diff --git a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfCoordinator.java b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfCoordinator.java
index ecb6478..c403548 100644
--- a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfCoordinator.java
+++ b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfCoordinator.java
@@ -77,6 +77,7 @@
 import com.android.networkstack.tethering.apishim.common.BpfCoordinatorShim;
 import com.android.networkstack.tethering.util.TetheringUtils.ForwardedStats;
 
+import java.io.IOException;
 import java.net.Inet4Address;
 import java.net.Inet6Address;
 import java.net.InetAddress;
@@ -1024,7 +1025,7 @@
             map.forEach((k, v) -> {
                 pw.println(String.format("%s: %s", k, v));
             });
-        } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+        } catch (ErrnoException | IOException e) {
             pw.println("Error dumping BPF stats map: " + e);
         }
     }
@@ -1072,7 +1073,7 @@
                 return;
             }
             map.forEach((k, v) -> pw.println(ipv6UpstreamRuletoString(k, v)));
-        } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+        } catch (ErrnoException | IOException e) {
             pw.println("Error dumping IPv6 upstream map: " + e);
         }
     }
@@ -1116,7 +1117,7 @@
         if (CollectionUtils.contains(args, DUMPSYS_RAWMAP_ARG_STATS)) {
             try (BpfMap<TetherStatsKey, TetherStatsValue> statsMap = mDeps.getBpfStatsMap()) {
                 dumpRawMap(statsMap, pw);
-            } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+            } catch (ErrnoException | IOException e) {
                 pw.println("Error dumping stats map: " + e);
             }
             return;
@@ -1124,7 +1125,7 @@
         if (CollectionUtils.contains(args, DUMPSYS_RAWMAP_ARG_UPSTREAM4)) {
             try (BpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> upstreamMap = mDeps.getBpfUpstream4Map()) {
                 dumpRawMap(upstreamMap, pw);
-            } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+            } catch (ErrnoException | IOException e) {
                 pw.println("Error dumping IPv4 map: " + e);
             }
             return;
@@ -1195,7 +1196,7 @@
             pw.increaseIndent();
             dumpIpv4ForwardingRuleMap(now, DOWNSTREAM, downstreamMap, pw);
             pw.decreaseIndent();
-        } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+        } catch (ErrnoException | IOException e) {
             pw.println("Error dumping IPv4 map: " + e);
         }
     }
@@ -1220,7 +1221,7 @@
                 }
                 if (v.val > 0) pw.println(String.format("%s: %d", counterName, v.val));
             });
-        } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+        } catch (ErrnoException | IOException e) {
             pw.println("Error dumping counter map: " + e);
         }
     }
@@ -1244,7 +1245,7 @@
                 pw.println(String.format("%d (%s) -> %d (%s)", k.ifIndex, getIfName(k.ifIndex),
                         v.ifIndex, getIfName(v.ifIndex)));
             });
-        } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+        } catch (ErrnoException | IOException e) {
             pw.println("Error dumping dev map: " + e);
         }
         pw.decreaseIndent();
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/privileged/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfMapTest.java b/Tethering/tests/privileged/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfMapTest.java
index ad2faa0..75c2ad1 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/privileged/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfMapTest.java
+++ b/Tethering/tests/privileged/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfMapTest.java
@@ -358,8 +358,8 @@
         try {
             mTestMap.clear();
             fail("clearing already-closed map should throw");
-        } catch (ErrnoException expected) {
-            assertEquals(OsConstants.EBADF, expected.errno);
+        } catch (IllegalStateException expected) {
+            // ParcelFileDescriptor.getFd throws IllegalStateException: Already closed.
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/bpf_progs/netd.c b/bpf_progs/netd.c
index fe9a871..f3f675f 100644
--- a/bpf_progs/netd.c
+++ b/bpf_progs/netd.c
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@
     BpfConfig enabledRules = getConfig(UID_RULES_CONFIGURATION_KEY);
 
     UidOwnerValue* uidEntry = bpf_uid_owner_map_lookup_elem(&uid);
-    uint8_t uidRules = uidEntry ? uidEntry->rule : 0;
+    uint32_t uidRules = uidEntry ? uidEntry->rule : 0;
     uint32_t allowed_iif = uidEntry ? uidEntry->iif : 0;
 
     if (enabledRules) {
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsObservers.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsObservers.java
index c51a886..df4e7f5 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsObservers.java
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsObservers.java
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@
 import android.util.SparseArray;
 
 import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.android.net.module.util.PerUidCounter;
 
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
 
@@ -63,10 +64,17 @@
 
     private static final int DUMP_USAGE_REQUESTS_COUNT = 200;
 
+    // The maximum number of request allowed per uid before an exception is thrown.
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    static final int MAX_REQUESTS_PER_UID = 100;
+
     // All access to this map must be done from the handler thread.
     // indexed by DataUsageRequest#requestId
     private final SparseArray<RequestInfo> mDataUsageRequests = new SparseArray<>();
 
+    // Request counters per uid, this is thread safe.
+    private final PerUidCounter mDataUsageRequestsPerUid = new PerUidCounter(MAX_REQUESTS_PER_UID);
+
     // Sequence number of DataUsageRequests
     private final AtomicInteger mNextDataUsageRequestId = new AtomicInteger();
 
@@ -89,8 +97,9 @@
         DataUsageRequest request = buildRequest(context, inputRequest, callingUid);
         RequestInfo requestInfo = buildRequestInfo(request, callback, callingPid, callingUid,
                 callingPackage, accessLevel);
-
         if (LOG) Log.d(TAG, "Registering observer for " + requestInfo);
+        mDataUsageRequestsPerUid.incrementCountOrThrow(callingUid);
+
         getHandler().sendMessage(mHandler.obtainMessage(MSG_REGISTER, requestInfo));
         return request;
     }
@@ -189,6 +198,7 @@
 
         if (LOG) Log.d(TAG, "Unregistering " + requestInfo);
         mDataUsageRequests.remove(request.requestId);
+        mDataUsageRequestsPerUid.decrementCountOrThrow(callingUid);
         requestInfo.unlinkDeathRecipient();
         requestInfo.callCallback(NetworkStatsManager.CALLBACK_RELEASED);
     }
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsService.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsService.java
index 7c167ed..b2d8b5e 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsService.java
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsService.java
@@ -377,8 +377,18 @@
 
     private long mLastStatsSessionPoll;
 
-    /** Map from key {@code OpenSessionKey} to count of opened sessions */
-    @GuardedBy("mOpenSessionCallsPerCaller")
+    private final Object mOpenSessionCallsLock = new Object();
+    /**
+     * Map from UID to number of opened sessions. This is used for rate-limt an app to open
+     * session frequently
+     */
+    @GuardedBy("mOpenSessionCallsLock")
+    private final SparseIntArray mOpenSessionCallsPerUid = new SparseIntArray();
+    /**
+     * Map from key {@code OpenSessionKey} to count of opened sessions. This is for recording
+     * the caller of open session and it is only for debugging.
+     */
+    @GuardedBy("mOpenSessionCallsLock")
     private final HashMap<OpenSessionKey, Integer> mOpenSessionCallsPerCaller = new HashMap<>();
 
     private final static int DUMP_STATS_SESSION_COUNT = 20;
@@ -415,23 +425,20 @@
      * the caller.
      */
     private static class OpenSessionKey {
-        public final int mPid;
-        public final int mUid;
-        public final String mPackage;
+        public final int uid;
+        public final String packageName;
 
-        OpenSessionKey(int pid, int uid, @NonNull String packageName) {
-            mPid = pid;
-            mUid = uid;
-            mPackage = packageName;
+        OpenSessionKey(int uid, @NonNull String packageName) {
+            this.uid = uid;
+            this.packageName = packageName;
         }
 
         @Override
         public String toString() {
             final StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
             sb.append("{");
-            sb.append("pid=").append(mPid).append(",");
-            sb.append("uid=").append(mUid).append(",");
-            sb.append("package=").append(mPackage);
+            sb.append("uid=").append(uid).append(",");
+            sb.append("package=").append(packageName);
             sb.append("}");
             return sb.toString();
         }
@@ -442,13 +449,12 @@
             if (o.getClass() != getClass()) return false;
 
             final OpenSessionKey key = (OpenSessionKey) o;
-            return mPid == key.mPid && mUid == key.mUid
-                    && TextUtils.equals(mPackage, key.mPackage);
+            return this.uid == key.uid && TextUtils.equals(this.packageName, key.packageName);
         }
 
         @Override
         public int hashCode() {
-            return Objects.hash(mPid, mUid, mPackage);
+            return Objects.hash(uid, packageName);
         }
     }
 
@@ -843,21 +849,27 @@
         final long lastCallTime;
         final long now = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
 
-        synchronized (mOpenSessionCallsPerCaller) {
-            Integer calls = mOpenSessionCallsPerCaller.get(key);
-            if (calls == null) {
+        synchronized (mOpenSessionCallsLock) {
+            Integer callsPerCaller = mOpenSessionCallsPerCaller.get(key);
+            if (callsPerCaller == null) {
                 mOpenSessionCallsPerCaller.put((key), 1);
             } else {
-                mOpenSessionCallsPerCaller.put(key, Integer.sum(calls, 1));
+                mOpenSessionCallsPerCaller.put(key, Integer.sum(callsPerCaller, 1));
             }
+
+            int callsPerUid = mOpenSessionCallsPerUid.get(key.uid, 0);
+            mOpenSessionCallsPerUid.put(key.uid, callsPerUid + 1);
+
+            if (key.uid == android.os.Process.SYSTEM_UID) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            // To avoid a non-system user to be rate-limited after system users open sessions,
+            // so update mLastStatsSessionPoll after checked if the uid is SYSTEM_UID.
             lastCallTime = mLastStatsSessionPoll;
             mLastStatsSessionPoll = now;
         }
 
