diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java b/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java
index 02083ff..eeedfd1 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java
@@ -5922,7 +5922,7 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Get the specified firewall chain status.
+     * Get the specified firewall chain's status.
      *
      * @param chain target chain.
      * @return {@code true} if chain is enabled, {@code false} if chain is disabled.
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/BpfNetMaps.java b/service/src/com/android/server/BpfNetMaps.java
index 3ee3ea1..81e9e3a 100644
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/BpfNetMaps.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/BpfNetMaps.java
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@
     private static final String TAG = "BpfNetMaps";
     private final INetd mNetd;
     // Use legacy netd for releases before T.
-    private static final boolean USE_NETD = !SdkLevel.isAtLeastT();
+    private static final boolean PRE_T = !SdkLevel.isAtLeastT();
     private static boolean sInitialized = false;
 
     // Lock for sConfigurationMap entry for UID_RULES_CONFIGURATION_KEY.
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@
      */
     private static synchronized void ensureInitialized() {
         if (sInitialized) return;
-        if (!USE_NETD) {
+        if (!PRE_T) {
             System.loadLibrary("service-connectivity");
             native_init();
             initialize(new Dependencies());
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@
     public BpfNetMaps() {
         this(null);
 
-        if (USE_NETD) throw new IllegalArgumentException("BpfNetMaps need to use netd before T");
+        if (PRE_T) throw new IllegalArgumentException("BpfNetMaps need to use netd before T");
     }
 
     public BpfNetMaps(final INetd netd) {
@@ -169,8 +169,8 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private void throwIfUseNetd(final String msg) {
-        if (USE_NETD) {
+    private void throwIfPreT(final String msg) {
+        if (PRE_T) {
             throw new UnsupportedOperationException(msg);
         }
     }
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@
      *                                  cause of the failure.
      */
     public void setChildChain(final int childChain, final boolean enable) {
-        throwIfUseNetd("setChildChain is not available on pre-T devices");
+        throwIfPreT("setChildChain is not available on pre-T devices");
 
         final long match = getMatchByFirewallChain(childChain);
         try {
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@
                             "Unable to get firewall chain status: sConfigurationMap does not have"
                                     + " entry for UID_RULES_CONFIGURATION_KEY");
                 }
-                final long newConfig = enable ? (config.val | match) : (config.val & (~match));
+                final long newConfig = enable ? (config.val | match) : (config.val & ~match);
                 sConfigurationMap.updateEntry(UID_RULES_CONFIGURATION_KEY, new U32(newConfig));
             }
         } catch (ErrnoException e) {
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Get the specified firewall chain status.
+     * Get the specified firewall chain's status.
      *
      * @param childChain target chain
      * @return {@code true} if chain is enabled, {@code false} if chain is not enabled.
@@ -262,8 +262,8 @@
      * @throws ServiceSpecificException in case of failure, with an error code indicating the
      *                                  cause of the failure.
      */
-    public boolean getChainEnabled(final int childChain) {
-        throwIfUseNetd("getChainEnabled is not available on pre-T devices");
+    public boolean isChainEnabled(final int childChain) {
+        throwIfPreT("isChainEnabled is not available on pre-T devices");
 
         final long match = getMatchByFirewallChain(childChain);
         try {
@@ -334,7 +334,7 @@
      *                                  cause of the failure.
      */
     public void addUidInterfaceRules(final String ifName, final int[] uids) throws RemoteException {
-        if (USE_NETD) {
+        if (PRE_T) {
             mNetd.firewallAddUidInterfaceRules(ifName, uids);
             return;
         }
@@ -354,7 +354,7 @@
      *                                  cause of the failure.
      */
     public void removeUidInterfaceRules(final int[] uids) throws RemoteException {
-        if (USE_NETD) {
+        if (PRE_T) {
             mNetd.firewallRemoveUidInterfaceRules(uids);
             return;
         }
@@ -397,7 +397,7 @@
      * @throws RemoteException when netd has crashed.
      */
     public void setNetPermForUids(final int permissions, final int[] uids) throws RemoteException {
-        if (USE_NETD) {
+        if (PRE_T) {
             mNetd.trafficSetNetPermForUids(permissions, uids);
             return;
         }
@@ -413,7 +413,7 @@
      */
     public void dump(final FileDescriptor fd, boolean verbose)
             throws IOException, ServiceSpecificException {
-        if (USE_NETD) {
+        if (PRE_T) {
             throw new ServiceSpecificException(
                     EOPNOTSUPP, "dumpsys connectivity trafficcontroller dump not available on pre-T"
                     + " devices, use dumpsys netd trafficcontroller instead.");
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java b/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
index 6568654..b210bb3 100644
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
@@ -11387,7 +11387,7 @@
     public boolean getFirewallChainEnabled(final int chain) {
         enforceNetworkStackOrSettingsPermission();
 
-        return mBpfNetMaps.getChainEnabled(chain);
+        return mBpfNetMaps.isChainEnabled(chain);
     }
 
     @Override
diff --git a/tests/unit/Android.bp b/tests/unit/Android.bp
index 9d746b5..0908ad2 100644
--- a/tests/unit/Android.bp
+++ b/tests/unit/Android.bp
@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@
         "java/com/android/internal/net/NetworkUtilsInternalTest.java",
         "java/com/android/internal/net/VpnProfileTest.java",
         "java/com/android/server/NetworkManagementServiceTest.java",
+        "java/com/android/server/VpnManagerServiceTest.java",
         "java/com/android/server/connectivity/IpConnectivityEventBuilderTest.java",
         "java/com/android/server/connectivity/IpConnectivityMetricsTest.java",
         "java/com/android/server/connectivity/MultipathPolicyTrackerTest.java",
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/BpfNetMapsTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/BpfNetMapsTest.java
index 99e7ecc..634ec9c 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/BpfNetMapsTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/BpfNetMapsTest.java
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@
         verify(mNetd).trafficSetNetPermForUids(PERMISSION_INTERNET, TEST_UIDS);
     }
 
