diff --git a/framework/Android.bp b/framework/Android.bp
index bb93af9..a75792c 100644
--- a/framework/Android.bp
+++ b/framework/Android.bp
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@
         // Tests using hidden APIs
         "//cts/tests/netlegacy22.api",
         "//external/sl4a:__subpackages__",
-        "//frameworks/base/tests/net:__subpackages__",
+        "//frameworks/base/packages/Connectivity/tests:__subpackages__",
         "//frameworks/libs/net/common/testutils",
         "//frameworks/libs/net/common/tests:__subpackages__",
         "//frameworks/opt/telephony/tests/telephonytests",
diff --git a/framework/api/module-lib-current.txt b/framework/api/module-lib-current.txt
index 78dff21..b219375 100644
--- a/framework/api/module-lib-current.txt
+++ b/framework/api/module-lib-current.txt
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@
     method @Nullable public static android.net.ProxyInfo getGlobalProxy(@NonNull android.content.Context);
     method @NonNull public static java.time.Duration getMobileDataActivityTimeout(@NonNull android.content.Context, @NonNull java.time.Duration);
     method public static boolean getMobileDataAlwaysOn(@NonNull android.content.Context, boolean);
-    method @Nullable public static String getMobileDataPreferredApps(@NonNull android.content.Context);
+    method @NonNull public static java.util.Set<java.lang.Integer> getMobileDataPreferredUids(@NonNull android.content.Context);
     method public static int getNetworkAvoidBadWifi(@NonNull android.content.Context);
     method @Nullable public static String getNetworkMeteredMultipathPreference(@NonNull android.content.Context);
     method public static int getNetworkSwitchNotificationMaximumDailyCount(@NonNull android.content.Context, int);
@@ -65,6 +65,7 @@
     method @NonNull public static String getPrivateDnsDefaultMode(@NonNull android.content.Context);
     method @Nullable public static String getPrivateDnsHostname(@NonNull android.content.Context);
     method public static int getPrivateDnsMode(@NonNull android.content.Context);
+    method @NonNull public static java.util.Set<java.lang.String> getRestrictedAllowedApps(@NonNull android.content.Context);
     method public static boolean getWifiAlwaysRequested(@NonNull android.content.Context, boolean);
     method @NonNull public static java.time.Duration getWifiDataActivityTimeout(@NonNull android.content.Context, @NonNull java.time.Duration);
     method public static void setCaptivePortalHttpUrl(@NonNull android.content.Context, @Nullable String);
@@ -76,7 +77,7 @@
     method public static void setGlobalProxy(@NonNull android.content.Context, @NonNull android.net.ProxyInfo);
     method public static void setMobileDataActivityTimeout(@NonNull android.content.Context, @NonNull java.time.Duration);
     method public static void setMobileDataAlwaysOn(@NonNull android.content.Context, boolean);
-    method public static void setMobileDataPreferredApps(@NonNull android.content.Context, @Nullable String);
+    method public static void setMobileDataPreferredUids(@NonNull android.content.Context, @NonNull java.util.Set<java.lang.Integer>);
     method public static void setNetworkAvoidBadWifi(@NonNull android.content.Context, int);
     method public static void setNetworkMeteredMultipathPreference(@NonNull android.content.Context, @NonNull String);
     method public static void setNetworkSwitchNotificationMaximumDailyCount(@NonNull android.content.Context, @IntRange(from=0) int);
@@ -84,6 +85,7 @@
     method public static void setPrivateDnsDefaultMode(@NonNull android.content.Context, @NonNull int);
     method public static void setPrivateDnsHostname(@NonNull android.content.Context, @Nullable String);
     method public static void setPrivateDnsMode(@NonNull android.content.Context, int);
+    method public static void setRestrictedAllowedApps(@NonNull android.content.Context, @NonNull java.util.Set<java.lang.String>);
     method public static void setWifiAlwaysRequested(@NonNull android.content.Context, boolean);
     method public static void setWifiDataActivityTimeout(@NonNull android.content.Context, @NonNull java.time.Duration);
     field public static final int CAPTIVE_PORTAL_MODE_AVOID = 2; // 0x2
diff --git a/framework/jni/android_net_NetworkUtils.cpp b/framework/jni/android_net_NetworkUtils.cpp
index 9bf910b..7478b3e 100644
--- a/framework/jni/android_net_NetworkUtils.cpp
+++ b/framework/jni/android_net_NetworkUtils.cpp
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@
         filter_code,
     };
 
-    int fd = AFileDescriptor_getFD(env, javaFd);
+    int fd = AFileDescriptor_getFd(env, javaFd);
     if (setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_ATTACH_FILTER, &filter, sizeof(filter)) != 0) {
         jniThrowExceptionFmt(env, "java/net/SocketException",
                 "setsockopt(SO_ATTACH_FILTER): %s", strerror(errno));
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@
 static void android_net_utils_detachBPFFilter(JNIEnv *env, jobject clazz, jobject javaFd)
 {
     int optval_ignored = 0;
-    int fd = AFileDescriptor_getFD(env, javaFd);
+    int fd = AFileDescriptor_getFd(env, javaFd);
     if (setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_DETACH_FILTER, &optval_ignored, sizeof(optval_ignored)) !=
         0) {
         jniThrowExceptionFmt(env, "java/net/SocketException",
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@
 
 static jint android_net_utils_bindSocketToNetworkHandle(JNIEnv *env, jobject thiz, jobject javaFd,
                                                   jlong netHandle) {
-    return android_setsocknetwork(netHandle, AFileDescriptor_getFD(env, javaFd));
+    return android_setsocknetwork(netHandle, AFileDescriptor_getFd(env, javaFd));
 }
 
 static bool checkLenAndCopy(JNIEnv* env, const jbyteArray& addr, int len, void* dst)
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@
 }
 
 static jobject android_net_utils_resNetworkResult(JNIEnv *env, jobject thiz, jobject javaFd) {
-    int fd = AFileDescriptor_getFD(env, javaFd);
+    int fd = AFileDescriptor_getFd(env, javaFd);
     int rcode;
     uint8_t buf[MAXPACKETSIZE] = {0};
 
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@
 }
 
 static void android_net_utils_resNetworkCancel(JNIEnv *env, jobject thiz, jobject javaFd) {
-    int fd = AFileDescriptor_getFD(env, javaFd);
+    int fd = AFileDescriptor_getFd(env, javaFd);
     android_res_cancel(fd);
     jniSetFileDescriptorOfFD(env, javaFd, -1);
 }
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@
         return NULL;
     }
 
-    int fd = AFileDescriptor_getFD(env, javaFd);
+    int fd = AFileDescriptor_getFd(env, javaFd);
     struct tcp_repair_window trw = {};
     socklen_t size = sizeof(trw);
 
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivitySettingsManager.java b/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivitySettingsManager.java
index 31e1fb0..07754e4 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivitySettingsManager.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivitySettingsManager.java
@@ -28,8 +28,11 @@
 import android.content.ContentResolver;
 import android.content.Context;
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager.MultipathPreference;
+import android.os.Process;
+import android.os.UserHandle;
 import android.provider.Settings;
 import android.text.TextUtils;
+import android.util.ArraySet;
 import android.util.Range;
 
 import com.android.net.module.util.ProxyUtils;
@@ -38,6 +41,9 @@
 import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
 import java.time.Duration;
 import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.StringJoiner;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
 
 /**
  * A manager class for connectivity module settings.
@@ -330,12 +336,12 @@
             "network_metered_multipath_preference";
 
     /**
-     * A list of apps that should go on cellular networks in preference even when higher-priority
+     * A list of uids that should go on cellular networks in preference even when higher-priority
      * networks are connected.
      *
      * @hide
      */
-    public static final String MOBILE_DATA_PREFERRED_APPS = "mobile_data_preferred_apps";
+    public static final String MOBILE_DATA_PREFERRED_UIDS = "mobile_data_preferred_uids";
 
     /**
      * One of the private DNS modes that indicates the private DNS mode is off.
@@ -369,6 +375,13 @@
     private static final String PRIVATE_DNS_MODE_PROVIDER_HOSTNAME_STRING = "hostname";
 
     /**
+     * A list of apps that should be granted netd system permission for using restricted networks.
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    public static final String RESTRICTED_ALLOWED_APPS = "restricted_allowed_apps";
+
+    /**
      * Get mobile data activity timeout from {@link Settings}.
      *
      * @param context The {@link Context} to query the setting.
@@ -991,27 +1004,88 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Get the list of apps(from {@link Settings}) that should go on cellular networks in preference
+     * Get the list of uids(from {@link Settings}) that should go on cellular networks in preference
      * even when higher-priority networks are connected.
      *
      * @param context The {@link Context} to query the setting.
-     * @return A list of apps that should go on cellular networks in preference even when
+     * @return A list of uids that should go on cellular networks in preference even when
      *         higher-priority networks are connected or null if no setting value.
      */
-    @Nullable
-    public static String getMobileDataPreferredApps(@NonNull Context context) {
-        return Settings.Secure.getString(context.getContentResolver(), MOBILE_DATA_PREFERRED_APPS);
+    @NonNull
+    public static Set<Integer> getMobileDataPreferredUids(@NonNull Context context) {
+        final String uidList = Settings.Secure.getString(
+                context.getContentResolver(), MOBILE_DATA_PREFERRED_UIDS);
+        final Set<Integer> uids = new ArraySet<>();
+        if (TextUtils.isEmpty(uidList)) {
+            return uids;
+        }
+        for (String uid : uidList.split(";")) {
+            uids.add(Integer.valueOf(uid));
+        }
+        return uids;
     }
 
     /**
-     * Set the list of apps(to {@link Settings}) that should go on cellular networks in preference
+     * Set the list of uids(to {@link Settings}) that should go on cellular networks in preference
      * even when higher-priority networks are connected.
      *
      * @param context The {@link Context} to set the setting.
-     * @param list A list of apps that should go on cellular networks in preference even when
+     * @param uidList A list of uids that should go on cellular networks in preference even when
      *             higher-priority networks are connected.
      */
-    public static void setMobileDataPreferredApps(@NonNull Context context, @Nullable String list) {
-        Settings.Secure.putString(context.getContentResolver(), MOBILE_DATA_PREFERRED_APPS, list);
+    public static void setMobileDataPreferredUids(@NonNull Context context,
+            @NonNull Set<Integer> uidList) {
+        final StringJoiner joiner = new StringJoiner(";");
+        for (Integer uid : uidList) {
+            if (uid < 0 || UserHandle.getAppId(uid) > Process.LAST_APPLICATION_UID) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid uid");
+            }
+            joiner.add(uid.toString());
+        }
+        Settings.Secure.putString(
+                context.getContentResolver(), MOBILE_DATA_PREFERRED_UIDS, joiner.toString());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the list of apps(from {@link Settings}) that should be granted netd system permission for
+     * using restricted networks.
+     *
+     * @param context The {@link Context} to query the setting.
+     * @return A list of apps that should be granted netd system permission for using restricted
+     *         networks or null if no setting value.
+     */
+    @NonNull
+    public static Set<String> getRestrictedAllowedApps(@NonNull Context context) {
+        final String appList = Settings.Secure.getString(
+                context.getContentResolver(), RESTRICTED_ALLOWED_APPS);
+        if (TextUtils.isEmpty(appList)) {
+            return new ArraySet<>();
+        }
+        return new ArraySet<>(appList.split(";"));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the list of apps(from {@link Settings}) that should be granted netd system permission for
+     * using restricted networks.
+     *
+     * Note: Please refer to android developer guidelines for valid app(package name).
+     * https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/manifest/manifest-element.html#package
+     *
+     * @param context The {@link Context} to set the setting.
+     * @param list A list of apps that should be granted netd system permission for using
+     *             restricted networks.
+     */
+    public static void setRestrictedAllowedApps(@NonNull Context context,
+            @NonNull Set<String> list) {
+        final Pattern appPattern = Pattern.compile("[a-zA-Z_0-9]+([.][a-zA-Z_0-9]+)*");
+        final StringJoiner joiner = new StringJoiner(";");
+        for (String app : list) {
+            if (!appPattern.matcher(app).matches()) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid app(package name)");
+            }
+            joiner.add(app);
+        }
+        Settings.Secure.putString(
+                context.getContentResolver(), RESTRICTED_ALLOWED_APPS, joiner.toString());
     }
 }
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/NetworkCapabilities.java b/framework/src/android/net/NetworkCapabilities.java
index b3bb451..4932952 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/NetworkCapabilities.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/NetworkCapabilities.java
@@ -139,19 +139,13 @@
      */
     private String mRequestorPackageName;
 
-    /**
-     * Indicates what fields should be redacted from this instance.
-     */
-    private final @RedactionType long mRedactions;
-
     public NetworkCapabilities() {
-        mRedactions = REDACT_ALL;
         clearAll();
         mNetworkCapabilities = DEFAULT_CAPABILITIES;
     }
 
     public NetworkCapabilities(NetworkCapabilities nc) {
-        this(nc, REDACT_ALL);
+        this(nc, REDACT_NONE);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -163,10 +157,12 @@
      * @hide
      */
     public NetworkCapabilities(@Nullable NetworkCapabilities nc, @RedactionType long redactions) {
-        mRedactions = redactions;
         if (nc != null) {
             set(nc);
         }
+        if (mTransportInfo != null) {
+            mTransportInfo = nc.mTransportInfo.makeCopy(redactions);
+        }
     }
 
     /**
@@ -175,14 +171,6 @@
      * @hide
      */
     public void clearAll() {
-        // Ensures that the internal copies maintained by the connectivity stack does not set it to
-        // anything other than |REDACT_ALL|.
-        if (mRedactions != REDACT_ALL) {
-            // This is needed because the current redaction mechanism relies on redaction while
-            // parceling.
-            throw new UnsupportedOperationException(
-                    "Cannot clear NetworkCapabilities when mRedactions is set");
-        }
         mNetworkCapabilities = mTransportTypes = mForbiddenNetworkCapabilities = 0;
         mLinkUpBandwidthKbps = mLinkDownBandwidthKbps = LINK_BANDWIDTH_UNSPECIFIED;
         mNetworkSpecifier = null;
@@ -211,7 +199,7 @@
         mLinkDownBandwidthKbps = nc.mLinkDownBandwidthKbps;
         mNetworkSpecifier = nc.mNetworkSpecifier;
         if (nc.getTransportInfo() != null) {
-            setTransportInfo(nc.getTransportInfo().makeCopy(mRedactions));
+            setTransportInfo(nc.getTransportInfo());
         } else {
             setTransportInfo(null);
         }
@@ -839,8 +827,17 @@
         final int[] originalAdministratorUids = getAdministratorUids();
         final TransportInfo originalTransportInfo = getTransportInfo();
         clearAll();
-        mTransportTypes = (originalTransportTypes & TEST_NETWORKS_ALLOWED_TRANSPORTS)
-                | (1 << TRANSPORT_TEST);
+        if (0 != (originalCapabilities & NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED)) {
+            // If the test network is not restricted, then it is only allowed to declare some
+            // specific transports. This is to minimize impact on running apps in case an app
+            // run from the shell creates a test a network.
+            mTransportTypes =
+                    (originalTransportTypes & UNRESTRICTED_TEST_NETWORKS_ALLOWED_TRANSPORTS)
+                            | (1 << TRANSPORT_TEST);
+        } else {
+            // If the test transport is restricted, then it may declare any transport.
+            mTransportTypes = (originalTransportTypes | (1 << TRANSPORT_TEST));
+        }
         mNetworkCapabilities = originalCapabilities & TEST_NETWORKS_ALLOWED_CAPABILITIES;
         mNetworkSpecifier = originalSpecifier;
         mSignalStrength = originalSignalStrength;
@@ -951,9 +948,10 @@
     };
 
     /**
-     * Allowed transports on a test network, in addition to TRANSPORT_TEST.
+     * Allowed transports on an unrestricted test network (in addition to TRANSPORT_TEST).
      */
-    private static final int TEST_NETWORKS_ALLOWED_TRANSPORTS = 1 << TRANSPORT_TEST
+    private static final int UNRESTRICTED_TEST_NETWORKS_ALLOWED_TRANSPORTS =
+            1 << TRANSPORT_TEST
             // Test ethernet networks can be created with EthernetManager#setIncludeTestInterfaces
             | 1 << TRANSPORT_ETHERNET
             // Test VPN networks can be created but their UID ranges must be empty.
@@ -2476,7 +2474,8 @@
          * For example {@code TRANSPORT_WIFI} and {@code TRANSPORT_ETHERNET} added to a
          * {@code NetworkCapabilities} would cause either a Wi-Fi network or an Ethernet network
          * to be selected. This is logically different than
-         * {@code NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_*}.
+         * {@code NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_*}. Also note that multiple networks with the
+         * same transport type may be active concurrently.
          *
          * @param transportType the transport type to be added or removed.
          * @return this builder
diff --git a/service/Android.bp b/service/Android.bp
index 20ccf06..813a239 100644
--- a/service/Android.bp
+++ b/service/Android.bp
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
     sdk_version: "system_server_current",
     min_sdk_version: "30",
     srcs: [
-        ":connectivity-service-srcs",
+        "src/**/*.java",
         ":framework-connectivity-shared-srcs",
         ":services-connectivity-shared-srcs",
         // TODO: move to net-utils-device-common, enable shrink optimization to avoid extra classes
diff --git a/service/lint-baseline.xml b/service/lint-baseline.xml
index 35ea2d3..95c169c 100644
--- a/service/lint-baseline.xml
+++ b/service/lint-baseline.xml
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@
         errorLine1="            if (tm.isDataCapable()) {"
         errorLine2="                   ~~~~~~~~~~~~~">
         <location
-            file="frameworks/base/services/core/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java"
-            line="781"
+            file="frameworks/base/packages/Connectivity/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java"
+            line="787"
             column="20"/>
     </issue>
 
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@
         errorLine1="                mUserAllContext.sendStickyBroadcast(intent, options);"
         errorLine2="                                ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~">
         <location
-            file="frameworks/base/services/core/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java"
-            line="2633"
+            file="frameworks/base/packages/Connectivity/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java"
+            line="2681"
             column="33"/>
     </issue>
 
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@
         errorLine1="            final int callingVersion = pm.getTargetSdkVersion(callingPackageName);"
         errorLine2="                                          ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~">
         <location
-            file="frameworks/base/services/core/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java"
-            line="5784"
+            file="frameworks/base/packages/Connectivity/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java"
+            line="5851"
             column="43"/>
     </issue>
 