-        if (key.mUid == android.os.Process.SYSTEM_UID) {
-            return false;
-        }
-
         return now - lastCallTime < POLL_RATE_LIMIT_MS;
     }
 
@@ -870,9 +882,8 @@
             flags |= NetworkStatsManager.FLAG_POLL_ON_OPEN;
         }
         // Non-system uids are rate limited for POLL_ON_OPEN.
-        final int callingPid = Binder.getCallingPid();
         final int callingUid = Binder.getCallingUid();
-        final OpenSessionKey key = new OpenSessionKey(callingPid, callingUid, callingPackage);
+        final OpenSessionKey key = new OpenSessionKey(callingUid, callingPackage);
         flags = isRateLimitedForPoll(key)
                 ? flags & (~NetworkStatsManager.FLAG_POLL_ON_OPEN)
                 : flags;
@@ -1990,6 +2001,9 @@
         for (int uid : uids) {
             deleteKernelTagData(uid);
         }
+
+       // TODO: Remove the UID's entries from mOpenSessionCallsPerUid and
+       // mOpenSessionCallsPerCaller
     }
 
     /**
@@ -2114,7 +2128,7 @@
 
             // Get the top openSession callers
             final HashMap calls;
-            synchronized (mOpenSessionCallsPerCaller) {
+            synchronized (mOpenSessionCallsLock) {
                 calls = new HashMap<>(mOpenSessionCallsPerCaller);
             }
             final List<Map.Entry<OpenSessionKey, Integer>> list = new ArrayList<>(calls.entrySet());
diff --git a/service/Android.bp b/service/Android.bp
index 25b970a..7dbdc92 100644
--- a/service/Android.bp
+++ b/service/Android.bp
@@ -216,6 +216,11 @@
     apex_available: [
         "com.android.tethering",
     ],
+    optimize: {
+        enabled: true,
+        shrink: true,
+        proguard_flags_files: ["proguard.flags"],
+    },
     lint: { strict_updatability_linting: true },
 }
 
diff --git a/service/jarjar-rules.txt b/service/jarjar-rules.txt
index 4b21569..c7223fc 100644
--- a/service/jarjar-rules.txt
+++ b/service/jarjar-rules.txt
@@ -111,5 +111,13 @@
 # From mdns-aidl-interface
 rule android.net.mdns.aidl.** android.net.connectivity.@0
 
+# From nearby-service, including proto
+rule service.proto.** com.android.server.nearby.@0
+rule androidx.annotation.Keep* com.android.server.nearby.@0
+rule androidx.collection.** com.android.server.nearby.@0
+rule androidx.core.** com.android.server.nearby.@0
+rule androidx.versionedparcelable.** com.android.server.nearby.@0
+rule com.google.common.** com.android.server.nearby.@0
+
 # Remaining are connectivity sources in com.android.server and com.android.server.connectivity:
 # TODO: move to a subpackage of com.android.connectivity (such as com.android.connectivity.server)
diff --git a/service/native/TrafficController.cpp b/service/native/TrafficController.cpp
index 3e98edb..473c9e3 100644
--- a/service/native/TrafficController.cpp
+++ b/service/native/TrafficController.cpp
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@
         }                                   \
     } while (0)
 
-const std::string uidMatchTypeToString(uint8_t match) {
+const std::string uidMatchTypeToString(uint32_t match) {
     std::string matchType;
     FLAG_MSG_TRANS(matchType, HAPPY_BOX_MATCH, match);
     FLAG_MSG_TRANS(matchType, PENALTY_BOX_MATCH, match);
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@
     if (oldMatch.ok()) {
         UidOwnerValue newMatch = {
                 .iif = (match == IIF_MATCH) ? 0 : oldMatch.value().iif,
-                .rule = static_cast<uint8_t>(oldMatch.value().rule & ~match),
+                .rule = oldMatch.value().rule & ~match,
         };
         if (newMatch.rule == 0) {
             RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(mUidOwnerMap.deleteValue(uid));
@@ -296,13 +296,13 @@
     if (oldMatch.ok()) {
         UidOwnerValue newMatch = {
                 .iif = iif ? iif : oldMatch.value().iif,
-                .rule = static_cast<uint8_t>(oldMatch.value().rule | match),
+                .rule = oldMatch.value().rule | match,
         };
         RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(mUidOwnerMap.writeValue(uid, newMatch, BPF_ANY));
     } else {
         UidOwnerValue newMatch = {
                 .iif = iif,
-                .rule = static_cast<uint8_t>(match),
+                .rule = match,
         };
         RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(mUidOwnerMap.writeValue(uid, newMatch, BPF_ANY));
     }
diff --git a/service/proguard.flags b/service/proguard.flags
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..94397ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service/proguard.flags
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# Make sure proguard keeps all connectivity classes
+# TODO: instead of keeping everything, consider listing only "entry points"
+# (service loader, JNI registered methods, etc) and letting the optimizer do its job
+-keep class android.net.** { *; }
+-keep class com.android.connectivity.** { *; }
+-keep class com.android.net.** { *; }
+-keep class !com.android.server.nearby.**,com.android.server.** { *; }
+
+# Prevent proguard from stripping out any nearby-service and fast-pair-lite-protos fields.
+-keep class com.android.server.nearby.NearbyService { *; }
+-keep class com.android.server.nearby.service.proto { *; }
+
+# The lite proto runtime uses reflection to access fields based on the names in
+# the schema, keep all the fields.
+# This replicates the base proguard rule used by the build by default
+# (proguard_basic_keeps.flags), but needs to be specified here because the
+# com.google.protobuf package is jarjared to the below package.
+-keepclassmembers class * extends com.android.connectivity.com.google.protobuf.MessageLite { <fields>; }
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java b/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
index 078fff0..66ef9e9 100644
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
@@ -1187,6 +1187,7 @@
     /**
      * Keeps track of the number of requests made under different uids.
      */
+    // TODO: Remove the hack and use com.android.net.module.util.PerUidCounter instead.
     public static class PerUidCounter {
         private final int mMaxCountPerUid;
 
@@ -10659,7 +10660,10 @@
         Objects.requireNonNull(profile);
 
         if (preferences.size() == 0) {
-            preferences.add((new ProfileNetworkPreference.Builder()).build());
+            final ProfileNetworkPreference pref = new ProfileNetworkPreference.Builder()
+                    .setPreference(ConnectivityManager.PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_DEFAULT)
+                    .build();
+            preferences.add(pref);
         }
 
         PermissionUtils.enforceNetworkStackPermission(mContext);
@@ -10677,12 +10681,14 @@
 
         final List<ProfileNetworkPreferenceList.Preference> preferenceList =
                 new ArrayList<ProfileNetworkPreferenceList.Preference>();
-        boolean allowFallback = true;
+        boolean hasDefaultPreference = false;
         for (final ProfileNetworkPreference preference : preferences) {
             final NetworkCapabilities nc;
+            boolean allowFallback = true;
             switch (preference.getPreference()) {
                 case ConnectivityManager.PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_DEFAULT:
                     nc = null;
+                    hasDefaultPreference = true;
                     if (preference.getPreferenceEnterpriseId() != 0) {
                         throw new IllegalArgumentException(
                                 "Invalid enterprise identifier in setProfileNetworkPreferences");
@@ -10692,6 +10698,14 @@
                     allowFallback = false;
                     // continue to process the enterprise preference.
                 case ConnectivityManager.PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_ENTERPRISE:
+                    // This code is needed even though there is a check later on,
+                    // because isRangeAlreadyInPreferenceList assumes that every preference
+                    // has a UID list.
+                    if (hasDefaultPreference) {
+                        throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                                "Default profile preference should not be set along with other "
+                                        + "preference");
+                    }
                     if (!isEnterpriseIdentifierValid(preference.getPreferenceEnterpriseId())) {
                         throw new IllegalArgumentException(
                                 "Invalid enterprise identifier in setProfileNetworkPreferences");
@@ -10715,6 +10729,10 @@
             }
             preferenceList.add(new ProfileNetworkPreferenceList.Preference(
                     profile, nc, allowFallback));
+            if (hasDefaultPreference && preferenceList.size() > 1) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                        "Default profile preference should not be set along with other preference");
+            }
         }
         mHandler.sendMessage(mHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_SET_PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE,
                 new Pair<>(preferenceList, listener)));
@@ -10759,12 +10777,6 @@
         return false;
     }
 
-    private void validateNetworkCapabilitiesOfProfileNetworkPreference(
-            @Nullable final NetworkCapabilities nc) {
-        if (null == nc) return; // Null caps are always allowed. It means to remove the setting.
-        ensureRequestableCapabilities(nc);
-    }
-
     private ArraySet<NetworkRequestInfo> createNrisFromProfileNetworkPreferences(
             @NonNull final ProfileNetworkPreferenceList prefs) {
         final ArraySet<NetworkRequestInfo> result = new ArraySet<>();
@@ -10822,10 +10834,9 @@
          * Clear all the existing preferences for the user before applying new preferences.
          *
          */
-        mProfileNetworkPreferences = mProfileNetworkPreferences.clearUser(
+        mProfileNetworkPreferences = mProfileNetworkPreferences.withoutUser(
                 preferenceList.get(0).user);
         for (final ProfileNetworkPreferenceList.Preference preference : preferenceList) {
-            validateNetworkCapabilitiesOfProfileNetworkPreference(preference.capabilities);
             mProfileNetworkPreferences = mProfileNetworkPreferences.plus(preference);
         }
 