-    private void doTestGetChainEnabled(final List<Integer> enableChains) throws Exception {
+    private void doTestIsChainEnabled(final List<Integer> enableChains) throws Exception {
         long match = 0;
         for (final int chain: enableChains) {
             match |= mBpfNetMaps.getMatchByFirewallChain(chain);
@@ -126,67 +126,67 @@
         for (final int chain: FIREWALL_CHAINS) {
             final String testCase = "EnabledChains: " + enableChains + " CheckedChain: " + chain;
             if (enableChains.contains(chain)) {
-                assertTrue("Expected getChainEnabled returns True, " + testCase,
-                        mBpfNetMaps.getChainEnabled(chain));
+                assertTrue("Expected isChainEnabled returns True, " + testCase,
+                        mBpfNetMaps.isChainEnabled(chain));
             } else {
-                assertFalse("Expected getChainEnabled returns False, " + testCase,
-                        mBpfNetMaps.getChainEnabled(chain));
+                assertFalse("Expected isChainEnabled returns False, " + testCase,
+                        mBpfNetMaps.isChainEnabled(chain));
             }
         }
     }
 
-    private void doTestGetChainEnabled(final int enableChain) throws Exception {
-        doTestGetChainEnabled(List.of(enableChain));
+    private void doTestIsChainEnabled(final int enableChain) throws Exception {
+        doTestIsChainEnabled(List.of(enableChain));
     }
 
     @Test
     @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
-    public void testGetChainEnabled() throws Exception {
-        doTestGetChainEnabled(FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE);
-        doTestGetChainEnabled(FIREWALL_CHAIN_STANDBY);
-        doTestGetChainEnabled(FIREWALL_CHAIN_POWERSAVE);
-        doTestGetChainEnabled(FIREWALL_CHAIN_RESTRICTED);
-        doTestGetChainEnabled(FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOW_POWER_STANDBY);
-        doTestGetChainEnabled(FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_1);
-        doTestGetChainEnabled(FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_2);
-        doTestGetChainEnabled(FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_3);
+    public void testIsChainEnabled() throws Exception {
+        doTestIsChainEnabled(FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE);
+        doTestIsChainEnabled(FIREWALL_CHAIN_STANDBY);
+        doTestIsChainEnabled(FIREWALL_CHAIN_POWERSAVE);
+        doTestIsChainEnabled(FIREWALL_CHAIN_RESTRICTED);
+        doTestIsChainEnabled(FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOW_POWER_STANDBY);
+        doTestIsChainEnabled(FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_1);
+        doTestIsChainEnabled(FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_2);
+        doTestIsChainEnabled(FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_3);
     }
 
     @Test
     @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
-    public void testGetChainEnabledMultipleChainEnabled() throws Exception {
-        doTestGetChainEnabled(List.of(
+    public void testIsChainEnabledMultipleChainEnabled() throws Exception {
+        doTestIsChainEnabled(List.of(
                 FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE,
                 FIREWALL_CHAIN_STANDBY));
-        doTestGetChainEnabled(List.of(
+        doTestIsChainEnabled(List.of(
                 FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE,
                 FIREWALL_CHAIN_STANDBY,
                 FIREWALL_CHAIN_POWERSAVE,
                 FIREWALL_CHAIN_RESTRICTED));
-        doTestGetChainEnabled(FIREWALL_CHAINS);
+        doTestIsChainEnabled(FIREWALL_CHAINS);
     }
 
     @Test
     @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
-    public void testGetChainEnabledInvalidChain() {
+    public void testIsChainEnabledInvalidChain() {
         final Class<ServiceSpecificException> expected = ServiceSpecificException.class;
-        assertThrows(expected, () -> mBpfNetMaps.getChainEnabled(-1 /* childChain */));
-        assertThrows(expected, () -> mBpfNetMaps.getChainEnabled(1000 /* childChain */));
+        assertThrows(expected, () -> mBpfNetMaps.isChainEnabled(-1 /* childChain */));
+        assertThrows(expected, () -> mBpfNetMaps.isChainEnabled(1000 /* childChain */));
     }
 
     @Test
     @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
-    public void testGetChainEnabledMissingConfiguration() {
+    public void testIsChainEnabledMissingConfiguration() {
         // sConfigurationMap does not have entry for UID_RULES_CONFIGURATION_KEY
         assertThrows(ServiceSpecificException.class,
-                () -> mBpfNetMaps.getChainEnabled(FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE));
+                () -> mBpfNetMaps.isChainEnabled(FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE));
     }
 