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java b/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ed2fe82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
@@ -0,0 +1,10071 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2008 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server;
+
+import static android.Manifest.permission.RECEIVE_DATA_ACTIVITY_CHANGE;
+import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.FEATURE_BLUETOOTH;
+import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.FEATURE_WATCH;
+import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.FEATURE_WIFI;
+import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.FEATURE_WIFI_DIRECT;
+import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.ConnectivityReport.KEY_NETWORK_PROBES_ATTEMPTED_BITMASK;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.ConnectivityReport.KEY_NETWORK_PROBES_SUCCEEDED_BITMASK;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.ConnectivityReport.KEY_NETWORK_VALIDATION_RESULT;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.DataStallReport.DETECTION_METHOD_DNS_EVENTS;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.DataStallReport.DETECTION_METHOD_TCP_METRICS;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.DataStallReport.KEY_DNS_CONSECUTIVE_TIMEOUTS;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.DataStallReport.KEY_TCP_METRICS_COLLECTION_PERIOD_MILLIS;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.DataStallReport.KEY_TCP_PACKET_FAIL_RATE;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.BLOCKED_METERED_REASON_MASK;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.BLOCKED_REASON_LOCKDOWN_VPN;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.BLOCKED_REASON_NONE;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.CONNECTIVITY_ACTION;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_BLUETOOTH;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_ETHERNET;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE_CBS;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE_DUN;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE_EMERGENCY;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE_FOTA;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE_HIPRI;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE_IA;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE_IMS;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE_MMS;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE_SUPL;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_NONE;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_PROXY;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_VPN;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI_P2P;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.getNetworkTypeName;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.isNetworkTypeValid;
+import static android.net.ConnectivitySettingsManager.PRIVATE_DNS_MODE_OPPORTUNISTIC;
+import static android.net.INetworkMonitor.NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_PRIVDNS;
+import static android.net.INetworkMonitor.NETWORK_VALIDATION_RESULT_PARTIAL;
+import static android.net.INetworkMonitor.NETWORK_VALIDATION_RESULT_VALID;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_ENTERPRISE;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_FOREGROUND;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PRIVATE;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.REDACT_FOR_ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.REDACT_FOR_LOCAL_MAC_ADDRESS;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.REDACT_FOR_NETWORK_SETTINGS;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_TEST;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_VPN;
+import static android.net.NetworkRequest.Type.LISTEN_FOR_BEST;
+import static android.net.shared.NetworkMonitorUtils.isPrivateDnsValidationRequired;
+import static android.os.Process.INVALID_UID;
+import static android.os.Process.VPN_UID;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.IPPROTO_TCP;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.IPPROTO_UDP;
+
+import static java.util.Map.Entry;
+
+import android.Manifest;
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.app.AppOpsManager;
+import android.app.BroadcastOptions;
+import android.app.PendingIntent;
+import android.app.usage.NetworkStatsManager;
+import android.content.BroadcastReceiver;
+import android.content.ComponentName;
+import android.content.ContentResolver;
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.content.Intent;
+import android.content.IntentFilter;
+import android.content.pm.PackageManager;
+import android.database.ContentObserver;
+import android.net.CaptivePortal;
+import android.net.CaptivePortalData;
+import android.net.ConnectionInfo;
+import android.net.ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.ConnectivityReport;
+import android.net.ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.DataStallReport;
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager.BlockedReason;
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback;
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager.RestrictBackgroundStatus;
+import android.net.ConnectivityResources;
+import android.net.ConnectivitySettingsManager;
+import android.net.DataStallReportParcelable;
+import android.net.DnsResolverServiceManager;
+import android.net.ICaptivePortal;
+import android.net.IConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback;
+import android.net.IConnectivityManager;
+import android.net.IDnsResolver;
+import android.net.INetd;
+import android.net.INetworkActivityListener;
+import android.net.INetworkAgent;
+import android.net.INetworkMonitor;
+import android.net.INetworkMonitorCallbacks;
+import android.net.INetworkOfferCallback;
+import android.net.IOnCompleteListener;
+import android.net.IQosCallback;
+import android.net.ISocketKeepaliveCallback;
+import android.net.InetAddresses;
+import android.net.IpMemoryStore;
+import android.net.IpPrefix;
+import android.net.LinkProperties;
+import android.net.MatchAllNetworkSpecifier;
+import android.net.NativeNetworkConfig;
+import android.net.NativeNetworkType;
+import android.net.NattSocketKeepalive;
+import android.net.Network;
+import android.net.NetworkAgent;
+import android.net.NetworkAgentConfig;
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
+import android.net.NetworkInfo;
+import android.net.NetworkInfo.DetailedState;
+import android.net.NetworkMonitorManager;
+import android.net.NetworkPolicyManager;
+import android.net.NetworkPolicyManager.NetworkPolicyCallback;
+import android.net.NetworkProvider;
+import android.net.NetworkRequest;
+import android.net.NetworkScore;
+import android.net.NetworkSpecifier;
+import android.net.NetworkStack;
+import android.net.NetworkState;
+import android.net.NetworkStateSnapshot;
+import android.net.NetworkTestResultParcelable;
+import android.net.NetworkUtils;
+import android.net.NetworkWatchlistManager;
+import android.net.OemNetworkPreferences;
+import android.net.PrivateDnsConfigParcel;
+import android.net.ProxyInfo;
+import android.net.QosCallbackException;
+import android.net.QosFilter;
+import android.net.QosSocketFilter;
+import android.net.QosSocketInfo;
+import android.net.RouteInfo;
+import android.net.RouteInfoParcel;
+import android.net.SocketKeepalive;
+import android.net.TetheringManager;
+import android.net.TransportInfo;
+import android.net.UidRange;
+import android.net.UidRangeParcel;
+import android.net.UnderlyingNetworkInfo;
+import android.net.Uri;
+import android.net.VpnManager;
+import android.net.VpnTransportInfo;
+import android.net.metrics.IpConnectivityLog;
+import android.net.metrics.NetworkEvent;
+import android.net.netlink.InetDiagMessage;
+import android.net.networkstack.ModuleNetworkStackClient;
+import android.net.networkstack.NetworkStackClientBase;
+import android.net.resolv.aidl.DnsHealthEventParcel;
+import android.net.resolv.aidl.IDnsResolverUnsolicitedEventListener;
+import android.net.resolv.aidl.Nat64PrefixEventParcel;
+import android.net.resolv.aidl.PrivateDnsValidationEventParcel;
+import android.net.shared.PrivateDnsConfig;
+import android.net.util.MultinetworkPolicyTracker;
+import android.os.BatteryStatsManager;
+import android.os.Binder;
+import android.os.Build;
+import android.os.Bundle;
+import android.os.Handler;
+import android.os.HandlerThread;
+import android.os.IBinder;
+import android.os.Looper;
+import android.os.Message;
+import android.os.Messenger;
+import android.os.ParcelFileDescriptor;
+import android.os.Parcelable;
+import android.os.PersistableBundle;
+import android.os.PowerManager;
+import android.os.Process;
+import android.os.RemoteCallbackList;
+import android.os.RemoteException;
+import android.os.ServiceSpecificException;
+import android.os.SystemClock;
+import android.os.SystemProperties;
+import android.os.UserHandle;
+import android.os.UserManager;
+import android.provider.Settings;
+import android.sysprop.NetworkProperties;
+import android.telephony.TelephonyManager;
+import android.text.TextUtils;
+import android.util.ArrayMap;
+import android.util.ArraySet;
+import android.util.LocalLog;
+import android.util.Log;
+import android.util.Pair;
+import android.util.SparseArray;
+import android.util.SparseIntArray;
+
+import com.android.connectivity.resources.R;
+import com.android.internal.annotations.GuardedBy;
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.android.internal.util.IndentingPrintWriter;
+import com.android.internal.util.MessageUtils;
+import com.android.modules.utils.BasicShellCommandHandler;
+import com.android.net.module.util.BaseNetdUnsolicitedEventListener;
+import com.android.net.module.util.CollectionUtils;
+import com.android.net.module.util.LinkPropertiesUtils.CompareOrUpdateResult;
+import com.android.net.module.util.LinkPropertiesUtils.CompareResult;
+import com.android.net.module.util.LocationPermissionChecker;
+import com.android.net.module.util.NetworkCapabilitiesUtils;
+import com.android.net.module.util.PermissionUtils;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.AutodestructReference;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.DnsManager;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.DnsManager.PrivateDnsValidationUpdate;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.FullScore;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.KeepaliveTracker;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.LingerMonitor;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.MockableSystemProperties;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.NetworkAgentInfo;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.NetworkDiagnostics;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.NetworkNotificationManager;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.NetworkNotificationManager.NotificationType;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.NetworkOffer;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.NetworkRanker;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.PermissionMonitor;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.ProfileNetworkPreferences;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.ProxyTracker;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.QosCallbackTracker;
+
+import libcore.io.IoUtils;
+
+import java.io.FileDescriptor;
+import java.io.PrintWriter;
+import java.net.Inet4Address;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.net.UnknownHostException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.ConcurrentModificationException;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.SortedSet;
+import java.util.StringJoiner;
+import java.util.TreeSet;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+/**
+ * @hide
+ */
+public class ConnectivityService extends IConnectivityManager.Stub
+        implements PendingIntent.OnFinished {
+    private static final String TAG = ConnectivityService.class.getSimpleName();
+
+    private static final String DIAG_ARG = "--diag";
+    public static final String SHORT_ARG = "--short";
+    private static final String NETWORK_ARG = "networks";
+    private static final String REQUEST_ARG = "requests";
+
+    private static final boolean DBG = true;
+    private static final boolean DDBG = Log.isLoggable(TAG, Log.DEBUG);
+    private static final boolean VDBG = Log.isLoggable(TAG, Log.VERBOSE);
+
+    private static final boolean LOGD_BLOCKED_NETWORKINFO = true;
+
+    /**
+     * Default URL to use for {@link #getCaptivePortalServerUrl()}. This should not be changed
+     * by OEMs for configuration purposes, as this value is overridden by
+     * ConnectivitySettingsManager.CAPTIVE_PORTAL_HTTP_URL.
+     * R.string.config_networkCaptivePortalServerUrl should be overridden instead for this purpose
+     * (preferably via runtime resource overlays).
+     */
+    private static final String DEFAULT_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_HTTP_URL =
+            "http://connectivitycheck.gstatic.com/generate_204";
+
+    // TODO: create better separation between radio types and network types
+
+    // how long to wait before switching back to a radio's default network
+    private static final int RESTORE_DEFAULT_NETWORK_DELAY = 1 * 60 * 1000;
+    // system property that can override the above value
+    private static final String NETWORK_RESTORE_DELAY_PROP_NAME =
+            "android.telephony.apn-restore";
+
+    // How long to wait before putting up a "This network doesn't have an Internet connection,
+    // connect anyway?" dialog after the user selects a network that doesn't validate.
+    private static final int PROMPT_UNVALIDATED_DELAY_MS = 8 * 1000;
+
+    // Default to 30s linger time-out, and 5s for nascent network. Modifiable only for testing.
+    private static final String LINGER_DELAY_PROPERTY = "persist.netmon.linger";
+    private static final int DEFAULT_LINGER_DELAY_MS = 30_000;
+    private static final int DEFAULT_NASCENT_DELAY_MS = 5_000;
+
+    // The maximum number of network request allowed per uid before an exception is thrown.
+    private static final int MAX_NETWORK_REQUESTS_PER_UID = 100;
+
+    // The maximum number of network request allowed for system UIDs before an exception is thrown.
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    static final int MAX_NETWORK_REQUESTS_PER_SYSTEM_UID = 250;
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    protected int mLingerDelayMs;  // Can't be final, or test subclass constructors can't change it.
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    protected int mNascentDelayMs;
+
+    // How long to delay to removal of a pending intent based request.
+    // See ConnectivitySettingsManager.CONNECTIVITY_RELEASE_PENDING_INTENT_DELAY_MS
+    private final int mReleasePendingIntentDelayMs;
+
+    private MockableSystemProperties mSystemProperties;
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    protected final PermissionMonitor mPermissionMonitor;
+
+    private final PerUidCounter mNetworkRequestCounter;
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    final PerUidCounter mSystemNetworkRequestCounter;
+
+    private volatile boolean mLockdownEnabled;
+
+    /**
+     * Stale copy of uid blocked reasons provided by NPMS. As long as they are accessed only in
+     * internal handler thread, they don't need a lock.
+     */
+    private SparseIntArray mUidBlockedReasons = new SparseIntArray();
+
+    private final Context mContext;
+    private final ConnectivityResources mResources;
+    // The Context is created for UserHandle.ALL.
+    private final Context mUserAllContext;
+    private final Dependencies mDeps;
+    // 0 is full bad, 100 is full good
+    private int mDefaultInetConditionPublished = 0;
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    protected IDnsResolver mDnsResolver;
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    protected INetd mNetd;
+    private NetworkStatsManager mStatsManager;
+    private NetworkPolicyManager mPolicyManager;
+    private final NetdCallback mNetdCallback;
+
+    /**
+     * TestNetworkService (lazily) created upon first usage. Locked to prevent creation of multiple
+     * instances.
+     */
+    @GuardedBy("mTNSLock")
+    private TestNetworkService mTNS;
+
+    private final Object mTNSLock = new Object();
+
+    private String mCurrentTcpBufferSizes;
+
+    private static final SparseArray<String> sMagicDecoderRing = MessageUtils.findMessageNames(
+            new Class[] { ConnectivityService.class, NetworkAgent.class, NetworkAgentInfo.class });
+
+    private enum ReapUnvalidatedNetworks {
+        // Tear down networks that have no chance (e.g. even if validated) of becoming
+        // the highest scoring network satisfying a NetworkRequest.  This should be passed when
+        // all networks have been rematched against all NetworkRequests.
+        REAP,
+        // Don't reap networks.  This should be passed when some networks have not yet been
+        // rematched against all NetworkRequests.
+        DONT_REAP
+    }
+
+    private enum UnneededFor {
+        LINGER,    // Determine whether this network is unneeded and should be lingered.
+        TEARDOWN,  // Determine whether this network is unneeded and should be torn down.
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * used internally to clear a wakelock when transitioning
+     * from one net to another.  Clear happens when we get a new
+     * network - EVENT_EXPIRE_NET_TRANSITION_WAKELOCK happens
+     * after a timeout if no network is found (typically 1 min).
+     */
+    private static final int EVENT_CLEAR_NET_TRANSITION_WAKELOCK = 8;
+
+    /**
+     * used internally to reload global proxy settings
+     */
+    private static final int EVENT_APPLY_GLOBAL_HTTP_PROXY = 9;
+
+    /**
+     * PAC manager has received new port.
+     */
+    private static final int EVENT_PROXY_HAS_CHANGED = 16;
+
+    /**
+     * used internally when registering NetworkProviders
+     * obj = NetworkProviderInfo
+     */
+    private static final int EVENT_REGISTER_NETWORK_PROVIDER = 17;
+
+    /**
+     * used internally when registering NetworkAgents
+     * obj = Messenger
+     */
+    private static final int EVENT_REGISTER_NETWORK_AGENT = 18;
+
+    /**
+     * used to add a network request
+     * includes a NetworkRequestInfo
+     */
+    private static final int EVENT_REGISTER_NETWORK_REQUEST = 19;
+
+    /**
+     * indicates a timeout period is over - check if we had a network yet or not
+     * and if not, call the timeout callback (but leave the request live until they
+     * cancel it.
+     * includes a NetworkRequestInfo
+     */
+    private static final int EVENT_TIMEOUT_NETWORK_REQUEST = 20;
+
+    /**
+     * used to add a network listener - no request
+     * includes a NetworkRequestInfo
+     */
+    private static final int EVENT_REGISTER_NETWORK_LISTENER = 21;
+
+    /**
+     * used to remove a network request, either a listener or a real request
+     * arg1 = UID of caller
+     * obj  = NetworkRequest
+     */
+    private static final int EVENT_RELEASE_NETWORK_REQUEST = 22;
+
+    /**
+     * used internally when registering NetworkProviders
+     * obj = Messenger
+     */
+    private static final int EVENT_UNREGISTER_NETWORK_PROVIDER = 23;
+
+    /**
+     * used internally to expire a wakelock when transitioning
+     * from one net to another.  Expire happens when we fail to find
+     * a new network (typically after 1 minute) -
+     * EVENT_CLEAR_NET_TRANSITION_WAKELOCK happens if we had found
+     * a replacement network.
+     */
+    private static final int EVENT_EXPIRE_NET_TRANSITION_WAKELOCK = 24;
+
+    /**
+     * used to add a network request with a pending intent
+     * obj = NetworkRequestInfo
+     */
+    private static final int EVENT_REGISTER_NETWORK_REQUEST_WITH_INTENT = 26;
+
+    /**
+     * used to remove a pending intent and its associated network request.
+     * arg1 = UID of caller
+     * obj  = PendingIntent
+     */
+    private static final int EVENT_RELEASE_NETWORK_REQUEST_WITH_INTENT = 27;
+
+    /**
+     * used to specify whether a network should be used even if unvalidated.
+     * arg1 = whether to accept the network if it's unvalidated (1 or 0)
+     * arg2 = whether to remember this choice in the future (1 or 0)
+     * obj  = network
+     */
+    private static final int EVENT_SET_ACCEPT_UNVALIDATED = 28;
+
+    /**
+     * used to ask the user to confirm a connection to an unvalidated network.
+     * obj  = network
+     */
+    private static final int EVENT_PROMPT_UNVALIDATED = 29;
+
+    /**
+     * used internally to (re)configure always-on networks.
+     */
+    private static final int EVENT_CONFIGURE_ALWAYS_ON_NETWORKS = 30;
+
+    /**
+     * used to add a network listener with a pending intent
+     * obj = NetworkRequestInfo
+     */
+    private static final int EVENT_REGISTER_NETWORK_LISTENER_WITH_INTENT = 31;
+
+    /**
+     * used to specify whether a network should not be penalized when it becomes unvalidated.
+     */
+    private static final int EVENT_SET_AVOID_UNVALIDATED = 35;
+
+    /**
+     * used to trigger revalidation of a network.
+     */
+    private static final int EVENT_REVALIDATE_NETWORK = 36;
+
+    // Handle changes in Private DNS settings.
+    private static final int EVENT_PRIVATE_DNS_SETTINGS_CHANGED = 37;
+
+    // Handle private DNS validation status updates.
+    private static final int EVENT_PRIVATE_DNS_VALIDATION_UPDATE = 38;
+
+     /**
+      * Event for NetworkMonitor/NetworkAgentInfo to inform ConnectivityService that the network has
+      * been tested.
+      * obj = {@link NetworkTestedResults} representing information sent from NetworkMonitor.
+      * data = PersistableBundle of extras passed from NetworkMonitor. If {@link
+      * NetworkMonitorCallbacks#notifyNetworkTested} is called, this will be null.
+      */
+    private static final int EVENT_NETWORK_TESTED = 41;
+
+    /**
+     * Event for NetworkMonitor/NetworkAgentInfo to inform ConnectivityService that the private DNS
+     * config was resolved.
+     * obj = PrivateDnsConfig
+     * arg2 = netid
+     */
+    private static final int EVENT_PRIVATE_DNS_CONFIG_RESOLVED = 42;
+
+    /**
+     * Request ConnectivityService display provisioning notification.
+     * arg1    = Whether to make the notification visible.
+     * arg2    = NetID.
+     * obj     = Intent to be launched when notification selected by user, null if !arg1.
+     */
+    private static final int EVENT_PROVISIONING_NOTIFICATION = 43;
+
+    /**
+     * Used to specify whether a network should be used even if connectivity is partial.
+     * arg1 = whether to accept the network if its connectivity is partial (1 for true or 0 for
+     * false)
+     * arg2 = whether to remember this choice in the future (1 for true or 0 for false)
+     * obj  = network
+     */
+    private static final int EVENT_SET_ACCEPT_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY = 44;
+
+    /**
+     * Event for NetworkMonitor to inform ConnectivityService that the probe status has changed.
+     * Both of the arguments are bitmasks, and the value of bits come from
+     * INetworkMonitor.NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_*.
+     * arg1 = A bitmask to describe which probes are completed.
+     * arg2 = A bitmask to describe which probes are successful.
+     */
+    public static final int EVENT_PROBE_STATUS_CHANGED = 45;
+
+    /**
+     * Event for NetworkMonitor to inform ConnectivityService that captive portal data has changed.
+     * arg1 = unused
+     * arg2 = netId
+     * obj = captive portal data
+     */
+    private static final int EVENT_CAPPORT_DATA_CHANGED = 46;
+
+    /**
+     * Used by setRequireVpnForUids.
+     * arg1 = whether the specified UID ranges are required to use a VPN.
+     * obj  = Array of UidRange objects.
+     */
+    private static final int EVENT_SET_REQUIRE_VPN_FOR_UIDS = 47;
+
+    /**
+     * Used internally when setting the default networks for OemNetworkPreferences.
+     * obj = Pair<OemNetworkPreferences, listener>
+     */
+    private static final int EVENT_SET_OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE = 48;
+
+    /**
+     * Used to indicate the system default network becomes active.
+     */
+    private static final int EVENT_REPORT_NETWORK_ACTIVITY = 49;
+
+    /**
+     * Used internally when setting a network preference for a user profile.
+     * obj = Pair<ProfileNetworkPreference, Listener>
+     */
+    private static final int EVENT_SET_PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE = 50;
+
+    /**
+     * Event to specify that reasons for why an uid is blocked changed.
+     * arg1 = uid
+     * arg2 = blockedReasons
+     */
+    private static final int EVENT_UID_BLOCKED_REASON_CHANGED = 51;
+
+    /**
+     * Event to register a new network offer
+     * obj = NetworkOffer
+     */
+    private static final int EVENT_REGISTER_NETWORK_OFFER = 52;
+
+    /**
+     * Event to unregister an existing network offer
+     * obj = INetworkOfferCallback
+     */
+    private static final int EVENT_UNREGISTER_NETWORK_OFFER = 53;
+
+    /**
+     * Argument for {@link #EVENT_PROVISIONING_NOTIFICATION} to indicate that the notification
+     * should be shown.
+     */
+    private static final int PROVISIONING_NOTIFICATION_SHOW = 1;
+
+    /**
+     * Argument for {@link #EVENT_PROVISIONING_NOTIFICATION} to indicate that the notification
+     * should be hidden.
+     */
+    private static final int PROVISIONING_NOTIFICATION_HIDE = 0;
+
+    private static String eventName(int what) {
+        return sMagicDecoderRing.get(what, Integer.toString(what));
+    }
+
+    private static IDnsResolver getDnsResolver(Context context) {
+        final DnsResolverServiceManager dsm = context.getSystemService(
+                DnsResolverServiceManager.class);
+        return IDnsResolver.Stub.asInterface(dsm.getService());
+    }
+
+    /** Handler thread used for all of the handlers below. */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    protected final HandlerThread mHandlerThread;
+    /** Handler used for internal events. */
+    final private InternalHandler mHandler;
+    /** Handler used for incoming {@link NetworkStateTracker} events. */
+    final private NetworkStateTrackerHandler mTrackerHandler;
+    /** Handler used for processing {@link android.net.ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager} events */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    final ConnectivityDiagnosticsHandler mConnectivityDiagnosticsHandler;
+
+    private final DnsManager mDnsManager;
+    private final NetworkRanker mNetworkRanker;
+
+    private boolean mSystemReady;
+    private Intent mInitialBroadcast;
+
+    private PowerManager.WakeLock mNetTransitionWakeLock;
+    private final PowerManager.WakeLock mPendingIntentWakeLock;
+
+    // A helper object to track the current default HTTP proxy. ConnectivityService needs to tell
+    // the world when it changes.
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    protected final ProxyTracker mProxyTracker;
+
+    final private SettingsObserver mSettingsObserver;
+
+    private UserManager mUserManager;
+
+    // the set of network types that can only be enabled by system/sig apps
+    private List<Integer> mProtectedNetworks;
+
+    private Set<String> mWolSupportedInterfaces;
+
+    private final TelephonyManager mTelephonyManager;
+    private final AppOpsManager mAppOpsManager;
+
+    private final LocationPermissionChecker mLocationPermissionChecker;
+
+    private KeepaliveTracker mKeepaliveTracker;
+    private QosCallbackTracker mQosCallbackTracker;
+    private NetworkNotificationManager mNotifier;
+    private LingerMonitor mLingerMonitor;
+
+    // sequence number of NetworkRequests
+    private int mNextNetworkRequestId = NetworkRequest.FIRST_REQUEST_ID;
+
+    // Sequence number for NetworkProvider IDs.
+    private final AtomicInteger mNextNetworkProviderId = new AtomicInteger(
+            NetworkProvider.FIRST_PROVIDER_ID);
+
+    // NetworkRequest activity String log entries.
+    private static final int MAX_NETWORK_REQUEST_LOGS = 20;
+    private final LocalLog mNetworkRequestInfoLogs = new LocalLog(MAX_NETWORK_REQUEST_LOGS);
+
+    // NetworkInfo blocked and unblocked String log entries
+    private static final int MAX_NETWORK_INFO_LOGS = 40;
+    private final LocalLog mNetworkInfoBlockingLogs = new LocalLog(MAX_NETWORK_INFO_LOGS);
+
+    private static final int MAX_WAKELOCK_LOGS = 20;
+    private final LocalLog mWakelockLogs = new LocalLog(MAX_WAKELOCK_LOGS);
+    private int mTotalWakelockAcquisitions = 0;
+    private int mTotalWakelockReleases = 0;
+    private long mTotalWakelockDurationMs = 0;
+    private long mMaxWakelockDurationMs = 0;
+    private long mLastWakeLockAcquireTimestamp = 0;
+
+    private final IpConnectivityLog mMetricsLog;
+
+    @GuardedBy("mBandwidthRequests")
+    private final SparseArray<Integer> mBandwidthRequests = new SparseArray(10);
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    final MultinetworkPolicyTracker mMultinetworkPolicyTracker;
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    final Map<IBinder, ConnectivityDiagnosticsCallbackInfo> mConnectivityDiagnosticsCallbacks =
+            new HashMap<>();
+
+    /**
+     * Implements support for the legacy "one network per network type" model.
+     *
+     * We used to have a static array of NetworkStateTrackers, one for each
+     * network type, but that doesn't work any more now that we can have,
+     * for example, more that one wifi network. This class stores all the
+     * NetworkAgentInfo objects that support a given type, but the legacy
+     * API will only see the first one.
+     *
+     * It serves two main purposes:
+     *
+     * 1. Provide information about "the network for a given type" (since this
+     *    API only supports one).
+     * 2. Send legacy connectivity change broadcasts. Broadcasts are sent if
+     *    the first network for a given type changes, or if the default network
+     *    changes.
+     */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    static class LegacyTypeTracker {
+
+        private static final boolean DBG = true;
+        private static final boolean VDBG = false;
+
+        /**
+         * Array of lists, one per legacy network type (e.g., TYPE_MOBILE_MMS).
+         * Each list holds references to all NetworkAgentInfos that are used to
+         * satisfy requests for that network type.
+         *
+         * This array is built out at startup such that an unsupported network
+         * doesn't get an ArrayList instance, making this a tristate:
+         * unsupported, supported but not active and active.
+         *
+         * The actual lists are populated when we scan the network types that
+         * are supported on this device.
+         *
+         * Threading model:
+         *  - addSupportedType() is only called in the constructor
+         *  - add(), update(), remove() are only called from the ConnectivityService handler thread.
+         *    They are therefore not thread-safe with respect to each other.
+         *  - getNetworkForType() can be called at any time on binder threads. It is synchronized
+         *    on mTypeLists to be thread-safe with respect to a concurrent remove call.
+         *  - getRestoreTimerForType(type) is also synchronized on mTypeLists.
+         *  - dump is thread-safe with respect to concurrent add and remove calls.
+         */
+        private final ArrayList<NetworkAgentInfo> mTypeLists[];
+        @NonNull
+        private final ConnectivityService mService;
+
+        // Restore timers for requestNetworkForFeature (network type -> timer in ms). Types without
+        // an entry have no timer (equivalent to -1). Lazily loaded.
+        @NonNull
+        private ArrayMap<Integer, Integer> mRestoreTimers = new ArrayMap<>();
+
+        LegacyTypeTracker(@NonNull ConnectivityService service) {
+            mService = service;
+            mTypeLists = new ArrayList[ConnectivityManager.MAX_NETWORK_TYPE + 1];
+        }
+
+        public void loadSupportedTypes(@NonNull Context ctx, @NonNull TelephonyManager tm) {
+            final PackageManager pm = ctx.getPackageManager();
+            if (pm.hasSystemFeature(FEATURE_WIFI)) {
+                addSupportedType(TYPE_WIFI);
+            }
+            if (pm.hasSystemFeature(FEATURE_WIFI_DIRECT)) {
+                addSupportedType(TYPE_WIFI_P2P);
+            }
+            if (tm.isDataCapable()) {
+                // Telephony does not have granular support for these types: they are either all
+                // supported, or none is supported
+                addSupportedType(TYPE_MOBILE);
+                addSupportedType(TYPE_MOBILE_MMS);
+                addSupportedType(TYPE_MOBILE_SUPL);
+                addSupportedType(TYPE_MOBILE_DUN);
+                addSupportedType(TYPE_MOBILE_HIPRI);
+                addSupportedType(TYPE_MOBILE_FOTA);
+                addSupportedType(TYPE_MOBILE_IMS);
+                addSupportedType(TYPE_MOBILE_CBS);
+                addSupportedType(TYPE_MOBILE_IA);
+                addSupportedType(TYPE_MOBILE_EMERGENCY);
+            }
+            if (pm.hasSystemFeature(FEATURE_BLUETOOTH)) {
+                addSupportedType(TYPE_BLUETOOTH);
+            }
+            if (pm.hasSystemFeature(FEATURE_WATCH)) {
+                // TYPE_PROXY is only used on Wear
+                addSupportedType(TYPE_PROXY);
+            }
+            // Ethernet is often not specified in the configs, although many devices can use it via
+            // USB host adapters. Add it as long as the ethernet service is here.
+            if (ctx.getSystemService(Context.ETHERNET_SERVICE) != null) {
+                addSupportedType(TYPE_ETHERNET);
+            }
+
+            // Always add TYPE_VPN as a supported type
+            addSupportedType(TYPE_VPN);
+        }
+
+        private void addSupportedType(int type) {
+            if (mTypeLists[type] != null) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException(
+                        "legacy list for type " + type + "already initialized");
+            }
+            mTypeLists[type] = new ArrayList<>();
+        }
+
+        public boolean isTypeSupported(int type) {
+            return isNetworkTypeValid(type) && mTypeLists[type] != null;
+        }
+
+        public NetworkAgentInfo getNetworkForType(int type) {
+            synchronized (mTypeLists) {
+                if (isTypeSupported(type) && !mTypeLists[type].isEmpty()) {
+                    return mTypeLists[type].get(0);
+                }
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        public int getRestoreTimerForType(int type) {
+            synchronized (mTypeLists) {
+                if (mRestoreTimers == null) {
+                    mRestoreTimers = loadRestoreTimers();
+                }
+                return mRestoreTimers.getOrDefault(type, -1);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private ArrayMap<Integer, Integer> loadRestoreTimers() {
+            final String[] configs = mService.mResources.get().getStringArray(
+                    R.array.config_legacy_networktype_restore_timers);
+            final ArrayMap<Integer, Integer> ret = new ArrayMap<>(configs.length);
+            for (final String config : configs) {
+                final String[] splits = TextUtils.split(config, ",");
+                if (splits.length != 2) {
+                    logwtf("Invalid restore timer token count: " + config);
+                    continue;
+                }
+                try {
+                    ret.put(Integer.parseInt(splits[0]), Integer.parseInt(splits[1]));
+                } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
+                    logwtf("Invalid restore timer number format: " + config, e);
+                }
+            }
+            return ret;
+        }
+
+        private void maybeLogBroadcast(NetworkAgentInfo nai, DetailedState state, int type,
+                boolean isDefaultNetwork) {
+            if (DBG) {
+                log("Sending " + state
+                        + " broadcast for type " + type + " " + nai.toShortString()
+                        + " isDefaultNetwork=" + isDefaultNetwork);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // When a lockdown VPN connects, send another CONNECTED broadcast for the underlying
+        // network type, to preserve previous behaviour.
+        private void maybeSendLegacyLockdownBroadcast(@NonNull NetworkAgentInfo vpnNai) {
+            if (vpnNai != mService.getLegacyLockdownNai()) return;
+
+            if (vpnNai.declaredUnderlyingNetworks == null
+                    || vpnNai.declaredUnderlyingNetworks.length != 1) {
+                Log.wtf(TAG, "Legacy lockdown VPN must have exactly one underlying network: "
+                        + Arrays.toString(vpnNai.declaredUnderlyingNetworks));
+                return;
+            }
+            final NetworkAgentInfo underlyingNai = mService.getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(
+                    vpnNai.declaredUnderlyingNetworks[0]);
+            if (underlyingNai == null) return;
+
+            final int type = underlyingNai.networkInfo.getType();
+            final DetailedState state = DetailedState.CONNECTED;
+            maybeLogBroadcast(underlyingNai, state, type, true /* isDefaultNetwork */);
+            mService.sendLegacyNetworkBroadcast(underlyingNai, state, type);
+        }
+
+        /** Adds the given network to the specified legacy type list. */
+        public void add(int type, NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
+            if (!isTypeSupported(type)) {
+                return;  // Invalid network type.
+            }
+            if (VDBG) log("Adding agent " + nai + " for legacy network type " + type);
+
+            ArrayList<NetworkAgentInfo> list = mTypeLists[type];
+            if (list.contains(nai)) {
+                return;
+            }
+            synchronized (mTypeLists) {
+                list.add(nai);
+            }
+
+            // Send a broadcast if this is the first network of its type or if it's the default.
+            final boolean isDefaultNetwork = mService.isDefaultNetwork(nai);
+
+            // If a legacy lockdown VPN is active, override the NetworkInfo state in all broadcasts
+            // to preserve previous behaviour.
+            final DetailedState state = mService.getLegacyLockdownState(DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+            if ((list.size() == 1) || isDefaultNetwork) {
+                maybeLogBroadcast(nai, state, type, isDefaultNetwork);
+                mService.sendLegacyNetworkBroadcast(nai, state, type);
+            }
+
+            if (type == TYPE_VPN && state == DetailedState.CONNECTED) {
+                maybeSendLegacyLockdownBroadcast(nai);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /** Removes the given network from the specified legacy type list. */
+        public void remove(int type, NetworkAgentInfo nai, boolean wasDefault) {
+            ArrayList<NetworkAgentInfo> list = mTypeLists[type];
+            if (list == null || list.isEmpty()) {
+                return;
+            }
+            final boolean wasFirstNetwork = list.get(0).equals(nai);
+
+            synchronized (mTypeLists) {
+                if (!list.remove(nai)) {
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (wasFirstNetwork || wasDefault) {
+                maybeLogBroadcast(nai, DetailedState.DISCONNECTED, type, wasDefault);
+                mService.sendLegacyNetworkBroadcast(nai, DetailedState.DISCONNECTED, type);
+            }
+
+            if (!list.isEmpty() && wasFirstNetwork) {
+                if (DBG) log("Other network available for type " + type +
+                              ", sending connected broadcast");
+                final NetworkAgentInfo replacement = list.get(0);
+                maybeLogBroadcast(replacement, DetailedState.CONNECTED, type,
+                        mService.isDefaultNetwork(replacement));
+                mService.sendLegacyNetworkBroadcast(replacement, DetailedState.CONNECTED, type);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /** Removes the given network from all legacy type lists. */
+        public void remove(NetworkAgentInfo nai, boolean wasDefault) {
+            if (VDBG) log("Removing agent " + nai + " wasDefault=" + wasDefault);
+            for (int type = 0; type < mTypeLists.length; type++) {
+                remove(type, nai, wasDefault);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // send out another legacy broadcast - currently only used for suspend/unsuspend
+        // toggle
+        public void update(NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
+            final boolean isDefault = mService.isDefaultNetwork(nai);
+            final DetailedState state = nai.networkInfo.getDetailedState();
+            for (int type = 0; type < mTypeLists.length; type++) {
+                final ArrayList<NetworkAgentInfo> list = mTypeLists[type];
+                final boolean contains = (list != null && list.contains(nai));
+                final boolean isFirst = contains && (nai == list.get(0));
+                if (isFirst || contains && isDefault) {
+                    maybeLogBroadcast(nai, state, type, isDefault);
+                    mService.sendLegacyNetworkBroadcast(nai, state, type);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void dump(IndentingPrintWriter pw) {
+            pw.println("mLegacyTypeTracker:");
+            pw.increaseIndent();
+            pw.print("Supported types:");
+            for (int type = 0; type < mTypeLists.length; type++) {
+                if (mTypeLists[type] != null) pw.print(" " + type);
+            }
+            pw.println();
+            pw.println("Current state:");
+            pw.increaseIndent();
+            synchronized (mTypeLists) {
+                for (int type = 0; type < mTypeLists.length; type++) {
+                    if (mTypeLists[type] == null || mTypeLists[type].isEmpty()) continue;
+                    for (NetworkAgentInfo nai : mTypeLists[type]) {
+                        pw.println(type + " " + nai.toShortString());
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            pw.decreaseIndent();
+            pw.decreaseIndent();
+            pw.println();
+        }
+    }
+    private final LegacyTypeTracker mLegacyTypeTracker = new LegacyTypeTracker(this);
+
+    final LocalPriorityDump mPriorityDumper = new LocalPriorityDump();
+    /**
+     * Helper class which parses out priority arguments and dumps sections according to their
+     * priority. If priority arguments are omitted, function calls the legacy dump command.
+     */
+    private class LocalPriorityDump {
+        private static final String PRIORITY_ARG = "--dump-priority";
+        private static final String PRIORITY_ARG_HIGH = "HIGH";
+        private static final String PRIORITY_ARG_NORMAL = "NORMAL";
+
+        LocalPriorityDump() {}
+
+        private void dumpHigh(FileDescriptor fd, PrintWriter pw) {
+            doDump(fd, pw, new String[] {DIAG_ARG});
+            doDump(fd, pw, new String[] {SHORT_ARG});
+        }
+
+        private void dumpNormal(FileDescriptor fd, PrintWriter pw, String[] args) {
+            doDump(fd, pw, args);
+        }
+
+        public void dump(FileDescriptor fd, PrintWriter pw, String[] args) {
+            if (args == null) {
+                dumpNormal(fd, pw, args);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            String priority = null;
+            for (int argIndex = 0; argIndex < args.length; argIndex++) {
+                if (args[argIndex].equals(PRIORITY_ARG) && argIndex + 1 < args.length) {
+                    argIndex++;
+                    priority = args[argIndex];
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (PRIORITY_ARG_HIGH.equals(priority)) {
+                dumpHigh(fd, pw);
+            } else if (PRIORITY_ARG_NORMAL.equals(priority)) {
+                dumpNormal(fd, pw, args);
+            } else {
+                // ConnectivityService publishes binder service using publishBinderService() with
+                // no priority assigned will be treated as NORMAL priority. Dumpsys does not send
+                // "--dump-priority" arguments to the service. Thus, dump both NORMAL and HIGH to
+                // align the legacy design.
+                // TODO: Integrate into signal dump.
+                dumpNormal(fd, pw, args);
+                pw.println();
+                pw.println("DUMP OF SERVICE HIGH connectivity");
+                pw.println();
+                dumpHigh(fd, pw);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Keeps track of the number of requests made under different uids.
+     */
+    public static class PerUidCounter {
+        private final int mMaxCountPerUid;
+
+        // Map from UID to number of NetworkRequests that UID has filed.
+        @VisibleForTesting
+        @GuardedBy("mUidToNetworkRequestCount")
+        final SparseIntArray mUidToNetworkRequestCount = new SparseIntArray();
+
+        /**
+         * Constructor
+         *
+         * @param maxCountPerUid the maximum count per uid allowed
+         */
+        public PerUidCounter(final int maxCountPerUid) {
+            mMaxCountPerUid = maxCountPerUid;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Increments the request count of the given uid.  Throws an exception if the number
+         * of open requests for the uid exceeds the value of maxCounterPerUid which is the value
+         * passed into the constructor. see: {@link #PerUidCounter(int)}.
+         *
+         * @throws ServiceSpecificException with
+         * {@link ConnectivityManager.Errors.TOO_MANY_REQUESTS} if the number of requests for
+         * the uid exceed the allowed number.
+         *
+         * @param uid the uid that the request was made under
+         */
+        public void incrementCountOrThrow(final int uid) {
+            synchronized (mUidToNetworkRequestCount) {
+                incrementCountOrThrow(uid, 1 /* numToIncrement */);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void incrementCountOrThrow(final int uid, final int numToIncrement) {
+            final int newRequestCount =
+                    mUidToNetworkRequestCount.get(uid, 0) + numToIncrement;
+            if (newRequestCount >= mMaxCountPerUid) {
+                throw new ServiceSpecificException(
+                        ConnectivityManager.Errors.TOO_MANY_REQUESTS);
+            }
+            mUidToNetworkRequestCount.put(uid, newRequestCount);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Decrements the request count of the given uid.
+         *
+         * @param uid the uid that the request was made under
+         */
+        public void decrementCount(final int uid) {
+            synchronized (mUidToNetworkRequestCount) {
+                decrementCount(uid, 1 /* numToDecrement */);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void decrementCount(final int uid, final int numToDecrement) {
+            final int newRequestCount =
+                    mUidToNetworkRequestCount.get(uid, 0) - numToDecrement;
+            if (newRequestCount < 0) {
+                logwtf("BUG: too small request count " + newRequestCount + " for UID " + uid);
+            } else if (newRequestCount == 0) {
+                mUidToNetworkRequestCount.delete(uid);
+            } else {
+                mUidToNetworkRequestCount.put(uid, newRequestCount);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Used to adjust the request counter for the per-app API flows. Directly adjusting the
+         * counter is not ideal however in the per-app flows, the nris can't be removed until they
+         * are used to create the new nris upon set. Therefore the request count limit can be
+         * artificially hit. This method is used as a workaround for this particular case so that
+         * the request counts are accounted for correctly.
+         * @param uid the uid to adjust counts for
+         * @param numOfNewRequests the new request count to account for
+         * @param r the runnable to execute
+         */
+        public void transact(final int uid, final int numOfNewRequests, @NonNull final Runnable r) {
+            // This should only be used on the handler thread as per all current and foreseen
+            // use-cases. ensureRunningOnConnectivityServiceThread() can't be used because there is
+            // no ref to the outer ConnectivityService.
+            synchronized (mUidToNetworkRequestCount) {
+                final int reqCountOverage = getCallingUidRequestCountOverage(uid, numOfNewRequests);
+                decrementCount(uid, reqCountOverage);
+                r.run();
+                incrementCountOrThrow(uid, reqCountOverage);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private int getCallingUidRequestCountOverage(final int uid, final int numOfNewRequests) {
+            final int newUidRequestCount = mUidToNetworkRequestCount.get(uid, 0)
+                    + numOfNewRequests;
+            return newUidRequestCount >= MAX_NETWORK_REQUESTS_PER_SYSTEM_UID
+                    ? newUidRequestCount - (MAX_NETWORK_REQUESTS_PER_SYSTEM_UID - 1) : 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Dependencies of ConnectivityService, for injection in tests.
+     */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public static class Dependencies {
+        public int getCallingUid() {
+            return Binder.getCallingUid();
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Get system properties to use in ConnectivityService.
+         */
+        public MockableSystemProperties getSystemProperties() {
+            return new MockableSystemProperties();
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Get the {@link ConnectivityResources} to use in ConnectivityService.
+         */
+        public ConnectivityResources getResources(@NonNull Context ctx) {
+            return new ConnectivityResources(ctx);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Create a HandlerThread to use in ConnectivityService.
+         */
+        public HandlerThread makeHandlerThread() {
+            return new HandlerThread("ConnectivityServiceThread");
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Get a reference to the ModuleNetworkStackClient.
+         */
+        public NetworkStackClientBase getNetworkStack() {
+            return ModuleNetworkStackClient.getInstance(null);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * @see ProxyTracker
+         */
+        public ProxyTracker makeProxyTracker(@NonNull Context context,
+                @NonNull Handler connServiceHandler) {
+            return new ProxyTracker(context, connServiceHandler, EVENT_PROXY_HAS_CHANGED);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * @see NetIdManager
+         */
+        public NetIdManager makeNetIdManager() {
+            return new NetIdManager();
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * @see NetworkUtils#queryUserAccess(int, int)
+         */
+        public boolean queryUserAccess(int uid, Network network, ConnectivityService cs) {
+            return cs.queryUserAccess(uid, network);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Gets the UID that owns a socket connection. Needed because opening SOCK_DIAG sockets
+         * requires CAP_NET_ADMIN, which the unit tests do not have.
+         */
+        public int getConnectionOwnerUid(int protocol, InetSocketAddress local,
+                InetSocketAddress remote) {
+            return InetDiagMessage.getConnectionOwnerUid(protocol, local, remote);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * @see MultinetworkPolicyTracker
+         */
+        public MultinetworkPolicyTracker makeMultinetworkPolicyTracker(
+                @NonNull Context c, @NonNull Handler h, @NonNull Runnable r) {
+            return new MultinetworkPolicyTracker(c, h, r);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * @see BatteryStatsManager
+         */
+        public void reportNetworkInterfaceForTransports(Context context, String iface,
+                int[] transportTypes) {
+            final BatteryStatsManager batteryStats =
+                    context.getSystemService(BatteryStatsManager.class);
+            batteryStats.reportNetworkInterfaceForTransports(iface, transportTypes);
+        }
+
+        public boolean getCellular464XlatEnabled() {
+            return NetworkProperties.isCellular464XlatEnabled().orElse(true);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public ConnectivityService(Context context) {
+        this(context, getDnsResolver(context), new IpConnectivityLog(),
+                INetd.Stub.asInterface((IBinder) context.getSystemService(Context.NETD_SERVICE)),
+                new Dependencies());
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    protected ConnectivityService(Context context, IDnsResolver dnsresolver,
+            IpConnectivityLog logger, INetd netd, Dependencies deps) {
+        if (DBG) log("ConnectivityService starting up");
+
+        mDeps = Objects.requireNonNull(deps, "missing Dependencies");
+        mSystemProperties = mDeps.getSystemProperties();
+        mNetIdManager = mDeps.makeNetIdManager();
+        mContext = Objects.requireNonNull(context, "missing Context");
+        mResources = deps.getResources(mContext);
+        mNetworkRequestCounter = new PerUidCounter(MAX_NETWORK_REQUESTS_PER_UID);
+        mSystemNetworkRequestCounter = new PerUidCounter(MAX_NETWORK_REQUESTS_PER_SYSTEM_UID);
+
+        mMetricsLog = logger;
+        mNetworkRanker = new NetworkRanker();
+        final NetworkRequest defaultInternetRequest = createDefaultRequest();
+        mDefaultRequest = new NetworkRequestInfo(
+                Process.myUid(), defaultInternetRequest, null,
+                new Binder(), NetworkCallback.FLAG_INCLUDE_LOCATION_INFO,
+                null /* attributionTags */);
+        mNetworkRequests.put(defaultInternetRequest, mDefaultRequest);
+        mDefaultNetworkRequests.add(mDefaultRequest);
+        mNetworkRequestInfoLogs.log("REGISTER " + mDefaultRequest);
+
+        mDefaultMobileDataRequest = createDefaultInternetRequestForTransport(
+                NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, NetworkRequest.Type.BACKGROUND_REQUEST);
+
+        // The default WiFi request is a background request so that apps using WiFi are
+        // migrated to a better network (typically ethernet) when one comes up, instead
+        // of staying on WiFi forever.
+        mDefaultWifiRequest = createDefaultInternetRequestForTransport(
+                NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI, NetworkRequest.Type.BACKGROUND_REQUEST);
+
+        mDefaultVehicleRequest = createAlwaysOnRequestForCapability(
+                NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_VEHICLE_INTERNAL,
+                NetworkRequest.Type.BACKGROUND_REQUEST);
+
+        mHandlerThread = mDeps.makeHandlerThread();
+        mHandlerThread.start();
+        mHandler = new InternalHandler(mHandlerThread.getLooper());
+        mTrackerHandler = new NetworkStateTrackerHandler(mHandlerThread.getLooper());
+        mConnectivityDiagnosticsHandler =
+                new ConnectivityDiagnosticsHandler(mHandlerThread.getLooper());
+
+        mReleasePendingIntentDelayMs = Settings.Secure.getInt(context.getContentResolver(),
+                ConnectivitySettingsManager.CONNECTIVITY_RELEASE_PENDING_INTENT_DELAY_MS, 5_000);
+
+        mLingerDelayMs = mSystemProperties.getInt(LINGER_DELAY_PROPERTY, DEFAULT_LINGER_DELAY_MS);
+        // TODO: Consider making the timer customizable.
+        mNascentDelayMs = DEFAULT_NASCENT_DELAY_MS;
+
+        mStatsManager = mContext.getSystemService(NetworkStatsManager.class);
+        mPolicyManager = mContext.getSystemService(NetworkPolicyManager.class);
+        mDnsResolver = Objects.requireNonNull(dnsresolver, "missing IDnsResolver");
+        mProxyTracker = mDeps.makeProxyTracker(mContext, mHandler);
+
+        mNetd = netd;
+        mTelephonyManager = (TelephonyManager) mContext.getSystemService(Context.TELEPHONY_SERVICE);
+        mAppOpsManager = (AppOpsManager) mContext.getSystemService(Context.APP_OPS_SERVICE);
+        mLocationPermissionChecker = new LocationPermissionChecker(mContext);
+
+        // To ensure uid state is synchronized with Network Policy, register for
+        // NetworkPolicyManagerService events must happen prior to NetworkPolicyManagerService
+        // reading existing policy from disk.
+        mPolicyManager.registerNetworkPolicyCallback(null, mPolicyCallback);
+
+        final PowerManager powerManager = (PowerManager) context.getSystemService(
+                Context.POWER_SERVICE);
+        mNetTransitionWakeLock = powerManager.newWakeLock(PowerManager.PARTIAL_WAKE_LOCK, TAG);
+        mPendingIntentWakeLock = powerManager.newWakeLock(PowerManager.PARTIAL_WAKE_LOCK, TAG);
+
+        mLegacyTypeTracker.loadSupportedTypes(mContext, mTelephonyManager);
+        mProtectedNetworks = new ArrayList<>();
+        int[] protectedNetworks = mResources.get().getIntArray(R.array.config_protectedNetworks);
+        for (int p : protectedNetworks) {
+            if (mLegacyTypeTracker.isTypeSupported(p) && !mProtectedNetworks.contains(p)) {
+                mProtectedNetworks.add(p);
+            } else {
+                if (DBG) loge("Ignoring protectedNetwork " + p);
+            }
+        }
+
+        mUserManager = (UserManager) context.getSystemService(Context.USER_SERVICE);
+
+        mPermissionMonitor = new PermissionMonitor(mContext, mNetd);
+
+        mUserAllContext = mContext.createContextAsUser(UserHandle.ALL, 0 /* flags */);
+        // Listen for user add/removes to inform PermissionMonitor.
+        // Should run on mHandler to avoid any races.
+        final IntentFilter userIntentFilter = new IntentFilter();
+        userIntentFilter.addAction(Intent.ACTION_USER_ADDED);
+        userIntentFilter.addAction(Intent.ACTION_USER_REMOVED);
+        mUserAllContext.registerReceiver(mUserIntentReceiver, userIntentFilter,
+                null /* broadcastPermission */, mHandler);
+
+        // Listen to package add/removes for netd
+        final IntentFilter packageIntentFilter = new IntentFilter();
+        packageIntentFilter.addAction(Intent.ACTION_PACKAGE_ADDED);
+        packageIntentFilter.addAction(Intent.ACTION_PACKAGE_REMOVED);
+        packageIntentFilter.addAction(Intent.ACTION_PACKAGE_REPLACED);
+        packageIntentFilter.addDataScheme("package");
+        mUserAllContext.registerReceiver(mPackageIntentReceiver, packageIntentFilter,
+                null /* broadcastPermission */, mHandler);
+
+        mNetworkActivityTracker = new LegacyNetworkActivityTracker(mContext, mHandler, mNetd);
+
+        mNetdCallback = new NetdCallback();
+        try {
+            mNetd.registerUnsolicitedEventListener(mNetdCallback);
+        } catch (RemoteException | ServiceSpecificException e) {
+            loge("Error registering event listener :" + e);
+        }
+
+        mSettingsObserver = new SettingsObserver(mContext, mHandler);
+        registerSettingsCallbacks();
+
+        mKeepaliveTracker = new KeepaliveTracker(mContext, mHandler);
+        mNotifier = new NetworkNotificationManager(mContext, mTelephonyManager);
+        mQosCallbackTracker = new QosCallbackTracker(mHandler, mNetworkRequestCounter);
+
+        final int dailyLimit = Settings.Global.getInt(mContext.getContentResolver(),
+                ConnectivitySettingsManager.NETWORK_SWITCH_NOTIFICATION_DAILY_LIMIT,
+                LingerMonitor.DEFAULT_NOTIFICATION_DAILY_LIMIT);
+        final long rateLimit = Settings.Global.getLong(mContext.getContentResolver(),
+                ConnectivitySettingsManager.NETWORK_SWITCH_NOTIFICATION_RATE_LIMIT_MILLIS,
+                LingerMonitor.DEFAULT_NOTIFICATION_RATE_LIMIT_MILLIS);
+        mLingerMonitor = new LingerMonitor(mContext, mNotifier, dailyLimit, rateLimit);
+
+        mMultinetworkPolicyTracker = mDeps.makeMultinetworkPolicyTracker(
+                mContext, mHandler, () -> updateAvoidBadWifi());
+        mMultinetworkPolicyTracker.start();
+
+        mDnsManager = new DnsManager(mContext, mDnsResolver);
+        registerPrivateDnsSettingsCallbacks();
+
+        // This NAI is a sentinel used to offer no service to apps that are on a multi-layer
+        // request that doesn't allow fallback to the default network. It should never be visible
+        // to apps. As such, it's not in the list of NAIs and doesn't need many of the normal
+        // arguments like the handler or the DnsResolver.
+        // TODO : remove this ; it is probably better handled with a sentinel request.
+        mNoServiceNetwork = new NetworkAgentInfo(null,
+                new Network(NO_SERVICE_NET_ID),
+                new NetworkInfo(TYPE_NONE, 0, "", ""),
+                new LinkProperties(), new NetworkCapabilities(),
+                new NetworkScore.Builder().setLegacyInt(0).build(), mContext, null,
+                new NetworkAgentConfig(), this, null, null, 0, INVALID_UID,
+                mLingerDelayMs, mQosCallbackTracker, mDeps);
+    }
+
+    private static NetworkCapabilities createDefaultNetworkCapabilitiesForUid(int uid) {
+        return createDefaultNetworkCapabilitiesForUidRange(new UidRange(uid, uid));
+    }
+
+    private static NetworkCapabilities createDefaultNetworkCapabilitiesForUidRange(
+            @NonNull final UidRange uids) {
+        final NetworkCapabilities netCap = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        netCap.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET);
+        netCap.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED);
+        netCap.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN);
+        netCap.setUids(UidRange.toIntRanges(Collections.singleton(uids)));
+        return netCap;
+    }
+
+    private NetworkRequest createDefaultRequest() {
+        return createDefaultInternetRequestForTransport(
+                TYPE_NONE, NetworkRequest.Type.REQUEST);
+    }
+
+    private NetworkRequest createDefaultInternetRequestForTransport(
+            int transportType, NetworkRequest.Type type) {
+        final NetworkCapabilities netCap = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        netCap.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET);
+        netCap.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED);
+        netCap.setRequestorUidAndPackageName(Process.myUid(), mContext.getPackageName());
+        if (transportType > TYPE_NONE) {
+            netCap.addTransportType(transportType);
+        }
+        return createNetworkRequest(type, netCap);
+    }
+
+    private NetworkRequest createNetworkRequest(
+            NetworkRequest.Type type, NetworkCapabilities netCap) {
+        return new NetworkRequest(netCap, TYPE_NONE, nextNetworkRequestId(), type);
+    }
+
+    private NetworkRequest createAlwaysOnRequestForCapability(int capability,
+            NetworkRequest.Type type) {
+        final NetworkCapabilities netCap = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        netCap.clearAll();
+        netCap.addCapability(capability);
+        netCap.setRequestorUidAndPackageName(Process.myUid(), mContext.getPackageName());
+        return new NetworkRequest(netCap, TYPE_NONE, nextNetworkRequestId(), type);
+    }
+
+    // Used only for testing.
+    // TODO: Delete this and either:
+    // 1. Give FakeSettingsProvider the ability to send settings change notifications (requires
+    //    changing ContentResolver to make registerContentObserver non-final).
+    // 2. Give FakeSettingsProvider an alternative notification mechanism and have the test use it
+    //    by subclassing SettingsObserver.
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    void updateAlwaysOnNetworks() {
+        mHandler.sendEmptyMessage(EVENT_CONFIGURE_ALWAYS_ON_NETWORKS);
+    }
+
+    // See FakeSettingsProvider comment above.
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    void updatePrivateDnsSettings() {
+        mHandler.sendEmptyMessage(EVENT_PRIVATE_DNS_SETTINGS_CHANGED);
+    }
+
+    private void handleAlwaysOnNetworkRequest(NetworkRequest networkRequest, int id) {
+        final boolean enable = mContext.getResources().getBoolean(id);
+        handleAlwaysOnNetworkRequest(networkRequest, enable);
+    }
+
+    private void handleAlwaysOnNetworkRequest(
+            NetworkRequest networkRequest, String settingName, boolean defaultValue) {
+        final boolean enable = toBool(Settings.Global.getInt(
+                mContext.getContentResolver(), settingName, encodeBool(defaultValue)));
+        handleAlwaysOnNetworkRequest(networkRequest, enable);
+    }
+
+    private void handleAlwaysOnNetworkRequest(NetworkRequest networkRequest, boolean enable) {
+        final boolean isEnabled = (mNetworkRequests.get(networkRequest) != null);
+        if (enable == isEnabled) {
+            return;  // Nothing to do.
+        }
+
+        if (enable) {
+            handleRegisterNetworkRequest(new NetworkRequestInfo(
+                    Process.myUid(), networkRequest, null, new Binder(),
+                    NetworkCallback.FLAG_INCLUDE_LOCATION_INFO,
+                    null /* attributionTags */));
+        } else {
+            handleReleaseNetworkRequest(networkRequest, Process.SYSTEM_UID,
+                    /* callOnUnavailable */ false);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void handleConfigureAlwaysOnNetworks() {
+        handleAlwaysOnNetworkRequest(mDefaultMobileDataRequest,
+                ConnectivitySettingsManager.MOBILE_DATA_ALWAYS_ON, true /* defaultValue */);
+        handleAlwaysOnNetworkRequest(mDefaultWifiRequest,
+                ConnectivitySettingsManager.WIFI_ALWAYS_REQUESTED, false /* defaultValue */);
+        final boolean vehicleAlwaysRequested = mResources.get().getBoolean(
+                R.bool.config_vehicleInternalNetworkAlwaysRequested);
+        // TODO (b/183076074): remove legacy fallback after migrating overlays
+        final boolean legacyAlwaysRequested = mContext.getResources().getBoolean(
+                mContext.getResources().getIdentifier(
+                        "config_vehicleInternalNetworkAlwaysRequested", "bool", "android"));
+        handleAlwaysOnNetworkRequest(mDefaultVehicleRequest,
+                vehicleAlwaysRequested || legacyAlwaysRequested);
+    }
+
+    private void registerSettingsCallbacks() {
+        // Watch for global HTTP proxy changes.
+        mSettingsObserver.observe(
+                Settings.Global.getUriFor(Settings.Global.HTTP_PROXY),
+                EVENT_APPLY_GLOBAL_HTTP_PROXY);
+
+        // Watch for whether or not to keep mobile data always on.
+        mSettingsObserver.observe(
+                Settings.Global.getUriFor(ConnectivitySettingsManager.MOBILE_DATA_ALWAYS_ON),
+                EVENT_CONFIGURE_ALWAYS_ON_NETWORKS);
+
+        // Watch for whether or not to keep wifi always on.
+        mSettingsObserver.observe(
+                Settings.Global.getUriFor(ConnectivitySettingsManager.WIFI_ALWAYS_REQUESTED),
+                EVENT_CONFIGURE_ALWAYS_ON_NETWORKS);