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/ClatCoordinator.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/ClatCoordinator.java
index 3b0b3fd..4a7c77a 100644
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/ClatCoordinator.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/ClatCoordinator.java
@@ -116,12 +116,10 @@
     private final INetd mNetd;
     @NonNull
     private final Dependencies mDeps;
-    // IBpfMap objects {mIngressMap, mEgressMap} are initialized in #maybeStartBpf and closed in
-    // #maybeStopBpf.
     @Nullable
-    private IBpfMap<ClatIngress6Key, ClatIngress6Value> mIngressMap = null;
+    private final IBpfMap<ClatIngress6Key, ClatIngress6Value> mIngressMap;
     @Nullable
-    private IBpfMap<ClatEgress4Key, ClatEgress4Value> mEgressMap = null;
+    private final IBpfMap<ClatEgress4Key, ClatEgress4Value> mEgressMap;
     @Nullable
     private ClatdTracker mClatdTracker = null;
 
@@ -375,35 +373,12 @@
     public ClatCoordinator(@NonNull Dependencies deps) {
         mDeps = deps;
         mNetd = mDeps.getNetd();
-    }
-
-    private void closeEgressMap() {
-        try {
-            mEgressMap.close();
-        } catch (Exception e) {
-            Log.e(TAG, "Cannot close egress4 map: " + e);
-        }
-        mEgressMap = null;
-    }
-
-    private void closeIngressMap() {
-        try {
-            mIngressMap.close();
-        } catch (Exception e) {
-            Log.e(TAG, "Cannot close ingress6 map: " + e);
-        }
-        mIngressMap = null;
+        mIngressMap = mDeps.getBpfIngress6Map();
+        mEgressMap = mDeps.getBpfEgress4Map();
     }
 
     private void maybeStartBpf(final ClatdTracker tracker) {
-        mEgressMap = mDeps.getBpfEgress4Map();
-        if (mEgressMap == null) return;
-
-        mIngressMap = mDeps.getBpfIngress6Map();
-        if (mIngressMap == null) {
-            closeEgressMap();
-            return;
-        }
+        if (mIngressMap == null || mEgressMap == null) return;
 
         final boolean isEthernet;
         try {
@@ -747,13 +722,6 @@
         } catch (ErrnoException | IllegalStateException e) {
             Log.e(TAG, "Could not delete entry (" + rxKey + "): " + e);
         }
-
-        // Manual close BPF map file descriptors. Just don't rely on that GC releasing to close
-        // the file descriptors even if class BpfMap supports close file descriptor in
-        // finalize(). If the interfaces are added and removed quickly, too many unclosed file
-        // descriptors may cause unexpected problem.
-        closeEgressMap();
-        closeIngressMap();
     }
 
     /**
@@ -822,7 +790,7 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Dump the cordinator information. Only called when clat is started. See Nat464Xlat#dump.
+     * Dump the cordinator information.
      *
      * @param pw print writer.
      */
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/ProfileNetworkPreferenceList.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/ProfileNetworkPreferenceList.java
index 473a115..5bafef9 100644
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/ProfileNetworkPreferenceList.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/ProfileNetworkPreferenceList.java
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@
     /**
      * Remove all preferences corresponding to a user.
      */
-    public ProfileNetworkPreferenceList clearUser(UserHandle user) {
+    public ProfileNetworkPreferenceList withoutUser(UserHandle user) {
         final ArrayList<Preference> newPrefs = new ArrayList<>();
         for (final Preference existingPref : preferences) {
             if (!existingPref.user.equals(user)) {
diff --git a/tests/common/java/android/net/LinkPropertiesTest.java b/tests/common/java/android/net/LinkPropertiesTest.java
index 345a78d..b66a979 100644
--- a/tests/common/java/android/net/LinkPropertiesTest.java
+++ b/tests/common/java/android/net/LinkPropertiesTest.java
@@ -1262,13 +1262,14 @@
     }
 
     @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    @EnableCompatChanges({LinkProperties.EXCLUDED_ROUTES})
     public void testHasExcludeRoute() {
         LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
-        lp.setInterfaceName("VPN");
-        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(ADDRV4, 2), RTN_UNICAST));
+        lp.setInterfaceName("tun0");
+        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(ADDRV4, 24), RTN_UNICAST));
         lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(ADDRV6, 0), RTN_UNICAST));
         assertFalse(lp.hasExcludeRoute());
-        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(ADDRV6, 2), RTN_THROW));
+        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(ADDRV6, 32), RTN_THROW));
         assertTrue(lp.hasExcludeRoute());
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NetworkStatsManagerTest.java b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NetworkStatsManagerTest.java
index fb720a7..7c47a70 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NetworkStatsManagerTest.java
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NetworkStatsManagerTest.java
@@ -29,8 +29,20 @@
 import static android.app.usage.NetworkStats.Bucket.STATE_FOREGROUND;
 import static android.app.usage.NetworkStats.Bucket.TAG_NONE;
 import static android.app.usage.NetworkStats.Bucket.UID_ALL;
+import static android.net.netstats.NetworkStatsDataMigrationUtils.PREFIX_UID;
+import static android.net.netstats.NetworkStatsDataMigrationUtils.PREFIX_UID_TAG;
+import static android.net.netstats.NetworkStatsDataMigrationUtils.PREFIX_XT;
+
+import static com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRuleKt.SC_V2;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
 
 import android.app.AppOpsManager;
+import android.app.Instrumentation;
 import android.app.usage.NetworkStats;
 import android.app.usage.NetworkStatsManager;
 import android.content.Context;
@@ -40,7 +52,10 @@
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
 import android.net.NetworkInfo;
 import android.net.NetworkRequest;
+import android.net.NetworkStatsCollection;
+import android.net.NetworkStatsHistory;
 import android.net.TrafficStats;
+import android.net.netstats.NetworkStatsDataMigrationUtils;
 import android.os.Handler;
 import android.os.HandlerThread;
 import android.os.Process;
@@ -48,11 +63,23 @@
 import android.os.SystemClock;
 import android.platform.test.annotations.AppModeFull;
 import android.telephony.TelephonyManager;
-import android.test.InstrumentationTestCase;
+import android.text.TextUtils;
 import android.util.Log;
 
+import androidx.test.InstrumentationRegistry;
+import androidx.test.ext.junit.runners.AndroidJUnit4;
+
 import com.android.compatibility.common.util.ShellIdentityUtils;
 import com.android.compatibility.common.util.SystemUtil;
+import com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel;
+import com.android.testutils.ConnectivityModuleTest;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Rule;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
 
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.io.InputStream;
@@ -62,8 +89,18 @@
 import java.net.UnknownHostException;
 import java.text.MessageFormat;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
 
-public class NetworkStatsManagerTest extends InstrumentationTestCase {
+@ConnectivityModuleTest
+@AppModeFull(reason = "instant apps cannot be granted USAGE_STATS")
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+public class NetworkStatsManagerTest {
+    @Rule
+    public final DevSdkIgnoreRule ignoreRule = new DevSdkIgnoreRule(SC_V2 /* ignoreClassUpTo */);
+
     private static final String LOG_TAG = "NetworkStatsManagerTest";
     private static final String APPOPS_SET_SHELL_COMMAND = "appops set {0} {1} {2}";
     private static final String APPOPS_GET_SHELL_COMMAND = "appops get {0} {1}";
@@ -164,9 +201,11 @@
             };
 
     private String mPkg;
+    private Context mContext;
     private NetworkStatsManager mNsm;
     private ConnectivityManager mCm;
     private PackageManager mPm;
+    private Instrumentation mInstrumentation;
     private long mStartTime;
     private long mEndTime;
 
@@ -224,44 +263,40 @@
         }
     }
 
-    @Override
-    protected void setUp() throws Exception {
-        super.setUp();
-        mNsm = (NetworkStatsManager) getInstrumentation().getContext()
-                .getSystemService(Context.NETWORK_STATS_SERVICE);
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
+        mContext = InstrumentationRegistry.getContext();
+        mNsm = mContext.getSystemService(NetworkStatsManager.class);
         mNsm.setPollForce(true);
 
-        mCm = (ConnectivityManager) getInstrumentation().getContext()
-                .getSystemService(Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE);
+        mCm = mContext.getSystemService(ConnectivityManager.class);
+        mPm = mContext.getPackageManager();
+        mPkg = mContext.getPackageName();
 
-        mPm = getInstrumentation().getContext().getPackageManager();
-
-        mPkg = getInstrumentation().getContext().getPackageName();
-
+        mInstrumentation = InstrumentationRegistry.getInstrumentation();
         mWriteSettingsMode = getAppOpsMode(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_WRITE_SETTINGS);
         setAppOpsMode(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_WRITE_SETTINGS, "allow");
         mUsageStatsMode = getAppOpsMode(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_GET_USAGE_STATS);
     }
 