     @Test
     @IgnoreAfter(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
-    public void testGetChainEnabledBeforeT() {
+    public void testIsChainEnabledBeforeT() {
         assertThrows(UnsupportedOperationException.class,
-                () -> mBpfNetMaps.getChainEnabled(FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE));
+                () -> mBpfNetMaps.isChainEnabled(FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE));
     }
 
     private void doTestSetChildChain(final List<Integer> testChains) throws Exception {
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
index 900ee5a..0919dfc 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
@@ -10633,19 +10633,6 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testStartVpnProfileFromDiffPackage() throws Exception {
-        final String notMyVpnPkg = "com.not.my.vpn";
-        assertThrows(
-                SecurityException.class, () -> mVpnManagerService.startVpnProfile(notMyVpnPkg));
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testStopVpnProfileFromDiffPackage() throws Exception {
-        final String notMyVpnPkg = "com.not.my.vpn";
-        assertThrows(SecurityException.class, () -> mVpnManagerService.stopVpnProfile(notMyVpnPkg));
-    }
-
-    @Test
     public void testUidUpdateChangesInterfaceFilteringRule() throws Exception {
         LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
         lp.setInterfaceName("tun0");
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/VpnManagerServiceTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/VpnManagerServiceTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ece13b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/VpnManagerServiceTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server;
+
+import static android.os.Build.VERSION_CODES.R;
+
+import static com.android.testutils.ContextUtils.mockService;
+import static com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo;
+import static com.android.testutils.MiscAsserts.assertThrows;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyInt;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.never;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+
+import android.annotation.UserIdInt;
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.content.Intent;
+import android.content.pm.PackageManager;
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
+import android.net.INetd;
+import android.os.Handler;
+import android.os.HandlerThread;
+import android.os.INetworkManagementService;
+import android.os.Looper;
+import android.os.UserManager;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+
+import com.android.server.connectivity.Vpn;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Rule;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
+import org.mockito.Spy;
+
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
+@IgnoreUpTo(R) // VpnManagerService is not available before R
+@SmallTest
+public class VpnManagerServiceTest extends VpnTestBase {
+    @Rule
+    public final DevSdkIgnoreRule mIgnoreRule = new DevSdkIgnoreRule();
+
+    @Spy Context mContext;
+    private HandlerThread mHandlerThread;
+    @Mock private Handler mHandler;
+    @Mock private Vpn mVpn;
+    @Mock private INetworkManagementService mNms;
+    @Mock private ConnectivityManager mCm;
+    @Mock private UserManager mUserManager;
+    @Mock private INetd mNetd;
+    @Mock private PackageManager mPackageManager;
+    private VpnManagerServiceDependencies mDeps;
+    private VpnManagerService mService;
+
+    private final String mNotMyVpnPkg = "com.not.my.vpn";
+
+    class VpnManagerServiceDependencies extends VpnManagerService.Dependencies {
+        @Override
+        public HandlerThread makeHandlerThread() {
+            return mHandlerThread;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public INetworkManagementService getINetworkManagementService() {
+            return mNms;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public INetd getNetd() {
+            return mNetd;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Vpn createVpn(Looper looper, Context context, INetworkManagementService nms,
+                INetd netd, @UserIdInt int userId) {
+            return mVpn;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
+        MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
+
+        mHandlerThread = new HandlerThread("TestVpnManagerService");
+        mDeps = new VpnManagerServiceDependencies();
+        doReturn(mContext).when(mContext).createContextAsUser(any(), anyInt());
+        doReturn(mPackageManager).when(mContext).getPackageManager();
+        setMockedPackages(mPackageManager, sPackages);
+
+        mockService(mContext, ConnectivityManager.class, Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE, mCm);
+        mockService(mContext, UserManager.class, Context.USER_SERVICE, mUserManager);
+
+        doReturn(new Intent()).when(mContext).registerReceiver(
+                any() /* receiver */,
+                any() /* intentFilter */,
+                any() /* broadcastPermission */,
+                eq(mHandler) /* scheduler */);
+        doReturn(SYSTEM_USER).when(mUserManager).getUserInfo(eq(SYSTEM_USER_ID));
+        mService = new VpnManagerService(mContext, mDeps);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateAppExclusionList() {
+        // Add user to create vpn in mVpn
+        mService.onUserStarted(SYSTEM_USER_ID);
+        assertNotNull(mService.mVpns.get(SYSTEM_USER_ID));
+
+        // Start vpn
+        mService.startVpnProfile(TEST_VPN_PKG);
+        verify(mVpn).startVpnProfile(eq(TEST_VPN_PKG));
+
+        // Remove package due to package replaced.
+        mService.onPackageRemoved(PKGS[0], PKG_UIDS[0], true /* isReplacing */);
+        verify(mVpn, never()).refreshPlatformVpnAppExclusionList();
+
+        // Add package due to package replaced.
+        mService.onPackageAdded(PKGS[0], PKG_UIDS[0], true /* isReplacing */);
+        verify(mVpn, never()).refreshPlatformVpnAppExclusionList();
+
+        // Remove package
+        mService.onPackageRemoved(PKGS[0], PKG_UIDS[0], false /* isReplacing */);
+        verify(mVpn).refreshPlatformVpnAppExclusionList();
+
+        // Add the package back
+        mService.onPackageAdded(PKGS[0], PKG_UIDS[0], false /* isReplacing */);