+    }
+
+    private void registerPrivateDnsSettingsCallbacks() {
+        for (Uri uri : DnsManager.getPrivateDnsSettingsUris()) {
+            mSettingsObserver.observe(uri, EVENT_PRIVATE_DNS_SETTINGS_CHANGED);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private synchronized int nextNetworkRequestId() {
+        // TODO: Consider handle wrapping and exclude {@link NetworkRequest#REQUEST_ID_NONE} if
+        //  doing that.
+        return mNextNetworkRequestId++;
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    protected NetworkAgentInfo getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(Network network) {
+        if (network == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        return getNetworkAgentInfoForNetId(network.getNetId());
+    }
+
+    private NetworkAgentInfo getNetworkAgentInfoForNetId(int netId) {
+        synchronized (mNetworkForNetId) {
+            return mNetworkForNetId.get(netId);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // TODO: determine what to do when more than one VPN applies to |uid|.
+    private NetworkAgentInfo getVpnForUid(int uid) {
+        synchronized (mNetworkForNetId) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < mNetworkForNetId.size(); i++) {
+                final NetworkAgentInfo nai = mNetworkForNetId.valueAt(i);
+                if (nai.isVPN() && nai.everConnected && nai.networkCapabilities.appliesToUid(uid)) {
+                    return nai;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private Network[] getVpnUnderlyingNetworks(int uid) {
+        if (mLockdownEnabled) return null;
+        final NetworkAgentInfo nai = getVpnForUid(uid);
+        if (nai != null) return nai.declaredUnderlyingNetworks;
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private NetworkAgentInfo getNetworkAgentInfoForUid(int uid) {
+        NetworkAgentInfo nai = getDefaultNetworkForUid(uid);
+
+        final Network[] networks = getVpnUnderlyingNetworks(uid);
+        if (networks != null) {
+            // getUnderlyingNetworks() returns:
+            // null => there was no VPN, or the VPN didn't specify anything, so we use the default.
+            // empty array => the VPN explicitly said "no default network".
+            // non-empty array => the VPN specified one or more default networks; we use the
+            //                    first one.
+            if (networks.length > 0) {
+                nai = getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(networks[0]);
+            } else {
+                nai = null;
+            }
+        }
+        return nai;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check if UID should be blocked from using the specified network.
+     */
+    private boolean isNetworkWithCapabilitiesBlocked(@Nullable final NetworkCapabilities nc,
+            final int uid, final boolean ignoreBlocked) {
+        // Networks aren't blocked when ignoring blocked status
+        if (ignoreBlocked) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (isUidBlockedByVpn(uid, mVpnBlockedUidRanges)) return true;
+        final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
+        try {
+            final boolean metered = nc == null ? true : nc.isMetered();
+            return mPolicyManager.isUidNetworkingBlocked(uid, metered);
+        } finally {
+            Binder.restoreCallingIdentity(ident);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void maybeLogBlockedNetworkInfo(NetworkInfo ni, int uid) {
+        if (ni == null || !LOGD_BLOCKED_NETWORKINFO) {
+            return;
+        }
+        final boolean blocked;
+        synchronized (mBlockedAppUids) {
+            if (ni.getDetailedState() == DetailedState.BLOCKED && mBlockedAppUids.add(uid)) {
+                blocked = true;
+            } else if (ni.isConnected() && mBlockedAppUids.remove(uid)) {
+                blocked = false;
+            } else {
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+        String action = blocked ? "BLOCKED" : "UNBLOCKED";
+        log(String.format("Returning %s NetworkInfo to uid=%d", action, uid));
+        mNetworkInfoBlockingLogs.log(action + " " + uid);
+    }
+
+    private void maybeLogBlockedStatusChanged(NetworkRequestInfo nri, Network net, int blocked) {
+        if (nri == null || net == null || !LOGD_BLOCKED_NETWORKINFO) {
+            return;
+        }
+        final String action = (blocked != 0) ? "BLOCKED" : "UNBLOCKED";
+        final int requestId = nri.getActiveRequest() != null
+                ? nri.getActiveRequest().requestId : nri.mRequests.get(0).requestId;
+        mNetworkInfoBlockingLogs.log(String.format(
+                "%s %d(%d) on netId %d: %s", action, nri.mAsUid, requestId, net.getNetId(),
+                Integer.toHexString(blocked)));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Apply any relevant filters to the specified {@link NetworkInfo} for the given UID. For
+     * example, this may mark the network as {@link DetailedState#BLOCKED} based
+     * on {@link #isNetworkWithCapabilitiesBlocked}.
+     */
+    @NonNull
+    private NetworkInfo filterNetworkInfo(@NonNull NetworkInfo networkInfo, int type,
+            @NonNull NetworkCapabilities nc, int uid, boolean ignoreBlocked) {
+        final NetworkInfo filtered = new NetworkInfo(networkInfo);
+        // Many legacy types (e.g,. TYPE_MOBILE_HIPRI) are not actually a property of the network
+        // but only exists if an app asks about them or requests them. Ensure the requesting app
+        // gets the type it asks for.
+        filtered.setType(type);
+        if (isNetworkWithCapabilitiesBlocked(nc, uid, ignoreBlocked)) {
+            filtered.setDetailedState(DetailedState.BLOCKED, null /* reason */,
+                    null /* extraInfo */);
+        }
+        filterForLegacyLockdown(filtered);
+        return filtered;
+    }
+
+    private NetworkInfo getFilteredNetworkInfo(NetworkAgentInfo nai, int uid,
+            boolean ignoreBlocked) {
+        return filterNetworkInfo(nai.networkInfo, nai.networkInfo.getType(),
+                nai.networkCapabilities, uid, ignoreBlocked);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return NetworkInfo for the active (i.e., connected) network interface.
+     * It is assumed that at most one network is active at a time. If more
+     * than one is active, it is indeterminate which will be returned.
+     * @return the info for the active network, or {@code null} if none is
+     * active
+     */
+    @Override
+    public NetworkInfo getActiveNetworkInfo() {
+        enforceAccessPermission();
+        final int uid = mDeps.getCallingUid();
+        final NetworkAgentInfo nai = getNetworkAgentInfoForUid(uid);
+        if (nai == null) return null;
+        final NetworkInfo networkInfo = getFilteredNetworkInfo(nai, uid, false);
+        maybeLogBlockedNetworkInfo(networkInfo, uid);
+        return networkInfo;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Network getActiveNetwork() {
+        enforceAccessPermission();
+        return getActiveNetworkForUidInternal(mDeps.getCallingUid(), false);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Network getActiveNetworkForUid(int uid, boolean ignoreBlocked) {
+        PermissionUtils.enforceNetworkStackPermission(mContext);
+        return getActiveNetworkForUidInternal(uid, ignoreBlocked);
+    }
+
+    private Network getActiveNetworkForUidInternal(final int uid, boolean ignoreBlocked) {
+        final NetworkAgentInfo vpnNai = getVpnForUid(uid);
+        if (vpnNai != null) {
+            final NetworkCapabilities requiredCaps = createDefaultNetworkCapabilitiesForUid(uid);
+            if (requiredCaps.satisfiedByNetworkCapabilities(vpnNai.networkCapabilities)) {
+                return vpnNai.network;
+            }
+        }
+
+        NetworkAgentInfo nai = getDefaultNetworkForUid(uid);
+        if (nai == null || isNetworkWithCapabilitiesBlocked(nai.networkCapabilities, uid,
+                ignoreBlocked)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        return nai.network;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NetworkInfo getActiveNetworkInfoForUid(int uid, boolean ignoreBlocked) {
+        PermissionUtils.enforceNetworkStackPermission(mContext);
+        final NetworkAgentInfo nai = getNetworkAgentInfoForUid(uid);
+        if (nai == null) return null;
+        return getFilteredNetworkInfo(nai, uid, ignoreBlocked);
+    }
+
+    /** Returns a NetworkInfo object for a network that doesn't exist. */
+    private NetworkInfo makeFakeNetworkInfo(int networkType, int uid) {
+        final NetworkInfo info = new NetworkInfo(networkType, 0 /* subtype */,
+                getNetworkTypeName(networkType), "" /* subtypeName */);
+        info.setIsAvailable(true);
+        // For compatibility with legacy code, return BLOCKED instead of DISCONNECTED when
+        // background data is restricted.
+        final NetworkCapabilities nc = new NetworkCapabilities();  // Metered.
+        final DetailedState state = isNetworkWithCapabilitiesBlocked(nc, uid, false)
+                ? DetailedState.BLOCKED
+                : DetailedState.DISCONNECTED;
+        info.setDetailedState(state, null /* reason */, null /* extraInfo */);
+        filterForLegacyLockdown(info);
+        return info;
+    }
+
+    private NetworkInfo getFilteredNetworkInfoForType(int networkType, int uid) {
+        if (!mLegacyTypeTracker.isTypeSupported(networkType)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        final NetworkAgentInfo nai = mLegacyTypeTracker.getNetworkForType(networkType);
+        if (nai == null) {
+            return makeFakeNetworkInfo(networkType, uid);
+        }
+        return filterNetworkInfo(nai.networkInfo, networkType, nai.networkCapabilities, uid,
+                false);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NetworkInfo getNetworkInfo(int networkType) {
+        enforceAccessPermission();
+        final int uid = mDeps.getCallingUid();
+        if (getVpnUnderlyingNetworks(uid) != null) {
+            // A VPN is active, so we may need to return one of its underlying networks. This
+            // information is not available in LegacyTypeTracker, so we have to get it from
+            // getNetworkAgentInfoForUid.
+            final NetworkAgentInfo nai = getNetworkAgentInfoForUid(uid);
+            if (nai == null) return null;
+            final NetworkInfo networkInfo = getFilteredNetworkInfo(nai, uid, false);
+            if (networkInfo.getType() == networkType) {
+                return networkInfo;
+            }
+        }
+        return getFilteredNetworkInfoForType(networkType, uid);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NetworkInfo getNetworkInfoForUid(Network network, int uid, boolean ignoreBlocked) {
+        enforceAccessPermission();
+        final NetworkAgentInfo nai = getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(network);
+        if (nai == null) return null;
+        return getFilteredNetworkInfo(nai, uid, ignoreBlocked);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NetworkInfo[] getAllNetworkInfo() {
+        enforceAccessPermission();
+        final ArrayList<NetworkInfo> result = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (int networkType = 0; networkType <= ConnectivityManager.MAX_NETWORK_TYPE;
+                networkType++) {
+            NetworkInfo info = getNetworkInfo(networkType);
+            if (info != null) {
+                result.add(info);
+            }
+        }
+        return result.toArray(new NetworkInfo[result.size()]);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Network getNetworkForType(int networkType) {
+        enforceAccessPermission();
+        if (!mLegacyTypeTracker.isTypeSupported(networkType)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        final NetworkAgentInfo nai = mLegacyTypeTracker.getNetworkForType(networkType);
+        if (nai == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        final int uid = mDeps.getCallingUid();
+        if (isNetworkWithCapabilitiesBlocked(nai.networkCapabilities, uid, false)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        return nai.network;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Network[] getAllNetworks() {
+        enforceAccessPermission();
+        synchronized (mNetworkForNetId) {
+            final Network[] result = new Network[mNetworkForNetId.size()];
+            for (int i = 0; i < mNetworkForNetId.size(); i++) {
+                result[i] = mNetworkForNetId.valueAt(i).network;
+            }
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NetworkCapabilities[] getDefaultNetworkCapabilitiesForUser(
+                int userId, String callingPackageName, @Nullable String callingAttributionTag) {
+        // The basic principle is: if an app's traffic could possibly go over a
+        // network, without the app doing anything multinetwork-specific,
+        // (hence, by "default"), then include that network's capabilities in
+        // the array.
+        //
+        // In the normal case, app traffic only goes over the system's default
+        // network connection, so that's the only network returned.
+        //
+        // With a VPN in force, some app traffic may go into the VPN, and thus
+        // over whatever underlying networks the VPN specifies, while other app
+        // traffic may go over the system default network (e.g.: a split-tunnel
+        // VPN, or an app disallowed by the VPN), so the set of networks
+        // returned includes the VPN's underlying networks and the system
+        // default.
+        enforceAccessPermission();
+
+        HashMap<Network, NetworkCapabilities> result = new HashMap<>();
+
+        for (final NetworkRequestInfo nri : mDefaultNetworkRequests) {
+            if (!nri.isBeingSatisfied()) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            final NetworkAgentInfo nai = nri.getSatisfier();
+            final NetworkCapabilities nc = getNetworkCapabilitiesInternal(nai);
+            if (null != nc
+                    && nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED)
+                    && !result.containsKey(nai.network)) {
+                result.put(
+                        nai.network,
+                        createWithLocationInfoSanitizedIfNecessaryWhenParceled(
+                                nc, false /* includeLocationSensitiveInfo */,
+                                getCallingPid(), mDeps.getCallingUid(), callingPackageName,
+                                callingAttributionTag));
+            }
+        }
+
+        // No need to check mLockdownEnabled. If it's true, getVpnUnderlyingNetworks returns null.
+        final Network[] networks = getVpnUnderlyingNetworks(mDeps.getCallingUid());
+        if (null != networks) {
+            for (final Network network : networks) {
+                final NetworkCapabilities nc = getNetworkCapabilitiesInternal(network);
+                if (null != nc) {
+                    result.put(
+                            network,
+                            createWithLocationInfoSanitizedIfNecessaryWhenParceled(
+                                    nc,
+                                    false /* includeLocationSensitiveInfo */,
+                                    getCallingPid(), mDeps.getCallingUid(), callingPackageName,
+                                    callingAttributionTag));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        NetworkCapabilities[] out = new NetworkCapabilities[result.size()];
+        out = result.values().toArray(out);
+        return out;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isNetworkSupported(int networkType) {
+        enforceAccessPermission();
+        return mLegacyTypeTracker.isTypeSupported(networkType);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return LinkProperties for the active (i.e., connected) default
+     * network interface for the calling uid.
+     * @return the ip properties for the active network, or {@code null} if
+     * none is active
+     */
+    @Override
+    public LinkProperties getActiveLinkProperties() {
+        enforceAccessPermission();
+        final int uid = mDeps.getCallingUid();
+        NetworkAgentInfo nai = getNetworkAgentInfoForUid(uid);
+        if (nai == null) return null;
+        return linkPropertiesRestrictedForCallerPermissions(nai.linkProperties,
+                Binder.getCallingPid(), uid);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public LinkProperties getLinkPropertiesForType(int networkType) {
+        enforceAccessPermission();
+        NetworkAgentInfo nai = mLegacyTypeTracker.getNetworkForType(networkType);
+        final LinkProperties lp = getLinkProperties(nai);
+        if (lp == null) return null;
+        return linkPropertiesRestrictedForCallerPermissions(
+                lp, Binder.getCallingPid(), mDeps.getCallingUid());
+    }
+
+    // TODO - this should be ALL networks
+    @Override
+    public LinkProperties getLinkProperties(Network network) {
+        enforceAccessPermission();
+        final LinkProperties lp = getLinkProperties(getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(network));
+        if (lp == null) return null;
+        return linkPropertiesRestrictedForCallerPermissions(
+                lp, Binder.getCallingPid(), mDeps.getCallingUid());
+    }
+
+    @Nullable
+    private LinkProperties getLinkProperties(@Nullable NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
+        if (nai == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        synchronized (nai) {
+            return nai.linkProperties;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private NetworkCapabilities getNetworkCapabilitiesInternal(Network network) {
+        return getNetworkCapabilitiesInternal(getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(network));
+    }
+
+    private NetworkCapabilities getNetworkCapabilitiesInternal(NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
+        if (nai == null) return null;
+        synchronized (nai) {
+            return networkCapabilitiesRestrictedForCallerPermissions(
+                    nai.networkCapabilities, Binder.getCallingPid(), mDeps.getCallingUid());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NetworkCapabilities getNetworkCapabilities(Network network, String callingPackageName,
+            @Nullable String callingAttributionTag) {
+        mAppOpsManager.checkPackage(mDeps.getCallingUid(), callingPackageName);
+        enforceAccessPermission();
+        return createWithLocationInfoSanitizedIfNecessaryWhenParceled(
+                getNetworkCapabilitiesInternal(network),
+                false /* includeLocationSensitiveInfo */,
+                getCallingPid(), mDeps.getCallingUid(), callingPackageName, callingAttributionTag);
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilitiesRestrictedForCallerPermissions(
+            NetworkCapabilities nc, int callerPid, int callerUid) {
+        final NetworkCapabilities newNc = new NetworkCapabilities(nc);
+        if (!checkSettingsPermission(callerPid, callerUid)) {
+            newNc.setUids(null);
+            newNc.setSSID(null);
+        }
+        if (newNc.getNetworkSpecifier() != null) {
+            newNc.setNetworkSpecifier(newNc.getNetworkSpecifier().redact());
+        }
+        newNc.setAdministratorUids(new int[0]);
+        if (!checkAnyPermissionOf(
+                callerPid, callerUid, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_FACTORY)) {
+            newNc.setSubscriptionIds(Collections.emptySet());
+        }
+
+        return newNc;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Wrapper used to cache the permission check results performed for the corresponding
+     * app. This avoid performing multiple permission checks for different fields in
+     * NetworkCapabilities.
+     * Note: This wrapper does not support any sort of invalidation and thus must not be
+     * persistent or long-lived. It may only be used for the time necessary to
+     * compute the redactions required by one particular NetworkCallback or
+     * synchronous call.
+     */
+    private class RedactionPermissionChecker {
+        private final int mCallingPid;
+        private final int mCallingUid;
+        @NonNull private final String mCallingPackageName;
+        @Nullable private final String mCallingAttributionTag;
+
+        private Boolean mHasLocationPermission = null;
+        private Boolean mHasLocalMacAddressPermission = null;
+        private Boolean mHasSettingsPermission = null;
+
+        RedactionPermissionChecker(int callingPid, int callingUid,
+                @NonNull String callingPackageName, @Nullable String callingAttributionTag) {
+            mCallingPid = callingPid;
+            mCallingUid = callingUid;
+            mCallingPackageName = callingPackageName;
+            mCallingAttributionTag = callingAttributionTag;
+        }
+
+        private boolean hasLocationPermissionInternal() {
+            final long token = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
+            try {
+                return mLocationPermissionChecker.checkLocationPermission(
+                        mCallingPackageName, mCallingAttributionTag, mCallingUid,
+                        null /* message */);
+            } finally {
+                Binder.restoreCallingIdentity(token);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Returns whether the app holds location permission or not (might return cached result
+         * if the permission was already checked before).
+         */
+        public boolean hasLocationPermission() {
+            if (mHasLocationPermission == null) {
+                // If there is no cached result, perform the check now.
+                mHasLocationPermission = hasLocationPermissionInternal();
+            }
+            return mHasLocationPermission;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Returns whether the app holds local mac address permission or not (might return cached
+         * result if the permission was already checked before).
+         */
+        public boolean hasLocalMacAddressPermission() {
+            if (mHasLocalMacAddressPermission == null) {
+                // If there is no cached result, perform the check now.
+                mHasLocalMacAddressPermission =
+                        checkLocalMacAddressPermission(mCallingPid, mCallingUid);
+            }
+            return mHasLocalMacAddressPermission;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Returns whether the app holds settings permission or not (might return cached
+         * result if the permission was already checked before).
+         */
+        public boolean hasSettingsPermission() {
+            if (mHasSettingsPermission == null) {
+                // If there is no cached result, perform the check now.
+                mHasSettingsPermission = checkSettingsPermission(mCallingPid, mCallingUid);
+            }
+            return mHasSettingsPermission;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static boolean shouldRedact(@NetworkCapabilities.RedactionType long redactions,
+            @NetworkCapabilities.NetCapability long redaction) {
+        return (redactions & redaction) != 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Use the provided |applicableRedactions| to check the receiving app's
+     * permissions and clear/set the corresponding bit in the returned bitmask. The bitmask
+     * returned will be used to ensure the necessary redactions are performed by NetworkCapabilities
+     * before being sent to the corresponding app.
+     */
+    private @NetworkCapabilities.RedactionType long retrieveRequiredRedactions(
+            @NetworkCapabilities.RedactionType long applicableRedactions,
+            @NonNull RedactionPermissionChecker redactionPermissionChecker,
+            boolean includeLocationSensitiveInfo) {
+        long redactions = applicableRedactions;
+        if (shouldRedact(redactions, REDACT_FOR_ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION)) {
+            if (includeLocationSensitiveInfo
+                    && redactionPermissionChecker.hasLocationPermission()) {
+                redactions &= ~REDACT_FOR_ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION;
+            }
+        }
+        if (shouldRedact(redactions, REDACT_FOR_LOCAL_MAC_ADDRESS)) {
+            if (redactionPermissionChecker.hasLocalMacAddressPermission()) {
+                redactions &= ~REDACT_FOR_LOCAL_MAC_ADDRESS;
+            }
+        }
+        if (shouldRedact(redactions, REDACT_FOR_NETWORK_SETTINGS)) {
+            if (redactionPermissionChecker.hasSettingsPermission()) {
+                redactions &= ~REDACT_FOR_NETWORK_SETTINGS;
+            }
+        }
+        return redactions;
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    @Nullable
+    NetworkCapabilities createWithLocationInfoSanitizedIfNecessaryWhenParceled(
+            @Nullable NetworkCapabilities nc, boolean includeLocationSensitiveInfo,
+            int callingPid, int callingUid, @NonNull String callingPkgName,
+            @Nullable String callingAttributionTag) {
+        if (nc == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        // Avoid doing location permission check if the transport info has no location sensitive
+        // data.
+        final RedactionPermissionChecker redactionPermissionChecker =
+                new RedactionPermissionChecker(callingPid, callingUid, callingPkgName,
+                        callingAttributionTag);
+        final long redactions = retrieveRequiredRedactions(
+                nc.getApplicableRedactions(), redactionPermissionChecker,
+                includeLocationSensitiveInfo);
+        final NetworkCapabilities newNc = new NetworkCapabilities(nc, redactions);
+        // Reset owner uid if not destined for the owner app.
+        if (callingUid != nc.getOwnerUid()) {
+            newNc.setOwnerUid(INVALID_UID);
+            return newNc;
+        }
+        // Allow VPNs to see ownership of their own VPN networks - not location sensitive.
+        if (nc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)) {
+            // Owner UIDs already checked above. No need to re-check.
+            return newNc;
+        }
+        // If the calling does not want location sensitive data & target SDK >= S, then mask info.
+        // Else include the owner UID iff the calling has location permission to provide backwards
+        // compatibility for older apps.
+        if (!includeLocationSensitiveInfo
+                && isTargetSdkAtleast(
+                        Build.VERSION_CODES.S, callingUid, callingPkgName)) {
+            newNc.setOwnerUid(INVALID_UID);
+            return newNc;
+        }
+        // Reset owner uid if the app has no location permission.
+        if (!redactionPermissionChecker.hasLocationPermission()) {
+            newNc.setOwnerUid(INVALID_UID);
+        }
+        return newNc;
+    }
+
+    private LinkProperties linkPropertiesRestrictedForCallerPermissions(
+            LinkProperties lp, int callerPid, int callerUid) {
+        if (lp == null) return new LinkProperties();
+
+        // Only do a permission check if sanitization is needed, to avoid unnecessary binder calls.
+        final boolean needsSanitization =
+                (lp.getCaptivePortalApiUrl() != null || lp.getCaptivePortalData() != null);
+        if (!needsSanitization) {
+            return new LinkProperties(lp);
+        }
+
+        if (checkSettingsPermission(callerPid, callerUid)) {
+            return new LinkProperties(lp, true /* parcelSensitiveFields */);
+        }
+
+        final LinkProperties newLp = new LinkProperties(lp);
+        // Sensitive fields would not be parceled anyway, but sanitize for consistency before the
+        // object gets parceled.
+        newLp.setCaptivePortalApiUrl(null);
+        newLp.setCaptivePortalData(null);
+        return newLp;
+    }
+
+    private void restrictRequestUidsForCallerAndSetRequestorInfo(NetworkCapabilities nc,
+            int callerUid, String callerPackageName) {
+        if (!checkSettingsPermission()) {
+            // There is no need to track the effective UID of the request here. If the caller lacks
+            // the settings permission, the effective UID is the same as the calling ID.
+            nc.setSingleUid(callerUid);
+        }
+        nc.setRequestorUidAndPackageName(callerUid, callerPackageName);
+        nc.setAdministratorUids(new int[0]);
+
+        // Clear owner UID; this can never come from an app.
+        nc.setOwnerUid(INVALID_UID);
+    }
+
+    private void restrictBackgroundRequestForCaller(NetworkCapabilities nc) {
+        if (!mPermissionMonitor.hasUseBackgroundNetworksPermission(mDeps.getCallingUid())) {
+            nc.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_FOREGROUND);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public @RestrictBackgroundStatus int getRestrictBackgroundStatusByCaller() {
+        enforceAccessPermission();
+        final int callerUid = Binder.getCallingUid();
+        final long token = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
+        try {
+            return mPolicyManager.getRestrictBackgroundStatus(callerUid);
+        } finally {
+            Binder.restoreCallingIdentity(token);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // TODO: Consider delete this function or turn it into a no-op method.
+    @Override
+    public NetworkState[] getAllNetworkState() {
+        // This contains IMSI details, so make sure the caller is privileged.
+        PermissionUtils.enforceNetworkStackPermission(mContext);
+
+        final ArrayList<NetworkState> result = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (NetworkStateSnapshot snapshot : getAllNetworkStateSnapshots()) {
+            // NetworkStateSnapshot doesn't contain NetworkInfo, so need to fetch it from the
+            // NetworkAgentInfo.
+            final NetworkAgentInfo nai = getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(snapshot.getNetwork());
+            if (nai != null && nai.networkInfo.isConnected()) {
+                result.add(new NetworkState(new NetworkInfo(nai.networkInfo),
+                        snapshot.getLinkProperties(), snapshot.getNetworkCapabilities(),
+                        snapshot.getNetwork(), snapshot.getSubscriberId()));
+            }
+        }
+        return result.toArray(new NetworkState[result.size()]);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    @NonNull
+    public List<NetworkStateSnapshot> getAllNetworkStateSnapshots() {
+        // This contains IMSI details, so make sure the caller is privileged.
+        PermissionUtils.enforceNetworkStackPermission(mContext);
+
+        final ArrayList<NetworkStateSnapshot> result = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (Network network : getAllNetworks()) {
+            final NetworkAgentInfo nai = getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(network);
+            // TODO: Consider include SUSPENDED networks, which should be considered as
+            //  temporary shortage of connectivity of a connected network.
+            if (nai != null && nai.networkInfo.isConnected()) {
+                // TODO (b/73321673) : NetworkStateSnapshot contains a copy of the
+                // NetworkCapabilities, which may contain UIDs of apps to which the
+                // network applies. Should the UIDs be cleared so as not to leak or
+                // interfere ?
+                result.add(nai.getNetworkStateSnapshot());
+            }
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isActiveNetworkMetered() {
+        enforceAccessPermission();
+
+        final NetworkCapabilities caps = getNetworkCapabilitiesInternal(getActiveNetwork());
+        if (caps != null) {
+            return !caps.hasCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        } else {
+            // Always return the most conservative value
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Ensures that the system cannot call a particular method.
+     */
+    private boolean disallowedBecauseSystemCaller() {
+        // TODO: start throwing a SecurityException when GnssLocationProvider stops calling
+        // requestRouteToHost. In Q, GnssLocationProvider is changed to not call requestRouteToHost
+        // for devices launched with Q and above. However, existing devices upgrading to Q and
+        // above must continued to be supported for few more releases.
+        if (isSystem(mDeps.getCallingUid()) && SystemProperties.getInt(
+                "ro.product.first_api_level", 0) > Build.VERSION_CODES.P) {
+            log("This method exists only for app backwards compatibility"
+                    + " and must not be called by system services.");
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Ensure that a network route exists to deliver traffic to the specified
+     * host via the specified network interface.
+     * @param networkType the type of the network over which traffic to the
+     * specified host is to be routed
+     * @param hostAddress the IP address of the host to which the route is
+     * desired
+     * @return {@code true} on success, {@code false} on failure
+     */
+    @Override
+    public boolean requestRouteToHostAddress(int networkType, byte[] hostAddress,
+            String callingPackageName, String callingAttributionTag) {
+        if (disallowedBecauseSystemCaller()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        enforceChangePermission(callingPackageName, callingAttributionTag);
+        if (mProtectedNetworks.contains(networkType)) {
+            enforceConnectivityRestrictedNetworksPermission();
+        }
+
+        InetAddress addr;
+        try {
+            addr = InetAddress.getByAddress(hostAddress);
+        } catch (UnknownHostException e) {
+            if (DBG) log("requestRouteToHostAddress got " + e.toString());
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (!ConnectivityManager.isNetworkTypeValid(networkType)) {
+            if (DBG) log("requestRouteToHostAddress on invalid network: " + networkType);
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        NetworkAgentInfo nai = mLegacyTypeTracker.getNetworkForType(networkType);
+        if (nai == null) {
+            if (mLegacyTypeTracker.isTypeSupported(networkType) == false) {
+                if (DBG) log("requestRouteToHostAddress on unsupported network: " + networkType);
+            } else {
+                if (DBG) log("requestRouteToHostAddress on down network: " + networkType);
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        DetailedState netState;
+        synchronized (nai) {
+            netState = nai.networkInfo.getDetailedState();
+        }
+
+        if (netState != DetailedState.CONNECTED && netState != DetailedState.CAPTIVE_PORTAL_CHECK) {
+            if (VDBG) {
+                log("requestRouteToHostAddress on down network "
+                        + "(" + networkType + ") - dropped"
+                        + " netState=" + netState);
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        final int uid = mDeps.getCallingUid();
+        final long token = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
+        try {
+            LinkProperties lp;
+            int netId;
+            synchronized (nai) {
+                lp = nai.linkProperties;
+                netId = nai.network.getNetId();
+            }
+            boolean ok = addLegacyRouteToHost(lp, addr, netId, uid);
+            if (DBG) {
+                log("requestRouteToHostAddress " + addr + nai.toShortString() + " ok=" + ok);
+            }
+            return ok;
+        } finally {
+            Binder.restoreCallingIdentity(token);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private boolean addLegacyRouteToHost(LinkProperties lp, InetAddress addr, int netId, int uid) {
+        RouteInfo bestRoute = RouteInfo.selectBestRoute(lp.getAllRoutes(), addr);
+        if (bestRoute == null) {
+            bestRoute = RouteInfo.makeHostRoute(addr, lp.getInterfaceName());
+        } else {
+            String iface = bestRoute.getInterface();
+            if (bestRoute.getGateway().equals(addr)) {
+                // if there is no better route, add the implied hostroute for our gateway
+                bestRoute = RouteInfo.makeHostRoute(addr, iface);
+            } else {
+                // if we will connect to this through another route, add a direct route
+                // to it's gateway
+                bestRoute = RouteInfo.makeHostRoute(addr, bestRoute.getGateway(), iface);
+            }
+        }
+        if (DBG) log("Adding legacy route " + bestRoute +
+                " for UID/PID " + uid + "/" + Binder.getCallingPid());
+
+        final String dst = bestRoute.getDestinationLinkAddress().toString();
+        final String nextHop = bestRoute.hasGateway()
+                ? bestRoute.getGateway().getHostAddress() : "";
+        try {
+            mNetd.networkAddLegacyRoute(netId, bestRoute.getInterface(), dst, nextHop , uid);
+        } catch (RemoteException | ServiceSpecificException e) {
+            if (DBG) loge("Exception trying to add a route: " + e);
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    class DnsResolverUnsolicitedEventCallback extends
+            IDnsResolverUnsolicitedEventListener.Stub {
+        @Override
+        public void onPrivateDnsValidationEvent(final PrivateDnsValidationEventParcel event) {
+            try {
+                mHandler.sendMessage(mHandler.obtainMessage(
+                        EVENT_PRIVATE_DNS_VALIDATION_UPDATE,
+                        new PrivateDnsValidationUpdate(event.netId,
+                                InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress(event.ipAddress),
+                                event.hostname, event.validation)));
+            } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+                loge("Error parsing ip address in validation event");
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onDnsHealthEvent(final DnsHealthEventParcel event) {
+            NetworkAgentInfo nai = getNetworkAgentInfoForNetId(event.netId);
+            // Netd event only allow registrants from system. Each NetworkMonitor thread is under
+            // the caller thread of registerNetworkAgent. Thus, it's not allowed to register netd
+            // event callback for certain nai. e.g. cellular. Register here to pass to
+            // NetworkMonitor instead.
+            // TODO: Move the Dns Event to NetworkMonitor. NetdEventListenerService only allow one
+            // callback from each caller type. Need to re-factor NetdEventListenerService to allow
+            // multiple NetworkMonitor registrants.
+            if (nai != null && nai.satisfies(mDefaultRequest.mRequests.get(0))) {
+                nai.networkMonitor().notifyDnsResponse(event.healthResult);
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onNat64PrefixEvent(final Nat64PrefixEventParcel event) {
+            mHandler.post(() -> handleNat64PrefixEvent(event.netId, event.prefixOperation,
+                    event.prefixAddress, event.prefixLength));
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int getInterfaceVersion() {
+            return this.VERSION;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String getInterfaceHash() {
+            return this.HASH;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    protected final DnsResolverUnsolicitedEventCallback mResolverUnsolEventCallback =
+            new DnsResolverUnsolicitedEventCallback();
+
+    private void registerDnsResolverUnsolicitedEventListener() {
+        try {
+            mDnsResolver.registerUnsolicitedEventListener(mResolverUnsolEventCallback);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            loge("Error registering DnsResolver unsolicited event callback: " + e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private final NetworkPolicyCallback mPolicyCallback = new NetworkPolicyCallback() {
+        @Override
+        public void onUidBlockedReasonChanged(int uid, @BlockedReason int blockedReasons) {
+            mHandler.sendMessage(mHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_UID_BLOCKED_REASON_CHANGED,
+                    uid, blockedReasons));
+        }
+    };
+
+    private void handleUidBlockedReasonChanged(int uid, @BlockedReason int blockedReasons) {
+        maybeNotifyNetworkBlockedForNewState(uid, blockedReasons);
+        setUidBlockedReasons(uid, blockedReasons);
+    }
+
+    private boolean checkAnyPermissionOf(String... permissions) {
+        for (String permission : permissions) {
+            if (mContext.checkCallingOrSelfPermission(permission) == PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private boolean checkAnyPermissionOf(int pid, int uid, String... permissions) {
+        for (String permission : permissions) {
+            if (mContext.checkPermission(permission, pid, uid) == PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private void enforceAnyPermissionOf(String... permissions) {
+        if (!checkAnyPermissionOf(permissions)) {
+            throw new SecurityException("Requires one of the following permissions: "
+                    + String.join(", ", permissions) + ".");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void enforceInternetPermission() {
+        mContext.enforceCallingOrSelfPermission(
+                android.Manifest.permission.INTERNET,
+                "ConnectivityService");
+    }
+
+    private void enforceAccessPermission() {
+        mContext.enforceCallingOrSelfPermission(
+                android.Manifest.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE,
+                "ConnectivityService");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performs a strict and comprehensive check of whether a calling package is allowed to
+     * change the state of network, as the condition differs for pre-M, M+, and
+     * privileged/preinstalled apps. The caller is expected to have either the
+     * CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE or the WRITE_SETTINGS permission declared. Either of these
+     * permissions allow changing network state; WRITE_SETTINGS is a runtime permission and
+     * can be revoked, but (except in M, excluding M MRs), CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE is a normal
+     * permission and cannot be revoked. See http://b/23597341
+     *
+     * Note: if the check succeeds because the application holds WRITE_SETTINGS, the operation
+     * of this app will be updated to the current time.
+     */
+    private void enforceChangePermission(String callingPkg, String callingAttributionTag) {
+        if (mContext.checkCallingOrSelfPermission(android.Manifest.permission.CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE)
+                == PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (callingPkg == null) {
+            throw new SecurityException("Calling package name is null.");
+        }
+
+        final AppOpsManager appOpsMgr = mContext.getSystemService(AppOpsManager.class);
+        final int uid = mDeps.getCallingUid();
+        final int mode = appOpsMgr.noteOpNoThrow(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_WRITE_SETTINGS, uid,
+                callingPkg, callingAttributionTag, null /* message */);
+
+        if (mode == AppOpsManager.MODE_ALLOWED) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if ((mode == AppOpsManager.MODE_DEFAULT) && (mContext.checkCallingOrSelfPermission(
+                android.Manifest.permission.WRITE_SETTINGS) == PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        throw new SecurityException(callingPkg + " was not granted either of these permissions:"
+                + android.Manifest.permission.CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE + ","
+                + android.Manifest.permission.WRITE_SETTINGS + ".");
+    }
+
+    private void enforceSettingsPermission() {
+        enforceAnyPermissionOf(
+                android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS,
+                NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK);
+    }
+
+    private void enforceNetworkFactoryPermission() {
+        enforceAnyPermissionOf(
+                android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_FACTORY,
+                NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK);
+    }
+
+    private void enforceNetworkFactoryOrSettingsPermission() {
+        enforceAnyPermissionOf(
+                android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS,
+                android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_FACTORY,
+                NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK);
+    }
+
+    private void enforceNetworkFactoryOrTestNetworksPermission() {
+        enforceAnyPermissionOf(
+                android.Manifest.permission.MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS,
+                android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_FACTORY,
+                NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK);
+    }
+
+    private boolean checkSettingsPermission() {
+        return checkAnyPermissionOf(
+                android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS,
+                NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK);
+    }
+
+    private boolean checkSettingsPermission(int pid, int uid) {
+        return PERMISSION_GRANTED == mContext.checkPermission(
+                android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS, pid, uid)
+                || PERMISSION_GRANTED == mContext.checkPermission(
+                NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK, pid, uid);
+    }
+
+    private void enforceNetworkStackOrSettingsPermission() {
+        enforceAnyPermissionOf(
+                android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS,
+                android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK,
+                NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK);
+    }
+
+    private void enforceNetworkStackSettingsOrSetup() {
+        enforceAnyPermissionOf(
+                android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS,
+                android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETUP_WIZARD,
+                android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK,
+                NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK);
+    }
+
+    private void enforceAirplaneModePermission() {
+        enforceAnyPermissionOf(
+                android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_AIRPLANE_MODE,
+                android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS,
+                android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETUP_WIZARD,
+                android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK,
+                NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK);
+    }
+
+    private void enforceOemNetworkPreferencesPermission() {
+        mContext.enforceCallingOrSelfPermission(
+                android.Manifest.permission.CONTROL_OEM_PAID_NETWORK_PREFERENCE,
+                "ConnectivityService");
+    }
+
+    private boolean checkNetworkStackPermission() {
+        return checkAnyPermissionOf(
+                android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK,
+                NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK);
+    }
+
+    private boolean checkNetworkStackPermission(int pid, int uid) {
+        return checkAnyPermissionOf(pid, uid,
+                android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK,
+                NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK);
+    }
+
+    private boolean checkNetworkSignalStrengthWakeupPermission(int pid, int uid) {
+        return checkAnyPermissionOf(pid, uid,
+                android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SIGNAL_STRENGTH_WAKEUP,
+                NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK,
+                android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS);
+    }
+
+    private void enforceConnectivityRestrictedNetworksPermission() {
+        try {
+            mContext.enforceCallingOrSelfPermission(
+                    android.Manifest.permission.CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS,
+                    "ConnectivityService");
+            return;
+        } catch (SecurityException e) { /* fallback to ConnectivityInternalPermission */ }
+        //  TODO: Remove this fallback check after all apps have declared
+        //   CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS.
+        mContext.enforceCallingOrSelfPermission(
+                android.Manifest.permission.CONNECTIVITY_INTERNAL,
+                "ConnectivityService");
+    }
+
+    private void enforceKeepalivePermission() {
+        mContext.enforceCallingOrSelfPermission(KeepaliveTracker.PERMISSION, "ConnectivityService");
+    }
+
+    private boolean checkLocalMacAddressPermission(int pid, int uid) {
+        return PERMISSION_GRANTED == mContext.checkPermission(
+                Manifest.permission.LOCAL_MAC_ADDRESS, pid, uid);
+    }
+
+    private void sendConnectedBroadcast(NetworkInfo info) {
+        sendGeneralBroadcast(info, CONNECTIVITY_ACTION);
+    }
+
+    private void sendInetConditionBroadcast(NetworkInfo info) {
+        sendGeneralBroadcast(info, ConnectivityManager.INET_CONDITION_ACTION);
+    }
+
+    private Intent makeGeneralIntent(NetworkInfo info, String bcastType) {
+        Intent intent = new Intent(bcastType);
+        intent.putExtra(ConnectivityManager.EXTRA_NETWORK_INFO, new NetworkInfo(info));
+        intent.putExtra(ConnectivityManager.EXTRA_NETWORK_TYPE, info.getType());
+        if (info.isFailover()) {
+            intent.putExtra(ConnectivityManager.EXTRA_IS_FAILOVER, true);
+            info.setFailover(false);
+        }
+        if (info.getReason() != null) {
+            intent.putExtra(ConnectivityManager.EXTRA_REASON, info.getReason());
+        }
+        if (info.getExtraInfo() != null) {
+            intent.putExtra(ConnectivityManager.EXTRA_EXTRA_INFO,
+                    info.getExtraInfo());
+        }
+        intent.putExtra(ConnectivityManager.EXTRA_INET_CONDITION, mDefaultInetConditionPublished);
+        return intent;
+    }
+
+    private void sendGeneralBroadcast(NetworkInfo info, String bcastType) {
+        sendStickyBroadcast(makeGeneralIntent(info, bcastType));
+    }
+
+    private void sendStickyBroadcast(Intent intent) {
+        synchronized (this) {
+            if (!mSystemReady
+                    && intent.getAction().equals(ConnectivityManager.CONNECTIVITY_ACTION)) {
+                mInitialBroadcast = new Intent(intent);
+            }
+            intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_RECEIVER_REGISTERED_ONLY_BEFORE_BOOT);
+            if (VDBG) {
+                log("sendStickyBroadcast: action=" + intent.getAction());
+            }
+
+            Bundle options = null;
+            final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
+            if (ConnectivityManager.CONNECTIVITY_ACTION.equals(intent.getAction())) {
+                final NetworkInfo ni = intent.getParcelableExtra(
+                        ConnectivityManager.EXTRA_NETWORK_INFO);
+                final BroadcastOptions opts = BroadcastOptions.makeBasic();
+                opts.setMaxManifestReceiverApiLevel(Build.VERSION_CODES.M);
+                options = opts.toBundle();
+                intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_RECEIVER_VISIBLE_TO_INSTANT_APPS);
+            }
+            try {
+                mUserAllContext.sendStickyBroadcast(intent, options);
+            } finally {
+                Binder.restoreCallingIdentity(ident);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Called by SystemServer through ConnectivityManager when the system is ready.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void systemReady() {
+        if (mDeps.getCallingUid() != Process.SYSTEM_UID) {
+            throw new SecurityException("Calling Uid is not system uid.");
+        }
+        systemReadyInternal();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Called when ConnectivityService can initialize remaining components.
+     */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public void systemReadyInternal() {
+        // Since mApps in PermissionMonitor needs to be populated first to ensure that
+        // listening network request which is sent by MultipathPolicyTracker won't be added
+        // NET_CAPABILITY_FOREGROUND capability. Thus, MultipathPolicyTracker.start() must
+        // be called after PermissionMonitor#startMonitoring().
+        // Calling PermissionMonitor#startMonitoring() in systemReadyInternal() and the
+        // MultipathPolicyTracker.start() is called in NetworkPolicyManagerService#systemReady()
+        // to ensure the tracking will be initialized correctly.
+        mPermissionMonitor.startMonitoring();
+        mProxyTracker.loadGlobalProxy();
+        registerDnsResolverUnsolicitedEventListener();
+
+        synchronized (this) {
+            mSystemReady = true;
+            if (mInitialBroadcast != null) {
+                mContext.sendStickyBroadcastAsUser(mInitialBroadcast, UserHandle.ALL);
+                mInitialBroadcast = null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Create network requests for always-on networks.
+        mHandler.sendMessage(mHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_CONFIGURE_ALWAYS_ON_NETWORKS));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Start listening for default data network activity state changes.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void registerNetworkActivityListener(@NonNull INetworkActivityListener l) {
+        mNetworkActivityTracker.registerNetworkActivityListener(l);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Stop listening for default data network activity state changes.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void unregisterNetworkActivityListener(@NonNull INetworkActivityListener l) {
+        mNetworkActivityTracker.unregisterNetworkActivityListener(l);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check whether the default network radio is currently active.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public boolean isDefaultNetworkActive() {
+        return mNetworkActivityTracker.isDefaultNetworkActive();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads the network specific MTU size from resources.
+     * and set it on it's iface.
+     */
+    private void updateMtu(LinkProperties newLp, LinkProperties oldLp) {
+        final String iface = newLp.getInterfaceName();
+        final int mtu = newLp.getMtu();
+        if (oldLp == null && mtu == 0) {
+            // Silently ignore unset MTU value.
+            return;
+        }
+        if (oldLp != null && newLp.isIdenticalMtu(oldLp)) {
+            if (VDBG) log("identical MTU - not setting");
+            return;
+        }
+        if (!LinkProperties.isValidMtu(mtu, newLp.hasGlobalIpv6Address())) {
+            if (mtu != 0) loge("Unexpected mtu value: " + mtu + ", " + iface);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Cannot set MTU without interface name
+        if (TextUtils.isEmpty(iface)) {
+            loge("Setting MTU size with null iface.");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        try {
+            if (VDBG || DDBG) log("Setting MTU size: " + iface + ", " + mtu);
+            mNetd.interfaceSetMtu(iface, mtu);
+        } catch (RemoteException | ServiceSpecificException e) {
+            loge("exception in interfaceSetMtu()" + e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    protected static final String DEFAULT_TCP_BUFFER_SIZES = "4096,87380,110208,4096,16384,110208";
+
+    private void updateTcpBufferSizes(String tcpBufferSizes) {
+        String[] values = null;
+        if (tcpBufferSizes != null) {
+            values = tcpBufferSizes.split(",");
+        }
+
+        if (values == null || values.length != 6) {
+            if (DBG) log("Invalid tcpBufferSizes string: " + tcpBufferSizes +", using defaults");
+            tcpBufferSizes = DEFAULT_TCP_BUFFER_SIZES;
+            values = tcpBufferSizes.split(",");
+        }
+
+        if (tcpBufferSizes.equals(mCurrentTcpBufferSizes)) return;
+
+        try {
+            if (VDBG || DDBG) log("Setting tx/rx TCP buffers to " + tcpBufferSizes);
+
+            String rmemValues = String.join(" ", values[0], values[1], values[2]);
+            String wmemValues = String.join(" ", values[3], values[4], values[5]);
+            mNetd.setTcpRWmemorySize(rmemValues, wmemValues);
+            mCurrentTcpBufferSizes = tcpBufferSizes;
+        } catch (RemoteException | ServiceSpecificException e) {
+            loge("Can't set TCP buffer sizes:" + e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getRestoreDefaultNetworkDelay(int networkType) {
+        String restoreDefaultNetworkDelayStr = mSystemProperties.get(
+                NETWORK_RESTORE_DELAY_PROP_NAME);
+        if(restoreDefaultNetworkDelayStr != null &&
+                restoreDefaultNetworkDelayStr.length() != 0) {
+            try {
+                return Integer.parseInt(restoreDefaultNetworkDelayStr);
+            } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
+            }
+        }
+        // if the system property isn't set, use the value for the apn type
+        int ret = RESTORE_DEFAULT_NETWORK_DELAY;
+
+        if (mLegacyTypeTracker.isTypeSupported(networkType)) {
+            ret = mLegacyTypeTracker.getRestoreTimerForType(networkType);
+        }
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    private void dumpNetworkDiagnostics(IndentingPrintWriter pw) {
+        final List<NetworkDiagnostics> netDiags = new ArrayList<NetworkDiagnostics>();
+        final long DIAG_TIME_MS = 5000;
+        for (NetworkAgentInfo nai : networksSortedById()) {
+            PrivateDnsConfig privateDnsCfg = mDnsManager.getPrivateDnsConfig(nai.network);
+            // Start gathering diagnostic information.
+            netDiags.add(new NetworkDiagnostics(
+                    nai.network,
+                    new LinkProperties(nai.linkProperties),  // Must be a copy.
+                    privateDnsCfg,
+                    DIAG_TIME_MS));
+        }
+
+        for (NetworkDiagnostics netDiag : netDiags) {
+            pw.println();
+            netDiag.waitForMeasurements();
+            netDiag.dump(pw);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void dump(@NonNull FileDescriptor fd, @NonNull PrintWriter writer,
+            @Nullable String[] args) {
+        if (!checkDumpPermission(mContext, TAG, writer)) return;
+
+        mPriorityDumper.dump(fd, writer, args);
+    }
+
+    private boolean checkDumpPermission(Context context, String tag, PrintWriter pw) {
+        if (context.checkCallingOrSelfPermission(android.Manifest.permission.DUMP)
+                != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
+            pw.println("Permission Denial: can't dump " + tag + " from from pid="
+                    + Binder.getCallingPid() + ", uid=" + mDeps.getCallingUid()
+                    + " due to missing android.permission.DUMP permission");
+            return false;
+        } else {
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void doDump(FileDescriptor fd, PrintWriter writer, String[] args) {
+        final IndentingPrintWriter pw = new IndentingPrintWriter(writer, "  ");
+
+        if (CollectionUtils.contains(args, DIAG_ARG)) {
+            dumpNetworkDiagnostics(pw);
+            return;
+        } else if (CollectionUtils.contains(args, NETWORK_ARG)) {
+            dumpNetworks(pw);
+            return;
+        } else if (CollectionUtils.contains(args, REQUEST_ARG)) {
+            dumpNetworkRequests(pw);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        pw.print("NetworkProviders for:");
+        for (NetworkProviderInfo npi : mNetworkProviderInfos.values()) {
+            pw.print(" " + npi.name);
+        }
+        pw.println();
+        pw.println();
+
+        final NetworkAgentInfo defaultNai = getDefaultNetwork();
+        pw.print("Active default network: ");
+        if (defaultNai == null) {
+            pw.println("none");
+        } else {
+            pw.println(defaultNai.network.getNetId());
+        }
+        pw.println();
+
+        pw.print("Current per-app default networks: ");
+        pw.increaseIndent();
+        dumpPerAppNetworkPreferences(pw);
+        pw.decreaseIndent();
+        pw.println();
+
+        pw.println("Current Networks:");
+        pw.increaseIndent();
+        dumpNetworks(pw);
+        pw.decreaseIndent();
+        pw.println();
+
+        pw.println("Status for known UIDs:");
+        pw.increaseIndent();
+        final int size = mUidBlockedReasons.size();
+        for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+            // Don't crash if the array is modified while dumping in bugreports.
+            try {
+                final int uid = mUidBlockedReasons.keyAt(i);
+                final int blockedReasons = mUidBlockedReasons.valueAt(i);
+                pw.println("UID=" + uid + " blockedReasons="
+                        + Integer.toHexString(blockedReasons));
+            } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+                pw.println("  ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException");
+            } catch (ConcurrentModificationException e) {
+                pw.println("  ConcurrentModificationException");
+            }
+        }
+        pw.println();
+        pw.decreaseIndent();
+
+        pw.println("Network Requests:");
+        pw.increaseIndent();
+        dumpNetworkRequests(pw);
+        pw.decreaseIndent();
+        pw.println();
+
+        mLegacyTypeTracker.dump(pw);
+
+        pw.println();
+        mKeepaliveTracker.dump(pw);
+
+        pw.println();
+        dumpAvoidBadWifiSettings(pw);
+
+        pw.println();
+
+        if (!CollectionUtils.contains(args, SHORT_ARG)) {
+            pw.println();
+            pw.println("mNetworkRequestInfoLogs (most recent first):");
+            pw.increaseIndent();
+            mNetworkRequestInfoLogs.reverseDump(pw);
+            pw.decreaseIndent();
+
+            pw.println();
+            pw.println("mNetworkInfoBlockingLogs (most recent first):");
+            pw.increaseIndent();
+            mNetworkInfoBlockingLogs.reverseDump(pw);
+            pw.decreaseIndent();
+
+            pw.println();
+            pw.println("NetTransition WakeLock activity (most recent first):");
+            pw.increaseIndent();
+            pw.println("total acquisitions: " + mTotalWakelockAcquisitions);
+            pw.println("total releases: " + mTotalWakelockReleases);
+            pw.println("cumulative duration: " + (mTotalWakelockDurationMs / 1000) + "s");
+            pw.println("longest duration: " + (mMaxWakelockDurationMs / 1000) + "s");
+            if (mTotalWakelockAcquisitions > mTotalWakelockReleases) {
+                long duration = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime() - mLastWakeLockAcquireTimestamp;
+                pw.println("currently holding WakeLock for: " + (duration / 1000) + "s");
+            }
+            mWakelockLogs.reverseDump(pw);
+
+            pw.println();
+            pw.println("bandwidth update requests (by uid):");
+            pw.increaseIndent();
+            synchronized (mBandwidthRequests) {
+                for (int i = 0; i < mBandwidthRequests.size(); i++) {
+                    pw.println("[" + mBandwidthRequests.keyAt(i)
+                            + "]: " + mBandwidthRequests.valueAt(i));
+                }
+            }
+            pw.decreaseIndent();
+            pw.decreaseIndent();
+
+            pw.println();
+            pw.println("mOemNetworkPreferencesLogs (most recent first):");
+            pw.increaseIndent();
+            mOemNetworkPreferencesLogs.reverseDump(pw);
+            pw.decreaseIndent();
+        }
+
+        pw.println();
+
+        pw.println();
+        pw.println("Permission Monitor:");
+        pw.increaseIndent();
+        mPermissionMonitor.dump(pw);
+        pw.decreaseIndent();
+
+        pw.println();
+        pw.println("Legacy network activity:");
+        pw.increaseIndent();
+        mNetworkActivityTracker.dump(pw);
+        pw.decreaseIndent();
+    }
+
+    private void dumpNetworks(IndentingPrintWriter pw) {
+        for (NetworkAgentInfo nai : networksSortedById()) {
+            pw.println(nai.toString());
+            pw.increaseIndent();
+            pw.println(String.format(
+                    "Requests: REQUEST:%d LISTEN:%d BACKGROUND_REQUEST:%d total:%d",
+                    nai.numForegroundNetworkRequests(),
+                    nai.numNetworkRequests() - nai.numRequestNetworkRequests(),
+                    nai.numBackgroundNetworkRequests(),
+                    nai.numNetworkRequests()));
+            pw.increaseIndent();
+            for (int i = 0; i < nai.numNetworkRequests(); i++) {
+                pw.println(nai.requestAt(i).toString());
+            }
+            pw.decreaseIndent();
+            pw.println("Inactivity Timers:");
+            pw.increaseIndent();
+            nai.dumpInactivityTimers(pw);
+            pw.decreaseIndent();
+            pw.decreaseIndent();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void dumpPerAppNetworkPreferences(IndentingPrintWriter pw) {
+        pw.println("Per-App Network Preference:");
+        pw.increaseIndent();
+        if (0 == mOemNetworkPreferences.getNetworkPreferences().size()) {
+            pw.println("none");
+        } else {
+            pw.println(mOemNetworkPreferences.toString());
+        }
+        pw.decreaseIndent();
+
+        for (final NetworkRequestInfo defaultRequest : mDefaultNetworkRequests) {
+            if (mDefaultRequest == defaultRequest) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            final boolean isActive = null != defaultRequest.getSatisfier();
+            pw.println("Is per-app network active:");
+            pw.increaseIndent();
+            pw.println(isActive);
+            if (isActive) {
+                pw.println("Active network: " + defaultRequest.getSatisfier().network.netId);
+            }
+            pw.println("Tracked UIDs:");
+            pw.increaseIndent();
+            if (0 == defaultRequest.mRequests.size()) {
+                pw.println("none, this should never occur.");
+            } else {
+                pw.println(defaultRequest.mRequests.get(0).networkCapabilities.getUidRanges());
+            }
+            pw.decreaseIndent();
+            pw.decreaseIndent();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void dumpNetworkRequests(IndentingPrintWriter pw) {
+        for (NetworkRequestInfo nri : requestsSortedById()) {
+            pw.println(nri.toString());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return an array of all current NetworkAgentInfos sorted by network id.
+     */
+    private NetworkAgentInfo[] networksSortedById() {