-    @Override
-    protected void tearDown() throws Exception {
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() throws Exception {
         if (mWriteSettingsMode != null) {
             setAppOpsMode(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_WRITE_SETTINGS, mWriteSettingsMode);
         }
         if (mUsageStatsMode != null) {
             setAppOpsMode(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_GET_USAGE_STATS, mUsageStatsMode);
         }
-        super.tearDown();
     }
 
     private void setAppOpsMode(String appop, String mode) throws Exception {
         final String command = MessageFormat.format(APPOPS_SET_SHELL_COMMAND, mPkg, appop, mode);
-        SystemUtil.runShellCommand(command);
+        SystemUtil.runShellCommand(mInstrumentation, command);
     }
 
     private String getAppOpsMode(String appop) throws Exception {
         final String command = MessageFormat.format(APPOPS_GET_SHELL_COMMAND, mPkg, appop);
-        String result = SystemUtil.runShellCommand(command);
+        String result = SystemUtil.runShellCommand(mInstrumentation, command);
         if (result == null) {
             Log.w(LOG_TAG, "App op " + appop + " could not be read.");
         }
@@ -269,7 +304,7 @@
     }
 
     private boolean isInForeground() throws IOException {
-        String result = SystemUtil.runShellCommand(getInstrumentation(),
+        String result = SystemUtil.runShellCommand(mInstrumentation,
                 "cmd activity get-uid-state " + Process.myUid());
         return result.contains("FOREGROUND");
     }
@@ -366,15 +401,14 @@
     private String getSubscriberId(int networkIndex) {
         int networkType = mNetworkInterfacesToTest[networkIndex].getNetworkType();
         if (ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE == networkType) {
-            TelephonyManager tm = (TelephonyManager) getInstrumentation().getContext()
-                    .getSystemService(Context.TELEPHONY_SERVICE);
+            TelephonyManager tm = mContext.getSystemService(TelephonyManager.class);
             return ShellIdentityUtils.invokeMethodWithShellPermissions(tm,
                     (telephonyManager) -> telephonyManager.getSubscriberId());
         }
         return "";
     }
 
-    @AppModeFull
+    @Test
     public void testDeviceSummary() throws Exception {
         for (int i = 0; i < mNetworkInterfacesToTest.length; ++i) {
             if (!shouldTestThisNetworkType(i, MINUTE / 2)) {
@@ -410,7 +444,7 @@
         }
     }
 
-    @AppModeFull
+    @Test
     public void testUserSummary() throws Exception {
         for (int i = 0; i < mNetworkInterfacesToTest.length; ++i) {
             if (!shouldTestThisNetworkType(i, MINUTE / 2)) {
@@ -446,7 +480,7 @@
         }
     }
 
-    @AppModeFull
+    @Test
     public void testAppSummary() throws Exception {
         for (int i = 0; i < mNetworkInterfacesToTest.length; ++i) {
             // Use tolerance value that large enough to make sure stats of at
@@ -522,7 +556,7 @@
         }
     }
 
-    @AppModeFull
+    @Test
     public void testAppDetails() throws Exception {
         for (int i = 0; i < mNetworkInterfacesToTest.length; ++i) {
             // Relatively large tolerance to accommodate for history bucket size.
@@ -565,7 +599,7 @@
         }
     }
 
-    @AppModeFull
+    @Test
     public void testUidDetails() throws Exception {
         for (int i = 0; i < mNetworkInterfacesToTest.length; ++i) {
             // Relatively large tolerance to accommodate for history bucket size.
@@ -619,7 +653,7 @@
         }
     }
 
-    @AppModeFull
+    @Test
     public void testTagDetails() throws Exception {
         for (int i = 0; i < mNetworkInterfacesToTest.length; ++i) {
             // Relatively large tolerance to accommodate for history bucket size.
@@ -726,7 +760,7 @@
                 bucket.getRxBytes(), bucket.getTxBytes()));
     }
 
-    @AppModeFull
+    @Test
     public void testUidTagStateDetails() throws Exception {
         for (int i = 0; i < mNetworkInterfacesToTest.length; ++i) {
             // Relatively large tolerance to accommodate for history bucket size.
@@ -803,7 +837,7 @@
         }
     }
 
-    @AppModeFull
+    @Test
     public void testCallback() throws Exception {
         for (int i = 0; i < mNetworkInterfacesToTest.length; ++i) {
             // Relatively large tolerance to accommodate for history bucket size.
@@ -825,6 +859,43 @@
             // storing files of >2MB in CTS.
 
             mNsm.unregisterUsageCallback(usageCallback);
+
+            // For T- devices, the registerUsageCallback invocation below will need a looper
+            // from the thread that calls into the API, which is not available in the test.
+            if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastT()) {
+                mNsm.registerUsageCallback(mNetworkInterfacesToTest[i].getNetworkType(),
+                        getSubscriberId(i), THRESHOLD_BYTES, usageCallback);
+                mNsm.unregisterUsageCallback(usageCallback);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(SC_V2)
+    @Test
+    public void testDataMigrationUtils() throws Exception {
+        final List<String> prefixes = List.of(PREFIX_UID, PREFIX_XT, PREFIX_UID_TAG);
+        for (final String prefix : prefixes) {
+            final long duration = TextUtils.equals(PREFIX_XT, prefix) ? TimeUnit.HOURS.toMillis(1)
+                    : TimeUnit.HOURS.toMillis(2);
+
+            final NetworkStatsCollection collection =
+                    NetworkStatsDataMigrationUtils.readPlatformCollection(prefix, duration);
+
+            final long now = System.currentTimeMillis();
+            final Set<Map.Entry<NetworkStatsCollection.Key, NetworkStatsHistory>> entries =
+                    collection.getEntries().entrySet();
+            for (final Map.Entry<NetworkStatsCollection.Key, NetworkStatsHistory> entry : entries) {
+                for (final NetworkStatsHistory.Entry historyEntry : entry.getValue().getEntries()) {
+                    // Verify all value fields are reasonable.
+                    assertTrue(historyEntry.getBucketStart() <= now);
+                    assertTrue(historyEntry.getActiveTime() <= duration);
+                    assertTrue(historyEntry.getRxBytes() >= 0);
+                    assertTrue(historyEntry.getRxPackets() >= 0);
+                    assertTrue(historyEntry.getTxBytes() >= 0);
+                    assertTrue(historyEntry.getTxPackets() >= 0);
+                    assertTrue(historyEntry.getOperations() >= 0);
+                }
+            }
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
index 39a82bd..3374672 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
@@ -105,6 +105,9 @@
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_XCAP;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_ENTERPRISE_ID_1;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_ENTERPRISE_ID_2;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_ENTERPRISE_ID_3;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_ENTERPRISE_ID_4;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_ENTERPRISE_ID_5;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.REDACT_FOR_ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.REDACT_FOR_LOCAL_MAC_ADDRESS;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.REDACT_FOR_NETWORK_SETTINGS;
@@ -471,6 +474,8 @@
     private static final int TEST_WORK_PROFILE_APP_UID_2 =
             UserHandle.getUid(TEST_WORK_PROFILE_USER_ID, TEST_APP_ID_2);
     private static final int TEST_APP_ID_3 = 105;
+    private static final int TEST_APP_ID_4 = 106;
+    private static final int TEST_APP_ID_5 = 107;
 
     private static final String CLAT_PREFIX = "v4-";
     private static final String MOBILE_IFNAME = "test_rmnet_data0";
@@ -800,6 +805,32 @@
         }
     }
 
+    // This was only added in the T SDK, but this test needs to build against the R+S SDKs, too.
+    private static int toSdkSandboxUid(int appUid) {
+        final int firstSdkSandboxUid = 20000;
+        return appUid + (firstSdkSandboxUid - Process.FIRST_APPLICATION_UID);
+    }
+
+    // This function assumes the UID range for user 0 ([1, 99999])
+    private static UidRangeParcel[] uidRangeParcelsExcludingUids(Integer... excludedUids) {
+        int start = 1;
+        Arrays.sort(excludedUids);
+        List<UidRangeParcel> parcels = new ArrayList<UidRangeParcel>();
+        for (int excludedUid : excludedUids) {
+            if (excludedUid == start) {
+                start++;
+            } else {
+                parcels.add(new UidRangeParcel(start, excludedUid - 1));
+                start = excludedUid + 1;
+            }
+        }
+        if (start <= 99999) {
+            parcels.add(new UidRangeParcel(start, 99999));
+        }
+
+        return parcels.toArray(new UidRangeParcel[0]);
+    }
+
     private void waitForIdle() {
         HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mCsHandlerThread, TIMEOUT_MS);
         waitForIdle(mCellNetworkAgent, TIMEOUT_MS);
@@ -9011,10 +9042,16 @@
                 allowList);
         waitForIdle();
 
-        UidRangeParcel firstHalf = new UidRangeParcel(1, VPN_UID - 1);
-        UidRangeParcel secondHalf = new UidRangeParcel(VPN_UID + 1, 99999);
+        final Set<Integer> excludedUids = new ArraySet<Integer>();
+        excludedUids.add(VPN_UID);
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastT()) {
+            // On T onwards, the corresponding SDK sandbox UID should also be excluded
+            excludedUids.add(toSdkSandboxUid(VPN_UID));
+        }
+        final UidRangeParcel[] uidRangeParcels = uidRangeParcelsExcludingUids(
+                excludedUids.toArray(new Integer[0]));
         InOrder inOrder = inOrder(mMockNetd);
-        expectNetworkRejectNonSecureVpn(inOrder, true, firstHalf, secondHalf);
+        expectNetworkRejectNonSecureVpn(inOrder, true, uidRangeParcels);
 
         // Connect a network when lockdown is active, expect to see it blocked.
         mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
@@ -9038,7 +9075,7 @@
         vpnUidCallback.assertNoCallback();
         vpnUidDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
         vpnDefaultCallbackAsUid.assertNoCallback();
-        expectNetworkRejectNonSecureVpn(inOrder, false, firstHalf, secondHalf);
+        expectNetworkRejectNonSecureVpn(inOrder, false, uidRangeParcels);
         assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(VPN_UID));
         assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
@@ -9055,13 +9092,14 @@
         vpnUidDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
         vpnDefaultCallbackAsUid.assertNoCallback();
 