+        verify(mVpn, times(2)).refreshPlatformVpnAppExclusionList();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStartVpnProfileFromDiffPackage() {
+        assertThrows(
+                SecurityException.class, () -> mService.startVpnProfile(mNotMyVpnPkg));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStopVpnProfileFromDiffPackage() {
+        assertThrows(SecurityException.class, () -> mService.stopVpnProfile(mNotMyVpnPkg));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/VpnTestBase.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/VpnTestBase.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6113872
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/VpnTestBase.java
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server;
+
+import static android.content.pm.UserInfo.FLAG_ADMIN;
+import static android.content.pm.UserInfo.FLAG_MANAGED_PROFILE;
+import static android.content.pm.UserInfo.FLAG_PRIMARY;
+import static android.content.pm.UserInfo.FLAG_RESTRICTED;
+
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyInt;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyString;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doAnswer;
+
+import android.content.pm.PackageManager;
+import android.content.pm.UserInfo;
+import android.os.Process;
+import android.os.UserHandle;
+import android.util.ArrayMap;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+
+/** Common variables or methods shared between VpnTest and VpnManagerServiceTest. */
+public class VpnTestBase {
+    protected static final String TEST_VPN_PKG = "com.testvpn.vpn";
+    /**
+     * Names and UIDs for some fake packages. Important points:
+     *  - UID is ordered increasing.
+     *  - One pair of packages have consecutive UIDs.
+     */
+    protected static final String[] PKGS = {"com.example", "org.example", "net.example", "web.vpn"};
+    protected static final int[] PKG_UIDS = {10066, 10077, 10078, 10400};
+    // Mock packages
+    protected static final Map<String, Integer> sPackages = new ArrayMap<>();
+    static {
+        for (int i = 0; i < PKGS.length; i++) {
+            sPackages.put(PKGS[i], PKG_UIDS[i]);
+        }
+        sPackages.put(TEST_VPN_PKG, Process.myUid());
+    }
+
+    // Mock users
+    protected static final int SYSTEM_USER_ID = 0;
+    protected static final UserInfo SYSTEM_USER = new UserInfo(0, "system", UserInfo.FLAG_PRIMARY);
+    protected static final UserInfo PRIMARY_USER = new UserInfo(27, "Primary",
+            FLAG_ADMIN | FLAG_PRIMARY);
+    protected static final UserInfo SECONDARY_USER = new UserInfo(15, "Secondary", FLAG_ADMIN);
+    protected static final UserInfo RESTRICTED_PROFILE_A = new UserInfo(40, "RestrictedA",
+            FLAG_RESTRICTED);
+    protected static final UserInfo RESTRICTED_PROFILE_B = new UserInfo(42, "RestrictedB",
+            FLAG_RESTRICTED);
+    protected static final UserInfo MANAGED_PROFILE_A = new UserInfo(45, "ManagedA",
+            FLAG_MANAGED_PROFILE);
+    static {
+        RESTRICTED_PROFILE_A.restrictedProfileParentId = PRIMARY_USER.id;
+        RESTRICTED_PROFILE_B.restrictedProfileParentId = SECONDARY_USER.id;
+        MANAGED_PROFILE_A.profileGroupId = PRIMARY_USER.id;
+    }
+
+    // Populate a fake packageName-to-UID mapping.
+    protected void setMockedPackages(PackageManager mockPm, final Map<String, Integer> packages) {
+        try {
+            doAnswer(invocation -> {
+                final String appName = (String) invocation.getArguments()[0];
+                final int userId = (int) invocation.getArguments()[1];
+
+                final Integer appId = packages.get(appName);
+                if (appId == null) {
+                    throw new PackageManager.NameNotFoundException(appName);
+                }
+
+                return UserHandle.getUid(userId, appId);
+            }).when(mockPm).getPackageUidAsUser(anyString(), anyInt());
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected List<Integer> toList(int[] arr) {
+        return Arrays.stream(arr).boxed().collect(Collectors.toList());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java
index 50df51a..0891ee3 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java
@@ -20,10 +20,6 @@
 import static android.Manifest.permission.CONTROL_VPN;
 import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.PERMISSION_DENIED;
 import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED;
-import static android.content.pm.UserInfo.FLAG_ADMIN;
-import static android.content.pm.UserInfo.FLAG_MANAGED_PROFILE;
-import static android.content.pm.UserInfo.FLAG_PRIMARY;
-import static android.content.pm.UserInfo.FLAG_RESTRICTED;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback;
 import static android.net.INetd.IF_STATE_DOWN;
 import static android.net.INetd.IF_STATE_UP;
@@ -97,10 +93,8 @@
 import android.net.LocalSocket;
 import android.net.Network;
 import android.net.NetworkAgent;
-import android.net.NetworkAgentConfig;
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
 import android.net.NetworkInfo.DetailedState;
-import android.net.NetworkProvider;
 import android.net.RouteInfo;
 import android.net.UidRangeParcel;
 import android.net.VpnManager;
@@ -122,7 +116,6 @@
 import android.os.Bundle;
 import android.os.ConditionVariable;
 import android.os.INetworkManagementService;
-import android.os.Looper;
 import android.os.ParcelFileDescriptor;
 import android.os.PowerWhitelistManager;
 import android.os.Process;
@@ -146,6 +139,7 @@
 import com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel;
 import com.android.server.DeviceIdleInternal;
 import com.android.server.IpSecService;
+import com.android.server.VpnTestBase;
 import com.android.server.vcn.util.PersistableBundleUtils;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
@@ -178,6 +172,8 @@
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.SortedSet;
+import java.util.TreeSet;
 import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
 import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledFuture;
 import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor;
@@ -192,28 +188,15 @@
  */
 @RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
 @SmallTest
-@IgnoreUpTo(VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
-public class VpnTest {
+@IgnoreUpTo(S_V2)
+public class VpnTest extends VpnTestBase {
     private static final String TAG = "VpnTest";
 