+        NetworkAgentInfo[] networks = new NetworkAgentInfo[0];
+        networks = mNetworkAgentInfos.toArray(networks);
+        Arrays.sort(networks, Comparator.comparingInt(nai -> nai.network.getNetId()));
+        return networks;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return an array of all current NetworkRequest sorted by request id.
+     */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    NetworkRequestInfo[] requestsSortedById() {
+        NetworkRequestInfo[] requests = new NetworkRequestInfo[0];
+        requests = getNrisFromGlobalRequests().toArray(requests);
+        // Sort the array based off the NRI containing the min requestId in its requests.
+        Arrays.sort(requests,
+                Comparator.comparingInt(nri -> Collections.min(nri.mRequests,
+                        Comparator.comparingInt(req -> req.requestId)).requestId
+                )
+        );
+        return requests;
+    }
+
+    private boolean isLiveNetworkAgent(NetworkAgentInfo nai, int what) {
+        final NetworkAgentInfo officialNai = getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(nai.network);
+        if (officialNai != null && officialNai.equals(nai)) return true;
+        if (officialNai != null || VDBG) {
+            loge(eventName(what) + " - isLiveNetworkAgent found mismatched netId: " + officialNai +
+                " - " + nai);
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // must be stateless - things change under us.
+    private class NetworkStateTrackerHandler extends Handler {
+        public NetworkStateTrackerHandler(Looper looper) {
+            super(looper);
+        }
+
+        private void maybeHandleNetworkAgentMessage(Message msg) {
+            final Pair<NetworkAgentInfo, Object> arg = (Pair<NetworkAgentInfo, Object>) msg.obj;
+            final NetworkAgentInfo nai = arg.first;
+            if (!mNetworkAgentInfos.contains(nai)) {
+                if (VDBG) {
+                    log(String.format("%s from unknown NetworkAgent", eventName(msg.what)));
+                }
+                return;
+            }
+
+            switch (msg.what) {
+                case NetworkAgent.EVENT_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES_CHANGED: {
+                    NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities = (NetworkCapabilities) arg.second;
+                    if (networkCapabilities.hasConnectivityManagedCapability()) {
+                        Log.wtf(TAG, "BUG: " + nai + " has CS-managed capability.");
+                    }
+                    if (networkCapabilities.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_TEST)) {
+                        // Make sure the original object is not mutated. NetworkAgent normally
+                        // makes a copy of the capabilities when sending the message through
+                        // the Messenger, but if this ever changes, not making a defensive copy
+                        // here will give attack vectors to clients using this code path.
+                        networkCapabilities = new NetworkCapabilities(networkCapabilities);
+                        networkCapabilities.restrictCapabilitesForTestNetwork(nai.creatorUid);
+                    }
+                    processCapabilitiesFromAgent(nai, networkCapabilities);
+                    updateCapabilities(nai.getCurrentScore(), nai, networkCapabilities);
+                    break;
+                }
+                case NetworkAgent.EVENT_NETWORK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED: {
+                    LinkProperties newLp = (LinkProperties) arg.second;
+                    processLinkPropertiesFromAgent(nai, newLp);
+                    handleUpdateLinkProperties(nai, newLp);
+                    break;
+                }
+                case NetworkAgent.EVENT_NETWORK_INFO_CHANGED: {
+                    NetworkInfo info = (NetworkInfo) arg.second;
+                    updateNetworkInfo(nai, info);
+                    break;
+                }
+                case NetworkAgent.EVENT_NETWORK_SCORE_CHANGED: {
+                    updateNetworkScore(nai, (NetworkScore) arg.second);
+                    break;
+                }
+                case NetworkAgent.EVENT_SET_EXPLICITLY_SELECTED: {
+                    if (nai.everConnected) {
+                        loge("ERROR: cannot call explicitlySelected on already-connected network");
+                        // Note that if the NAI had been connected, this would affect the
+                        // score, and therefore would require re-mixing the score and performing
+                        // a rematch.
+                    }
+                    nai.networkAgentConfig.explicitlySelected = toBool(msg.arg1);
+                    nai.networkAgentConfig.acceptUnvalidated = toBool(msg.arg1) && toBool(msg.arg2);
+                    // Mark the network as temporarily accepting partial connectivity so that it
+                    // will be validated (and possibly become default) even if it only provides
+                    // partial internet access. Note that if user connects to partial connectivity
+                    // and choose "don't ask again", then wifi disconnected by some reasons(maybe
+                    // out of wifi coverage) and if the same wifi is available again, the device
+                    // will auto connect to this wifi even though the wifi has "no internet".
+                    // TODO: Evaluate using a separate setting in IpMemoryStore.
+                    nai.networkAgentConfig.acceptPartialConnectivity = toBool(msg.arg2);
+                    break;
+                }
+                case NetworkAgent.EVENT_SOCKET_KEEPALIVE: {
+                    mKeepaliveTracker.handleEventSocketKeepalive(nai, msg.arg1, msg.arg2);
+                    break;
+                }
+                case NetworkAgent.EVENT_UNDERLYING_NETWORKS_CHANGED: {
+                    // TODO: prevent loops, e.g., if a network declares itself as underlying.
+                    if (!nai.supportsUnderlyingNetworks()) {
+                        Log.wtf(TAG, "Non-virtual networks cannot have underlying networks");
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    final List<Network> underlying = (List<Network>) arg.second;
+
+                    if (isLegacyLockdownNai(nai)
+                            && (underlying == null || underlying.size() != 1)) {
+                        Log.wtf(TAG, "Legacy lockdown VPN " + nai.toShortString()
+                                + " must have exactly one underlying network: " + underlying);
+                    }
+
+                    final Network[] oldUnderlying = nai.declaredUnderlyingNetworks;
+                    nai.declaredUnderlyingNetworks = (underlying != null)
+                            ? underlying.toArray(new Network[0]) : null;
+
+                    if (!Arrays.equals(oldUnderlying, nai.declaredUnderlyingNetworks)) {
+                        if (DBG) {
+                            log(nai.toShortString() + " changed underlying networks to "
+                                    + Arrays.toString(nai.declaredUnderlyingNetworks));
+                        }
+                        updateCapabilitiesForNetwork(nai);
+                        notifyIfacesChangedForNetworkStats();
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+                case NetworkAgent.EVENT_TEARDOWN_DELAY_CHANGED: {
+                    if (msg.arg1 >= 0 && msg.arg1 <= NetworkAgent.MAX_TEARDOWN_DELAY_MS) {
+                        nai.teardownDelayMs = msg.arg1;
+                    } else {
+                        logwtf(nai.toShortString() + " set invalid teardown delay " + msg.arg1);
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+                case NetworkAgent.EVENT_LINGER_DURATION_CHANGED: {
+                    nai.setLingerDuration((int) arg.second);
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private boolean maybeHandleNetworkMonitorMessage(Message msg) {
+            switch (msg.what) {
+                default:
+                    return false;
+                case EVENT_PROBE_STATUS_CHANGED: {
+                    final Integer netId = (Integer) msg.obj;
+                    final NetworkAgentInfo nai = getNetworkAgentInfoForNetId(netId);
+                    if (nai == null) {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    final boolean probePrivateDnsCompleted =
+                            ((msg.arg1 & NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_PRIVDNS) != 0);
+                    final boolean privateDnsBroken =
+                            ((msg.arg2 & NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_PRIVDNS) == 0);
+                    if (probePrivateDnsCompleted) {
+                        if (nai.networkCapabilities.isPrivateDnsBroken() != privateDnsBroken) {
+                            nai.networkCapabilities.setPrivateDnsBroken(privateDnsBroken);
+                            updateCapabilitiesForNetwork(nai);
+                        }
+                        // Only show the notification when the private DNS is broken and the
+                        // PRIVATE_DNS_BROKEN notification hasn't shown since last valid.
+                        if (privateDnsBroken && !nai.networkAgentConfig.hasShownBroken) {
+                            showNetworkNotification(nai, NotificationType.PRIVATE_DNS_BROKEN);
+                        }
+                        nai.networkAgentConfig.hasShownBroken = privateDnsBroken;
+                    } else if (nai.networkCapabilities.isPrivateDnsBroken()) {
+                        // If probePrivateDnsCompleted is false but nai.networkCapabilities says
+                        // private DNS is broken, it means this network is being reevaluated.
+                        // Either probing private DNS is not necessary any more or it hasn't been
+                        // done yet. In either case, the networkCapabilities should be updated to
+                        // reflect the new status.
+                        nai.networkCapabilities.setPrivateDnsBroken(false);
+                        updateCapabilitiesForNetwork(nai);
+                        nai.networkAgentConfig.hasShownBroken = false;
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+                case EVENT_NETWORK_TESTED: {
+                    final NetworkTestedResults results = (NetworkTestedResults) msg.obj;
+
+                    final NetworkAgentInfo nai = getNetworkAgentInfoForNetId(results.mNetId);
+                    if (nai == null) break;
+
+                    handleNetworkTested(nai, results.mTestResult,
+                            (results.mRedirectUrl == null) ? "" : results.mRedirectUrl);
+                    break;
+                }
+                case EVENT_PROVISIONING_NOTIFICATION: {
+                    final int netId = msg.arg2;
+                    final boolean visible = toBool(msg.arg1);
+                    final NetworkAgentInfo nai = getNetworkAgentInfoForNetId(netId);
+                    // If captive portal status has changed, update capabilities or disconnect.
+                    if (nai != null && (visible != nai.lastCaptivePortalDetected)) {
+                        nai.lastCaptivePortalDetected = visible;
+                        nai.everCaptivePortalDetected |= visible;
+                        if (nai.lastCaptivePortalDetected &&
+                                ConnectivitySettingsManager.CAPTIVE_PORTAL_MODE_AVOID
+                                        == getCaptivePortalMode()) {
+                            if (DBG) log("Avoiding captive portal network: " + nai.toShortString());
+                            nai.onPreventAutomaticReconnect();
+                            teardownUnneededNetwork(nai);
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        updateCapabilitiesForNetwork(nai);
+                    }
+                    if (!visible) {
+                        // Only clear SIGN_IN and NETWORK_SWITCH notifications here, or else other
+                        // notifications belong to the same network may be cleared unexpectedly.
+                        mNotifier.clearNotification(netId, NotificationType.SIGN_IN);
+                        mNotifier.clearNotification(netId, NotificationType.NETWORK_SWITCH);
+                    } else {
+                        if (nai == null) {
+                            loge("EVENT_PROVISIONING_NOTIFICATION from unknown NetworkMonitor");
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        if (!nai.networkAgentConfig.provisioningNotificationDisabled) {
+                            mNotifier.showNotification(netId, NotificationType.SIGN_IN, nai, null,
+                                    (PendingIntent) msg.obj,
+                                    nai.networkAgentConfig.explicitlySelected);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+                case EVENT_PRIVATE_DNS_CONFIG_RESOLVED: {
+                    final NetworkAgentInfo nai = getNetworkAgentInfoForNetId(msg.arg2);
+                    if (nai == null) break;
+
+                    updatePrivateDns(nai, (PrivateDnsConfig) msg.obj);
+                    break;
+                }
+                case EVENT_CAPPORT_DATA_CHANGED: {
+                    final NetworkAgentInfo nai = getNetworkAgentInfoForNetId(msg.arg2);
+                    if (nai == null) break;
+                    handleCapportApiDataUpdate(nai, (CaptivePortalData) msg.obj);
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        private void handleNetworkTested(
+                @NonNull NetworkAgentInfo nai, int testResult, @NonNull String redirectUrl) {
+            final boolean wasPartial = nai.partialConnectivity;
+            nai.partialConnectivity = ((testResult & NETWORK_VALIDATION_RESULT_PARTIAL) != 0);
+            final boolean partialConnectivityChanged =
+                    (wasPartial != nai.partialConnectivity);
+
+            final boolean valid = ((testResult & NETWORK_VALIDATION_RESULT_VALID) != 0);
+            final boolean wasValidated = nai.lastValidated;
+            final boolean wasDefault = isDefaultNetwork(nai);
+
+            if (DBG) {
+                final String logMsg = !TextUtils.isEmpty(redirectUrl)
+                        ? " with redirect to " + redirectUrl
+                        : "";
+                log(nai.toShortString() + " validation " + (valid ? "passed" : "failed") + logMsg);
+            }
+            if (valid != nai.lastValidated) {
+                final int oldScore = nai.getCurrentScore();
+                nai.lastValidated = valid;
+                nai.everValidated |= valid;
+                updateCapabilities(oldScore, nai, nai.networkCapabilities);
+                if (valid) {
+                    handleFreshlyValidatedNetwork(nai);
+                    // Clear NO_INTERNET, PRIVATE_DNS_BROKEN, PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY and
+                    // LOST_INTERNET notifications if network becomes valid.
+                    mNotifier.clearNotification(nai.network.getNetId(),
+                            NotificationType.NO_INTERNET);
+                    mNotifier.clearNotification(nai.network.getNetId(),
+                            NotificationType.LOST_INTERNET);
+                    mNotifier.clearNotification(nai.network.getNetId(),
+                            NotificationType.PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY);
+                    mNotifier.clearNotification(nai.network.getNetId(),
+                            NotificationType.PRIVATE_DNS_BROKEN);
+                    // If network becomes valid, the hasShownBroken should be reset for
+                    // that network so that the notification will be fired when the private
+                    // DNS is broken again.
+                    nai.networkAgentConfig.hasShownBroken = false;
+                }
+            } else if (partialConnectivityChanged) {
+                updateCapabilitiesForNetwork(nai);
+            }
+            updateInetCondition(nai);
+            // Let the NetworkAgent know the state of its network
+            // TODO: Evaluate to update partial connectivity to status to NetworkAgent.
+            nai.onValidationStatusChanged(
+                    valid ? NetworkAgent.VALID_NETWORK : NetworkAgent.INVALID_NETWORK,
+                    redirectUrl);
+
+            // If NetworkMonitor detects partial connectivity before
+            // EVENT_PROMPT_UNVALIDATED arrives, show the partial connectivity notification
+            // immediately. Re-notify partial connectivity silently if no internet
+            // notification already there.
+            if (!wasPartial && nai.partialConnectivity) {
+                // Remove delayed message if there is a pending message.
+                mHandler.removeMessages(EVENT_PROMPT_UNVALIDATED, nai.network);
+                handlePromptUnvalidated(nai.network);
+            }
+
+            if (wasValidated && !nai.lastValidated) {
+                handleNetworkUnvalidated(nai);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private int getCaptivePortalMode() {
+            return Settings.Global.getInt(mContext.getContentResolver(),
+                    ConnectivitySettingsManager.CAPTIVE_PORTAL_MODE,
+                    ConnectivitySettingsManager.CAPTIVE_PORTAL_MODE_PROMPT);
+        }
+
+        private boolean maybeHandleNetworkAgentInfoMessage(Message msg) {
+            switch (msg.what) {
+                default:
+                    return false;
+                case NetworkAgentInfo.EVENT_NETWORK_LINGER_COMPLETE: {
+                    NetworkAgentInfo nai = (NetworkAgentInfo) msg.obj;
+                    if (nai != null && isLiveNetworkAgent(nai, msg.what)) {
+                        handleLingerComplete(nai);
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+                case NetworkAgentInfo.EVENT_AGENT_REGISTERED: {
+                    handleNetworkAgentRegistered(msg);
+                    break;
+                }
+                case NetworkAgentInfo.EVENT_AGENT_DISCONNECTED: {
+                    handleNetworkAgentDisconnected(msg);
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
+            if (!maybeHandleNetworkMonitorMessage(msg)
+                    && !maybeHandleNetworkAgentInfoMessage(msg)) {
+                maybeHandleNetworkAgentMessage(msg);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private class NetworkMonitorCallbacks extends INetworkMonitorCallbacks.Stub {
+        private final int mNetId;
+        private final AutodestructReference<NetworkAgentInfo> mNai;
+
+        private NetworkMonitorCallbacks(NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
+            mNetId = nai.network.getNetId();
+            mNai = new AutodestructReference<>(nai);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onNetworkMonitorCreated(INetworkMonitor networkMonitor) {
+            mHandler.sendMessage(mHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_REGISTER_NETWORK_AGENT,
+                    new Pair<>(mNai.getAndDestroy(), networkMonitor)));
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void notifyNetworkTested(int testResult, @Nullable String redirectUrl) {
+            // Legacy version of notifyNetworkTestedWithExtras.
+            // Would only be called if the system has a NetworkStack module older than the
+            // framework, which does not happen in practice.
+            Log.wtf(TAG, "Deprecated notifyNetworkTested called: no action taken");
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void notifyNetworkTestedWithExtras(NetworkTestResultParcelable p) {
+            // Notify mTrackerHandler and mConnectivityDiagnosticsHandler of the event. Both use
+            // the same looper so messages will be processed in sequence.
+            final Message msg = mTrackerHandler.obtainMessage(
+                    EVENT_NETWORK_TESTED,
+                    new NetworkTestedResults(
+                            mNetId, p.result, p.timestampMillis, p.redirectUrl));
+            mTrackerHandler.sendMessage(msg);
+
+            // Invoke ConnectivityReport generation for this Network test event.
+            final NetworkAgentInfo nai = getNetworkAgentInfoForNetId(mNetId);
+            if (nai == null) return;
+
+            final PersistableBundle extras = new PersistableBundle();
+            extras.putInt(KEY_NETWORK_VALIDATION_RESULT, p.result);
+            extras.putInt(KEY_NETWORK_PROBES_SUCCEEDED_BITMASK, p.probesSucceeded);
+            extras.putInt(KEY_NETWORK_PROBES_ATTEMPTED_BITMASK, p.probesAttempted);
+
+            ConnectivityReportEvent reportEvent =
+                    new ConnectivityReportEvent(p.timestampMillis, nai, extras);
+            final Message m = mConnectivityDiagnosticsHandler.obtainMessage(
+                    ConnectivityDiagnosticsHandler.EVENT_NETWORK_TESTED, reportEvent);
+            mConnectivityDiagnosticsHandler.sendMessage(m);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void notifyPrivateDnsConfigResolved(PrivateDnsConfigParcel config) {
+            mTrackerHandler.sendMessage(mTrackerHandler.obtainMessage(
+                    EVENT_PRIVATE_DNS_CONFIG_RESOLVED,
+                    0, mNetId, PrivateDnsConfig.fromParcel(config)));
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void notifyProbeStatusChanged(int probesCompleted, int probesSucceeded) {
+            mTrackerHandler.sendMessage(mTrackerHandler.obtainMessage(
+                    EVENT_PROBE_STATUS_CHANGED,
+                    probesCompleted, probesSucceeded, new Integer(mNetId)));
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void notifyCaptivePortalDataChanged(CaptivePortalData data) {
+            mTrackerHandler.sendMessage(mTrackerHandler.obtainMessage(
+                    EVENT_CAPPORT_DATA_CHANGED,
+                    0, mNetId, data));
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void showProvisioningNotification(String action, String packageName) {
+            final Intent intent = new Intent(action);
+            intent.setPackage(packageName);
+
+            final PendingIntent pendingIntent;
+            // Only the system server can register notifications with package "android"
+            final long token = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
+            try {
+                pendingIntent = PendingIntent.getBroadcast(
+                        mContext,
+                        0 /* requestCode */,
+                        intent,
+                        PendingIntent.FLAG_IMMUTABLE);
+            } finally {
+                Binder.restoreCallingIdentity(token);
+            }
+            mTrackerHandler.sendMessage(mTrackerHandler.obtainMessage(
+                    EVENT_PROVISIONING_NOTIFICATION, PROVISIONING_NOTIFICATION_SHOW,
+                    mNetId, pendingIntent));
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void hideProvisioningNotification() {
+            mTrackerHandler.sendMessage(mTrackerHandler.obtainMessage(
+                    EVENT_PROVISIONING_NOTIFICATION, PROVISIONING_NOTIFICATION_HIDE, mNetId));
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void notifyDataStallSuspected(DataStallReportParcelable p) {
+            ConnectivityService.this.notifyDataStallSuspected(p, mNetId);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int getInterfaceVersion() {
+            return this.VERSION;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String getInterfaceHash() {
+            return this.HASH;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void notifyDataStallSuspected(DataStallReportParcelable p, int netId) {
+        log("Data stall detected with methods: " + p.detectionMethod);
+
+        final PersistableBundle extras = new PersistableBundle();
+        int detectionMethod = 0;
+        if (hasDataStallDetectionMethod(p, DETECTION_METHOD_DNS_EVENTS)) {
+            extras.putInt(KEY_DNS_CONSECUTIVE_TIMEOUTS, p.dnsConsecutiveTimeouts);
+            detectionMethod |= DETECTION_METHOD_DNS_EVENTS;
+        }
+        if (hasDataStallDetectionMethod(p, DETECTION_METHOD_TCP_METRICS)) {
+            extras.putInt(KEY_TCP_PACKET_FAIL_RATE, p.tcpPacketFailRate);
+            extras.putInt(KEY_TCP_METRICS_COLLECTION_PERIOD_MILLIS,
+                    p.tcpMetricsCollectionPeriodMillis);
+            detectionMethod |= DETECTION_METHOD_TCP_METRICS;
+        }
+
+        final Message msg = mConnectivityDiagnosticsHandler.obtainMessage(
+                ConnectivityDiagnosticsHandler.EVENT_DATA_STALL_SUSPECTED, detectionMethod, netId,
+                new Pair<>(p.timestampMillis, extras));
+
+        // NetworkStateTrackerHandler currently doesn't take any actions based on data
+        // stalls so send the message directly to ConnectivityDiagnosticsHandler and avoid
+        // the cost of going through two handlers.
+        mConnectivityDiagnosticsHandler.sendMessage(msg);
+    }
+
+    private boolean hasDataStallDetectionMethod(DataStallReportParcelable p, int detectionMethod) {
+        return (p.detectionMethod & detectionMethod) != 0;
+    }
+
+    private boolean networkRequiresPrivateDnsValidation(NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
+        return isPrivateDnsValidationRequired(nai.networkCapabilities);
+    }
+
+    private void handleFreshlyValidatedNetwork(NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
+        if (nai == null) return;
+        // If the Private DNS mode is opportunistic, reprogram the DNS servers
+        // in order to restart a validation pass from within netd.
+        final PrivateDnsConfig cfg = mDnsManager.getPrivateDnsConfig();
+        if (cfg.useTls && TextUtils.isEmpty(cfg.hostname)) {
+            updateDnses(nai.linkProperties, null, nai.network.getNetId());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void handlePrivateDnsSettingsChanged() {
+        final PrivateDnsConfig cfg = mDnsManager.getPrivateDnsConfig();
+
+        for (NetworkAgentInfo nai : mNetworkAgentInfos) {
+            handlePerNetworkPrivateDnsConfig(nai, cfg);
+            if (networkRequiresPrivateDnsValidation(nai)) {
+                handleUpdateLinkProperties(nai, new LinkProperties(nai.linkProperties));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void handlePerNetworkPrivateDnsConfig(NetworkAgentInfo nai, PrivateDnsConfig cfg) {
+        // Private DNS only ever applies to networks that might provide
+        // Internet access and therefore also require validation.
+        if (!networkRequiresPrivateDnsValidation(nai)) return;
+
+        // Notify the NetworkAgentInfo/NetworkMonitor in case NetworkMonitor needs to cancel or
+        // schedule DNS resolutions. If a DNS resolution is required the
+        // result will be sent back to us.
+        nai.networkMonitor().notifyPrivateDnsChanged(cfg.toParcel());
+
+        // With Private DNS bypass support, we can proceed to update the
+        // Private DNS config immediately, even if we're in strict mode
+        // and have not yet resolved the provider name into a set of IPs.
+        updatePrivateDns(nai, cfg);
+    }
+
+    private void updatePrivateDns(NetworkAgentInfo nai, PrivateDnsConfig newCfg) {
+        mDnsManager.updatePrivateDns(nai.network, newCfg);
+        updateDnses(nai.linkProperties, null, nai.network.getNetId());
+    }
+
+    private void handlePrivateDnsValidationUpdate(PrivateDnsValidationUpdate update) {
+        NetworkAgentInfo nai = getNetworkAgentInfoForNetId(update.netId);
+        if (nai == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        mDnsManager.updatePrivateDnsValidation(update);
+        handleUpdateLinkProperties(nai, new LinkProperties(nai.linkProperties));
+    }
+
+    private void handleNat64PrefixEvent(int netId, int operation, String prefixAddress,
+            int prefixLength) {
+        NetworkAgentInfo nai = mNetworkForNetId.get(netId);
+        if (nai == null) return;
+
+        log(String.format("NAT64 prefix changed on netId %d: operation=%d, %s/%d",
+                netId, operation, prefixAddress, prefixLength));
+
+        IpPrefix prefix = null;
+        if (operation == IDnsResolverUnsolicitedEventListener.PREFIX_OPERATION_ADDED) {
+            try {
+                prefix = new IpPrefix(InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress(prefixAddress),
+                        prefixLength);
+            } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+                loge("Invalid NAT64 prefix " + prefixAddress + "/" + prefixLength);
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        nai.clatd.setNat64PrefixFromDns(prefix);
+        handleUpdateLinkProperties(nai, new LinkProperties(nai.linkProperties));
+    }
+
+    private void handleCapportApiDataUpdate(@NonNull final NetworkAgentInfo nai,
+            @Nullable final CaptivePortalData data) {
+        nai.capportApiData = data;
+        // CaptivePortalData will be merged into LinkProperties from NetworkAgentInfo
+        handleUpdateLinkProperties(nai, new LinkProperties(nai.linkProperties));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Updates the inactivity state from the network requests inside the NAI.
+     * @param nai the agent info to update
+     * @param now the timestamp of the event causing this update
+     * @return whether the network was inactive as a result of this update
+     */
+    private boolean updateInactivityState(@NonNull final NetworkAgentInfo nai, final long now) {
+        // 1. Update the inactivity timer. If it's changed, reschedule or cancel the alarm.
+        // 2. If the network was inactive and there are now requests, unset inactive.
+        // 3. If this network is unneeded (which implies it is not lingering), and there is at least
+        //    one lingered request, set inactive.
+        nai.updateInactivityTimer();
+        if (nai.isInactive() && nai.numForegroundNetworkRequests() > 0) {
+            if (DBG) log("Unsetting inactive " + nai.toShortString());
+            nai.unsetInactive();
+            logNetworkEvent(nai, NetworkEvent.NETWORK_UNLINGER);
+        } else if (unneeded(nai, UnneededFor.LINGER) && nai.getInactivityExpiry() > 0) {
+            if (DBG) {
+                final int lingerTime = (int) (nai.getInactivityExpiry() - now);
+                log("Setting inactive " + nai.toShortString() + " for " + lingerTime + "ms");
+            }
+            nai.setInactive();
+            logNetworkEvent(nai, NetworkEvent.NETWORK_LINGER);
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private void handleNetworkAgentRegistered(Message msg) {
+        final NetworkAgentInfo nai = (NetworkAgentInfo) msg.obj;
+        if (!mNetworkAgentInfos.contains(nai)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (msg.arg1 == NetworkAgentInfo.ARG_AGENT_SUCCESS) {
+            if (VDBG) log("NetworkAgent registered");
+        } else {
+            loge("Error connecting NetworkAgent");
+            mNetworkAgentInfos.remove(nai);
+            if (nai != null) {
+                final boolean wasDefault = isDefaultNetwork(nai);
+                synchronized (mNetworkForNetId) {
+                    mNetworkForNetId.remove(nai.network.getNetId());
+                }
+                mNetIdManager.releaseNetId(nai.network.getNetId());
+                // Just in case.
+                mLegacyTypeTracker.remove(nai, wasDefault);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void handleNetworkAgentDisconnected(Message msg) {
+        NetworkAgentInfo nai = (NetworkAgentInfo) msg.obj;
+        if (mNetworkAgentInfos.contains(nai)) {
+            disconnectAndDestroyNetwork(nai);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Destroys a network, remove references to it from the internal state managed by
+    // ConnectivityService, free its interfaces and clean up.
+    // Must be called on the Handler thread.
+    private void disconnectAndDestroyNetwork(NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
+        ensureRunningOnConnectivityServiceThread();
+        if (DBG) {
+            log(nai.toShortString() + " disconnected, was satisfying " + nai.numNetworkRequests());
+        }
+        // Clear all notifications of this network.
+        mNotifier.clearNotification(nai.network.getNetId());
+        // A network agent has disconnected.
+        // TODO - if we move the logic to the network agent (have them disconnect
+        // because they lost all their requests or because their score isn't good)
+        // then they would disconnect organically, report their new state and then
+        // disconnect the channel.
+        if (nai.networkInfo.isConnected()) {
+            nai.networkInfo.setDetailedState(NetworkInfo.DetailedState.DISCONNECTED,
+                    null, null);
+        }
+        final boolean wasDefault = isDefaultNetwork(nai);
+        if (wasDefault) {
+            mDefaultInetConditionPublished = 0;
+        }
+        notifyIfacesChangedForNetworkStats();
+        // TODO - we shouldn't send CALLBACK_LOST to requests that can be satisfied
+        // by other networks that are already connected. Perhaps that can be done by
+        // sending all CALLBACK_LOST messages (for requests, not listens) at the end
+        // of rematchAllNetworksAndRequests
+        notifyNetworkCallbacks(nai, ConnectivityManager.CALLBACK_LOST);
+        mKeepaliveTracker.handleStopAllKeepalives(nai, SocketKeepalive.ERROR_INVALID_NETWORK);
+
+        mQosCallbackTracker.handleNetworkReleased(nai.network);
+        for (String iface : nai.linkProperties.getAllInterfaceNames()) {
+            // Disable wakeup packet monitoring for each interface.
+            wakeupModifyInterface(iface, nai.networkCapabilities, false);
+        }
+        nai.networkMonitor().notifyNetworkDisconnected();
+        mNetworkAgentInfos.remove(nai);
+        nai.clatd.update();
+        synchronized (mNetworkForNetId) {
+            // Remove the NetworkAgent, but don't mark the netId as
+            // available until we've told netd to delete it below.
+            mNetworkForNetId.remove(nai.network.getNetId());
+        }
+        propagateUnderlyingNetworkCapabilities(nai.network);
+        // Remove all previously satisfied requests.
+        for (int i = 0; i < nai.numNetworkRequests(); i++) {
+            final NetworkRequest request = nai.requestAt(i);
+            final NetworkRequestInfo nri = mNetworkRequests.get(request);
+            final NetworkAgentInfo currentNetwork = nri.getSatisfier();
+            if (currentNetwork != null
+                    && currentNetwork.network.getNetId() == nai.network.getNetId()) {
+                // uid rules for this network will be removed in destroyNativeNetwork(nai).
+                // TODO : setting the satisfier is in fact the job of the rematch. Teach the
+                // rematch not to keep disconnected agents instead of setting it here ; this
+                // will also allow removing updating the offers below.
+                nri.setSatisfier(null, null);
+                for (final NetworkOfferInfo noi : mNetworkOffers) {
+                    informOffer(nri, noi.offer, mNetworkRanker);
+                }
+
+                if (mDefaultRequest == nri) {
+                    // TODO : make battery stats aware that since 2013 multiple interfaces may be
+                    //  active at the same time. For now keep calling this with the default
+                    //  network, because while incorrect this is the closest to the old (also
+                    //  incorrect) behavior.
+                    mNetworkActivityTracker.updateDataActivityTracking(
+                            null /* newNetwork */, nai);
+                    ensureNetworkTransitionWakelock(nai.toShortString());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        nai.clearInactivityState();
+        // TODO: mLegacyTypeTracker.remove seems redundant given there's a full rematch right after.
+        //  Currently, deleting it breaks tests that check for the default network disconnecting.
+        //  Find out why, fix the rematch code, and delete this.
+        mLegacyTypeTracker.remove(nai, wasDefault);
+        rematchAllNetworksAndRequests();
+        mLingerMonitor.noteDisconnect(nai);
+
+        // Immediate teardown.
+        if (nai.teardownDelayMs == 0) {
+            destroyNetwork(nai);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Delayed teardown.
+        try {
+            mNetd.networkSetPermissionForNetwork(nai.network.netId, INetd.PERMISSION_SYSTEM);
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            Log.d(TAG, "Error marking network restricted during teardown: " + e);
+        }
+        mHandler.postDelayed(() -> destroyNetwork(nai), nai.teardownDelayMs);
+    }
+
+    private void destroyNetwork(NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
+        if (nai.created) {
+            // Tell netd to clean up the configuration for this network
+            // (routing rules, DNS, etc).
+            // This may be slow as it requires a lot of netd shelling out to ip and
+            // ip[6]tables to flush routes and remove the incoming packet mark rule, so do it
+            // after we've rematched networks with requests (which might change the default
+            // network or service a new request from an app), so network traffic isn't interrupted
+            // for an unnecessarily long time.
+            destroyNativeNetwork(nai);
+            mDnsManager.removeNetwork(nai.network);
+        }
+        mNetIdManager.releaseNetId(nai.network.getNetId());
+        nai.onNetworkDestroyed();
+    }
+
+    private boolean createNativeNetwork(@NonNull NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
+        try {
+            // This should never fail.  Specifying an already in use NetID will cause failure.
+            final NativeNetworkConfig config;
+            if (nai.isVPN()) {
+                if (getVpnType(nai) == VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_NONE) {
+                    Log.wtf(TAG, "Unable to get VPN type from network " + nai.toShortString());
+                    return false;
+                }
+                config = new NativeNetworkConfig(nai.network.getNetId(), NativeNetworkType.VIRTUAL,
+                        INetd.PERMISSION_NONE,
+                        (nai.networkAgentConfig == null || !nai.networkAgentConfig.allowBypass),
+                        getVpnType(nai));
+            } else {
+                config = new NativeNetworkConfig(nai.network.getNetId(), NativeNetworkType.PHYSICAL,
+                        getNetworkPermission(nai.networkCapabilities), /*secure=*/ false,
+                        VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_NONE);
+            }
+            mNetd.networkCreate(config);
+            mDnsResolver.createNetworkCache(nai.network.getNetId());
+            mDnsManager.updateTransportsForNetwork(nai.network.getNetId(),
+                    nai.networkCapabilities.getTransportTypes());
+            return true;
+        } catch (RemoteException | ServiceSpecificException e) {
+            loge("Error creating network " + nai.toShortString() + ": " + e.getMessage());
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void destroyNativeNetwork(@NonNull NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
+        try {
+            mNetd.networkDestroy(nai.network.getNetId());
+        } catch (RemoteException | ServiceSpecificException e) {
+            loge("Exception destroying network(networkDestroy): " + e);
+        }
+        try {
+            mDnsResolver.destroyNetworkCache(nai.network.getNetId());
+        } catch (RemoteException | ServiceSpecificException e) {
+            loge("Exception destroying network: " + e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // If this method proves to be too slow then we can maintain a separate
+    // pendingIntent => NetworkRequestInfo map.
+    // This method assumes that every non-null PendingIntent maps to exactly 1 NetworkRequestInfo.
+    private NetworkRequestInfo findExistingNetworkRequestInfo(PendingIntent pendingIntent) {
+        for (Map.Entry<NetworkRequest, NetworkRequestInfo> entry : mNetworkRequests.entrySet()) {
+            PendingIntent existingPendingIntent = entry.getValue().mPendingIntent;
+            if (existingPendingIntent != null &&
+                    existingPendingIntent.intentFilterEquals(pendingIntent)) {
+                return entry.getValue();
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private void handleRegisterNetworkRequestWithIntent(@NonNull final Message msg) {
+        final NetworkRequestInfo nri = (NetworkRequestInfo) (msg.obj);
+        // handleRegisterNetworkRequestWithIntent() doesn't apply to multilayer requests.
+        ensureNotMultilayerRequest(nri, "handleRegisterNetworkRequestWithIntent");
+        final NetworkRequestInfo existingRequest =
+                findExistingNetworkRequestInfo(nri.mPendingIntent);
+        if (existingRequest != null) { // remove the existing request.
+            if (DBG) {
+                log("Replacing " + existingRequest.mRequests.get(0) + " with "
+                        + nri.mRequests.get(0) + " because their intents matched.");
+            }
+            handleReleaseNetworkRequest(existingRequest.mRequests.get(0), mDeps.getCallingUid(),
+                    /* callOnUnavailable */ false);
+        }
+        handleRegisterNetworkRequest(nri);
+    }
+
+    private void handleRegisterNetworkRequest(@NonNull final NetworkRequestInfo nri) {
+        handleRegisterNetworkRequests(Collections.singleton(nri));
+    }
+
+    private void handleRegisterNetworkRequests(@NonNull final Set<NetworkRequestInfo> nris) {
+        ensureRunningOnConnectivityServiceThread();
+        for (final NetworkRequestInfo nri : nris) {
+            mNetworkRequestInfoLogs.log("REGISTER " + nri);
+            for (final NetworkRequest req : nri.mRequests) {
+                mNetworkRequests.put(req, nri);
+                // TODO: Consider update signal strength for other types.
+                if (req.isListen()) {
+                    for (final NetworkAgentInfo network : mNetworkAgentInfos) {
+                        if (req.networkCapabilities.hasSignalStrength()
+                                && network.satisfiesImmutableCapabilitiesOf(req)) {
+                            updateSignalStrengthThresholds(network, "REGISTER", req);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            // If this NRI has a satisfier already, it is replacing an older request that
+            // has been removed. Track it.
+            final NetworkRequest activeRequest = nri.getActiveRequest();
+            if (null != activeRequest) {
+                // If there is an active request, then for sure there is a satisfier.
+                nri.getSatisfier().addRequest(activeRequest);
+            }
+        }
+
+        rematchAllNetworksAndRequests();
+
+        // Requests that have not been matched to a network will not have been sent to the
+        // providers, because the old satisfier and the new satisfier are the same (null in this
+        // case). Send these requests to the providers.
+        for (final NetworkRequestInfo nri : nris) {
+            for (final NetworkOfferInfo noi : mNetworkOffers) {
+                informOffer(nri, noi.offer, mNetworkRanker);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void handleReleaseNetworkRequestWithIntent(@NonNull final PendingIntent pendingIntent,
+            final int callingUid) {
+        final NetworkRequestInfo nri = findExistingNetworkRequestInfo(pendingIntent);
+        if (nri != null) {
+            // handleReleaseNetworkRequestWithIntent() paths don't apply to multilayer requests.
+            ensureNotMultilayerRequest(nri, "handleReleaseNetworkRequestWithIntent");
+            handleReleaseNetworkRequest(
+                    nri.mRequests.get(0),
+                    callingUid,
+                    /* callOnUnavailable */ false);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Determines whether the network is the best (or could become the best, if it validated), for
+    // none of a particular type of NetworkRequests. The type of NetworkRequests considered depends
+    // on the value of reason:
+    //
+    // - UnneededFor.TEARDOWN: non-listen NetworkRequests. If a network is unneeded for this reason,
+    //   then it should be torn down.
+    // - UnneededFor.LINGER: foreground NetworkRequests. If a network is unneeded for this reason,
+    //   then it should be lingered.
+    private boolean unneeded(NetworkAgentInfo nai, UnneededFor reason) {
+        ensureRunningOnConnectivityServiceThread();
+
+        if (!nai.everConnected || nai.isVPN() || nai.isInactive()
+                || nai.getScore().getKeepConnectedReason() != NetworkScore.KEEP_CONNECTED_NONE) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        final int numRequests;
+        switch (reason) {
+            case TEARDOWN:
+                numRequests = nai.numRequestNetworkRequests();
+                break;
+            case LINGER:
+                numRequests = nai.numForegroundNetworkRequests();
+                break;
+            default:
+                Log.wtf(TAG, "Invalid reason. Cannot happen.");
+                return true;
+        }
+
+        if (numRequests > 0) return false;
+
+        for (NetworkRequestInfo nri : mNetworkRequests.values()) {
+            if (reason == UnneededFor.LINGER
+                    && !nri.isMultilayerRequest()
+                    && nri.mRequests.get(0).isBackgroundRequest()) {
+                // Background requests don't affect lingering.
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (isNetworkPotentialSatisfier(nai, nri)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private boolean isNetworkPotentialSatisfier(
+            @NonNull final NetworkAgentInfo candidate, @NonNull final NetworkRequestInfo nri) {
+        // listen requests won't keep up a network satisfying it. If this is not a multilayer
+        // request, return immediately. For multilayer requests, check to see if any of the
+        // multilayer requests may have a potential satisfier.
+        if (!nri.isMultilayerRequest() && (nri.mRequests.get(0).isListen()
+                || nri.mRequests.get(0).isListenForBest())) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        for (final NetworkRequest req : nri.mRequests) {
+            // This multilayer listen request is satisfied therefore no further requests need to be
+            // evaluated deeming this network not a potential satisfier.
+            if ((req.isListen() || req.isListenForBest()) && nri.getActiveRequest() == req) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            // As non-multilayer listen requests have already returned, the below would only happen
+            // for a multilayer request therefore continue to the next request if available.
+            if (req.isListen() || req.isListenForBest()) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            // If this Network is already the highest scoring Network for a request, or if
+            // there is hope for it to become one if it validated, then it is needed.
+            if (candidate.satisfies(req)) {
+                // As soon as a network is found that satisfies a request, return. Specifically for
+                // multilayer requests, returning as soon as a NetworkAgentInfo satisfies a request
+                // is important so as to not evaluate lower priority requests further in
+                // nri.mRequests.
+                final NetworkAgentInfo champion = req.equals(nri.getActiveRequest())
+                        ? nri.getSatisfier() : null;
+                // Note that this catches two important cases:
+                // 1. Unvalidated cellular will not be reaped when unvalidated WiFi
+                //    is currently satisfying the request.  This is desirable when
+                //    cellular ends up validating but WiFi does not.
+                // 2. Unvalidated WiFi will not be reaped when validated cellular
+                //    is currently satisfying the request.  This is desirable when
+                //    WiFi ends up validating and out scoring cellular.
+                return mNetworkRanker.mightBeat(req, champion, candidate.getValidatedScoreable());
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private NetworkRequestInfo getNriForAppRequest(
+            NetworkRequest request, int callingUid, String requestedOperation) {
+        // Looking up the app passed param request in mRequests isn't possible since it may return
+        // null for a request managed by a per-app default. Therefore use getNriForAppRequest() to
+        // do the lookup since that will also find per-app default managed requests.
+        // Additionally, this lookup needs to be relatively fast (hence the lookup optimization)
+        // to avoid potential race conditions when validating a package->uid mapping when sending
+        // the callback on the very low-chance that an application shuts down prior to the callback
+        // being sent.
+        final NetworkRequestInfo nri = mNetworkRequests.get(request) != null
+                ? mNetworkRequests.get(request) : getNriForAppRequest(request);
+
+        if (nri != null) {
+            if (Process.SYSTEM_UID != callingUid && nri.mUid != callingUid) {
+                log(String.format("UID %d attempted to %s for unowned request %s",
+                        callingUid, requestedOperation, nri));
+                return null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return nri;
+    }
+
+    private void ensureNotMultilayerRequest(@NonNull final NetworkRequestInfo nri,
+            final String callingMethod) {
+        if (nri.isMultilayerRequest()) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                    callingMethod + " does not support multilayer requests.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void handleTimedOutNetworkRequest(@NonNull final NetworkRequestInfo nri) {
+        ensureRunningOnConnectivityServiceThread();
+        // handleTimedOutNetworkRequest() is part of the requestNetwork() flow which works off of a
+        // single NetworkRequest and thus does not apply to multilayer requests.
+        ensureNotMultilayerRequest(nri, "handleTimedOutNetworkRequest");
+        if (mNetworkRequests.get(nri.mRequests.get(0)) == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        if (nri.isBeingSatisfied()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        if (VDBG || (DBG && nri.mRequests.get(0).isRequest())) {
+            log("releasing " + nri.mRequests.get(0) + " (timeout)");
+        }
+        handleRemoveNetworkRequest(nri);
+        callCallbackForRequest(
+                nri, null, ConnectivityManager.CALLBACK_UNAVAIL, 0);
+    }
+
+    private void handleReleaseNetworkRequest(@NonNull final NetworkRequest request,
+            final int callingUid,
+            final boolean callOnUnavailable) {
+        final NetworkRequestInfo nri =
+                getNriForAppRequest(request, callingUid, "release NetworkRequest");
+        if (nri == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        if (VDBG || (DBG && request.isRequest())) {
+            log("releasing " + request + " (release request)");
+        }
+        handleRemoveNetworkRequest(nri);
+        if (callOnUnavailable) {
+            callCallbackForRequest(nri, null, ConnectivityManager.CALLBACK_UNAVAIL, 0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void handleRemoveNetworkRequest(@NonNull final NetworkRequestInfo nri) {
+        ensureRunningOnConnectivityServiceThread();
+        nri.unlinkDeathRecipient();
+        for (final NetworkRequest req : nri.mRequests) {
+            mNetworkRequests.remove(req);
+            if (req.isListen()) {
+                removeListenRequestFromNetworks(req);
+            }
+        }
+        if (mDefaultNetworkRequests.remove(nri)) {
+            // If this request was one of the defaults, then the UID rules need to be updated
+            // WARNING : if the app(s) for which this network request is the default are doing
+            // traffic, this will kill their connected sockets, even if an equivalent request
+            // is going to be reinstated right away ; unconnected traffic will go on the default
+            // until the new default is set, which will happen very soon.
+            // TODO : The only way out of this is to diff old defaults and new defaults, and only
+            // remove ranges for those requests that won't have a replacement
+            final NetworkAgentInfo satisfier = nri.getSatisfier();
+            if (null != satisfier) {
+                try {
+                    mNetd.networkRemoveUidRanges(satisfier.network.getNetId(),
+                            toUidRangeStableParcels(nri.getUids()));
+                } catch (RemoteException e) {
+                    loge("Exception setting network preference default network", e);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        nri.decrementRequestCount();
+        mNetworkRequestInfoLogs.log("RELEASE " + nri);
+
+        if (null != nri.getActiveRequest()) {
+            if (!nri.getActiveRequest().isListen()) {
+                removeSatisfiedNetworkRequestFromNetwork(nri);
+            } else {
+                nri.setSatisfier(null, null);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // For all outstanding offers, cancel any of the layers of this NRI that used to be
+        // needed for this offer.
+        for (final NetworkOfferInfo noi : mNetworkOffers) {
+            for (final NetworkRequest req : nri.mRequests) {
+                if (req.isRequest() && noi.offer.neededFor(req)) {
+                    noi.offer.onNetworkUnneeded(req);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void handleRemoveNetworkRequests(@NonNull final Set<NetworkRequestInfo> nris) {
+        for (final NetworkRequestInfo nri : nris) {
+            if (mDefaultRequest == nri) {
+                // Make sure we never remove the default request.
+                continue;
+            }
+            handleRemoveNetworkRequest(nri);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void removeListenRequestFromNetworks(@NonNull final NetworkRequest req) {
+        // listens don't have a singular affected Network. Check all networks to see
+        // if this listen request applies and remove it.
+        for (final NetworkAgentInfo nai : mNetworkAgentInfos) {
+            nai.removeRequest(req.requestId);
+            if (req.networkCapabilities.hasSignalStrength()
+                    && nai.satisfiesImmutableCapabilitiesOf(req)) {
+                updateSignalStrengthThresholds(nai, "RELEASE", req);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Remove a NetworkRequestInfo's satisfied request from its 'satisfier' (NetworkAgentInfo) and
+     * manage the necessary upkeep (linger, teardown networks, etc.) when doing so.
+     * @param nri the NetworkRequestInfo to disassociate from its current NetworkAgentInfo
+     */
+    private void removeSatisfiedNetworkRequestFromNetwork(@NonNull final NetworkRequestInfo nri) {
+        boolean wasKept = false;
+        final NetworkAgentInfo nai = nri.getSatisfier();
+        if (nai != null) {
+            final int requestLegacyType = nri.getActiveRequest().legacyType;
+            final boolean wasBackgroundNetwork = nai.isBackgroundNetwork();
+            nai.removeRequest(nri.getActiveRequest().requestId);
+            if (VDBG || DDBG) {
+                log(" Removing from current network " + nai.toShortString()
+                        + ", leaving " + nai.numNetworkRequests() + " requests.");
+            }
+            // If there are still lingered requests on this network, don't tear it down,
+            // but resume lingering instead.
+            final long now = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
+            if (updateInactivityState(nai, now)) {
+                notifyNetworkLosing(nai, now);
+            }
+            if (unneeded(nai, UnneededFor.TEARDOWN)) {
+                if (DBG) log("no live requests for " + nai.toShortString() + "; disconnecting");
+                teardownUnneededNetwork(nai);
+            } else {
+                wasKept = true;
+            }
+            nri.setSatisfier(null, null);
+            if (!wasBackgroundNetwork && nai.isBackgroundNetwork()) {
+                // Went from foreground to background.
+                updateCapabilitiesForNetwork(nai);
+            }
+
+            // Maintain the illusion.  When this request arrived, we might have pretended
+            // that a network connected to serve it, even though the network was already
+            // connected.  Now that this request has gone away, we might have to pretend
+            // that the network disconnected.  LegacyTypeTracker will generate that
+            // phantom disconnect for this type.
+            if (requestLegacyType != TYPE_NONE) {
+                boolean doRemove = true;
+                if (wasKept) {
+                    // check if any of the remaining requests for this network are for the
+                    // same legacy type - if so, don't remove the nai
+                    for (int i = 0; i < nai.numNetworkRequests(); i++) {
+                        NetworkRequest otherRequest = nai.requestAt(i);
+                        if (otherRequest.legacyType == requestLegacyType
+                                && otherRequest.isRequest()) {
+                            if (DBG) log(" still have other legacy request - leaving");
+                            doRemove = false;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (doRemove) {
+                    mLegacyTypeTracker.remove(requestLegacyType, nai, false);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private PerUidCounter getRequestCounter(NetworkRequestInfo nri) {
+        return checkAnyPermissionOf(
+                nri.mPid, nri.mUid, NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK)
+                ? mSystemNetworkRequestCounter : mNetworkRequestCounter;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setAcceptUnvalidated(Network network, boolean accept, boolean always) {
+        enforceNetworkStackSettingsOrSetup();
+        mHandler.sendMessage(mHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_SET_ACCEPT_UNVALIDATED,
+                encodeBool(accept), encodeBool(always), network));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setAcceptPartialConnectivity(Network network, boolean accept, boolean always) {
+        enforceNetworkStackSettingsOrSetup();
+        mHandler.sendMessage(mHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_SET_ACCEPT_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY,
+                encodeBool(accept), encodeBool(always), network));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setAvoidUnvalidated(Network network) {
+        enforceNetworkStackSettingsOrSetup();
+        mHandler.sendMessage(mHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_SET_AVOID_UNVALIDATED, network));
+    }
+
+    private void handleSetAcceptUnvalidated(Network network, boolean accept, boolean always) {
+        if (DBG) log("handleSetAcceptUnvalidated network=" + network +
+                " accept=" + accept + " always=" + always);
+
+        NetworkAgentInfo nai = getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(network);
+        if (nai == null) {
+            // Nothing to do.
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (nai.everValidated) {
+            // The network validated while the dialog box was up. Take no action.
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (!nai.networkAgentConfig.explicitlySelected) {
+            Log.wtf(TAG, "BUG: setAcceptUnvalidated non non-explicitly selected network");
+        }
+
+        if (accept != nai.networkAgentConfig.acceptUnvalidated) {
+            nai.networkAgentConfig.acceptUnvalidated = accept;
+            // If network becomes partial connectivity and user already accepted to use this
+            // network, we should respect the user's option and don't need to popup the
+            // PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY notification to user again.
+            nai.networkAgentConfig.acceptPartialConnectivity = accept;
+            nai.updateScoreForNetworkAgentUpdate();
+            rematchAllNetworksAndRequests();
+        }
+
+        if (always) {
+            nai.onSaveAcceptUnvalidated(accept);
+        }
+
+        if (!accept) {
+            // Tell the NetworkAgent to not automatically reconnect to the network.
+            nai.onPreventAutomaticReconnect();
+            // Teardown the network.
+            teardownUnneededNetwork(nai);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    private void handleSetAcceptPartialConnectivity(Network network, boolean accept,
+            boolean always) {
+        if (DBG) {
+            log("handleSetAcceptPartialConnectivity network=" + network + " accept=" + accept
+                    + " always=" + always);
+        }
+
+        final NetworkAgentInfo nai = getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(network);
+        if (nai == null) {
+            // Nothing to do.
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (nai.lastValidated) {
+            // The network validated while the dialog box was up. Take no action.
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (accept != nai.networkAgentConfig.acceptPartialConnectivity) {
+            nai.networkAgentConfig.acceptPartialConnectivity = accept;
+        }
+
+        // TODO: Use the current design or save the user choice into IpMemoryStore.
+        if (always) {
+            nai.onSaveAcceptUnvalidated(accept);
+        }
+
+        if (!accept) {
+            // Tell the NetworkAgent to not automatically reconnect to the network.
+            nai.onPreventAutomaticReconnect();
+            // Tear down the network.
+            teardownUnneededNetwork(nai);
+        } else {
+            // Inform NetworkMonitor that partial connectivity is acceptable. This will likely
+            // result in a partial connectivity result which will be processed by
+            // maybeHandleNetworkMonitorMessage.
+            //
+            // TODO: NetworkMonitor does not refer to the "never ask again" bit. The bit is stored
+            // per network. Therefore, NetworkMonitor may still do https probe.
+            nai.networkMonitor().setAcceptPartialConnectivity();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void handleSetAvoidUnvalidated(Network network) {
+        NetworkAgentInfo nai = getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(network);
+        if (nai == null || nai.lastValidated) {
+            // Nothing to do. The network either disconnected or revalidated.
+            return;
+        }
+        if (!nai.avoidUnvalidated) {
+            nai.avoidUnvalidated = true;
+            nai.updateScoreForNetworkAgentUpdate();
+            rematchAllNetworksAndRequests();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void scheduleUnvalidatedPrompt(NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
+        if (VDBG) log("scheduleUnvalidatedPrompt " + nai.network);
+        mHandler.sendMessageDelayed(
+                mHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_PROMPT_UNVALIDATED, nai.network),
+                PROMPT_UNVALIDATED_DELAY_MS);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void startCaptivePortalApp(Network network) {
+        enforceNetworkStackOrSettingsPermission();
+        mHandler.post(() -> {
+            NetworkAgentInfo nai = getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(network);
+            if (nai == null) return;
+            if (!nai.networkCapabilities.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL)) return;
+            nai.networkMonitor().launchCaptivePortalApp();
+        });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * NetworkStack endpoint to start the captive portal app. The NetworkStack needs to use this
+     * endpoint as it does not have INTERACT_ACROSS_USERS_FULL itself.
+     * @param network Network on which the captive portal was detected.
+     * @param appExtras Bundle to use as intent extras for the captive portal application.
+     *                  Must be treated as opaque to avoid preventing the captive portal app to
+     *                  update its arguments.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void startCaptivePortalAppInternal(Network network, Bundle appExtras) {
+        mContext.enforceCallingOrSelfPermission(NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK,
+                "ConnectivityService");
+
+        final Intent appIntent = new Intent(ConnectivityManager.ACTION_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_SIGN_IN);
+        appIntent.putExtras(appExtras);
+        appIntent.putExtra(ConnectivityManager.EXTRA_CAPTIVE_PORTAL,
+                new CaptivePortal(new CaptivePortalImpl(network).asBinder()));
+        appIntent.setFlags(Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_BROUGHT_TO_FRONT | Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_NEW_TASK);
+
+        final long token = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
+        try {
+            mContext.startActivityAsUser(appIntent, UserHandle.CURRENT);
+        } finally {
+            Binder.restoreCallingIdentity(token);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private class CaptivePortalImpl extends ICaptivePortal.Stub {
+        private final Network mNetwork;
+
+        private CaptivePortalImpl(Network network) {
+            mNetwork = network;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void appResponse(final int response) {
+            if (response == CaptivePortal.APP_RETURN_WANTED_AS_IS) {
+                enforceSettingsPermission();
+            }
+
+            final NetworkMonitorManager nm = getNetworkMonitorManager(mNetwork);
+            if (nm == null) return;
+            nm.notifyCaptivePortalAppFinished(response);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void appRequest(final int request) {
+            final NetworkMonitorManager nm = getNetworkMonitorManager(mNetwork);
+            if (nm == null) return;
+
+            if (request == CaptivePortal.APP_REQUEST_REEVALUATION_REQUIRED) {
+                checkNetworkStackPermission();
+                nm.forceReevaluation(mDeps.getCallingUid());
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Nullable
+        private NetworkMonitorManager getNetworkMonitorManager(final Network network) {
+            // getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork is thread-safe
+            final NetworkAgentInfo nai = getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(network);
+            if (nai == null) return null;
+
+            // nai.networkMonitor() is thread-safe
+            return nai.networkMonitor();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public boolean avoidBadWifi() {
+        return mMultinetworkPolicyTracker.getAvoidBadWifi();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return whether the device should maintain continuous, working connectivity by switching away