-        // The following requires that the UID of this test package is greater than VPN_UID. This
-        // is always true in practice because a plain AOSP build with no apps installed has almost
-        // 200 packages installed.
-        final UidRangeParcel piece1 = new UidRangeParcel(1, VPN_UID - 1);
-        final UidRangeParcel piece2 = new UidRangeParcel(VPN_UID + 1, uid - 1);
-        final UidRangeParcel piece3 = new UidRangeParcel(uid + 1, 99999);
-        expectNetworkRejectNonSecureVpn(inOrder, true, piece1, piece2, piece3);
+        excludedUids.add(uid);
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastT()) {
+            // On T onwards, the corresponding SDK sandbox UID should also be excluded
+            excludedUids.add(toSdkSandboxUid(uid));
+        }
+        final UidRangeParcel[] uidRangeParcelsAlsoExcludingUs = uidRangeParcelsExcludingUids(
+                excludedUids.toArray(new Integer[0]));
+        expectNetworkRejectNonSecureVpn(inOrder, true, uidRangeParcelsAlsoExcludingUs);
         assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(VPN_UID));
         assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
@@ -9087,12 +9125,12 @@
         // Everything should now be blocked.
         mVpnManagerService.setAlwaysOnVpnPackage(userId, null, false /* lockdown */, allowList);
         waitForIdle();
-        expectNetworkRejectNonSecureVpn(inOrder, false, piece1, piece2, piece3);
+        expectNetworkRejectNonSecureVpn(inOrder, false, uidRangeParcelsAlsoExcludingUs);
         allowList.clear();
         mVpnManagerService.setAlwaysOnVpnPackage(userId, ALWAYS_ON_PACKAGE, true /* lockdown */,
                 allowList);
         waitForIdle();
-        expectNetworkRejectNonSecureVpn(inOrder, true, firstHalf, secondHalf);
+        expectNetworkRejectNonSecureVpn(inOrder, true, uidRangeParcels);
         defaultCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(true, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
         assertBlockedCallbackInAnyOrder(callback, true, mWiFiNetworkAgent, mCellNetworkAgent);
         vpnUidCallback.assertNoCallback();
@@ -14653,6 +14691,40 @@
     }
 
     /**
+     * Make sure per-profile networking preference throws exception when default preference
+     * is set along with enterprise preference.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testPreferenceWithInvalidPreferenceDefaultAndEnterpriseTogether()
+            throws Exception {
+        final UserHandle testHandle = setupEnterpriseNetwork();
+        mServiceContext.setWorkProfile(testHandle, true);
+
+        final int testWorkProfileAppUid1 =
+                UserHandle.getUid(testHandle.getIdentifier(), TEST_APP_ID);
+        ProfileNetworkPreference.Builder profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder1 =
+                new ProfileNetworkPreference.Builder();
+        profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder1.setPreference(PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_ENTERPRISE);
+        profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder1.setPreferenceEnterpriseId(NET_ENTERPRISE_ID_1);
+        profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder1.setIncludedUids(new int[]{testWorkProfileAppUid1});
+
+        ProfileNetworkPreference.Builder profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder2 =
+                new ProfileNetworkPreference.Builder();
+        profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder2.setPreference(PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_DEFAULT);
+        final TestOnCompleteListener listener = new TestOnCompleteListener();
+        Assert.assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class,
+                () -> mCm.setProfileNetworkPreferences(
+                        testHandle, List.of(profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder1.build(),
+                                profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder2.build()),
+                        r -> r.run(), listener));
+        Assert.assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class,
+                () -> mCm.setProfileNetworkPreferences(
+                        testHandle, List.of(profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder2.build(),
+                                profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder1.build()),
+                        r -> r.run(), listener));
+    }
+
+    /**
      * Make sure per profile network preferences behave as expected when two slices with
      * two different apps within same user profile is configured
      * Make sure per profile network preferences overrides with latest preference when
@@ -14692,6 +14764,7 @@
 
         mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
         mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+
         appCb1.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
         appCb2.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
         appCb3.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
@@ -14793,6 +14866,218 @@
     }
 
