddress, int spi, int markValue, int markMask, int interfaceId);
+  void ipSecDeleteSecurityPolicy(int transformId, int selAddrFamily, int direction, int markValue, int markMask, int interfaceId);
+  void ipSecAddTunnelInterface(in @utf8InCpp String deviceName, in @utf8InCpp String localAddress, in @utf8InCpp String remoteAddress, int iKey, int oKey, int interfaceId);
+  void ipSecUpdateTunnelInterface(in @utf8InCpp String deviceName, in @utf8InCpp String localAddress, in @utf8InCpp String remoteAddress, int iKey, int oKey, int interfaceId);
+  void ipSecRemoveTunnelInterface(in @utf8InCpp String deviceName);
+  void wakeupAddInterface(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, in @utf8InCpp String prefix, int mark, int mask);
+  void wakeupDelInterface(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, in @utf8InCpp String prefix, int mark, int mask);
+  void setIPv6AddrGenMode(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, int mode);
+  void idletimerAddInterface(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, int timeout, in @utf8InCpp String classLabel);
+  void idletimerRemoveInterface(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, int timeout, in @utf8InCpp String classLabel);
+  void strictUidCleartextPenalty(int uid, int policyPenalty);
+  /**
+   * @deprecated This method has no effect and throws UnsupportedOperationException. The clatd control plane moved to the mainline module starting in T. See ClatCoordinator.
+   */
+  @utf8InCpp String clatdStart(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, in @utf8InCpp String nat64Prefix);
+  /**
+   * @deprecated This method has no effect and throws UnsupportedOperationException. The clatd control plane moved to the mainline module starting in T. See ClatCoordinator.
+   */
+  void clatdStop(in @utf8InCpp String ifName);
+  boolean ipfwdEnabled();
+  @utf8InCpp String[] ipfwdGetRequesterList();
+  void ipfwdEnableForwarding(in @utf8InCpp String requester);
+  void ipfwdDisableForwarding(in @utf8InCpp String requester);
+  void ipfwdAddInterfaceForward(in @utf8InCpp String fromIface, in @utf8InCpp String toIface);
+  void ipfwdRemoveInterfaceForward(in @utf8InCpp String fromIface, in @utf8InCpp String toIface);
+  void bandwidthSetInterfaceQuota(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, long bytes);
+  void bandwidthRemoveInterfaceQuota(in @utf8InCpp String ifName);
+  void bandwidthSetInterfaceAlert(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, long bytes);
+  void bandwidthRemoveInterfaceAlert(in @utf8InCpp String ifName);
+  void bandwidthSetGlobalAlert(long bytes);
+  /**
+   * @deprecated unimplemented on T+.
+   */
+  void bandwidthAddNaughtyApp(int uid);
+  /**
+   * @deprecated unimplemented on T+.
+   */
+  void bandwidthRemoveNaughtyApp(int uid);
+  /**
+   * @deprecated unimplemented on T+.
+   */
+  void bandwidthAddNiceApp(int uid);
+  /**
+   * @deprecated unimplemented on T+.
+   */
+  void bandwidthRemoveNiceApp(int uid);
+  void tetherStart(in @utf8InCpp String[] dhcpRanges);
+  void tetherStop();
+  boolean tetherIsEnabled();
+  void tetherInterfaceAdd(in @utf8InCpp String ifName);
+  void tetherInterfaceRemove(in @utf8InCpp String ifName);
+  @utf8InCpp String[] tetherInterfaceList();
+  void tetherDnsSet(int netId, in @utf8InCpp String[] dnsAddrs);
+  @utf8InCpp String[] tetherDnsList();
+  void networkAddRoute(int netId, in @utf8InCpp String ifName, in @utf8InCpp String destination, in @utf8InCpp String nextHop);
+  void networkRemoveRoute(int netId, in @utf8InCpp String ifName, in @utf8InCpp String destination, in @utf8InCpp String nextHop);
+  void networkAddLegacyRoute(int netId, in @utf8InCpp String ifName, in @utf8InCpp String destination, in @utf8InCpp String nextHop, int uid);
+  void networkRemoveLegacyRoute(int netId, in @utf8InCpp String ifName, in @utf8InCpp String destination, in @utf8InCpp String nextHop, int uid);
+  int networkGetDefault();
+  void networkSetDefault(int netId);
+  void networkClearDefault();
+  void networkSetPermissionForNetwork(int netId, int permission);
+  void networkSetPermissionForUser(int permission, in int[] uids);
+  void networkClearPermissionForUser(in int[] uids);
+  /**
+   * @deprecated unimplemented on T+.
+   */
+  void trafficSetNetPermForUids(int permission, in int[] uids);
+  void networkSetProtectAllow(int uid);
+  void networkSetProtectDeny(int uid);
+  boolean networkCanProtect(int uid);
+  void firewallSetFirewallType(int firewalltype);
+  void firewallSetInterfaceRule(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, int firewallRule);
+  /**
+   * @deprecated unimplemented on T+.
+   */
+  void firewallSetUidRule(int childChain, int uid, int firewallRule);
+  /**
+   * @deprecated unimplemented on T+.
+   */
+  void firewallEnableChildChain(int childChain, boolean enable);
+  @utf8InCpp String[] interfaceGetList();
+  android.net.InterfaceConfigurationParcel interfaceGetCfg(in @utf8InCpp String ifName);
+  void interfaceSetCfg(in android.net.InterfaceConfigurationParcel cfg);
+  void interfaceSetIPv6PrivacyExtensions(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, boolean enable);
+  void interfaceClearAddrs(in @utf8InCpp String ifName);
+  void interfaceSetEnableIPv6(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, boolean enable);
+  void interfaceSetMtu(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, int mtu);
+  void tetherAddForward(in @utf8InCpp String intIface, in @utf8InCpp String extIface);
+  void tetherRemoveForward(in @utf8InCpp String intIface, in @utf8InCpp String extIface);
+  void setTcpRWmemorySize(in @utf8InCpp String rmemValues, in @utf8InCpp String wmemValues);
+  void registerUnsolicitedEventListener(android.net.INetdUnsolicitedEventListener listener);
+  /**
+   * @deprecated unimplemented on T+.
+   */
+  void firewallAddUidInterfaceRules(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, in int[] uids);
+  /**
+   * @deprecated unimplemented on T+.
+   */
+  void firewallRemoveUidInterfaceRules(in int[] uids);
+  /**
+   * @deprecated unimplemented on T+.
+   */
+  void trafficSwapActiveStatsMap();
+  IBinder getOemNetd();
+  void tetherStartWithConfiguration(in android.net.TetherConfigParcel config);
+  android.net.MarkMaskParcel getFwmarkForNetwork(int netId);
+  void networkAddRouteParcel(int netId, in android.net.RouteInfoParcel routeInfo);
+  void networkUpdateRouteParcel(int netId, in android.net.RouteInfoParcel routeInfo);
+  void networkRemoveRouteParcel(int netId, in android.net.RouteInfoParcel routeInfo);
+  /**
+   * @deprecated This method has no effect and throws UnsupportedOperationException. The mainline module accesses the BPF map directly starting in S. See BpfCoordinator.
+   */
+  void tetherOffloadRuleAdd(in android.net.TetherOffloadRuleParcel rule);
+  /**
+   * @deprecated This method has no effect and throws UnsupportedOperationException. The mainline module accesses the BPF map directly starting in S. See BpfCoordinator.
+   */
+  void tetherOffloadRuleRemove(in android.net.TetherOffloadRuleParcel rule);
+  /**
+   * @deprecated This method has no effect and throws UnsupportedOperationException. The mainline module accesses the BPF map directly starting in S. See BpfCoordinator.
+   */
+  android.net.TetherStatsParcel[] tetherOffloadGetStats();
+  /**
+   * @deprecated This method has no effect and throws UnsupportedOperationException. The mainline module accesses the BPF map directly starting in S. See BpfCoordinator.
+   */
+  void tetherOffloadSetInterfaceQuota(int ifIndex, long quotaBytes);
+  /**
+   * @deprecated This method has no effect and throws UnsupportedOperationException. The mainline module accesses the BPF map directly starting in S. See BpfCoordinator.
+   */
+  android.net.TetherStatsParcel tetherOffloadGetAndClearStats(int ifIndex);
+  void networkCreate(in android.net.NativeNetworkConfig config);
+  void networkAddUidRangesParcel(in android.net.netd.aidl.NativeUidRangeConfig uidRangesConfig);
+  void networkRemoveUidRangesParcel(in android.net.netd.aidl.NativeUidRangeConfig uidRangesConfig);
+  void ipSecMigrate(in android.net.IpSecMigrateInfoParcel migrateInfo);
+  void setNetworkAllowlist(in android.net.netd.aidl.NativeUidRangeConfig[] allowedNetworks);
+  const int IPV4 = 4;
+  const int IPV6 = 6;
+  const int CONF = 1;
+  const int NEIGH = 2;
+  const String IPSEC_INTERFACE_PREFIX = "ipsec";
+  const int IPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE_EUI64 = 0;
+  const int IPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE_NONE = 1;
+  const int IPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE_STABLE_PRIVACY = 2;
+  const int IPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE_RANDOM = 3;
+  const int IPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE_DEFAULT = 0;
+  const int PENALTY_POLICY_ACCEPT = 1;
+  const int PENALTY_POLICY_LOG = 2;
+  const int PENALTY_POLICY_REJECT = 3;
+  const int CLAT_MARK = 0xdeadc1a7;
+  const int LOCAL_NET_ID = 99;
+  const int DUMMY_NET_ID = 51;
+  const int UNREACHABLE_NET_ID = 52;
+  const String NEXTHOP_NONE = "";
+  const String NEXTHOP_UNREACHABLE = "unreachable";
+  const String NEXTHOP_THROW = "throw";
+  const int PERMISSION_NONE = 0;
+  const int PERMISSION_NETWORK = 1;
+  const int PERMISSION_SYSTEM = 2;
+  const int NO_PERMISSIONS = 0;
+  const int PERMISSION_INTERNET = 4;
+  const int PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS = 8;
+  const int PERMISSION_UNINSTALLED = (-1) /* -1 */;
+  /**
+   * @deprecated use FIREWALL_ALLOWLIST.
+   */
+  const int FIREWALL_WHITELIST = 0;
+  const int FIREWALL_ALLOWLIST = 0;
+  /**
+   * @deprecated use FIREWALL_DENYLIST.
+   */
+  const int FIREWALL_BLACKLIST = 1;
+  const int FIREWALL_DENYLIST = 1;
+  const int FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW = 1;
+  const int FIREWALL_RULE_DENY = 2;
+  const int FIREWALL_CHAIN_NONE = 0;
+  const int FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE = 1;
+  const int FIREWALL_CHAIN_STANDBY = 2;
+  const int FIREWALL_CHAIN_POWERSAVE = 3;
+  const int FIREWALL_CHAIN_RESTRICTED = 4;
+  const String IF_STATE_UP = "up";
+  const String IF_STATE_DOWN = "down";
+  const String IF_FLAG_BROADCAST = "broadcast";
+  const String IF_FLAG_LOOPBACK = "loopback";
+  const String IF_FLAG_POINTOPOINT = "point-to-point";
+  const String IF_FLAG_RUNNING = "running";
+  const String IF_FLAG_MULTICAST = "multicast";
+  const int IPSEC_DIRECTION_IN = 0;
+  const int IPSEC_DIRECTION_OUT = 1;
+}
diff --git a/staticlibs/netd/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/14/android/net/INetdUnsolicitedEventListener.aidl b/staticlibs/netd/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/14/android/net/INetdUnsolicitedEventListener.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..31775df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/staticlibs/netd/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/14/android/net/INetdUnsolicitedEventListener.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2018, The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// This file is a snapshot of an AIDL file. Do not edit it manually. There are
+// two cases:
+// 1). this is a frozen version file - do not edit this in any case.
+// 2). this is a 'current' file. If you make a backwards compatible change to
+//     the interface (from the latest frozen version), the build system will
+//     prompt you to update this file with `m <name>-update-api`.
+//
+// You must not make a backward incompatible change to any AIDL file built
+// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
+// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
+// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
+// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
+// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
+
+package android.net;
+/* @hide */
+interface INetdUnsolicitedEventListener {
+  oneway void onInterfaceClassActivityChanged(boolean isActive, int timerLabel, long timestampNs, int uid);
+  oneway void onQuotaLimitReached(@utf8InCpp String alertName, @utf8InCpp String ifName);
+  oneway void onInterfaceDnsServerInfo(@utf8InCpp String ifName, long lifetimeS, in @utf8InCpp String[] servers);
+  oneway void onInterfaceAddressUpdated(@utf8InCpp String addr, @utf8InCpp String ifName, int flags, int scope);
+  oneway void onInterfaceAddressRemoved(@utf8InCpp String addr, @utf8InCpp String ifName, int flags, int scope);
+  oneway void onInterfaceAdded(@utf8InCpp String ifName);
+  oneway void onInterfaceRemoved(@utf8InCpp String ifName);
+  oneway void onInterfaceChanged(@utf8InCpp String ifName, boolean up);
+  oneway void onInterfaceLinkStateChanged(@utf8InCpp String ifName, boolean up);
+  oneway void onRouteChanged(boolean updated, @utf8InCpp String route, @utf8InCpp String gateway, @utf8InCpp String ifName);
+  oneway void onStrictCleartextDetected(int uid, @utf8InCpp String hex);
+}
diff --git a/staticlibs/netd/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/14/android/net/InterfaceConfigurationParcel.aidl b/staticlibs/netd/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/14/android/net/InterfaceConfigurationParcel.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1869d8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/staticlibs/netd/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/14/android/net/InterfaceConfigurationParcel.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// This file is a snapshot of an AIDL file. Do not edit it manually. There are
+// two cases:
+// 1). this is a frozen version file - do not edit this in any case.
+// 2). this is a 'current' file. If you make a backwards compatible change to
+//     the interface (from the latest frozen version), the build system will
+//     prompt you to update this file with `m <name>-update-api`.
+//
+// You must not make a backward incompatible change to any AIDL file built
+// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
+// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
+// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
+// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
+// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
+
+package android.net;
+/* @hide */
+parcelable InterfaceConfigurationParcel {
+  @utf8InCpp String ifName;
+  @utf8InCpp String hwAddr;
+  @utf8InCpp String ipv4Addr;
+  int prefixLength;
+  @utf8InCpp String[] flags;
+}
diff --git a/staticlibs/netd/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/14/android/net/IpSecMigrateInfoParcel.aidl b/staticlibs/netd/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/14/android/net/IpSecMigrateInfoParcel.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..975a261
--- /dev/null
+++ b/staticlibs/netd/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/14/android/net/IpSecMigrateInfoParcel.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2022, The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// This file is a snapshot of an AIDL file. Do not edit it manually. There are
+// two cases:
+// 1). this is a frozen version file - do not edit this in any case.
+// 2). this is a 'current' file. If you make a backwards compatible change to
+//     the interface (from the latest frozen version), the build system will
+//     prompt you to update this file with `m <name>-update-api`.
+//
+// You must not make a backward incompatible change to any AIDL file built
+// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
+// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
+// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
+// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
+// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
+
+package android.net;
+@JavaOnlyImmutable
+parcelable IpSecMigrateInfoParcel {
+  int requestId;
+  int selAddrFamily;
+  int direction;
+  @utf8InCpp String oldSourceAddress;
+  @utf8InCpp String oldDestinationAddress;
+  @utf8InCpp String newSourceAddress;
+  @utf8InCpp String newDestinationAddress;
+  int interfaceId;
+}
diff --git a/staticlibs/netd/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/14/android/net/MarkMaskParcel.aidl b/staticlibs/netd/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/14/android/net/MarkMaskParcel.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8ea20d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/staticlibs/netd/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/14/android/net/MarkMaskParcel.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// This file is a snapshot of an AIDL file. Do not edit it manually. There are
+// two cases:
+// 1). this is a frozen version file - do not edit this in any case.
+// 2). this is a 'current' file. If you make a backwards compatible change to
+//     the interface (from the latest frozen version), the build system will
+//     prompt you to update this file with `m <name>-update-api`.
+//
+// You must not make a backward incompatible change to any AIDL file built
+// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
+// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
+// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
+// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
+// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
+
+package android.net;
+/* @hide */
+parcelable MarkMaskParcel {
+  int mark;
+  int mask;
+}
diff --git a/staticlibs/netd/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/14/android/net/NativeNetworkConfig.aidl b/staticlibs/netd/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/14/android/net/NativeNetworkConfig.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..77d814b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/staticlibs/netd/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/14/android/net/NativeNetworkConfig.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// This file is a snapshot of an AIDL file. Do not edit it manually. There are
+// two cases:
+// 1). this is a frozen version file - do not edit this in any case.
+// 2). this is a 'current' file. If you make a backwards compatible change to
+//     the interface (from the latest frozen version), the build system will
+//     prompt you to update this file with `m <name>-update-api`.
+//
+// You must not make a backward incompatible change to any AIDL file built
+// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
+// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
+// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
+// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
+// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
+
+package android.net;
+/* @hide */
+@JavaDerive(equals=true, toString=true) @JavaOnlyImmutable
+parcelable NativeNetworkConfig {
+  int netId;
+  android.net.NativeNetworkType networkType = android.net.NativeNetworkType.PHYSICAL;
+  int permission;
+  boolean secure;
+  android.net.NativeVpnType vpnType = android.net.NativeVpnType.PLATFORM;
+  boolean excludeLocalRoutes = false;
+}
diff --git a/staticlibs/netd/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/14/android/net/NativeNetworkType.aidl b/staticlibs/netd/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/14/android/net/NativeNetworkType.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e77a143
--- /dev/null
+++ b/staticlibs/netd/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/14/android/net/NativeNetworkType.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// This file is a snapshot of an AIDL file. Do not edit it manually. There are
+// two cases:
+// 1). this is a frozen version file - do not edit this in any case.
+// 2). this is a 'current' file. If you make a backwards compatible change to
+//     the interface (from the latest frozen version), the build system will
+//     prompt you to update this file with `m <name>-update-api`.
+//
+// You must not make a backward incompatible change to any AIDL file built
+// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
+// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
+// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
+// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
+// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
+
+package android.net;
+@Backing(type="int")
+enum NativeNetworkType {
+  PHYSICAL = 0,
+  VIRTUAL = 1,
+  PHYSICAL_LOCAL = 2,
+}
diff --git a/staticlibs/netd/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/14/android/net/NativeVpnType.aidl b/staticlibs/netd/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/14/android/net/NativeVpnType.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8a8be83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/staticlibs/netd/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/14/android/net/NativeVpnType.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// This file is a snapshot of an AIDL file. Do not edit it manually. There are
+// two cases:
+// 1). this is a frozen version file - do not edit this in any case.
+// 2). this is a 'current' file. If you make a backwards compatible change to
+//     the interface (from the latest frozen version), the build system will
+//     prompt you to update this file with `m <name>-update-api`.
+//
+// You must not make a backward incompatible change to any AIDL file built
+// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
+// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
+// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
+// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
+// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
+
+package android.net;
+@Backing(type="int")
+enum NativeVpnType {
+  SERVICE = 1,
+  PLATFORM = 2,
+  LEGACY = 3,
+  OEM = 4,
+}
diff --git a/staticlibs/netd/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/14/android/net/RouteInfoParcel.aidl b/staticlibs/netd/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/14/android/net/RouteInfoParcel.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5ef95e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/staticlibs/netd/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/14/android/net/RouteInfoParcel.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2020, The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// This file is a snapshot of an AIDL file. Do not edit it manually. There are
+// two cases:
+// 1). this is a frozen version file - do not edit this in any case.
+// 2). this is a 'current' file. If you make a backwards compatible change to
+//     the interface (from the latest frozen version), the build system will
+//     prompt you to update this file with `m <name>-update-api`.
+//
+// You must not make a backward incompatible change to any AIDL file built
+// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
+// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
+// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
+// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
+// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
+
+package android.net;
+parcelable RouteInfoParcel {
+  @utf8InCpp String destination;
+  @utf8InCpp String ifName;
+  @utf8InCpp String nextHop;
+  int mtu;
+}
diff --git a/staticlibs/netd/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/14/android/net/TetherConfigParcel.aidl b/staticlibs/netd/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/14/android/net/TetherConfigParcel.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7b39c22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/staticlibs/netd/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/14/android/net/TetherConfigParcel.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// This file is a snapshot of an AIDL file. Do not edit it manually. There are
+// two cases:
+// 1). this is a frozen version file - do not edit this in any case.
+// 2). this is a 'current' file. If you make a backwards compatible change to
+//     the interface (from the latest frozen version), the build system will
+//     prompt you to update this file with `m <name>-update-api`.
+//
+// You must not make a backward incompatible change to any AIDL file built
+// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
+// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
+// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
+// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
+// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
+
+package android.net;
+/* @hide */
+parcelable TetherConfigParcel {
+  boolean usingLegacyDnsProxy;
+  @utf8InCpp String[] dhcpRanges;
+}
diff --git a/staticlibs/netd/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/14/android/net/TetherOffloadRuleParcel.aidl b/staticlibs/netd/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/14/android/net/TetherOffloadRuleParcel.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..983e986
--- /dev/null
+++ b/staticlibs/netd/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/14/android/net/TetherOffloadRuleParcel.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// This file is a snapshot of an AIDL file. Do not edit it manually. There are
+// two cases:
+// 1). this is a frozen version file - do not edit this in any case.
+// 2). this is a 'current' file. If you make a backwards compatible change to
+//     the interface (from the latest frozen version), the build system will
+//     prompt you to update this file with `m <name>-update-api`.
+//
+// You must not make a backward incompatible change to any AIDL file built
+// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
+// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
+// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
+// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
+// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
+
+package android.net;
+/* @hide */
+parcelable TetherOffloadRuleParcel {
+  int inputInterfaceIndex;
+  int outputInterfaceIndex;
+  byte[] destination;
+  int prefixLength;
+  byte[] srcL2Address;
+  byte[] dstL2Address;
+  int pmtu = 1500;
+}
diff --git a/staticlibs/netd/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/14/android/net/TetherStatsParcel.aidl b/staticlibs/netd/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/14/android/net/TetherStatsParcel.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5f1b722
--- /dev/null
+++ b/staticlibs/netd/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/14/android/net/TetherStatsParcel.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// This file is a snapshot of an AIDL file. Do not edit it manually. There are
+// two cases:
+// 1). this is a frozen version file - do not edit this in any case.
+// 2). this is a 'current' file. If you make a backwards compatible change to
+//     the interface (from the latest frozen version), the build system will
+//     prompt you to update this file with `m <name>-update-api`.
+//
+// You must not make a backward incompatible change to any AIDL file built
+// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
+// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
+// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
+// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
+// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
+
+package android.net;
+/* @hide */
+parcelable TetherStatsParcel {
+  @utf8InCpp String iface;
+  long rxBytes;
+  long rxPackets;
+  long txBytes;
+  long txPackets;
+  int ifIndex = 0;
+}
diff --git a/staticlibs/netd/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/14/android/net/UidRangeParcel.aidl b/staticlibs/netd/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/14/android/net/UidRangeParcel.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..72e987a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/staticlibs/netd/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/14/android/net/UidRangeParcel.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// This file is a snapshot of an AIDL file. Do not edit it manually. There are
+// two cases:
+// 1). this is a frozen version file - do not edit this in any case.
+// 2). this is a 'current' file. If you make a backwards compatible change to
+//     the interface (from the latest frozen version), the build system will
+//     prompt you to update this file with `m <name>-update-api`.
+//
+// You must not make a backward incompatible change to any AIDL file built
+// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
+// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
+// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
+// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
+// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
+
+package android.net;
+/* @hide */
+@JavaDerive(equals=true, toString=true) @JavaOnlyImmutable
+parcelable UidRangeParcel {
+  int start;
+  int stop;
+}
diff --git a/staticlibs/netd/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/14/android/net/netd/aidl/NativeUidRangeConfig.aidl b/staticlibs/netd/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/14/android/net/netd/aidl/NativeUidRangeConfig.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9bb679f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/staticlibs/netd/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/14/android/net/netd/aidl/NativeUidRangeConfig.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// This file is a snapshot of an AIDL file. Do not edit it manually. There are
+// two cases:
+// 1). this is a frozen version file - do not edit this in any case.
+// 2). this is a 'current' file. If you make a backwards compatible change to
+//     the interface (from the latest frozen version), the build system will
+//     prompt you to update this file with `m <name>-update-api`.
+//
+// You must not make a backward incompatible change to any AIDL file built
+// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
+// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
+// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
+// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
+// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
+
+package android.net.netd.aidl;
+/* @hide */
+@JavaDerive(equals=true, toString=true) @JavaOnlyImmutable
+parcelable NativeUidRangeConfig {
+  int netId;
+  android.net.UidRangeParcel[] uidRanges;
+  int subPriority;
+}
diff --git a/staticlibs/netd/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/current/android/net/INetd.aidl b/staticlibs/netd/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/current/android/net/INetd.aidl
index 3507784..8ccefb2 100644
--- a/staticlibs/netd/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/current/android/net/INetd.aidl
+++ b/staticlibs/netd/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/current/android/net/INetd.aidl
@@ -35,6 +35,9 @@
 /* @hide */
 interface INetd {
   boolean isAlive();
+  /**
+   * @deprecated unimplemented on T+.
+   */
   boolean firewallReplaceUidChain(in @utf8InCpp String chainName, boolean isAllowlist, in int[] uids);
   boolean bandwidthEnableDataSaver(boolean enable);
   /**
@@ -95,9 +98,21 @@
   void bandwidthSetInterfaceAlert(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, long bytes);
   void bandwidthRemoveInterfaceAlert(in @utf8InCpp String ifName);
   void bandwidthSetGlobalAlert(long bytes);
+  /**
+   * @deprecated unimplemented on T+.
+   */
   void bandwidthAddNaughtyApp(int uid);
+  /**
+   * @deprecated unimplemented on T+.
+   */
   void bandwidthRemoveNaughtyApp(int uid);
+  /**
+   * @deprecated unimplemented on T+.
+   */
   void bandwidthAddNiceApp(int uid);
+  /**
+   * @deprecated unimplemented on T+.
+   */
   void bandwidthRemoveNiceApp(int uid);
   void tetherStart(in @utf8InCpp String[] dhcpRanges);
   void tetherStop();
@@ -117,13 +132,22 @@
   void networkSetPermissionForNetwork(int netId, int permission);
   void networkSetPermissionForUser(int permission, in int[] uids);
   void networkClearPermissionForUser(in int[] uids);
+  /**
+   * @deprecated unimplemented on T+.
+   */
   void trafficSetNetPermForUids(int permission, in int[] uids);
   void networkSetProtectAllow(int uid);
   void networkSetProtectDeny(int uid);
   boolean networkCanProtect(int uid);
   void firewallSetFirewallType(int firewalltype);
   void firewallSetInterfaceRule(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, int firewallRule);
+  /**
+   * @deprecated unimplemented on T+.
+   */
   void firewallSetUidRule(int childChain, int uid, int firewallRule);
+  /**
+   * @deprecated unimplemented on T+.
+   */
   void firewallEnableChildChain(int childChain, boolean enable);
   @utf8InCpp String[] interfaceGetList();
   android.net.InterfaceConfigurationParcel interfaceGetCfg(in @utf8InCpp String ifName);
@@ -136,8 +160,17 @@
   void tetherRemoveForward(in @utf8InCpp String intIface, in @utf8InCpp String extIface);
   void setTcpRWmemorySize(in @utf8InCpp String rmemValues, in @utf8InCpp String wmemValues);
   void registerUnsolicitedEventListener(android.net.INetdUnsolicitedEventListener listener);
+  /**
+   * @deprecated unimplemented on T+.
+   */
   void firewallAddUidInterfaceRules(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, in int[] uids);
+  /**
+   * @deprecated unimplemented on T+.
+   */
   void firewallRemoveUidInterfaceRules(in int[] uids);
+  /**
+   * @deprecated unimplemented on T+.
+   */
   void trafficSwapActiveStatsMap();
   IBinder getOemNetd();
   void tetherStartWithConfiguration(in android.net.TetherConfigParcel config);
@@ -196,7 +229,7 @@
   const int NO_PERMISSIONS = 0;
   const int PERMISSION_INTERNET = 4;
   const int PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS = 8;
-  const int PERMISSION_UNINSTALLED = (-1);
+  const int PERMISSION_UNINSTALLED = (-1) /* -1 */;
   /**
    * @deprecated use FIREWALL_ALLOWLIST.
    */
diff --git a/staticlibs/netd/binder/android/net/INetd.aidl b/staticlibs/netd/binder/android/net/INetd.aidl
index 27d9a03..ee27e84 100644
--- a/staticlibs/netd/binder/android/net/INetd.aidl
+++ b/staticlibs/netd/binder/android/net/INetd.aidl
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@
      * @param isAllowlist Whether this is an allowlist or denylist chain.
      * @param uids The list of UIDs to allow/deny.
      * @return true if the chain was successfully replaced, false otherwise.
+     * @deprecated unimplemented on T+.
      */
     boolean firewallReplaceUidChain(in @utf8InCpp String chainName,
                                     boolean isAllowlist,
@@ -683,6 +684,7 @@
     * @param uid uid of target app
     * @throws ServiceSpecificException in case of failure, with an error code indicating the
     *         cause of the failure.
+    * @deprecated unimplemented on T+.
     */
     void bandwidthAddNaughtyApp(int uid);
 