+     * from WiFi networks having no connectivity.
+     * @see MultinetworkPolicyTracker#getAvoidBadWifi()
+     */
+    public boolean shouldAvoidBadWifi() {
+        if (!checkNetworkStackPermission()) {
+            throw new SecurityException("avoidBadWifi requires NETWORK_STACK permission");
+        }
+        return avoidBadWifi();
+    }
+
+    private void updateAvoidBadWifi() {
+        for (final NetworkAgentInfo nai : mNetworkAgentInfos) {
+            nai.updateScoreForNetworkAgentUpdate();
+        }
+        rematchAllNetworksAndRequests();
+    }
+
+    // TODO: Evaluate whether this is of interest to other consumers of
+    // MultinetworkPolicyTracker and worth moving out of here.
+    private void dumpAvoidBadWifiSettings(IndentingPrintWriter pw) {
+        final boolean configRestrict = mMultinetworkPolicyTracker.configRestrictsAvoidBadWifi();
+        if (!configRestrict) {
+            pw.println("Bad Wi-Fi avoidance: unrestricted");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        pw.println("Bad Wi-Fi avoidance: " + avoidBadWifi());
+        pw.increaseIndent();
+        pw.println("Config restrict:   " + configRestrict);
+
+        final String value = mMultinetworkPolicyTracker.getAvoidBadWifiSetting();
+        String description;
+        // Can't use a switch statement because strings are legal case labels, but null is not.
+        if ("0".equals(value)) {
+            description = "get stuck";
+        } else if (value == null) {
+            description = "prompt";
+        } else if ("1".equals(value)) {
+            description = "avoid";
+        } else {
+            description = value + " (?)";
+        }
+        pw.println("User setting:      " + description);
+        pw.println("Network overrides:");
+        pw.increaseIndent();
+        for (NetworkAgentInfo nai : networksSortedById()) {
+            if (nai.avoidUnvalidated) {
+                pw.println(nai.toShortString());
+            }
+        }
+        pw.decreaseIndent();
+        pw.decreaseIndent();
+    }
+
+    // TODO: This method is copied from TetheringNotificationUpdater. Should have a utility class to
+    // unify the method.
+    private static @NonNull String getSettingsPackageName(@NonNull final PackageManager pm) {
+        final Intent settingsIntent = new Intent(Settings.ACTION_SETTINGS);
+        final ComponentName settingsComponent = settingsIntent.resolveActivity(pm);
+        return settingsComponent != null
+                ? settingsComponent.getPackageName() : "com.android.settings";
+    }
+
+    private void showNetworkNotification(NetworkAgentInfo nai, NotificationType type) {
+        final String action;
+        final boolean highPriority;
+        switch (type) {
+            case NO_INTERNET:
+                action = ConnectivityManager.ACTION_PROMPT_UNVALIDATED;
+                // High priority because it is only displayed for explicitly selected networks.
+                highPriority = true;
+                break;
+            case PRIVATE_DNS_BROKEN:
+                action = Settings.ACTION_WIRELESS_SETTINGS;
+                // High priority because we should let user know why there is no internet.
+                highPriority = true;
+                break;
+            case LOST_INTERNET:
+                action = ConnectivityManager.ACTION_PROMPT_LOST_VALIDATION;
+                // High priority because it could help the user avoid unexpected data usage.
+                highPriority = true;
+                break;
+            case PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY:
+                action = ConnectivityManager.ACTION_PROMPT_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY;
+                // Don't bother the user with a high-priority notification if the network was not
+                // explicitly selected by the user.
+                highPriority = nai.networkAgentConfig.explicitlySelected;
+                break;
+            default:
+                Log.wtf(TAG, "Unknown notification type " + type);
+                return;
+        }
+
+        Intent intent = new Intent(action);
+        if (type != NotificationType.PRIVATE_DNS_BROKEN) {
+            intent.putExtra(ConnectivityManager.EXTRA_NETWORK, nai.network);
+            intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_NEW_TASK);
+            // Some OEMs have their own Settings package. Thus, need to get the current using
+            // Settings package name instead of just use default name "com.android.settings".
+            final String settingsPkgName = getSettingsPackageName(mContext.getPackageManager());
+            intent.setClassName(settingsPkgName,
+                    settingsPkgName + ".wifi.WifiNoInternetDialog");
+        }
+
+        PendingIntent pendingIntent = PendingIntent.getActivity(
+                mContext.createContextAsUser(UserHandle.CURRENT, 0 /* flags */),
+                0 /* requestCode */,
+                intent,
+                PendingIntent.FLAG_CANCEL_CURRENT | PendingIntent.FLAG_IMMUTABLE);
+
+        mNotifier.showNotification(
+                nai.network.getNetId(), type, nai, null, pendingIntent, highPriority);
+    }
+
+    private boolean shouldPromptUnvalidated(NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
+        // Don't prompt if the network is validated, and don't prompt on captive portals
+        // because we're already prompting the user to sign in.
+        if (nai.everValidated || nai.everCaptivePortalDetected) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // If a network has partial connectivity, always prompt unless the user has already accepted
+        // partial connectivity and selected don't ask again. This ensures that if the device
+        // automatically connects to a network that has partial Internet access, the user will
+        // always be able to use it, either because they've already chosen "don't ask again" or
+        // because we have prompt them.
+        if (nai.partialConnectivity && !nai.networkAgentConfig.acceptPartialConnectivity) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // If a network has no Internet access, only prompt if the network was explicitly selected
+        // and if the user has not already told us to use the network regardless of whether it
+        // validated or not.
+        if (nai.networkAgentConfig.explicitlySelected
+                && !nai.networkAgentConfig.acceptUnvalidated) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private void handlePromptUnvalidated(Network network) {
+        if (VDBG || DDBG) log("handlePromptUnvalidated " + network);
+        NetworkAgentInfo nai = getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(network);
+
+        if (nai == null || !shouldPromptUnvalidated(nai)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Stop automatically reconnecting to this network in the future. Automatically connecting
+        // to a network that provides no or limited connectivity is not useful, because the user
+        // cannot use that network except through the notification shown by this method, and the
+        // notification is only shown if the network is explicitly selected by the user.
+        nai.onPreventAutomaticReconnect();
+
+        // TODO: Evaluate if it's needed to wait 8 seconds for triggering notification when
+        // NetworkMonitor detects the network is partial connectivity. Need to change the design to
+        // popup the notification immediately when the network is partial connectivity.
+        if (nai.partialConnectivity) {
+            showNetworkNotification(nai, NotificationType.PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY);
+        } else {
+            showNetworkNotification(nai, NotificationType.NO_INTERNET);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void handleNetworkUnvalidated(NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
+        NetworkCapabilities nc = nai.networkCapabilities;
+        if (DBG) log("handleNetworkUnvalidated " + nai.toShortString() + " cap=" + nc);
+
+        if (!nc.hasTransport(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (mMultinetworkPolicyTracker.shouldNotifyWifiUnvalidated()) {
+            showNetworkNotification(nai, NotificationType.LOST_INTERNET);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getMultipathPreference(Network network) {
+        enforceAccessPermission();
+
+        NetworkAgentInfo nai = getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(network);
+        if (nai != null && nai.networkCapabilities
+                .hasCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)) {
+            return ConnectivityManager.MULTIPATH_PREFERENCE_UNMETERED;
+        }
+
+        final NetworkPolicyManager netPolicyManager =
+                 mContext.getSystemService(NetworkPolicyManager.class);
+
+        final long token = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
+        final int networkPreference;
+        try {
+            networkPreference = netPolicyManager.getMultipathPreference(network);
+        } finally {
+            Binder.restoreCallingIdentity(token);
+        }
+        if (networkPreference != 0) {
+            return networkPreference;
+        }
+        return mMultinetworkPolicyTracker.getMeteredMultipathPreference();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NetworkRequest getDefaultRequest() {
+        return mDefaultRequest.mRequests.get(0);
+    }
+
+    private class InternalHandler extends Handler {
+        public InternalHandler(Looper looper) {
+            super(looper);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
+            switch (msg.what) {
+                case EVENT_EXPIRE_NET_TRANSITION_WAKELOCK:
+                case EVENT_CLEAR_NET_TRANSITION_WAKELOCK: {
+                    handleReleaseNetworkTransitionWakelock(msg.what);
+                    break;
+                }
+                case EVENT_APPLY_GLOBAL_HTTP_PROXY: {
+                    mProxyTracker.loadDeprecatedGlobalHttpProxy();
+                    break;
+                }
+                case EVENT_PROXY_HAS_CHANGED: {
+                    final Pair<Network, ProxyInfo> arg = (Pair<Network, ProxyInfo>) msg.obj;
+                    handleApplyDefaultProxy(arg.second);
+                    break;
+                }
+                case EVENT_REGISTER_NETWORK_PROVIDER: {
+                    handleRegisterNetworkProvider((NetworkProviderInfo) msg.obj);
+                    break;
+                }
+                case EVENT_UNREGISTER_NETWORK_PROVIDER: {
+                    handleUnregisterNetworkProvider((Messenger) msg.obj);
+                    break;
+                }
+                case EVENT_REGISTER_NETWORK_OFFER: {
+                    handleRegisterNetworkOffer((NetworkOffer) msg.obj);
+                    break;
+                }
+                case EVENT_UNREGISTER_NETWORK_OFFER: {
+                    final NetworkOfferInfo offer =
+                            findNetworkOfferInfoByCallback((INetworkOfferCallback) msg.obj);
+                    if (null != offer) {
+                        handleUnregisterNetworkOffer(offer);
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+                case EVENT_REGISTER_NETWORK_AGENT: {
+                    final Pair<NetworkAgentInfo, INetworkMonitor> arg =
+                            (Pair<NetworkAgentInfo, INetworkMonitor>) msg.obj;
+                    handleRegisterNetworkAgent(arg.first, arg.second);
+                    break;
+                }
+                case EVENT_REGISTER_NETWORK_REQUEST:
+                case EVENT_REGISTER_NETWORK_LISTENER: {
+                    handleRegisterNetworkRequest((NetworkRequestInfo) msg.obj);
+                    break;
+                }
+                case EVENT_REGISTER_NETWORK_REQUEST_WITH_INTENT:
+                case EVENT_REGISTER_NETWORK_LISTENER_WITH_INTENT: {
+                    handleRegisterNetworkRequestWithIntent(msg);
+                    break;
+                }
+                case EVENT_TIMEOUT_NETWORK_REQUEST: {
+                    NetworkRequestInfo nri = (NetworkRequestInfo) msg.obj;
+                    handleTimedOutNetworkRequest(nri);
+                    break;
+                }
+                case EVENT_RELEASE_NETWORK_REQUEST_WITH_INTENT: {
+                    handleReleaseNetworkRequestWithIntent((PendingIntent) msg.obj, msg.arg1);
+                    break;
+                }
+                case EVENT_RELEASE_NETWORK_REQUEST: {
+                    handleReleaseNetworkRequest((NetworkRequest) msg.obj, msg.arg1,
+                            /* callOnUnavailable */ false);
+                    break;
+                }
+                case EVENT_SET_ACCEPT_UNVALIDATED: {
+                    Network network = (Network) msg.obj;
+                    handleSetAcceptUnvalidated(network, toBool(msg.arg1), toBool(msg.arg2));
+                    break;
+                }
+                case EVENT_SET_ACCEPT_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY: {
+                    Network network = (Network) msg.obj;
+                    handleSetAcceptPartialConnectivity(network, toBool(msg.arg1),
+                            toBool(msg.arg2));
+                    break;
+                }
+                case EVENT_SET_AVOID_UNVALIDATED: {
+                    handleSetAvoidUnvalidated((Network) msg.obj);
+                    break;
+                }
+                case EVENT_PROMPT_UNVALIDATED: {
+                    handlePromptUnvalidated((Network) msg.obj);
+                    break;
+                }
+                case EVENT_CONFIGURE_ALWAYS_ON_NETWORKS: {
+                    handleConfigureAlwaysOnNetworks();
+                    break;
+                }
+                // Sent by KeepaliveTracker to process an app request on the state machine thread.
+                case NetworkAgent.CMD_START_SOCKET_KEEPALIVE: {
+                    mKeepaliveTracker.handleStartKeepalive(msg);
+                    break;
+                }
+                // Sent by KeepaliveTracker to process an app request on the state machine thread.
+                case NetworkAgent.CMD_STOP_SOCKET_KEEPALIVE: {
+                    NetworkAgentInfo nai = getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork((Network) msg.obj);
+                    int slot = msg.arg1;
+                    int reason = msg.arg2;
+                    mKeepaliveTracker.handleStopKeepalive(nai, slot, reason);
+                    break;
+                }
+                case EVENT_REVALIDATE_NETWORK: {
+                    handleReportNetworkConnectivity((Network) msg.obj, msg.arg1, toBool(msg.arg2));
+                    break;
+                }
+                case EVENT_PRIVATE_DNS_SETTINGS_CHANGED:
+                    handlePrivateDnsSettingsChanged();
+                    break;
+                case EVENT_PRIVATE_DNS_VALIDATION_UPDATE:
+                    handlePrivateDnsValidationUpdate(
+                            (PrivateDnsValidationUpdate) msg.obj);
+                    break;
+                case EVENT_UID_BLOCKED_REASON_CHANGED:
+                    handleUidBlockedReasonChanged(msg.arg1, msg.arg2);
+                    break;
+                case EVENT_SET_REQUIRE_VPN_FOR_UIDS:
+                    handleSetRequireVpnForUids(toBool(msg.arg1), (UidRange[]) msg.obj);
+                    break;
+                case EVENT_SET_OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE: {
+                    final Pair<OemNetworkPreferences, IOnCompleteListener> arg =
+                            (Pair<OemNetworkPreferences, IOnCompleteListener>) msg.obj;
+                    handleSetOemNetworkPreference(arg.first, arg.second);
+                    break;
+                }
+                case EVENT_SET_PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE: {
+                    final Pair<ProfileNetworkPreferences.Preference, IOnCompleteListener> arg =
+                            (Pair<ProfileNetworkPreferences.Preference, IOnCompleteListener>)
+                                    msg.obj;
+                    handleSetProfileNetworkPreference(arg.first, arg.second);
+                    break;
+                }
+                case EVENT_REPORT_NETWORK_ACTIVITY:
+                    mNetworkActivityTracker.handleReportNetworkActivity();
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    @Deprecated
+    public int getLastTetherError(String iface) {
+        final TetheringManager tm = (TetheringManager) mContext.getSystemService(
+                Context.TETHERING_SERVICE);
+        return tm.getLastTetherError(iface);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    @Deprecated
+    public String[] getTetherableIfaces() {
+        final TetheringManager tm = (TetheringManager) mContext.getSystemService(
+                Context.TETHERING_SERVICE);
+        return tm.getTetherableIfaces();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    @Deprecated
+    public String[] getTetheredIfaces() {
+        final TetheringManager tm = (TetheringManager) mContext.getSystemService(
+                Context.TETHERING_SERVICE);
+        return tm.getTetheredIfaces();
+    }
+
+
+    @Override
+    @Deprecated
+    public String[] getTetheringErroredIfaces() {
+        final TetheringManager tm = (TetheringManager) mContext.getSystemService(
+                Context.TETHERING_SERVICE);
+
+        return tm.getTetheringErroredIfaces();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    @Deprecated
+    public String[] getTetherableUsbRegexs() {
+        final TetheringManager tm = (TetheringManager) mContext.getSystemService(
+                Context.TETHERING_SERVICE);
+
+        return tm.getTetherableUsbRegexs();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    @Deprecated
+    public String[] getTetherableWifiRegexs() {
+        final TetheringManager tm = (TetheringManager) mContext.getSystemService(
+                Context.TETHERING_SERVICE);
+        return tm.getTetherableWifiRegexs();
+    }
+
+    // Called when we lose the default network and have no replacement yet.
+    // This will automatically be cleared after X seconds or a new default network
+    // becomes CONNECTED, whichever happens first.  The timer is started by the
+    // first caller and not restarted by subsequent callers.
+    private void ensureNetworkTransitionWakelock(String forWhom) {
+        synchronized (this) {
+            if (mNetTransitionWakeLock.isHeld()) {
+                return;
+            }
+            mNetTransitionWakeLock.acquire();
+            mLastWakeLockAcquireTimestamp = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
+            mTotalWakelockAcquisitions++;
+        }
+        mWakelockLogs.log("ACQUIRE for " + forWhom);
+        Message msg = mHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_EXPIRE_NET_TRANSITION_WAKELOCK);
+        final int lockTimeout = mResources.get().getInteger(
+                R.integer.config_networkTransitionTimeout);
+        mHandler.sendMessageDelayed(msg, lockTimeout);
+    }
+
+    // Called when we gain a new default network to release the network transition wakelock in a
+    // second, to allow a grace period for apps to reconnect over the new network. Pending expiry
+    // message is cancelled.
+    private void scheduleReleaseNetworkTransitionWakelock() {
+        synchronized (this) {
+            if (!mNetTransitionWakeLock.isHeld()) {
+                return; // expiry message released the lock first.
+            }
+        }
+        // Cancel self timeout on wakelock hold.
+        mHandler.removeMessages(EVENT_EXPIRE_NET_TRANSITION_WAKELOCK);
+        Message msg = mHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_CLEAR_NET_TRANSITION_WAKELOCK);
+        mHandler.sendMessageDelayed(msg, 1000);
+    }
+
+    // Called when either message of ensureNetworkTransitionWakelock or
+    // scheduleReleaseNetworkTransitionWakelock is processed.
+    private void handleReleaseNetworkTransitionWakelock(int eventId) {
+        String event = eventName(eventId);
+        synchronized (this) {
+            if (!mNetTransitionWakeLock.isHeld()) {
+                mWakelockLogs.log(String.format("RELEASE: already released (%s)", event));
+                Log.w(TAG, "expected Net Transition WakeLock to be held");
+                return;
+            }
+            mNetTransitionWakeLock.release();
+            long lockDuration = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime() - mLastWakeLockAcquireTimestamp;
+            mTotalWakelockDurationMs += lockDuration;
+            mMaxWakelockDurationMs = Math.max(mMaxWakelockDurationMs, lockDuration);
+            mTotalWakelockReleases++;
+        }
+        mWakelockLogs.log(String.format("RELEASE (%s)", event));
+    }
+
+    // 100 percent is full good, 0 is full bad.
+    @Override
+    public void reportInetCondition(int networkType, int percentage) {
+        NetworkAgentInfo nai = mLegacyTypeTracker.getNetworkForType(networkType);
+        if (nai == null) return;
+        reportNetworkConnectivity(nai.network, percentage > 50);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void reportNetworkConnectivity(Network network, boolean hasConnectivity) {
+        enforceAccessPermission();
+        enforceInternetPermission();
+        final int uid = mDeps.getCallingUid();
+        final int connectivityInfo = encodeBool(hasConnectivity);
+
+        // Handle ConnectivityDiagnostics event before attempting to revalidate the network. This
+        // forces an ordering of ConnectivityDiagnostics events in the case where hasConnectivity
+        // does not match the known connectivity of the network - this causes NetworkMonitor to
+        // revalidate the network and generate a ConnectivityDiagnostics ConnectivityReport event.
+        final NetworkAgentInfo nai;
+        if (network == null) {
+            nai = getDefaultNetwork();
+        } else {
+            nai = getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(network);
+        }
+        if (nai != null) {
+            mConnectivityDiagnosticsHandler.sendMessage(
+                    mConnectivityDiagnosticsHandler.obtainMessage(
+                            ConnectivityDiagnosticsHandler.EVENT_NETWORK_CONNECTIVITY_REPORTED,
+                            connectivityInfo, 0, nai));
+        }
+
+        mHandler.sendMessage(
+                mHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_REVALIDATE_NETWORK, uid, connectivityInfo, network));
+    }
+
+    private void handleReportNetworkConnectivity(
+            Network network, int uid, boolean hasConnectivity) {
+        final NetworkAgentInfo nai;
+        if (network == null) {
+            nai = getDefaultNetwork();
+        } else {
+            nai = getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(network);
+        }
+        if (nai == null || nai.networkInfo.getState() == NetworkInfo.State.DISCONNECTING ||
+            nai.networkInfo.getState() == NetworkInfo.State.DISCONNECTED) {
+            return;
+        }
+        // Revalidate if the app report does not match our current validated state.
+        if (hasConnectivity == nai.lastValidated) {
+            return;
+        }
+        if (DBG) {
+            int netid = nai.network.getNetId();
+            log("reportNetworkConnectivity(" + netid + ", " + hasConnectivity + ") by " + uid);
+        }
+        // Validating a network that has not yet connected could result in a call to
+        // rematchNetworkAndRequests() which is not meant to work on such networks.
+        if (!nai.everConnected) {
+            return;
+        }
+        final NetworkCapabilities nc = getNetworkCapabilitiesInternal(nai);
+        if (isNetworkWithCapabilitiesBlocked(nc, uid, false)) {
+            return;
+        }
+        nai.networkMonitor().forceReevaluation(uid);
+    }
+
+    // TODO: call into netd.
+    private boolean queryUserAccess(int uid, Network network) {
+        final NetworkAgentInfo nai = getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(network);
+        if (nai == null) return false;
+
+        // Any UID can use its default network.
+        if (nai == getDefaultNetworkForUid(uid)) return true;
+
+        // Privileged apps can use any network.
+        if (mPermissionMonitor.hasRestrictedNetworksPermission(uid)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // An unprivileged UID can use a VPN iff the VPN applies to it.
+        if (nai.isVPN()) {
+            return nai.networkCapabilities.appliesToUid(uid);
+        }
+
+        // An unprivileged UID can bypass the VPN that applies to it only if it can protect its
+        // sockets, i.e., if it is the owner.
+        final NetworkAgentInfo vpn = getVpnForUid(uid);
+        if (vpn != null && !vpn.networkAgentConfig.allowBypass
+                && uid != vpn.networkCapabilities.getOwnerUid()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // The UID's permission must be at least sufficient for the network. Since the restricted
+        // permission was already checked above, that just leaves background networks.
+        if (!nai.networkCapabilities.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_FOREGROUND)) {
+            return mPermissionMonitor.hasUseBackgroundNetworksPermission(uid);
+        }
+
+        // Unrestricted network. Anyone gets to use it.
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns information about the proxy a certain network is using. If given a null network, it
+     * it will return the proxy for the bound network for the caller app or the default proxy if
+     * none.
+     *
+     * @param network the network we want to get the proxy information for.
+     * @return Proxy information if a network has a proxy configured, or otherwise null.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public ProxyInfo getProxyForNetwork(Network network) {
+        final ProxyInfo globalProxy = mProxyTracker.getGlobalProxy();
+        if (globalProxy != null) return globalProxy;
+        if (network == null) {
+            // Get the network associated with the calling UID.
+            final Network activeNetwork = getActiveNetworkForUidInternal(mDeps.getCallingUid(),
+                    true);
+            if (activeNetwork == null) {
+                return null;
+            }
+            return getLinkPropertiesProxyInfo(activeNetwork);
+        } else if (mDeps.queryUserAccess(mDeps.getCallingUid(), network, this)) {
+            // Don't call getLinkProperties() as it requires ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE permission, which
+            // caller may not have.
+            return getLinkPropertiesProxyInfo(network);
+        }
+        // No proxy info available if the calling UID does not have network access.
+        return null;
+    }
+
+
+    private ProxyInfo getLinkPropertiesProxyInfo(Network network) {
+        final NetworkAgentInfo nai = getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(network);
+        if (nai == null) return null;
+        synchronized (nai) {
+            final ProxyInfo linkHttpProxy = nai.linkProperties.getHttpProxy();
+            return linkHttpProxy == null ? null : new ProxyInfo(linkHttpProxy);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setGlobalProxy(@Nullable final ProxyInfo proxyProperties) {
+        PermissionUtils.enforceNetworkStackPermission(mContext);
+        mProxyTracker.setGlobalProxy(proxyProperties);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    @Nullable
+    public ProxyInfo getGlobalProxy() {
+        return mProxyTracker.getGlobalProxy();
+    }
+
+    private void handleApplyDefaultProxy(ProxyInfo proxy) {
+        if (proxy != null && TextUtils.isEmpty(proxy.getHost())
+                && Uri.EMPTY.equals(proxy.getPacFileUrl())) {
+            proxy = null;
+        }
+        mProxyTracker.setDefaultProxy(proxy);
+    }
+
+    // If the proxy has changed from oldLp to newLp, resend proxy broadcast. This method gets called
+    // when any network changes proxy.
+    // TODO: Remove usage of broadcast extras as they are deprecated and not applicable in a
+    // multi-network world where an app might be bound to a non-default network.
+    private void updateProxy(LinkProperties newLp, LinkProperties oldLp) {
+        ProxyInfo newProxyInfo = newLp == null ? null : newLp.getHttpProxy();
+        ProxyInfo oldProxyInfo = oldLp == null ? null : oldLp.getHttpProxy();
+
+        if (!ProxyTracker.proxyInfoEqual(newProxyInfo, oldProxyInfo)) {
+            mProxyTracker.sendProxyBroadcast();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static class SettingsObserver extends ContentObserver {
+        final private HashMap<Uri, Integer> mUriEventMap;
+        final private Context mContext;
+        final private Handler mHandler;
+
+        SettingsObserver(Context context, Handler handler) {
+            super(null);
+            mUriEventMap = new HashMap<>();
+            mContext = context;
+            mHandler = handler;
+        }
+
+        void observe(Uri uri, int what) {
+            mUriEventMap.put(uri, what);
+            final ContentResolver resolver = mContext.getContentResolver();
+            resolver.registerContentObserver(uri, false, this);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onChange(boolean selfChange) {
+            Log.wtf(TAG, "Should never be reached.");
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onChange(boolean selfChange, Uri uri) {
+            final Integer what = mUriEventMap.get(uri);
+            if (what != null) {
+                mHandler.obtainMessage(what).sendToTarget();
+            } else {
+                loge("No matching event to send for URI=" + uri);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void log(String s) {
+        Log.d(TAG, s);
+    }
+
+    private static void logw(String s) {
+        Log.w(TAG, s);
+    }
+
+    private static void logwtf(String s) {
+        Log.wtf(TAG, s);
+    }
+
+    private static void logwtf(String s, Throwable t) {
+        Log.wtf(TAG, s, t);
+    }
+
+    private static void loge(String s) {
+        Log.e(TAG, s);
+    }
+
+    private static void loge(String s, Throwable t) {
+        Log.e(TAG, s, t);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return the information of all ongoing VPNs.
+     *
+     * <p>This method is used to update NetworkStatsService.
+     *
+     * <p>Must be called on the handler thread.
+     */
+    private UnderlyingNetworkInfo[] getAllVpnInfo() {
+        ensureRunningOnConnectivityServiceThread();
+        if (mLockdownEnabled) {
+            return new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0];
+        }
+        List<UnderlyingNetworkInfo> infoList = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (NetworkAgentInfo nai : mNetworkAgentInfos) {
+            UnderlyingNetworkInfo info = createVpnInfo(nai);
+            if (info != null) {
+                infoList.add(info);
+            }
+        }
+        return infoList.toArray(new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[infoList.size()]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return VPN information for accounting, or null if we can't retrieve all required
+     *         information, e.g underlying ifaces.
+     */
+    private UnderlyingNetworkInfo createVpnInfo(NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
+        if (!nai.isVPN()) return null;
+
+        Network[] underlyingNetworks = nai.declaredUnderlyingNetworks;
+        // see VpnService.setUnderlyingNetworks()'s javadoc about how to interpret
+        // the underlyingNetworks list.
+        if (underlyingNetworks == null) {
+            final NetworkAgentInfo defaultNai = getDefaultNetworkForUid(
+                    nai.networkCapabilities.getOwnerUid());
+            if (defaultNai != null) {
+                underlyingNetworks = new Network[] { defaultNai.network };
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (CollectionUtils.isEmpty(underlyingNetworks)) return null;
+
+        List<String> interfaces = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (Network network : underlyingNetworks) {
+            NetworkAgentInfo underlyingNai = getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(network);
+            if (underlyingNai == null) continue;
+            LinkProperties lp = underlyingNai.linkProperties;
+            for (String iface : lp.getAllInterfaceNames()) {
+                if (!TextUtils.isEmpty(iface)) {
+                    interfaces.add(iface);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (interfaces.isEmpty()) return null;
+
+        // Must be non-null or NetworkStatsService will crash.
+        // Cannot happen in production code because Vpn only registers the NetworkAgent after the
+        // tun or ipsec interface is created.
+        // TODO: Remove this check.
+        if (nai.linkProperties.getInterfaceName() == null) return null;
+
+        return new UnderlyingNetworkInfo(nai.networkCapabilities.getOwnerUid(),
+                nai.linkProperties.getInterfaceName(), interfaces);
+    }
+
+    // TODO This needs to be the default network that applies to the NAI.
+    private Network[] underlyingNetworksOrDefault(final int ownerUid,
+            Network[] underlyingNetworks) {
+        final Network defaultNetwork = getNetwork(getDefaultNetworkForUid(ownerUid));
+        if (underlyingNetworks == null && defaultNetwork != null) {
+            // null underlying networks means to track the default.
+            underlyingNetworks = new Network[] { defaultNetwork };
+        }
+        return underlyingNetworks;
+    }
+
+    // Returns true iff |network| is an underlying network of |nai|.
+    private boolean hasUnderlyingNetwork(NetworkAgentInfo nai, Network network) {
+        // TODO: support more than one level of underlying networks, either via a fixed-depth search
+        // (e.g., 2 levels of underlying networks), or via loop detection, or....
+        if (!nai.supportsUnderlyingNetworks()) return false;
+        final Network[] underlying = underlyingNetworksOrDefault(
+                nai.networkCapabilities.getOwnerUid(), nai.declaredUnderlyingNetworks);
+        return CollectionUtils.contains(underlying, network);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Recompute the capabilities for any networks that had a specific network as underlying.
+     *
+     * When underlying networks change, such networks may have to update capabilities to reflect
+     * things like the metered bit, their transports, and so on. The capabilities are calculated
+     * immediately. This method runs on the ConnectivityService thread.
+     */
+    private void propagateUnderlyingNetworkCapabilities(Network updatedNetwork) {
+        ensureRunningOnConnectivityServiceThread();
+        for (NetworkAgentInfo nai : mNetworkAgentInfos) {
+            if (updatedNetwork == null || hasUnderlyingNetwork(nai, updatedNetwork)) {
+                updateCapabilitiesForNetwork(nai);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private boolean isUidBlockedByVpn(int uid, List<UidRange> blockedUidRanges) {
+        // Determine whether this UID is blocked because of always-on VPN lockdown. If a VPN applies
+        // to the UID, then the UID is not blocked because always-on VPN lockdown applies only when
+        // a VPN is not up.
+        final NetworkAgentInfo vpnNai = getVpnForUid(uid);
+        if (vpnNai != null && !vpnNai.networkAgentConfig.allowBypass) return false;
+        for (UidRange range : blockedUidRanges) {
+            if (range.contains(uid)) return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setRequireVpnForUids(boolean requireVpn, UidRange[] ranges) {
+        enforceNetworkStackOrSettingsPermission();
+        mHandler.sendMessage(mHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_SET_REQUIRE_VPN_FOR_UIDS,
+                encodeBool(requireVpn), 0 /* arg2 */, ranges));
+    }
+
+    private void handleSetRequireVpnForUids(boolean requireVpn, UidRange[] ranges) {
+        if (DBG) {
+            Log.d(TAG, "Setting VPN " + (requireVpn ? "" : "not ") + "required for UIDs: "
+                    + Arrays.toString(ranges));
+        }
+        // Cannot use a Set since the list of UID ranges might contain duplicates.
+        final List<UidRange> newVpnBlockedUidRanges = new ArrayList(mVpnBlockedUidRanges);
+        for (int i = 0; i < ranges.length; i++) {
+            if (requireVpn) {
+                newVpnBlockedUidRanges.add(ranges[i]);
+            } else {
+                newVpnBlockedUidRanges.remove(ranges[i]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        try {
+            mNetd.networkRejectNonSecureVpn(requireVpn, toUidRangeStableParcels(ranges));
+        } catch (RemoteException | ServiceSpecificException e) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "setRequireVpnForUids(" + requireVpn + ", "
+                    + Arrays.toString(ranges) + "): netd command failed: " + e);
+        }
+
+        for (final NetworkAgentInfo nai : mNetworkAgentInfos) {
+            final boolean curMetered = nai.networkCapabilities.isMetered();
+            maybeNotifyNetworkBlocked(nai, curMetered, curMetered,
+                    mVpnBlockedUidRanges, newVpnBlockedUidRanges);
+        }
+
+        mVpnBlockedUidRanges = newVpnBlockedUidRanges;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setLegacyLockdownVpnEnabled(boolean enabled) {
+        enforceNetworkStackOrSettingsPermission();
+        mHandler.post(() -> mLockdownEnabled = enabled);
+    }
+
+    private boolean isLegacyLockdownNai(NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
+        return mLockdownEnabled
+                && getVpnType(nai) == VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_LEGACY
+                && nai.networkCapabilities.appliesToUid(Process.FIRST_APPLICATION_UID);
+    }
+
+    private NetworkAgentInfo getLegacyLockdownNai() {
+        if (!mLockdownEnabled) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        // The legacy lockdown VPN always only applies to userId 0.
+        final NetworkAgentInfo nai = getVpnForUid(Process.FIRST_APPLICATION_UID);
+        if (nai == null || !isLegacyLockdownNai(nai)) return null;
+
+        // The legacy lockdown VPN must always have exactly one underlying network.
+        // This code may run on any thread and declaredUnderlyingNetworks may change, so store it in
+        // a local variable. There is no need to make a copy because its contents cannot change.
+        final Network[] underlying = nai.declaredUnderlyingNetworks;
+        if (underlying == null ||  underlying.length != 1) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        // The legacy lockdown VPN always uses the default network.
+        // If the VPN's underlying network is no longer the current default network, it means that
+        // the default network has just switched, and the VPN is about to disconnect.
+        // Report that the VPN is not connected, so the state of NetworkInfo objects overwritten
+        // by filterForLegacyLockdown will be set to CONNECTING and not CONNECTED.
+        final NetworkAgentInfo defaultNetwork = getDefaultNetwork();
+        if (defaultNetwork == null || !defaultNetwork.network.equals(underlying[0])) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return nai;
+    };
+
+    // TODO: move all callers to filterForLegacyLockdown and delete this method.
+    // This likely requires making sendLegacyNetworkBroadcast take a NetworkInfo object instead of
+    // just a DetailedState object.
+    private DetailedState getLegacyLockdownState(DetailedState origState) {
+        if (origState != DetailedState.CONNECTED) {
+            return origState;
+        }
+        return (mLockdownEnabled && getLegacyLockdownNai() == null)
+                ? DetailedState.CONNECTING
+                : DetailedState.CONNECTED;
+    }
+
+    private void filterForLegacyLockdown(NetworkInfo ni) {
+        if (!mLockdownEnabled || !ni.isConnected()) return;
+        // The legacy lockdown VPN replaces the state of every network in CONNECTED state with the
+        // state of its VPN. This is to ensure that when an underlying network connects, apps will
+        // not see a CONNECTIVITY_ACTION broadcast for a network in state CONNECTED until the VPN
+        // comes up, at which point there is a new CONNECTIVITY_ACTION broadcast for the underlying
+        // network, this time with a state of CONNECTED.
+        //
+        // Now that the legacy lockdown code lives in ConnectivityService, and no longer has access
+        // to the internal state of the Vpn object, always replace the state with CONNECTING. This
+        // is not too far off the truth, since an always-on VPN, when not connected, is always
+        // trying to reconnect.
+        if (getLegacyLockdownNai() == null) {
+            ni.setDetailedState(DetailedState.CONNECTING, "", null);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setProvisioningNotificationVisible(boolean visible, int networkType,
+            String action) {
+        enforceSettingsPermission();
+        if (!ConnectivityManager.isNetworkTypeValid(networkType)) {
+            return;
+        }
+        final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
+        try {
+            // Concatenate the range of types onto the range of NetIDs.
+            int id = NetIdManager.MAX_NET_ID + 1 + (networkType - ConnectivityManager.TYPE_NONE);
+            mNotifier.setProvNotificationVisible(visible, id, action);
+        } finally {
+            Binder.restoreCallingIdentity(ident);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setAirplaneMode(boolean enable) {
+        enforceAirplaneModePermission();
+        final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
+        try {
+            final ContentResolver cr = mContext.getContentResolver();
+            Settings.Global.putInt(cr, Settings.Global.AIRPLANE_MODE_ON, encodeBool(enable));
+            Intent intent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_AIRPLANE_MODE_CHANGED);
+            intent.putExtra("state", enable);
+            mContext.sendBroadcastAsUser(intent, UserHandle.ALL);
+        } finally {
+            Binder.restoreCallingIdentity(ident);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void onUserAdded(@NonNull final UserHandle user) {
+        mPermissionMonitor.onUserAdded(user);
+        if (mOemNetworkPreferences.getNetworkPreferences().size() > 0) {
+            handleSetOemNetworkPreference(mOemNetworkPreferences, null);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void onUserRemoved(@NonNull final UserHandle user) {
+        mPermissionMonitor.onUserRemoved(user);
+        // If there was a network preference for this user, remove it.
+        handleSetProfileNetworkPreference(new ProfileNetworkPreferences.Preference(user, null),
+                null /* listener */);
+        if (mOemNetworkPreferences.getNetworkPreferences().size() > 0) {
+            handleSetOemNetworkPreference(mOemNetworkPreferences, null);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void onPackageChanged(@NonNull final String packageName) {
+        // This is necessary in case a package is added or removed, but also when it's replaced to
+        // run as a new UID by its manifest rules. Also, if a separate package shares the same UID
+        // as one in the preferences, then it should follow the same routing as that other package,
+        // which means updating the rules is never to be needed in this case (whether it joins or
+        // leaves a UID with a preference).
+        if (isMappedInOemNetworkPreference(packageName)) {
+            handleSetOemNetworkPreference(mOemNetworkPreferences, null);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private final BroadcastReceiver mUserIntentReceiver = new BroadcastReceiver() {
+        @Override
+        public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {
+            ensureRunningOnConnectivityServiceThread();
+            final String action = intent.getAction();
+            final UserHandle user = intent.getParcelableExtra(Intent.EXTRA_USER);
+
+            // User should be filled for below intents, check the existence.
+            if (user == null) {
+                Log.wtf(TAG, intent.getAction() + " broadcast without EXTRA_USER");
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (Intent.ACTION_USER_ADDED.equals(action)) {
+                onUserAdded(user);
+            } else if (Intent.ACTION_USER_REMOVED.equals(action)) {
+                onUserRemoved(user);
+            }  else {
+                Log.wtf(TAG, "received unexpected intent: " + action);
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    private final BroadcastReceiver mPackageIntentReceiver = new BroadcastReceiver() {
+        @Override
+        public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {
+            ensureRunningOnConnectivityServiceThread();
+            switch (intent.getAction()) {
+                case Intent.ACTION_PACKAGE_ADDED:
+                case Intent.ACTION_PACKAGE_REMOVED:
+                case Intent.ACTION_PACKAGE_REPLACED:
+                    onPackageChanged(intent.getData().getSchemeSpecificPart());
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    Log.wtf(TAG, "received unexpected intent: " + intent.getAction());
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    private final HashMap<Messenger, NetworkProviderInfo> mNetworkProviderInfos = new HashMap<>();
+    private final HashMap<NetworkRequest, NetworkRequestInfo> mNetworkRequests = new HashMap<>();
+
+    private static class NetworkProviderInfo {
+        public final String name;
+        public final Messenger messenger;
+        private final IBinder.DeathRecipient mDeathRecipient;
+        public final int providerId;
+
+        NetworkProviderInfo(String name, Messenger messenger, int providerId,
+                @NonNull IBinder.DeathRecipient deathRecipient) {
+            this.name = name;
+            this.messenger = messenger;
+            this.providerId = providerId;
+            mDeathRecipient = deathRecipient;
+
+            if (mDeathRecipient == null) {
+                throw new AssertionError("Must pass a deathRecipient");
+            }
+        }
+
+        void connect(Context context, Handler handler) {
+            try {
+                messenger.getBinder().linkToDeath(mDeathRecipient, 0);
+            } catch (RemoteException e) {
+                mDeathRecipient.binderDied();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void ensureAllNetworkRequestsHaveType(List<NetworkRequest> requests) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < requests.size(); i++) {
+            ensureNetworkRequestHasType(requests.get(i));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void ensureNetworkRequestHasType(NetworkRequest request) {
+        if (request.type == NetworkRequest.Type.NONE) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                    "All NetworkRequests in ConnectivityService must have a type");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tracks info about the requester.
+     * Also used to notice when the calling process dies so as to self-expire
+     */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    protected class NetworkRequestInfo implements IBinder.DeathRecipient {
+        // The requests to be satisfied in priority order. Non-multilayer requests will only have a
+        // single NetworkRequest in mRequests.
+        final List<NetworkRequest> mRequests;
+
+        // mSatisfier and mActiveRequest rely on one another therefore set them together.
+        void setSatisfier(
+                @Nullable final NetworkAgentInfo satisfier,
+                @Nullable final NetworkRequest activeRequest) {
+            mSatisfier = satisfier;
+            mActiveRequest = activeRequest;
+        }
+
+        // The network currently satisfying this NRI. Only one request in an NRI can have a
+        // satisfier. For non-multilayer requests, only non-listen requests can have a satisfier.
+        @Nullable
+        private NetworkAgentInfo mSatisfier;
+        NetworkAgentInfo getSatisfier() {
+            return mSatisfier;
+        }
+
+        // The request in mRequests assigned to a network agent. This is null if none of the
+        // requests in mRequests can be satisfied. This member has the constraint of only being
+        // accessible on the handler thread.
+        @Nullable
+        private NetworkRequest mActiveRequest;
+        NetworkRequest getActiveRequest() {
+            return mActiveRequest;
+        }
+
+        final PendingIntent mPendingIntent;
+        boolean mPendingIntentSent;
+        @Nullable
+        final Messenger mMessenger;
+
+        // Information about the caller that caused this object to be created.
+        @Nullable
+        private final IBinder mBinder;
+        final int mPid;
+        final int mUid;
+        final @NetworkCallback.Flag int mCallbackFlags;
+        @Nullable
+        final String mCallingAttributionTag;
+
+        // Counter keeping track of this NRI.
+        final PerUidCounter mPerUidCounter;
+
+        // Effective UID of this request. This is different from mUid when a privileged process
+        // files a request on behalf of another UID. This UID is used to determine blocked status,
+        // UID matching, and so on. mUid above is used for permission checks and to enforce the
+        // maximum limit of registered callbacks per UID.
+        final int mAsUid;
+
+        // In order to preserve the mapping of NetworkRequest-to-callback when apps register
+        // callbacks using a returned NetworkRequest, the original NetworkRequest needs to be
+        // maintained for keying off of. This is only a concern when the original nri
+        // mNetworkRequests changes which happens currently for apps that register callbacks to
+        // track the default network. In those cases, the nri is updated to have mNetworkRequests
+        // that match the per-app default nri that currently tracks the calling app's uid so that
+        // callbacks are fired at the appropriate time. When the callbacks fire,
+        // mNetworkRequestForCallback will be used so as to preserve the caller's mapping. When
+        // callbacks are updated to key off of an nri vs NetworkRequest, this stops being an issue.
+        // TODO b/177608132: make sure callbacks are indexed by NRIs and not NetworkRequest objects.
+        @NonNull
+        private final NetworkRequest mNetworkRequestForCallback;
+        NetworkRequest getNetworkRequestForCallback() {
+            return mNetworkRequestForCallback;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Get the list of UIDs this nri applies to.
+         */
+        @NonNull
+        private Set<UidRange> getUids() {
+            // networkCapabilities.getUids() returns a defensive copy.
+            // multilayer requests will all have the same uids so return the first one.
+            final Set<UidRange> uids = mRequests.get(0).networkCapabilities.getUidRanges();
+            return (null == uids) ? new ArraySet<>() : uids;
+        }
+
+        NetworkRequestInfo(int asUid, @NonNull final NetworkRequest r,
+                @Nullable final PendingIntent pi, @Nullable String callingAttributionTag) {
+            this(asUid, Collections.singletonList(r), r, pi, callingAttributionTag);
+        }
+
+        NetworkRequestInfo(int asUid, @NonNull final List<NetworkRequest> r,
+                @NonNull final NetworkRequest requestForCallback, @Nullable final PendingIntent pi,
+                @Nullable String callingAttributionTag) {
+            ensureAllNetworkRequestsHaveType(r);
+            mRequests = initializeRequests(r);
+            mNetworkRequestForCallback = requestForCallback;
+            mPendingIntent = pi;
+            mMessenger = null;
+            mBinder = null;
+            mPid = getCallingPid();
+            mUid = mDeps.getCallingUid();
+            mAsUid = asUid;
+            mPerUidCounter = getRequestCounter(this);
+            mPerUidCounter.incrementCountOrThrow(mUid);
+            /**
+             * Location sensitive data not included in pending intent. Only included in
+             * {@link NetworkCallback}.
+             */
+            mCallbackFlags = NetworkCallback.FLAG_NONE;
+            mCallingAttributionTag = callingAttributionTag;
+        }
+
+        NetworkRequestInfo(int asUid, @NonNull final NetworkRequest r, @Nullable final Messenger m,
+                @Nullable final IBinder binder,
+                @NetworkCallback.Flag int callbackFlags,
+                @Nullable String callingAttributionTag) {
+            this(asUid, Collections.singletonList(r), r, m, binder, callbackFlags,
+                    callingAttributionTag);
+        }
+
+        NetworkRequestInfo(int asUid, @NonNull final List<NetworkRequest> r,
+                @NonNull final NetworkRequest requestForCallback, @Nullable final Messenger m,
+                @Nullable final IBinder binder,
+                @NetworkCallback.Flag int callbackFlags,
+                @Nullable String callingAttributionTag) {
+            super();
+            ensureAllNetworkRequestsHaveType(r);
+            mRequests = initializeRequests(r);
+            mNetworkRequestForCallback = requestForCallback;
+            mMessenger = m;
+            mBinder = binder;
+            mPid = getCallingPid();
+            mUid = mDeps.getCallingUid();
+            mAsUid = asUid;
+            mPendingIntent = null;
+            mPerUidCounter = getRequestCounter(this);
+            mPerUidCounter.incrementCountOrThrow(mUid);
+            mCallbackFlags = callbackFlags;
+            mCallingAttributionTag = callingAttributionTag;
+            linkDeathRecipient();
+        }
+
+        NetworkRequestInfo(@NonNull final NetworkRequestInfo nri,
+                @NonNull final List<NetworkRequest> r) {
+            super();
+            ensureAllNetworkRequestsHaveType(r);
+            mRequests = initializeRequests(r);
+            mNetworkRequestForCallback = nri.getNetworkRequestForCallback();
+            final NetworkAgentInfo satisfier = nri.getSatisfier();
+            if (null != satisfier) {
+                // If the old NRI was satisfied by an NAI, then it may have had an active request.
+                // The active request is necessary to figure out what callbacks to send, in
+                // particular then a network updates its capabilities.
+                // As this code creates a new NRI with a new set of requests, figure out which of
+                // the list of requests should be the active request. It is always the first
+                // request of the list that can be satisfied by the satisfier since the order of
+                // requests is a priority order.
+                // Note even in the presence of a satisfier there may not be an active request,
+                // when the satisfier is the no-service network.
+                NetworkRequest activeRequest = null;
+                for (final NetworkRequest candidate : r) {
+                    if (candidate.canBeSatisfiedBy(satisfier.networkCapabilities)) {
+                        activeRequest = candidate;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                setSatisfier(satisfier, activeRequest);
+            }
+            mMessenger = nri.mMessenger;
+            mBinder = nri.mBinder;
+            mPid = nri.mPid;
+            mUid = nri.mUid;
+            mAsUid = nri.mAsUid;
+            mPendingIntent = nri.mPendingIntent;
+            mPerUidCounter = getRequestCounter(this);
+            mPerUidCounter.incrementCountOrThrow(mUid);
+            mCallbackFlags = nri.mCallbackFlags;
+            mCallingAttributionTag = nri.mCallingAttributionTag;
+            linkDeathRecipient();
+        }
+
+        NetworkRequestInfo(int asUid, @NonNull final NetworkRequest r) {
+            this(asUid, Collections.singletonList(r));
+        }
+
+        NetworkRequestInfo(int asUid, @NonNull final List<NetworkRequest> r) {
+            this(asUid, r, r.get(0), null /* pi */, null /* callingAttributionTag */);
+        }
+
+        // True if this NRI is being satisfied. It also accounts for if the nri has its satisifer
+        // set to the mNoServiceNetwork in which case mActiveRequest will be null thus returning
+        // false.
+        boolean isBeingSatisfied() {
+            return (null != mSatisfier && null != mActiveRequest);
+        }
+
+        boolean isMultilayerRequest() {
+            return mRequests.size() > 1;
+        }
+
+        private List<NetworkRequest> initializeRequests(List<NetworkRequest> r) {
+            // Creating a defensive copy to prevent the sender from modifying the list being
+            // reflected in the return value of this method.
+            final List<NetworkRequest> tempRequests = new ArrayList<>(r);
+            return Collections.unmodifiableList(tempRequests);
+        }
+
+        void decrementRequestCount() {
+            mPerUidCounter.decrementCount(mUid);
+        }
+
+        void linkDeathRecipient() {
+            if (null != mBinder) {
+                try {
+                    mBinder.linkToDeath(this, 0);
+                } catch (RemoteException e) {
+                    binderDied();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        void unlinkDeathRecipient() {
+            if (null != mBinder) {
+                mBinder.unlinkToDeath(this, 0);
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void binderDied() {
+            log("ConnectivityService NetworkRequestInfo binderDied(" +
+                    mRequests + ", " + mBinder + ")");
+            releaseNetworkRequests(mRequests);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+            final String asUidString = (mAsUid == mUid) ? "" : " asUid: " + mAsUid;
+            return "uid/pid:" + mUid + "/" + mPid + asUidString + " activeRequest: "
+                    + (mActiveRequest == null ? null : mActiveRequest.requestId)
+                    + " callbackRequest: "
+                    + mNetworkRequestForCallback.requestId
+                    + " " + mRequests
+                    + (mPendingIntent == null ? "" : " to trigger " + mPendingIntent)
+                    + " callback flags: " + mCallbackFlags;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void ensureRequestableCapabilities(NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities) {
+        final String badCapability = networkCapabilities.describeFirstNonRequestableCapability();
+        if (badCapability != null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot request network with " + badCapability);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // This checks that the passed capabilities either do not request a
+    // specific SSID/SignalStrength, or the calling app has permission to do so.
+    private void ensureSufficientPermissionsForRequest(NetworkCapabilities nc,
+            int callerPid, int callerUid, String callerPackageName) {
+        if (null != nc.getSsid() && !checkSettingsPermission(callerPid, callerUid)) {
+            throw new SecurityException("Insufficient permissions to request a specific SSID");
+        }
+
+        if (nc.hasSignalStrength()
+                && !checkNetworkSignalStrengthWakeupPermission(callerPid, callerUid)) {
+            throw new SecurityException(
+                    "Insufficient permissions to request a specific signal strength");
+        }
+        mAppOpsManager.checkPackage(callerUid, callerPackageName);
+
+        if (!nc.getSubscriptionIds().isEmpty()) {
+            enforceNetworkFactoryPermission();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private int[] getSignalStrengthThresholds(@NonNull final NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
+        final SortedSet<Integer> thresholds = new TreeSet<>();
+        synchronized (nai) {
+            // mNetworkRequests may contain the same value multiple times in case of
+            // multilayer requests. It won't matter in this case because the thresholds
+            // will then be the same and be deduplicated as they enter the `thresholds` set.
+            // TODO : have mNetworkRequests be a Set<NetworkRequestInfo> or the like.
+            for (final NetworkRequestInfo nri : mNetworkRequests.values()) {
+                for (final NetworkRequest req : nri.mRequests) {
+                    if (req.networkCapabilities.hasSignalStrength()
+                            && nai.satisfiesImmutableCapabilitiesOf(req)) {
+                        thresholds.add(req.networkCapabilities.getSignalStrength());
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return CollectionUtils.toIntArray(new ArrayList<>(thresholds));
+    }
+
+    private void updateSignalStrengthThresholds(
+            NetworkAgentInfo nai, String reason, NetworkRequest request) {
+        final int[] thresholdsArray = getSignalStrengthThresholds(nai);
+
+        if (VDBG || (DBG && !"CONNECT".equals(reason))) {
+            String detail;
+            if (request != null && request.networkCapabilities.hasSignalStrength()) {
+                detail = reason + " " + request.networkCapabilities.getSignalStrength();
+            } else {
+                detail = reason;
+            }
+            log(String.format("updateSignalStrengthThresholds: %s, sending %s to %s",
+                    detail, Arrays.toString(thresholdsArray), nai.toShortString()));
+        }
+
+        nai.onSignalStrengthThresholdsUpdated(thresholdsArray);
+    }
+
+    private void ensureValidNetworkSpecifier(NetworkCapabilities nc) {
+        if (nc == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        NetworkSpecifier ns = nc.getNetworkSpecifier();
+        if (ns == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        if (ns instanceof MatchAllNetworkSpecifier) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("A MatchAllNetworkSpecifier is not permitted");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void ensureValid(NetworkCapabilities nc) {
+        ensureValidNetworkSpecifier(nc);
+        if (nc.isPrivateDnsBroken()) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Can't request broken private DNS");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private boolean isTargetSdkAtleast(int version, int callingUid,
+            @NonNull String callingPackageName) {
+        final UserHandle user = UserHandle.getUserHandleForUid(callingUid);
+        final PackageManager pm =
+                mContext.createContextAsUser(user, 0 /* flags */).getPackageManager();
+        try {
+            final int callingVersion = pm.getTargetSdkVersion(callingPackageName);
+            if (callingVersion < version) return false;
+        } catch (PackageManager.NameNotFoundException e) { }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NetworkRequest requestNetwork(int asUid, NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities,
+            int reqTypeInt, Messenger messenger, int timeoutMs, IBinder binder,
+            int legacyType, int callbackFlags, @NonNull String callingPackageName,
+            @Nullable String callingAttributionTag) {
+        if (legacyType != TYPE_NONE && !checkNetworkStackPermission()) {
+            if (isTargetSdkAtleast(Build.VERSION_CODES.M, mDeps.getCallingUid(),
+                    callingPackageName)) {
+                throw new SecurityException("Insufficient permissions to specify legacy type");
+            }
+        }
+        final NetworkCapabilities defaultNc = mDefaultRequest.mRequests.get(0).networkCapabilities;
+        final int callingUid = mDeps.getCallingUid();
+        // Privileged callers can track the default network of another UID by passing in a UID.
+        if (asUid != Process.INVALID_UID) {
+            enforceSettingsPermission();
+        } else {
+            asUid = callingUid;
+        }
+        final NetworkRequest.Type reqType;
+        try {
+            reqType = NetworkRequest.Type.values()[reqTypeInt];
+        } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unsupported request type " + reqTypeInt);
+        }
+        switch (reqType) {
+            case TRACK_DEFAULT:
+                // If the request type is TRACK_DEFAULT, the passed {@code networkCapabilities}
+                // is unused and will be replaced by ones appropriate for the UID (usually, the
+                // calling app). This allows callers to keep track of the default network.
+                networkCapabilities = copyDefaultNetworkCapabilitiesForUid(
+                        defaultNc, asUid, callingUid, callingPackageName);
+                enforceAccessPermission();
+                break;
+            case TRACK_SYSTEM_DEFAULT:
+                enforceSettingsPermission();
+                networkCapabilities = new NetworkCapabilities(defaultNc);
+                break;
+            case BACKGROUND_REQUEST:
+                enforceNetworkStackOrSettingsPermission();
+                // Fall-through since other checks are the same with normal requests.
+            case REQUEST:
+                networkCapabilities = new NetworkCapabilities(networkCapabilities);
+                enforceNetworkRequestPermissions(networkCapabilities, callingPackageName,
+                        callingAttributionTag);
+                // TODO: this is incorrect. We mark the request as metered or not depending on
+                //  the state of the app when the request is filed, but we never change the
+                //  request if the app changes network state. http://b/29964605
+                enforceMeteredApnPolicy(networkCapabilities);
+                break;
+            case LISTEN_FOR_BEST:
+                enforceAccessPermission();
+                networkCapabilities = new NetworkCapabilities(networkCapabilities);
+                break;
+            default:
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unsupported request type " + reqType);
+        }
+        ensureRequestableCapabilities(networkCapabilities);
+        ensureSufficientPermissionsForRequest(networkCapabilities,
+                Binder.getCallingPid(), callingUid, callingPackageName);
+
+        // Enforce FOREGROUND if the caller does not have permission to use background network.
+        if (reqType == LISTEN_FOR_BEST) {
+            restrictBackgroundRequestForCaller(networkCapabilities);
+        }
+
+        // Set the UID range for this request to the single UID of the requester, unless the
+        // requester has the permission to specify other UIDs.
+        // This will overwrite any allowed UIDs in the requested capabilities. Though there
+        // are no visible methods to set the UIDs, an app could use reflection to try and get
+        // networks for other apps so it's essential that the UIDs are overwritten.
+        // Also set the requester UID and package name in the request.
+        restrictRequestUidsForCallerAndSetRequestorInfo(networkCapabilities,
+                callingUid, callingPackageName);
+
+        if (timeoutMs < 0) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Bad timeout specified");
+        }