     /**
+     * Make sure per profile network preferences behave as expected when multiple slices with
+     * multiple different apps within same user profile is configured.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSetPreferenceWithMultiplePreferences()
+            throws Exception {
+        final InOrder inOrder = inOrder(mMockNetd);
+
+        final UserHandle testHandle = setupEnterpriseNetwork();
+        mServiceContext.setWorkProfile(testHandle, true);
+        registerDefaultNetworkCallbacks();
+
+        final TestNetworkCallback appCb1 = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final TestNetworkCallback appCb2 = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final TestNetworkCallback appCb3 = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final TestNetworkCallback appCb4 = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final TestNetworkCallback appCb5 = new TestNetworkCallback();
+
+        final int testWorkProfileAppUid1 =
+                UserHandle.getUid(testHandle.getIdentifier(), TEST_APP_ID);
+        final int testWorkProfileAppUid2 =
+                UserHandle.getUid(testHandle.getIdentifier(), TEST_APP_ID_2);
+        final int testWorkProfileAppUid3 =
+                UserHandle.getUid(testHandle.getIdentifier(), TEST_APP_ID_3);
+        final int testWorkProfileAppUid4 =
+                UserHandle.getUid(testHandle.getIdentifier(), TEST_APP_ID_4);
+        final int testWorkProfileAppUid5 =
+                UserHandle.getUid(testHandle.getIdentifier(), TEST_APP_ID_5);
+
+        registerDefaultNetworkCallbackAsUid(appCb1, testWorkProfileAppUid1);
+        registerDefaultNetworkCallbackAsUid(appCb2, testWorkProfileAppUid2);
+        registerDefaultNetworkCallbackAsUid(appCb3, testWorkProfileAppUid3);
+        registerDefaultNetworkCallbackAsUid(appCb4, testWorkProfileAppUid4);
+        registerDefaultNetworkCallbackAsUid(appCb5, testWorkProfileAppUid5);
+
+        // Connect both a regular cell agent and an enterprise network first.
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+
+        final TestNetworkAgentWrapper workAgent1 = makeEnterpriseNetworkAgent(NET_ENTERPRISE_ID_1);
+        final TestNetworkAgentWrapper workAgent2 = makeEnterpriseNetworkAgent(NET_ENTERPRISE_ID_2);
+        final TestNetworkAgentWrapper workAgent3 = makeEnterpriseNetworkAgent(NET_ENTERPRISE_ID_3);
+        final TestNetworkAgentWrapper workAgent4 = makeEnterpriseNetworkAgent(NET_ENTERPRISE_ID_4);
+        final TestNetworkAgentWrapper workAgent5 = makeEnterpriseNetworkAgent(NET_ENTERPRISE_ID_5);
+
+        workAgent1.connect(true);
+        workAgent2.connect(true);
+        workAgent3.connect(true);
+        workAgent4.connect(true);
+        workAgent5.connect(true);
+
+        mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        appCb1.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        appCb2.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        appCb3.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        appCb4.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        appCb5.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+
+        verify(mMockNetd).networkCreate(nativeNetworkConfigPhysical(
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, INetd.PERMISSION_NONE));
+        verify(mMockNetd).networkCreate(nativeNetworkConfigPhysical(
+                workAgent1.getNetwork().netId, INetd.PERMISSION_SYSTEM));
+        verify(mMockNetd).networkCreate(nativeNetworkConfigPhysical(
+                workAgent2.getNetwork().netId, INetd.PERMISSION_SYSTEM));
+        verify(mMockNetd).networkCreate(nativeNetworkConfigPhysical(
+                workAgent3.getNetwork().netId, INetd.PERMISSION_SYSTEM));
+        verify(mMockNetd).networkCreate(nativeNetworkConfigPhysical(
+                workAgent4.getNetwork().netId, INetd.PERMISSION_SYSTEM));
+        verify(mMockNetd).networkCreate(nativeNetworkConfigPhysical(
+                workAgent5.getNetwork().netId, INetd.PERMISSION_SYSTEM));
+
+        final TestOnCompleteListener listener = new TestOnCompleteListener();
+
+        ProfileNetworkPreference.Builder profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder1 =
+                new ProfileNetworkPreference.Builder();
+        profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder1.setPreference(PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_ENTERPRISE);
+        profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder1.setPreferenceEnterpriseId(NET_ENTERPRISE_ID_1);
+        profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder1.setIncludedUids(new int[]{testWorkProfileAppUid1});
+
+        ProfileNetworkPreference.Builder profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder2 =
+                new ProfileNetworkPreference.Builder();
+        profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder2.setPreference(
+                PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_ENTERPRISE_NO_FALLBACK);
+        profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder2.setPreferenceEnterpriseId(NET_ENTERPRISE_ID_2);
+        profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder2.setIncludedUids(new int[]{testWorkProfileAppUid2});
+
+        ProfileNetworkPreference.Builder profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder3 =
+                new ProfileNetworkPreference.Builder();
+        profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder3.setPreference(
+                PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_ENTERPRISE);
+        profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder3.setPreferenceEnterpriseId(NET_ENTERPRISE_ID_3);
+        profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder3.setIncludedUids(new int[]{testWorkProfileAppUid3});
+
+        ProfileNetworkPreference.Builder profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder4 =
+                new ProfileNetworkPreference.Builder();
+        profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder4.setPreference(
+                PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_ENTERPRISE_NO_FALLBACK);
+        profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder4.setPreferenceEnterpriseId(NET_ENTERPRISE_ID_4);
+        profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder4.setIncludedUids(new int[]{testWorkProfileAppUid4});
+
+        ProfileNetworkPreference.Builder profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder5 =
+                new ProfileNetworkPreference.Builder();
+        profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder5.setPreference(
+                PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_ENTERPRISE);
+        profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder5.setPreferenceEnterpriseId(NET_ENTERPRISE_ID_5);
+        profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder5.setIncludedUids(new int[]{testWorkProfileAppUid5});
+
+        mCm.setProfileNetworkPreferences(testHandle,
+                List.of(profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder1.build(),
+                        profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder2.build(),
+                        profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder3.build(),
+                        profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder4.build(),
+                        profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder5.build()),
+                r -> r.run(), listener);
+
+        listener.expectOnComplete();
+
+        verify(mMockNetd).networkAddUidRangesParcel(new NativeUidRangeConfig(
+                workAgent1.getNetwork().netId,
+                uidRangeFor(testHandle, profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder1.build()),
+                PREFERENCE_ORDER_PROFILE));
+        verify(mMockNetd).networkAddUidRangesParcel(new NativeUidRangeConfig(
+                workAgent2.getNetwork().netId,
+                uidRangeFor(testHandle, profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder2.build()),
+                PREFERENCE_ORDER_PROFILE));
+        verify(mMockNetd).networkAddUidRangesParcel(new NativeUidRangeConfig(
+                workAgent3.getNetwork().netId,
+                uidRangeFor(testHandle, profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder3.build()),
+                PREFERENCE_ORDER_PROFILE));
+        verify(mMockNetd).networkAddUidRangesParcel(new NativeUidRangeConfig(
+                workAgent4.getNetwork().netId,
+                uidRangeFor(testHandle, profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder4.build()),
+                PREFERENCE_ORDER_PROFILE));
+        verify(mMockNetd).networkAddUidRangesParcel(new NativeUidRangeConfig(
+                workAgent5.getNetwork().netId,
+                uidRangeFor(testHandle, profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder5.build()),
+                PREFERENCE_ORDER_PROFILE));
+
+        assertNoCallbacks(mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback, mDefaultNetworkCallback);
+        appCb1.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(workAgent1);
+        appCb2.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(workAgent2);
+        appCb3.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(workAgent3);
+        appCb4.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(workAgent4);
+        appCb5.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(workAgent5);
+
+        workAgent1.disconnect();
+        workAgent2.disconnect();
+        workAgent3.disconnect();
+        workAgent4.disconnect();
+        workAgent5.disconnect();
+
+        appCb1.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, workAgent1);
+        appCb2.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, workAgent2);
+        appCb3.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, workAgent3);
+        appCb4.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, workAgent4);
+        appCb5.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, workAgent5);
+
+        appCb1.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        appCb2.assertNoCallback();
+        appCb3.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        appCb4.assertNoCallback();
+        appCb5.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+
+        verify(mMockNetd).networkAddUidRangesParcel(new NativeUidRangeConfig(
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId,
+                uidRangeFor(testHandle, profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder1.build()),
+                PREFERENCE_ORDER_PROFILE));
+        verify(mMockNetd, never()).networkAddUidRangesParcel(new NativeUidRangeConfig(
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId,
+                uidRangeFor(testHandle, profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder2.build()),
+                PREFERENCE_ORDER_PROFILE));
+        verify(mMockNetd).networkAddUidRangesParcel(new NativeUidRangeConfig(
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId,
+                uidRangeFor(testHandle, profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder3.build()),
+                PREFERENCE_ORDER_PROFILE));
+        verify(mMockNetd, never()).networkAddUidRangesParcel(new NativeUidRangeConfig(
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId,
+                uidRangeFor(testHandle, profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder4.build()),
+                PREFERENCE_ORDER_PROFILE));
+        verify(mMockNetd).networkAddUidRangesParcel(new NativeUidRangeConfig(
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId,
+                uidRangeFor(testHandle, profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder5.build()),
+                PREFERENCE_ORDER_PROFILE));
+
+        mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        // Set the preferences for testHandle to default.
+        ProfileNetworkPreference.Builder profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder =
+                new ProfileNetworkPreference.Builder();
+        profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder.setPreference(PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_DEFAULT);
+
+        mCm.setProfileNetworkPreferences(testHandle,
+                List.of(profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder.build()),
+                r -> r.run(), listener);
+        listener.expectOnComplete();
+        assertNoCallbacks(mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback, mDefaultNetworkCallback, appCb1, appCb3,
+                appCb5);
+        appCb2.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        appCb4.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(appCb1);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(appCb2);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(appCb3);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(appCb4);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(appCb5);
+        // Other callbacks will be unregistered by tearDown()
+    }
+
+    /**
      * Test that, in a given networking context, calling setPreferenceForUser to set per-profile
      * defaults on then off works as expected.
      */
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/ClatCoordinatorTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/ClatCoordinatorTest.java
index a1eeaf4..f84d10f 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/ClatCoordinatorTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/ClatCoordinatorTest.java
@@ -447,8 +447,6 @@
                 argThat(fd -> Objects.equals(RAW_SOCK_PFD.getFileDescriptor(), fd)),
                 eq(BASE_IFACE), eq(NAT64_PREFIX_STRING),
                 eq(XLAT_LOCAL_IPV4ADDR_STRING), eq(XLAT_LOCAL_IPV6ADDR_STRING));
-        inOrder.verify(mDeps).getBpfEgress4Map();
-        inOrder.verify(mDeps).getBpfIngress6Map();
         inOrder.verify(mEgressMap).insertEntry(eq(EGRESS_KEY), eq(EGRESS_VALUE));
         inOrder.verify(mIngressMap).insertEntry(eq(INGRESS_KEY), eq(INGRESS_VALUE));
         inOrder.verify(mDeps).tcQdiscAddDevClsact(eq(STACKED_IFINDEX));
@@ -471,8 +469,6 @@
                 eq((short) PRIO_CLAT), eq((short) ETH_P_IP));
         inOrder.verify(mEgressMap).deleteEntry(eq(EGRESS_KEY));
         inOrder.verify(mIngressMap).deleteEntry(eq(INGRESS_KEY));
-        inOrder.verify(mEgressMap).close();
-        inOrder.verify(mIngressMap).close();
         inOrder.verify(mDeps).stopClatd(eq(BASE_IFACE), eq(NAT64_PREFIX_STRING),
                 eq(XLAT_LOCAL_IPV4ADDR_STRING), eq(XLAT_LOCAL_IPV6ADDR_STRING), eq(CLATD_PID));
         inOrder.verify(mDeps).untagSocket(eq(RAW_SOCK_COOKIE));
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java
index 9e79162..11fbcb9 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java
@@ -28,9 +28,11 @@
 import static android.net.INetd.IF_STATE_DOWN;
 import static android.net.INetd.IF_STATE_UP;
 import static android.net.VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_PLATFORM;
+import static android.os.Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2;
 import static android.os.UserHandle.PER_USER_RANGE;
 
 import static com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel.isAtLeastT;
+import static com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo;
 import static com.android.testutils.MiscAsserts.assertThrows;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
@@ -128,11 +130,13 @@
 import com.android.internal.util.HexDump;
 import com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel;
 import com.android.server.IpSecService;
+import com.android.server.vcn.util.PersistableBundleUtils;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 
 import org.junit.After;
 import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Rule;
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
 import org.mockito.AdditionalAnswers;
@@ -169,10 +173,13 @@
  */
 @RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
 @SmallTest
-@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(VERSION_CODES.R)
+@IgnoreUpTo(VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
 public class VpnTest {
     private static final String TAG = "VpnTest";
 
+    @Rule
+    public final DevSdkIgnoreRule mIgnoreRule = new DevSdkIgnoreRule();
+
     // Mock users
     static final UserInfo primaryUser = new UserInfo(27, "Primary", FLAG_ADMIN | FLAG_PRIMARY);
     static final UserInfo secondaryUser = new UserInfo(15, "Secondary", FLAG_ADMIN);
@@ -196,28 +203,16 @@
     private static final String TEST_IFACE_NAME = "TEST_IFACE";
     private static final int TEST_TUNNEL_RESOURCE_ID = 0x2345;
     private static final long TEST_TIMEOUT_MS = 500L;
-
+    private static final String PRIMARY_USER_APP_EXCLUDE_KEY =
+            "VPN_APP_EXCLUDED_27_com.testvpn.vpn";
     /**
      * Names and UIDs for some fake packages. Important points:
      *  - UID is ordered increasing.
      *  - One pair of packages have consecutive UIDs.
      */
     static final String[] PKGS = {"com.example", "org.example", "net.example", "web.vpn"};
-    static final String PKGS_BYTES =
-            "3C62756E646C653E0A3C696E74206E616D653D22434F4C4C454354494F4E5F4C454E4754482220"
-            + "76616C75653D223422202F3E0A3C7062756E646C655F61735F6D6170206E616D653D224C4953"
-            + "545F4954454D5F30223E0A3C737472696E67206E616D653D22535452494E475F4B4559223E63"
-            + "6F6D2E6578616D706C653C2F737472696E673E0A3C2F7062756E646C655F61735F6D61703E0A"
-            + "3C7062756E646C655F61735F6D6170206E616D653D224C4953545F4954454D5F31223E0A3C73"
-            + "7472696E67206E616D653D22535452494E475F4B4559223E6F72672E6578616D706C653C2F73"
-            + "7472696E673E0A3C2F7062756E646C655F61735F6D61703E0A3C7062756E646C655F61735F6D"
-            + "6170206E616D653D224C4953545F4954454D5F32223E0A3C737472696E67206E616D653D2253"
-            + "5452494E475F4B4559223E6E65742E6578616D706C653C2F737472696E673E0A3C2F7062756E"
-            + "646C655F61735F6D61703E0A3C7062756E646C655F61735F6D6170206E616D653D224C495354"
-            + "5F4954454D5F33223E0A3C737472696E67206E616D653D22535452494E475F4B4559223E7765"
-            + "622E76706E3C2F737472696E673E0A3C2F7062756E646C655F61735F6D61703E0A3C2F62756E"
-            + "646C653E0A";
-    static final int[] PKG_UIDS = {66, 77, 78, 400};
+    static final String PKGS_BYTES = getPackageByteString(List.of(PKGS));
+    static final int[] PKG_UIDS = {10066, 10077, 10078, 10400};
 