     @Rule
     public final DevSdkIgnoreRule mIgnoreRule = new DevSdkIgnoreRule();
 
-    // Mock users
-    static final UserInfo primaryUser = new UserInfo(27, "Primary", FLAG_ADMIN | FLAG_PRIMARY);
-    static final UserInfo secondaryUser = new UserInfo(15, "Secondary", FLAG_ADMIN);
-    static final UserInfo restrictedProfileA = new UserInfo(40, "RestrictedA", FLAG_RESTRICTED);
-    static final UserInfo restrictedProfileB = new UserInfo(42, "RestrictedB", FLAG_RESTRICTED);
-    static final UserInfo managedProfileA = new UserInfo(45, "ManagedA", FLAG_MANAGED_PROFILE);
-    static {
-        restrictedProfileA.restrictedProfileParentId = primaryUser.id;
-        restrictedProfileB.restrictedProfileParentId = secondaryUser.id;
-        managedProfileA.profileGroupId = primaryUser.id;
-    }
-
     static final Network EGRESS_NETWORK = new Network(101);
     static final String EGRESS_IFACE = "wlan0";
-    static final String TEST_VPN_PKG = "com.testvpn.vpn";
     private static final String TEST_VPN_CLIENT = "2.4.6.8";
     private static final String TEST_VPN_SERVER = "1.2.3.4";
     private static final String TEST_VPN_IDENTITY = "identity";
@@ -250,23 +233,8 @@
     private static final long TEST_TIMEOUT_MS = 500L;
     private static final String PRIMARY_USER_APP_EXCLUDE_KEY =
             "VPN_APP_EXCLUDED_27_com.testvpn.vpn";
-    /**
-     * Names and UIDs for some fake packages. Important points:
-     *  - UID is ordered increasing.
-     *  - One pair of packages have consecutive UIDs.
-     */
-    static final String[] PKGS = {"com.example", "org.example", "net.example", "web.vpn"};
     static final String PKGS_BYTES = getPackageByteString(List.of(PKGS));
-    static final int[] PKG_UIDS = {10066, 10077, 10078, 10400};
-
-    // Mock packages
-    static final Map<String, Integer> mPackages = new ArrayMap<>();
-    static {
-        for (int i = 0; i < PKGS.length; i++) {
-            mPackages.put(PKGS[i], PKG_UIDS[i]);
-        }
-    }
-    private static final Range<Integer> PRI_USER_RANGE = uidRangeForUser(primaryUser.id);
+    private static final Range<Integer> PRIMARY_USER_RANGE = uidRangeForUser(PRIMARY_USER.id);
 
     @Mock(answer = Answers.RETURNS_DEEP_STUBS) private Context mContext;
     @Mock private UserManager mUserManager;
@@ -308,7 +276,7 @@
         mTestDeps = spy(new TestDeps());
 
         when(mContext.getPackageManager()).thenReturn(mPackageManager);
-        setMockedPackages(mPackages);
+        setMockedPackages(sPackages);
 
         when(mContext.getPackageName()).thenReturn(TEST_VPN_PKG);
         when(mContext.getOpPackageName()).thenReturn(TEST_VPN_PKG);
@@ -413,50 +381,51 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testRestrictedProfilesAreAddedToVpn() {
-        setMockedUsers(primaryUser, secondaryUser, restrictedProfileA, restrictedProfileB);
+        setMockedUsers(PRIMARY_USER, SECONDARY_USER, RESTRICTED_PROFILE_A, RESTRICTED_PROFILE_B);
 
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(PRIMARY_USER.id);
 
         // Assume the user can have restricted profiles.
         doReturn(true).when(mUserManager).canHaveRestrictedProfile();
         final Set<Range<Integer>> ranges =
-                vpn.createUserAndRestrictedProfilesRanges(primaryUser.id, null, null);
+                vpn.createUserAndRestrictedProfilesRanges(PRIMARY_USER.id, null, null);
 
-        assertEquals(rangeSet(PRI_USER_RANGE, uidRangeForUser(restrictedProfileA.id)), ranges);
+        assertEquals(rangeSet(PRIMARY_USER_RANGE, uidRangeForUser(RESTRICTED_PROFILE_A.id)),
+                 ranges);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testManagedProfilesAreNotAddedToVpn() {
-        setMockedUsers(primaryUser, managedProfileA);
+        setMockedUsers(PRIMARY_USER, MANAGED_PROFILE_A);
 
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
-        final Set<Range<Integer>> ranges = vpn.createUserAndRestrictedProfilesRanges(primaryUser.id,
-                null, null);
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(PRIMARY_USER.id);
+        final Set<Range<Integer>> ranges = vpn.createUserAndRestrictedProfilesRanges(
+                PRIMARY_USER.id, null, null);
 
-        assertEquals(rangeSet(PRI_USER_RANGE), ranges);
+        assertEquals(rangeSet(PRIMARY_USER_RANGE), ranges);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testAddUserToVpnOnlyAddsOneUser() {
-        setMockedUsers(primaryUser, restrictedProfileA, managedProfileA);
+        setMockedUsers(PRIMARY_USER, RESTRICTED_PROFILE_A, MANAGED_PROFILE_A);
 
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(PRIMARY_USER.id);
         final Set<Range<Integer>> ranges = new ArraySet<>();
-        vpn.addUserToRanges(ranges, primaryUser.id, null, null);
+        vpn.addUserToRanges(ranges, PRIMARY_USER.id, null, null);
 
-        assertEquals(rangeSet(PRI_USER_RANGE), ranges);
+        assertEquals(rangeSet(PRIMARY_USER_RANGE), ranges);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testUidAllowAndDenylist() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
-        final Range<Integer> user = PRI_USER_RANGE;
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(PRIMARY_USER.id);
+        final Range<Integer> user = PRIMARY_USER_RANGE;
         final int userStart = user.getLower();
         final int userStop = user.getUpper();
         final String[] packages = {PKGS[0], PKGS[1], PKGS[2]};
 