@@ -692,6 +694,7 @@
     * @param uid uid of target app
     * @throws ServiceSpecificException in case of failure, with an error code indicating the
     *         cause of the failure.
+    * @deprecated unimplemented on T+.
     */
     void bandwidthRemoveNaughtyApp(int uid);
 
@@ -701,6 +704,7 @@
     * @param uid uid of target app
     * @throws ServiceSpecificException in case of failure, with an error code indicating the
     *         cause of the failure.
+    * @deprecated unimplemented on T+.
     */
     void bandwidthAddNiceApp(int uid);
 
@@ -710,6 +714,7 @@
     * @param uid uid of target app
     * @throws ServiceSpecificException in case of failure, with an error code indicating the
     *         cause of the failure.
+    * @deprecated unimplemented on T+.
     */
     void bandwidthRemoveNiceApp(int uid);
 
@@ -983,6 +988,7 @@
     *                   PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS. If the permission is NO_PERMISSIONS, then
     *                   revoke all permissions for the uids.
     * @param uids uid of users to grant permission
+    * @deprecated unimplemented on T+.
     */
     void trafficSetNetPermForUids(int permission, in int[] uids);
 
@@ -1071,6 +1077,7 @@
     * @param firewallRule either FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW or FIREWALL_RULE_DENY
     * @throws ServiceSpecificException in case of failure, with an error code indicating the
     *         cause of the failure.
+    * @deprecated unimplemented on T+.
     */
     void firewallSetUidRule(int childChain, int uid, int firewallRule);
 
@@ -1081,6 +1088,7 @@
     * @param enable whether to enable or disable child chain.
     * @throws ServiceSpecificException in case of failure, with an error code indicating the
     *         cause of the failure.
+    * @deprecated unimplemented on T+.
     */
     void firewallEnableChildChain(int childChain, boolean enable);
 
@@ -1212,6 +1220,7 @@
      * @param uids an array of UIDs which the filtering rules will be set
      * @throws ServiceSpecificException in case of failure, with an error code indicating the
      *         cause of the failure.
+     * @deprecated unimplemented on T+.
      */
     void firewallAddUidInterfaceRules(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, in int[] uids);
 
@@ -1224,6 +1233,7 @@
      * @param uids an array of UIDs from which the filtering rules will be removed
      * @throws ServiceSpecificException in case of failure, with an error code indicating the
      *         cause of the failure.
+     * @deprecated unimplemented on T+.
      */
     void firewallRemoveUidInterfaceRules(in int[] uids);
 
@@ -1231,6 +1241,7 @@
     * Request netd to change the current active network stats map.
     * @throws ServiceSpecificException in case of failure, with an error code indicating the
     *         cause of the failure.
+    * @deprecated unimplemented on T+.
     */
     void trafficSwapActiveStatsMap();
 
diff --git a/staticlibs/tests/unit/src/com/android/net/module/util/DnsSvcbPacketTest.java b/staticlibs/tests/unit/src/com/android/net/module/util/DnsSvcbPacketTest.java
index 6778f8a..d59795f 100644
--- a/staticlibs/tests/unit/src/com/android/net/module/util/DnsSvcbPacketTest.java
+++ b/staticlibs/tests/unit/src/com/android/net/module/util/DnsSvcbPacketTest.java
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@
                 os.write(shortToByteArray((short) mRdataLen));
             } else {
                 final byte[] targetNameLabels =
-                                DnsPacketUtils.DnsRecordParser.domainNameToLabels(mTargetName);
+                        DnsPacketUtils.DnsRecordParser.domainNameToLabels(mTargetName);
                 mRdataLen += (Short.BYTES + targetNameLabels.length);
                 os.write(shortToByteArray((short) mRdataLen));
                 os.write(shortToByteArray(mSvcPriority));
@@ -251,7 +251,9 @@
         // Check the content returned from toString() for now because the getter function for
         // this SvcParam hasn't been implemented.
         // TODO(b/240259333): Consider adding DnsSvcbRecord.isMandatory(String alpn) when needed.
-        assertTrue(record.toString().contains("mandatory=ipv4hint,alpn,key333"));
+        assertTrue(record.toString().contains("ipv4hint"));
+        assertTrue(record.toString().contains("alpn"));
+        assertTrue(record.toString().contains("key333"));
     }
 
     @Test
diff --git a/staticlibs/tests/unit/src/com/android/net/module/util/netlink/IpSecStructXfrmUsersaIdTest.java b/staticlibs/tests/unit/src/com/android/net/module/util/netlink/IpSecStructXfrmUsersaIdTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4266f68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/staticlibs/tests/unit/src/com/android/net/module/util/netlink/IpSecStructXfrmUsersaIdTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.net.module.util.netlink;
+
+import static com.android.net.module.util.netlink.IpSecXfrmNetlinkMessage.IPPROTO_ESP;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+
+import android.net.InetAddresses;
+import android.system.OsConstants;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.android.net.module.util.HexDump;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.ByteOrder;
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@SmallTest
+public class IpSecStructXfrmUsersaIdTest {
+    private static final String EXPECTED_HEX_STRING =
+            "C0000201000000000000000000000000" + "7768440002003200";
+    private static final byte[] EXPECTED_HEX = HexDump.hexStringToByteArray(EXPECTED_HEX_STRING);
+
+    private static final InetAddress DEST_ADDRESS = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("192.0.2.1");
+    private static final long SPI = 0x77684400;
+    private static final int FAMILY = OsConstants.AF_INET;
+    private static final short PROTO = IPPROTO_ESP;
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEncode() throws Exception {
+        final IpSecStructXfrmUsersaId struct =
+                new IpSecStructXfrmUsersaId(DEST_ADDRESS, SPI, FAMILY, PROTO);
+
+        ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(EXPECTED_HEX.length);
+        buffer.order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder());
+        struct.writeToByteBuffer(buffer);
+
+        assertArrayEquals(EXPECTED_HEX, buffer.array());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDecode() throws Exception {
+        final ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.wrap(EXPECTED_HEX);
+        buffer.order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder());
+
+        final IpSecStructXfrmUsersaId struct =
+                IpSecStructXfrmUsersaId.parse(IpSecStructXfrmUsersaId.class, buffer);
+
+        assertEquals(DEST_ADDRESS, struct.getDestAddress());
+        assertEquals(SPI, struct.spi);
+        assertEquals(FAMILY, struct.family);
+        assertEquals(PROTO, struct.proto);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/staticlibs/testutils/app/connectivitychecker/src/com/android/testutils/connectivitypreparer/ConnectivityCheckTest.kt b/staticlibs/testutils/app/connectivitychecker/src/com/android/testutils/connectivitypreparer/ConnectivityCheckTest.kt
index d75d9ca..df6067d 100644
--- a/staticlibs/testutils/app/connectivitychecker/src/com/android/testutils/connectivitypreparer/ConnectivityCheckTest.kt
+++ b/staticlibs/testutils/app/connectivitychecker/src/com/android/testutils/connectivitypreparer/ConnectivityCheckTest.kt
@@ -61,8 +61,8 @@
                     commonError)
         }
         assertTrue(tm.isDataConnectivityPossible,
-            "The device is not setup with a SIM card that supports data connectivity. " +
-                    commonError)
+            "The device has a SIM card, but it does not supports data connectivity. " +
+            "Check the data plan, and verify that mobile data is working. " + commonError)
         connectUtil.ensureCellularValidated()
     }
 }
diff --git a/staticlibs/testutils/devicetests/com/android/testutils/DevSdkIgnoreRunner.kt b/staticlibs/testutils/devicetests/com/android/testutils/DevSdkIgnoreRunner.kt
index 2d281fd..10accd4 100644
--- a/staticlibs/testutils/devicetests/com/android/testutils/DevSdkIgnoreRunner.kt
+++ b/staticlibs/testutils/devicetests/com/android/testutils/DevSdkIgnoreRunner.kt
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 package com.android.testutils
 
 import androidx.test.ext.junit.runners.AndroidJUnit4
+import com.android.net.module.util.LinkPropertiesUtils.CompareOrUpdateResult
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreAfter
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo
 import java.lang.reflect.Modifier
@@ -27,6 +28,7 @@
 import org.junit.runner.manipulation.NoTestsRemainException
 import org.junit.runner.manipulation.Sortable
 import org.junit.runner.manipulation.Sorter
+import org.junit.runner.notification.Failure
 import org.junit.runner.notification.RunNotifier
 import org.junit.runners.Parameterized
 
@@ -52,6 +54,9 @@
  *     class MyTestClass { ... }
  */
 class DevSdkIgnoreRunner(private val klass: Class<*>) : Runner(), Filterable, Sortable {
+    private val leakMonitorDesc = Description.createTestDescription(klass, "ThreadLeakMonitor")
+    private val shouldThreadLeakFailTest = klass.isAnnotationPresent(MonitorThreadLeak::class.java)
+
     // Inference correctly infers Runner & Filterable & Sortable for |baseRunner|, but the
     // Java bytecode doesn't have a way to express this. Give this type a name by wrapping it.
     private class RunnerWrapper<T>(private val wrapped: T) :
@@ -61,6 +66,10 @@
         override fun run(notifier: RunNotifier?) = wrapped.run(notifier)
     }
 
+    // Annotation for test classes to indicate the test runner should monitor thread leak.
+    // TODO(b/307693729): Remove this annotation and monitor thread leak by default.
+    annotation class MonitorThreadLeak
+
     private val baseRunner: RunnerWrapper<*>? = klass.let {
         val ignoreAfter = it.getAnnotation(IgnoreAfter::class.java)
         val ignoreUpTo = it.getAnnotation(IgnoreUpTo::class.java)
@@ -81,20 +90,65 @@
                 it.isAnnotationPresent(Parameterized.Parameters::class.java) }
 
     override fun run(notifier: RunNotifier) {
-        if (baseRunner != null) {
+        if (baseRunner == null) {
+            // Report a single, skipped placeholder test for this class, as the class is expected to
+            // report results when run. In practice runners that apply the Filterable implementation
+            // would see a NoTestsRemainException and not call the run method.
+            notifier.fireTestIgnored(
+                    Description.createTestDescription(klass, "skippedClassForDevSdkMismatch"))
+            return
+        }
+        if (!shouldThreadLeakFailTest) {
             baseRunner.run(notifier)
             return
         }
 
-        // Report a single, skipped placeholder test for this class, as the class is expected to
-        // report results when run. In practice runners that apply the Filterable implementation
-        // would see a NoTestsRemainException and not call the run method.
-        notifier.fireTestIgnored(
-                Description.createTestDescription(klass, "skippedClassForDevSdkMismatch"))
+        // Dump threads as a baseline to monitor thread leaks.
+        val threadCountsBeforeTest = getAllThreadNameCounts()
+
+        baseRunner.run(notifier)
+
+        notifier.fireTestStarted(leakMonitorDesc)
+        val threadCountsAfterTest = getAllThreadNameCounts()
+        // TODO : move CompareOrUpdateResult to its own util instead of LinkProperties.
+        val threadsDiff = CompareOrUpdateResult(
+                threadCountsBeforeTest.entries,
+                threadCountsAfterTest.entries
+        ) { it.key }
+        // Ignore removed threads, which typically are generated by previous tests.
+        // Because this is in the threadsDiff.updated member, for sure there is a
+        // corresponding key in threadCountsBeforeTest.
+        val increasedThreads = threadsDiff.updated
+                .filter { threadCountsBeforeTest[it.key]!! < it.value }
+        if (threadsDiff.added.isNotEmpty() || increasedThreads.isNotEmpty()) {
+            notifier.fireTestFailure(Failure(leakMonitorDesc,
+                    IllegalStateException("Unexpected thread changes: $threadsDiff")))
+        }
+        notifier.fireTestFinished(leakMonitorDesc)
+    }
+
+    private fun getAllThreadNameCounts(): Map<String, Int> {
+        // Get the counts of threads in the group per name.
+        // Filter system thread groups.
+        // Also ignore threads with 1 count, this effectively filtered out threads created by the
+        // test runner or other system components. e.g. hwuiTask*, queued-work-looper,
+        // SurfaceSyncGroupTimer, RenderThread, Time-limited test, etc.
+        return Thread.getAllStackTraces().keys
+                .filter { it.threadGroup?.name != "system" }
+                .groupingBy { it.name }.eachCount()
+                .filter { it.value != 1 }
     }
 
     override fun getDescription(): Description {
-        return baseRunner?.description ?: Description.createSuiteDescription(klass)
+        if (baseRunner == null) {
+            return Description.createSuiteDescription(klass)
+        }
+
+        return baseRunner.description.also {
+            if (shouldThreadLeakFailTest) {
+                it.addChild(leakMonitorDesc)
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     /**
@@ -102,7 +156,9 @@
      */
     override fun testCount(): Int {
         // When ignoring the tests, a skipped placeholder test is reported, so test count is 1.
-        return baseRunner?.testCount() ?: 1
+        if (baseRunner == null) return 1
+
+        return baseRunner.testCount() + if (shouldThreadLeakFailTest) 1 else 0
     }
 
     @Throws(NoTestsRemainException::class)
diff --git a/tests/common/java/android/net/netstats/NetworkTemplateTest.kt b/tests/common/java/android/net/netstats/NetworkTemplateTest.kt
index fd7bd74..1b55be9 100644
--- a/tests/common/java/android/net/netstats/NetworkTemplateTest.kt
+++ b/tests/common/java/android/net/netstats/NetworkTemplateTest.kt
@@ -62,11 +62,6 @@
             }
         }
 
-        // Verify hidden match rules cannot construct templates.
-        assertFailsWith<IllegalArgumentException> {
-            NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_PROXY).build()
-        }
-
         // Verify template which matches metered cellular and carrier networks with
         // the given IMSI. See buildTemplateMobileAll and buildTemplateCarrierMetered.
         listOf(MATCH_MOBILE, MATCH_CARRIER).forEach { matchRule ->
@@ -170,9 +165,9 @@
                     assertEquals(expectedTemplate, it)
                 }
 
-        // Verify template which matches ethernet and bluetooth networks.
+        // Verify template which matches ethernet, bluetooth and proxy networks.
         // See buildTemplateEthernet and buildTemplateBluetooth.
-        listOf(MATCH_ETHERNET, MATCH_BLUETOOTH).forEach { matchRule ->
+        listOf(MATCH_ETHERNET, MATCH_BLUETOOTH, MATCH_PROXY).forEach { matchRule ->
             NetworkTemplate.Builder(matchRule).build().let {
                 val expectedTemplate = NetworkTemplate(matchRule,
                         emptyArray<String>() /*subscriberIds*/, emptyArray<String>(),
diff --git a/tests/cts/hostside/app/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/AbstractRestrictBackgroundNetworkTestCase.java b/tests/cts/hostside/app/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/AbstractRestrictBackgroundNetworkTestCase.java
index bb32052..198b009 100644
--- a/tests/cts/hostside/app/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/AbstractRestrictBackgroundNetworkTestCase.java
+++ b/tests/cts/hostside/app/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/AbstractRestrictBackgroundNetworkTestCase.java
@@ -62,6 +62,8 @@
 import android.util.Log;
 import android.util.Pair;
 
+import androidx.annotation.Nullable;
+
 import com.android.compatibility.common.util.AmUtils;
 import com.android.compatibility.common.util.BatteryUtils;
 import com.android.compatibility.common.util.DeviceConfigStateHelper;
@@ -283,8 +285,30 @@
     }
 
     protected void assertBackgroundNetworkAccess(boolean expectAllowed) throws Exception {
+        assertBackgroundNetworkAccess(expectAllowed, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Asserts whether the active network is available or not for the background app. If the network
+     * is unavailable, also checks whether it is blocked by the expected error.
+     *
+     * @param expectAllowed expect background network access to be allowed or not.
+     * @param expectedUnavailableError the expected error when {@code expectAllowed} is false. It's
+     *                                 meaningful only when the {@code expectAllowed} is 'false'.
+     *                                 Throws an IllegalArgumentException when {@code expectAllowed}
+     *                                 is true and this parameter is not null. When the
+     *                                 {@code expectAllowed} is 'false' and this parameter is null,
+     *                                 this function does not compare error type of the networking
+     *                                 access failure.
+     */
+    protected void assertBackgroundNetworkAccess(boolean expectAllowed,
+            @Nullable final String expectedUnavailableError) throws Exception {
         assertBackgroundState();
-        assertNetworkAccess(expectAllowed /* expectAvailable */, false /* needScreenOn */);
+        if (expectAllowed && expectedUnavailableError != null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("expectedUnavailableError is not null");
+        }
+        assertNetworkAccess(expectAllowed /* expectAvailable */, false /* needScreenOn */,
+                expectedUnavailableError);
     }
 
     protected void assertForegroundNetworkAccess() throws Exception {
@@ -407,12 +431,17 @@
      */
     private void assertNetworkAccess(boolean expectAvailable, boolean needScreenOn)
             throws Exception {
+        assertNetworkAccess(expectAvailable, needScreenOn, null);
+    }
+
+    private void assertNetworkAccess(boolean expectAvailable, boolean needScreenOn,
+            @Nullable final String expectedUnavailableError) throws Exception {
         final int maxTries = 5;
         String error = null;
         int timeoutMs = 500;
 
         for (int i = 1; i <= maxTries; i++) {
-            error = checkNetworkAccess(expectAvailable);
+            error = checkNetworkAccess(expectAvailable, expectedUnavailableError);
 
             if (error == null) return;
 
@@ -479,12 +508,15 @@
      *
      * @return error message with the mismatch (or empty if assertion passed).
      */
-    private String checkNetworkAccess(boolean expectAvailable) throws Exception {
+    private String checkNetworkAccess(boolean expectAvailable,
+            @Nullable final String expectedUnavailableError) throws Exception {
         final String resultData = mServiceClient.checkNetworkStatus();
-        return checkForAvailabilityInResultData(resultData, expectAvailable);
+        return checkForAvailabilityInResultData(resultData, expectAvailable,
+                expectedUnavailableError);
     }
 
-    private String checkForAvailabilityInResultData(String resultData, boolean expectAvailable) {
+    private String checkForAvailabilityInResultData(String resultData, boolean expectAvailable,
+            @Nullable final String expectedUnavailableError) {
         if (resultData == null) {
             assertNotNull("Network status from app2 is null", resultData);
         }
@@ -516,6 +548,10 @@
         if (expectedState != state || expectedDetailedState != detailedState) {
             errors.append(String.format("Connection state mismatch: expected %s/%s, got %s/%s\n",
                     expectedState, expectedDetailedState, state, detailedState));
+        } else if (!expectAvailable && (expectedUnavailableError != null)
+                 && !connectionCheckDetails.contains(expectedUnavailableError)) {
+            errors.append("Connection unavailable reason mismatch: expected "
+                     + expectedUnavailableError + "\n");
         }
 
         if (errors.length() > 0) {
@@ -914,7 +950,7 @@
                 final String resultData = result.get(0).second;
                 if (resultCode == INetworkStateObserver.RESULT_SUCCESS_NETWORK_STATE_CHECKED) {
                     final String error = checkForAvailabilityInResultData(
-                            resultData, expectAvailable);
+                            resultData, expectAvailable, null /* expectedUnavailableError */);
                     if (error != null) {
                         fail("Network is not available for activity in app2 (" + mUid + "): "
                                 + error);
@@ -949,7 +985,7 @@
                 final String resultData = result.get(0).second;
                 if (resultCode == INetworkStateObserver.RESULT_SUCCESS_NETWORK_STATE_CHECKED) {
                     final String error = checkForAvailabilityInResultData(
-                            resultData, expectAvailable);
+                            resultData, expectAvailable, null /* expectedUnavailableError */);
                     if (error != null) {
                         Log.d(TAG, "Network state is unexpected, checking again. " + error);
                         // Right now we could end up in an unexpected state if expedited job
diff --git a/tests/cts/hostside/app/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/NetworkCallbackTest.java b/tests/cts/hostside/app/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/NetworkCallbackTest.java
index ab3cf14..82f4a65 100644
--- a/tests/cts/hostside/app/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/NetworkCallbackTest.java
+++ b/tests/cts/hostside/app/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/NetworkCallbackTest.java
@@ -32,8 +32,11 @@
 import android.net.Network;
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
 import android.net.NetworkRequest;
+import android.net.cts.util.CtsNetUtils;
 import android.util.Log;
 