     // Mock packages
     static final Map<String, Integer> mPackages = new ArrayMap<>();
@@ -330,6 +325,17 @@
         return new Range<Integer>(start, stop);
     }
 
+    private static String getPackageByteString(List<String> packages) {
+        try {
+            return HexDump.toHexString(
+                    PersistableBundleUtils.toDiskStableBytes(PersistableBundleUtils.fromList(
+                            packages, PersistableBundleUtils.STRING_SERIALIZER)),
+                        true /* upperCase */);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void testRestrictedProfilesAreAddedToVpn() {
         setMockedUsers(primaryUser, secondaryUser, restrictedProfileA, restrictedProfileB);
@@ -379,7 +385,11 @@
                 Arrays.asList(packages), null /* disallowedApplications */);
         assertEquals(rangeSet(
                 uidRange(userStart + PKG_UIDS[0], userStart + PKG_UIDS[0]),
-                uidRange(userStart + PKG_UIDS[1], userStart + PKG_UIDS[2])),
+                uidRange(userStart + PKG_UIDS[1], userStart + PKG_UIDS[2]),
+                uidRange(Process.toSdkSandboxUid(userStart + PKG_UIDS[0]),
+                         Process.toSdkSandboxUid(userStart + PKG_UIDS[0])),
+                uidRange(Process.toSdkSandboxUid(userStart + PKG_UIDS[1]),
+                         Process.toSdkSandboxUid(userStart + PKG_UIDS[2]))),
                 allow);
 
         // Denied list
@@ -390,7 +400,11 @@
                 uidRange(userStart, userStart + PKG_UIDS[0] - 1),
                 uidRange(userStart + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1, userStart + PKG_UIDS[1] - 1),
                 /* Empty range between UIDS[1] and UIDS[2], should be excluded, */
-                uidRange(userStart + PKG_UIDS[2] + 1, userStop)),
+                uidRange(userStart + PKG_UIDS[2] + 1,
+                         Process.toSdkSandboxUid(userStart + PKG_UIDS[0] - 1)),
+                uidRange(Process.toSdkSandboxUid(userStart + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1),
+                         Process.toSdkSandboxUid(userStart + PKG_UIDS[1] - 1)),
+                uidRange(Process.toSdkSandboxUid(userStart + PKG_UIDS[2] + 1), userStop)),
                 disallow);
     }
 
@@ -431,18 +445,24 @@
         assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(PKGS[1], true, null));
         verify(mConnectivityManager).setRequireVpnForUids(true, toRanges(new UidRangeParcel[] {
                 new UidRangeParcel(userStart, userStart + PKG_UIDS[1] - 1),
-                new UidRangeParcel(userStart + PKG_UIDS[1] + 1, userStop)
+                new UidRangeParcel(userStart + PKG_UIDS[1] + 1,
+                                   Process.toSdkSandboxUid(userStart + PKG_UIDS[1] - 1)),
+                new UidRangeParcel(Process.toSdkSandboxUid(userStart + PKG_UIDS[1] + 1), userStop)
         }));
 
         // Switch to another app.
         assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(PKGS[3], true, null));
         verify(mConnectivityManager).setRequireVpnForUids(false, toRanges(new UidRangeParcel[] {
                 new UidRangeParcel(userStart, userStart + PKG_UIDS[1] - 1),
-                new UidRangeParcel(userStart + PKG_UIDS[1] + 1, userStop)
+                new UidRangeParcel(userStart + PKG_UIDS[1] + 1,
+                                   Process.toSdkSandboxUid(userStart + PKG_UIDS[1] - 1)),
+                new UidRangeParcel(Process.toSdkSandboxUid(userStart + PKG_UIDS[1] + 1), userStop)
         }));
         verify(mConnectivityManager).setRequireVpnForUids(true, toRanges(new UidRangeParcel[] {
                 new UidRangeParcel(userStart, userStart + PKG_UIDS[3] - 1),
-                new UidRangeParcel(userStart + PKG_UIDS[3] + 1, userStop)
+                new UidRangeParcel(userStart + PKG_UIDS[3] + 1,
+                                   Process.toSdkSandboxUid(userStart + PKG_UIDS[3] - 1)),
+                new UidRangeParcel(Process.toSdkSandboxUid(userStart + PKG_UIDS[3] + 1), userStop)
         }));
     }
 
@@ -457,17 +477,25 @@
                 PKGS[1], true, Collections.singletonList(PKGS[2])));
         verify(mConnectivityManager).setRequireVpnForUids(true, toRanges(new UidRangeParcel[]  {
                 new UidRangeParcel(userStart, userStart + PKG_UIDS[1] - 1),
-                new UidRangeParcel(userStart + PKG_UIDS[2] + 1, userStop)
+                new UidRangeParcel(userStart + PKG_UIDS[2] + 1,
+                                   Process.toSdkSandboxUid(userStart + PKG_UIDS[1]) - 1),
+                new UidRangeParcel(Process.toSdkSandboxUid(userStart + PKG_UIDS[2] + 1), userStop)
         }));
         // Change allowed app list to PKGS[3].
         assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(
                 PKGS[1], true, Collections.singletonList(PKGS[3])));
         verify(mConnectivityManager).setRequireVpnForUids(false, toRanges(new UidRangeParcel[] {
-                new UidRangeParcel(userStart + PKG_UIDS[2] + 1, userStop)
+                new UidRangeParcel(userStart + PKG_UIDS[2] + 1,
+                                   Process.toSdkSandboxUid(userStart + PKG_UIDS[1] - 1)),
+                new UidRangeParcel(Process.toSdkSandboxUid(userStart + PKG_UIDS[2] + 1), userStop)
         }));
         verify(mConnectivityManager).setRequireVpnForUids(true, toRanges(new UidRangeParcel[] {
                 new UidRangeParcel(userStart + PKG_UIDS[1] + 1, userStart + PKG_UIDS[3] - 1),
-                new UidRangeParcel(userStart + PKG_UIDS[3] + 1, userStop)
+                new UidRangeParcel(userStart + PKG_UIDS[3] + 1,
+                                   Process.toSdkSandboxUid(userStart + PKG_UIDS[1] - 1)),
+                new UidRangeParcel(Process.toSdkSandboxUid(userStart + PKG_UIDS[1] + 1),
+                                   Process.toSdkSandboxUid(userStart + PKG_UIDS[3] - 1)),
+                new UidRangeParcel(Process.toSdkSandboxUid(userStart + PKG_UIDS[3] + 1), userStop)
         }));
 
         // Change the VPN app.
@@ -475,32 +503,52 @@
                 PKGS[0], true, Collections.singletonList(PKGS[3])));
         verify(mConnectivityManager).setRequireVpnForUids(false, toRanges(new UidRangeParcel[] {
                 new UidRangeParcel(userStart, userStart + PKG_UIDS[1] - 1),
-                new UidRangeParcel(userStart + PKG_UIDS[1] + 1, userStart + PKG_UIDS[3] - 1)
+                new UidRangeParcel(userStart + PKG_UIDS[1] + 1, userStart + PKG_UIDS[3] - 1),
+                new UidRangeParcel(userStart + PKG_UIDS[3] + 1,
+                                   Process.toSdkSandboxUid(userStart + PKG_UIDS[1] - 1)),
+                new UidRangeParcel(Process.toSdkSandboxUid(userStart + PKG_UIDS[1] + 1),
+                                   Process.toSdkSandboxUid(userStart + PKG_UIDS[3] - 1))
         }));
         verify(mConnectivityManager).setRequireVpnForUids(true, toRanges(new UidRangeParcel[] {
                 new UidRangeParcel(userStart, userStart + PKG_UIDS[0] - 1),
-                new UidRangeParcel(userStart + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1, userStart + PKG_UIDS[3] - 1)
+                new UidRangeParcel(userStart + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1, userStart + PKG_UIDS[3] - 1),
+                new UidRangeParcel(userStart + PKG_UIDS[3] + 1,
+                                   Process.toSdkSandboxUid(userStart + PKG_UIDS[0] - 1)),
+                new UidRangeParcel(Process.toSdkSandboxUid(userStart + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1),
+                                   Process.toSdkSandboxUid(userStart + PKG_UIDS[3] - 1))
         }));
 