         // Allowed list
-        final Set<Range<Integer>> allow = vpn.createUserAndRestrictedProfilesRanges(primaryUser.id,
+        final Set<Range<Integer>> allow = vpn.createUserAndRestrictedProfilesRanges(PRIMARY_USER.id,
                 Arrays.asList(packages), null /* disallowedApplications */);
         assertEquals(rangeSet(
                 uidRange(userStart + PKG_UIDS[0], userStart + PKG_UIDS[0]),
@@ -469,7 +438,7 @@
 
         // Denied list
         final Set<Range<Integer>> disallow =
-                vpn.createUserAndRestrictedProfilesRanges(primaryUser.id,
+                vpn.createUserAndRestrictedProfilesRanges(PRIMARY_USER.id,
                         null /* allowedApplications */, Arrays.asList(packages));
         assertEquals(rangeSet(
                 uidRange(userStart, userStart + PKG_UIDS[0] - 1),
@@ -491,7 +460,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testGetAlwaysAndOnGetLockDown() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(PRIMARY_USER.id);
 
         // Default state.
         assertFalse(vpn.getAlwaysOn());
@@ -515,8 +484,8 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testLockdownChangingPackage() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
-        final Range<Integer> user = PRI_USER_RANGE;
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(PRIMARY_USER.id);
+        final Range<Integer> user = PRIMARY_USER_RANGE;
         final int userStart = user.getLower();
         final int userStop = user.getUpper();
         // Set always-on without lockdown.
@@ -549,8 +518,8 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testLockdownAllowlist() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
-        final Range<Integer> user = PRI_USER_RANGE;
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(PRIMARY_USER.id);
+        final Range<Integer> user = PRIMARY_USER_RANGE;
         final int userStart = user.getLower();
         final int userStop = user.getUpper();
         // Set always-on with lockdown and allow app PKGS[2] from lockdown.
@@ -660,9 +629,9 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testLockdownRuleRepeatability() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(PRIMARY_USER.id);
         final UidRangeParcel[] primaryUserRangeParcel = new UidRangeParcel[] {
-                new UidRangeParcel(PRI_USER_RANGE.getLower(), PRI_USER_RANGE.getUpper())};
+                new UidRangeParcel(PRIMARY_USER_RANGE.getLower(), PRIMARY_USER_RANGE.getUpper())};
         // Given legacy lockdown is already enabled,
         vpn.setLockdown(true);
         verify(mConnectivityManager, times(1)).setRequireVpnForUids(true,
@@ -693,9 +662,9 @@
     @Test
     public void testLockdownRuleReversibility() throws Exception {
         doReturn(PERMISSION_GRANTED).when(mContext).checkCallingOrSelfPermission(CONTROL_VPN);
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(PRIMARY_USER.id);
         final UidRangeParcel[] entireUser = {
-            new UidRangeParcel(PRI_USER_RANGE.getLower(), PRI_USER_RANGE.getUpper())
+            new UidRangeParcel(PRIMARY_USER_RANGE.getLower(), PRIMARY_USER_RANGE.getUpper())
         };
         final UidRangeParcel[] exceptPkg0 = {
             new UidRangeParcel(entireUser[0].start, entireUser[0].start + PKG_UIDS[0] - 1),
@@ -745,17 +714,17 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testIsAlwaysOnPackageSupported() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(PRIMARY_USER.id);
 
         ApplicationInfo appInfo = new ApplicationInfo();
-        when(mPackageManager.getApplicationInfoAsUser(eq(PKGS[0]), anyInt(), eq(primaryUser.id)))
+        when(mPackageManager.getApplicationInfoAsUser(eq(PKGS[0]), anyInt(), eq(PRIMARY_USER.id)))
                 .thenReturn(appInfo);
 
         ServiceInfo svcInfo = new ServiceInfo();
         ResolveInfo resInfo = new ResolveInfo();
         resInfo.serviceInfo = svcInfo;
         when(mPackageManager.queryIntentServicesAsUser(any(), eq(PackageManager.GET_META_DATA),
-                eq(primaryUser.id)))
+                eq(PRIMARY_USER.id)))
                 .thenReturn(Collections.singletonList(resInfo));
 
         // null package name should return false
@@ -779,9 +748,9 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testNotificationShownForAlwaysOnApp() throws Exception {
-        final UserHandle userHandle = UserHandle.of(primaryUser.id);
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
-        setMockedUsers(primaryUser);
+        final UserHandle userHandle = UserHandle.of(PRIMARY_USER.id);
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(PRIMARY_USER.id);
+        setMockedUsers(PRIMARY_USER);
 
         final InOrder order = inOrder(mNotificationManager);
 
@@ -814,15 +783,15 @@
      */
     @Test
     public void testGetProfileNameForPackage() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
-        setMockedUsers(primaryUser);
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(PRIMARY_USER.id);
+        setMockedUsers(PRIMARY_USER);
 
-        final String expected = Credentials.PLATFORM_VPN + primaryUser.id + "_" + TEST_VPN_PKG;
+        final String expected = Credentials.PLATFORM_VPN + PRIMARY_USER.id + "_" + TEST_VPN_PKG;
         assertEquals(expected, vpn.getProfileNameForPackage(TEST_VPN_PKG));
     }
 
     private Vpn createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(String... grantedOps) throws Exception {
-        return createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(primaryUser, grantedOps);
+        return createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(PRIMARY_USER, grantedOps);
     }
 
     private Vpn createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(UserInfo user, String... grantedOps) throws Exception {
@@ -879,14 +848,11 @@
 
         vpn.startVpnProfile(TEST_VPN_PKG);
         verify(mVpnProfileStore).get(eq(vpn.getProfileNameForPackage(TEST_VPN_PKG)));
-        vpn.mNetworkAgent = new NetworkAgent(mContext, Looper.getMainLooper(), TAG,
-                new NetworkCapabilities.Builder().build(), new LinkProperties(), 10 /* score */,
-                new NetworkAgentConfig.Builder().build(),
-                new NetworkProvider(mContext, Looper.getMainLooper(), TAG)) {};
+        vpn.mNetworkAgent = mMockNetworkAgent;
         return vpn;
     }
 