+        ensureValid(networkCapabilities);
+
+        final NetworkRequest networkRequest = new NetworkRequest(networkCapabilities, legacyType,
+                nextNetworkRequestId(), reqType);
+        final NetworkRequestInfo nri = getNriToRegister(
+                asUid, networkRequest, messenger, binder, callbackFlags,
+                callingAttributionTag);
+        if (DBG) log("requestNetwork for " + nri);
+
+        // For TRACK_SYSTEM_DEFAULT callbacks, the capabilities have been modified since they were
+        // copied from the default request above. (This is necessary to ensure, for example, that
+        // the callback does not leak sensitive information to unprivileged apps.) Check that the
+        // changes don't alter request matching.
+        if (reqType == NetworkRequest.Type.TRACK_SYSTEM_DEFAULT &&
+                (!networkCapabilities.equalRequestableCapabilities(defaultNc))) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                    "TRACK_SYSTEM_DEFAULT capabilities don't match default request: "
+                    + networkCapabilities + " vs. " + defaultNc);
+        }
+
+        mHandler.sendMessage(mHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_REGISTER_NETWORK_REQUEST, nri));
+        if (timeoutMs > 0) {
+            mHandler.sendMessageDelayed(mHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_TIMEOUT_NETWORK_REQUEST,
+                    nri), timeoutMs);
+        }
+        return networkRequest;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return the nri to be used when registering a network request. Specifically, this is used with
+     * requests registered to track the default request. If there is currently a per-app default
+     * tracking the app requestor, then we need to create a version of this nri that mirrors that of
+     * the tracking per-app default so that callbacks are sent to the app requestor appropriately.
+     * @param asUid the uid on behalf of which to file the request. Different from requestorUid
+     *              when a privileged caller is tracking the default network for another uid.
+     * @param nr the network request for the nri.
+     * @param msgr the messenger for the nri.
+     * @param binder the binder for the nri.
+     * @param callingAttributionTag the calling attribution tag for the nri.
+     * @return the nri to register.
+     */
+    private NetworkRequestInfo getNriToRegister(final int asUid, @NonNull final NetworkRequest nr,
+            @Nullable final Messenger msgr, @Nullable final IBinder binder,
+            @NetworkCallback.Flag int callbackFlags,
+            @Nullable String callingAttributionTag) {
+        final List<NetworkRequest> requests;
+        if (NetworkRequest.Type.TRACK_DEFAULT == nr.type) {
+            requests = copyDefaultNetworkRequestsForUid(
+                    asUid, nr.getRequestorUid(), nr.getRequestorPackageName());
+        } else {
+            requests = Collections.singletonList(nr);
+        }
+        return new NetworkRequestInfo(
+                asUid, requests, nr, msgr, binder, callbackFlags, callingAttributionTag);
+    }
+
+    private void enforceNetworkRequestPermissions(NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities,
+            String callingPackageName, String callingAttributionTag) {
+        if (networkCapabilities.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED) == false) {
+            enforceConnectivityRestrictedNetworksPermission();
+        } else {
+            enforceChangePermission(callingPackageName, callingAttributionTag);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean requestBandwidthUpdate(Network network) {
+        enforceAccessPermission();
+        NetworkAgentInfo nai = null;
+        if (network == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        synchronized (mNetworkForNetId) {
+            nai = mNetworkForNetId.get(network.getNetId());
+        }
+        if (nai != null) {
+            nai.onBandwidthUpdateRequested();
+            synchronized (mBandwidthRequests) {
+                final int uid = mDeps.getCallingUid();
+                Integer uidReqs = mBandwidthRequests.get(uid);
+                if (uidReqs == null) {
+                    uidReqs = 0;
+                }
+                mBandwidthRequests.put(uid, ++uidReqs);
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private boolean isSystem(int uid) {
+        return uid < Process.FIRST_APPLICATION_UID;
+    }
+
+    private void enforceMeteredApnPolicy(NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities) {
+        final int uid = mDeps.getCallingUid();
+        if (isSystem(uid)) {
+            // Exemption for system uid.
+            return;
+        }
+        if (networkCapabilities.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)) {
+            // Policy already enforced.
+            return;
+        }
+        final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
+        try {
+            if (mPolicyManager.isUidRestrictedOnMeteredNetworks(uid)) {
+                // If UID is restricted, don't allow them to bring up metered APNs.
+                networkCapabilities.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+            }
+        } finally {
+            Binder.restoreCallingIdentity(ident);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NetworkRequest pendingRequestForNetwork(NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities,
+            PendingIntent operation, @NonNull String callingPackageName,
+            @Nullable String callingAttributionTag) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(operation, "PendingIntent cannot be null.");
+        final int callingUid = mDeps.getCallingUid();
+        networkCapabilities = new NetworkCapabilities(networkCapabilities);
+        enforceNetworkRequestPermissions(networkCapabilities, callingPackageName,
+                callingAttributionTag);
+        enforceMeteredApnPolicy(networkCapabilities);
+        ensureRequestableCapabilities(networkCapabilities);
+        ensureSufficientPermissionsForRequest(networkCapabilities,
+                Binder.getCallingPid(), callingUid, callingPackageName);
+        ensureValidNetworkSpecifier(networkCapabilities);
+        restrictRequestUidsForCallerAndSetRequestorInfo(networkCapabilities,
+                callingUid, callingPackageName);
+
+        NetworkRequest networkRequest = new NetworkRequest(networkCapabilities, TYPE_NONE,
+                nextNetworkRequestId(), NetworkRequest.Type.REQUEST);
+        NetworkRequestInfo nri = new NetworkRequestInfo(callingUid, networkRequest, operation,
+                callingAttributionTag);
+        if (DBG) log("pendingRequest for " + nri);
+        mHandler.sendMessage(mHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_REGISTER_NETWORK_REQUEST_WITH_INTENT,
+                nri));
+        return networkRequest;
+    }
+
+    private void releasePendingNetworkRequestWithDelay(PendingIntent operation) {
+        mHandler.sendMessageDelayed(
+                mHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_RELEASE_NETWORK_REQUEST_WITH_INTENT,
+                mDeps.getCallingUid(), 0, operation), mReleasePendingIntentDelayMs);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void releasePendingNetworkRequest(PendingIntent operation) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(operation, "PendingIntent cannot be null.");
+        mHandler.sendMessage(mHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_RELEASE_NETWORK_REQUEST_WITH_INTENT,
+                mDeps.getCallingUid(), 0, operation));
+    }
+
+    // In order to implement the compatibility measure for pre-M apps that call
+    // WifiManager.enableNetwork(..., true) without also binding to that network explicitly,
+    // WifiManager registers a network listen for the purpose of calling setProcessDefaultNetwork.
+    // This ensures it has permission to do so.
+    private boolean hasWifiNetworkListenPermission(NetworkCapabilities nc) {
+        if (nc == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        int[] transportTypes = nc.getTransportTypes();
+        if (transportTypes.length != 1 || transportTypes[0] != NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        try {
+            mContext.enforceCallingOrSelfPermission(
+                    android.Manifest.permission.ACCESS_WIFI_STATE,
+                    "ConnectivityService");
+        } catch (SecurityException e) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NetworkRequest listenForNetwork(NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities,
+            Messenger messenger, IBinder binder,
+            @NetworkCallback.Flag int callbackFlags,
+            @NonNull String callingPackageName, @NonNull String callingAttributionTag) {
+        final int callingUid = mDeps.getCallingUid();
+        if (!hasWifiNetworkListenPermission(networkCapabilities)) {
+            enforceAccessPermission();
+        }
+
+        NetworkCapabilities nc = new NetworkCapabilities(networkCapabilities);
+        ensureSufficientPermissionsForRequest(networkCapabilities,
+                Binder.getCallingPid(), callingUid, callingPackageName);
+        restrictRequestUidsForCallerAndSetRequestorInfo(nc, callingUid, callingPackageName);
+        // Apps without the CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE permission can't use background networks, so
+        // make all their listens include NET_CAPABILITY_FOREGROUND. That way, they will get
+        // onLost and onAvailable callbacks when networks move in and out of the background.
+        // There is no need to do this for requests because an app without CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE
+        // can't request networks.
+        restrictBackgroundRequestForCaller(nc);
+        ensureValid(nc);
+
+        NetworkRequest networkRequest = new NetworkRequest(nc, TYPE_NONE, nextNetworkRequestId(),
+                NetworkRequest.Type.LISTEN);
+        NetworkRequestInfo nri =
+                new NetworkRequestInfo(callingUid, networkRequest, messenger, binder, callbackFlags,
+                        callingAttributionTag);
+        if (VDBG) log("listenForNetwork for " + nri);
+
+        mHandler.sendMessage(mHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_REGISTER_NETWORK_LISTENER, nri));
+        return networkRequest;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void pendingListenForNetwork(NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities,
+            PendingIntent operation, @NonNull String callingPackageName,
+            @Nullable String callingAttributionTag) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(operation, "PendingIntent cannot be null.");
+        final int callingUid = mDeps.getCallingUid();
+        if (!hasWifiNetworkListenPermission(networkCapabilities)) {
+            enforceAccessPermission();
+        }
+        ensureValid(networkCapabilities);
+        ensureSufficientPermissionsForRequest(networkCapabilities,
+                Binder.getCallingPid(), callingUid, callingPackageName);
+        final NetworkCapabilities nc = new NetworkCapabilities(networkCapabilities);
+        restrictRequestUidsForCallerAndSetRequestorInfo(nc, callingUid, callingPackageName);
+
+        NetworkRequest networkRequest = new NetworkRequest(nc, TYPE_NONE, nextNetworkRequestId(),
+                NetworkRequest.Type.LISTEN);
+        NetworkRequestInfo nri = new NetworkRequestInfo(callingUid, networkRequest, operation,
+                callingAttributionTag);
+        if (VDBG) log("pendingListenForNetwork for " + nri);
+
+        mHandler.sendMessage(mHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_REGISTER_NETWORK_LISTENER, nri));
+    }
+
+    /** Returns the next Network provider ID. */
+    public final int nextNetworkProviderId() {
+        return mNextNetworkProviderId.getAndIncrement();
+    }
+
+    private void releaseNetworkRequests(List<NetworkRequest> networkRequests) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < networkRequests.size(); i++) {
+            releaseNetworkRequest(networkRequests.get(i));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void releaseNetworkRequest(NetworkRequest networkRequest) {
+        ensureNetworkRequestHasType(networkRequest);
+        mHandler.sendMessage(mHandler.obtainMessage(
+                EVENT_RELEASE_NETWORK_REQUEST, mDeps.getCallingUid(), 0, networkRequest));
+    }
+
+    private void handleRegisterNetworkProvider(NetworkProviderInfo npi) {
+        if (mNetworkProviderInfos.containsKey(npi.messenger)) {
+            // Avoid creating duplicates. even if an app makes a direct AIDL call.
+            // This will never happen if an app calls ConnectivityManager#registerNetworkProvider,
+            // as that will throw if a duplicate provider is registered.
+            loge("Attempt to register existing NetworkProviderInfo "
+                    + mNetworkProviderInfos.get(npi.messenger).name);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (DBG) log("Got NetworkProvider Messenger for " + npi.name);
+        mNetworkProviderInfos.put(npi.messenger, npi);
+        npi.connect(mContext, mTrackerHandler);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int registerNetworkProvider(Messenger messenger, String name) {
+        enforceNetworkFactoryOrSettingsPermission();
+        Objects.requireNonNull(messenger, "messenger must be non-null");
+        NetworkProviderInfo npi = new NetworkProviderInfo(name, messenger,
+                nextNetworkProviderId(), () -> unregisterNetworkProvider(messenger));
+        mHandler.sendMessage(mHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_REGISTER_NETWORK_PROVIDER, npi));
+        return npi.providerId;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void unregisterNetworkProvider(Messenger messenger) {
+        enforceNetworkFactoryOrSettingsPermission();
+        mHandler.sendMessage(mHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_UNREGISTER_NETWORK_PROVIDER, messenger));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void offerNetwork(final int providerId,
+            @NonNull final NetworkScore score, @NonNull final NetworkCapabilities caps,
+            @NonNull final INetworkOfferCallback callback) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(score);
+        Objects.requireNonNull(caps);
+        Objects.requireNonNull(callback);
+        final NetworkOffer offer = new NetworkOffer(
+                FullScore.makeProspectiveScore(score, caps), caps, callback, providerId);
+        mHandler.sendMessage(mHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_REGISTER_NETWORK_OFFER, offer));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void unofferNetwork(@NonNull final INetworkOfferCallback callback) {
+        mHandler.sendMessage(mHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_UNREGISTER_NETWORK_OFFER, callback));
+    }
+
+    private void handleUnregisterNetworkProvider(Messenger messenger) {
+        NetworkProviderInfo npi = mNetworkProviderInfos.remove(messenger);
+        if (npi == null) {
+            loge("Failed to find Messenger in unregisterNetworkProvider");
+            return;
+        }
+        // Unregister all the offers from this provider
+        final ArrayList<NetworkOfferInfo> toRemove = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (final NetworkOfferInfo noi : mNetworkOffers) {
+            if (noi.offer.providerId == npi.providerId) {
+                // Can't call handleUnregisterNetworkOffer here because iteration is in progress
+                toRemove.add(noi);
+            }
+        }
+        for (final NetworkOfferInfo noi : toRemove) {
+            handleUnregisterNetworkOffer(noi);
+        }
+        if (DBG) log("unregisterNetworkProvider for " + npi.name);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void declareNetworkRequestUnfulfillable(@NonNull final NetworkRequest request) {
+        if (request.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_TEST)) {
+            enforceNetworkFactoryOrTestNetworksPermission();
+        } else {
+            enforceNetworkFactoryPermission();
+        }
+        final NetworkRequestInfo nri = mNetworkRequests.get(request);
+        if (nri != null) {
+            // declareNetworkRequestUnfulfillable() paths don't apply to multilayer requests.
+            ensureNotMultilayerRequest(nri, "declareNetworkRequestUnfulfillable");
+            mHandler.post(() -> handleReleaseNetworkRequest(
+                    nri.mRequests.get(0), mDeps.getCallingUid(), true));
+        }
+    }
+
+    // NOTE: Accessed on multiple threads, must be synchronized on itself.
+    @GuardedBy("mNetworkForNetId")
+    private final SparseArray<NetworkAgentInfo> mNetworkForNetId = new SparseArray<>();
+    // NOTE: Accessed on multiple threads, synchronized with mNetworkForNetId.
+    // An entry is first reserved with NetIdManager, prior to being added to mNetworkForNetId, so
+    // there may not be a strict 1:1 correlation between the two.
+    private final NetIdManager mNetIdManager;
+
+    // NetworkAgentInfo keyed off its connecting messenger
+    // TODO - eval if we can reduce the number of lists/hashmaps/sparsearrays
+    // NOTE: Only should be accessed on ConnectivityServiceThread, except dump().
+    private final ArraySet<NetworkAgentInfo> mNetworkAgentInfos = new ArraySet<>();
+
+    // UID ranges for users that are currently blocked by VPNs.
+    // This array is accessed and iterated on multiple threads without holding locks, so its
+    // contents must never be mutated. When the ranges change, the array is replaced with a new one
+    // (on the handler thread).
+    private volatile List<UidRange> mVpnBlockedUidRanges = new ArrayList<>();
+
+    // Must only be accessed on the handler thread
+    @NonNull
+    private final ArrayList<NetworkOfferInfo> mNetworkOffers = new ArrayList<>();
+
+    @GuardedBy("mBlockedAppUids")
+    private final HashSet<Integer> mBlockedAppUids = new HashSet<>();
+
+    // Current OEM network preferences. This object must only be written to on the handler thread.
+    // Since it is immutable and always non-null, other threads may read it if they only care
+    // about seeing a consistent object but not that it is current.
+    @NonNull
+    private OemNetworkPreferences mOemNetworkPreferences =
+            new OemNetworkPreferences.Builder().build();
+    // Current per-profile network preferences. This object follows the same threading rules as
+    // the OEM network preferences above.
+    @NonNull
+    private ProfileNetworkPreferences mProfileNetworkPreferences = new ProfileNetworkPreferences();
+
+    // OemNetworkPreferences activity String log entries.
+    private static final int MAX_OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_LOGS = 20;
+    @NonNull
+    private final LocalLog mOemNetworkPreferencesLogs =
+            new LocalLog(MAX_OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_LOGS);
+
+    /**
+     * Determine whether a given package has a mapping in the current OemNetworkPreferences.
+     * @param packageName the package name to check existence of a mapping for.
+     * @return true if a mapping exists, false otherwise
+     */
+    private boolean isMappedInOemNetworkPreference(@NonNull final String packageName) {
+        return mOemNetworkPreferences.getNetworkPreferences().containsKey(packageName);
+    }
+
+    // The always-on request for an Internet-capable network that apps without a specific default
+    // fall back to.
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    @NonNull
+    final NetworkRequestInfo mDefaultRequest;
+    // Collection of NetworkRequestInfo's used for default networks.
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    @NonNull
+    final ArraySet<NetworkRequestInfo> mDefaultNetworkRequests = new ArraySet<>();
+
+    private boolean isPerAppDefaultRequest(@NonNull final NetworkRequestInfo nri) {
+        return (mDefaultNetworkRequests.contains(nri) && mDefaultRequest != nri);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return the default network request currently tracking the given uid.
+     * @param uid the uid to check.
+     * @return the NetworkRequestInfo tracking the given uid.
+     */
+    @NonNull
+    private NetworkRequestInfo getDefaultRequestTrackingUid(final int uid) {
+        for (final NetworkRequestInfo nri : mDefaultNetworkRequests) {
+            if (nri == mDefaultRequest) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            // Checking the first request is sufficient as only multilayer requests will have more
+            // than one request and for multilayer, all requests will track the same uids.
+            if (nri.mRequests.get(0).networkCapabilities.appliesToUid(uid)) {
+                return nri;
+            }
+        }
+        return mDefaultRequest;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a copy of the network requests of the default request that is currently tracking the
+     * given uid.
+     * @param asUid the uid on behalf of which to file the request. Different from requestorUid
+     *              when a privileged caller is tracking the default network for another uid.
+     * @param requestorUid the uid to check the default for.
+     * @param requestorPackageName the requestor's package name.
+     * @return a copy of the default's NetworkRequest that is tracking the given uid.
+     */
+    @NonNull
+    private List<NetworkRequest> copyDefaultNetworkRequestsForUid(
+            final int asUid, final int requestorUid, @NonNull final String requestorPackageName) {
+        return copyNetworkRequestsForUid(
+                getDefaultRequestTrackingUid(asUid).mRequests,
+                asUid, requestorUid, requestorPackageName);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Copy the given nri's NetworkRequest collection.
+     * @param requestsToCopy the NetworkRequest collection to be copied.
+     * @param asUid the uid on behalf of which to file the request. Different from requestorUid
+     *              when a privileged caller is tracking the default network for another uid.
+     * @param requestorUid the uid to set on the copied collection.
+     * @param requestorPackageName the package name to set on the copied collection.
+     * @return the copied NetworkRequest collection.
+     */
+    @NonNull
+    private List<NetworkRequest> copyNetworkRequestsForUid(
+            @NonNull final List<NetworkRequest> requestsToCopy, final int asUid,
+            final int requestorUid, @NonNull final String requestorPackageName) {
+        final List<NetworkRequest> requests = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (final NetworkRequest nr : requestsToCopy) {
+            requests.add(new NetworkRequest(copyDefaultNetworkCapabilitiesForUid(
+                            nr.networkCapabilities, asUid, requestorUid, requestorPackageName),
+                    nr.legacyType, nextNetworkRequestId(), nr.type));
+        }
+        return requests;
+    }
+
+    @NonNull
+    private NetworkCapabilities copyDefaultNetworkCapabilitiesForUid(
+            @NonNull final NetworkCapabilities netCapToCopy, final int asUid,
+            final int requestorUid, @NonNull final String requestorPackageName) {
+        // These capabilities are for a TRACK_DEFAULT callback, so:
+        // 1. Remove NET_CAPABILITY_VPN, because it's (currently!) the only difference between
+        //    mDefaultRequest and a per-UID default request.
+        //    TODO: stop depending on the fact that these two unrelated things happen to be the same
+        // 2. Always set the UIDs to asUid. restrictRequestUidsForCallerAndSetRequestorInfo will
+        //    not do this in the case of a privileged application.
+        final NetworkCapabilities netCap = new NetworkCapabilities(netCapToCopy);
+        netCap.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN);
+        netCap.setSingleUid(asUid);
+        restrictRequestUidsForCallerAndSetRequestorInfo(
+                netCap, requestorUid, requestorPackageName);
+        return netCap;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the nri that is currently being tracked for callbacks by per-app defaults.
+     * @param nr the network request to check for equality against.
+     * @return the nri if one exists, null otherwise.
+     */
+    @Nullable
+    private NetworkRequestInfo getNriForAppRequest(@NonNull final NetworkRequest nr) {
+        for (final NetworkRequestInfo nri : mNetworkRequests.values()) {
+            if (nri.getNetworkRequestForCallback().equals(nr)) {
+                return nri;
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check if an nri is currently being managed by per-app default networking.
+     * @param nri the nri to check.
+     * @return true if this nri is currently being managed by per-app default networking.
+     */
+    private boolean isPerAppTrackedNri(@NonNull final NetworkRequestInfo nri) {
+        // nri.mRequests.get(0) is only different from the original request filed in
+        // nri.getNetworkRequestForCallback() if nri.mRequests was changed by per-app default
+        // functionality therefore if these two don't match, it means this particular nri is
+        // currently being managed by a per-app default.
+        return nri.getNetworkRequestForCallback() != nri.mRequests.get(0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determine if an nri is a managed default request that disallows default networking.
+     * @param nri the request to evaluate
+     * @return true if device-default networking is disallowed
+     */
+    private boolean isDefaultBlocked(@NonNull final NetworkRequestInfo nri) {
+        // Check if this nri is a managed default that supports the default network at its
+        // lowest priority request.
+        final NetworkRequest defaultNetworkRequest = mDefaultRequest.mRequests.get(0);
+        final NetworkCapabilities lowestPriorityNetCap =
+                nri.mRequests.get(nri.mRequests.size() - 1).networkCapabilities;
+        return isPerAppDefaultRequest(nri)
+                && !(defaultNetworkRequest.networkCapabilities.equalRequestableCapabilities(
+                        lowestPriorityNetCap));
+    }
+
+    // Request used to optionally keep mobile data active even when higher
+    // priority networks like Wi-Fi are active.
+    private final NetworkRequest mDefaultMobileDataRequest;
+
+    // Request used to optionally keep wifi data active even when higher
+    // priority networks like ethernet are active.
+    private final NetworkRequest mDefaultWifiRequest;
+
+    // Request used to optionally keep vehicle internal network always active
+    private final NetworkRequest mDefaultVehicleRequest;
+
+    // TODO replace with INetd.UNREACHABLE_NET_ID when available.
+    private static final int NO_SERVICE_NET_ID = 52;
+    // Sentinel NAI used to direct apps with default networks that should have no connectivity to a
+    // network with no service. This NAI should never be matched against, nor should any public API
+    // ever return the associated network. For this reason, this NAI is not in the list of available
+    // NAIs. It is used in computeNetworkReassignment() to be set as the satisfier for non-device
+    // default requests that don't support using the device default network which will ultimately
+    // allow ConnectivityService to use this no-service network when calling makeDefaultForApps().
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    final NetworkAgentInfo mNoServiceNetwork;
+
+    // The NetworkAgentInfo currently satisfying the default request, if any.
+    private NetworkAgentInfo getDefaultNetwork() {
+        return mDefaultRequest.mSatisfier;
+    }
+
+    private NetworkAgentInfo getDefaultNetworkForUid(final int uid) {
+        for (final NetworkRequestInfo nri : mDefaultNetworkRequests) {
+            // Currently, all network requests will have the same uids therefore checking the first
+            // one is sufficient. If/when uids are tracked at the nri level, this can change.
+            final Set<UidRange> uids = nri.mRequests.get(0).networkCapabilities.getUidRanges();
+            if (null == uids) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            for (final UidRange range : uids) {
+                if (range.contains(uid)) {
+                    return nri.getSatisfier();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return getDefaultNetwork();
+    }
+
+    @Nullable
+    private Network getNetwork(@Nullable NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
+        return nai != null ? nai.network : null;
+    }
+
+    private void ensureRunningOnConnectivityServiceThread() {
+        if (mHandler.getLooper().getThread() != Thread.currentThread()) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                    "Not running on ConnectivityService thread: "
+                            + Thread.currentThread().getName());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    protected boolean isDefaultNetwork(NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
+        return nai == getDefaultNetwork();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Register a new agent with ConnectivityService to handle a network.
+     *
+     * @param na a reference for ConnectivityService to contact the agent asynchronously.
+     * @param networkInfo the initial info associated with this network. It can be updated later :
+     *         see {@link #updateNetworkInfo}.
+     * @param linkProperties the initial link properties of this network. They can be updated
+     *         later : see {@link #updateLinkProperties}.
+     * @param networkCapabilities the initial capabilites of this network. They can be updated
+     *         later : see {@link #updateCapabilities}.
+     * @param initialScore the initial score of the network. See
+     *         {@link NetworkAgentInfo#getCurrentScore}.
+     * @param networkAgentConfig metadata about the network. This is never updated.
+     * @param providerId the ID of the provider owning this NetworkAgent.
+     * @return the network created for this agent.
+     */
+    public Network registerNetworkAgent(INetworkAgent na, NetworkInfo networkInfo,
+            LinkProperties linkProperties, NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities,
+            @NonNull NetworkScore initialScore, NetworkAgentConfig networkAgentConfig,
+            int providerId) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(networkInfo, "networkInfo must not be null");
+        Objects.requireNonNull(linkProperties, "linkProperties must not be null");
+        Objects.requireNonNull(networkCapabilities, "networkCapabilities must not be null");
+        Objects.requireNonNull(initialScore, "initialScore must not be null");
+        Objects.requireNonNull(networkAgentConfig, "networkAgentConfig must not be null");
+        if (networkCapabilities.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_TEST)) {
+            enforceAnyPermissionOf(Manifest.permission.MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS);
+        } else {
+            enforceNetworkFactoryPermission();
+        }
+
+        final int uid = mDeps.getCallingUid();
+        final long token = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
+        try {
+            return registerNetworkAgentInternal(na, networkInfo, linkProperties,
+                    networkCapabilities, initialScore, networkAgentConfig, providerId, uid);
+        } finally {
+            Binder.restoreCallingIdentity(token);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Network registerNetworkAgentInternal(INetworkAgent na, NetworkInfo networkInfo,
+            LinkProperties linkProperties, NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities,
+            NetworkScore currentScore, NetworkAgentConfig networkAgentConfig, int providerId,
+            int uid) {
+        if (networkCapabilities.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_TEST)) {
+            // Strictly, sanitizing here is unnecessary as the capabilities will be sanitized in
+            // the call to mixInCapabilities below anyway, but sanitizing here means the NAI never
+            // sees capabilities that may be malicious, which might prevent mistakes in the future.
+            networkCapabilities = new NetworkCapabilities(networkCapabilities);
+            networkCapabilities.restrictCapabilitesForTestNetwork(uid);
+        }
+
+        LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties(linkProperties);
+
+        final NetworkCapabilities nc = new NetworkCapabilities(networkCapabilities);
+        final NetworkAgentInfo nai = new NetworkAgentInfo(na,
+                new Network(mNetIdManager.reserveNetId()), new NetworkInfo(networkInfo), lp, nc,
+                currentScore, mContext, mTrackerHandler, new NetworkAgentConfig(networkAgentConfig),
+                this, mNetd, mDnsResolver, providerId, uid, mLingerDelayMs,
+                mQosCallbackTracker, mDeps);
+
+        // Make sure the LinkProperties and NetworkCapabilities reflect what the agent info says.
+        processCapabilitiesFromAgent(nai, nc);
+        nai.getAndSetNetworkCapabilities(mixInCapabilities(nai, nc));
+        processLinkPropertiesFromAgent(nai, nai.linkProperties);
+
+        final String extraInfo = networkInfo.getExtraInfo();
+        final String name = TextUtils.isEmpty(extraInfo)
+                ? nai.networkCapabilities.getSsid() : extraInfo;
+        if (DBG) log("registerNetworkAgent " + nai);
+        mDeps.getNetworkStack().makeNetworkMonitor(
+                nai.network, name, new NetworkMonitorCallbacks(nai));
+        // NetworkAgentInfo registration will finish when the NetworkMonitor is created.
+        // If the network disconnects or sends any other event before that, messages are deferred by
+        // NetworkAgent until nai.connect(), which will be called when finalizing the
+        // registration.
+        return nai.network;
+    }
+
+    private void handleRegisterNetworkAgent(NetworkAgentInfo nai, INetworkMonitor networkMonitor) {
+        nai.onNetworkMonitorCreated(networkMonitor);
+        if (VDBG) log("Got NetworkAgent Messenger");
+        mNetworkAgentInfos.add(nai);
+        synchronized (mNetworkForNetId) {
+            mNetworkForNetId.put(nai.network.getNetId(), nai);
+        }
+
+        try {
+            networkMonitor.start();
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            e.rethrowAsRuntimeException();
+        }
+        nai.notifyRegistered();
+        NetworkInfo networkInfo = nai.networkInfo;
+        updateNetworkInfo(nai, networkInfo);
+        updateUids(nai, null, nai.networkCapabilities);
+    }
+
+    private class NetworkOfferInfo implements IBinder.DeathRecipient {
+        @NonNull public final NetworkOffer offer;
+
+        NetworkOfferInfo(@NonNull final NetworkOffer offer) {
+            this.offer = offer;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void binderDied() {
+            mHandler.post(() -> handleUnregisterNetworkOffer(this));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private boolean isNetworkProviderWithIdRegistered(final int providerId) {
+        for (final NetworkProviderInfo npi : mNetworkProviderInfos.values()) {
+            if (npi.providerId == providerId) return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Register or update a network offer.
+     * @param newOffer The new offer. If the callback member is the same as an existing
+     *                 offer, it is an update of that offer.
+     */
+    private void handleRegisterNetworkOffer(@NonNull final NetworkOffer newOffer) {
+        ensureRunningOnConnectivityServiceThread();
+        if (!isNetworkProviderWithIdRegistered(newOffer.providerId)) {
+            // This may actually happen if a provider updates its score or registers and then
+            // immediately unregisters. The offer would still be in the handler queue, but the
+            // provider would have been removed.
+            if (DBG) log("Received offer from an unregistered provider");
+            return;
+        }
+        final NetworkOfferInfo existingOffer = findNetworkOfferInfoByCallback(newOffer.callback);
+        if (null != existingOffer) {
+            handleUnregisterNetworkOffer(existingOffer);
+            newOffer.migrateFrom(existingOffer.offer);
+        }
+        final NetworkOfferInfo noi = new NetworkOfferInfo(newOffer);
+        try {
+            noi.offer.callback.asBinder().linkToDeath(noi, 0 /* flags */);
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            noi.binderDied();
+            return;
+        }
+        mNetworkOffers.add(noi);
+        issueNetworkNeeds(noi);
+    }
+
+    private void handleUnregisterNetworkOffer(@NonNull final NetworkOfferInfo noi) {
+        ensureRunningOnConnectivityServiceThread();
+        mNetworkOffers.remove(noi);
+        noi.offer.callback.asBinder().unlinkToDeath(noi, 0 /* flags */);
+    }
+
+    @Nullable private NetworkOfferInfo findNetworkOfferInfoByCallback(
+            @NonNull final INetworkOfferCallback callback) {
+        ensureRunningOnConnectivityServiceThread();
+        for (final NetworkOfferInfo noi : mNetworkOffers) {
+            if (noi.offer.callback.asBinder().equals(callback.asBinder())) return noi;
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Called when receiving LinkProperties directly from a NetworkAgent.
+     * Stores into |nai| any data coming from the agent that might also be written to the network's
+     * LinkProperties by ConnectivityService itself. This ensures that the data provided by the
+     * agent is not lost when updateLinkProperties is called.
+     * This method should never alter the agent's LinkProperties, only store data in |nai|.
+     */
+    private void processLinkPropertiesFromAgent(NetworkAgentInfo nai, LinkProperties lp) {
+        lp.ensureDirectlyConnectedRoutes();
+        nai.clatd.setNat64PrefixFromRa(lp.getNat64Prefix());
+        nai.networkAgentPortalData = lp.getCaptivePortalData();
+    }
+
+    private void updateLinkProperties(NetworkAgentInfo networkAgent, @NonNull LinkProperties newLp,
+            @NonNull LinkProperties oldLp) {
+        int netId = networkAgent.network.getNetId();
+
+        // The NetworkAgent does not know whether clatd is running on its network or not, or whether
+        // a NAT64 prefix was discovered by the DNS resolver. Before we do anything else, make sure
+        // the LinkProperties for the network are accurate.
+        networkAgent.clatd.fixupLinkProperties(oldLp, newLp);
+
+        updateInterfaces(newLp, oldLp, netId, networkAgent.networkCapabilities);
+
+        // update filtering rules, need to happen after the interface update so netd knows about the
+        // new interface (the interface name -> index map becomes initialized)
+        updateVpnFiltering(newLp, oldLp, networkAgent);
+
+        updateMtu(newLp, oldLp);
+        // TODO - figure out what to do for clat
+//        for (LinkProperties lp : newLp.getStackedLinks()) {
+//            updateMtu(lp, null);
+//        }
+        if (isDefaultNetwork(networkAgent)) {
+            updateTcpBufferSizes(newLp.getTcpBufferSizes());
+        }
+
+        updateRoutes(newLp, oldLp, netId);
+        updateDnses(newLp, oldLp, netId);
+        // Make sure LinkProperties represents the latest private DNS status.
+        // This does not need to be done before updateDnses because the
+        // LinkProperties are not the source of the private DNS configuration.
+        // updateDnses will fetch the private DNS configuration from DnsManager.
+        mDnsManager.updatePrivateDnsStatus(netId, newLp);
+
+        if (isDefaultNetwork(networkAgent)) {
+            handleApplyDefaultProxy(newLp.getHttpProxy());
+        } else {
+            updateProxy(newLp, oldLp);
+        }
+
+        updateWakeOnLan(newLp);
+
+        // Captive portal data is obtained from NetworkMonitor and stored in NetworkAgentInfo.
+        // It is not always contained in the LinkProperties sent from NetworkAgents, and if it
+        // does, it needs to be merged here.
+        newLp.setCaptivePortalData(mergeCaptivePortalData(networkAgent.networkAgentPortalData,
+                networkAgent.capportApiData));
+
+        // TODO - move this check to cover the whole function
+        if (!Objects.equals(newLp, oldLp)) {
+            synchronized (networkAgent) {
+                networkAgent.linkProperties = newLp;
+            }
+            // Start or stop DNS64 detection and 464xlat according to network state.
+            networkAgent.clatd.update();
+            notifyIfacesChangedForNetworkStats();
+            networkAgent.networkMonitor().notifyLinkPropertiesChanged(
+                    new LinkProperties(newLp, true /* parcelSensitiveFields */));
+            if (networkAgent.everConnected) {
+                notifyNetworkCallbacks(networkAgent, ConnectivityManager.CALLBACK_IP_CHANGED);
+            }
+        }
+
+        mKeepaliveTracker.handleCheckKeepalivesStillValid(networkAgent);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param naData captive portal data from NetworkAgent
+     * @param apiData captive portal data from capport API
+     */
+    @Nullable
+    private CaptivePortalData mergeCaptivePortalData(CaptivePortalData naData,
+            CaptivePortalData apiData) {
+        if (naData == null || apiData == null) {
+            return naData == null ? apiData : naData;
+        }
+        final CaptivePortalData.Builder captivePortalBuilder =
+                new CaptivePortalData.Builder(naData);
+
+        if (apiData.isCaptive()) {
+            captivePortalBuilder.setCaptive(true);
+        }
+        if (apiData.isSessionExtendable()) {
+            captivePortalBuilder.setSessionExtendable(true);
+        }
+        if (apiData.getExpiryTimeMillis() >= 0 || apiData.getByteLimit() >= 0) {
+            // Expiry time, bytes remaining, refresh time all need to come from the same source,
+            // otherwise data would be inconsistent. Prefer the capport API info if present,
+            // as it can generally be refreshed more often.
+            captivePortalBuilder.setExpiryTime(apiData.getExpiryTimeMillis());
+            captivePortalBuilder.setBytesRemaining(apiData.getByteLimit());
+            captivePortalBuilder.setRefreshTime(apiData.getRefreshTimeMillis());
+        } else if (naData.getExpiryTimeMillis() < 0 && naData.getByteLimit() < 0) {
+            // No source has time / bytes remaining information: surface the newest refresh time
+            // for other fields
+            captivePortalBuilder.setRefreshTime(
+                    Math.max(naData.getRefreshTimeMillis(), apiData.getRefreshTimeMillis()));
+        }
+
+        // Prioritize the user portal URL from the network agent if the source is authenticated.
+        if (apiData.getUserPortalUrl() != null && naData.getUserPortalUrlSource()
+                != CaptivePortalData.CAPTIVE_PORTAL_DATA_SOURCE_PASSPOINT) {
+            captivePortalBuilder.setUserPortalUrl(apiData.getUserPortalUrl(),
+                    apiData.getUserPortalUrlSource());
+        }
+        // Prioritize the venue information URL from the network agent if the source is
+        // authenticated.
+        if (apiData.getVenueInfoUrl() != null && naData.getVenueInfoUrlSource()
+                != CaptivePortalData.CAPTIVE_PORTAL_DATA_SOURCE_PASSPOINT) {
+            captivePortalBuilder.setVenueInfoUrl(apiData.getVenueInfoUrl(),
+                    apiData.getVenueInfoUrlSource());
+        }
+        return captivePortalBuilder.build();
+    }
+
+    private void wakeupModifyInterface(String iface, NetworkCapabilities caps, boolean add) {
+        // Marks are only available on WiFi interfaces. Checking for
+        // marks on unsupported interfaces is harmless.
+        if (!caps.hasTransport(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        int mark = mResources.get().getInteger(R.integer.config_networkWakeupPacketMark);
+        int mask = mResources.get().getInteger(R.integer.config_networkWakeupPacketMask);
+
+        // TODO (b/183076074): remove legacy fallback after migrating overlays
+        final int legacyMark = mContext.getResources().getInteger(mContext.getResources()
+                .getIdentifier("config_networkWakeupPacketMark", "integer", "android"));
+        final int legacyMask = mContext.getResources().getInteger(mContext.getResources()
+                .getIdentifier("config_networkWakeupPacketMask", "integer", "android"));
+        mark = mark == 0 ? legacyMark : mark;
+        mask = mask == 0 ? legacyMask : mask;
+
+        // Mask/mark of zero will not detect anything interesting.
+        // Don't install rules unless both values are nonzero.
+        if (mark == 0 || mask == 0) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final String prefix = "iface:" + iface;
+        try {
+            if (add) {
+                mNetd.wakeupAddInterface(iface, prefix, mark, mask);
+            } else {
+                mNetd.wakeupDelInterface(iface, prefix, mark, mask);
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            loge("Exception modifying wakeup packet monitoring: " + e);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    private void updateInterfaces(final @Nullable LinkProperties newLp,
+            final @Nullable LinkProperties oldLp, final int netId,
+            final @NonNull NetworkCapabilities caps) {
+        final CompareResult<String> interfaceDiff = new CompareResult<>(
+                oldLp != null ? oldLp.getAllInterfaceNames() : null,
+                newLp != null ? newLp.getAllInterfaceNames() : null);
+        if (!interfaceDiff.added.isEmpty()) {
+            for (final String iface : interfaceDiff.added) {
+                try {
+                    if (DBG) log("Adding iface " + iface + " to network " + netId);
+                    mNetd.networkAddInterface(netId, iface);
+                    wakeupModifyInterface(iface, caps, true);
+                    mDeps.reportNetworkInterfaceForTransports(mContext, iface,
+                            caps.getTransportTypes());
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                    logw("Exception adding interface: " + e);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        for (final String iface : interfaceDiff.removed) {
+            try {
+                if (DBG) log("Removing iface " + iface + " from network " + netId);
+                wakeupModifyInterface(iface, caps, false);
+                mNetd.networkRemoveInterface(netId, iface);
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                loge("Exception removing interface: " + e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // TODO: move to frameworks/libs/net.
+    private RouteInfoParcel convertRouteInfo(RouteInfo route) {
+        final String nextHop;
+
+        switch (route.getType()) {
+            case RouteInfo.RTN_UNICAST:
+                if (route.hasGateway()) {
+                    nextHop = route.getGateway().getHostAddress();
+                } else {
+                    nextHop = INetd.NEXTHOP_NONE;
+                }
+                break;
+            case RouteInfo.RTN_UNREACHABLE:
+                nextHop = INetd.NEXTHOP_UNREACHABLE;
+                break;
+            case RouteInfo.RTN_THROW:
+                nextHop = INetd.NEXTHOP_THROW;
+                break;
+            default:
+                nextHop = INetd.NEXTHOP_NONE;
+                break;
+        }
+
+        final RouteInfoParcel rip = new RouteInfoParcel();
+        rip.ifName = route.getInterface();
+        rip.destination = route.getDestination().toString();
+        rip.nextHop = nextHop;
+        rip.mtu = route.getMtu();
+
+        return rip;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Have netd update routes from oldLp to newLp.
+     * @return true if routes changed between oldLp and newLp
+     */
+    private boolean updateRoutes(LinkProperties newLp, LinkProperties oldLp, int netId) {
+        // compare the route diff to determine which routes have been updated
+        final CompareOrUpdateResult<RouteInfo.RouteKey, RouteInfo> routeDiff =
+                new CompareOrUpdateResult<>(
+                        oldLp != null ? oldLp.getAllRoutes() : null,
+                        newLp != null ? newLp.getAllRoutes() : null,
+                        (r) -> r.getRouteKey());
+
+        // add routes before removing old in case it helps with continuous connectivity
+
+        // do this twice, adding non-next-hop routes first, then routes they are dependent on
+        for (RouteInfo route : routeDiff.added) {
+            if (route.hasGateway()) continue;
+            if (VDBG || DDBG) log("Adding Route [" + route + "] to network " + netId);
+            try {
+                mNetd.networkAddRouteParcel(netId, convertRouteInfo(route));
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                if ((route.getDestination().getAddress() instanceof Inet4Address) || VDBG) {
+                    loge("Exception in networkAddRouteParcel for non-gateway: " + e);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        for (RouteInfo route : routeDiff.added) {
+            if (!route.hasGateway()) continue;
+            if (VDBG || DDBG) log("Adding Route [" + route + "] to network " + netId);
+            try {
+                mNetd.networkAddRouteParcel(netId, convertRouteInfo(route));
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                if ((route.getGateway() instanceof Inet4Address) || VDBG) {
+                    loge("Exception in networkAddRouteParcel for gateway: " + e);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (RouteInfo route : routeDiff.removed) {
+            if (VDBG || DDBG) log("Removing Route [" + route + "] from network " + netId);
+            try {
+                mNetd.networkRemoveRouteParcel(netId, convertRouteInfo(route));
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                loge("Exception in networkRemoveRouteParcel: " + e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (RouteInfo route : routeDiff.updated) {
+            if (VDBG || DDBG) log("Updating Route [" + route + "] from network " + netId);
+            try {
+                mNetd.networkUpdateRouteParcel(netId, convertRouteInfo(route));
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                loge("Exception in networkUpdateRouteParcel: " + e);
+            }
+        }
+        return !routeDiff.added.isEmpty() || !routeDiff.removed.isEmpty()
+                || !routeDiff.updated.isEmpty();
+    }
+
+    private void updateDnses(LinkProperties newLp, LinkProperties oldLp, int netId) {
+        if (oldLp != null && newLp.isIdenticalDnses(oldLp)) {
+            return;  // no updating necessary
+        }
+
+        if (DBG) {
+            final Collection<InetAddress> dnses = newLp.getDnsServers();
+            log("Setting DNS servers for network " + netId + " to " + dnses);
+        }
+        try {
+            mDnsManager.noteDnsServersForNetwork(netId, newLp);
+            mDnsManager.flushVmDnsCache();
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            loge("Exception in setDnsConfigurationForNetwork: " + e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void updateVpnFiltering(LinkProperties newLp, LinkProperties oldLp,
+            NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
+        final String oldIface = oldLp != null ? oldLp.getInterfaceName() : null;
+        final String newIface = newLp != null ? newLp.getInterfaceName() : null;
+        final boolean wasFiltering = requiresVpnIsolation(nai, nai.networkCapabilities, oldLp);
+        final boolean needsFiltering = requiresVpnIsolation(nai, nai.networkCapabilities, newLp);
+
+        if (!wasFiltering && !needsFiltering) {
+            // Nothing to do.
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (Objects.equals(oldIface, newIface) && (wasFiltering == needsFiltering)) {
+            // Nothing changed.
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final Set<UidRange> ranges = nai.networkCapabilities.getUidRanges();
+        final int vpnAppUid = nai.networkCapabilities.getOwnerUid();
+        // TODO: this create a window of opportunity for apps to receive traffic between the time
+        // when the old rules are removed and the time when new rules are added. To fix this,
+        // make eBPF support two allowlisted interfaces so here new rules can be added before the
+        // old rules are being removed.
+        if (wasFiltering) {
+            mPermissionMonitor.onVpnUidRangesRemoved(oldIface, ranges, vpnAppUid);
+        }
+        if (needsFiltering) {
+            mPermissionMonitor.onVpnUidRangesAdded(newIface, ranges, vpnAppUid);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void updateWakeOnLan(@NonNull LinkProperties lp) {
+        if (mWolSupportedInterfaces == null) {
+            mWolSupportedInterfaces = new ArraySet<>(mResources.get().getStringArray(
+                    R.array.config_wakeonlan_supported_interfaces));
+        }
+        lp.setWakeOnLanSupported(mWolSupportedInterfaces.contains(lp.getInterfaceName()));
+    }
+
+    private int getNetworkPermission(NetworkCapabilities nc) {
+        if (!nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED)) {
+            return INetd.PERMISSION_SYSTEM;
+        }
+        if (!nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_FOREGROUND)) {
+            return INetd.PERMISSION_NETWORK;
+        }
+        return INetd.PERMISSION_NONE;
+    }
+
+    private void updateNetworkPermissions(@NonNull final NetworkAgentInfo nai,
+            @NonNull final NetworkCapabilities newNc) {
+        final int oldPermission = getNetworkPermission(nai.networkCapabilities);
+        final int newPermission = getNetworkPermission(newNc);
+        if (oldPermission != newPermission && nai.created && !nai.isVPN()) {
+            try {
+                mNetd.networkSetPermissionForNetwork(nai.network.getNetId(), newPermission);
+            } catch (RemoteException | ServiceSpecificException e) {
+                loge("Exception in networkSetPermissionForNetwork: " + e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Called when receiving NetworkCapabilities directly from a NetworkAgent.
+     * Stores into |nai| any data coming from the agent that might also be written to the network's
+     * NetworkCapabilities by ConnectivityService itself. This ensures that the data provided by the
+     * agent is not lost when updateCapabilities is called.
+     * This method should never alter the agent's NetworkCapabilities, only store data in |nai|.
+     */
+    private void processCapabilitiesFromAgent(NetworkAgentInfo nai, NetworkCapabilities nc) {
+        // Note: resetting the owner UID before storing the agent capabilities in NAI means that if
+        // the agent attempts to change the owner UID, then nai.declaredCapabilities will not
+        // actually be the same as the capabilities sent by the agent. Still, it is safer to reset
+        // the owner UID here and behave as if the agent had never tried to change it.
+        if (nai.networkCapabilities.getOwnerUid() != nc.getOwnerUid()) {
+            Log.e(TAG, nai.toShortString() + ": ignoring attempt to change owner from "
+                    + nai.networkCapabilities.getOwnerUid() + " to " + nc.getOwnerUid());
+            nc.setOwnerUid(nai.networkCapabilities.getOwnerUid());
+        }
+        nai.declaredCapabilities = new NetworkCapabilities(nc);
+    }
+
+    /** Modifies |newNc| based on the capabilities of |underlyingNetworks| and |agentCaps|. */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    void applyUnderlyingCapabilities(@Nullable Network[] underlyingNetworks,
+            @NonNull NetworkCapabilities agentCaps, @NonNull NetworkCapabilities newNc) {
+        underlyingNetworks = underlyingNetworksOrDefault(
+                agentCaps.getOwnerUid(), underlyingNetworks);
+        long transportTypes = NetworkCapabilitiesUtils.packBits(agentCaps.getTransportTypes());
+        int downKbps = NetworkCapabilities.LINK_BANDWIDTH_UNSPECIFIED;
+        int upKbps = NetworkCapabilities.LINK_BANDWIDTH_UNSPECIFIED;
+        // metered if any underlying is metered, or originally declared metered by the agent.
+        boolean metered = !agentCaps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        boolean roaming = false; // roaming if any underlying is roaming
+        boolean congested = false; // congested if any underlying is congested
+        boolean suspended = true; // suspended if all underlying are suspended
+
+        boolean hadUnderlyingNetworks = false;
+        if (null != underlyingNetworks) {
+            for (Network underlyingNetwork : underlyingNetworks) {
+                final NetworkAgentInfo underlying =
+                        getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(underlyingNetwork);
+                if (underlying == null) continue;
+
+                final NetworkCapabilities underlyingCaps = underlying.networkCapabilities;
+                hadUnderlyingNetworks = true;
+                for (int underlyingType : underlyingCaps.getTransportTypes()) {
+                    transportTypes |= 1L << underlyingType;
+                }
+
+                // Merge capabilities of this underlying network. For bandwidth, assume the
+                // worst case.
+                downKbps = NetworkCapabilities.minBandwidth(downKbps,
+                        underlyingCaps.getLinkDownstreamBandwidthKbps());
+                upKbps = NetworkCapabilities.minBandwidth(upKbps,
+                        underlyingCaps.getLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps());
+                // If this underlying network is metered, the VPN is metered (it may cost money
+                // to send packets on this network).
+                metered |= !underlyingCaps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+                // If this underlying network is roaming, the VPN is roaming (the billing structure
+                // is different than the usual, local one).
+                roaming |= !underlyingCaps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING);
+                // If this underlying network is congested, the VPN is congested (the current
+                // condition of the network affects the performance of this network).
+                congested |= !underlyingCaps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED);
+                // If this network is not suspended, the VPN is not suspended (the VPN
+                // is able to transfer some data).
+                suspended &= !underlyingCaps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED);
+            }
+        }
+        if (!hadUnderlyingNetworks) {
+            // No idea what the underlying networks are; assume reasonable defaults
+            metered = true;
+            roaming = false;
+            congested = false;
+            suspended = false;
+        }
+
+        newNc.setTransportTypes(NetworkCapabilitiesUtils.unpackBits(transportTypes));
+        newNc.setLinkDownstreamBandwidthKbps(downKbps);
+        newNc.setLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps(upKbps);
+        newNc.setCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED, !metered);
+        newNc.setCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING, !roaming);
+        newNc.setCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED, !congested);
+        newNc.setCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED, !suspended);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Augments the NetworkCapabilities passed in by a NetworkAgent with capabilities that are
+     * maintained here that the NetworkAgent is not aware of (e.g., validated, captive portal,
+     * and foreground status).
+     */
+    @NonNull
+    private NetworkCapabilities mixInCapabilities(NetworkAgentInfo nai, NetworkCapabilities nc) {
+        // Once a NetworkAgent is connected, complain if some immutable capabilities are removed.
+         // Don't complain for VPNs since they're not driven by requests and there is no risk of
+         // causing a connect/teardown loop.
+         // TODO: remove this altogether and make it the responsibility of the NetworkProviders to
+         // avoid connect/teardown loops.
+        if (nai.everConnected &&
+                !nai.isVPN() &&
+                !nai.networkCapabilities.satisfiedByImmutableNetworkCapabilities(nc)) {
+            // TODO: consider not complaining when a network agent degrades its capabilities if this
+            // does not cause any request (that is not a listen) currently matching that agent to
+            // stop being matched by the updated agent.
+            String diff = nai.networkCapabilities.describeImmutableDifferences(nc);
+            if (!TextUtils.isEmpty(diff)) {
+                Log.wtf(TAG, "BUG: " + nai + " lost immutable capabilities:" + diff);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Don't modify caller's NetworkCapabilities.
+        final NetworkCapabilities newNc = new NetworkCapabilities(nc);
+        if (nai.lastValidated) {
+            newNc.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED);
+        } else {
+            newNc.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED);
+        }
+        if (nai.lastCaptivePortalDetected) {
+            newNc.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL);
+        } else {
+            newNc.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL);
+        }
+        if (nai.isBackgroundNetwork()) {
+            newNc.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_FOREGROUND);
+        } else {
+            newNc.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_FOREGROUND);
+        }
+        if (nai.partialConnectivity) {
+            newNc.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY);
+        } else {
+            newNc.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY);
+        }
+        newNc.setPrivateDnsBroken(nai.networkCapabilities.isPrivateDnsBroken());
+
+        // TODO : remove this once all factories are updated to send NOT_SUSPENDED and NOT_ROAMING
+        if (!newNc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)) {
+            newNc.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED);
+            newNc.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING);
+        }
+
+        if (nai.supportsUnderlyingNetworks()) {
+            applyUnderlyingCapabilities(nai.declaredUnderlyingNetworks, nai.declaredCapabilities,
+                    newNc);
+        }
+
+        return newNc;
+    }
+
+    private void updateNetworkInfoForRoamingAndSuspended(NetworkAgentInfo nai,
+            NetworkCapabilities prevNc, NetworkCapabilities newNc) {
+        final boolean prevSuspended = !prevNc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED);
+        final boolean suspended = !newNc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED);
+        final boolean prevRoaming = !prevNc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING);
+        final boolean roaming = !newNc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING);
+        if (prevSuspended != suspended) {
+            // TODO (b/73132094) : remove this call once the few users of onSuspended and
+            // onResumed have been removed.
+            notifyNetworkCallbacks(nai, suspended ? ConnectivityManager.CALLBACK_SUSPENDED
+                    : ConnectivityManager.CALLBACK_RESUMED);
+        }
+        if (prevSuspended != suspended || prevRoaming != roaming) {
+            // updateNetworkInfo will mix in the suspended info from the capabilities and
+            // take appropriate action for the network having possibly changed state.
+            updateNetworkInfo(nai, nai.networkInfo);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Update the NetworkCapabilities for {@code nai} to {@code nc}. Specifically:
+     *
+     * 1. Calls mixInCapabilities to merge the passed-in NetworkCapabilities {@code nc} with the
+     *    capabilities we manage and store in {@code nai}, such as validated status and captive
+     *    portal status)
+     * 2. Takes action on the result: changes network permissions, sends CAP_CHANGED callbacks, and
+     *    potentially triggers rematches.
+     * 3. Directly informs other network stack components (NetworkStatsService, VPNs, etc. of the
+     *    change.)
+     *
+     * @param oldScore score of the network before any of the changes that prompted us
+     *                 to call this function.
+     * @param nai the network having its capabilities updated.
+     * @param nc the new network capabilities.
+     */
+    private void updateCapabilities(final int oldScore, @NonNull final NetworkAgentInfo nai,
+            @NonNull final NetworkCapabilities nc) {
+        NetworkCapabilities newNc = mixInCapabilities(nai, nc);
+        if (Objects.equals(nai.networkCapabilities, newNc)) return;
+        updateNetworkPermissions(nai, newNc);
+        final NetworkCapabilities prevNc = nai.getAndSetNetworkCapabilities(newNc);
+
+        updateUids(nai, prevNc, newNc);
+        nai.updateScoreForNetworkAgentUpdate();
+
+        if (nai.getCurrentScore() == oldScore && newNc.equalRequestableCapabilities(prevNc)) {
+            // If the requestable capabilities haven't changed, and the score hasn't changed, then
+            // the change we're processing can't affect any requests, it can only affect the listens
+            // on this network. We might have been called by rematchNetworkAndRequests when a
+            // network changed foreground state.
+            processListenRequests(nai);
+        } else {
+            // If the requestable capabilities have changed or the score changed, we can't have been
+            // called by rematchNetworkAndRequests, so it's safe to start a rematch.
+            rematchAllNetworksAndRequests();
+            notifyNetworkCallbacks(nai, ConnectivityManager.CALLBACK_CAP_CHANGED);
+        }
+        updateNetworkInfoForRoamingAndSuspended(nai, prevNc, newNc);
+
+        final boolean oldMetered = prevNc.isMetered();
+        final boolean newMetered = newNc.isMetered();
+        final boolean meteredChanged = oldMetered != newMetered;
+
+        if (meteredChanged) {
+            maybeNotifyNetworkBlocked(nai, oldMetered, newMetered,
+                    mVpnBlockedUidRanges, mVpnBlockedUidRanges);
+        }
+
+        final boolean roamingChanged = prevNc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING)
+                != newNc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING);
+
+        // Report changes that are interesting for network statistics tracking.
+        if (meteredChanged || roamingChanged) {
+            notifyIfacesChangedForNetworkStats();
+        }
+
+        // This network might have been underlying another network. Propagate its capabilities.
+        propagateUnderlyingNetworkCapabilities(nai.network);
+
+        if (!newNc.equalsTransportTypes(prevNc)) {
+            mDnsManager.updateTransportsForNetwork(