         // Remove the list of allowed packages.
         assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(PKGS[0], true, null));
         verify(mConnectivityManager).setRequireVpnForUids(false, toRanges(new UidRangeParcel[] {
                 new UidRangeParcel(userStart + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1, userStart + PKG_UIDS[3] - 1),
-                new UidRangeParcel(userStart + PKG_UIDS[3] + 1, userStop)
+                new UidRangeParcel(userStart + PKG_UIDS[3] + 1,
+                                   Process.toSdkSandboxUid(userStart + PKG_UIDS[0] - 1)),
+                new UidRangeParcel(Process.toSdkSandboxUid(userStart + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1),
+                                   Process.toSdkSandboxUid(userStart + PKG_UIDS[3] - 1)),
+                new UidRangeParcel(Process.toSdkSandboxUid(userStart + PKG_UIDS[3] + 1), userStop)
         }));
         verify(mConnectivityManager).setRequireVpnForUids(true, toRanges(new UidRangeParcel[] {
-                new UidRangeParcel(userStart + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1, userStop),
+                new UidRangeParcel(userStart + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1,
+                                   Process.toSdkSandboxUid(userStart + PKG_UIDS[0] - 1)),
+                new UidRangeParcel(Process.toSdkSandboxUid(userStart + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1), userStop),
         }));
 
         // Add the list of allowed packages.
         assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(
                 PKGS[0], true, Collections.singletonList(PKGS[1])));
         verify(mConnectivityManager).setRequireVpnForUids(false, toRanges(new UidRangeParcel[] {
-                new UidRangeParcel(userStart + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1, userStop)
+                new UidRangeParcel(userStart + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1,
+                                   Process.toSdkSandboxUid(userStart + PKG_UIDS[0] - 1)),
+                new UidRangeParcel(Process.toSdkSandboxUid(userStart + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1), userStop),
         }));
         verify(mConnectivityManager).setRequireVpnForUids(true, toRanges(new UidRangeParcel[] {
                 new UidRangeParcel(userStart + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1, userStart + PKG_UIDS[1] - 1),
-                new UidRangeParcel(userStart + PKG_UIDS[1] + 1, userStop)
+                new UidRangeParcel(userStart + PKG_UIDS[1] + 1,
+                                   Process.toSdkSandboxUid(userStart + PKG_UIDS[0] - 1)),
+                new UidRangeParcel(Process.toSdkSandboxUid(userStart + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1),
+                                   Process.toSdkSandboxUid(userStart + PKG_UIDS[1] - 1)),
+                new UidRangeParcel(Process.toSdkSandboxUid(userStart + PKG_UIDS[1] + 1), userStop)
         }));
 
         // Try allowing a package with a comma, should be rejected.
@@ -513,11 +561,19 @@
                 PKGS[0], true, Arrays.asList("com.foo.app", PKGS[2], "com.bar.app")));
         verify(mConnectivityManager).setRequireVpnForUids(false, toRanges(new UidRangeParcel[] {
                 new UidRangeParcel(userStart + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1, userStart + PKG_UIDS[1] - 1),
-                new UidRangeParcel(userStart + PKG_UIDS[1] + 1, userStop)
+                new UidRangeParcel(userStart + PKG_UIDS[1] + 1,
+                                   Process.toSdkSandboxUid(userStart + PKG_UIDS[0] - 1)),
+                new UidRangeParcel(Process.toSdkSandboxUid(userStart + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1),
+                                   Process.toSdkSandboxUid(userStart + PKG_UIDS[1] - 1)),
+                new UidRangeParcel(Process.toSdkSandboxUid(userStart + PKG_UIDS[1] + 1), userStop)
         }));
         verify(mConnectivityManager).setRequireVpnForUids(true, toRanges(new UidRangeParcel[] {
                 new UidRangeParcel(userStart + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1, userStart + PKG_UIDS[2] - 1),
-                new UidRangeParcel(userStart + PKG_UIDS[2] + 1, userStop)
+                new UidRangeParcel(userStart + PKG_UIDS[2] + 1,
+                                   Process.toSdkSandboxUid(userStart + PKG_UIDS[0] - 1)),
+                new UidRangeParcel(Process.toSdkSandboxUid(userStart + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1),
+                                   Process.toSdkSandboxUid(userStart + PKG_UIDS[2] - 1)),
+                new UidRangeParcel(Process.toSdkSandboxUid(userStart + PKG_UIDS[2] + 1), userStop)
         }));
     }
 
@@ -562,7 +618,10 @@
         };
         final UidRangeParcel[] exceptPkg0 = {
             new UidRangeParcel(entireUser[0].start, entireUser[0].start + PKG_UIDS[0] - 1),
-            new UidRangeParcel(entireUser[0].start + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1, entireUser[0].stop)
+            new UidRangeParcel(entireUser[0].start + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1,
+                               Process.toSdkSandboxUid(entireUser[0].start + PKG_UIDS[0] - 1)),
+            new UidRangeParcel(Process.toSdkSandboxUid(entireUser[0].start + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1),
+                               entireUser[0].stop),
         };
 
         final InOrder order = inOrder(mConnectivityManager);
@@ -731,11 +790,10 @@
     }
 
     private Vpn prepareVpnForVerifyAppExclusionList() throws Exception {
-        assumeTrue(isAtLeastT());
         final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
         when(mVpnProfileStore.get(vpn.getProfileNameForPackage(TEST_VPN_PKG)))
                 .thenReturn(mVpnProfile.encode());
-        when(mVpnProfileStore.get(vpn.getVpnAppExcludedForPackage(TEST_VPN_PKG)))
+        when(mVpnProfileStore.get(PRIMARY_USER_APP_EXCLUDE_KEY))
                 .thenReturn(HexDump.hexStringToByteArray(PKGS_BYTES));
 
         vpn.startVpnProfile(TEST_VPN_PKG);
@@ -747,12 +805,13 @@
         return vpn;
     }
 
-    @Test
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(S_V2)
     public void testSetAndGetAppExclusionList() throws Exception {
         final Vpn vpn = prepareVpnForVerifyAppExclusionList();
+        verify(mVpnProfileStore, never()).put(eq(PRIMARY_USER_APP_EXCLUDE_KEY), any());
         vpn.setAppExclusionList(TEST_VPN_PKG, Arrays.asList(PKGS));
         verify(mVpnProfileStore)
-                .put(eq(vpn.getVpnAppExcludedForPackage(TEST_VPN_PKG)),
+                .put(eq(PRIMARY_USER_APP_EXCLUDE_KEY),
                      eq(HexDump.hexStringToByteArray(PKGS_BYTES)));
         assertEquals(vpn.createUserAndRestrictedProfilesRanges(
                 primaryUser.id, null, Arrays.asList(PKGS)),
@@ -760,7 +819,7 @@
         assertEquals(Arrays.asList(PKGS), vpn.getAppExclusionList(TEST_VPN_PKG));
     }
 
-    @Test
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(S_V2)
     public void testSetAndGetAppExclusionListRestrictedUser() throws Exception {
         final Vpn vpn = prepareVpnForVerifyAppExclusionList();
         // Mock it to restricted profile
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsObserversTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsObserversTest.java
index 13a85e8..e8c9637 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsObserversTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsObserversTest.java
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 import static com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRuleKt.SC_V2;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertThrows;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 import static org.mockito.Matchers.any;
 import static org.mockito.Matchers.anyInt;
@@ -64,6 +65,7 @@
 import org.mockito.Mockito;
 import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
 
+import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Objects;
 
 /**
@@ -185,6 +187,51 @@
     }
 
     @Test
+    public void testRegister_limit() throws Exception {
+        final DataUsageRequest inputRequest = new DataUsageRequest(
+                DataUsageRequest.REQUEST_ID_UNSET, sTemplateWifi, THRESHOLD_BYTES);
+
+        // Register maximum requests for red.
+        final ArrayList<DataUsageRequest> redRequests = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (int i = 0; i < NetworkStatsObservers.MAX_REQUESTS_PER_UID; i++) {
+            final DataUsageRequest returnedRequest =
+                    mStatsObservers.register(mContext, inputRequest, mUsageCallback,
+                            PID_RED, UID_RED, PACKAGE_RED, NetworkStatsAccess.Level.DEVICE);
+            redRequests.add(returnedRequest);
+            assertTrue(returnedRequest.requestId > 0);
+        }
+
+        // Verify request exceeds the limit throws.
+        assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, () ->
+                mStatsObservers.register(mContext, inputRequest, mUsageCallback,
+                    PID_RED, UID_RED, PACKAGE_RED, NetworkStatsAccess.Level.DEVICE));
+
+        // Verify another uid is not affected.
+        final ArrayList<DataUsageRequest> blueRequests = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (int i = 0; i < NetworkStatsObservers.MAX_REQUESTS_PER_UID; i++) {
+            final DataUsageRequest returnedRequest =
+                    mStatsObservers.register(mContext, inputRequest, mUsageCallback,
+                            PID_BLUE, UID_BLUE, PACKAGE_BLUE, NetworkStatsAccess.Level.DEVICE);
+            blueRequests.add(returnedRequest);
+            assertTrue(returnedRequest.requestId > 0);
+        }
+
+        // Again, verify request exceeds the limit throws for the 2nd uid.
+        assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, () ->
+                mStatsObservers.register(mContext, inputRequest, mUsageCallback,
+                        PID_RED, UID_RED, PACKAGE_RED, NetworkStatsAccess.Level.DEVICE));
+
+        // Unregister all registered requests. Note that exceptions cannot be tested since
+        // unregister is handled in the handler thread.
+        for (final DataUsageRequest request : redRequests) {
+            mStatsObservers.unregister(request, UID_RED);
+        }
+        for (final DataUsageRequest request : blueRequests) {
+            mStatsObservers.unregister(request, UID_BLUE);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
     public void testUnregister_unknownRequest_noop() throws Exception {
         DataUsageRequest unknownRequest = new DataUsageRequest(
                 123456 /* id */, sTemplateWifi, THRESHOLD_BYTES);