-    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(S_V2)
+    @Test
     public void testSetAndGetAppExclusionList() throws Exception {
         final Vpn vpn = prepareVpnForVerifyAppExclusionList();
         verify(mVpnProfileStore, never()).put(eq(PRIMARY_USER_APP_EXCLUDE_KEY), any());
@@ -895,16 +861,90 @@
                 .put(eq(PRIMARY_USER_APP_EXCLUDE_KEY),
                      eq(HexDump.hexStringToByteArray(PKGS_BYTES)));
         assertEquals(vpn.createUserAndRestrictedProfilesRanges(
-                primaryUser.id, null, Arrays.asList(PKGS)),
+                PRIMARY_USER.id, null, Arrays.asList(PKGS)),
                 vpn.mNetworkCapabilities.getUids());
         assertEquals(Arrays.asList(PKGS), vpn.getAppExclusionList(TEST_VPN_PKG));
     }
 
-    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(S_V2)
+    @Test
+    public void testRefreshPlatformVpnAppExclusionList_updatesExcludedUids() throws Exception {
+        final Vpn vpn = prepareVpnForVerifyAppExclusionList();
+        vpn.setAppExclusionList(TEST_VPN_PKG, Arrays.asList(PKGS));
+        verify(mMockNetworkAgent).sendNetworkCapabilities(any());
+        assertEquals(Arrays.asList(PKGS), vpn.getAppExclusionList(TEST_VPN_PKG));
+
+        reset(mMockNetworkAgent);
+
+        // Remove one of the package
+        List<Integer> newExcludedUids = toList(PKG_UIDS);
+        newExcludedUids.remove((Integer) PKG_UIDS[0]);
+        sPackages.remove(PKGS[0]);
+        vpn.refreshPlatformVpnAppExclusionList();
+
+        // List in keystore is not changed, but UID for the removed packages is no longer exempted.
+        assertEquals(Arrays.asList(PKGS), vpn.getAppExclusionList(TEST_VPN_PKG));
+        assertEquals(makeVpnUidRange(PRIMARY_USER.id, newExcludedUids),
+                vpn.mNetworkCapabilities.getUids());
+        ArgumentCaptor<NetworkCapabilities> ncCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(NetworkCapabilities.class);
+        verify(mMockNetworkAgent).sendNetworkCapabilities(ncCaptor.capture());
+        assertEquals(makeVpnUidRange(PRIMARY_USER.id, newExcludedUids),
+                ncCaptor.getValue().getUids());
+
+        reset(mMockNetworkAgent);
+
+        // Add the package back
+        newExcludedUids.add(PKG_UIDS[0]);
+        sPackages.put(PKGS[0], PKG_UIDS[0]);
+        vpn.refreshPlatformVpnAppExclusionList();
+
+        // List in keystore is not changed and the uid list should be updated in the net cap.
+        assertEquals(Arrays.asList(PKGS), vpn.getAppExclusionList(TEST_VPN_PKG));
+        assertEquals(makeVpnUidRange(PRIMARY_USER.id, newExcludedUids),
+                vpn.mNetworkCapabilities.getUids());
+        verify(mMockNetworkAgent).sendNetworkCapabilities(ncCaptor.capture());
+        assertEquals(makeVpnUidRange(PRIMARY_USER.id, newExcludedUids),
+                ncCaptor.getValue().getUids());
+    }
+
+    private Set<Range<Integer>> makeVpnUidRange(int userId, List<Integer> excludedList) {
+        final SortedSet<Integer> list = new TreeSet<>();
+
+        final int userBase = userId * UserHandle.PER_USER_RANGE;
+        for (int uid : excludedList) {
+            final int applicationUid = UserHandle.getUid(userId, uid);
+            list.add(applicationUid);
+            list.add(Process.toSdkSandboxUid(applicationUid)); // Add Sdk Sandbox UID
+        }
+
+        final int minUid = userBase;
+        final int maxUid = userBase + UserHandle.PER_USER_RANGE - 1;
+        final Set<Range<Integer>> ranges = new ArraySet<>();
+
+        // Iterate the list to create the ranges between each uid.
+        int start = minUid;
+        for (int uid : list) {
+            if (uid == start) {
+                start++;
+            } else {
+                ranges.add(new Range<>(start, uid - 1));
+                start = uid + 1;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Create the range between last uid and max uid.
+        if (start <= maxUid) {
+            ranges.add(new Range<>(start, maxUid));
+        }
+
+        return ranges;
+    }
+
+    @Test
     public void testSetAndGetAppExclusionListRestrictedUser() throws Exception {
         final Vpn vpn = prepareVpnForVerifyAppExclusionList();
         // Mock it to restricted profile
-        when(mUserManager.getUserInfo(anyInt())).thenReturn(restrictedProfileA);
+        when(mUserManager.getUserInfo(anyInt())).thenReturn(RESTRICTED_PROFILE_A);
         // Restricted users cannot configure VPNs
         assertThrows(SecurityException.class,
                 () -> vpn.setAppExclusionList(TEST_VPN_PKG, new ArrayList<>()));
@@ -954,7 +994,7 @@
     public void testProvisionVpnProfileRestrictedUser() throws Exception {
         final Vpn vpn =
                 createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(
-                        restrictedProfileA, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
+                        RESTRICTED_PROFILE_A, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
 