+import com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel;
+
 import org.junit.After;
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.Rule;
@@ -46,6 +49,9 @@
 public class NetworkCallbackTest extends AbstractRestrictBackgroundNetworkTestCase {
     private Network mNetwork;
     private final TestNetworkCallback mTestNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+    private CtsNetUtils mCtsNetUtils;
+    private static final String GOOGLE_PRIVATE_DNS_SERVER = "dns.google";
+
     @Rule
     public final MeterednessConfigurationRule mMeterednessConfiguration
             = new MeterednessConfigurationRule();
@@ -218,6 +224,26 @@
         mTestNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesCallbackEventually(mNetwork,
                 false /* hasCapability */, NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
         mTestNetworkCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(mNetwork, false);
+
+        // Before Android T, DNS queries over private DNS should be but are not restricted by Power
+        // Saver or Data Saver. The issue is fixed in mainline update and apps can no longer request
+        // DNS queries when its network is restricted by Power Saver. The fix takes effect backwards
+        // starting from Android T. But for Data Saver, the fix is not backward compatible since
+        // there are some platform changes involved. It is only available on devices that a specific
+        // trunk flag is enabled.
+        //
+        // This test can not only verify that the network traffic from apps is blocked at the right
+        // time, but also verify whether it is correctly blocked at the DNS stage, or at a later
+        // socket connection stage.
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastT()) {
+            // Enable private DNS
+            mCtsNetUtils = new CtsNetUtils(mContext);
+            mCtsNetUtils.storePrivateDnsSetting();
+            mCtsNetUtils.setPrivateDnsStrictMode(GOOGLE_PRIVATE_DNS_SERVER);
+            mCtsNetUtils.awaitPrivateDnsSetting(
+                    "NetworkCallbackTest wait private DNS setting timeout", mNetwork,
+                    GOOGLE_PRIVATE_DNS_SERVER, true);
+        }
     }
 
     @After
@@ -227,6 +253,10 @@
         setRestrictBackground(false);
         setBatterySaverMode(false);
         unregisterNetworkCallback();
+
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastT() && (mCtsNetUtils != null)) {
+            mCtsNetUtils.restorePrivateDnsSetting();
+        }
     }
 
     @RequiredProperties({DATA_SAVER_MODE})
@@ -235,6 +265,8 @@
         try {
             // Enable restrict background
             setRestrictBackground(true);
+            // TODO: Verify expectedUnavailableError when aconfig support mainline.
+            // (see go/aconfig-in-mainline-problems)
             assertBackgroundNetworkAccess(false);
             assertNetworkAccessBlockedByBpf(true, mUid, true /* metered */);
             mTestNetworkCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallbackEventually(mNetwork, true);
@@ -247,6 +279,7 @@
 
             // Remove from whitelist
             removeRestrictBackgroundWhitelist(mUid);
+            // TODO: Verify expectedUnavailableError when aconfig support mainline.
             assertBackgroundNetworkAccess(false);
             assertNetworkAccessBlockedByBpf(true, mUid, true /* metered */);
             mTestNetworkCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallbackEventually(mNetwork, true);
@@ -278,7 +311,11 @@
         try {
             // Enable Power Saver
             setBatterySaverMode(true);
-            assertBackgroundNetworkAccess(false);
+            if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastT()) {
+                assertBackgroundNetworkAccess(false, "java.net.UnknownHostException");
+            } else {
+                assertBackgroundNetworkAccess(false);
+            }
             mTestNetworkCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallbackEventually(mNetwork, true);
             assertNetworkAccessBlockedByBpf(true, mUid, true /* metered */);
 
@@ -298,7 +335,11 @@
         try {
             // Enable Power Saver
             setBatterySaverMode(true);
-            assertBackgroundNetworkAccess(false);
+            if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastT()) {
+                assertBackgroundNetworkAccess(false, "java.net.UnknownHostException");
+            } else {
+                assertBackgroundNetworkAccess(false);
+            }
             mTestNetworkCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallbackEventually(mNetwork, true);
             assertNetworkAccessBlockedByBpf(true, mUid, false /* metered */);
 
diff --git a/tests/native/utilities/firewall.cpp b/tests/native/utilities/firewall.cpp
index 22f83e8..669b76a 100644
--- a/tests/native/utilities/firewall.cpp
+++ b/tests/native/utilities/firewall.cpp
@@ -59,9 +59,11 @@
 Result<void> Firewall::addRule(uint32_t uid, UidOwnerMatchType match, uint32_t iif) {
     // iif should be non-zero if and only if match == MATCH_IIF
     if (match == IIF_MATCH && iif == 0) {
-        return Errorf("Interface match {} must have nonzero interface index", match);
+        return Errorf("Interface match {} must have nonzero interface index",
+                      static_cast<int>(match));
     } else if (match != IIF_MATCH && iif != 0) {
-        return Errorf("Non-interface match {} must have zero interface index", match);
+        return Errorf("Non-interface match {} must have zero interface index",
+                      static_cast<int>(match));
     }
 
     std::lock_guard guard(mMutex);
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/BpfNetMapsReaderTest.kt b/tests/unit/java/android/net/BpfNetMapsReaderTest.kt
index 258e422..9de7f4d 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/BpfNetMapsReaderTest.kt
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/BpfNetMapsReaderTest.kt
@@ -16,6 +16,9 @@
 
 package android.net
 
+import android.net.BpfNetMapsConstants.DATA_SAVER_DISABLED
+import android.net.BpfNetMapsConstants.DATA_SAVER_ENABLED
+import android.net.BpfNetMapsConstants.DATA_SAVER_ENABLED_KEY
 import android.net.BpfNetMapsConstants.DOZABLE_MATCH
 import android.net.BpfNetMapsConstants.HAPPY_BOX_MATCH
 import android.net.BpfNetMapsConstants.PENALTY_BOX_MATCH
@@ -26,6 +29,8 @@
 import com.android.net.module.util.IBpfMap
 import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.S32
 import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.U32
+import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.U8
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner
 import com.android.testutils.TestBpfMap
@@ -33,6 +38,7 @@
 import kotlin.test.assertEquals
 import kotlin.test.assertFalse
 import kotlin.test.assertTrue
+import org.junit.Rule
 import org.junit.Test
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith
 
@@ -45,17 +51,24 @@
 @RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner::class)
 @IgnoreUpTo(VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
 class BpfNetMapsReaderTest {
+    @Rule
+    @JvmField
+    val ignoreRule = DevSdkIgnoreRule()
+
     private val testConfigurationMap: IBpfMap<S32, U32> = TestBpfMap()
     private val testUidOwnerMap: IBpfMap<S32, UidOwnerValue> = TestBpfMap()
+    private val testDataSaverEnabledMap: IBpfMap<S32, U8> = TestBpfMap()
     private val bpfNetMapsReader = BpfNetMapsReader(
-        TestDependencies(testConfigurationMap, testUidOwnerMap))
+        TestDependencies(testConfigurationMap, testUidOwnerMap, testDataSaverEnabledMap))
 
     class TestDependencies(
         private val configMap: IBpfMap<S32, U32>,
-        private val uidOwnerMap: IBpfMap<S32, UidOwnerValue>
+        private val uidOwnerMap: IBpfMap<S32, UidOwnerValue>,
+        private val dataSaverEnabledMap: IBpfMap<S32, U8>
     ) : BpfNetMapsReader.Dependencies() {
         override fun getConfigurationMap() = configMap
         override fun getUidOwnerMap() = uidOwnerMap
+        override fun getDataSaverEnabledMap() = dataSaverEnabledMap
     }
 
     private fun doTestIsChainEnabled(chain: Int) {
@@ -199,4 +212,13 @@
         assertFalse(isUidNetworkingBlocked(TEST_UID2))
         assertFalse(isUidNetworkingBlocked(TEST_UID3))
     }
+
+    @IgnoreUpTo(VERSION_CODES.UPSIDE_DOWN_CAKE)
+    @Test
+    fun testGetDataSaverEnabled() {
+        testDataSaverEnabledMap.updateEntry(DATA_SAVER_ENABLED_KEY, U8(DATA_SAVER_DISABLED))
+        assertFalse(bpfNetMapsReader.dataSaverEnabled)
+        testDataSaverEnabledMap.updateEntry(DATA_SAVER_ENABLED_KEY, U8(DATA_SAVER_ENABLED))
+        assertTrue(bpfNetMapsReader.dataSaverEnabled)
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/ConnectivityManagerTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/ConnectivityManagerTest.java
index b8c5447..0082af2 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/ConnectivityManagerTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/ConnectivityManagerTest.java
@@ -90,6 +90,7 @@
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 
 import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Rule;
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
 import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;
@@ -102,6 +103,8 @@
 @SmallTest
 @DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(VERSION_CODES.R)
 public class ConnectivityManagerTest {
+    @Rule
+    public final DevSdkIgnoreRule mIgnoreRule = new DevSdkIgnoreRule();
     private static final int TIMEOUT_MS = 30_000;
     private static final int SHORT_TIMEOUT_MS = 150;
 
@@ -524,6 +527,7 @@
                     + " attempts", ref.get());
     }
 
+    @DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreAfter(VERSION_CODES.UPSIDE_DOWN_CAKE)
     @Test
     public void testDataSaverStatusTracker() {
         mockService(NetworkPolicyManager.class, Context.NETWORK_POLICY_SERVICE, mNpm);
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/MulticastRoutingConfigTest.kt b/tests/unit/java/android/net/MulticastRoutingConfigTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f01057b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/MulticastRoutingConfigTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net
+
+import android.os.Build
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner
+
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+import java.net.Inet6Address
+import kotlin.test.assertFalse
+import kotlin.test.assertTrue
+
+import android.net.MulticastRoutingConfig.Builder
+import android.net.MulticastRoutingConfig.FORWARD_NONE
+import android.net.MulticastRoutingConfig.FORWARD_SELECTED
+import android.net.MulticastRoutingConfig.FORWARD_WITH_MIN_SCOPE
+
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner::class)
+@IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+class MulticastRoutingConfigTest {
+
+    val address1 = Inet6Address.getByName("2000::8888") as Inet6Address
+    val address2 = Inet6Address.getByName("2000::9999") as Inet6Address
+
+    private fun configNone() = Builder(FORWARD_NONE).build()
+    private fun configMinScope(scope: Int) = Builder(FORWARD_WITH_MIN_SCOPE, scope).build()
+    private fun configSelected() = Builder(FORWARD_SELECTED).build()
+    private fun configSelectedWithAddress1AndAddress2() =
+            Builder(FORWARD_SELECTED).addListeningAddress(address1)
+            .addListeningAddress(address2).build()
+    private fun configSelectedWithAddress2AndAddress1() =
+            Builder(FORWARD_SELECTED).addListeningAddress(address2)
+            .addListeningAddress(address1).build()
+
+    @Test
+    fun equalityTests() {
+
+        assertTrue(configNone().equals(configNone()))
+
+        assertTrue(configSelected().equals(configSelected()))
+
+        assertTrue(configMinScope(4).equals(configMinScope(4)))
+
+        assertTrue(configSelectedWithAddress1AndAddress2()
+                .equals(configSelectedWithAddress2AndAddress1()))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun inequalityTests() {
+
+        assertFalse(configNone().equals(configSelected()))
+
+        assertFalse(configNone().equals(configMinScope(4)))
+
+        assertFalse(configSelected().equals(configMinScope(4)))
+
+        assertFalse(configMinScope(4).equals(configMinScope(5)))
+
+        assertFalse(configSelected().equals(configSelectedWithAddress1AndAddress2()))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun toString_equalObjects_returnsEqualStrings() {
+        val config1 = configSelectedWithAddress1AndAddress2()
+        val config2 = configSelectedWithAddress2AndAddress1()
+
+        val str1 = config1.toString()
+        val str2 = config2.toString()
+
+        assertTrue(str1.equals(str2))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun toString_unequalObjects_returnsUnequalStrings() {
+        val config1 = configSelected()
+        val config2 = configSelectedWithAddress1AndAddress2()
+
+        val str1 = config1.toString()
+        val str2 = config2.toString()
+
+        assertFalse(str1.equals(str2))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/internal/net/VpnProfileTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/internal/net/VpnProfileTest.java
index b2dff2e..acae7d2 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/internal/net/VpnProfileTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/internal/net/VpnProfileTest.java
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotSame;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 
@@ -311,4 +312,12 @@
         decoded.password = profile.password;
         assertEquals(profile, decoded);
     }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClone() {
+        final VpnProfile profile = getSampleIkev2Profile(DUMMY_PROFILE_KEY);
+        final VpnProfile clone = profile.clone();
+        assertEquals(profile, clone);
+        assertNotSame(profile, clone);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
index bafd450..fff9a30 100755
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 import static android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK;
 import static android.Manifest.permission.PACKET_KEEPALIVE_OFFLOAD;
 import static android.Manifest.permission.READ_DEVICE_CONFIG;
+import static android.Manifest.permission.STATUS_BAR_SERVICE;
 import static android.app.ActivityManager.UidFrozenStateChangedCallback.UID_FROZEN_STATE_FROZEN;
 import static android.app.ActivityManager.UidFrozenStateChangedCallback.UID_FROZEN_STATE_UNFROZEN;
 import static android.app.PendingIntent.FLAG_IMMUTABLE;
@@ -154,9 +155,12 @@
 import static android.net.resolv.aidl.IDnsResolverUnsolicitedEventListener.VALIDATION_RESULT_SUCCESS;
 import static android.os.Process.INVALID_UID;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.IPPROTO_TCP;
+import static android.telephony.DataConnectionRealTimeInfo.DC_POWER_STATE_HIGH;
+import static android.telephony.DataConnectionRealTimeInfo.DC_POWER_STATE_LOW;
 
 import static com.android.server.ConnectivityService.DELAY_DESTROY_FROZEN_SOCKETS_VERSION;
 import static com.android.net.module.util.DeviceConfigUtils.TETHERING_MODULE_NAME;
+import static com.android.server.ConnectivityService.ALLOW_SYSUI_CONNECTIVITY_REPORTS;
 import static com.android.server.ConnectivityService.KEY_DESTROY_FROZEN_SOCKETS_VERSION;
 import static com.android.server.ConnectivityService.MAX_NETWORK_REQUESTS_PER_SYSTEM_UID;
 import static com.android.server.ConnectivityService.PREFERENCE_ORDER_MOBILE_DATA_PREFERERRED;
@@ -638,8 +642,8 @@
 
     // BatteryStatsManager is final and cannot be mocked with regular mockito, so just mock the
     // underlying binder calls.
-    final BatteryStatsManager mBatteryStatsManager =
-            new BatteryStatsManager(mock(IBatteryStats.class));
+    final IBatteryStats mIBatteryStats = mock(IBatteryStats.class);
+    final BatteryStatsManager mBatteryStatsManager = new BatteryStatsManager(mIBatteryStats);
 
     private ArgumentCaptor<ResolverParamsParcel> mResolverParamsParcelCaptor =
             ArgumentCaptor.forClass(ResolverParamsParcel.class);
@@ -1655,8 +1659,7 @@
             waitForIdle();
         }
 
-        public void startLegacyVpnPrivileged(VpnProfile profile,
-                @Nullable Network underlying, @NonNull LinkProperties egress) {
+        public void startLegacyVpnPrivileged(VpnProfile profile) {
             switch (profile.type) {
                 case VpnProfile.TYPE_IKEV2_IPSEC_RSA:
                 case VpnProfile.TYPE_IKEV2_IPSEC_USER_PASS:
@@ -2150,6 +2153,16 @@
             }
         }
 
+        @Override
+        public boolean isFeatureNotChickenedOut(Context context, String name) {
+            switch (name) {
+                case ALLOW_SYSUI_CONNECTIVITY_REPORTS:
+                    return true;
+                default:
+                    return super.isFeatureNotChickenedOut(context, name);
+            }
+        }
+
         public void setChangeIdEnabled(final boolean enabled, final long changeId, final int uid) {
             final Pair<Long, Integer> data = new Pair<>(changeId, uid);
             // mEnabledChangeIds is read on the handler thread and maybe the test thread, so
@@ -10238,7 +10251,7 @@
         b.expectBroadcast();
         // Simulate LockdownVpnTracker attempting to start the VPN since it received the
         // systemDefault callback.
-        mMockVpn.startLegacyVpnPrivileged(profile, mCellAgent.getNetwork(), cellLp);
+        mMockVpn.startLegacyVpnPrivileged(profile);
         if (expectSetVpnDefaultForUids) {
             // setVpnDefaultForUids() releases the original network request and creates a VPN
             // request so LOST callback is received.
@@ -10309,7 +10322,7 @@
         // callback with different network.
         final ExpectedBroadcast b6 = expectConnectivityAction(TYPE_VPN, DetailedState.DISCONNECTED);
         mMockVpn.stopVpnRunnerPrivileged();
-        mMockVpn.startLegacyVpnPrivileged(profile, mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), wifiLp);
+        mMockVpn.startLegacyVpnPrivileged(profile);
         // VPN network is disconnected (to restart)
         callback.expect(LOST, mMockVpn);
         defaultCallback.expect(LOST, mMockVpn);
@@ -10795,6 +10808,11 @@
         expectNativeNetworkCreated(netId, permission, iface, null /* inOrder */);
     }
 
+    private int getIdleTimerLabel(int netId, int transportType) {
+        return ConnectivityService.LegacyNetworkActivityTracker.getIdleTimerLabel(
+                mDeps.isAtLeastV(), netId, transportType);
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void testStackedLinkProperties() throws Exception {
         final LinkAddress myIpv4 = new LinkAddress("1.2.3.4/24");
@@ -11036,7 +11054,7 @@
         networkCallback.expect(LOST, mCellAgent);
         networkCallback.assertNoCallback();
         verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).idletimerRemoveInterface(eq(MOBILE_IFNAME), anyInt(),
-                eq(Integer.toString(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)));
+                eq(Integer.toString(getIdleTimerLabel(cellNetId, TRANSPORT_CELLULAR))));
         verify(mMockNetd).networkDestroy(cellNetId);
         if (mDeps.isAtLeastU()) {
             verify(mMockNetd).setNetworkAllowlist(any());
@@ -11095,7 +11113,7 @@
         }
 
         verify(mMockNetd).idletimerRemoveInterface(eq(MOBILE_IFNAME), anyInt(),
-                eq(Integer.toString(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)));
+                eq(Integer.toString(getIdleTimerLabel(cellNetId, TRANSPORT_CELLULAR))));
         verify(mMockNetd).networkDestroy(cellNetId);
         if (mDeps.isAtLeastU()) {
             verify(mMockNetd).setNetworkAllowlist(any());
@@ -11350,8 +11368,21 @@
         final ConditionVariable onNetworkActiveCv = new ConditionVariable();
         final ConnectivityManager.OnNetworkActiveListener listener = onNetworkActiveCv::open;
 
+        TestNetworkCallback defaultCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+
         testAndCleanup(() -> {
+            mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(defaultCallback);
             agent.connect(true);
+            defaultCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(agent);
+            if (transportType == TRANSPORT_CELLULAR) {
+                verify(mIBatteryStats).noteMobileRadioPowerState(eq(DC_POWER_STATE_HIGH),
+                        anyLong() /* timestampNs */, eq(NETWORK_ACTIVITY_NO_UID));
+            } else if (transportType == TRANSPORT_WIFI) {
+                verify(mIBatteryStats).noteWifiRadioPowerState(eq(DC_POWER_STATE_HIGH),
+                        anyLong() /* timestampNs */, eq(NETWORK_ACTIVITY_NO_UID));
+            }
+            clearInvocations(mIBatteryStats);
+            final int idleTimerLabel = getIdleTimerLabel(agent.getNetwork().netId, transportType);
 
             // Network is considered active when the network becomes the default network.
             assertTrue(mCm.isDefaultNetworkActive());
@@ -11360,19 +11391,57 @@
 
             // Interface goes to inactive state
             netdUnsolicitedEventListener.onInterfaceClassActivityChanged(false /* isActive */,
-                    transportType, TIMESTAMP, NETWORK_ACTIVITY_NO_UID);
+                    idleTimerLabel, TIMESTAMP, NETWORK_ACTIVITY_NO_UID);
             mServiceContext.expectDataActivityBroadcast(legacyType, false /* isActive */,
                     TIMESTAMP);
             assertFalse(onNetworkActiveCv.block(TEST_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS));
             assertFalse(mCm.isDefaultNetworkActive());
+            if (mDeps.isAtLeastV()) {
+                if (transportType == TRANSPORT_CELLULAR) {
+                    verify(mIBatteryStats).noteMobileRadioPowerState(eq(DC_POWER_STATE_LOW),
+                            anyLong() /* timestampNs */, eq(NETWORK_ACTIVITY_NO_UID));
+                } else if (transportType == TRANSPORT_WIFI) {
+                    verify(mIBatteryStats).noteWifiRadioPowerState(eq(DC_POWER_STATE_LOW),
+                            anyLong() /* timestampNs */, eq(NETWORK_ACTIVITY_NO_UID));
+                }
+            } else {
+                // If TrackMultiNetworks is disabled, LegacyNetworkActivityTracker does not call
+                // BatteryStats API by the netd activity change callback since BatteryStatsService
+                // listen to netd callback via NetworkManagementService and update battery stats by
+                // itself.
+                verify(mIBatteryStats, never())
+                        .noteMobileRadioPowerState(anyInt(), anyLong(), anyInt());
+                verify(mIBatteryStats, never())
+                        .noteWifiRadioPowerState(anyInt(), anyLong(), anyInt());
+            }
 
             // Interface goes to active state
             netdUnsolicitedEventListener.onInterfaceClassActivityChanged(true /* isActive */,
-                    transportType, TIMESTAMP, TEST_PACKAGE_UID);
+                    idleTimerLabel, TIMESTAMP, TEST_PACKAGE_UID);
             mServiceContext.expectDataActivityBroadcast(legacyType, true /* isActive */, TIMESTAMP);
             assertTrue(onNetworkActiveCv.block(TEST_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS));
             assertTrue(mCm.isDefaultNetworkActive());
+            if (mDeps.isAtLeastV()) {
+                if (transportType == TRANSPORT_CELLULAR) {
+                    verify(mIBatteryStats).noteMobileRadioPowerState(eq(DC_POWER_STATE_HIGH),
+                            anyLong() /* timestampNs */, eq(TEST_PACKAGE_UID));
+                } else if (transportType == TRANSPORT_WIFI) {
+                    verify(mIBatteryStats).noteWifiRadioPowerState(eq(DC_POWER_STATE_HIGH),
+                            anyLong() /* timestampNs */, eq(TEST_PACKAGE_UID));
+                }
+            } else {
+                // If TrackMultiNetworks is disabled, LegacyNetworkActivityTracker does not call
+                // BatteryStats API by the netd activity change callback since BatteryStatsService
+                // listen to netd callback via NetworkManagementService and update battery stats by
+                // itself.
+                verify(mIBatteryStats, never())
+                        .noteMobileRadioPowerState(anyInt(), anyLong(), anyInt());
+                verify(mIBatteryStats, never())
+                        .noteWifiRadioPowerState(anyInt(), anyLong(), anyInt());
+            }
         }, () -> { // Cleanup
+                mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(defaultCallback);
+            }, () -> { // Cleanup
                 mCm.removeDefaultNetworkActiveListener(listener);
             }, () -> { // Cleanup
                 agent.disconnect();
@@ -11420,12 +11489,13 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testOnNetworkActive_NewEthernetConnects_CallbackNotCalled() throws Exception {
-        // LegacyNetworkActivityTracker calls onNetworkActive callback only for networks that
-        // tracker adds the idle timer to. And the tracker does not set the idle timer for the
-        // ethernet network.
+    public void testOnNetworkActive_NewEthernetConnects_Callback() throws Exception {
+        // On pre-V devices, LegacyNetworkActivityTracker calls onNetworkActive callback only for
+        // networks that tracker adds the idle timer to. And the tracker does not set the idle timer
+        // for the ethernet network.
         // So onNetworkActive is not called when the ethernet becomes the default network
-        doTestOnNetworkActive_NewNetworkConnects(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, false /* expectCallback */);
+        final boolean expectCallback = mDeps.isAtLeastV();
+        doTestOnNetworkActive_NewNetworkConnects(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, expectCallback);
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -11455,15 +11525,19 @@
         mCm.registerNetworkCallback(networkRequest, networkCallback);
 
         mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        final String cellIdleTimerLabel = Integer.toString(getIdleTimerLabel(
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId, TRANSPORT_CELLULAR));
         final LinkProperties cellLp = new LinkProperties();
         cellLp.setInterfaceName(MOBILE_IFNAME);
         mCellAgent.sendLinkProperties(cellLp);
         mCellAgent.connect(true);
         networkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
         verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).idletimerAddInterface(eq(MOBILE_IFNAME), anyInt(),
-                eq(Integer.toString(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)));
+                eq(cellIdleTimerLabel));
 
         mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        String wifiIdleTimerLabel = Integer.toString(getIdleTimerLabel(
+                mWiFiAgent.getNetwork().netId, TRANSPORT_WIFI));
         final LinkProperties wifiLp = new LinkProperties();
         wifiLp.setInterfaceName(WIFI_IFNAME);
         mWiFiAgent.sendLinkProperties(wifiLp);
@@ -11474,9 +11548,18 @@
         networkCallback.expectLosing(mCellAgent);
         networkCallback.expectCaps(mWiFiAgent, c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
         verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).idletimerAddInterface(eq(WIFI_IFNAME), anyInt(),
-                eq(Integer.toString(TRANSPORT_WIFI)));
-        verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).idletimerRemoveInterface(eq(MOBILE_IFNAME), anyInt(),
-                eq(Integer.toString(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)));
+                eq(wifiIdleTimerLabel));
+        if (mDeps.isAtLeastV()) {
+            // V+ devices add idleTimer when the network is first connected and remove when the
+            // network is disconnected.
+            verify(mMockNetd, never()).idletimerRemoveInterface(eq(MOBILE_IFNAME), anyInt(),
+                    eq(Integer.toString(mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId)));
+        } else {
+            // pre V devices add idleTimer when the network becomes the default network and remove
+            // when the network becomes no longer the default network.
+            verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).idletimerRemoveInterface(eq(MOBILE_IFNAME), anyInt(),
+                    eq(Integer.toString(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)));
+        }
 