+                    nai.network.getNetId(), newNc.getTransportTypes());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Convenience method to update the capabilities for a given network. */
+    private void updateCapabilitiesForNetwork(NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
+        updateCapabilities(nai.getCurrentScore(), nai, nai.networkCapabilities);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns whether VPN isolation (ingress interface filtering) should be applied on the given
+     * network.
+     *
+     * Ingress interface filtering enforces that all apps under the given network can only receive
+     * packets from the network's interface (and loopback). This is important for VPNs because
+     * apps that cannot bypass a fully-routed VPN shouldn't be able to receive packets from any
+     * non-VPN interfaces.
+     *
+     * As a result, this method should return true iff
+     *  1. the network is an app VPN (not legacy VPN)
+     *  2. the VPN does not allow bypass
+     *  3. the VPN is fully-routed
+     *  4. the VPN interface is non-null
+     *
+     * @see INetd#firewallAddUidInterfaceRules
+     * @see INetd#firewallRemoveUidInterfaceRules
+     */
+    private boolean requiresVpnIsolation(@NonNull NetworkAgentInfo nai, NetworkCapabilities nc,
+            LinkProperties lp) {
+        if (nc == null || lp == null) return false;
+        return nai.isVPN()
+                && !nai.networkAgentConfig.allowBypass
+                && nc.getOwnerUid() != Process.SYSTEM_UID
+                && lp.getInterfaceName() != null
+                && (lp.hasIpv4DefaultRoute() || lp.hasIpv4UnreachableDefaultRoute())
+                && (lp.hasIpv6DefaultRoute() || lp.hasIpv6UnreachableDefaultRoute());
+    }
+
+    private static UidRangeParcel[] toUidRangeStableParcels(final @NonNull Set<UidRange> ranges) {
+        final UidRangeParcel[] stableRanges = new UidRangeParcel[ranges.size()];
+        int index = 0;
+        for (UidRange range : ranges) {
+            stableRanges[index] = new UidRangeParcel(range.start, range.stop);
+            index++;
+        }
+        return stableRanges;
+    }
+
+    private static UidRangeParcel[] toUidRangeStableParcels(UidRange[] ranges) {
+        final UidRangeParcel[] stableRanges = new UidRangeParcel[ranges.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < ranges.length; i++) {
+            stableRanges[i] = new UidRangeParcel(ranges[i].start, ranges[i].stop);
+        }
+        return stableRanges;
+    }
+
+    private void maybeCloseSockets(NetworkAgentInfo nai, UidRangeParcel[] ranges,
+            int[] exemptUids) {
+        if (nai.isVPN() && !nai.networkAgentConfig.allowBypass) {
+            try {
+                mNetd.socketDestroy(ranges, exemptUids);
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                loge("Exception in socket destroy: ", e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void updateUidRanges(boolean add, NetworkAgentInfo nai, Set<UidRange> uidRanges) {
+        int[] exemptUids = new int[2];
+        // TODO: Excluding VPN_UID is necessary in order to not to kill the TCP connection used
+        // by PPTP. Fix this by making Vpn set the owner UID to VPN_UID instead of system when
+        // starting a legacy VPN, and remove VPN_UID here. (b/176542831)
+        exemptUids[0] = VPN_UID;
+        exemptUids[1] = nai.networkCapabilities.getOwnerUid();
+        UidRangeParcel[] ranges = toUidRangeStableParcels(uidRanges);
+
+        maybeCloseSockets(nai, ranges, exemptUids);
+        try {
+            if (add) {
+                mNetd.networkAddUidRanges(nai.network.netId, ranges);
+            } else {
+                mNetd.networkRemoveUidRanges(nai.network.netId, ranges);
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            loge("Exception while " + (add ? "adding" : "removing") + " uid ranges " + uidRanges +
+                    " on netId " + nai.network.netId + ". " + e);
+        }
+        maybeCloseSockets(nai, ranges, exemptUids);
+    }
+
+    private void updateUids(NetworkAgentInfo nai, NetworkCapabilities prevNc,
+            NetworkCapabilities newNc) {
+        Set<UidRange> prevRanges = null == prevNc ? null : prevNc.getUidRanges();
+        Set<UidRange> newRanges = null == newNc ? null : newNc.getUidRanges();
+        if (null == prevRanges) prevRanges = new ArraySet<>();
+        if (null == newRanges) newRanges = new ArraySet<>();
+        final Set<UidRange> prevRangesCopy = new ArraySet<>(prevRanges);
+
+        prevRanges.removeAll(newRanges);
+        newRanges.removeAll(prevRangesCopy);
+
+        try {
+            // When updating the VPN uid routing rules, add the new range first then remove the old
+            // range. If old range were removed first, there would be a window between the old
+            // range being removed and the new range being added, during which UIDs contained
+            // in both ranges are not subject to any VPN routing rules. Adding new range before
+            // removing old range works because, unlike the filtering rules below, it's possible to
+            // add duplicate UID routing rules.
+            // TODO: calculate the intersection of add & remove. Imagining that we are trying to
+            // remove uid 3 from a set containing 1-5. Intersection of the prev and new sets is:
+            //   [1-5] & [1-2],[4-5] == [3]
+            // Then we can do:
+            //   maybeCloseSockets([3])
+            //   mNetd.networkAddUidRanges([1-2],[4-5])
+            //   mNetd.networkRemoveUidRanges([1-5])
+            //   maybeCloseSockets([3])
+            // This can prevent the sockets of uid 1-2, 4-5 from being closed. It also reduce the
+            // number of binder calls from 6 to 4.
+            if (!newRanges.isEmpty()) {
+                updateUidRanges(true, nai, newRanges);
+            }
+            if (!prevRanges.isEmpty()) {
+                updateUidRanges(false, nai, prevRanges);
+            }
+            final boolean wasFiltering = requiresVpnIsolation(nai, prevNc, nai.linkProperties);
+            final boolean shouldFilter = requiresVpnIsolation(nai, newNc, nai.linkProperties);
+            final String iface = nai.linkProperties.getInterfaceName();
+            // For VPN uid interface filtering, old ranges need to be removed before new ranges can
+            // be added, due to the range being expanded and stored as individual UIDs. For example
+            // the UIDs might be updated from [0, 99999] to ([0, 10012], [10014, 99999]) which means
+            // prevRanges = [0, 99999] while newRanges = [0, 10012], [10014, 99999]. If prevRanges
+            // were added first and then newRanges got removed later, there would be only one uid
+            // 10013 left. A consequence of removing old ranges before adding new ranges is that
+            // there is now a window of opportunity when the UIDs are not subject to any filtering.
+            // Note that this is in contrast with the (more robust) update of VPN routing rules
+            // above, where the addition of new ranges happens before the removal of old ranges.
+            // TODO Fix this window by computing an accurate diff on Set<UidRange>, so the old range
+            // to be removed will never overlap with the new range to be added.
+            if (wasFiltering && !prevRanges.isEmpty()) {
+                mPermissionMonitor.onVpnUidRangesRemoved(iface, prevRanges, prevNc.getOwnerUid());
+            }
+            if (shouldFilter && !newRanges.isEmpty()) {
+                mPermissionMonitor.onVpnUidRangesAdded(iface, newRanges, newNc.getOwnerUid());
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            // Never crash!
+            loge("Exception in updateUids: ", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void handleUpdateLinkProperties(NetworkAgentInfo nai, LinkProperties newLp) {
+        ensureRunningOnConnectivityServiceThread();
+
+        if (getNetworkAgentInfoForNetId(nai.network.getNetId()) != nai) {
+            // Ignore updates for disconnected networks
+            return;
+        }
+        if (VDBG || DDBG) {
+            log("Update of LinkProperties for " + nai.toShortString()
+                    + "; created=" + nai.created
+                    + "; everConnected=" + nai.everConnected);
+        }
+        // TODO: eliminate this defensive copy after confirming that updateLinkProperties does not
+        // modify its oldLp parameter.
+        updateLinkProperties(nai, newLp, new LinkProperties(nai.linkProperties));
+    }
+
+    private void sendPendingIntentForRequest(NetworkRequestInfo nri, NetworkAgentInfo networkAgent,
+            int notificationType) {
+        if (notificationType == ConnectivityManager.CALLBACK_AVAILABLE && !nri.mPendingIntentSent) {
+            Intent intent = new Intent();
+            intent.putExtra(ConnectivityManager.EXTRA_NETWORK, networkAgent.network);
+            // If apps could file multi-layer requests with PendingIntents, they'd need to know
+            // which of the layer is satisfied alongside with some ID for the request. Hence, if
+            // such an API is ever implemented, there is no doubt the right request to send in
+            // EXTRA_NETWORK_REQUEST is mActiveRequest, and whatever ID would be added would need to
+            // be sent as a separate extra.
+            intent.putExtra(ConnectivityManager.EXTRA_NETWORK_REQUEST, nri.getActiveRequest());
+            nri.mPendingIntentSent = true;
+            sendIntent(nri.mPendingIntent, intent);
+        }
+        // else not handled
+    }
+
+    private void sendIntent(PendingIntent pendingIntent, Intent intent) {
+        mPendingIntentWakeLock.acquire();
+        try {
+            if (DBG) log("Sending " + pendingIntent);
+            pendingIntent.send(mContext, 0, intent, this /* onFinished */, null /* Handler */);
+        } catch (PendingIntent.CanceledException e) {
+            if (DBG) log(pendingIntent + " was not sent, it had been canceled.");
+            mPendingIntentWakeLock.release();
+            releasePendingNetworkRequest(pendingIntent);
+        }
+        // ...otherwise, mPendingIntentWakeLock.release() gets called by onSendFinished()
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onSendFinished(PendingIntent pendingIntent, Intent intent, int resultCode,
+            String resultData, Bundle resultExtras) {
+        if (DBG) log("Finished sending " + pendingIntent);
+        mPendingIntentWakeLock.release();
+        // Release with a delay so the receiving client has an opportunity to put in its
+        // own request.
+        releasePendingNetworkRequestWithDelay(pendingIntent);
+    }
+
+    private void callCallbackForRequest(@NonNull final NetworkRequestInfo nri,
+            @NonNull final NetworkAgentInfo networkAgent, final int notificationType,
+            final int arg1) {
+        if (nri.mMessenger == null) {
+            // Default request has no msgr. Also prevents callbacks from being invoked for
+            // NetworkRequestInfos registered with ConnectivityDiagnostics requests. Those callbacks
+            // are Type.LISTEN, but should not have NetworkCallbacks invoked.
+            return;
+        }
+        Bundle bundle = new Bundle();
+        // TODO b/177608132: make sure callbacks are indexed by NRIs and not NetworkRequest objects.
+        // TODO: check if defensive copies of data is needed.
+        final NetworkRequest nrForCallback = nri.getNetworkRequestForCallback();
+        putParcelable(bundle, nrForCallback);
+        Message msg = Message.obtain();
+        if (notificationType != ConnectivityManager.CALLBACK_UNAVAIL) {
+            putParcelable(bundle, networkAgent.network);
+        }
+        final boolean includeLocationSensitiveInfo =
+                (nri.mCallbackFlags & NetworkCallback.FLAG_INCLUDE_LOCATION_INFO) != 0;
+        switch (notificationType) {
+            case ConnectivityManager.CALLBACK_AVAILABLE: {
+                final NetworkCapabilities nc =
+                        networkCapabilitiesRestrictedForCallerPermissions(
+                                networkAgent.networkCapabilities, nri.mPid, nri.mUid);
+                putParcelable(
+                        bundle,
+                        createWithLocationInfoSanitizedIfNecessaryWhenParceled(
+                                nc, includeLocationSensitiveInfo, nri.mPid, nri.mUid,
+                                nrForCallback.getRequestorPackageName(),
+                                nri.mCallingAttributionTag));
+                putParcelable(bundle, linkPropertiesRestrictedForCallerPermissions(
+                        networkAgent.linkProperties, nri.mPid, nri.mUid));
+                // For this notification, arg1 contains the blocked status.
+                msg.arg1 = arg1;
+                break;
+            }
+            case ConnectivityManager.CALLBACK_LOSING: {
+                msg.arg1 = arg1;
+                break;
+            }
+            case ConnectivityManager.CALLBACK_CAP_CHANGED: {
+                // networkAgent can't be null as it has been accessed a few lines above.
+                final NetworkCapabilities netCap =
+                        networkCapabilitiesRestrictedForCallerPermissions(
+                                networkAgent.networkCapabilities, nri.mPid, nri.mUid);
+                putParcelable(
+                        bundle,
+                        createWithLocationInfoSanitizedIfNecessaryWhenParceled(
+                                netCap, includeLocationSensitiveInfo, nri.mPid, nri.mUid,
+                                nrForCallback.getRequestorPackageName(),
+                                nri.mCallingAttributionTag));
+                break;
+            }
+            case ConnectivityManager.CALLBACK_IP_CHANGED: {
+                putParcelable(bundle, linkPropertiesRestrictedForCallerPermissions(
+                        networkAgent.linkProperties, nri.mPid, nri.mUid));
+                break;
+            }
+            case ConnectivityManager.CALLBACK_BLK_CHANGED: {
+                maybeLogBlockedStatusChanged(nri, networkAgent.network, arg1);
+                msg.arg1 = arg1;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        msg.what = notificationType;
+        msg.setData(bundle);
+        try {
+            if (VDBG) {
+                String notification = ConnectivityManager.getCallbackName(notificationType);
+                log("sending notification " + notification + " for " + nrForCallback);
+            }
+            nri.mMessenger.send(msg);
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            // may occur naturally in the race of binder death.
+            loge("RemoteException caught trying to send a callback msg for " + nrForCallback);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static <T extends Parcelable> void putParcelable(Bundle bundle, T t) {
+        bundle.putParcelable(t.getClass().getSimpleName(), t);
+    }
+
+    private void teardownUnneededNetwork(NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
+        if (nai.numRequestNetworkRequests() != 0) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < nai.numNetworkRequests(); i++) {
+                NetworkRequest nr = nai.requestAt(i);
+                // Ignore listening and track default requests.
+                if (!nr.isRequest()) continue;
+                loge("Dead network still had at least " + nr);
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        nai.disconnect();
+    }
+
+    private void handleLingerComplete(NetworkAgentInfo oldNetwork) {
+        if (oldNetwork == null) {
+            loge("Unknown NetworkAgentInfo in handleLingerComplete");
+            return;
+        }
+        if (DBG) log("handleLingerComplete for " + oldNetwork.toShortString());
+
+        // If we get here it means that the last linger timeout for this network expired. So there
+        // must be no other active linger timers, and we must stop lingering.
+        oldNetwork.clearInactivityState();
+
+        if (unneeded(oldNetwork, UnneededFor.TEARDOWN)) {
+            // Tear the network down.
+            teardownUnneededNetwork(oldNetwork);
+        } else {
+            // Put the network in the background if it doesn't satisfy any foreground request.
+            updateCapabilitiesForNetwork(oldNetwork);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void processDefaultNetworkChanges(@NonNull final NetworkReassignment changes) {
+        boolean isDefaultChanged = false;
+        for (final NetworkRequestInfo defaultRequestInfo : mDefaultNetworkRequests) {
+            final NetworkReassignment.RequestReassignment reassignment =
+                    changes.getReassignment(defaultRequestInfo);
+            if (null == reassignment) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            // reassignment only contains those instances where the satisfying network changed.
+            isDefaultChanged = true;
+            // Notify system services of the new default.
+            makeDefault(defaultRequestInfo, reassignment.mOldNetwork, reassignment.mNewNetwork);
+        }
+
+        if (isDefaultChanged) {
+            // Hold a wakelock for a short time to help apps in migrating to a new default.
+            scheduleReleaseNetworkTransitionWakelock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void makeDefault(@NonNull final NetworkRequestInfo nri,
+            @Nullable final NetworkAgentInfo oldDefaultNetwork,
+            @Nullable final NetworkAgentInfo newDefaultNetwork) {
+        if (DBG) {
+            log("Switching to new default network for: " + nri + " using " + newDefaultNetwork);
+        }
+
+        // Fix up the NetworkCapabilities of any networks that have this network as underlying.
+        if (newDefaultNetwork != null) {
+            propagateUnderlyingNetworkCapabilities(newDefaultNetwork.network);
+        }
+
+        // Set an app level managed default and return since further processing only applies to the
+        // default network.
+        if (mDefaultRequest != nri) {
+            makeDefaultForApps(nri, oldDefaultNetwork, newDefaultNetwork);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        makeDefaultNetwork(newDefaultNetwork);
+
+        if (oldDefaultNetwork != null) {
+            mLingerMonitor.noteLingerDefaultNetwork(oldDefaultNetwork, newDefaultNetwork);
+        }
+        mNetworkActivityTracker.updateDataActivityTracking(newDefaultNetwork, oldDefaultNetwork);
+        handleApplyDefaultProxy(null != newDefaultNetwork
+                ? newDefaultNetwork.linkProperties.getHttpProxy() : null);
+        updateTcpBufferSizes(null != newDefaultNetwork
+                ? newDefaultNetwork.linkProperties.getTcpBufferSizes() : null);
+        notifyIfacesChangedForNetworkStats();
+    }
+
+    private void makeDefaultForApps(@NonNull final NetworkRequestInfo nri,
+            @Nullable final NetworkAgentInfo oldDefaultNetwork,
+            @Nullable final NetworkAgentInfo newDefaultNetwork) {
+        try {
+            if (VDBG) {
+                log("Setting default network for " + nri
+                        + " using UIDs " + nri.getUids()
+                        + " with old network " + (oldDefaultNetwork != null
+                        ? oldDefaultNetwork.network().getNetId() : "null")
+                        + " and new network " + (newDefaultNetwork != null
+                        ? newDefaultNetwork.network().getNetId() : "null"));
+            }
+            if (nri.getUids().isEmpty()) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("makeDefaultForApps called without specifying"
+                        + " any applications to set as the default." + nri);
+            }
+            if (null != newDefaultNetwork) {
+                mNetd.networkAddUidRanges(
+                        newDefaultNetwork.network.getNetId(),
+                        toUidRangeStableParcels(nri.getUids()));
+            }
+            if (null != oldDefaultNetwork) {
+                mNetd.networkRemoveUidRanges(
+                        oldDefaultNetwork.network.getNetId(),
+                        toUidRangeStableParcels(nri.getUids()));
+            }
+        } catch (RemoteException | ServiceSpecificException e) {
+            loge("Exception setting app default network", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void makeDefaultNetwork(@Nullable final NetworkAgentInfo newDefaultNetwork) {
+        try {
+            if (null != newDefaultNetwork) {
+                mNetd.networkSetDefault(newDefaultNetwork.network.getNetId());
+            } else {
+                mNetd.networkClearDefault();
+            }
+        } catch (RemoteException | ServiceSpecificException e) {
+            loge("Exception setting default network :" + e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void processListenRequests(@NonNull final NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
+        // For consistency with previous behaviour, send onLost callbacks before onAvailable.
+        processNewlyLostListenRequests(nai);
+        notifyNetworkCallbacks(nai, ConnectivityManager.CALLBACK_CAP_CHANGED);
+        processNewlySatisfiedListenRequests(nai);
+    }
+
+    private void processNewlyLostListenRequests(@NonNull final NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
+        for (final NetworkRequestInfo nri : mNetworkRequests.values()) {
+            if (nri.isMultilayerRequest()) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            final NetworkRequest nr = nri.mRequests.get(0);
+            if (!nr.isListen()) continue;
+            if (nai.isSatisfyingRequest(nr.requestId) && !nai.satisfies(nr)) {
+                nai.removeRequest(nr.requestId);
+                callCallbackForRequest(nri, nai, ConnectivityManager.CALLBACK_LOST, 0);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void processNewlySatisfiedListenRequests(@NonNull final NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
+        for (final NetworkRequestInfo nri : mNetworkRequests.values()) {
+            if (nri.isMultilayerRequest()) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            final NetworkRequest nr = nri.mRequests.get(0);
+            if (!nr.isListen()) continue;
+            if (nai.satisfies(nr) && !nai.isSatisfyingRequest(nr.requestId)) {
+                nai.addRequest(nr);
+                notifyNetworkAvailable(nai, nri);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // An accumulator class to gather the list of changes that result from a rematch.
+    private static class NetworkReassignment {
+        static class RequestReassignment {
+            @NonNull public final NetworkRequestInfo mNetworkRequestInfo;
+            @Nullable public final NetworkRequest mOldNetworkRequest;
+            @Nullable public final NetworkRequest mNewNetworkRequest;
+            @Nullable public final NetworkAgentInfo mOldNetwork;
+            @Nullable public final NetworkAgentInfo mNewNetwork;
+            RequestReassignment(@NonNull final NetworkRequestInfo networkRequestInfo,
+                    @Nullable final NetworkRequest oldNetworkRequest,
+                    @Nullable final NetworkRequest newNetworkRequest,
+                    @Nullable final NetworkAgentInfo oldNetwork,
+                    @Nullable final NetworkAgentInfo newNetwork) {
+                mNetworkRequestInfo = networkRequestInfo;
+                mOldNetworkRequest = oldNetworkRequest;
+                mNewNetworkRequest = newNetworkRequest;
+                mOldNetwork = oldNetwork;
+                mNewNetwork = newNetwork;
+            }
+
+            public String toString() {
+                final NetworkRequest requestToShow = null != mNewNetworkRequest
+                        ? mNewNetworkRequest : mNetworkRequestInfo.mRequests.get(0);
+                return requestToShow.requestId + " : "
+                        + (null != mOldNetwork ? mOldNetwork.network.getNetId() : "null")
+                        + " → " + (null != mNewNetwork ? mNewNetwork.network.getNetId() : "null");
+            }
+        }
+
+        @NonNull private final ArrayList<RequestReassignment> mReassignments = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        @NonNull Iterable<RequestReassignment> getRequestReassignments() {
+            return mReassignments;
+        }
+
+        void addRequestReassignment(@NonNull final RequestReassignment reassignment) {
+            if (Build.isDebuggable()) {
+                // The code is never supposed to add two reassignments of the same request. Make
+                // sure this stays true, but without imposing this expensive check on all
+                // reassignments on all user devices.
+                for (final RequestReassignment existing : mReassignments) {
+                    if (existing.mNetworkRequestInfo.equals(reassignment.mNetworkRequestInfo)) {
+                        throw new IllegalStateException("Trying to reassign ["
+                                + reassignment + "] but already have ["
+                                + existing + "]");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            mReassignments.add(reassignment);
+        }
+
+        // Will return null if this reassignment does not change the network assigned to
+        // the passed request.
+        @Nullable
+        private RequestReassignment getReassignment(@NonNull final NetworkRequestInfo nri) {
+            for (final RequestReassignment event : getRequestReassignments()) {
+                if (nri == event.mNetworkRequestInfo) return event;
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        public String toString() {
+            final StringJoiner sj = new StringJoiner(", " /* delimiter */,
+                    "NetReassign [" /* prefix */, "]" /* suffix */);
+            if (mReassignments.isEmpty()) return sj.add("no changes").toString();
+            for (final RequestReassignment rr : getRequestReassignments()) {
+                sj.add(rr.toString());
+            }
+            return sj.toString();
+        }
+
+        public String debugString() {
+            final StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+            sb.append("NetworkReassignment :");
+            if (mReassignments.isEmpty()) return sb.append(" no changes").toString();
+            for (final RequestReassignment rr : getRequestReassignments()) {
+                sb.append("\n  ").append(rr);
+            }
+            return sb.append("\n").toString();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void updateSatisfiersForRematchRequest(@NonNull final NetworkRequestInfo nri,
+            @Nullable final NetworkRequest previousRequest,
+            @Nullable final NetworkRequest newRequest,
+            @Nullable final NetworkAgentInfo previousSatisfier,
+            @Nullable final NetworkAgentInfo newSatisfier,
+            final long now) {
+        if (null != newSatisfier && mNoServiceNetwork != newSatisfier) {
+            if (VDBG) log("rematch for " + newSatisfier.toShortString());
+            if (null != previousRequest && null != previousSatisfier) {
+                if (VDBG || DDBG) {
+                    log("   accepting network in place of " + previousSatisfier.toShortString());
+                }
+                previousSatisfier.removeRequest(previousRequest.requestId);
+                previousSatisfier.lingerRequest(previousRequest.requestId, now);
+            } else {
+                if (VDBG || DDBG) log("   accepting network in place of null");
+            }
+
+            // To prevent constantly CPU wake up for nascent timer, if a network comes up
+            // and immediately satisfies a request then remove the timer. This will happen for
+            // all networks except in the case of an underlying network for a VCN.
+            if (newSatisfier.isNascent()) {
+                newSatisfier.unlingerRequest(NetworkRequest.REQUEST_ID_NONE);
+                newSatisfier.unsetInactive();
+            }
+
+            // if newSatisfier is not null, then newRequest may not be null.
+            newSatisfier.unlingerRequest(newRequest.requestId);
+            if (!newSatisfier.addRequest(newRequest)) {
+                Log.wtf(TAG, "BUG: " + newSatisfier.toShortString() + " already has "
+                        + newRequest);
+            }
+        } else if (null != previousRequest && null != previousSatisfier) {
+            if (DBG) {
+                log("Network " + previousSatisfier.toShortString() + " stopped satisfying"
+                        + " request " + previousRequest.requestId);
+            }
+            previousSatisfier.removeRequest(previousRequest.requestId);
+        }
+        nri.setSatisfier(newSatisfier, newRequest);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function is triggered when something can affect what network should satisfy what
+     * request, and it computes the network reassignment from the passed collection of requests to
+     * network match to the one that the system should now have. That data is encoded in an
+     * object that is a list of changes, each of them having an NRI, and old satisfier, and a new
+     * satisfier.
+     *
+     * After the reassignment is computed, it is applied to the state objects.
+     *
+     * @param networkRequests the nri objects to evaluate for possible network reassignment
+     * @return NetworkReassignment listing of proposed network assignment changes
+     */
+    @NonNull
+    private NetworkReassignment computeNetworkReassignment(
+            @NonNull final Collection<NetworkRequestInfo> networkRequests) {
+        final NetworkReassignment changes = new NetworkReassignment();
+
+        // Gather the list of all relevant agents.
+        final ArrayList<NetworkAgentInfo> nais = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (final NetworkAgentInfo nai : mNetworkAgentInfos) {
+            if (!nai.everConnected) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            nais.add(nai);
+        }
+
+        for (final NetworkRequestInfo nri : networkRequests) {
+            // Non-multilayer listen requests can be ignored.
+            if (!nri.isMultilayerRequest() && nri.mRequests.get(0).isListen()) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            NetworkAgentInfo bestNetwork = null;
+            NetworkRequest bestRequest = null;
+            for (final NetworkRequest req : nri.mRequests) {
+                bestNetwork = mNetworkRanker.getBestNetwork(req, nais, nri.getSatisfier());
+                // Stop evaluating as the highest possible priority request is satisfied.
+                if (null != bestNetwork) {
+                    bestRequest = req;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            if (null == bestNetwork && isDefaultBlocked(nri)) {
+                // Remove default networking if disallowed for managed default requests.
+                bestNetwork = mNoServiceNetwork;
+            }
+            if (nri.getSatisfier() != bestNetwork) {
+                // bestNetwork may be null if no network can satisfy this request.
+                changes.addRequestReassignment(new NetworkReassignment.RequestReassignment(
+                        nri, nri.mActiveRequest, bestRequest, nri.getSatisfier(), bestNetwork));
+            }
+        }
+        return changes;
+    }
+
+    private Set<NetworkRequestInfo> getNrisFromGlobalRequests() {
+        return new HashSet<>(mNetworkRequests.values());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Attempt to rematch all Networks with all NetworkRequests.  This may result in Networks
+     * being disconnected.
+     */
+    private void rematchAllNetworksAndRequests() {
+        rematchNetworksAndRequests(getNrisFromGlobalRequests());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Attempt to rematch all Networks with given NetworkRequests.  This may result in Networks
+     * being disconnected.
+     */
+    private void rematchNetworksAndRequests(
+            @NonNull final Set<NetworkRequestInfo> networkRequests) {
+        ensureRunningOnConnectivityServiceThread();
+        // TODO: This may be slow, and should be optimized.
+        final long now = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
+        final NetworkReassignment changes = computeNetworkReassignment(networkRequests);
+        if (VDBG || DDBG) {
+            log(changes.debugString());
+        } else if (DBG) {
+            log(changes.toString()); // Shorter form, only one line of log
+        }
+        applyNetworkReassignment(changes, now);
+        issueNetworkNeeds();
+    }
+
+    private void applyNetworkReassignment(@NonNull final NetworkReassignment changes,
+            final long now) {
+        final Collection<NetworkAgentInfo> nais = mNetworkAgentInfos;
+
+        // Since most of the time there are only 0 or 1 background networks, it would probably
+        // be more efficient to just use an ArrayList here. TODO : measure performance
+        final ArraySet<NetworkAgentInfo> oldBgNetworks = new ArraySet<>();
+        for (final NetworkAgentInfo nai : nais) {
+            if (nai.isBackgroundNetwork()) oldBgNetworks.add(nai);
+        }
+
+        // First, update the lists of satisfied requests in the network agents. This is necessary
+        // because some code later depends on this state to be correct, most prominently computing
+        // the linger status.
+        for (final NetworkReassignment.RequestReassignment event :
+                changes.getRequestReassignments()) {
+            updateSatisfiersForRematchRequest(event.mNetworkRequestInfo,
+                    event.mOldNetworkRequest, event.mNewNetworkRequest,
+                    event.mOldNetwork, event.mNewNetwork,
+                    now);
+        }
+
+        // Process default network changes if applicable.
+        processDefaultNetworkChanges(changes);
+
+        // Notify requested networks are available after the default net is switched, but
+        // before LegacyTypeTracker sends legacy broadcasts
+        for (final NetworkReassignment.RequestReassignment event :
+                changes.getRequestReassignments()) {
+            if (null != event.mNewNetwork) {
+                notifyNetworkAvailable(event.mNewNetwork, event.mNetworkRequestInfo);
+            } else {
+                callCallbackForRequest(event.mNetworkRequestInfo, event.mOldNetwork,
+                        ConnectivityManager.CALLBACK_LOST, 0);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Update the inactivity state before processing listen callbacks, because the background
+        // computation depends on whether the network is inactive. Don't send the LOSING callbacks
+        // just yet though, because they have to be sent after the listens are processed to keep
+        // backward compatibility.
+        final ArrayList<NetworkAgentInfo> inactiveNetworks = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (final NetworkAgentInfo nai : nais) {
+            // Rematching may have altered the inactivity state of some networks, so update all
+            // inactivity timers. updateInactivityState reads the state from the network agent
+            // and does nothing if the state has not changed : the source of truth is controlled
+            // with NetworkAgentInfo#lingerRequest and NetworkAgentInfo#unlingerRequest, which
+            // have been called while rematching the individual networks above.
+            if (updateInactivityState(nai, now)) {
+                inactiveNetworks.add(nai);
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (final NetworkAgentInfo nai : nais) {
+            if (!nai.everConnected) continue;
+            final boolean oldBackground = oldBgNetworks.contains(nai);
+            // Process listen requests and update capabilities if the background state has
+            // changed for this network. For consistency with previous behavior, send onLost
+            // callbacks before onAvailable.
+            processNewlyLostListenRequests(nai);
+            if (oldBackground != nai.isBackgroundNetwork()) {
+                applyBackgroundChangeForRematch(nai);
+            }
+            processNewlySatisfiedListenRequests(nai);
+        }
+
+        for (final NetworkAgentInfo nai : inactiveNetworks) {
+            // For nascent networks, if connecting with no foreground request, skip broadcasting
+            // LOSING for backward compatibility. This is typical when mobile data connected while
+            // wifi connected with mobile data always-on enabled.
+            if (nai.isNascent()) continue;
+            notifyNetworkLosing(nai, now);
+        }
+
+        updateLegacyTypeTrackerAndVpnLockdownForRematch(changes, nais);
+
+        // Tear down all unneeded networks.
+        for (NetworkAgentInfo nai : mNetworkAgentInfos) {
+            if (unneeded(nai, UnneededFor.TEARDOWN)) {
+                if (nai.getInactivityExpiry() > 0) {
+                    // This network has active linger timers and no requests, but is not
+                    // lingering. Linger it.
+                    //
+                    // One way (the only way?) this can happen if this network is unvalidated
+                    // and became unneeded due to another network improving its score to the
+                    // point where this network will no longer be able to satisfy any requests
+                    // even if it validates.
+                    if (updateInactivityState(nai, now)) {
+                        notifyNetworkLosing(nai, now);
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    if (DBG) log("Reaping " + nai.toShortString());
+                    teardownUnneededNetwork(nai);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Apply a change in background state resulting from rematching networks with requests.
+     *
+     * During rematch, a network may change background states by starting to satisfy or stopping
+     * to satisfy a foreground request. Listens don't count for this. When a network changes
+     * background states, its capabilities need to be updated and callbacks fired for the
+     * capability change.
+     *
+     * @param nai The network that changed background states
+     */
+    private void applyBackgroundChangeForRematch(@NonNull final NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
+        final NetworkCapabilities newNc = mixInCapabilities(nai, nai.networkCapabilities);
+        if (Objects.equals(nai.networkCapabilities, newNc)) return;
+        updateNetworkPermissions(nai, newNc);
+        nai.getAndSetNetworkCapabilities(newNc);
+        notifyNetworkCallbacks(nai, ConnectivityManager.CALLBACK_CAP_CHANGED);
+    }
+
+    private void updateLegacyTypeTrackerAndVpnLockdownForRematch(
+            @NonNull final NetworkReassignment changes,
+            @NonNull final Collection<NetworkAgentInfo> nais) {
+        final NetworkReassignment.RequestReassignment reassignmentOfDefault =
+                changes.getReassignment(mDefaultRequest);
+        final NetworkAgentInfo oldDefaultNetwork =
+                null != reassignmentOfDefault ? reassignmentOfDefault.mOldNetwork : null;
+        final NetworkAgentInfo newDefaultNetwork =
+                null != reassignmentOfDefault ? reassignmentOfDefault.mNewNetwork : null;
+
+        if (oldDefaultNetwork != newDefaultNetwork) {
+            // Maintain the illusion : since the legacy API only understands one network at a time,
+            // if the default network changed, apps should see a disconnected broadcast for the
+            // old default network before they see a connected broadcast for the new one.
+            if (oldDefaultNetwork != null) {
+                mLegacyTypeTracker.remove(oldDefaultNetwork.networkInfo.getType(),
+                        oldDefaultNetwork, true);
+            }
+            if (newDefaultNetwork != null) {
+                // The new default network can be newly null if and only if the old default
+                // network doesn't satisfy the default request any more because it lost a
+                // capability.
+                mDefaultInetConditionPublished = newDefaultNetwork.lastValidated ? 100 : 0;
+                mLegacyTypeTracker.add(
+                        newDefaultNetwork.networkInfo.getType(), newDefaultNetwork);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Now that all the callbacks have been sent, send the legacy network broadcasts
+        // as needed. This is necessary so that legacy requests correctly bind dns
+        // requests to this network. The legacy users are listening for this broadcast
+        // and will generally do a dns request so they can ensureRouteToHost and if
+        // they do that before the callbacks happen they'll use the default network.
+        //
+        // TODO: Is there still a race here? The legacy broadcast will be sent after sending
+        // callbacks, but if apps can receive the broadcast before the callback, they still might
+        // have an inconsistent view of networking.
+        //
+        // This *does* introduce a race where if the user uses the new api
+        // (notification callbacks) and then uses the old api (getNetworkInfo(type))
+        // they may get old info. Reverse this after the old startUsing api is removed.
+        // This is on top of the multiple intent sequencing referenced in the todo above.
+        for (NetworkAgentInfo nai : nais) {
+            if (nai.everConnected) {
+                addNetworkToLegacyTypeTracker(nai);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void issueNetworkNeeds() {
+        ensureRunningOnConnectivityServiceThread();
+        for (final NetworkOfferInfo noi : mNetworkOffers) {
+            issueNetworkNeeds(noi);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void issueNetworkNeeds(@NonNull final NetworkOfferInfo noi) {
+        ensureRunningOnConnectivityServiceThread();
+        for (final NetworkRequestInfo nri : mNetworkRequests.values()) {
+            informOffer(nri, noi.offer, mNetworkRanker);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Inform a NetworkOffer about any new situation of a request.
+     *
+     * This function handles updates to offers. A number of events may happen that require
+     * updating the registrant for this offer about the situation :
+     * • The offer itself was updated. This may lead the offer to no longer being able
+     *     to satisfy a request or beat a satisfier (and therefore be no longer needed),
+     *     or conversely being strengthened enough to beat the satisfier (and therefore
+     *     start being needed)
+     * • The network satisfying a request changed (including cases where the request
+     *     starts or stops being satisfied). The new network may be a stronger or weaker
+     *     match than the old one, possibly affecting whether the offer is needed.
+     * • The network satisfying a request updated their score. This may lead the offer
+     *     to no longer be able to beat it if the current satisfier got better, or
+     *     conversely start being a good choice if the current satisfier got weaker.
+     *
+     * @param nri The request
+     * @param offer The offer. This may be an updated offer.
+     */
+    private static void informOffer(@NonNull NetworkRequestInfo nri,
+            @NonNull final NetworkOffer offer, @NonNull final NetworkRanker networkRanker) {
+        final NetworkRequest activeRequest = nri.isBeingSatisfied() ? nri.getActiveRequest() : null;
+        final NetworkAgentInfo satisfier = null != activeRequest ? nri.getSatisfier() : null;
+
+        // Multi-layer requests have a currently active request, the one being satisfied.
+        // Since the system will try to bring up a better network than is currently satisfying
+        // the request, NetworkProviders need to be told the offers matching the requests *above*
+        // the currently satisfied one are needed, that the ones *below* the satisfied one are
+        // not needed, and the offer is needed for the active request iff the offer can beat
+        // the satisfier.
+        // For non-multilayer requests, the logic above gracefully degenerates to only the
+        // last case.
+        // To achieve this, the loop below will proceed in three steps. In a first phase, inform
+        // providers that the offer is needed for this request, until the active request is found.
+        // In a second phase, deal with the currently active request. In a third phase, inform
+        // the providers that offer is unneeded for the remaining requests.
+
+        // First phase : inform providers of all requests above the active request.
+        int i;
+        for (i = 0; nri.mRequests.size() > i; ++i) {
+            final NetworkRequest request = nri.mRequests.get(i);
+            if (activeRequest == request) break; // Found the active request : go to phase 2
+            if (!request.isRequest()) continue; // Listens/track defaults are never sent to offers
+            // Since this request is higher-priority than the one currently satisfied, if the
+            // offer can satisfy it, the provider should try and bring up the network for sure ;
+            // no need to even ask the ranker – an offer that can satisfy is always better than
+            // no network. Hence tell the provider so unless it already knew.
+            if (request.canBeSatisfiedBy(offer.caps) && !offer.neededFor(request)) {
+                offer.onNetworkNeeded(request);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Second phase : deal with the active request (if any)
+        if (null != activeRequest && activeRequest.isRequest()) {
+            final boolean oldNeeded = offer.neededFor(activeRequest);
+            // An offer is needed if it is currently served by this provider or if this offer
+            // can beat the current satisfier.
+            final boolean currentlyServing = satisfier != null
+                    && satisfier.factorySerialNumber == offer.providerId;
+            final boolean newNeeded = (currentlyServing
+                    || (activeRequest.canBeSatisfiedBy(offer.caps)
+                            && networkRanker.mightBeat(activeRequest, satisfier, offer)));
+            if (newNeeded != oldNeeded) {
+                if (newNeeded) {
+                    offer.onNetworkNeeded(activeRequest);
+                } else {
+                    // The offer used to be able to beat the satisfier. Now it can't.
+                    offer.onNetworkUnneeded(activeRequest);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Third phase : inform the providers that the offer isn't needed for any request
+        // below the active one.
+        for (++i /* skip the active request */; nri.mRequests.size() > i; ++i) {
+            final NetworkRequest request = nri.mRequests.get(i);
+            if (!request.isRequest()) continue; // Listens/track defaults are never sent to offers
+            // Since this request is lower-priority than the one currently satisfied, if the
+            // offer can satisfy it, the provider should not try and bring up the network.
+            // Hence tell the provider so unless it already knew.
+            if (offer.neededFor(request)) {
+                offer.onNetworkUnneeded(request);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void addNetworkToLegacyTypeTracker(@NonNull final NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < nai.numNetworkRequests(); i++) {
+            NetworkRequest nr = nai.requestAt(i);
+            if (nr.legacyType != TYPE_NONE && nr.isRequest()) {
+                // legacy type tracker filters out repeat adds
+                mLegacyTypeTracker.add(nr.legacyType, nai);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // A VPN generally won't get added to the legacy tracker in the "for (nri)" loop above,
+        // because usually there are no NetworkRequests it satisfies (e.g., mDefaultRequest
+        // wants the NOT_VPN capability, so it will never be satisfied by a VPN). So, add the
+        // newNetwork to the tracker explicitly (it's a no-op if it has already been added).
+        if (nai.isVPN()) {
+            mLegacyTypeTracker.add(TYPE_VPN, nai);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void updateInetCondition(NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
+        // Don't bother updating until we've graduated to validated at least once.
+        if (!nai.everValidated) return;
+        // For now only update icons for the default connection.
+        // TODO: Update WiFi and cellular icons separately. b/17237507
+        if (!isDefaultNetwork(nai)) return;
+
+        int newInetCondition = nai.lastValidated ? 100 : 0;
+        // Don't repeat publish.
+        if (newInetCondition == mDefaultInetConditionPublished) return;
+
+        mDefaultInetConditionPublished = newInetCondition;
+        sendInetConditionBroadcast(nai.networkInfo);
+    }
+
+    @NonNull
+    private NetworkInfo mixInInfo(@NonNull final NetworkAgentInfo nai, @NonNull NetworkInfo info) {
+        final NetworkInfo newInfo = new NetworkInfo(info);
+        // The suspended and roaming bits are managed in NetworkCapabilities.
+        final boolean suspended =
+                !nai.networkCapabilities.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED);
+        if (suspended && info.getDetailedState() == NetworkInfo.DetailedState.CONNECTED) {
+            // Only override the state with SUSPENDED if the network is currently in CONNECTED
+            // state. This is because the network could have been suspended before connecting,
+            // or it could be disconnecting while being suspended, and in both these cases
+            // the state should not be overridden. Note that the only detailed state that
+            // maps to State.CONNECTED is DetailedState.CONNECTED, so there is also no need to
+            // worry about multiple different substates of CONNECTED.
+            newInfo.setDetailedState(NetworkInfo.DetailedState.SUSPENDED, info.getReason(),
+                    info.getExtraInfo());
+        } else if (!suspended && info.getDetailedState() == NetworkInfo.DetailedState.SUSPENDED) {
+            // SUSPENDED state is currently only overridden from CONNECTED state. In the case the
+            // network agent is created, then goes to suspended, then goes out of suspended without
+            // ever setting connected. Check if network agent is ever connected to update the state.
+            newInfo.setDetailedState(nai.everConnected
+                    ? NetworkInfo.DetailedState.CONNECTED
+                    : NetworkInfo.DetailedState.CONNECTING,
+                    info.getReason(),
+                    info.getExtraInfo());
+        }
+        newInfo.setRoaming(!nai.networkCapabilities.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING));
+        return newInfo;
+    }
+
+    private void updateNetworkInfo(NetworkAgentInfo networkAgent, NetworkInfo info) {
+        final NetworkInfo newInfo = mixInInfo(networkAgent, info);
+
+        final NetworkInfo.State state = newInfo.getState();
+        NetworkInfo oldInfo = null;
+        synchronized (networkAgent) {
+            oldInfo = networkAgent.networkInfo;
+            networkAgent.networkInfo = newInfo;
+        }
+
+        if (DBG) {
+            log(networkAgent.toShortString() + " EVENT_NETWORK_INFO_CHANGED, going from "
+                    + oldInfo.getState() + " to " + state);
+        }
+
+        if (!networkAgent.created
+                && (state == NetworkInfo.State.CONNECTED
+                || (state == NetworkInfo.State.CONNECTING && networkAgent.isVPN()))) {
+
+            // A network that has just connected has zero requests and is thus a foreground network.
+            networkAgent.networkCapabilities.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_FOREGROUND);
+
+            if (!createNativeNetwork(networkAgent)) return;
+            if (networkAgent.supportsUnderlyingNetworks()) {
+                // Initialize the network's capabilities to their starting values according to the
+                // underlying networks. This ensures that the capabilities are correct before
+                // anything happens to the network.
+                updateCapabilitiesForNetwork(networkAgent);
+            }
+            networkAgent.created = true;
+            networkAgent.onNetworkCreated();
+        }
+
+        if (!networkAgent.everConnected && state == NetworkInfo.State.CONNECTED) {
+            networkAgent.everConnected = true;
+
+            // NetworkCapabilities need to be set before sending the private DNS config to
+            // NetworkMonitor, otherwise NetworkMonitor cannot determine if validation is required.
+            networkAgent.getAndSetNetworkCapabilities(networkAgent.networkCapabilities);
+
+            handlePerNetworkPrivateDnsConfig(networkAgent, mDnsManager.getPrivateDnsConfig());
+            updateLinkProperties(networkAgent, new LinkProperties(networkAgent.linkProperties),
+                    null);
+
+            // Until parceled LinkProperties are sent directly to NetworkMonitor, the connect
+            // command must be sent after updating LinkProperties to maximize chances of
+            // NetworkMonitor seeing the correct LinkProperties when starting.
+            // TODO: pass LinkProperties to the NetworkMonitor in the notifyNetworkConnected call.
+            if (networkAgent.networkAgentConfig.acceptPartialConnectivity) {
+                networkAgent.networkMonitor().setAcceptPartialConnectivity();
+            }
+            networkAgent.networkMonitor().notifyNetworkConnected(
+                    new LinkProperties(networkAgent.linkProperties,
+                            true /* parcelSensitiveFields */),
+                    networkAgent.networkCapabilities);
+            scheduleUnvalidatedPrompt(networkAgent);
+
+            // Whether a particular NetworkRequest listen should cause signal strength thresholds to
+            // be communicated to a particular NetworkAgent depends only on the network's immutable,
+            // capabilities, so it only needs to be done once on initial connect, not every time the
+            // network's capabilities change. Note that we do this before rematching the network,
+            // so we could decide to tear it down immediately afterwards. That's fine though - on
+            // disconnection NetworkAgents should stop any signal strength monitoring they have been
+            // doing.
+            updateSignalStrengthThresholds(networkAgent, "CONNECT", null);
+
+            // Before first rematching networks, put an inactivity timer without any request, this
+            // allows {@code updateInactivityState} to update the state accordingly and prevent
+            // tearing down for any {@code unneeded} evaluation in this period.
+            // Note that the timer will not be rescheduled since the expiry time is
+            // fixed after connection regardless of the network satisfying other requests or not.
+            // But it will be removed as soon as the network satisfies a request for the first time.
+            networkAgent.lingerRequest(NetworkRequest.REQUEST_ID_NONE,
+                    SystemClock.elapsedRealtime(), mNascentDelayMs);
+            networkAgent.setInactive();
+
+            // Consider network even though it is not yet validated.
+            rematchAllNetworksAndRequests();
+
+            // This has to happen after matching the requests, because callbacks are just requests.
+            notifyNetworkCallbacks(networkAgent, ConnectivityManager.CALLBACK_PRECHECK);
+        } else if (state == NetworkInfo.State.DISCONNECTED) {
+            networkAgent.disconnect();
+            if (networkAgent.isVPN()) {
+                updateUids(networkAgent, networkAgent.networkCapabilities, null);
+            }
+            disconnectAndDestroyNetwork(networkAgent);
+            if (networkAgent.isVPN()) {
+                // As the active or bound network changes for apps, broadcast the default proxy, as
+                // apps may need to update their proxy data. This is called after disconnecting from
+                // VPN to make sure we do not broadcast the old proxy data.
+                // TODO(b/122649188): send the broadcast only to VPN users.
+                mProxyTracker.sendProxyBroadcast();
+            }
+        } else if (networkAgent.created && (oldInfo.getState() == NetworkInfo.State.SUSPENDED ||
+                state == NetworkInfo.State.SUSPENDED)) {
+            mLegacyTypeTracker.update(networkAgent);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void updateNetworkScore(@NonNull final NetworkAgentInfo nai, final NetworkScore score) {
+        if (VDBG || DDBG) log("updateNetworkScore for " + nai.toShortString() + " to " + score);
+        nai.setScore(score);
+        rematchAllNetworksAndRequests();
+    }
+
+    // Notify only this one new request of the current state. Transfer all the
+    // current state by calling NetworkCapabilities and LinkProperties callbacks
+    // so that callers can be guaranteed to have as close to atomicity in state
+    // transfer as can be supported by this current API.
+    protected void notifyNetworkAvailable(NetworkAgentInfo nai, NetworkRequestInfo nri) {
+        mHandler.removeMessages(EVENT_TIMEOUT_NETWORK_REQUEST, nri);
+        if (nri.mPendingIntent != null) {
+            sendPendingIntentForRequest(nri, nai, ConnectivityManager.CALLBACK_AVAILABLE);
+            // Attempt no subsequent state pushes where intents are involved.
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final int blockedReasons = mUidBlockedReasons.get(nri.mAsUid, BLOCKED_REASON_NONE);
+        final boolean metered = nai.networkCapabilities.isMetered();
+        final boolean vpnBlocked = isUidBlockedByVpn(nri.mAsUid, mVpnBlockedUidRanges);
+        callCallbackForRequest(nri, nai, ConnectivityManager.CALLBACK_AVAILABLE,
+                getBlockedState(blockedReasons, metered, vpnBlocked));
+    }
+
+    // Notify the requests on this NAI that the network is now lingered.
+    private void notifyNetworkLosing(@NonNull final NetworkAgentInfo nai, final long now) {
+        final int lingerTime = (int) (nai.getInactivityExpiry() - now);
+        notifyNetworkCallbacks(nai, ConnectivityManager.CALLBACK_LOSING, lingerTime);
+    }
+
+    private static int getBlockedState(int reasons, boolean metered, boolean vpnBlocked) {
+        if (!metered) reasons &= ~BLOCKED_METERED_REASON_MASK;
+        return vpnBlocked
+                ? reasons | BLOCKED_REASON_LOCKDOWN_VPN
+                : reasons & ~BLOCKED_REASON_LOCKDOWN_VPN;
+    }
+
+    private void setUidBlockedReasons(int uid, @BlockedReason int blockedReasons) {
+        if (blockedReasons == BLOCKED_REASON_NONE) {
+            mUidBlockedReasons.delete(uid);
+        } else {
+            mUidBlockedReasons.put(uid, blockedReasons);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Notify of the blocked state apps with a registered callback matching a given NAI.
+     *
+     * Unlike other callbacks, blocked status is different between each individual uid. So for
+     * any given nai, all requests need to be considered according to the uid who filed it.
+     *
+     * @param nai The target NetworkAgentInfo.
+     * @param oldMetered True if the previous network capabilities were metered.
+     * @param newMetered True if the current network capabilities are metered.
+     * @param oldBlockedUidRanges list of UID ranges previously blocked by lockdown VPN.
+     * @param newBlockedUidRanges list of UID ranges blocked by lockdown VPN.
+     */
+    private void maybeNotifyNetworkBlocked(NetworkAgentInfo nai, boolean oldMetered,
+            boolean newMetered, List<UidRange> oldBlockedUidRanges,
+            List<UidRange> newBlockedUidRanges) {
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < nai.numNetworkRequests(); i++) {
+            NetworkRequest nr = nai.requestAt(i);
+            NetworkRequestInfo nri = mNetworkRequests.get(nr);
+
+            final int blockedReasons = mUidBlockedReasons.get(nri.mAsUid, BLOCKED_REASON_NONE);
+            final boolean oldVpnBlocked = isUidBlockedByVpn(nri.mAsUid, oldBlockedUidRanges);
+            final boolean newVpnBlocked = (oldBlockedUidRanges != newBlockedUidRanges)
+                    ? isUidBlockedByVpn(nri.mAsUid, newBlockedUidRanges)
+                    : oldVpnBlocked;
+
+            final int oldBlockedState = getBlockedState(blockedReasons, oldMetered, oldVpnBlocked);
+            final int newBlockedState = getBlockedState(blockedReasons, newMetered, newVpnBlocked);
+            if (oldBlockedState != newBlockedState) {
+                callCallbackForRequest(nri, nai, ConnectivityManager.CALLBACK_BLK_CHANGED,
+                        newBlockedState);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Notify apps with a given UID of the new blocked state according to new uid state.
+     * @param uid The uid for which the rules changed.
+     * @param blockedReasons The reasons for why an uid is blocked.
+     */
+    private void maybeNotifyNetworkBlockedForNewState(int uid, @BlockedReason int blockedReasons) {
+        for (final NetworkAgentInfo nai : mNetworkAgentInfos) {
+            final boolean metered = nai.networkCapabilities.isMetered();
+            final boolean vpnBlocked = isUidBlockedByVpn(uid, mVpnBlockedUidRanges);
+
+            final int oldBlockedState = getBlockedState(
+                    mUidBlockedReasons.get(uid, BLOCKED_REASON_NONE), metered, vpnBlocked);
+            final int newBlockedState = getBlockedState(blockedReasons, metered, vpnBlocked);
+            if (oldBlockedState == newBlockedState) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            for (int i = 0; i < nai.numNetworkRequests(); i++) {
+                NetworkRequest nr = nai.requestAt(i);
+                NetworkRequestInfo nri = mNetworkRequests.get(nr);
+                if (nri != null && nri.mAsUid == uid) {
+                    callCallbackForRequest(nri, nai, ConnectivityManager.CALLBACK_BLK_CHANGED,
+                            newBlockedState);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    protected void sendLegacyNetworkBroadcast(NetworkAgentInfo nai, DetailedState state, int type) {
+        // The NetworkInfo we actually send out has no bearing on the real
+        // state of affairs. For example, if the default connection is mobile,
+        // and a request for HIPRI has just gone away, we need to pretend that
+        // HIPRI has just disconnected. So we need to set the type to HIPRI and
+        // the state to DISCONNECTED, even though the network is of type MOBILE
+        // and is still connected.
+        NetworkInfo info = new NetworkInfo(nai.networkInfo);
+        info.setType(type);
+        filterForLegacyLockdown(info);
+        if (state != DetailedState.DISCONNECTED) {
+            info.setDetailedState(state, null, info.getExtraInfo());
+            sendConnectedBroadcast(info);
+        } else {
+            info.setDetailedState(state, info.getReason(), info.getExtraInfo());
+            Intent intent = new Intent(ConnectivityManager.CONNECTIVITY_ACTION);
+            intent.putExtra(ConnectivityManager.EXTRA_NETWORK_INFO, info);
+            intent.putExtra(ConnectivityManager.EXTRA_NETWORK_TYPE, info.getType());
+            if (info.isFailover()) {
+                intent.putExtra(ConnectivityManager.EXTRA_IS_FAILOVER, true);
+                nai.networkInfo.setFailover(false);
+            }
+            if (info.getReason() != null) {
+                intent.putExtra(ConnectivityManager.EXTRA_REASON, info.getReason());
+            }
+            if (info.getExtraInfo() != null) {
+                intent.putExtra(ConnectivityManager.EXTRA_EXTRA_INFO, info.getExtraInfo());
+            }
+            NetworkAgentInfo newDefaultAgent = null;
+            if (nai.isSatisfyingRequest(mDefaultRequest.mRequests.get(0).requestId)) {
+                newDefaultAgent = mDefaultRequest.getSatisfier();
+                if (newDefaultAgent != null) {
+                    intent.putExtra(ConnectivityManager.EXTRA_OTHER_NETWORK_INFO,
+                            newDefaultAgent.networkInfo);
+                } else {
+                    intent.putExtra(ConnectivityManager.EXTRA_NO_CONNECTIVITY, true);
+                }
+            }
+            intent.putExtra(ConnectivityManager.EXTRA_INET_CONDITION,
+                    mDefaultInetConditionPublished);
+            sendStickyBroadcast(intent);
+            if (newDefaultAgent != null) {
+                sendConnectedBroadcast(newDefaultAgent.networkInfo);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void notifyNetworkCallbacks(NetworkAgentInfo networkAgent, int notifyType, int arg1) {
+        if (VDBG || DDBG) {
+            String notification = ConnectivityManager.getCallbackName(notifyType);
+            log("notifyType " + notification + " for " + networkAgent.toShortString());
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < networkAgent.numNetworkRequests(); i++) {
+            NetworkRequest nr = networkAgent.requestAt(i);
+            NetworkRequestInfo nri = mNetworkRequests.get(nr);
+            if (VDBG) log(" sending notification for " + nr);
+            if (nri.mPendingIntent == null) {
+                callCallbackForRequest(nri, networkAgent, notifyType, arg1);
+            } else {
+                sendPendingIntentForRequest(nri, networkAgent, notifyType);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void notifyNetworkCallbacks(NetworkAgentInfo networkAgent, int notifyType) {
+        notifyNetworkCallbacks(networkAgent, notifyType, 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the list of all interfaces that could be used by network traffic that does not
+     * explicitly specify a network. This includes the default network, but also all VPNs that are
+     * currently connected.
+     *
+     * Must be called on the handler thread.
+     */
+    @NonNull
+    private ArrayList<Network> getDefaultNetworks() {
+        ensureRunningOnConnectivityServiceThread();
+        final ArrayList<Network> defaultNetworks = new ArrayList<>();
+        final Set<Integer> activeNetIds = new ArraySet<>();
+        for (final NetworkRequestInfo nri : mDefaultNetworkRequests) {
+            if (nri.isBeingSatisfied()) {
+                activeNetIds.add(nri.getSatisfier().network().netId);
+            }
+        }
+        for (NetworkAgentInfo nai : mNetworkAgentInfos) {
+            if (nai.everConnected && (activeNetIds.contains(nai.network().netId) || nai.isVPN())) {
+                defaultNetworks.add(nai.network);
+            }
+        }
+        return defaultNetworks;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Notify NetworkStatsService that the set of active ifaces has changed, or that one of the
+     * active iface's tracked properties has changed.
+     */
+    private void notifyIfacesChangedForNetworkStats() {
+        ensureRunningOnConnectivityServiceThread();
+        String activeIface = null;
+        LinkProperties activeLinkProperties = getActiveLinkProperties();
+        if (activeLinkProperties != null) {