         try {
             vpn.provisionVpnProfile(TEST_VPN_PKG, mVpnProfile);
@@ -977,7 +1017,7 @@
     public void testDeleteVpnProfileRestrictedUser() throws Exception {
         final Vpn vpn =
                 createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(
-                        restrictedProfileA, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
+                        RESTRICTED_PROFILE_A, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
 
         try {
             vpn.deleteVpnProfile(TEST_VPN_PKG);
@@ -1100,7 +1140,7 @@
     public void testStartVpnProfileRestrictedUser() throws Exception {
         final Vpn vpn =
                 createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(
-                        restrictedProfileA, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
+                        RESTRICTED_PROFILE_A, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
 
         try {
             vpn.startVpnProfile(TEST_VPN_PKG);
@@ -1113,7 +1153,7 @@
     public void testStopVpnProfileRestrictedUser() throws Exception {
         final Vpn vpn =
                 createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(
-                        restrictedProfileA, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
+                        RESTRICTED_PROFILE_A, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
 
         try {
             vpn.stopVpnProfile(TEST_VPN_PKG);
@@ -1184,7 +1224,7 @@
     private void verifyVpnManagerEvent(String sessionKey, String category, int errorClass,
             int errorCode, VpnProfileState... profileState) {
         final Context userContext =
-                mContext.createContextAsUser(UserHandle.of(primaryUser.id), 0 /* flags */);
+                mContext.createContextAsUser(UserHandle.of(PRIMARY_USER.id), 0 /* flags */);
         final ArgumentCaptor<Intent> intentArgumentCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(Intent.class);
 
         final int verifyTimes = (profileState == null) ? 1 : profileState.length;
@@ -1251,7 +1291,7 @@
         assumeTrue(SdkLevel.isAtLeastT());
         // Calling setAlwaysOnPackage() needs to hold CONTROL_VPN.
         doReturn(PERMISSION_GRANTED).when(mContext).checkCallingOrSelfPermission(CONTROL_VPN);
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(PRIMARY_USER.id);
         // Enable VPN always-on for PKGS[1].
         assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(PKGS[1], false /* lockdown */,
                 null /* lockdownAllowlist */));
@@ -1513,7 +1553,7 @@
     public void testStartPlatformVpnIllegalArgumentExceptionInSetup() throws Exception {
         when(mIkev2SessionCreator.createIkeSession(any(), any(), any(), any(), any(), any()))
                 .thenThrow(new IllegalArgumentException());
-        final Vpn vpn = startLegacyVpn(createVpn(primaryUser.id), mVpnProfile);
+        final Vpn vpn = startLegacyVpn(createVpn(PRIMARY_USER.id), mVpnProfile);
         final NetworkCallback cb = triggerOnAvailableAndGetCallback();
 
         verifyInterfaceSetCfgWithFlags(IF_STATE_UP);
@@ -1533,18 +1573,18 @@
                 eq(AppOpsManager.MODE_ALLOWED));
 
         verify(mSystemServices).settingsSecurePutStringForUser(
-                eq(Settings.Secure.ALWAYS_ON_VPN_APP), eq(TEST_VPN_PKG), eq(primaryUser.id));
+                eq(Settings.Secure.ALWAYS_ON_VPN_APP), eq(TEST_VPN_PKG), eq(PRIMARY_USER.id));
         verify(mSystemServices).settingsSecurePutIntForUser(
                 eq(Settings.Secure.ALWAYS_ON_VPN_LOCKDOWN), eq(lockdownEnabled ? 1 : 0),
-                eq(primaryUser.id));
+                eq(PRIMARY_USER.id));
         verify(mSystemServices).settingsSecurePutStringForUser(
-                eq(Settings.Secure.ALWAYS_ON_VPN_LOCKDOWN_WHITELIST), eq(""), eq(primaryUser.id));
+                eq(Settings.Secure.ALWAYS_ON_VPN_LOCKDOWN_WHITELIST), eq(""), eq(PRIMARY_USER.id));
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testSetAndStartAlwaysOnVpn() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
-        setMockedUsers(primaryUser);
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(PRIMARY_USER.id);
+        setMockedUsers(PRIMARY_USER);
 
         // UID checks must return a different UID; otherwise it'll be treated as already prepared.
         final int uid = Process.myUid() + 1;
@@ -1561,7 +1601,7 @@
     }
 
     private Vpn startLegacyVpn(final Vpn vpn, final VpnProfile vpnProfile) throws Exception {
-        setMockedUsers(primaryUser);
+        setMockedUsers(PRIMARY_USER);
 
         // Dummy egress interface
         final LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
@@ -1877,7 +1917,7 @@
         doReturn(new Network(102)).when(mConnectivityManager).registerNetworkAgent(any(), any(),
                 any(), any(), any(), any(), anyInt());
 
-        final Vpn vpn = startLegacyVpn(createVpn(primaryUser.id), profile);
+        final Vpn vpn = startLegacyVpn(createVpn(PRIMARY_USER.id), profile);
         final TestDeps deps = (TestDeps) vpn.mDeps;
 
         testAndCleanup(() -> {
@@ -1928,7 +1968,7 @@
                     legacyRunnerReady.open();
                     return new Network(102);
                 });
-        final Vpn vpn = startLegacyVpn(createVpn(primaryUser.id), profile);
+        final Vpn vpn = startLegacyVpn(createVpn(PRIMARY_USER.id), profile);
         final TestDeps deps = (TestDeps) vpn.mDeps;
         try {
             // udppsk and 1701 are the values for TYPE_L2TP_IPSEC_PSK