         // Disconnect wifi and switch back to cell
         reset(mMockNetd);
@@ -11484,13 +11567,20 @@
         networkCallback.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent);
         assertNoCallbacks(networkCallback);
         verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).idletimerRemoveInterface(eq(WIFI_IFNAME), anyInt(),
-                eq(Integer.toString(TRANSPORT_WIFI)));
-        verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).idletimerAddInterface(eq(MOBILE_IFNAME), anyInt(),
-                eq(Integer.toString(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)));
+                eq(wifiIdleTimerLabel));
+        if (mDeps.isAtLeastV()) {
+            verify(mMockNetd, never()).idletimerAddInterface(eq(MOBILE_IFNAME), anyInt(),
+                    eq(Integer.toString(mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId)));
+        } else {
+            verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).idletimerAddInterface(eq(MOBILE_IFNAME), anyInt(),
+                    eq(Integer.toString(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)));
+        }
 
         // reconnect wifi
         reset(mMockNetd);
         mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        wifiIdleTimerLabel = Integer.toString(getIdleTimerLabel(
+                mWiFiAgent.getNetwork().netId, TRANSPORT_WIFI));
         wifiLp.setInterfaceName(WIFI_IFNAME);
         mWiFiAgent.sendLinkProperties(wifiLp);
         mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
@@ -11498,20 +11588,30 @@
         networkCallback.expectLosing(mCellAgent);
         networkCallback.expectCaps(mWiFiAgent, c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
         verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).idletimerAddInterface(eq(WIFI_IFNAME), anyInt(),
-                eq(Integer.toString(TRANSPORT_WIFI)));
-        verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).idletimerRemoveInterface(eq(MOBILE_IFNAME), anyInt(),
-                eq(Integer.toString(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)));
+                eq(wifiIdleTimerLabel));
+        if (mDeps.isAtLeastV()) {
+            verify(mMockNetd, never()).idletimerRemoveInterface(eq(MOBILE_IFNAME), anyInt(),
+                    eq(Integer.toString(mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId)));
+        } else {
+            verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).idletimerRemoveInterface(eq(MOBILE_IFNAME), anyInt(),
+                    eq(Integer.toString(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)));
+        }
 
         // Disconnect cell
         reset(mMockNetd);
         mCellAgent.disconnect();
         networkCallback.expect(LOST, mCellAgent);
-        // LOST callback is triggered earlier than removing idle timer. Broadcast should also be
-        // sent as network being switched. Ensure rule removal for cell will not be triggered
-        // unexpectedly before network being removed.
         waitForIdle();
-        verify(mMockNetd, times(0)).idletimerRemoveInterface(eq(MOBILE_IFNAME), anyInt(),
-                eq(Integer.toString(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)));
+        if (mDeps.isAtLeastV()) {
+            verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).idletimerRemoveInterface(eq(MOBILE_IFNAME), anyInt(),
+                    eq(Integer.toString(mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId)));
+        }  else {
+            // LOST callback is triggered earlier than removing idle timer. Broadcast should also be
+            // sent as network being switched. Ensure rule removal for cell will not be triggered
+            // unexpectedly before network being removed.
+            verify(mMockNetd, times(0)).idletimerRemoveInterface(eq(MOBILE_IFNAME), anyInt(),
+                    eq(Integer.toString(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)));
+        }
         verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).networkDestroy(eq(mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId));
         verify(mMockDnsResolver, times(1)).destroyNetworkCache(eq(mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId));
 
@@ -11520,12 +11620,27 @@
         mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
         b.expectBroadcast();
         verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).idletimerRemoveInterface(eq(WIFI_IFNAME), anyInt(),
-                eq(Integer.toString(TRANSPORT_WIFI)));
+                eq(wifiIdleTimerLabel));
 
         // Clean up
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(networkCallback);
     }
 
+    @Test
+    public void testDataActivityTracking_VpnNetwork() throws Exception {
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true /* validated */);
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(new Network[] { mWiFiAgent.getNetwork() });
+
+        final LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+        lp.setInterfaceName(VPN_IFNAME);
+        mMockVpn.establishForMyUid(lp);
+
+        // NetworkActivityTracker should not track the VPN network since VPN can change the
+        // underlying network without disconnect.
+        verify(mMockNetd, never()).idletimerAddInterface(eq(VPN_IFNAME), anyInt(), any());
+    }
+
     private void verifyTcpBufferSizeChange(String tcpBufferSizes) throws Exception {
         String[] values = tcpBufferSizes.split(",");
         String rmemValues = String.join(" ", values[0], values[1], values[2]);
@@ -12810,6 +12925,18 @@
     }
 
     @Test
+    public void testCheckConnectivityDiagnosticsPermissionsSysUi() throws Exception {
+        final NetworkAgentInfo naiWithoutUid = fakeMobileNai(new NetworkCapabilities());
+
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(STATUS_BAR_SERVICE, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
+        assertTrue(
+                "SysUi permission (STATUS_BAR_SERVICE) not applied",
+                mService.checkConnectivityDiagnosticsPermissions(
+                        Process.myPid(), Process.myUid(), naiWithoutUid,
+                        mContext.getOpPackageName()));
+    }
+
+    @Test
     public void testCheckConnectivityDiagnosticsPermissionsWrongUidPackageName() throws Exception {
         final int wrongUid = Process.myUid() + 1;
 
@@ -18704,6 +18831,7 @@
         final LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
         lp.setInterfaceName(transportToTestIfaceName(transportType));
         final TestNetworkAgentWrapper agent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(transportType, lp);
+        final int idleTimerLabel = getIdleTimerLabel(agent.getNetwork().netId, transportType);
         testAndCleanup(() -> {
             final UidFrozenStateChangedCallback uidFrozenStateChangedCallback =
                     getUidFrozenStateChangedCallback().get();
@@ -18716,7 +18844,7 @@
             if (freezeWithNetworkInactive) {
                 // Make network inactive
                 netdUnsolicitedEventListener.onInterfaceClassActivityChanged(false /* isActive */,
-                        transportType, TIMESTAMP, NETWORK_ACTIVITY_NO_UID);
+                        idleTimerLabel, TIMESTAMP, NETWORK_ACTIVITY_NO_UID);
             }
 
             // Freeze TEST_FROZEN_UID and TEST_UNFROZEN_UID
@@ -18740,7 +18868,7 @@
 
             // Make network active
             netdUnsolicitedEventListener.onInterfaceClassActivityChanged(true /* isActive */,
-                    transportType, TIMESTAMP, TEST_PACKAGE_UID);
+                    idleTimerLabel, TIMESTAMP, TEST_PACKAGE_UID);
             waitForIdle();
 
             if (expectDelay) {
@@ -18759,8 +18887,8 @@
     @Test
     @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
     public void testDelayFrozenUidSocketDestroy_ActiveCellular() throws Exception {
-        doTestDelayFrozenUidSocketDestroy(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR,
-                false /* freezeWithNetworkInactive */, false /* expectDelay */);
+        doTestDelayFrozenUidSocketDestroy(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, false /* freezeWithNetworkInactive */,
+                false /* expectDelay */);
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -18768,22 +18896,22 @@
     public void testDelayFrozenUidSocketDestroy_InactiveCellular() throws Exception {
         // When the default network is cellular and cellular network is inactive, closing socket
         // is delayed.
-        doTestDelayFrozenUidSocketDestroy(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR,
-                true /* freezeWithNetworkInactive */, true /* expectDelay */);
+        doTestDelayFrozenUidSocketDestroy(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, true /* freezeWithNetworkInactive */,
+                true /* expectDelay */);
     }
 
     @Test
     @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
     public void testDelayFrozenUidSocketDestroy_ActiveWifi() throws Exception {
-        doTestDelayFrozenUidSocketDestroy(TRANSPORT_WIFI,
-                false /* freezeWithNetworkInactive */, false /* expectDelay */);
+        doTestDelayFrozenUidSocketDestroy(TRANSPORT_WIFI, false /* freezeWithNetworkInactive */,
+                false /* expectDelay */);
     }
 
     @Test
     @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
     public void testDelayFrozenUidSocketDestroy_InactiveWifi() throws Exception {
-        doTestDelayFrozenUidSocketDestroy(TRANSPORT_WIFI,
-                true /* freezeWithNetworkInactive */, false /* expectDelay */);
+        doTestDelayFrozenUidSocketDestroy(TRANSPORT_WIFI, true /* freezeWithNetworkInactive */,
+                false /* expectDelay */);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -18804,6 +18932,8 @@
         final LinkProperties cellLp = new LinkProperties();
         cellLp.setInterfaceName(MOBILE_IFNAME);
         mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, cellLp);
+        final int idleTimerLabel =
+                getIdleTimerLabel(mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId, TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
 
         final TestNetworkCallback defaultCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
         mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(defaultCallback);
@@ -18813,7 +18943,7 @@
 
             // Make cell network inactive
             netdUnsolicitedEventListener.onInterfaceClassActivityChanged(false /* isActive */,
-                    TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, TIMESTAMP, NETWORK_ACTIVITY_NO_UID);
+                    idleTimerLabel, TIMESTAMP, NETWORK_ACTIVITY_NO_UID);
 
             // Freeze TEST_FROZEN_UID
             final int[] uids = {TEST_FROZEN_UID};
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTrackerTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTrackerTest.java
index 8e19c01..10a0982 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTrackerTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTrackerTest.java
@@ -72,7 +72,9 @@
 import android.os.SystemClock;
 import android.telephony.SubscriptionManager;
 import android.test.suitebuilder.annotation.SmallTest;
+import android.util.ArraySet;
 import android.util.Log;
+import android.util.Range;
 
 import androidx.annotation.NonNull;
 import androidx.annotation.Nullable;
@@ -102,7 +104,9 @@
 import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
 import java.nio.ByteOrder;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Set;
 
 @RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
 @SmallTest
@@ -232,6 +236,9 @@
     private static final byte[] TEST_RESPONSE_BYTES =
             HexEncoding.decode(TEST_RESPONSE_HEX.toCharArray(), false);
 
+    private static final Set<Range<Integer>> TEST_UID_RANGES =
+            new ArraySet<>(Arrays.asList(new Range<>(10000, 99999)));
+
     private static class TestKeepaliveInfo {
         private static List<Socket> sOpenSockets = new ArrayList<>();
 
@@ -409,28 +416,28 @@
     public void testIsAnyTcpSocketConnected_runOnNonHandlerThread() throws Exception {
         setupResponseWithSocketExisting();
         assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class,
-                () -> mAOOKeepaliveTracker.isAnyTcpSocketConnected(TEST_NETID));
+                () -> mAOOKeepaliveTracker.isAnyTcpSocketConnected(TEST_NETID, TEST_UID_RANGES));
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testIsAnyTcpSocketConnected_withTargetNetId() throws Exception {
         setupResponseWithSocketExisting();
         assertTrue(visibleOnHandlerThread(mTestHandler,
-                () -> mAOOKeepaliveTracker.isAnyTcpSocketConnected(TEST_NETID)));
+                () -> mAOOKeepaliveTracker.isAnyTcpSocketConnected(TEST_NETID, TEST_UID_RANGES)));
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testIsAnyTcpSocketConnected_withIncorrectNetId() throws Exception {
         setupResponseWithSocketExisting();
         assertFalse(visibleOnHandlerThread(mTestHandler,
-                () -> mAOOKeepaliveTracker.isAnyTcpSocketConnected(OTHER_NETID)));
+                () -> mAOOKeepaliveTracker.isAnyTcpSocketConnected(OTHER_NETID, TEST_UID_RANGES)));
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testIsAnyTcpSocketConnected_noSocketExists() throws Exception {
         setupResponseWithoutSocketExisting();
         assertFalse(visibleOnHandlerThread(mTestHandler,
-                () -> mAOOKeepaliveTracker.isAnyTcpSocketConnected(TEST_NETID)));
+                () -> mAOOKeepaliveTracker.isAnyTcpSocketConnected(TEST_NETID, TEST_UID_RANGES)));
     }
 
     private void triggerEventKeepalive(int slot, int reason) {
@@ -474,14 +481,16 @@
         setupResponseWithoutSocketExisting();
         visibleOnHandlerThread(
                 mTestHandler,
-                () -> mAOOKeepaliveTracker.handleMonitorAutomaticKeepalive(autoKi, TEST_NETID));
+                () -> mAOOKeepaliveTracker.handleMonitorAutomaticKeepalive(
+                        autoKi, TEST_NETID, TEST_UID_RANGES));
     }
 
     private void doResumeKeepalive(AutomaticOnOffKeepalive autoKi) throws Exception {
         setupResponseWithSocketExisting();
         visibleOnHandlerThread(
                 mTestHandler,
-                () -> mAOOKeepaliveTracker.handleMonitorAutomaticKeepalive(autoKi, TEST_NETID));
+                () -> mAOOKeepaliveTracker.handleMonitorAutomaticKeepalive(
+                        autoKi, TEST_NETID, TEST_UID_RANGES));
     }
 
     private void doStopKeepalive(AutomaticOnOffKeepalive autoKi) throws Exception {
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java
index 48cfe77..ea2228e 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java
@@ -56,11 +56,9 @@
 import static com.android.server.connectivity.Vpn.PREFERRED_IKE_PROTOCOL_IPV4_UDP;
 import static com.android.server.connectivity.Vpn.PREFERRED_IKE_PROTOCOL_IPV6_ESP;
 import static com.android.server.connectivity.Vpn.PREFERRED_IKE_PROTOCOL_IPV6_UDP;
-import static com.android.testutils.Cleanup.testAndCleanup;
 import static com.android.testutils.HandlerUtils.waitForIdleSerialExecutor;
 import static com.android.testutils.MiscAsserts.assertThrows;
 
-import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
@@ -76,7 +74,9 @@
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.longThat;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.after;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.atLeast;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.atLeastOnce;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.clearInvocations;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.doAnswer;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.doCallRealMethod;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.doNothing;
@@ -149,7 +149,6 @@
 import android.net.wifi.WifiInfo;
 import android.os.Build.VERSION_CODES;
 import android.os.Bundle;
-import android.os.ConditionVariable;
 import android.os.INetworkManagementService;
 import android.os.ParcelFileDescriptor;
 import android.os.PersistableBundle;
@@ -191,6 +190,7 @@
 import org.mockito.AdditionalAnswers;
 import org.mockito.Answers;
 import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;
+import org.mockito.Captor;
 import org.mockito.InOrder;
 import org.mockito.Mock;
 import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
@@ -207,6 +207,7 @@
 import java.net.UnknownHostException;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
 import java.util.Collections;
 import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.List;
@@ -317,6 +318,8 @@
     @Mock DeviceIdleInternal mDeviceIdleInternal;
     private final VpnProfile mVpnProfile;
 
+    @Captor private ArgumentCaptor<Collection<Range<Integer>>> mUidRangesCaptor;
+
     private IpSecManager mIpSecManager;
     private TestDeps mTestDeps;
 
@@ -1096,37 +1099,53 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private Vpn prepareVpnForVerifyAppExclusionList() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
+    private String startVpnForVerifyAppExclusionList(Vpn vpn) throws Exception {
         when(mVpnProfileStore.get(vpn.getProfileNameForPackage(TEST_VPN_PKG)))
                 .thenReturn(mVpnProfile.encode());
         when(mVpnProfileStore.get(PRIMARY_USER_APP_EXCLUDE_KEY))
                 .thenReturn(HexDump.hexStringToByteArray(PKGS_BYTES));
-
-        vpn.startVpnProfile(TEST_VPN_PKG);
+        final String sessionKey = vpn.startVpnProfile(TEST_VPN_PKG);
+        final Set<Range<Integer>> uidRanges = vpn.createUserAndRestrictedProfilesRanges(
+                PRIMARY_USER.id, null /* allowedApplications */, Arrays.asList(PKGS));
+        verify(mConnectivityManager).setVpnDefaultForUids(eq(sessionKey), eq(uidRanges));
+        clearInvocations(mConnectivityManager);
         verify(mVpnProfileStore).get(eq(vpn.getProfileNameForPackage(TEST_VPN_PKG)));
         vpn.mNetworkAgent = mMockNetworkAgent;
+
+        return sessionKey;
+    }
+
+    private Vpn prepareVpnForVerifyAppExclusionList() throws Exception {
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
+        startVpnForVerifyAppExclusionList(vpn);
+
         return vpn;
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testSetAndGetAppExclusionList() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = prepareVpnForVerifyAppExclusionList();
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
+        final String sessionKey = startVpnForVerifyAppExclusionList(vpn);
         verify(mVpnProfileStore, never()).put(eq(PRIMARY_USER_APP_EXCLUDE_KEY), any());
         vpn.setAppExclusionList(TEST_VPN_PKG, Arrays.asList(PKGS));
         verify(mVpnProfileStore)
                 .put(eq(PRIMARY_USER_APP_EXCLUDE_KEY),
                      eq(HexDump.hexStringToByteArray(PKGS_BYTES)));
-        assertEquals(vpn.createUserAndRestrictedProfilesRanges(
-                PRIMARY_USER.id, null, Arrays.asList(PKGS)),
-                vpn.mNetworkCapabilities.getUids());
+        final Set<Range<Integer>> uidRanges = vpn.createUserAndRestrictedProfilesRanges(
+                PRIMARY_USER.id, null /* allowedApplications */, Arrays.asList(PKGS));
+        verify(mConnectivityManager).setVpnDefaultForUids(eq(sessionKey), eq(uidRanges));
+        assertEquals(uidRanges, vpn.mNetworkCapabilities.getUids());
         assertEquals(Arrays.asList(PKGS), vpn.getAppExclusionList(TEST_VPN_PKG));
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testRefreshPlatformVpnAppExclusionList_updatesExcludedUids() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = prepareVpnForVerifyAppExclusionList();
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
+        final String sessionKey = startVpnForVerifyAppExclusionList(vpn);
         vpn.setAppExclusionList(TEST_VPN_PKG, Arrays.asList(PKGS));
+        final Set<Range<Integer>> uidRanges = vpn.createUserAndRestrictedProfilesRanges(
+                PRIMARY_USER.id, null /* allowedApplications */, Arrays.asList(PKGS));
+        verify(mConnectivityManager).setVpnDefaultForUids(eq(sessionKey), eq(uidRanges));
         verify(mMockNetworkAgent).doSendNetworkCapabilities(any());
         assertEquals(Arrays.asList(PKGS), vpn.getAppExclusionList(TEST_VPN_PKG));
 
@@ -1135,33 +1154,36 @@
         // Remove one of the package
         List<Integer> newExcludedUids = toList(PKG_UIDS);
         newExcludedUids.remove((Integer) PKG_UIDS[0]);
+        Set<Range<Integer>> newUidRanges = makeVpnUidRangeSet(PRIMARY_USER.id, newExcludedUids);
         sPackages.remove(PKGS[0]);
         vpn.refreshPlatformVpnAppExclusionList();
 
         // List in keystore is not changed, but UID for the removed packages is no longer exempted.
         assertEquals(Arrays.asList(PKGS), vpn.getAppExclusionList(TEST_VPN_PKG));
-        assertEquals(makeVpnUidRangeSet(PRIMARY_USER.id, newExcludedUids),
-                vpn.mNetworkCapabilities.getUids());
+        assertEquals(newUidRanges, vpn.mNetworkCapabilities.getUids());
         ArgumentCaptor<NetworkCapabilities> ncCaptor =
                 ArgumentCaptor.forClass(NetworkCapabilities.class);
         verify(mMockNetworkAgent).doSendNetworkCapabilities(ncCaptor.capture());
-        assertEquals(makeVpnUidRangeSet(PRIMARY_USER.id, newExcludedUids),
-                ncCaptor.getValue().getUids());
+        assertEquals(newUidRanges, ncCaptor.getValue().getUids());
+        verify(mConnectivityManager).setVpnDefaultForUids(eq(sessionKey), eq(newUidRanges));
 
         reset(mMockNetworkAgent);
 
         // Add the package back
         newExcludedUids.add(PKG_UIDS[0]);
+        newUidRanges = makeVpnUidRangeSet(PRIMARY_USER.id, newExcludedUids);
         sPackages.put(PKGS[0], PKG_UIDS[0]);
         vpn.refreshPlatformVpnAppExclusionList();
 
         // List in keystore is not changed and the uid list should be updated in the net cap.
         assertEquals(Arrays.asList(PKGS), vpn.getAppExclusionList(TEST_VPN_PKG));
-        assertEquals(makeVpnUidRangeSet(PRIMARY_USER.id, newExcludedUids),
-                vpn.mNetworkCapabilities.getUids());
+        assertEquals(newUidRanges, vpn.mNetworkCapabilities.getUids());
         verify(mMockNetworkAgent).doSendNetworkCapabilities(ncCaptor.capture());
-        assertEquals(makeVpnUidRangeSet(PRIMARY_USER.id, newExcludedUids),
-                ncCaptor.getValue().getUids());
+        assertEquals(newUidRanges, ncCaptor.getValue().getUids());
+
+        // The uidRange is the same as the original setAppExclusionList so this is the second call
+        verify(mConnectivityManager, times(2))
+                .setVpnDefaultForUids(eq(sessionKey), eq(newUidRanges));
     }
 
     private List<Range<Integer>> makeVpnUidRange(int userId, List<Integer> excludedAppIdList) {
@@ -1787,6 +1809,9 @@
                 .getRedactedLinkPropertiesForPackage(any(), anyInt(), anyString());
 
         final String sessionKey = vpn.startVpnProfile(TEST_VPN_PKG);
+        final Set<Range<Integer>> uidRanges = rangeSet(PRIMARY_USER_RANGE);
+        // This is triggered by Ikev2VpnRunner constructor.
+        verify(mConnectivityManager, times(1)).setVpnDefaultForUids(eq(sessionKey), eq(uidRanges));
         final NetworkCallback cb = triggerOnAvailableAndGetCallback();
 
         verifyInterfaceSetCfgWithFlags(IF_STATE_UP);
@@ -1795,6 +1820,8 @@
         // state
         verify(mIkev2SessionCreator, timeout(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS))
                 .createIkeSession(any(), any(), any(), any(), captor.capture(), any());
+        // This is triggered by Vpn#startOrMigrateIkeSession().
+        verify(mConnectivityManager, times(2)).setVpnDefaultForUids(eq(sessionKey), eq(uidRanges));
         reset(mIkev2SessionCreator);
         // For network lost case, the process should be triggered by calling onLost(), which is the
         // same process with the real case.
@@ -1814,16 +1841,43 @@
                 new String[] {TEST_VPN_PKG}, new VpnProfileState(VpnProfileState.STATE_CONNECTING,
                         sessionKey, false /* alwaysOn */, false /* lockdown */));
         if (errorType == VpnManager.ERROR_CLASS_NOT_RECOVERABLE) {
+            verify(mConnectivityManager).setVpnDefaultForUids(eq(sessionKey),
+                    eq(Collections.EMPTY_LIST));
             verify(mConnectivityManager, timeout(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS))
                     .unregisterNetworkCallback(eq(cb));
         } else if (errorType == VpnManager.ERROR_CLASS_RECOVERABLE
                 // Vpn won't retry when there is no usable underlying network.
                 && errorCode != VpnManager.ERROR_CODE_NETWORK_LOST) {
             int retryIndex = 0;
-            final IkeSessionCallback ikeCb2 = verifyRetryAndGetNewIkeCb(retryIndex++);
+            // First failure occurred above.
+            final IkeSessionCallback retryCb = verifyRetryAndGetNewIkeCb(retryIndex++);
+            // Trigger 2 more failures to let the retry delay increase to 5s.
+            mExecutor.execute(() -> retryCb.onClosedWithException(exception));
+            final IkeSessionCallback retryCb2 = verifyRetryAndGetNewIkeCb(retryIndex++);
+            mExecutor.execute(() -> retryCb2.onClosedWithException(exception));
+            final IkeSessionCallback retryCb3 = verifyRetryAndGetNewIkeCb(retryIndex++);
 
-            mExecutor.execute(() -> ikeCb2.onClosedWithException(exception));
+            // setVpnDefaultForUids may be called again but the uidRanges should not change.
+            verify(mConnectivityManager, atLeast(2)).setVpnDefaultForUids(eq(sessionKey),
+                    mUidRangesCaptor.capture());
+            final List<Collection<Range<Integer>>> capturedUidRanges =
+                    mUidRangesCaptor.getAllValues();
+            for (int i = 2; i < capturedUidRanges.size(); i++) {
+                // Assert equals no order.
+                assertTrue(
+                        "uid ranges should not be modified. Expected: " + uidRanges
+                                + ", actual: " + capturedUidRanges.get(i),
+                        capturedUidRanges.get(i).containsAll(uidRanges)
+                                && capturedUidRanges.get(i).size() == uidRanges.size());
+            }
+
+            // A fourth failure will cause the retry delay to be greater than 5s.
+            mExecutor.execute(() -> retryCb3.onClosedWithException(exception));
             verifyRetryAndGetNewIkeCb(retryIndex++);
+
+            // The VPN network preference will be cleared when the retry delay is greater than 5s.
+            verify(mConnectivityManager).setVpnDefaultForUids(eq(sessionKey),
+                    eq(Collections.EMPTY_LIST));
         }
     }
 
@@ -1983,34 +2037,9 @@
         // a subsequent CL.
     }
 
-    @Test
-    public void testStartLegacyVpnIpv6() throws Exception {
-        setMockedUsers(PRIMARY_USER);
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(PRIMARY_USER.id);
-        final LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
-        lp.setInterfaceName(EGRESS_IFACE);
-        lp.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress("2001:db8::1/64"));
-        final RouteInfo defaultRoute = new RouteInfo(
-                new IpPrefix(Inet6Address.ANY, 0), null, EGRESS_IFACE);
-        lp.addRoute(defaultRoute);
-
-        // IllegalStateException thrown since legacy VPN only supports IPv4.
-        assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class,
-                () -> vpn.startLegacyVpn(mVpnProfile, EGRESS_NETWORK, lp));
-    }
-
     private Vpn startLegacyVpn(final Vpn vpn, final VpnProfile vpnProfile) throws Exception {
         setMockedUsers(PRIMARY_USER);
-
-        // Dummy egress interface
-        final LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
-        lp.setInterfaceName(EGRESS_IFACE);
-
-        final RouteInfo defaultRoute = new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(Inet4Address.ANY, 0),
-                        InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("192.0.2.0"), EGRESS_IFACE);
-        lp.addRoute(defaultRoute);
-
-        vpn.startLegacyVpn(vpnProfile, EGRESS_NETWORK, lp);
+        vpn.startLegacyVpn(vpnProfile);
         return vpn;
     }
 
@@ -2122,7 +2151,9 @@
         when(mVpnProfileStore.get(vpn.getProfileNameForPackage(TEST_VPN_PKG)))
                 .thenReturn(vpnProfile.encode());
 
-        vpn.startVpnProfile(TEST_VPN_PKG);
+        final String sessionKey = vpn.startVpnProfile(TEST_VPN_PKG);
+        final Set<Range<Integer>> uidRanges = Collections.singleton(PRIMARY_USER_RANGE);
+        verify(mConnectivityManager).setVpnDefaultForUids(eq(sessionKey), eq(uidRanges));
         final NetworkCallback nwCb = triggerOnAvailableAndGetCallback(underlyingNetworkCaps);
         // There are 4 interactions with the executor.
         // - Network available
@@ -2215,6 +2246,7 @@
         final PlatformVpnSnapshot vpnSnapShot = verifySetupPlatformVpn(
                 createIkeConfig(createIkeConnectInfo(), true /* isMobikeEnabled */));
         vpnSnapShot.vpn.mVpnRunner.exitVpnRunner();
+        verify(mConnectivityManager).setVpnDefaultForUids(anyString(), eq(Collections.EMPTY_LIST));
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -3112,23 +3144,29 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testStartRacoonNumericAddress() throws Exception {
-        startRacoon("1.2.3.4", "1.2.3.4");
+    public void testStartLegacyVpnType() throws Exception {
+        setMockedUsers(PRIMARY_USER);
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(PRIMARY_USER.id);
+        final VpnProfile profile = new VpnProfile("testProfile" /* key */);
+
+        profile.type = VpnProfile.TYPE_PPTP;
+        assertThrows(UnsupportedOperationException.class, () -> startLegacyVpn(vpn, profile));
+        profile.type = VpnProfile.TYPE_L2TP_IPSEC_PSK;
+        assertThrows(UnsupportedOperationException.class, () -> startLegacyVpn(vpn, profile));
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testStartRacoonHostname() throws Exception {
-        startRacoon("hostname", "5.6.7.8"); // address returned by deps.resolve
-    }
+    public void testStartLegacyVpnModifyProfile_TypePSK() throws Exception {
+        setMockedUsers(PRIMARY_USER);
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(PRIMARY_USER.id);
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile ikev2VpnProfile =
+                new Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder(TEST_VPN_SERVER, TEST_VPN_IDENTITY)
+                        .setAuthPsk(TEST_VPN_PSK)
+                        .build();
+        final VpnProfile profile = ikev2VpnProfile.toVpnProfile();
 
-    @Test
-    public void testStartPptp() throws Exception {
-        startPptp(true /* useMppe */);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testStartPptp_NoMppe() throws Exception {
-        startPptp(false /* useMppe */);
+        startLegacyVpn(vpn, profile);
+        assertEquals(profile, ikev2VpnProfile.toVpnProfile());
     }
 
     private void assertTransportInfoMatches(NetworkCapabilities nc, int type) {
@@ -3138,125 +3176,6 @@
         assertEquals(type, ti.getType());
     }
 
-    private void startPptp(boolean useMppe) throws Exception {
-        final VpnProfile profile = new VpnProfile("testProfile" /* key */);
-        profile.type = VpnProfile.TYPE_PPTP;
-        profile.name = "testProfileName";
-        profile.username = "userName";
-        profile.password = "thePassword";
-        profile.server = "192.0.2.123";
-        profile.mppe = useMppe;
-
-        doReturn(new Network[] { new Network(101) }).when(mConnectivityManager).getAllNetworks();
-        doReturn(new Network(102)).when(mConnectivityManager).registerNetworkAgent(
-                any(), // INetworkAgent
-                any(), // NetworkInfo
-                any(), // LinkProperties
-                any(), // NetworkCapabilities
-                any(), // LocalNetworkConfig
-                any(), // NetworkScore
-                any(), // NetworkAgentConfig
-                anyInt()); // provider ID
-
-        final Vpn vpn = startLegacyVpn(createVpn(PRIMARY_USER.id), profile);
-        final TestDeps deps = (TestDeps) vpn.mDeps;
-
-        testAndCleanup(() -> {
-            final String[] mtpdArgs = deps.mtpdArgs.get(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
-            final String[] argsPrefix = new String[]{
-                    EGRESS_IFACE, "pptp", profile.server, "1723", "name", profile.username,
-                    "password", profile.password, "linkname", "vpn", "refuse-eap", "nodefaultroute",
-                    "usepeerdns", "idle", "1800", "mtu", "1270", "mru", "1270"
-            };
-            assertArrayEquals(argsPrefix, Arrays.copyOf(mtpdArgs, argsPrefix.length));
-            if (useMppe) {
-                assertEquals(argsPrefix.length + 2, mtpdArgs.length);
-                assertEquals("+mppe", mtpdArgs[argsPrefix.length]);
-                assertEquals("-pap", mtpdArgs[argsPrefix.length + 1]);
-            } else {
-                assertEquals(argsPrefix.length + 1, mtpdArgs.length);
-                assertEquals("nomppe", mtpdArgs[argsPrefix.length]);
-            }
-
-            verify(mConnectivityManager, timeout(10_000)).registerNetworkAgent(
-                    any(), // INetworkAgent
-                    any(), // NetworkInfo
-                    any(), // LinkProperties
-                    any(), // NetworkCapabilities
-                    any(), // LocalNetworkConfig
-                    any(), // NetworkScore
-                    any(), // NetworkAgentConfig
-                    anyInt()); // provider ID
-        }, () -> { // Cleanup
-                vpn.mVpnRunner.exitVpnRunner();
-                deps.getStateFile().delete(); // set to delete on exit, but this deletes it earlier
-                vpn.mVpnRunner.join(10_000); // wait for up to 10s for the runner to die and cleanup
-            });
-    }
-
-    public void startRacoon(final String serverAddr, final String expectedAddr)
-            throws Exception {
-        final ConditionVariable legacyRunnerReady = new ConditionVariable();
-        final VpnProfile profile = new VpnProfile("testProfile" /* key */);
-        profile.type = VpnProfile.TYPE_L2TP_IPSEC_PSK;
-        profile.name = "testProfileName";
-        profile.username = "userName";
-        profile.password = "thePassword";
-        profile.server = serverAddr;
-        profile.ipsecIdentifier = "id";
-        profile.ipsecSecret = "secret";
-        profile.l2tpSecret = "l2tpsecret";
-
-        when(mConnectivityManager.getAllNetworks())
-            .thenReturn(new Network[] { new Network(101) });
-
-        when(mConnectivityManager.registerNetworkAgent(any(), any(), any(), any(),
-                any(), any(), any(), anyInt())).thenAnswer(invocation -> {
-                    // The runner has registered an agent and is now ready.
-                    legacyRunnerReady.open();
-                    return new Network(102);
-                });
-        final Vpn vpn = startLegacyVpn(createVpn(PRIMARY_USER.id), profile);
-        final TestDeps deps = (TestDeps) vpn.mDeps;
-        try {
-            // udppsk and 1701 are the values for TYPE_L2TP_IPSEC_PSK
-            assertArrayEquals(
-                    new String[] { EGRESS_IFACE, expectedAddr, "udppsk",
-                            profile.ipsecIdentifier, profile.ipsecSecret, "1701" },
-                    deps.racoonArgs.get(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
-            // literal values are hardcoded in Vpn.java for mtpd args
-            assertArrayEquals(
-                    new String[] { EGRESS_IFACE, "l2tp", expectedAddr, "1701", profile.l2tpSecret,
-                            "name", profile.username, "password", profile.password,
-                            "linkname", "vpn", "refuse-eap", "nodefaultroute", "usepeerdns",
-                            "idle", "1800", "mtu", "1270", "mru", "1270" },
-                    deps.mtpdArgs.get(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
-
-            // Now wait for the runner to be ready before testing for the route.
-            ArgumentCaptor<LinkProperties> lpCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(LinkProperties.class);
-            ArgumentCaptor<NetworkCapabilities> ncCaptor =
-                    ArgumentCaptor.forClass(NetworkCapabilities.class);
-            verify(mConnectivityManager, timeout(10_000)).registerNetworkAgent(any(), any(),
-                    lpCaptor.capture(), ncCaptor.capture(), any(), any(), any(), anyInt());
-
-            // In this test the expected address is always v4 so /32.
-            // Note that the interface needs to be specified because RouteInfo objects stored in
-            // LinkProperties objects always acquire the LinkProperties' interface.
-            final RouteInfo expectedRoute = new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(expectedAddr + "/32"),
-                    null, EGRESS_IFACE, RouteInfo.RTN_THROW);
-            final List<RouteInfo> actualRoutes = lpCaptor.getValue().getRoutes();
-            assertTrue("Expected throw route (" + expectedRoute + ") not found in " + actualRoutes,
-                    actualRoutes.contains(expectedRoute));
-
-            assertTransportInfoMatches(ncCaptor.getValue(), VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_LEGACY);
-        } finally {
-            // Now interrupt the thread, unblock the runner and clean up.
-            vpn.mVpnRunner.exitVpnRunner();
-            deps.getStateFile().delete(); // set to delete on exit, but this deletes it earlier
-            vpn.mVpnRunner.join(10_000); // wait for up to 10s for the runner to die and cleanup
-        }
-    }
-
     // Make it public and un-final so as to spy it
     public class TestDeps extends Vpn.Dependencies {
         public final CompletableFuture<String[]> racoonArgs = new CompletableFuture();
@@ -3394,12 +3313,6 @@
         }
 
         @Override
-        public long getNextRetryDelayMs(int retryCount) {
-            // Simply return retryCount as the delay seconds for retrying.
-            return retryCount * 1000;
-        }
-
-        @Override
         public long getValidationFailRecoveryMs(int retryCount) {
             // Simply return retryCount as the delay seconds for retrying.
             return retryCount * 100L;
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsMultinetworkSocketClientTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsMultinetworkSocketClientTest.java
index 8917ed3..ad30ce0 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsMultinetworkSocketClientTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsMultinetworkSocketClientTest.java
@@ -82,8 +82,8 @@
         mHandlerThread.start();
         mHandler = new Handler(mHandlerThread.getLooper());
         mSocketKey = new SocketKey(1000 /* interfaceIndex */);
-        mSocketClient = new MdnsMultinetworkSocketClient(
-                mHandlerThread.getLooper(), mProvider, mSharedLog);
+        mSocketClient = new MdnsMultinetworkSocketClient(mHandlerThread.getLooper(), mProvider,
+                mSharedLog, MdnsFeatureFlags.newBuilder().build());
         mHandler.post(() -> mSocketClient.setCallback(mCallback));
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsPacketReaderTests.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsPacketReaderTests.java
index 19d8a00..37588b5 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsPacketReaderTests.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsPacketReaderTests.java
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@
                     + "the packet length");
         } catch (IOException e) {
             // Expected
-        } catch (Exception e) {
+        } catch (RuntimeException e) {
             fail(String.format(
                     Locale.ROOT,
                     "Should not have thrown any other exception except " + "for IOException: %s",
@@ -83,4 +83,4 @@
         }
         assertEquals(data.length, packetReader.getRemaining());
     }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsPacketTest.kt b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsPacketTest.kt
index 28ea4b6..0877b68 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsPacketTest.kt
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsPacketTest.kt
@@ -27,6 +27,9 @@
 
 @RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner::class)
 class MdnsPacketTest {
+    private fun makeFlags(isLabelCountLimitEnabled: Boolean = false): MdnsFeatureFlags =
+            MdnsFeatureFlags.newBuilder()
+                    .setIsLabelCountLimitEnabled(isLabelCountLimitEnabled).build()
     @Test
     fun testParseQuery() {
         // Probe packet with 1 question for Android.local, and 4 additionalRecords with 4 addresses
@@ -38,7 +41,7 @@
                 "010db8000000000000000000000789"
 
         val bytes = HexDump.hexStringToByteArray(packetHex)
-        val reader = MdnsPacketReader(bytes, bytes.size)
+        val reader = MdnsPacketReader(bytes, bytes.size, makeFlags())
         val packet = MdnsPacket.parse(reader)
 
         assertEquals(123, packet.transactionId)
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsResponseDecoderTests.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsResponseDecoderTests.java
index 3fc656a..a22e8c6 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsResponseDecoderTests.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsResponseDecoderTests.java
@@ -17,8 +17,10 @@
 package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
 
 import static android.net.InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress;
+
 import static com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.util.MdnsUtils.Clock;
 import static com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRuleKt.SC_V2;
+
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
@@ -337,7 +339,8 @@
         packet.setSocketAddress(
                 new InetSocketAddress(MdnsConstants.getMdnsIPv6Address(), MdnsConstants.MDNS_PORT));
 
-        final MdnsPacket parsedPacket = MdnsResponseDecoder.parseResponse(data6, data6.length);
+        final MdnsPacket parsedPacket = MdnsResponseDecoder.parseResponse(
+                data6, data6.length, MdnsFeatureFlags.newBuilder().build());
         assertNotNull(parsedPacket);
 
         final Network network = mock(Network.class);
@@ -636,7 +639,8 @@
 
     private ArraySet<MdnsResponse> decode(MdnsResponseDecoder decoder, byte[] data,
             Collection<MdnsResponse> existingResponses) throws MdnsPacket.ParseException {
-        final MdnsPacket parsedPacket = MdnsResponseDecoder.parseResponse(data, data.length);
+        final MdnsPacket parsedPacket = MdnsResponseDecoder.parseResponse(
+                data, data.length, MdnsFeatureFlags.newBuilder().build());
         assertNotNull(parsedPacket);
 
         return new ArraySet<>(decoder.augmentResponses(parsedPacket,
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceCacheTest.kt b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceCacheTest.kt
index 2b3b834..3cea5cb 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceCacheTest.kt
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceCacheTest.kt
@@ -19,7 +19,10 @@
 import android.os.Build
 import android.os.Handler
 import android.os.HandlerThread
+import com.android.net.module.util.ArrayTrackRecord
 import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsServiceCache.CacheKey
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsServiceCacheTest.ExpiredRecord.ExpiredEvent.ServiceRecordExpired
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.util.MdnsUtils
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner
 import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture
@@ -32,13 +35,19 @@
 import org.junit.Before
 import org.junit.Test
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+import org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn
+import org.mockito.Mockito.mock
 
 private const val SERVICE_NAME_1 = "service-instance-1"
 private const val SERVICE_NAME_2 = "service-instance-2"
+private const val SERVICE_NAME_3 = "service-instance-3"
 private const val SERVICE_TYPE_1 = "_test1._tcp.local"
 private const val SERVICE_TYPE_2 = "_test2._tcp.local"
 private const val INTERFACE_INDEX = 999
 private const val DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS = 2000L
+private const val NO_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS = 200L
+private const val TEST_ELAPSED_REALTIME_MS = 123L
+private const val DEFAULT_TTL_TIME_MS = 120000L
 
 @RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner::class)
 @DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
@@ -47,10 +56,46 @@
     private val cacheKey1 = CacheKey(SERVICE_TYPE_1, socketKey)
     private val cacheKey2 = CacheKey(SERVICE_TYPE_2, socketKey)
     private val thread = HandlerThread(MdnsServiceCacheTest::class.simpleName)
+    private val clock = mock(MdnsUtils.Clock::class.java)
     private val handler by lazy {
         Handler(thread.looper)
     }
 
+    private class ExpiredRecord : MdnsServiceCache.ServiceExpiredCallback {
+        val history = ArrayTrackRecord<ExpiredEvent>().newReadHead()
+
+        sealed class ExpiredEvent {
+            abstract val previousResponse: MdnsResponse
+            abstract val newResponse: MdnsResponse?
+            data class ServiceRecordExpired(
+                    override val previousResponse: MdnsResponse,
+                    override val newResponse: MdnsResponse?
+            ) : ExpiredEvent()
+        }
+
+        override fun onServiceRecordExpired(
+                previousResponse: MdnsResponse,
+                newResponse: MdnsResponse?
+        ) {
+            history.add(ServiceRecordExpired(previousResponse, newResponse))
+        }
+
+        fun expectedServiceRecordExpired(
+                serviceName: String,
+                timeoutMs: Long = DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS
+        ) {
+            val event = history.poll(timeoutMs)
+            assertNotNull(event)
+            assertTrue(event is ServiceRecordExpired)
+            assertEquals(serviceName, event.previousResponse.serviceInstanceName)
+        }
+
+        fun assertNoCallback() {
+            val cb = history.poll(NO_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS)
+            assertNull("Expected no callback but got $cb", cb)
+        }
+    }
+
     @Before
     fun setUp() {
         thread.start()
@@ -89,19 +134,27 @@
     private fun getService(
             serviceCache: MdnsServiceCache,
             serviceName: String,
-            cacheKey: CacheKey,
+            cacheKey: CacheKey
     ): MdnsResponse? = runningOnHandlerAndReturn {
         serviceCache.getCachedService(serviceName, cacheKey)
     }
 
     private fun getServices(
             serviceCache: MdnsServiceCache,
-            cacheKey: CacheKey,
+            cacheKey: CacheKey
     ): List<MdnsResponse> = runningOnHandlerAndReturn { serviceCache.getCachedServices(cacheKey) }
 
+    private fun registerServiceExpiredCallback(
+            serviceCache: MdnsServiceCache,
+            cacheKey: CacheKey,
+            callback: MdnsServiceCache.ServiceExpiredCallback
+    ) = runningOnHandlerAndReturn {
+        serviceCache.registerServiceExpiredCallback(cacheKey, callback)
+    }
+
     @Test
     fun testAddAndRemoveService() {
-        val serviceCache = MdnsServiceCache(thread.looper, makeFlags())
+        val serviceCache = MdnsServiceCache(thread.looper, makeFlags(), clock)
         addOrUpdateService(serviceCache, cacheKey1, createResponse(SERVICE_NAME_1, SERVICE_TYPE_1))
         var response = getService(serviceCache, SERVICE_NAME_1, cacheKey1)
         assertNotNull(response)
@@ -113,7 +166,7 @@
 
     @Test
     fun testGetCachedServices_multipleServiceTypes() {
-        val serviceCache = MdnsServiceCache(thread.looper, makeFlags())
+        val serviceCache = MdnsServiceCache(thread.looper, makeFlags(), clock)
         addOrUpdateService(serviceCache, cacheKey1, createResponse(SERVICE_NAME_1, SERVICE_TYPE_1))
         addOrUpdateService(serviceCache, cacheKey1, createResponse(SERVICE_NAME_2, SERVICE_TYPE_1))
         addOrUpdateService(serviceCache, cacheKey2, createResponse(SERVICE_NAME_2, SERVICE_TYPE_2))
@@ -145,7 +198,127 @@
         })
     }
 
-    private fun createResponse(serviceInstanceName: String, serviceType: String) = MdnsResponse(
-            0 /* now */, "$serviceInstanceName.$serviceType".split(".").toTypedArray(),
-            socketKey.interfaceIndex, socketKey.network)
+    @Test
+    fun testServiceExpiredAndSendCallbacks() {
+        val serviceCache = MdnsServiceCache(
+                thread.looper, makeFlags(isExpiredServicesRemovalEnabled = true), clock)
+        // Register service expired callbacks
+        val callback1 = ExpiredRecord()
+        val callback2 = ExpiredRecord()
+        registerServiceExpiredCallback(serviceCache, cacheKey1, callback1)
+        registerServiceExpiredCallback(serviceCache, cacheKey2, callback2)
+
+        doReturn(TEST_ELAPSED_REALTIME_MS).`when`(clock).elapsedRealtime()
+
+        // Add multiple services with different ttl time.
+        addOrUpdateService(serviceCache, cacheKey1, createResponse(SERVICE_NAME_1, SERVICE_TYPE_1,
+                DEFAULT_TTL_TIME_MS))
+        addOrUpdateService(serviceCache, cacheKey1, createResponse(SERVICE_NAME_2, SERVICE_TYPE_1,
+                DEFAULT_TTL_TIME_MS + 20L))
+        addOrUpdateService(serviceCache, cacheKey2, createResponse(SERVICE_NAME_3, SERVICE_TYPE_2,
+                DEFAULT_TTL_TIME_MS + 10L))
+
+        // Check the service expiration immediately. Should be no callback.
+        assertEquals(2, getServices(serviceCache, cacheKey1).size)
+        assertEquals(1, getServices(serviceCache, cacheKey2).size)
+        callback1.assertNoCallback()
+        callback2.assertNoCallback()
+
+        // Simulate the case where the response is after TTL then check expired services.
+        // Expect SERVICE_NAME_1 expired.
+        doReturn(TEST_ELAPSED_REALTIME_MS + DEFAULT_TTL_TIME_MS).`when`(clock).elapsedRealtime()
+        assertEquals(1, getServices(serviceCache, cacheKey1).size)
+        assertEquals(1, getServices(serviceCache, cacheKey2).size)
+        callback1.expectedServiceRecordExpired(SERVICE_NAME_1)
+        callback2.assertNoCallback()
+
+        // Simulate the case where the response is after TTL then check expired services.
+        // Expect SERVICE_NAME_3 expired.
+        doReturn(TEST_ELAPSED_REALTIME_MS + DEFAULT_TTL_TIME_MS + 11L)
+                .`when`(clock).elapsedRealtime()
+        assertEquals(1, getServices(serviceCache, cacheKey1).size)
+        assertEquals(0, getServices(serviceCache, cacheKey2).size)
+        callback1.assertNoCallback()
+        callback2.expectedServiceRecordExpired(SERVICE_NAME_3)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testRemoveExpiredServiceWhenGetting() {
+        val serviceCache = MdnsServiceCache(
+                thread.looper, makeFlags(isExpiredServicesRemovalEnabled = true), clock)
+
+        doReturn(TEST_ELAPSED_REALTIME_MS).`when`(clock).elapsedRealtime()
+        addOrUpdateService(serviceCache, cacheKey1,
+                createResponse(SERVICE_NAME_1, SERVICE_TYPE_1, 1L /* ttlTime */))
+        doReturn(TEST_ELAPSED_REALTIME_MS + 2L).`when`(clock).elapsedRealtime()
+        assertNull(getService(serviceCache, SERVICE_NAME_1, cacheKey1))
+
+        addOrUpdateService(serviceCache, cacheKey2,
+                createResponse(SERVICE_NAME_2, SERVICE_TYPE_2, 3L /* ttlTime */))
+        doReturn(TEST_ELAPSED_REALTIME_MS + 4L).`when`(clock).elapsedRealtime()
+        assertEquals(0, getServices(serviceCache, cacheKey2).size)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testInsertResponseAndSortList() {
+        val responses = ArrayList<MdnsResponse>()
+        val response1 = createResponse(SERVICE_NAME_1, SERVICE_TYPE_1, 100L /* ttlTime */)
+        MdnsServiceCache.insertResponseAndSortList(responses, response1, TEST_ELAPSED_REALTIME_MS)
+        assertEquals(1, responses.size)
+        assertEquals(response1, responses[0])
+
+        val response2 = createResponse(SERVICE_NAME_2, SERVICE_TYPE_1, 50L /* ttlTime */)
+        MdnsServiceCache.insertResponseAndSortList(responses, response2, TEST_ELAPSED_REALTIME_MS)
+        assertEquals(2, responses.size)
+        assertEquals(response2, responses[0])
+        assertEquals(response1, responses[1])
+
+        val response3 = createResponse(SERVICE_NAME_3, SERVICE_TYPE_1, 75L /* ttlTime */)
+        MdnsServiceCache.insertResponseAndSortList(responses, response3, TEST_ELAPSED_REALTIME_MS)
+        assertEquals(3, responses.size)
+        assertEquals(response2, responses[0])
+        assertEquals(response3, responses[1])
+        assertEquals(response1, responses[2])
+
+        val response4 = createResponse("service-instance-4", SERVICE_TYPE_1, 125L /* ttlTime */)
+        MdnsServiceCache.insertResponseAndSortList(responses, response4, TEST_ELAPSED_REALTIME_MS)
+        assertEquals(4, responses.size)
+        assertEquals(response2, responses[0])
+        assertEquals(response3, responses[1])
+        assertEquals(response1, responses[2])
+        assertEquals(response4, responses[3])
+    }
+
+    private fun createResponse(
+            serviceInstanceName: String,
+            serviceType: String,
+            ttlTime: Long = 120000L
+    ): MdnsResponse {
+        val serviceName = "$serviceInstanceName.$serviceType".split(".").toTypedArray()
+        val response = MdnsResponse(
+                0 /* now */, "$serviceInstanceName.$serviceType".split(".").toTypedArray(),
+                socketKey.interfaceIndex, socketKey.network)
+
+        // Set PTR record
+        val pointerRecord = MdnsPointerRecord(
+                serviceType.split(".").toTypedArray(),
+                TEST_ELAPSED_REALTIME_MS /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                false /* cacheFlush */,
+                ttlTime /* ttlMillis */,
+                serviceName)
+        response.addPointerRecord(pointerRecord)
+
+        // Set SRV record.
+        val serviceRecord = MdnsServiceRecord(
+                serviceName,
+                TEST_ELAPSED_REALTIME_MS /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                false /* cacheFlush */,
+                ttlTime /* ttlMillis */,
+                0 /* servicePriority */,
+                0 /* serviceWeight */,
+                12345 /* port */,
+                arrayOf("hostname"))
+        response.serviceRecord = serviceRecord
+        return response
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceTypeClientTests.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceTypeClientTests.java
index ce154dd..26a3796 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceTypeClientTests.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceTypeClientTests.java
@@ -194,7 +194,9 @@
         thread.start();
         handler = new Handler(thread.getLooper());
         serviceCache = new MdnsServiceCache(
-                thread.getLooper(), MdnsFeatureFlags.newBuilder().build());
+                thread.getLooper(),
+                MdnsFeatureFlags.newBuilder().setIsExpiredServicesRemovalEnabled(false).build(),
+                mockDecoderClock);
 
         doAnswer(inv -> {
             latestDelayMs = 0;
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsSocketClientTests.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsSocketClientTests.java
index 74f1c37..8b7ab71 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsSocketClientTests.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsSocketClientTests.java
@@ -78,6 +78,7 @@
     @Mock private SharedLog sharedLog;
 
     private MdnsSocketClient mdnsClient;
+    private MdnsFeatureFlags flags = MdnsFeatureFlags.newBuilder().build();
 
     @Before
     public void setup() throws RuntimeException, IOException {
@@ -86,7 +87,7 @@
         when(mockWifiManager.createMulticastLock(ArgumentMatchers.anyString()))
                 .thenReturn(mockMulticastLock);
 
-        mdnsClient = new MdnsSocketClient(mContext, mockMulticastLock, sharedLog) {
+        mdnsClient = new MdnsSocketClient(mContext, mockMulticastLock, sharedLog, flags) {
                     @Override
                     MdnsSocket createMdnsSocket(int port, SharedLog sharedLog) throws IOException {
                         if (port == MdnsConstants.MDNS_PORT) {
@@ -515,7 +516,7 @@
         //MdnsConfigsFlagsImpl.allowNetworkInterfaceIndexPropagation.override(true);
 
         when(mockMulticastSocket.getInterfaceIndex()).thenReturn(21);
-        mdnsClient = new MdnsSocketClient(mContext, mockMulticastLock, sharedLog) {
+        mdnsClient = new MdnsSocketClient(mContext, mockMulticastLock, sharedLog, flags) {
                     @Override
                     MdnsSocket createMdnsSocket(int port, SharedLog sharedLog) {
                         if (port == MdnsConstants.MDNS_PORT) {
@@ -538,7 +539,7 @@
         //MdnsConfigsFlagsImpl.allowNetworkInterfaceIndexPropagation.override(false);
 
         when(mockMulticastSocket.getInterfaceIndex()).thenReturn(21);
-        mdnsClient = new MdnsSocketClient(mContext, mockMulticastLock, sharedLog) {
+        mdnsClient = new MdnsSocketClient(mContext, mockMulticastLock, sharedLog, flags) {
                     @Override
                     MdnsSocket createMdnsSocket(int port, SharedLog sharedLog) {
                         if (port == MdnsConstants.MDNS_PORT) {
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivityservice/CSKeepConnectedTest.kt b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivityservice/CSKeepConnectedTest.kt
index 2126a09..a753922 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivityservice/CSKeepConnectedTest.kt
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivityservice/CSKeepConnectedTest.kt
@@ -47,8 +47,9 @@
         val keepConnectedAgent = Agent(nc = nc, score = FromS(NetworkScore.Builder()
                 .setKeepConnectedReason(KEEP_CONNECTED_LOCAL_NETWORK)
                 .build()),
-                lnc = LocalNetworkConfig.Builder().build())
-        val dontKeepConnectedAgent = Agent(nc = nc, lnc = LocalNetworkConfig.Builder().build())
+                lnc = FromS(LocalNetworkConfig.Builder().build()))
+        val dontKeepConnectedAgent = Agent(nc = nc,
+                lnc = FromS(LocalNetworkConfig.Builder().build()))
         doTestKeepConnected(keepConnectedAgent, dontKeepConnectedAgent)
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivityservice/CSLocalAgentCreationTests.kt b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivityservice/CSLocalAgentCreationTests.kt
index cfc3a3d..6add6b9 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivityservice/CSLocalAgentCreationTests.kt
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivityservice/CSLocalAgentCreationTests.kt
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@
 private fun keepConnectedScore() =
         FromS(NetworkScore.Builder().setKeepConnectedReason(KEEP_CONNECTED_FOR_TEST).build())
 
-private fun defaultLnc() = LocalNetworkConfig.Builder().build()
+private fun defaultLnc() = FromS(LocalNetworkConfig.Builder().build())
 
 @RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner::class)
 @SmallTest
@@ -124,8 +124,7 @@
                     lnc = null)
         }
         assertFailsWith<IllegalArgumentException> {
-            Agent(nc = NetworkCapabilities.Builder().build(),
-                    lnc = LocalNetworkConfig.Builder().build())
+            Agent(nc = NetworkCapabilities.Builder().build(), lnc = defaultLnc())
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivityservice/CSLocalAgentTests.kt b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivityservice/CSLocalAgentTests.kt
index 1dab548..ad21bf5 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivityservice/CSLocalAgentTests.kt
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivityservice/CSLocalAgentTests.kt
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@
         }
         assertFailsWith<IllegalArgumentException> {
             Agent(nc = NetworkCapabilities.Builder().build(),
-                    lnc = LocalNetworkConfig.Builder().build())
+                    lnc = FromS(LocalNetworkConfig.Builder().build()))
         }
     }
 
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@
         val agent = Agent(nc = NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
                 .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_LOCAL_NETWORK)
                 .build(),
-                lnc = LocalNetworkConfig.Builder().build())
+                lnc = FromS(LocalNetworkConfig.Builder().build()))
         agent.connect()
         cb.expectAvailableCallbacks(agent.network, validated = false)
         agent.sendNetworkCapabilities(NetworkCapabilities.Builder().build())
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@
         val localAgent = Agent(
                 nc = nc(TRANSPORT_WIFI, NET_CAPABILITY_LOCAL_NETWORK),
                 lp = lp("local0"),
-                lnc = LocalNetworkConfig.Builder().build(),
+                lnc = FromS(LocalNetworkConfig.Builder().build()),
         )
         localAgent.connect()
 
@@ -194,11 +194,11 @@
         // Set up a local agent that should forward its traffic to the best wifi upstream.
         val localAgent = Agent(nc = nc(TRANSPORT_WIFI, NET_CAPABILITY_LOCAL_NETWORK),
                 lp = lp("local0"),
-                lnc = LocalNetworkConfig.Builder()
+                lnc = FromS(LocalNetworkConfig.Builder()
                 .setUpstreamSelector(NetworkRequest.Builder()
                         .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
                         .build())
-                .build(),
+                .build()),
                 score = FromS(NetworkScore.Builder()
                         .setKeepConnectedReason(KEEP_CONNECTED_LOCAL_NETWORK)
                         .build())
@@ -247,11 +247,11 @@
         // Set up a local agent that should forward its traffic to the best wifi upstream.
         val localAgent = Agent(nc = nc(TRANSPORT_WIFI, NET_CAPABILITY_LOCAL_NETWORK),
                 lp = lp("local0"),
-                lnc = LocalNetworkConfig.Builder()
+                lnc = FromS(LocalNetworkConfig.Builder()
                         .setUpstreamSelector(NetworkRequest.Builder()
                                 .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
                                 .build())
-                        .build(),
+                        .build()),
                 score = FromS(NetworkScore.Builder()
                         .setKeepConnectedReason(KEEP_CONNECTED_LOCAL_NETWORK)
                         .build())
@@ -293,11 +293,11 @@
         cm.registerNetworkCallback(NetworkRequest.Builder().clearCapabilities().build(), cb)
 
         val localNc = nc(TRANSPORT_WIFI, NET_CAPABILITY_LOCAL_NETWORK)
-        val lnc = LocalNetworkConfig.Builder()
+        val lnc = FromS(LocalNetworkConfig.Builder()
                 .setUpstreamSelector(NetworkRequest.Builder()
                         .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
                         .build())
-                .build()
+                .build())
         val localScore = FromS(NetworkScore.Builder().build())
 
         // Set up a local agent that should forward its traffic to the best wifi upstream.
@@ -346,11 +346,11 @@
         wifiAgent.unregisterAfterReplacement(LONG_TIMEOUT_MS)
         val localAgent = Agent(nc = nc(TRANSPORT_WIFI, NET_CAPABILITY_LOCAL_NETWORK),
                 lp = lp("local0"),
-                lnc = LocalNetworkConfig.Builder()
+                lnc = FromS(LocalNetworkConfig.Builder()
                         .setUpstreamSelector(NetworkRequest.Builder()
                                 .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
                                 .build())
-                        .build(),
+                        .build()),
                 score = FromS(NetworkScore.Builder()
                         .setKeepConnectedReason(KEEP_CONNECTED_LOCAL_NETWORK)
                         .build())
@@ -374,11 +374,11 @@
     fun testForwardingRules() {
         deps.setBuildSdk(VERSION_V)
         // Set up a local agent that should forward its traffic to the best DUN upstream.
-        val lnc = LocalNetworkConfig.Builder()
+        val lnc = FromS(LocalNetworkConfig.Builder()
                 .setUpstreamSelector(NetworkRequest.Builder()
                         .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_DUN)
                         .build())
-                .build()
+                .build())
         val localAgent = Agent(nc = nc(TRANSPORT_WIFI, NET_CAPABILITY_LOCAL_NETWORK),
                 lp = lp("local0"),
                 lnc = lnc,
@@ -426,7 +426,7 @@
 
         // Make sure sending the same config again doesn't do anything
         repeat(5) {
-            localAgent.sendLocalNetworkConfig(lnc)
+            localAgent.sendLocalNetworkConfig(lnc.value)
         }
         inOrder.verifyNoMoreInteractions()
 
@@ -501,13 +501,13 @@
         }
 
         // Set up a local agent.
-        val lnc = LocalNetworkConfig.Builder().apply {
+        val lnc = FromS(LocalNetworkConfig.Builder().apply {
             if (haveUpstream) {
                 setUpstreamSelector(NetworkRequest.Builder()
                         .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
                         .build())
             }
-        }.build()
+        }.build())
         val localAgent = Agent(nc = nc(TRANSPORT_THREAD, NET_CAPABILITY_LOCAL_NETWORK),
                 lp = lp("local0"),
                 lnc = lnc,
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivityservice/CSNetworkActivityTest.kt b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivityservice/CSNetworkActivityTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..526ec9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivityservice/CSNetworkActivityTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server
+
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager.ACTION_DATA_ACTIVITY_CHANGE
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager.EXTRA_DEVICE_TYPE
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager.EXTRA_IS_ACTIVE
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager.EXTRA_REALTIME_NS
+import android.net.LinkProperties
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_IMS
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI
+import android.net.NetworkRequest
+import android.os.Build
+import android.os.ConditionVariable
+import android.telephony.DataConnectionRealTimeInfo.DC_POWER_STATE_HIGH
+import android.telephony.DataConnectionRealTimeInfo.DC_POWER_STATE_LOW
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest
+import com.android.net.module.util.BaseNetdUnsolicitedEventListener
+import com.android.server.CSTest.CSContext
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner
+import com.android.testutils.RecorderCallback.CallbackEntry.Lost
+import com.android.testutils.TestableNetworkCallback
+import kotlin.test.assertNotNull
+import org.junit.Assert.assertFalse
+import org.junit.Assert.assertTrue
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor
+import org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq
+import org.mockito.Mockito.anyInt
+import org.mockito.Mockito.anyLong
+import org.mockito.Mockito.inOrder
+import org.mockito.Mockito.never
+import org.mockito.Mockito.timeout
+import org.mockito.Mockito.verify
+
+private const val DATA_CELL_IFNAME = "rmnet_data"
+private const val IMS_CELL_IFNAME = "rmnet_ims"
+private const val WIFI_IFNAME = "wlan0"
+private const val TIMESTAMP = 1234L
+private const val NETWORK_ACTIVITY_NO_UID = -1
+private const val PACKAGE_UID = 123
+private const val TIMEOUT_MS = 250L
+
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner::class)
+@SmallTest
+@IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.UPSIDE_DOWN_CAKE)
+class CSNetworkActivityTest : CSTest() {
+
+    private fun getRegisteredNetdUnsolicitedEventListener(): BaseNetdUnsolicitedEventListener {
+        val captor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(BaseNetdUnsolicitedEventListener::class.java)
+        verify(netd).registerUnsolicitedEventListener(captor.capture())
+        return captor.value
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testInterfaceClassActivityChanged_NonDefaultNetwork() {
+        val netdUnsolicitedEventListener = getRegisteredNetdUnsolicitedEventListener()
+        val batteryStatsInorder = inOrder(batteryStats)
+
+        val cellNr = NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .clearCapabilities()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
+                .build()
+        val cellCb = TestableNetworkCallback()
+        // Request cell network to keep cell network up
+        cm.requestNetwork(cellNr, cellCb)
+
+        val defaultCb = TestableNetworkCallback()
+        cm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(defaultCb)
+
+        val cellNc = NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED)
+                .build()
+        val cellLp = LinkProperties().apply {
+            interfaceName = DATA_CELL_IFNAME
+        }
+        // Connect Cellular network
+        val cellAgent = Agent(nc = cellNc, lp = cellLp)
+        cellAgent.connect()
+        defaultCb.expectAvailableCallbacks(cellAgent.network, validated = false)
+
+        val wifiNc = NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED)
+                .build()
+        val wifiLp = LinkProperties().apply {
+            interfaceName = WIFI_IFNAME
+        }
+        // Connect Wi-Fi network, Wi-Fi network should be the default network.
+        val wifiAgent = Agent(nc = wifiNc, lp = wifiLp)
+        wifiAgent.connect()
+        defaultCb.expectAvailableCallbacks(wifiAgent.network, validated = false)
+        batteryStatsInorder.verify(batteryStats).noteWifiRadioPowerState(eq(DC_POWER_STATE_HIGH),
+                anyLong() /* timestampNs */, eq(NETWORK_ACTIVITY_NO_UID))
+
+        val onNetworkActiveCv = ConditionVariable()
+        val listener = ConnectivityManager.OnNetworkActiveListener { onNetworkActiveCv::open }
+        cm.addDefaultNetworkActiveListener(listener)
+
+        // Cellular network (non default network) goes to inactive state.
+        netdUnsolicitedEventListener.onInterfaceClassActivityChanged(false /* isActive */,
+                cellAgent.network.netId, TIMESTAMP, NETWORK_ACTIVITY_NO_UID)
+        // Non-default network activity change does not change default network activity
+        // But cellular radio power state is updated
+        assertFalse(onNetworkActiveCv.block(TIMEOUT_MS))
+        context.expectNoDataActivityBroadcast(0 /* timeoutMs */)
+        assertTrue(cm.isDefaultNetworkActive)
+        batteryStatsInorder.verify(batteryStats).noteMobileRadioPowerState(eq(DC_POWER_STATE_LOW),
+                anyLong() /* timestampNs */, eq(NETWORK_ACTIVITY_NO_UID))
+
+        // Cellular network (non default network) goes to active state.
+        netdUnsolicitedEventListener.onInterfaceClassActivityChanged(true /* isActive */,
+                cellAgent.network.netId, TIMESTAMP, PACKAGE_UID)
+        // Non-default network activity change does not change default network activity
+        // But cellular radio power state is updated
+        assertFalse(onNetworkActiveCv.block(TIMEOUT_MS))
+        context.expectNoDataActivityBroadcast(0 /* timeoutMs */)
+        assertTrue(cm.isDefaultNetworkActive)
+        batteryStatsInorder.verify(batteryStats).noteMobileRadioPowerState(eq(DC_POWER_STATE_HIGH),
+                anyLong() /* timestampNs */, eq(PACKAGE_UID))
+
+        cm.unregisterNetworkCallback(cellCb)
+        cm.unregisterNetworkCallback(defaultCb)
+        cm.removeDefaultNetworkActiveListener(listener)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testDataActivityTracking_MultiCellNetwork() {
+        val netdUnsolicitedEventListener = getRegisteredNetdUnsolicitedEventListener()
+        val batteryStatsInorder = inOrder(batteryStats)
+
+        val dataNetworkNc = NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED)
+                .build()
+        val dataNetworkNr = NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .clearCapabilities()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
+                .build()
+        val dataNetworkLp = LinkProperties().apply {
+            interfaceName = DATA_CELL_IFNAME
+        }
+        val dataNetworkCb = TestableNetworkCallback()
+        cm.requestNetwork(dataNetworkNr, dataNetworkCb)
+        val dataNetworkAgent = Agent(nc = dataNetworkNc, lp = dataNetworkLp)
+        val dataNetworkNetId = dataNetworkAgent.network.netId.toString()
+
+        val imsNetworkNc = NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_IMS)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED)
+                .build()
+        val imsNetworkNr = NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .clearCapabilities()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_IMS)
+                .build()
+        val imsNetworkLp = LinkProperties().apply {
+            interfaceName = IMS_CELL_IFNAME
+        }
+        val imsNetworkCb = TestableNetworkCallback()
+        cm.requestNetwork(imsNetworkNr, imsNetworkCb)
+        val imsNetworkAgent = Agent(nc = imsNetworkNc, lp = imsNetworkLp)
+        val imsNetworkNetId = imsNetworkAgent.network.netId.toString()
+
+        dataNetworkAgent.connect()
+        dataNetworkCb.expectAvailableCallbacks(dataNetworkAgent.network, validated = false)
+
+        imsNetworkAgent.connect()
+        imsNetworkCb.expectAvailableCallbacks(imsNetworkAgent.network, validated = false)
+
+        // Both cell networks have idleTimers
+        verify(netd).idletimerAddInterface(eq(DATA_CELL_IFNAME), anyInt(), eq(dataNetworkNetId))
+        verify(netd).idletimerAddInterface(eq(IMS_CELL_IFNAME), anyInt(), eq(imsNetworkNetId))
+        verify(netd, never()).idletimerRemoveInterface(eq(DATA_CELL_IFNAME), anyInt(),
+                eq(dataNetworkNetId))
+        verify(netd, never()).idletimerRemoveInterface(eq(IMS_CELL_IFNAME), anyInt(),
+                eq(imsNetworkNetId))
+
+        // Both cell networks go to inactive state
+        netdUnsolicitedEventListener.onInterfaceClassActivityChanged(false /* isActive */,
+                imsNetworkAgent.network.netId, TIMESTAMP, NETWORK_ACTIVITY_NO_UID)
+        netdUnsolicitedEventListener.onInterfaceClassActivityChanged(false /* isActive */,
+                dataNetworkAgent.network.netId, TIMESTAMP, NETWORK_ACTIVITY_NO_UID)
+
+        // Data cell network goes to active state. This should update the cellular radio power state
+        netdUnsolicitedEventListener.onInterfaceClassActivityChanged(true /* isActive */,
+                dataNetworkAgent.network.netId, TIMESTAMP, PACKAGE_UID)
+        batteryStatsInorder.verify(batteryStats, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS)).noteMobileRadioPowerState(
+                eq(DC_POWER_STATE_HIGH), anyLong() /* timestampNs */, eq(PACKAGE_UID))
+        // Ims cell network goes to active state. But this should not update the cellular radio
+        // power state since cellular radio power state is already high
+        netdUnsolicitedEventListener.onInterfaceClassActivityChanged(true /* isActive */,
+                imsNetworkAgent.network.netId, TIMESTAMP, PACKAGE_UID)
+        waitForIdle()
+        batteryStatsInorder.verify(batteryStats, never()).noteMobileRadioPowerState(anyInt(),
+                anyLong() /* timestampNs */, anyInt())
+
+        // Data cell network goes to inactive state. But this should not update the cellular radio
+        // power state ims cell network is still active state
+        netdUnsolicitedEventListener.onInterfaceClassActivityChanged(false /* isActive */,
+                dataNetworkAgent.network.netId, TIMESTAMP, NETWORK_ACTIVITY_NO_UID)
+        waitForIdle()
+        batteryStatsInorder.verify(batteryStats, never()).noteMobileRadioPowerState(anyInt(),
+                anyLong() /* timestampNs */, anyInt())
+
+        // Ims cell network goes to inactive state.
+        // This should update the cellular radio power state
+        netdUnsolicitedEventListener.onInterfaceClassActivityChanged(false /* isActive */,
+                imsNetworkAgent.network.netId, TIMESTAMP, NETWORK_ACTIVITY_NO_UID)
+        batteryStatsInorder.verify(batteryStats, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS)).noteMobileRadioPowerState(
+                eq(DC_POWER_STATE_LOW), anyLong() /* timestampNs */, eq(NETWORK_ACTIVITY_NO_UID))
+
+        dataNetworkAgent.disconnect()
+        dataNetworkCb.expect<Lost>(dataNetworkAgent.network)
+        verify(netd).idletimerRemoveInterface(eq(DATA_CELL_IFNAME), anyInt(), eq(dataNetworkNetId))
+
+        imsNetworkAgent.disconnect()
+        imsNetworkCb.expect<Lost>(imsNetworkAgent.network)
+        verify(netd).idletimerRemoveInterface(eq(IMS_CELL_IFNAME), anyInt(), eq(imsNetworkNetId))
+
+        cm.unregisterNetworkCallback(dataNetworkCb)
+        cm.unregisterNetworkCallback(imsNetworkCb)
+    }
+}
+
+internal fun CSContext.expectDataActivityBroadcast(
+        deviceType: Int,
+        isActive: Boolean,
+        tsNanos: Long
+) {
+    assertNotNull(orderedBroadcastAsUserHistory.poll(BROADCAST_TIMEOUT_MS) {
+        intent -> intent.action.equals(ACTION_DATA_ACTIVITY_CHANGE) &&
+            intent.getIntExtra(EXTRA_DEVICE_TYPE, -1) == deviceType &&
+            intent.getBooleanExtra(EXTRA_IS_ACTIVE, !isActive) == isActive &&
+            intent.getLongExtra(EXTRA_REALTIME_NS, -1) == tsNanos
+    })
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivityservice/base/CSAgentWrapper.kt b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivityservice/base/CSAgentWrapper.kt
index 013a749..d41c742 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivityservice/base/CSAgentWrapper.kt
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivityservice/base/CSAgentWrapper.kt
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@
         nac: NetworkAgentConfig,
         val nc: NetworkCapabilities,
         val lp: LinkProperties,
-        val lnc: LocalNetworkConfig?,
+        val lnc: FromS<LocalNetworkConfig>?,
         val score: FromS<NetworkScore>,
         val provider: NetworkProvider?
 ) : TestableNetworkCallback.HasNetwork {
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@
         // Create the actual agent. NetworkAgent is abstract, so make an anonymous subclass.
         if (deps.isAtLeastS()) {
             agent = object : NetworkAgent(context, csHandlerThread.looper, TAG,
-                    nc, lp, lnc, score.value, nac, provider) {}
+                    nc, lp, lnc?.value, score.value, nac, provider) {}
         } else {
             agent = object : NetworkAgent(context, csHandlerThread.looper, TAG,
                     nc, lp, 50 /* score */, nac, provider) {}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivityservice/base/CSTest.kt b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivityservice/base/CSTest.kt
index 0ccbfc3..4f5cfc0 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivityservice/base/CSTest.kt
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivityservice/base/CSTest.kt
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@
 import android.net.PacProxyManager
 import android.net.networkstack.NetworkStackClientBase
 import android.os.BatteryStatsManager
+import android.os.Bundle
 import android.os.Handler
 import android.os.HandlerThread
 import android.os.UserHandle
@@ -54,6 +55,7 @@
 import com.android.internal.app.IBatteryStats
 import com.android.internal.util.test.BroadcastInterceptingContext
 import com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel
+import com.android.net.module.util.ArrayTrackRecord
 import com.android.networkstack.apishim.common.UnsupportedApiLevelException
 import com.android.server.connectivity.AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker
 import com.android.server.connectivity.CarrierPrivilegeAuthenticator
@@ -64,14 +66,16 @@
 import com.android.server.connectivity.ProxyTracker
 import com.android.testutils.visibleOnHandlerThread
 import com.android.testutils.waitForIdle
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors
+import kotlin.test.assertNull
+import kotlin.test.fail
 import org.mockito.AdditionalAnswers.delegatesTo
 import org.mockito.Mockito.doAnswer
 import org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn
 import org.mockito.Mockito.mock
-import java.util.concurrent.Executors
-import kotlin.test.fail
 
 internal const val HANDLER_TIMEOUT_MS = 2_000
+internal const val BROADCAST_TIMEOUT_MS = 3_000L
 internal const val TEST_PACKAGE_NAME = "com.android.test.package"
 internal const val WIFI_WOL_IFNAME = "test_wlan_wol"
 internal val LOCAL_IPV4_ADDRESS = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("192.0.2.1")
@@ -127,6 +131,7 @@
         it[ConnectivityFlags.NO_REMATCH_ALL_REQUESTS_ON_REGISTER] = true
         it[ConnectivityService.KEY_DESTROY_FROZEN_SOCKETS_VERSION] = true
         it[ConnectivityService.DELAY_DESTROY_FROZEN_SOCKETS_VERSION] = true
+        it[ConnectivityService.ALLOW_SYSUI_CONNECTIVITY_REPORTS] = true
     }
     fun enableFeature(f: String) = enabledFeatures.set(f, true)
     fun disableFeature(f: String) = enabledFeatures.set(f, false)
@@ -154,7 +159,8 @@
     val proxyTracker = ProxyTracker(context, mock<Handler>(), 16 /* EVENT_PROXY_HAS_CHANGED */)
     val alarmManager = makeMockAlarmManager()
     val systemConfigManager = makeMockSystemConfigManager()
-    val batteryManager = BatteryStatsManager(mock<IBatteryStats>())
+    val batteryStats = mock<IBatteryStats>()
+    val batteryManager = BatteryStatsManager(batteryStats)
     val telephonyManager = mock<TelephonyManager>().also {
         doReturn(true).`when`(it).isDataCapable()
     }
@@ -195,6 +201,8 @@
         // checking permissions.
         override fun isFeatureEnabled(context: Context?, name: String?) =
                 enabledFeatures[name] ?: fail("Unmocked feature $name, see CSTest.enabledFeatures")
+        override fun isFeatureNotChickenedOut(context: Context?, name: String?) =
+                enabledFeatures[name] ?: fail("Unmocked feature $name, see CSTest.enabledFeatures")
 
         // Mocked change IDs
         private val enabledChangeIds = ArraySet<Long>()
@@ -282,6 +290,26 @@
             Context.STATS_MANAGER -> null // Stats manager is final and can't be mocked
             else -> super.getSystemService(serviceName)
         }
+
+        internal val orderedBroadcastAsUserHistory = ArrayTrackRecord<Intent>().newReadHead()
+
+        fun expectNoDataActivityBroadcast(timeoutMs: Int) {
+            assertNull(orderedBroadcastAsUserHistory.poll(
+                    timeoutMs.toLong()) { intent -> true })
+        }
+
+        override fun sendOrderedBroadcastAsUser(
+                intent: Intent,
+                user: UserHandle,
+                receiverPermission: String?,
+                resultReceiver: BroadcastReceiver?,
+                scheduler: Handler?,
+                initialCode: Int,
+                initialData: String?,
+                initialExtras: Bundle?
+        ) {
+            orderedBroadcastAsUserHistory.add(intent)
+        }
     }
 
     // Utility methods for subclasses to use
@@ -293,7 +321,7 @@
             nc: NetworkCapabilities = defaultNc(),
             nac: NetworkAgentConfig = emptyAgentConfig(nc.getLegacyType()),
             lp: LinkProperties = defaultLp(),
-            lnc: LocalNetworkConfig? = null,
+            lnc: FromS<LocalNetworkConfig>? = null,
             score: FromS<NetworkScore> = defaultScore(),
             provider: NetworkProvider? = null
     ) = CSAgentWrapper(context, deps, csHandlerThread, networkStack,
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsServiceTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsServiceTest.java
index 92a5b64..7a4dfed 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsServiceTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsServiceTest.java
@@ -193,6 +193,7 @@
  * TODO: This test used to be really brittle because it used Easymock - it uses Mockito now, but
  * still uses the Easymock structure, which could be simplified.
  */
+@DevSdkIgnoreRunner.MonitorThreadLeak
 @RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
 @SmallTest
 // NetworkStatsService is not updatable before T, so tests do not need to be backwards compatible
diff --git a/thread/framework/java/android/net/thread/PendingOperationalDataset.java b/thread/framework/java/android/net/thread/PendingOperationalDataset.java
index 9cfd0b8..c1351af 100644
--- a/thread/framework/java/android/net/thread/PendingOperationalDataset.java
+++ b/thread/framework/java/android/net/thread/PendingOperationalDataset.java
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@
  * a given delay. This is typically used to deploy new network parameters (e.g. Network Key or
  * Channel) to all devices in the network.
  *
+ * @see ThreadNetworkController#scheduleMigration
  * @hide
  */
 @FlaggedApi(ThreadNetworkFlags.FLAG_THREAD_ENABLED)
@@ -76,7 +77,8 @@
      * @param pendingTimestamp the Pending Timestamp which represents the version of this Pending
      *     Dataset
      * @param delayTimer the delay after when {@code activeOpDataset} will be committed on this
-     *     device
+     *     device; use {@link Duration#ZERO} to tell the system to choose a reasonable value
+     *     automatically
      */
     public PendingOperationalDataset(
             @NonNull ActiveOperationalDataset activeOpDataset,
diff --git a/thread/framework/java/android/net/thread/ThreadNetworkController.java b/thread/framework/java/android/net/thread/ThreadNetworkController.java
index ec39db4..5c5fda9 100644
--- a/thread/framework/java/android/net/thread/ThreadNetworkController.java
+++ b/thread/framework/java/android/net/thread/ThreadNetworkController.java
@@ -226,15 +226,17 @@
      * @param callback the callback which has been registered with {@link #registerStateCallback}
      * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code callback} hasn't been registered
      */
+    @RequiresPermission(permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE)
     public void unregisterStateCallback(@NonNull StateCallback callback) {
         requireNonNull(callback, "callback cannot be null");
         synchronized (mStateCallbackMapLock) {
-            StateCallbackProxy callbackProxy = mStateCallbackMap.remove(callback);
+            StateCallbackProxy callbackProxy = mStateCallbackMap.get(callback);
             if (callbackProxy == null) {
                 throw new IllegalArgumentException("callback hasn't been registered");
             }
             try {
                 mControllerService.unregisterStateCallback(callbackProxy);
+                mStateCallbackMap.remove(callback);
             } catch (RemoteException e) {
                 e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
             }
@@ -334,15 +336,21 @@
      *     #registerOperationalDatasetCallback}
      * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code callback} hasn't been registered
      */
+    @RequiresPermission(
+            allOf = {
+                permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE,
+                "android.permission.THREAD_NETWORK_PRIVILEGED"
+            })
     public void unregisterOperationalDatasetCallback(@NonNull OperationalDatasetCallback callback) {
         requireNonNull(callback, "callback cannot be null");
         synchronized (mOpDatasetCallbackMapLock) {
-            OperationalDatasetCallbackProxy callbackProxy = mOpDatasetCallbackMap.remove(callback);
+            OperationalDatasetCallbackProxy callbackProxy = mOpDatasetCallbackMap.get(callback);
             if (callbackProxy == null) {
                 throw new IllegalArgumentException("callback hasn't been registered");
             }
             try {
                 mControllerService.unregisterOperationalDatasetCallback(callbackProxy);
+                mOpDatasetCallbackMap.remove(callback);
             } catch (RemoteException e) {
                 e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
             }
diff --git a/thread/service/Android.bp b/thread/service/Android.bp
index bd265e6..35ae3c2 100644
--- a/thread/service/Android.bp
+++ b/thread/service/Android.bp
@@ -43,6 +43,9 @@
         "ot-daemon-aidl-java",
     ],
     apex_available: ["com.android.tethering"],
+    optimize: {
+        proguard_flags_files: ["proguard.flags"],
+    },
 }
 
 cc_library_shared {
diff --git a/thread/service/java/com/android/server/thread/InfraInterfaceController.java b/thread/service/java/com/android/server/thread/InfraInterfaceController.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d7c49a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thread/service/java/com/android/server/thread/InfraInterfaceController.java
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.thread;
+
+import android.os.ParcelFileDescriptor;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+/** Controller for the infrastructure network interface. */
+public class InfraInterfaceController {
+    private static final String TAG = "InfraIfController";
+
+    static {
+        System.loadLibrary("service-thread-jni");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a socket on the infrastructure network interface for sending/receiving ICMPv6
+     * Neighbor Discovery messages.
+     *
+     * @param infraInterfaceName the infrastructure network interface name.
+     * @return an ICMPv6 socket file descriptor on the Infrastructure network interface.
+     * @throws IOException when fails to create the socket.
+     */
+    public static ParcelFileDescriptor createIcmp6Socket(String infraInterfaceName)
+            throws IOException {
+        return ParcelFileDescriptor.adoptFd(nativeCreateIcmp6Socket(infraInterfaceName));
+    }
+
+    private static native int nativeCreateIcmp6Socket(String interfaceName) throws IOException;
+}
diff --git a/thread/service/java/com/android/server/thread/ThreadNetworkControllerService.java b/thread/service/java/com/android/server/thread/ThreadNetworkControllerService.java
index 6c9a775..60c97bf 100644
--- a/thread/service/java/com/android/server/thread/ThreadNetworkControllerService.java
+++ b/thread/service/java/com/android/server/thread/ThreadNetworkControllerService.java
@@ -14,6 +14,10 @@
 
 package com.android.server.thread;
 
+import static android.net.MulticastRoutingConfig.CONFIG_FORWARD_NONE;
+import static android.net.MulticastRoutingConfig.FORWARD_NONE;
+import static android.net.MulticastRoutingConfig.FORWARD_SELECTED;
+import static android.net.MulticastRoutingConfig.FORWARD_WITH_MIN_SCOPE;
 import static android.net.thread.ActiveOperationalDataset.CHANNEL_PAGE_24_GHZ;
 import static android.net.thread.ActiveOperationalDataset.LENGTH_EXTENDED_PAN_ID;
 import static android.net.thread.ActiveOperationalDataset.LENGTH_MESH_LOCAL_PREFIX_BITS;
@@ -51,13 +55,20 @@
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
 import android.content.Context;
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
+import android.net.IpPrefix;
 import android.net.LinkAddress;
 import android.net.LinkProperties;
+import android.net.LocalNetworkConfig;
+import android.net.MulticastRoutingConfig;
+import android.net.LocalNetworkInfo;
+import android.net.Network;
 import android.net.NetworkAgent;
 import android.net.NetworkAgentConfig;
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
 import android.net.NetworkProvider;
+import android.net.NetworkRequest;
 import android.net.NetworkScore;
+import android.net.RouteInfo;
 import android.net.thread.ActiveOperationalDataset;
 import android.net.thread.ActiveOperationalDataset.SecurityPolicy;
 import android.net.thread.IActiveOperationalDatasetReceiver;
@@ -85,8 +96,10 @@
 import com.android.server.thread.openthread.IOtStatusReceiver;
 import com.android.server.thread.openthread.Ipv6AddressInfo;
 import com.android.server.thread.openthread.OtDaemonState;
+import com.android.server.thread.openthread.BorderRouterConfigurationParcel;
 
 import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.Inet6Address;
 import java.net.InetAddress;
 import java.net.UnknownHostException;
 import java.security.SecureRandom;
@@ -131,6 +144,14 @@
 
     private IOtDaemon mOtDaemon;
     private NetworkAgent mNetworkAgent;
+    private MulticastRoutingConfig mUpstreamMulticastRoutingConfig = CONFIG_FORWARD_NONE;
+    private MulticastRoutingConfig mDownstreamMulticastRoutingConfig = CONFIG_FORWARD_NONE;
+    private Network mUpstreamNetwork;
+    private final NetworkRequest mUpstreamNetworkRequest;
+    private final HashMap<Network, String> mNetworkToInterface;
+    private final LocalNetworkConfig mLocalNetworkConfig;
+
+    private BorderRouterConfigurationParcel mBorderRouterConfig;
 
     @VisibleForTesting
     ThreadNetworkControllerService(
@@ -147,6 +168,18 @@
         mOtDaemonSupplier = otDaemonSupplier;
         mConnectivityManager = connectivityManager;
         mTunIfController = tunIfController;
+        mUpstreamNetworkRequest =
+                new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                        .clearCapabilities()
+                        .addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+                        .addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_ETHERNET)
+                        .build();
+        mLocalNetworkConfig =
+                new LocalNetworkConfig.Builder()
+                        .setUpstreamSelector(mUpstreamNetworkRequest)
+                        .build();
+        mNetworkToInterface = new HashMap<Network, String>();
+        mBorderRouterConfig = new BorderRouterConfigurationParcel();
     }
 
     public static ThreadNetworkControllerService newInstance(Context context) {
@@ -167,19 +200,24 @@
     private static NetworkCapabilities newNetworkCapabilities() {
         return new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
                 .addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_THREAD)
+                .addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_LOCAL_NETWORK)
                 .addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED)
                 .build();
     }
 
-    private static InetAddress addressInfoToInetAddress(Ipv6AddressInfo addressInfo) {
+    private static Inet6Address bytesToInet6Address(byte[] addressBytes) {
         try {
-            return InetAddress.getByAddress(addressInfo.address);
+            return (Inet6Address) Inet6Address.getByAddress(addressBytes);
         } catch (UnknownHostException e) {
-            // This is impossible unless the Thread daemon is critically broken
+            // This is unlikely to happen unless the Thread daemon is critically broken
             return null;
         }
     }
 
+    private static InetAddress addressInfoToInetAddress(Ipv6AddressInfo addressInfo) {
+        return bytesToInet6Address(addressInfo.address);
+    }
+
     private static LinkAddress newLinkAddress(Ipv6AddressInfo addressInfo) {
         long deprecationTimeMillis =
                 addressInfo.isPreferred
@@ -223,6 +261,7 @@
         return mOtDaemon;
     }
 
+    // TODO(b/309792480): restarts the OT daemon service
     private void onOtDaemonDied() {
         Log.w(TAG, "OT daemon became dead, clean up...");
         OperationReceiverWrapper.onOtDaemonDied();
@@ -243,11 +282,77 @@
                     mLinkProperties.setInterfaceName(TUN_IF_NAME);
                     mLinkProperties.setMtu(TunInterfaceController.MTU);
                     mConnectivityManager.registerNetworkProvider(mNetworkProvider);
+                    requestUpstreamNetwork();
 
                     initializeOtDaemon();
                 });
     }
 
+    private void requestUpstreamNetwork() {
+        mConnectivityManager.registerNetworkCallback(
+                mUpstreamNetworkRequest,
+                new ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback() {
+                    @Override
+                    public void onAvailable(@NonNull Network network) {
+                        Log.i(TAG, "onAvailable: " + network);
+                    }
+
+                    @Override
+                    public void onLost(@NonNull Network network) {
+                        Log.i(TAG, "onLost: " + network);
+                    }
+
+                    @Override
+                    public void onLinkPropertiesChanged(
+                            @NonNull Network network, @NonNull LinkProperties linkProperties) {
+                        Log.i(
+                                TAG,
+                                String.format(
+                                        "onLinkPropertiesChanged: {network: %s, interface: %s}",
+                                        network, linkProperties.getInterfaceName()));
+                        mNetworkToInterface.put(network, linkProperties.getInterfaceName());
+                        if (network.equals(mUpstreamNetwork)) {
+                            enableBorderRouting(mNetworkToInterface.get(mUpstreamNetwork));
+                        }
+                    }
+                },
+                mHandler);
+    }
+
+    private final class ThreadNetworkCallback extends ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback {
+        @Override
+        public void onAvailable(@NonNull Network network) {
+            Log.i(TAG, "onAvailable: Thread network Available");
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onLocalNetworkInfoChanged(
+                @NonNull Network network, @NonNull LocalNetworkInfo localNetworkInfo) {
+            Log.i(TAG, "onLocalNetworkInfoChanged: " + localNetworkInfo);
+            if (localNetworkInfo.getUpstreamNetwork() == null) {
+                mUpstreamNetwork = null;
+                return;
+            }
+            if (!localNetworkInfo.getUpstreamNetwork().equals(mUpstreamNetwork)) {
+                mUpstreamNetwork = localNetworkInfo.getUpstreamNetwork();
+                if (mNetworkToInterface.containsKey(mUpstreamNetwork)) {
+                    enableBorderRouting(mNetworkToInterface.get(mUpstreamNetwork));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void requestThreadNetwork() {
+        mConnectivityManager.registerNetworkCallback(
+                new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                        .clearCapabilities()
+                        .addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_THREAD)
+                        .removeForbiddenCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_LOCAL_NETWORK)
+                        .build(),
+                new ThreadNetworkCallback(),
+                mHandler);
+    }
+
     private void registerThreadNetwork() {
         if (mNetworkAgent != null) {
             return;
@@ -257,6 +362,7 @@
                 new NetworkScore.Builder()
                         .setKeepConnectedReason(NetworkScore.KEEP_CONNECTED_LOCAL_NETWORK)
                         .build();
+        requestThreadNetwork();
         mNetworkAgent =
                 new NetworkAgent(
                         mContext,
@@ -264,6 +370,7 @@
                         TAG,
                         netCaps,
                         mLinkProperties,
+                        mLocalNetworkConfig,
                         score,
                         new NetworkAgentConfig.Builder().build(),
                         mNetworkProvider) {};
@@ -303,10 +410,19 @@
     }
 
     private void updateNetworkLinkProperties(LinkAddress linkAddress, boolean isAdded) {
+        RouteInfo routeInfo =
+                new RouteInfo(
+                        new IpPrefix(linkAddress.getAddress(), 64),
+                        null,
+                        TUN_IF_NAME,
+                        RouteInfo.RTN_UNICAST,
+                        TunInterfaceController.MTU);
         if (isAdded) {
             mLinkProperties.addLinkAddress(linkAddress);
+            mLinkProperties.addRoute(routeInfo);
         } else {
             mLinkProperties.removeLinkAddress(linkAddress);
+            mLinkProperties.removeRoute(routeInfo);
         }
 
         // The Thread daemon can send link property updates before the networkAgent is
@@ -418,12 +534,12 @@
     @Override
     public void registerStateCallback(IStateCallback stateCallback) throws RemoteException {
         enforceAllCallingPermissionsGranted(permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE);
-
         mHandler.post(() -> mOtDaemonCallbackProxy.registerStateCallback(stateCallback));
     }
 
     @Override
     public void unregisterStateCallback(IStateCallback stateCallback) throws RemoteException {
+        enforceAllCallingPermissionsGranted(permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE);
         mHandler.post(() -> mOtDaemonCallbackProxy.unregisterStateCallback(stateCallback));
     }
 
@@ -438,6 +554,8 @@
     @Override
     public void unregisterOperationalDatasetCallback(IOperationalDatasetCallback callback)
             throws RemoteException {
+        enforceAllCallingPermissionsGranted(
+                permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE, PERMISSION_THREAD_NETWORK_PRIVILEGED);
         mHandler.post(() -> mOtDaemonCallbackProxy.unregisterDatasetCallback(callback));
     }
 
@@ -554,6 +672,39 @@
         }
     }
 
+    private void enableBorderRouting(String infraIfName) {
+        if (mBorderRouterConfig.isBorderRoutingEnabled
+                && infraIfName.equals(mBorderRouterConfig.infraInterfaceName)) {
+            return;
+        }
+        Log.i(TAG, "enableBorderRouting on AIL: " + infraIfName);
+        try {
+            mBorderRouterConfig.infraInterfaceName = infraIfName;
+            mBorderRouterConfig.infraInterfaceIcmp6Socket =
+                    InfraInterfaceController.createIcmp6Socket(infraIfName);
+            mBorderRouterConfig.isBorderRoutingEnabled = true;
+
+            mOtDaemon.configureBorderRouter(
+                    mBorderRouterConfig,
+                    new IOtStatusReceiver.Stub() {
+                        @Override
+                        public void onSuccess() {
+                            Log.i(TAG, "configure border router successfully");
+                        }
+
+                        @Override
+                        public void onError(int i, String s) {
+                            Log.w(
+                                    TAG,
+                                    String.format(
+                                            "failed to configure border router: %d %s", i, s));
+                        }
+                    });
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            Log.w(TAG, "enableBorderRouting failed: " + e);
+        }
+    }
+
     private void handleThreadInterfaceStateChanged(boolean isUp) {
         try {
             mTunIfController.setInterfaceUp(isUp);
@@ -566,9 +717,15 @@
     private void handleDeviceRoleChanged(@DeviceRole int deviceRole) {
         if (ThreadNetworkController.isAttached(deviceRole)) {
             Log.d(TAG, "Attached to the Thread network");
+
+            // This is an idempotent method which can be called for multiple times when the device
+            // is already attached (e.g. going from Child to Router)
             registerThreadNetwork();
         } else {
             Log.d(TAG, "Detached from the Thread network");
+
+            // This is an idempotent method which can be called for multiple times when the device
+            // is already detached or stopped
             unregisterThreadNetwork();
         }
     }
@@ -588,6 +745,100 @@
         updateNetworkLinkProperties(linkAddress, isAdded);
     }
 
+    private boolean isMulticastForwardingEnabled() {
+        return !(mUpstreamMulticastRoutingConfig.getForwardingMode() == FORWARD_NONE
+                && mDownstreamMulticastRoutingConfig.getForwardingMode() == FORWARD_NONE);
+    }
+
+    private void sendLocalNetworkConfig() {
+        if (mNetworkAgent == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        final LocalNetworkConfig.Builder configBuilder = new LocalNetworkConfig.Builder();
+        LocalNetworkConfig localNetworkConfig =
+                configBuilder
+                        .setUpstreamMulticastRoutingConfig(mUpstreamMulticastRoutingConfig)
+                        .setDownstreamMulticastRoutingConfig(mDownstreamMulticastRoutingConfig)
+                        .setUpstreamSelector(mUpstreamNetworkRequest)
+                        .build();
+        mNetworkAgent.sendLocalNetworkConfig(localNetworkConfig);
+        Log.d(
+                TAG,
+                "Sent localNetworkConfig with upstreamConfig "
+                        + mUpstreamMulticastRoutingConfig
+                        + " downstreamConfig"
+                        + mDownstreamMulticastRoutingConfig);
+    }
+
+    private void handleMulticastForwardingStateChanged(boolean isEnabled) {
+        if (isMulticastForwardingEnabled() == isEnabled) {
+            return;
+        }
+        if (isEnabled) {
+            // When multicast forwarding is enabled, setup upstream forwarding to any address
+            // with minimal scope 4
+            // setup downstream forwarding with addresses subscribed from Thread network
+            mUpstreamMulticastRoutingConfig =
+                    new MulticastRoutingConfig.Builder(FORWARD_WITH_MIN_SCOPE, 4).build();
+            mDownstreamMulticastRoutingConfig =
+                    new MulticastRoutingConfig.Builder(FORWARD_SELECTED).build();
+        } else {
+            // When multicast forwarding is disabled, set both upstream and downstream
+            // forwarding config to FORWARD_NONE.
+            mUpstreamMulticastRoutingConfig = CONFIG_FORWARD_NONE;
+            mDownstreamMulticastRoutingConfig = CONFIG_FORWARD_NONE;
+        }
+        sendLocalNetworkConfig();
+        Log.d(
+                TAG,
+                "Sent updated localNetworkConfig with multicast forwarding "
+                        + (isEnabled ? "enabled" : "disabled"));
+    }
+
+    private void handleMulticastForwardingAddressChanged(byte[] addressBytes, boolean isAdded) {
+        Inet6Address address = bytesToInet6Address(addressBytes);
+        MulticastRoutingConfig newDownstreamConfig;
+        MulticastRoutingConfig.Builder builder;
+
+        if (mDownstreamMulticastRoutingConfig.getForwardingMode() !=
+                MulticastRoutingConfig.FORWARD_SELECTED) {
+            Log.e(
+                    TAG,
+                    "Ignore multicast listening address updates when downstream multicast "
+                            + "forwarding mode is not FORWARD_SELECTED");
+            // Don't update the address set if downstream multicast forwarding is disabled.
+            return;
+        }
+        if (isAdded ==
+                mDownstreamMulticastRoutingConfig.getListeningAddresses().contains(address)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        builder = new MulticastRoutingConfig.Builder(FORWARD_SELECTED);
+        for (Inet6Address listeningAddress :
+                mDownstreamMulticastRoutingConfig.getListeningAddresses()) {
+            builder.addListeningAddress(listeningAddress);
+        }
+
+        if (isAdded) {
+            builder.addListeningAddress(address);
+        } else {
+            builder.clearListeningAddress(address);
+        }
+
+        newDownstreamConfig = builder.build();
+        if (!newDownstreamConfig.equals(mDownstreamMulticastRoutingConfig)) {
+            Log.d(
+                    TAG,
+                    "Multicast listening address "
+                            + address.getHostAddress()
+                            + " is "
+                            + (isAdded ? "added" : "removed"));
+            mDownstreamMulticastRoutingConfig = newDownstreamConfig;
+            sendLocalNetworkConfig();
+        }
+    }
+
     private static final class CallbackMetadata {
         private static long gId = 0;
 
@@ -625,7 +876,7 @@
         public void registerStateCallback(IStateCallback callback) {
             checkOnHandlerThread();
             if (mStateCallbacks.containsKey(callback)) {
-                return;
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Registering the same IStateCallback twice");
             }
 
             IBinder.DeathRecipient deathRecipient =
@@ -657,7 +908,8 @@
         public void registerDatasetCallback(IOperationalDatasetCallback callback) {
             checkOnHandlerThread();
             if (mOpDatasetCallbacks.containsKey(callback)) {
-                return;
+                throw new IllegalStateException(
+                        "Registering the same IOperationalDatasetCallback twice");
             }
 
             IBinder.DeathRecipient deathRecipient =
@@ -718,6 +970,7 @@
             onInterfaceStateChanged(newState.isInterfaceUp);
             onDeviceRoleChanged(newState.deviceRole, listenerId);
             onPartitionIdChanged(newState.partitionId, listenerId);
+            onMulticastForwardingStateChanged(newState.multicastForwardingEnabled);
             mState = newState;
 
             ActiveOperationalDataset newActiveDataset;
@@ -732,7 +985,7 @@
                 mActiveDataset = newActiveDataset;
             } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
                 // Is unlikely that OT will generate invalid Operational Dataset
-                Log.w(TAG, "Ignoring invalid Active Operational Dataset changes", e);
+                Log.wtf(TAG, "Invalid Active Operational Dataset from OpenThread", e);
             }
 
             PendingOperationalDataset newPendingDataset;
@@ -746,7 +999,8 @@
                 onPendingOperationalDatasetChanged(newPendingDataset, listenerId);
                 mPendingDataset = newPendingDataset;
             } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
-                Log.w(TAG, "Ignoring invalid Pending Operational Dataset changes", e);
+                // Is unlikely that OT will generate invalid Operational Dataset
+                Log.wtf(TAG, "Invalid Pending Operational Dataset from OpenThread", e);
             }
         }
 
@@ -825,9 +1079,19 @@
             }
         }
 
+        private void onMulticastForwardingStateChanged(boolean isEnabled) {
+            checkOnHandlerThread();
+            handleMulticastForwardingStateChanged(isEnabled);
+        }
+
         @Override
         public void onAddressChanged(Ipv6AddressInfo addressInfo, boolean isAdded) {
             mHandler.post(() -> handleAddressChanged(addressInfo, isAdded));
         }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onMulticastForwardingAddressChanged(byte[] address, boolean isAdded) {
+            mHandler.post(() -> handleMulticastForwardingAddressChanged(address, isAdded));
+        }
     }
 }
diff --git a/thread/service/java/com/android/server/thread/TunInterfaceController.java b/thread/service/java/com/android/server/thread/TunInterfaceController.java
index ac65b11..7223b2a 100644
--- a/thread/service/java/com/android/server/thread/TunInterfaceController.java
+++ b/thread/service/java/com/android/server/thread/TunInterfaceController.java
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 package com.android.server.thread;
 
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
 import android.net.LinkAddress;
 import android.net.util.SocketUtils;
 import android.os.ParcelFileDescriptor;
@@ -34,6 +35,7 @@
 /** Controller for virtual/tunnel network interfaces. */
 public class TunInterfaceController {
     private static final String TAG = "TunIfController";
+    private static final long INFINITE_LIFETIME = 0xffffffffL;
     static final int MTU = 1280;
 
     static {
@@ -76,6 +78,7 @@
     }
 
     /** Returns the FD of the tunnel interface. */
+    @Nullable
     public ParcelFileDescriptor getTunFd() {
         return mParcelTunFd;
     }
@@ -98,7 +101,7 @@
 
         if (address.getDeprecationTime() == LinkAddress.LIFETIME_PERMANENT
                 || address.getDeprecationTime() == LinkAddress.LIFETIME_UNKNOWN) {
-            validLifetimeSeconds = 0xffffffffL;
+            validLifetimeSeconds = INFINITE_LIFETIME;
         } else {
             validLifetimeSeconds =
                     Math.max(
@@ -108,7 +111,7 @@
 
         if (address.getExpirationTime() == LinkAddress.LIFETIME_PERMANENT
                 || address.getExpirationTime() == LinkAddress.LIFETIME_UNKNOWN) {
-            preferredLifetimeSeconds = 0xffffffffL;
+            preferredLifetimeSeconds = INFINITE_LIFETIME;
         } else {
             preferredLifetimeSeconds =
                     Math.max(
diff --git a/thread/service/jni/com_android_server_thread_InfraInterfaceController.cpp b/thread/service/jni/com_android_server_thread_InfraInterfaceController.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5d24eab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thread/service/jni/com_android_server_thread_InfraInterfaceController.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#define LOG_TAG "jniThreadInfra"
+
+#include <arpa/inet.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <ifaddrs.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <linux/if_arp.h>
+#include <linux/ioctl.h>
+#include <log/log.h>
+#include <net/if.h>
+#include <netdb.h>
+#include <netinet/icmp6.h>
+#include <netinet/in.h>
+#include <private/android_filesystem_config.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <spawn.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/wait.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "jni.h"
+#include "nativehelper/JNIHelp.h"
+#include "nativehelper/scoped_utf_chars.h"
+
+namespace android {
+static jint
+com_android_server_thread_InfraInterfaceController_createIcmp6Socket(JNIEnv *env, jobject clazz,
+                                                                     jstring interfaceName) {
+  ScopedUtfChars ifName(env, interfaceName);
+
+  struct icmp6_filter filter;
+  constexpr int kEnable = 1;
+  constexpr int kIpv6ChecksumOffset = 2;
+  constexpr int kHopLimit = 255;
+
+  // Initializes the ICMPv6 socket.
+  int sock = socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_RAW, IPPROTO_ICMPV6);
+  if (sock == -1) {
+    jniThrowExceptionFmt(env, "java/io/IOException", "failed to create the socket (%s)",
+                         strerror(errno));
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+  // Only accept Router Advertisements, Router Solicitations and Neighbor
+  // Advertisements.
+  ICMP6_FILTER_SETBLOCKALL(&filter);
+  ICMP6_FILTER_SETPASS(ND_ROUTER_SOLICIT, &filter);
+  ICMP6_FILTER_SETPASS(ND_ROUTER_ADVERT, &filter);
+  ICMP6_FILTER_SETPASS(ND_NEIGHBOR_ADVERT, &filter);
+
+  if (setsockopt(sock, IPPROTO_ICMPV6, ICMP6_FILTER, &filter, sizeof(filter)) != 0) {
+    jniThrowExceptionFmt(env, "java/io/IOException", "failed to setsockopt ICMP6_FILTER (%s)",
+                         strerror(errno));
+    close(sock);
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+  // We want a source address and interface index.
+
+  if (setsockopt(sock, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_RECVPKTINFO, &kEnable, sizeof(kEnable)) != 0) {
+    jniThrowExceptionFmt(env, "java/io/IOException", "failed to setsockopt IPV6_RECVPKTINFO (%s)",
+                         strerror(errno));
+    close(sock);
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+  if (setsockopt(sock, IPPROTO_RAW, IPV6_CHECKSUM, &kIpv6ChecksumOffset,
+                 sizeof(kIpv6ChecksumOffset)) != 0) {
+    jniThrowExceptionFmt(env, "java/io/IOException", "failed to setsockopt IPV6_CHECKSUM (%s)",
+                         strerror(errno));
+    close(sock);
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+  // We need to be able to reject RAs arriving from off-link.
+  if (setsockopt(sock, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_RECVHOPLIMIT, &kEnable, sizeof(kEnable)) != 0) {
+    jniThrowExceptionFmt(env, "java/io/IOException", "failed to setsockopt IPV6_RECVHOPLIMIT (%s)",
+                         strerror(errno));
+    close(sock);
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+  if (setsockopt(sock, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_UNICAST_HOPS, &kHopLimit, sizeof(kHopLimit)) != 0) {
+    jniThrowExceptionFmt(env, "java/io/IOException", "failed to setsockopt IPV6_UNICAST_HOPS (%s)",
+                         strerror(errno));
+    close(sock);
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+  if (setsockopt(sock, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_MULTICAST_HOPS, &kHopLimit, sizeof(kHopLimit)) != 0) {
+    jniThrowExceptionFmt(env, "java/io/IOException",
+                         "failed to create the setsockopt IPV6_MULTICAST_HOPS (%s)",
+                         strerror(errno));
+    close(sock);
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+  if (setsockopt(sock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_BINDTODEVICE, ifName.c_str(), strlen(ifName.c_str()))) {
+    jniThrowExceptionFmt(env, "java/io/IOException", "failed to setsockopt SO_BINDTODEVICE (%s)",
+                         strerror(errno));
+    close(sock);
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+  return sock;
+}
+
+/*
+ * JNI registration.
+ */
+
+static const JNINativeMethod gMethods[] = {
+    /* name, signature, funcPtr */
+    {"nativeCreateIcmp6Socket", "(Ljava/lang/String;)I",
+     (void *)com_android_server_thread_InfraInterfaceController_createIcmp6Socket},
+};
+
+int register_com_android_server_thread_InfraInterfaceController(JNIEnv *env) {
+  return jniRegisterNativeMethods(env, "com/android/server/thread/InfraInterfaceController",
+                                  gMethods, NELEM(gMethods));
+}
+
+}; // namespace android
diff --git a/thread/service/jni/com_android_server_thread_TunInterfaceController.cpp b/thread/service/jni/com_android_server_thread_TunInterfaceController.cpp
index ed39fab..c56bc0b 100644
--- a/thread/service/jni/com_android_server_thread_TunInterfaceController.cpp
+++ b/thread/service/jni/com_android_server_thread_TunInterfaceController.cpp
@@ -53,25 +53,25 @@
     strlcpy(ifr.ifr_name, ifName.c_str(), sizeof(ifr.ifr_name));
 
     if (ioctl(fd, TUNSETIFF, &ifr, sizeof(ifr)) != 0) {
-        close(fd);
         jniThrowExceptionFmt(env, "java/io/IOException", "ioctl(TUNSETIFF) failed (%s)",
                              strerror(errno));
+        close(fd);
         return -1;
     }
 
     int inet6 = socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_DGRAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC | SOCK_NONBLOCK, IPPROTO_IP);
     if (inet6 == -1) {
-        close(fd);
         jniThrowExceptionFmt(env, "java/io/IOException", "create inet6 socket failed (%s)",
                              strerror(errno));
+        close(fd);
         return -1;
     }
     ifr.ifr_mtu = mtu;
     if (ioctl(inet6, SIOCSIFMTU, &ifr) != 0) {
-        close(fd);
-        close(inet6);
         jniThrowExceptionFmt(env, "java/io/IOException", "ioctl(SIOCSIFMTU) failed (%s)",
                              strerror(errno));
+        close(fd);
+        close(inet6);
         return -1;
     }
 
@@ -94,7 +94,6 @@
     }
 
     if (ioctl(inet6, SIOCSIFFLAGS, &ifr) != 0) {
-        close(inet6);
         jniThrowExceptionFmt(env, "java/io/IOException", "ioctl(SIOCSIFFLAGS) failed (%s)",
                              strerror(errno));
     }
diff --git a/thread/service/jni/onload.cpp b/thread/service/jni/onload.cpp
index 5081664..66add74 100644
--- a/thread/service/jni/onload.cpp
+++ b/thread/service/jni/onload.cpp
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 
 namespace android {
 int register_com_android_server_thread_TunInterfaceController(JNIEnv* env);
+int register_com_android_server_thread_InfraInterfaceController(JNIEnv* env);
 }
 
 using namespace android;
@@ -33,5 +34,6 @@
     ALOG_ASSERT(env != NULL, "Could not retrieve the env!");
 
     register_com_android_server_thread_TunInterfaceController(env);
+    register_com_android_server_thread_InfraInterfaceController(env);
     return JNI_VERSION_1_4;
 }
diff --git a/thread/service/proguard.flags b/thread/service/proguard.flags
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5028982
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thread/service/proguard.flags
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Ensure the callback methods are not stripped
+-keepclassmembers class **.ThreadNetworkControllerService$ThreadNetworkCallback {
+    *;
+}
diff --git a/thread/tests/cts/Android.bp b/thread/tests/cts/Android.bp
index b75b8e6..6862398 100644
--- a/thread/tests/cts/Android.bp
+++ b/thread/tests/cts/Android.bp
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@
         "androidx.test.ext.junit",
         "compatibility-device-util-axt",
         "ctstestrunner-axt",
+        "guava",
         "guava-android-testlib",
         "net-tests-utils",
         "truth",
diff --git a/thread/tests/cts/src/android/net/thread/cts/ThreadNetworkControllerTest.java b/thread/tests/cts/src/android/net/thread/cts/ThreadNetworkControllerTest.java
index e17dd02..362ff39 100644
--- a/thread/tests/cts/src/android/net/thread/cts/ThreadNetworkControllerTest.java
+++ b/thread/tests/cts/src/android/net/thread/cts/ThreadNetworkControllerTest.java
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@
     public void tearDown() throws Exception {
         if (mManager != null) {
             leaveAndWait();
-            dropPermissions();
+            dropAllPermissions();
         }
     }
 
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@
         getInstrumentation().getUiAutomation().adoptShellPermissionIdentity(allPermissions);
     }
 
-    private static void dropPermissions() {
+    private static void dropAllPermissions() {
         getInstrumentation().getUiAutomation().dropShellPermissionIdentity();
     }
 
@@ -217,16 +217,21 @@
 
         for (ThreadNetworkController controller : getAllControllers()) {
             SettableFuture<Integer> deviceRole = SettableFuture.create();
+            StateCallback callback = deviceRole::set;
 
-            controller.registerStateCallback(mExecutor, role -> deviceRole.set(role));
+            try {
+                controller.registerStateCallback(mExecutor, callback);
 
-            assertThat(deviceRole.get()).isEqualTo(DEVICE_ROLE_STOPPED);
+                assertThat(deviceRole.get()).isEqualTo(DEVICE_ROLE_STOPPED);
+            } finally {
+                controller.unregisterStateCallback(callback);
+            }
         }
     }
 
     @Test
     public void registerStateCallback_noPermissions_throwsSecurityException() throws Exception {
-        dropPermissions();
+        dropAllPermissions();
 
         for (ThreadNetworkController controller : getAllControllers()) {
             assertThrows(
@@ -252,6 +257,26 @@
     }
 
     @Test
+    public void unregisterStateCallback_noPermissions_throwsSecurityException() throws Exception {
+        for (ThreadNetworkController controller : getAllControllers()) {
+            SettableFuture<Integer> deviceRole = SettableFuture.create();
+            StateCallback callback = role -> deviceRole.set(role);
+            grantPermissions(permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE);
+            controller.registerStateCallback(mExecutor, callback);
+
+            try {
+                dropAllPermissions();
+                assertThrows(
+                        SecurityException.class,
+                        () -> controller.unregisterStateCallback(callback));
+            } finally {
+                grantPermissions(permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE);
+                controller.unregisterStateCallback(callback);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
     public void unregisterStateCallback_callbackRegistered_success() throws Exception {
         grantPermissions(permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE);
         for (ThreadNetworkController controller : getAllControllers()) {
@@ -282,7 +307,7 @@
         grantPermissions(permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE);
         for (ThreadNetworkController controller : getAllControllers()) {
             SettableFuture<Integer> deviceRole = SettableFuture.create();
-            StateCallback callback = role -> deviceRole.set(role);
+            StateCallback callback = deviceRole::set;
             controller.registerStateCallback(mExecutor, callback);
             controller.unregisterStateCallback(callback);
 
@@ -300,12 +325,70 @@
         for (ThreadNetworkController controller : getAllControllers()) {
             SettableFuture<ActiveOperationalDataset> activeFuture = SettableFuture.create();
             SettableFuture<PendingOperationalDataset> pendingFuture = SettableFuture.create();
+            var callback = newDatasetCallback(activeFuture, pendingFuture);
 
-            controller.registerOperationalDatasetCallback(
-                    mExecutor, newDatasetCallback(activeFuture, pendingFuture));
+            try {
+                controller.registerOperationalDatasetCallback(mExecutor, callback);
 
-            assertThat(activeFuture.get()).isNull();
-            assertThat(pendingFuture.get()).isNull();
+                assertThat(activeFuture.get()).isNull();
+                assertThat(pendingFuture.get()).isNull();
+            } finally {
+                controller.unregisterOperationalDatasetCallback(callback);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void registerOperationalDatasetCallback_noPermissions_throwsSecurityException()
+            throws Exception {
+        dropAllPermissions();
+
+        for (ThreadNetworkController controller : getAllControllers()) {
+            SettableFuture<ActiveOperationalDataset> activeFuture = SettableFuture.create();
+            SettableFuture<PendingOperationalDataset> pendingFuture = SettableFuture.create();
+            var callback = newDatasetCallback(activeFuture, pendingFuture);
+
+            assertThrows(
+                    SecurityException.class,
+                    () -> controller.registerOperationalDatasetCallback(mExecutor, callback));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void unregisterOperationalDatasetCallback_callbackRegistered_success() throws Exception {
+        grantPermissions(permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE, PERMISSION_THREAD_NETWORK_PRIVILEGED);
+        for (ThreadNetworkController controller : getAllControllers()) {
+            SettableFuture<ActiveOperationalDataset> activeFuture = SettableFuture.create();
+            SettableFuture<PendingOperationalDataset> pendingFuture = SettableFuture.create();
+            var callback = newDatasetCallback(activeFuture, pendingFuture);
+            controller.registerOperationalDatasetCallback(mExecutor, callback);
+
+            controller.unregisterOperationalDatasetCallback(callback);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void unregisterOperationalDatasetCallback_noPermissions_throwsSecurityException()
+            throws Exception {
+        dropAllPermissions();
+
+        for (ThreadNetworkController controller : getAllControllers()) {
+            SettableFuture<ActiveOperationalDataset> activeFuture = SettableFuture.create();
+            SettableFuture<PendingOperationalDataset> pendingFuture = SettableFuture.create();
+            var callback = newDatasetCallback(activeFuture, pendingFuture);
+            grantPermissions(permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE, PERMISSION_THREAD_NETWORK_PRIVILEGED);
+            controller.registerOperationalDatasetCallback(mExecutor, callback);
+
+            try {
+                dropAllPermissions();
+                assertThrows(
+                        SecurityException.class,
+                        () -> controller.unregisterOperationalDatasetCallback(callback));
+            } finally {
+                grantPermissions(
+                        permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE, PERMISSION_THREAD_NETWORK_PRIVILEGED);
+                controller.unregisterOperationalDatasetCallback(callback);
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -343,7 +426,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void join_withoutPrivilegedPermission_throwsSecurityException() throws Exception {
-        dropPermissions();
+        dropAllPermissions();
 
         for (ThreadNetworkController controller : getAllControllers()) {
             ActiveOperationalDataset activeDataset = newRandomizedDataset("TestNet", controller);
@@ -408,7 +491,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void leave_withoutPrivilegedPermission_throwsSecurityException() {
-        dropPermissions();
+        dropAllPermissions();
 
         for (ThreadNetworkController controller : getAllControllers()) {
             assertThrows(SecurityException.class, () -> controller.leave(mExecutor, v -> {}));
diff --git a/thread/tests/unit/Android.bp b/thread/tests/unit/Android.bp
index 3a087c7..5863673 100644
--- a/thread/tests/unit/Android.bp
+++ b/thread/tests/unit/Android.bp
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
         "ctstestrunner-axt",
         "framework-connectivity-pre-jarjar",
         "framework-connectivity-t-pre-jarjar",
+        "guava",
         "guava-android-testlib",
         "net-tests-utils",
         "truth",