+            activeIface = activeLinkProperties.getInterfaceName();
+        }
+
+        final UnderlyingNetworkInfo[] underlyingNetworkInfos = getAllVpnInfo();
+        try {
+            final ArrayList<NetworkStateSnapshot> snapshots = new ArrayList<>();
+            // TODO: Directly use NetworkStateSnapshot when feasible.
+            for (final NetworkState state : getAllNetworkState()) {
+                final NetworkStateSnapshot snapshot = new NetworkStateSnapshot(state.network,
+                        state.networkCapabilities, state.linkProperties, state.subscriberId,
+                        state.legacyNetworkType);
+                snapshots.add(snapshot);
+            }
+            mStatsManager.notifyNetworkStatus(getDefaultNetworks(),
+                    snapshots, activeIface, Arrays.asList(underlyingNetworkInfos));
+        } catch (Exception ignored) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getCaptivePortalServerUrl() {
+        enforceNetworkStackOrSettingsPermission();
+        String settingUrl = mResources.get().getString(
+                R.string.config_networkCaptivePortalServerUrl);
+
+        if (!TextUtils.isEmpty(settingUrl)) {
+            return settingUrl;
+        }
+
+        settingUrl = Settings.Global.getString(mContext.getContentResolver(),
+                ConnectivitySettingsManager.CAPTIVE_PORTAL_HTTP_URL);
+        if (!TextUtils.isEmpty(settingUrl)) {
+            return settingUrl;
+        }
+
+        return DEFAULT_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_HTTP_URL;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void startNattKeepalive(Network network, int intervalSeconds,
+            ISocketKeepaliveCallback cb, String srcAddr, int srcPort, String dstAddr) {
+        enforceKeepalivePermission();
+        mKeepaliveTracker.startNattKeepalive(
+                getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(network), null /* fd */,
+                intervalSeconds, cb,
+                srcAddr, srcPort, dstAddr, NattSocketKeepalive.NATT_PORT);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void startNattKeepaliveWithFd(Network network, ParcelFileDescriptor pfd, int resourceId,
+            int intervalSeconds, ISocketKeepaliveCallback cb, String srcAddr,
+            String dstAddr) {
+        try {
+            final FileDescriptor fd = pfd.getFileDescriptor();
+            mKeepaliveTracker.startNattKeepalive(
+                    getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(network), fd, resourceId,
+                    intervalSeconds, cb,
+                    srcAddr, dstAddr, NattSocketKeepalive.NATT_PORT);
+        } finally {
+            // FileDescriptors coming from AIDL calls must be manually closed to prevent leaks.
+            // startNattKeepalive calls Os.dup(fd) before returning, so we can close immediately.
+            if (pfd != null && Binder.getCallingPid() != Process.myPid()) {
+                IoUtils.closeQuietly(pfd);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void startTcpKeepalive(Network network, ParcelFileDescriptor pfd, int intervalSeconds,
+            ISocketKeepaliveCallback cb) {
+        try {
+            enforceKeepalivePermission();
+            final FileDescriptor fd = pfd.getFileDescriptor();
+            mKeepaliveTracker.startTcpKeepalive(
+                    getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(network), fd, intervalSeconds, cb);
+        } finally {
+            // FileDescriptors coming from AIDL calls must be manually closed to prevent leaks.
+            // startTcpKeepalive calls Os.dup(fd) before returning, so we can close immediately.
+            if (pfd != null && Binder.getCallingPid() != Process.myPid()) {
+                IoUtils.closeQuietly(pfd);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void stopKeepalive(Network network, int slot) {
+        mHandler.sendMessage(mHandler.obtainMessage(
+                NetworkAgent.CMD_STOP_SOCKET_KEEPALIVE, slot, SocketKeepalive.SUCCESS, network));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void factoryReset() {
+        enforceSettingsPermission();
+
+        if (mUserManager.hasUserRestriction(UserManager.DISALLOW_NETWORK_RESET)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final long token = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
+        try {
+            final IpMemoryStore ipMemoryStore = IpMemoryStore.getMemoryStore(mContext);
+            ipMemoryStore.factoryReset();
+        } finally {
+            Binder.restoreCallingIdentity(token);
+        }
+
+        // Turn airplane mode off
+        setAirplaneMode(false);
+
+        // restore private DNS settings to default mode (opportunistic)
+        if (!mUserManager.hasUserRestriction(UserManager.DISALLOW_CONFIG_PRIVATE_DNS)) {
+            ConnectivitySettingsManager.setPrivateDnsMode(mContext, PRIVATE_DNS_MODE_OPPORTUNISTIC);
+        }
+
+        Settings.Global.putString(mContext.getContentResolver(),
+                ConnectivitySettingsManager.NETWORK_AVOID_BAD_WIFI, null);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public byte[] getNetworkWatchlistConfigHash() {
+        NetworkWatchlistManager nwm = mContext.getSystemService(NetworkWatchlistManager.class);
+        if (nwm == null) {
+            loge("Unable to get NetworkWatchlistManager");
+            return null;
+        }
+        // Redirect it to network watchlist service to access watchlist file and calculate hash.
+        return nwm.getWatchlistConfigHash();
+    }
+
+    private void logNetworkEvent(NetworkAgentInfo nai, int evtype) {
+        int[] transports = nai.networkCapabilities.getTransportTypes();
+        mMetricsLog.log(nai.network.getNetId(), transports, new NetworkEvent(evtype));
+    }
+
+    private static boolean toBool(int encodedBoolean) {
+        return encodedBoolean != 0; // Only 0 means false.
+    }
+
+    private static int encodeBool(boolean b) {
+        return b ? 1 : 0;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int handleShellCommand(@NonNull ParcelFileDescriptor in,
+            @NonNull ParcelFileDescriptor out, @NonNull ParcelFileDescriptor err,
+            @NonNull String[] args) {
+        return new ShellCmd().exec(this, in.getFileDescriptor(), out.getFileDescriptor(),
+                err.getFileDescriptor(), args);
+    }
+
+    private class ShellCmd extends BasicShellCommandHandler {
+        @Override
+        public int onCommand(String cmd) {
+            if (cmd == null) {
+                return handleDefaultCommands(cmd);
+            }
+            final PrintWriter pw = getOutPrintWriter();
+            try {
+                switch (cmd) {
+                    case "airplane-mode":
+                        final String action = getNextArg();
+                        if ("enable".equals(action)) {
+                            setAirplaneMode(true);
+                            return 0;
+                        } else if ("disable".equals(action)) {
+                            setAirplaneMode(false);
+                            return 0;
+                        } else if (action == null) {
+                            final ContentResolver cr = mContext.getContentResolver();
+                            final int enabled = Settings.Global.getInt(cr,
+                                    Settings.Global.AIRPLANE_MODE_ON);
+                            pw.println(enabled == 0 ? "disabled" : "enabled");
+                            return 0;
+                        } else {
+                            onHelp();
+                            return -1;
+                        }
+                    default:
+                        return handleDefaultCommands(cmd);
+                }
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                pw.println(e);
+            }
+            return -1;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onHelp() {
+            PrintWriter pw = getOutPrintWriter();
+            pw.println("Connectivity service commands:");
+            pw.println("  help");
+            pw.println("    Print this help text.");
+            pw.println("  airplane-mode [enable|disable]");
+            pw.println("    Turn airplane mode on or off.");
+            pw.println("  airplane-mode");
+            pw.println("    Get airplane mode.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private int getVpnType(@Nullable NetworkAgentInfo vpn) {
+        if (vpn == null) return VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_NONE;
+        final TransportInfo ti = vpn.networkCapabilities.getTransportInfo();
+        if (!(ti instanceof VpnTransportInfo)) return VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_NONE;
+        return ((VpnTransportInfo) ti).getType();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param connectionInfo the connection to resolve.
+     * @return {@code uid} if the connection is found and the app has permission to observe it
+     * (e.g., if it is associated with the calling VPN app's tunnel) or {@code INVALID_UID} if the
+     * connection is not found.
+     */
+    public int getConnectionOwnerUid(ConnectionInfo connectionInfo) {
+        if (connectionInfo.protocol != IPPROTO_TCP && connectionInfo.protocol != IPPROTO_UDP) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unsupported protocol " + connectionInfo.protocol);
+        }
+
+        final int uid = mDeps.getConnectionOwnerUid(connectionInfo.protocol,
+                connectionInfo.local, connectionInfo.remote);
+
+        if (uid == INVALID_UID) return uid;  // Not found.
+
+        // Connection owner UIDs are visible only to the network stack and to the VpnService-based
+        // VPN, if any, that applies to the UID that owns the connection.
+        if (checkNetworkStackPermission()) return uid;
+
+        final NetworkAgentInfo vpn = getVpnForUid(uid);
+        if (vpn == null || getVpnType(vpn) != VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_SERVICE
+                || vpn.networkCapabilities.getOwnerUid() != mDeps.getCallingUid()) {
+            return INVALID_UID;
+        }
+
+        return uid;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a IBinder to a TestNetworkService. Will be lazily created as needed.
+     *
+     * <p>The TestNetworkService must be run in the system server due to TUN creation.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public IBinder startOrGetTestNetworkService() {
+        synchronized (mTNSLock) {
+            TestNetworkService.enforceTestNetworkPermissions(mContext);
+
+            if (mTNS == null) {
+                mTNS = new TestNetworkService(mContext);
+            }
+
+            return mTNS;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Handler used for managing all Connectivity Diagnostics related functions.
+     *
+     * @see android.net.ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager
+     *
+     * TODO(b/147816404): Explore moving ConnectivityDiagnosticsHandler to a separate file
+     */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    class ConnectivityDiagnosticsHandler extends Handler {
+        private final String mTag = ConnectivityDiagnosticsHandler.class.getSimpleName();
+
+        /**
+         * Used to handle ConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback registration events from {@link
+         * android.net.ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager}.
+         * obj = ConnectivityDiagnosticsCallbackInfo with IConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback and
+         * NetworkRequestInfo to be registered
+         */
+        private static final int EVENT_REGISTER_CONNECTIVITY_DIAGNOSTICS_CALLBACK = 1;
+
+        /**
+         * Used to handle ConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback unregister events from {@link
+         * android.net.ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager}.
+         * obj = the IConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback to be unregistered
+         * arg1 = the uid of the caller
+         */
+        private static final int EVENT_UNREGISTER_CONNECTIVITY_DIAGNOSTICS_CALLBACK = 2;
+
+        /**
+         * Event for {@link NetworkStateTrackerHandler} to trigger ConnectivityReport callbacks
+         * after processing {@link #EVENT_NETWORK_TESTED} events.
+         * obj = {@link ConnectivityReportEvent} representing ConnectivityReport info reported from
+         * NetworkMonitor.
+         * data = PersistableBundle of extras passed from NetworkMonitor.
+         *
+         * <p>See {@link ConnectivityService#EVENT_NETWORK_TESTED}.
+         */
+        private static final int EVENT_NETWORK_TESTED = ConnectivityService.EVENT_NETWORK_TESTED;
+
+        /**
+         * Event for NetworkMonitor to inform ConnectivityService that a potential data stall has
+         * been detected on the network.
+         * obj = Long the timestamp (in millis) for when the suspected data stall was detected.
+         * arg1 = {@link DataStallReport#DetectionMethod} indicating the detection method.
+         * arg2 = NetID.
+         * data = PersistableBundle of extras passed from NetworkMonitor.
+         */
+        private static final int EVENT_DATA_STALL_SUSPECTED = 4;
+
+        /**
+         * Event for ConnectivityDiagnosticsHandler to handle network connectivity being reported to
+         * the platform. This event will invoke {@link
+         * IConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback#onNetworkConnectivityReported} for permissioned
+         * callbacks.
+         * obj = Network that was reported on
+         * arg1 = boolint for the quality reported
+         */
+        private static final int EVENT_NETWORK_CONNECTIVITY_REPORTED = 5;
+
+        private ConnectivityDiagnosticsHandler(Looper looper) {
+            super(looper);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
+            switch (msg.what) {
+                case EVENT_REGISTER_CONNECTIVITY_DIAGNOSTICS_CALLBACK: {
+                    handleRegisterConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback(
+                            (ConnectivityDiagnosticsCallbackInfo) msg.obj);
+                    break;
+                }
+                case EVENT_UNREGISTER_CONNECTIVITY_DIAGNOSTICS_CALLBACK: {
+                    handleUnregisterConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback(
+                            (IConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback) msg.obj, msg.arg1);
+                    break;
+                }
+                case EVENT_NETWORK_TESTED: {
+                    final ConnectivityReportEvent reportEvent =
+                            (ConnectivityReportEvent) msg.obj;
+
+                    handleNetworkTestedWithExtras(reportEvent, reportEvent.mExtras);
+                    break;
+                }
+                case EVENT_DATA_STALL_SUSPECTED: {
+                    final NetworkAgentInfo nai = getNetworkAgentInfoForNetId(msg.arg2);
+                    final Pair<Long, PersistableBundle> arg =
+                            (Pair<Long, PersistableBundle>) msg.obj;
+                    if (nai == null) break;
+
+                    handleDataStallSuspected(nai, arg.first, msg.arg1, arg.second);
+                    break;
+                }
+                case EVENT_NETWORK_CONNECTIVITY_REPORTED: {
+                    handleNetworkConnectivityReported((NetworkAgentInfo) msg.obj, toBool(msg.arg1));
+                    break;
+                }
+                default: {
+                    Log.e(mTag, "Unrecognized event in ConnectivityDiagnostics: " + msg.what);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Class used for cleaning up IConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback instances after their death. */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    class ConnectivityDiagnosticsCallbackInfo implements Binder.DeathRecipient {
+        @NonNull private final IConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback mCb;
+        @NonNull private final NetworkRequestInfo mRequestInfo;
+        @NonNull private final String mCallingPackageName;
+
+        @VisibleForTesting
+        ConnectivityDiagnosticsCallbackInfo(
+                @NonNull IConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback cb,
+                @NonNull NetworkRequestInfo nri,
+                @NonNull String callingPackageName) {
+            mCb = cb;
+            mRequestInfo = nri;
+            mCallingPackageName = callingPackageName;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void binderDied() {
+            log("ConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback IBinder died.");
+            unregisterConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback(mCb);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Class used for sending information from {@link
+     * NetworkMonitorCallbacks#notifyNetworkTestedWithExtras} to the handler for processing it.
+     */
+    private static class NetworkTestedResults {
+        private final int mNetId;
+        private final int mTestResult;
+        private final long mTimestampMillis;
+        @Nullable private final String mRedirectUrl;
+
+        private NetworkTestedResults(
+                int netId, int testResult, long timestampMillis, @Nullable String redirectUrl) {
+            mNetId = netId;
+            mTestResult = testResult;
+            mTimestampMillis = timestampMillis;
+            mRedirectUrl = redirectUrl;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Class used for sending information from {@link NetworkStateTrackerHandler} to {@link
+     * ConnectivityDiagnosticsHandler}.
+     */
+    private static class ConnectivityReportEvent {
+        private final long mTimestampMillis;
+        @NonNull private final NetworkAgentInfo mNai;
+        private final PersistableBundle mExtras;
+
+        private ConnectivityReportEvent(long timestampMillis, @NonNull NetworkAgentInfo nai,
+                PersistableBundle p) {
+            mTimestampMillis = timestampMillis;
+            mNai = nai;
+            mExtras = p;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void handleRegisterConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback(
+            @NonNull ConnectivityDiagnosticsCallbackInfo cbInfo) {
+        ensureRunningOnConnectivityServiceThread();
+
+        final IConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback cb = cbInfo.mCb;
+        final IBinder iCb = cb.asBinder();
+        final NetworkRequestInfo nri = cbInfo.mRequestInfo;
+
+        // Connectivity Diagnostics are meant to be used with a single network request. It would be
+        // confusing for these networks to change when an NRI is satisfied in another layer.
+        if (nri.isMultilayerRequest()) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Connectivity Diagnostics do not support multilayer "
+                + "network requests.");
+        }
+
+        // This means that the client registered the same callback multiple times. Do
+        // not override the previous entry, and exit silently.
+        if (mConnectivityDiagnosticsCallbacks.containsKey(iCb)) {
+            if (VDBG) log("Diagnostics callback is already registered");
+
+            // Decrement the reference count for this NetworkRequestInfo. The reference count is
+            // incremented when the NetworkRequestInfo is created as part of
+            // enforceRequestCountLimit().
+            nri.decrementRequestCount();
+            return;
+        }
+
+        mConnectivityDiagnosticsCallbacks.put(iCb, cbInfo);
+
+        try {
+            iCb.linkToDeath(cbInfo, 0);
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            cbInfo.binderDied();
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Once registered, provide ConnectivityReports for matching Networks
+        final List<NetworkAgentInfo> matchingNetworks = new ArrayList<>();
+        synchronized (mNetworkForNetId) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < mNetworkForNetId.size(); i++) {
+                final NetworkAgentInfo nai = mNetworkForNetId.valueAt(i);
+                // Connectivity Diagnostics rejects multilayer requests at registration hence get(0)
+                if (nai.satisfies(nri.mRequests.get(0))) {
+                    matchingNetworks.add(nai);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        for (final NetworkAgentInfo nai : matchingNetworks) {
+            final ConnectivityReport report = nai.getConnectivityReport();
+            if (report == null) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (!checkConnectivityDiagnosticsPermissions(
+                    nri.mPid, nri.mUid, nai, cbInfo.mCallingPackageName)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            try {
+                cb.onConnectivityReportAvailable(report);
+            } catch (RemoteException e) {
+                // Exception while sending the ConnectivityReport. Move on to the next network.
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void handleUnregisterConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback(
+            @NonNull IConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback cb, int uid) {
+        ensureRunningOnConnectivityServiceThread();
+        final IBinder iCb = cb.asBinder();
+
+        final ConnectivityDiagnosticsCallbackInfo cbInfo =
+                mConnectivityDiagnosticsCallbacks.remove(iCb);
+        if (cbInfo == null) {
+            if (VDBG) log("Removing diagnostics callback that is not currently registered");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final NetworkRequestInfo nri = cbInfo.mRequestInfo;
+
+        // Caller's UID must either be the registrants (if they are unregistering) or the System's
+        // (if the Binder died)
+        if (uid != nri.mUid && uid != Process.SYSTEM_UID) {
+            if (DBG) loge("Uid(" + uid + ") not registrant's (" + nri.mUid + ") or System's");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Decrement the reference count for this NetworkRequestInfo. The reference count is
+        // incremented when the NetworkRequestInfo is created as part of
+        // enforceRequestCountLimit().
+        nri.decrementRequestCount();
+
+        iCb.unlinkToDeath(cbInfo, 0);
+    }
+
+    private void handleNetworkTestedWithExtras(
+            @NonNull ConnectivityReportEvent reportEvent, @NonNull PersistableBundle extras) {
+        final NetworkAgentInfo nai = reportEvent.mNai;
+        final NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities =
+                getNetworkCapabilitiesWithoutUids(nai.networkCapabilities);
+        final ConnectivityReport report =
+                new ConnectivityReport(
+                        reportEvent.mNai.network,
+                        reportEvent.mTimestampMillis,
+                        nai.linkProperties,
+                        networkCapabilities,
+                        extras);
+        nai.setConnectivityReport(report);
+        final List<IConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback> results =
+                getMatchingPermissionedCallbacks(nai);
+        for (final IConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback cb : results) {
+            try {
+                cb.onConnectivityReportAvailable(report);
+            } catch (RemoteException ex) {
+                loge("Error invoking onConnectivityReport", ex);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void handleDataStallSuspected(
+            @NonNull NetworkAgentInfo nai, long timestampMillis, int detectionMethod,
+            @NonNull PersistableBundle extras) {
+        final NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities =
+                getNetworkCapabilitiesWithoutUids(nai.networkCapabilities);
+        final DataStallReport report =
+                new DataStallReport(
+                        nai.network,
+                        timestampMillis,
+                        detectionMethod,
+                        nai.linkProperties,
+                        networkCapabilities,
+                        extras);
+        final List<IConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback> results =
+                getMatchingPermissionedCallbacks(nai);
+        for (final IConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback cb : results) {
+            try {
+                cb.onDataStallSuspected(report);
+            } catch (RemoteException ex) {
+                loge("Error invoking onDataStallSuspected", ex);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void handleNetworkConnectivityReported(
+            @NonNull NetworkAgentInfo nai, boolean connectivity) {
+        final List<IConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback> results =
+                getMatchingPermissionedCallbacks(nai);
+        for (final IConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback cb : results) {
+            try {
+                cb.onNetworkConnectivityReported(nai.network, connectivity);
+            } catch (RemoteException ex) {
+                loge("Error invoking onNetworkConnectivityReported", ex);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private NetworkCapabilities getNetworkCapabilitiesWithoutUids(@NonNull NetworkCapabilities nc) {
+        final NetworkCapabilities sanitized = new NetworkCapabilities(nc,
+                NetworkCapabilities.REDACT_ALL);
+        sanitized.setUids(null);
+        sanitized.setAdministratorUids(new int[0]);
+        sanitized.setOwnerUid(Process.INVALID_UID);
+        return sanitized;
+    }
+
+    private List<IConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback> getMatchingPermissionedCallbacks(
+            @NonNull NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
+        final List<IConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback> results = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (Entry<IBinder, ConnectivityDiagnosticsCallbackInfo> entry :
+                mConnectivityDiagnosticsCallbacks.entrySet()) {
+            final ConnectivityDiagnosticsCallbackInfo cbInfo = entry.getValue();
+            final NetworkRequestInfo nri = cbInfo.mRequestInfo;
+            // Connectivity Diagnostics rejects multilayer requests at registration hence get(0).
+            if (nai.satisfies(nri.mRequests.get(0))) {
+                if (checkConnectivityDiagnosticsPermissions(
+                        nri.mPid, nri.mUid, nai, cbInfo.mCallingPackageName)) {
+                    results.add(entry.getValue().mCb);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return results;
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    boolean checkConnectivityDiagnosticsPermissions(
+            int callbackPid, int callbackUid, NetworkAgentInfo nai, String callbackPackageName) {
+        if (checkNetworkStackPermission(callbackPid, callbackUid)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // LocationPermissionChecker#checkLocationPermission can throw SecurityException if the uid
+        // and package name don't match. Throwing on the CS thread is not acceptable, so wrap the
+        // call in a try-catch.
+        try {
+            if (!mLocationPermissionChecker.checkLocationPermission(
+                    callbackPackageName, null /* featureId */, callbackUid, null /* message */)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        } catch (SecurityException e) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        for (NetworkAgentInfo virtual : mNetworkAgentInfos) {
+            if (virtual.supportsUnderlyingNetworks()
+                    && virtual.networkCapabilities.getOwnerUid() == callbackUid
+                    && CollectionUtils.contains(virtual.declaredUnderlyingNetworks, nai.network)) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Administrator UIDs also contains the Owner UID
+        final int[] administratorUids = nai.networkCapabilities.getAdministratorUids();
+        return CollectionUtils.contains(administratorUids, callbackUid);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void registerConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback(
+            @NonNull IConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback callback,
+            @NonNull NetworkRequest request,
+            @NonNull String callingPackageName) {
+        if (request.legacyType != TYPE_NONE) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("ConnectivityManager.TYPE_* are deprecated."
+                    + " Please use NetworkCapabilities instead.");
+        }
+        final int callingUid = mDeps.getCallingUid();
+        mAppOpsManager.checkPackage(callingUid, callingPackageName);
+
+        // This NetworkCapabilities is only used for matching to Networks. Clear out its owner uid
+        // and administrator uids to be safe.
+        final NetworkCapabilities nc = new NetworkCapabilities(request.networkCapabilities);
+        restrictRequestUidsForCallerAndSetRequestorInfo(nc, callingUid, callingPackageName);
+
+        final NetworkRequest requestWithId =
+                new NetworkRequest(
+                        nc, TYPE_NONE, nextNetworkRequestId(), NetworkRequest.Type.LISTEN);
+
+        // NetworkRequestInfos created here count towards MAX_NETWORK_REQUESTS_PER_UID limit.
+        //
+        // nri is not bound to the death of callback. Instead, callback.bindToDeath() is set in
+        // handleRegisterConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback(). nri will be cleaned up as part of the
+        // callback's binder death.
+        final NetworkRequestInfo nri = new NetworkRequestInfo(callingUid, requestWithId);
+        final ConnectivityDiagnosticsCallbackInfo cbInfo =
+                new ConnectivityDiagnosticsCallbackInfo(callback, nri, callingPackageName);
+
+        mConnectivityDiagnosticsHandler.sendMessage(
+                mConnectivityDiagnosticsHandler.obtainMessage(
+                        ConnectivityDiagnosticsHandler
+                                .EVENT_REGISTER_CONNECTIVITY_DIAGNOSTICS_CALLBACK,
+                        cbInfo));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void unregisterConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback(
+            @NonNull IConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback callback) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(callback, "callback must be non-null");
+        mConnectivityDiagnosticsHandler.sendMessage(
+                mConnectivityDiagnosticsHandler.obtainMessage(
+                        ConnectivityDiagnosticsHandler
+                                .EVENT_UNREGISTER_CONNECTIVITY_DIAGNOSTICS_CALLBACK,
+                        mDeps.getCallingUid(),
+                        0,
+                        callback));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void simulateDataStall(int detectionMethod, long timestampMillis,
+            @NonNull Network network, @NonNull PersistableBundle extras) {
+        enforceAnyPermissionOf(android.Manifest.permission.MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS,
+                android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK);
+        final NetworkCapabilities nc = getNetworkCapabilitiesInternal(network);
+        if (!nc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_TEST)) {
+            throw new SecurityException("Data Stall simluation is only possible for test networks");
+        }
+
+        final NetworkAgentInfo nai = getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(network);
+        if (nai == null || nai.creatorUid != mDeps.getCallingUid()) {
+            throw new SecurityException("Data Stall simulation is only possible for network "
+                + "creators");
+        }
+
+        // Instead of passing the data stall directly to the ConnectivityDiagnostics handler, treat
+        // this as a Data Stall received directly from NetworkMonitor. This requires wrapping the
+        // Data Stall information as a DataStallReportParcelable and passing to
+        // #notifyDataStallSuspected. This ensures that unknown Data Stall detection methods are
+        // still passed to ConnectivityDiagnostics (with new detection methods masked).
+        final DataStallReportParcelable p = new DataStallReportParcelable();
+        p.timestampMillis = timestampMillis;
+        p.detectionMethod = detectionMethod;
+
+        if (hasDataStallDetectionMethod(p, DETECTION_METHOD_DNS_EVENTS)) {
+            p.dnsConsecutiveTimeouts = extras.getInt(KEY_DNS_CONSECUTIVE_TIMEOUTS);
+        }
+        if (hasDataStallDetectionMethod(p, DETECTION_METHOD_TCP_METRICS)) {
+            p.tcpPacketFailRate = extras.getInt(KEY_TCP_PACKET_FAIL_RATE);
+            p.tcpMetricsCollectionPeriodMillis = extras.getInt(
+                    KEY_TCP_METRICS_COLLECTION_PERIOD_MILLIS);
+        }
+
+        notifyDataStallSuspected(p, network.getNetId());
+    }
+
+    private class NetdCallback extends BaseNetdUnsolicitedEventListener {
+        @Override
+        public void onInterfaceClassActivityChanged(boolean isActive, int transportType,
+                long timestampNs, int uid) {
+            mNetworkActivityTracker.setAndReportNetworkActive(isActive, transportType, timestampNs);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onInterfaceLinkStateChanged(String iface, boolean up) {
+            for (NetworkAgentInfo nai : mNetworkAgentInfos) {
+                nai.clatd.interfaceLinkStateChanged(iface, up);
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onInterfaceRemoved(String iface) {
+            for (NetworkAgentInfo nai : mNetworkAgentInfos) {
+                nai.clatd.interfaceRemoved(iface);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private final LegacyNetworkActivityTracker mNetworkActivityTracker;
+
+    /**
+     * Class used for updating network activity tracking with netd and notify network activity
+     * changes.
+     */
+    private static final class LegacyNetworkActivityTracker {
+        private static final int NO_UID = -1;
+        private final Context mContext;
+        private final INetd mNetd;
+        private final RemoteCallbackList<INetworkActivityListener> mNetworkActivityListeners =
+                new RemoteCallbackList<>();
+        // Indicate the current system default network activity is active or not.
+        @GuardedBy("mActiveIdleTimers")
+        private boolean mNetworkActive;
+        @GuardedBy("mActiveIdleTimers")
+        private final ArrayMap<String, IdleTimerParams> mActiveIdleTimers = new ArrayMap();
+        private final Handler mHandler;
+
+        private class IdleTimerParams {
+            public final int timeout;
+            public final int transportType;
+
+            IdleTimerParams(int timeout, int transport) {
+                this.timeout = timeout;
+                this.transportType = transport;
+            }
+        }
+
+        LegacyNetworkActivityTracker(@NonNull Context context, @NonNull Handler handler,
+                @NonNull INetd netd) {
+            mContext = context;
+            mNetd = netd;
+            mHandler = handler;
+        }
+
+        public void setAndReportNetworkActive(boolean active, int transportType, long tsNanos) {
+            sendDataActivityBroadcast(transportTypeToLegacyType(transportType), active, tsNanos);
+            synchronized (mActiveIdleTimers) {
+                mNetworkActive = active;
+                // If there are no idle timers, it means that system is not monitoring
+                // activity, so the system default network for those default network
+                // unspecified apps is always considered active.
+                //
+                // TODO: If the mActiveIdleTimers is empty, netd will actually not send
+                // any network activity change event. Whenever this event is received,
+                // the mActiveIdleTimers should be always not empty. The legacy behavior
+                // is no-op. Remove to refer to mNetworkActive only.
+                if (mNetworkActive || mActiveIdleTimers.isEmpty()) {
+                    mHandler.sendMessage(mHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_REPORT_NETWORK_ACTIVITY));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // The network activity should only be updated from ConnectivityService handler thread
+        // when mActiveIdleTimers lock is held.
+        @GuardedBy("mActiveIdleTimers")
+        private void reportNetworkActive() {
+            final int length = mNetworkActivityListeners.beginBroadcast();
+            if (DDBG) log("reportNetworkActive, notify " + length + " listeners");
+            try {
+                for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+                    try {
+                        mNetworkActivityListeners.getBroadcastItem(i).onNetworkActive();
+                    } catch (RemoteException | RuntimeException e) {
+                        loge("Fail to send network activie to listener " + e);
+                    }
+                }
+            } finally {
+                mNetworkActivityListeners.finishBroadcast();
+            }
+        }
+
+        @GuardedBy("mActiveIdleTimers")
+        public void handleReportNetworkActivity() {
+            synchronized (mActiveIdleTimers) {
+                reportNetworkActive();
+            }
+        }
+
+        // This is deprecated and only to support legacy use cases.
+        private int transportTypeToLegacyType(int type) {
+            switch (type) {
+                case NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR:
+                    return TYPE_MOBILE;
+                case NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI:
+                    return TYPE_WIFI;
+                case NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_BLUETOOTH:
+                    return TYPE_BLUETOOTH;
+                case NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_ETHERNET:
+                    return TYPE_ETHERNET;
+                default:
+                    loge("Unexpected transport in transportTypeToLegacyType: " + type);
+            }
+            return ConnectivityManager.TYPE_NONE;
+        }
+
+        public void sendDataActivityBroadcast(int deviceType, boolean active, long tsNanos) {
+            final Intent intent = new Intent(ConnectivityManager.ACTION_DATA_ACTIVITY_CHANGE);
+            intent.putExtra(ConnectivityManager.EXTRA_DEVICE_TYPE, deviceType);
+            intent.putExtra(ConnectivityManager.EXTRA_IS_ACTIVE, active);
+            intent.putExtra(ConnectivityManager.EXTRA_REALTIME_NS, tsNanos);
+            final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
+            try {
+                mContext.sendOrderedBroadcastAsUser(intent, UserHandle.ALL,
+                        RECEIVE_DATA_ACTIVITY_CHANGE,
+                        null /* resultReceiver */,
+                        null /* scheduler */,
+                        0 /* initialCode */,
+                        null /* initialData */,
+                        null /* initialExtra */);
+            } finally {
+                Binder.restoreCallingIdentity(ident);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Setup data activity tracking for the given network.
+         *
+         * Every {@code setupDataActivityTracking} should be paired with a
+         * {@link #removeDataActivityTracking} for cleanup.
+         */
+        private void setupDataActivityTracking(NetworkAgentInfo networkAgent) {
+            final String iface = networkAgent.linkProperties.getInterfaceName();
+
+            final int timeout;
+            final int type;
+
+            if (networkAgent.networkCapabilities.hasTransport(
+                    NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)) {
+                timeout = Settings.Global.getInt(mContext.getContentResolver(),
+                        ConnectivitySettingsManager.DATA_ACTIVITY_TIMEOUT_MOBILE,
+                        10);
+                type = NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR;
+            } else if (networkAgent.networkCapabilities.hasTransport(
+                    NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI)) {
+                timeout = Settings.Global.getInt(mContext.getContentResolver(),
+                        ConnectivitySettingsManager.DATA_ACTIVITY_TIMEOUT_WIFI,
+                        15);
+                type = NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI;
+            } else {
+                return; // do not track any other networks
+            }
+
+            updateRadioPowerState(true /* isActive */, type);
+
+            if (timeout > 0 && iface != null) {
+                try {
+                    synchronized (mActiveIdleTimers) {
+                        // Networks start up.
+                        mNetworkActive = true;
+                        mActiveIdleTimers.put(iface, new IdleTimerParams(timeout, type));
+                        mNetd.idletimerAddInterface(iface, timeout, Integer.toString(type));
+                        reportNetworkActive();
+                    }
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                    // You shall not crash!
+                    loge("Exception in setupDataActivityTracking " + e);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Remove data activity tracking when network disconnects.
+         */
+        private void removeDataActivityTracking(NetworkAgentInfo networkAgent) {
+            final String iface = networkAgent.linkProperties.getInterfaceName();
+            final NetworkCapabilities caps = networkAgent.networkCapabilities;
+
+            if (iface == null) return;
+
+            final int type;
+            if (caps.hasTransport(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)) {
+                type = NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR;
+            } else if (caps.hasTransport(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI)) {
+                type = NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI;
+            } else {
+                return; // do not track any other networks
+            }
+
+            try {
+                updateRadioPowerState(false /* isActive */, type);
+                synchronized (mActiveIdleTimers) {
+                    final IdleTimerParams params = mActiveIdleTimers.remove(iface);
+                    // The call fails silently if no idle timer setup for this interface
+                    mNetd.idletimerRemoveInterface(iface, params.timeout,
+                            Integer.toString(params.transportType));
+                }
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                // You shall not crash!
+                loge("Exception in removeDataActivityTracking " + e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Update data activity tracking when network state is updated.
+         */
+        public void updateDataActivityTracking(NetworkAgentInfo newNetwork,
+                NetworkAgentInfo oldNetwork) {
+            if (newNetwork != null) {
+                setupDataActivityTracking(newNetwork);
+            }
+            if (oldNetwork != null) {
+                removeDataActivityTracking(oldNetwork);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void updateRadioPowerState(boolean isActive, int transportType) {
+            final BatteryStatsManager bs = mContext.getSystemService(BatteryStatsManager.class);
+            switch (transportType) {
+                case NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR:
+                    bs.reportMobileRadioPowerState(isActive, NO_UID);
+                    break;
+                case NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI:
+                    bs.reportWifiRadioPowerState(isActive, NO_UID);
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    logw("Untracked transport type:" + transportType);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public boolean isDefaultNetworkActive() {
+            synchronized (mActiveIdleTimers) {
+                // If there are no idle timers, it means that system is not monitoring activity,
+                // so the default network is always considered active.
+                //
+                // TODO : Distinguish between the cases where mActiveIdleTimers is empty because
+                // tracking is disabled (negative idle timer value configured), or no active default
+                // network. In the latter case, this reports active but it should report inactive.
+                return mNetworkActive || mActiveIdleTimers.isEmpty();
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void registerNetworkActivityListener(@NonNull INetworkActivityListener l) {
+            mNetworkActivityListeners.register(l);
+        }
+
+        public void unregisterNetworkActivityListener(@NonNull INetworkActivityListener l) {
+            mNetworkActivityListeners.unregister(l);
+        }
+
+        public void dump(IndentingPrintWriter pw) {
+            synchronized (mActiveIdleTimers) {
+                pw.print("mNetworkActive="); pw.println(mNetworkActive);
+                pw.println("Idle timers:");
+                for (HashMap.Entry<String, IdleTimerParams> ent : mActiveIdleTimers.entrySet()) {
+                    pw.print("  "); pw.print(ent.getKey()); pw.println(":");
+                    final IdleTimerParams params = ent.getValue();
+                    pw.print("    timeout="); pw.print(params.timeout);
+                    pw.print(" type="); pw.println(params.transportType);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Registers {@link QosSocketFilter} with {@link IQosCallback}.
+     *
+     * @param socketInfo the socket information
+     * @param callback the callback to register
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void registerQosSocketCallback(@NonNull final QosSocketInfo socketInfo,
+            @NonNull final IQosCallback callback) {
+        final NetworkAgentInfo nai = getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(socketInfo.getNetwork());
+        if (nai == null || nai.networkCapabilities == null) {
+            try {
+                callback.onError(QosCallbackException.EX_TYPE_FILTER_NETWORK_RELEASED);
+            } catch (final RemoteException ex) {
+                loge("registerQosCallbackInternal: RemoteException", ex);
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        registerQosCallbackInternal(new QosSocketFilter(socketInfo), callback, nai);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Register a {@link IQosCallback} with base {@link QosFilter}.
+     *
+     * @param filter the filter to register
+     * @param callback the callback to register
+     * @param nai the agent information related to the filter's network
+     */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public void registerQosCallbackInternal(@NonNull final QosFilter filter,
+            @NonNull final IQosCallback callback, @NonNull final NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
+        if (filter == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("filter must be non-null");
+        if (callback == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("callback must be non-null");
+
+        if (!nai.networkCapabilities.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED)) {
+            enforceConnectivityRestrictedNetworksPermission();
+        }
+        mQosCallbackTracker.registerCallback(callback, filter, nai);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unregisters the given callback.
+     *
+     * @param callback the callback to unregister
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void unregisterQosCallback(@NonNull final IQosCallback callback) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(callback, "callback must be non-null");
+        mQosCallbackTracker.unregisterCallback(callback);
+    }
+
+    // Network preference per-profile and OEM network preferences can't be set at the same
+    // time, because it is unclear what should happen if both preferences are active for
+    // one given UID. To make it possible, the stack would have to clarify what would happen
+    // in case both are active at the same time. The implementation may have to be adjusted
+    // to implement the resulting rules. For example, a priority could be defined between them,
+    // where the OEM preference would be considered less or more important than the enterprise
+    // preference ; this would entail implementing the priorities somehow, e.g. by doing
+    // UID arithmetic with UID ranges or passing a priority to netd so that the routing rules
+    // are set at the right level. Other solutions are possible, e.g. merging of the
+    // preferences for the relevant UIDs.
+    private static void throwConcurrentPreferenceException() {
+        throw new IllegalStateException("Can't set NetworkPreferenceForUser and "
+                + "set OemNetworkPreference at the same time");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Request that a user profile is put by default on a network matching a given preference.
+     *
+     * See the documentation for the individual preferences for a description of the supported
+     * behaviors.
+     *
+     * @param profile the profile concerned.
+     * @param preference the preference for this profile, as one of the PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_*
+     *                   constants.
+     * @param listener an optional listener to listen for completion of the operation.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void setProfileNetworkPreference(@NonNull final UserHandle profile,
+            @ConnectivityManager.ProfileNetworkPreference final int preference,
+            @Nullable final IOnCompleteListener listener) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(profile);
+        PermissionUtils.enforceNetworkStackPermission(mContext);
+        if (DBG) {
+            log("setProfileNetworkPreference " + profile + " to " + preference);
+        }
+        if (profile.getIdentifier() < 0) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Must explicitly specify a user handle ("
+                    + "UserHandle.CURRENT not supported)");
+        }
+        final UserManager um = mContext.getSystemService(UserManager.class);
+        if (!um.isManagedProfile(profile.getIdentifier())) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Profile must be a managed profile");
+        }
+        // Strictly speaking, mOemNetworkPreferences should only be touched on the
+        // handler thread. However it is an immutable object, so reading the reference is
+        // safe - it's just possible the value is slightly outdated. For the final check,
+        // see #handleSetProfileNetworkPreference. But if this can be caught here it is a
+        // lot easier to understand, so opportunistically check it.
+        if (!mOemNetworkPreferences.isEmpty()) {
+            throwConcurrentPreferenceException();
+        }
+        final NetworkCapabilities nc;
+        switch (preference) {
+            case ConnectivityManager.PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_DEFAULT:
+                nc = null;
+                break;
+            case ConnectivityManager.PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_ENTERPRISE:
+                final UidRange uids = UidRange.createForUser(profile);
+                nc = createDefaultNetworkCapabilitiesForUidRange(uids);
+                nc.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_ENTERPRISE);
+                nc.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED);
+                break;
+            default:
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                        "Invalid preference in setProfileNetworkPreference");
+        }
+        mHandler.sendMessage(mHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_SET_PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE,
+                new Pair<>(new ProfileNetworkPreferences.Preference(profile, nc), listener)));
+    }
+
+    private void validateNetworkCapabilitiesOfProfileNetworkPreference(
+            @Nullable final NetworkCapabilities nc) {
+        if (null == nc) return; // Null caps are always allowed. It means to remove the setting.
+        ensureRequestableCapabilities(nc);
+    }
+
+    private ArraySet<NetworkRequestInfo> createNrisFromProfileNetworkPreferences(
+            @NonNull final ProfileNetworkPreferences prefs) {
+        final ArraySet<NetworkRequestInfo> result = new ArraySet<>();
+        for (final ProfileNetworkPreferences.Preference pref : prefs.preferences) {
+            // The NRI for a user should be comprised of two layers:
+            // - The request for the capabilities
+            // - The request for the default network, for fallback. Create an image of it to
+            //   have the correct UIDs in it (also a request can only be part of one NRI, because
+            //   of lookups in 1:1 associations like mNetworkRequests).
+            // Note that denying a fallback can be implemented simply by not adding the second
+            // request.
+            final ArrayList<NetworkRequest> nrs = new ArrayList<>();
+            nrs.add(createNetworkRequest(NetworkRequest.Type.REQUEST, pref.capabilities));
+            nrs.add(createDefaultInternetRequestForTransport(
+                    TYPE_NONE, NetworkRequest.Type.TRACK_DEFAULT));
+            setNetworkRequestUids(nrs, UidRange.fromIntRanges(pref.capabilities.getUids()));
+            final NetworkRequestInfo nri = new NetworkRequestInfo(Process.myUid(), nrs);
+            result.add(nri);
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    private void handleSetProfileNetworkPreference(
+            @NonNull final ProfileNetworkPreferences.Preference preference,
+            @Nullable final IOnCompleteListener listener) {
+        // setProfileNetworkPreference and setOemNetworkPreference are mutually exclusive, in
+        // particular because it's not clear what preference should win in case both apply
+        // to the same app.
+        // The binder call has already checked this, but as mOemNetworkPreferences is only
+        // touched on the handler thread, it's theoretically not impossible that it has changed
+        // since.
+        if (!mOemNetworkPreferences.isEmpty()) {
+            // This may happen on a device with an OEM preference set when a user is removed.
+            // In this case, it's safe to ignore. In particular this happens in the tests.
+            loge("handleSetProfileNetworkPreference, but OEM network preferences not empty");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        validateNetworkCapabilitiesOfProfileNetworkPreference(preference.capabilities);
+
+        mProfileNetworkPreferences = mProfileNetworkPreferences.plus(preference);
+        mSystemNetworkRequestCounter.transact(
+                mDeps.getCallingUid(), mProfileNetworkPreferences.preferences.size(),
+                () -> {
+                    final ArraySet<NetworkRequestInfo> nris =
+                            createNrisFromProfileNetworkPreferences(mProfileNetworkPreferences);
+                    replaceDefaultNetworkRequestsForPreference(nris);
+                });
+        // Finally, rematch.
+        rematchAllNetworksAndRequests();
+
+        if (null != listener) {
+            try {
+                listener.onComplete();
+            } catch (RemoteException e) {
+                loge("Listener for setProfileNetworkPreference has died");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void enforceAutomotiveDevice() {
+        final boolean isAutomotiveDevice =
+                mContext.getPackageManager().hasSystemFeature(PackageManager.FEATURE_AUTOMOTIVE);
+        if (!isAutomotiveDevice) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException(
+                    "setOemNetworkPreference() is only available on automotive devices.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Used by automotive devices to set the network preferences used to direct traffic at an
+     * application level as per the given OemNetworkPreferences. An example use-case would be an
+     * automotive OEM wanting to provide connectivity for applications critical to the usage of a
+     * vehicle via a particular network.
+     *
+     * Calling this will overwrite the existing preference.
+     *
+     * @param preference {@link OemNetworkPreferences} The application network preference to be set.
+     * @param listener {@link ConnectivityManager.OnCompleteListener} Listener used
+     * to communicate completion of setOemNetworkPreference();
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void setOemNetworkPreference(
+            @NonNull final OemNetworkPreferences preference,
+            @Nullable final IOnCompleteListener listener) {
+
+        enforceAutomotiveDevice();
+        enforceOemNetworkPreferencesPermission();
+
+        if (!mProfileNetworkPreferences.isEmpty()) {
+            // Strictly speaking, mProfileNetworkPreferences should only be touched on the
+            // handler thread. However it is an immutable object, so reading the reference is
+            // safe - it's just possible the value is slightly outdated. For the final check,
+            // see #handleSetOemPreference. But if this can be caught here it is a
+            // lot easier to understand, so opportunistically check it.
+            throwConcurrentPreferenceException();
+        }
+
+        Objects.requireNonNull(preference, "OemNetworkPreferences must be non-null");
+        validateOemNetworkPreferences(preference);
+        mHandler.sendMessage(mHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_SET_OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE,
+                new Pair<>(preference, listener)));
+    }
+
+    private void validateOemNetworkPreferences(@NonNull OemNetworkPreferences preference) {
+        for (@OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int pref
+                : preference.getNetworkPreferences().values()) {
+            if (OemNetworkPreferences.OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_UNINITIALIZED == pref) {
+                final String msg = "OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_UNINITIALIZED is an invalid value.";
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException(msg);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void handleSetOemNetworkPreference(
+            @NonNull final OemNetworkPreferences preference,
+            @Nullable final IOnCompleteListener listener) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(preference, "OemNetworkPreferences must be non-null");
+        if (DBG) {
+            log("set OEM network preferences :" + preference.toString());
+        }
+        // setProfileNetworkPreference and setOemNetworkPreference are mutually exclusive, in
+        // particular because it's not clear what preference should win in case both apply
+        // to the same app.
+        // The binder call has already checked this, but as mOemNetworkPreferences is only
+        // touched on the handler thread, it's theoretically not impossible that it has changed
+        // since.
+        if (!mProfileNetworkPreferences.isEmpty()) {
+            logwtf("handleSetOemPreference, but per-profile network preferences not empty");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        mOemNetworkPreferencesLogs.log("UPDATE INITIATED: " + preference);
+        final int uniquePreferenceCount = new ArraySet<>(
+                preference.getNetworkPreferences().values()).size();
+        mSystemNetworkRequestCounter.transact(
+                mDeps.getCallingUid(), uniquePreferenceCount,
+                () -> {
+                    final ArraySet<NetworkRequestInfo> nris =
+                            new OemNetworkRequestFactory()
+                                    .createNrisFromOemNetworkPreferences(preference);
+                    replaceDefaultNetworkRequestsForPreference(nris);
+                });
+        mOemNetworkPreferences = preference;
+
+        if (null != listener) {
+            try {
+                listener.onComplete();
+            } catch (RemoteException e) {
+                loge("Can't send onComplete in handleSetOemNetworkPreference", e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void replaceDefaultNetworkRequestsForPreference(
+            @NonNull final Set<NetworkRequestInfo> nris) {
+        // Pass in a defensive copy as this collection will be updated on remove.
+        handleRemoveNetworkRequests(new ArraySet<>(mDefaultNetworkRequests));
+        addPerAppDefaultNetworkRequests(nris);
+    }
+
+    private void addPerAppDefaultNetworkRequests(@NonNull final Set<NetworkRequestInfo> nris) {
+        ensureRunningOnConnectivityServiceThread();
+        mDefaultNetworkRequests.addAll(nris);
+        final ArraySet<NetworkRequestInfo> perAppCallbackRequestsToUpdate =
+                getPerAppCallbackRequestsToUpdate();
+        final ArraySet<NetworkRequestInfo> nrisToRegister = new ArraySet<>(nris);
+        mSystemNetworkRequestCounter.transact(
+                mDeps.getCallingUid(), perAppCallbackRequestsToUpdate.size(),
+                () -> {
+                    nrisToRegister.addAll(
+                            createPerAppCallbackRequestsToRegister(perAppCallbackRequestsToUpdate));
+                    handleRemoveNetworkRequests(perAppCallbackRequestsToUpdate);
+                    handleRegisterNetworkRequests(nrisToRegister);
+                });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * All current requests that are tracking the default network need to be assessed as to whether
+     * or not the current set of per-application default requests will be changing their default
+     * network. If so, those requests will need to be updated so that they will send callbacks for
+     * default network changes at the appropriate time. Additionally, those requests tracking the
+     * default that were previously updated by this flow will need to be reassessed.
+     * @return the nris which will need to be updated.
+     */
+    private ArraySet<NetworkRequestInfo> getPerAppCallbackRequestsToUpdate() {
+        final ArraySet<NetworkRequestInfo> defaultCallbackRequests = new ArraySet<>();
+        // Get the distinct nris to check since for multilayer requests, it is possible to have the
+        // same nri in the map's values for each of its NetworkRequest objects.
+        final ArraySet<NetworkRequestInfo> nris = new ArraySet<>(mNetworkRequests.values());
+        for (final NetworkRequestInfo nri : nris) {
+            // Include this nri if it is currently being tracked.
+            if (isPerAppTrackedNri(nri)) {
+                defaultCallbackRequests.add(nri);
+                continue;
+            }
+            // We only track callbacks for requests tracking the default.
+            if (NetworkRequest.Type.TRACK_DEFAULT != nri.mRequests.get(0).type) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            // Include this nri if it will be tracked by the new per-app default requests.
+            final boolean isNriGoingToBeTracked =
+                    getDefaultRequestTrackingUid(nri.mAsUid) != mDefaultRequest;
+            if (isNriGoingToBeTracked) {
+                defaultCallbackRequests.add(nri);
+            }
+        }
+        return defaultCallbackRequests;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create nris for those network requests that are currently tracking the default network that
+     * are being controlled by a per-application default.
+     * @param perAppCallbackRequestsForUpdate the baseline network requests to be used as the
+     * foundation when creating the nri. Important items include the calling uid's original
+     * NetworkRequest to be used when mapping callbacks as well as the caller's uid and name. These
+     * requests are assumed to have already been validated as needing to be updated.
+     * @return the Set of nris to use when registering network requests.
+     */
+    private ArraySet<NetworkRequestInfo> createPerAppCallbackRequestsToRegister(
+            @NonNull final ArraySet<NetworkRequestInfo> perAppCallbackRequestsForUpdate) {
+        final ArraySet<NetworkRequestInfo> callbackRequestsToRegister = new ArraySet<>();
+        for (final NetworkRequestInfo callbackRequest : perAppCallbackRequestsForUpdate) {
+            final NetworkRequestInfo trackingNri =
+                    getDefaultRequestTrackingUid(callbackRequest.mAsUid);
+
+            // If this nri is not being tracked, the change it back to an untracked nri.
+            if (trackingNri == mDefaultRequest) {
+                callbackRequestsToRegister.add(new NetworkRequestInfo(
+                        callbackRequest,
+                        Collections.singletonList(callbackRequest.getNetworkRequestForCallback())));
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            final NetworkRequest request = callbackRequest.mRequests.get(0);
+            callbackRequestsToRegister.add(new NetworkRequestInfo(
+                    callbackRequest,
+                    copyNetworkRequestsForUid(
+                            trackingNri.mRequests, callbackRequest.mAsUid,
+                            callbackRequest.mUid, request.getRequestorPackageName())));
+        }
+        return callbackRequestsToRegister;
+    }
+
+    private static void setNetworkRequestUids(@NonNull final List<NetworkRequest> requests,
+            @NonNull final Set<UidRange> uids) {
+        for (final NetworkRequest req : requests) {
+            req.networkCapabilities.setUids(UidRange.toIntRanges(uids));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Class used to generate {@link NetworkRequestInfo} based off of {@link OemNetworkPreferences}.
+     */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    final class OemNetworkRequestFactory {
+        ArraySet<NetworkRequestInfo> createNrisFromOemNetworkPreferences(
+                @NonNull final OemNetworkPreferences preference) {
+            final ArraySet<NetworkRequestInfo> nris = new ArraySet<>();
+            final SparseArray<Set<Integer>> uids =
+                    createUidsFromOemNetworkPreferences(preference);
+            for (int i = 0; i < uids.size(); i++) {
+                final int key = uids.keyAt(i);
+                final Set<Integer> value = uids.valueAt(i);
+                final NetworkRequestInfo nri = createNriFromOemNetworkPreferences(key, value);
+                // No need to add an nri without any requests.
+                if (0 == nri.mRequests.size()) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                nris.add(nri);
+            }
+
+            return nris;
+        }
+
+        private SparseArray<Set<Integer>> createUidsFromOemNetworkPreferences(
+                @NonNull final OemNetworkPreferences preference) {
+            final SparseArray<Set<Integer>> uids = new SparseArray<>();
+            final PackageManager pm = mContext.getPackageManager();
+            final List<UserHandle> users =
+                    mContext.getSystemService(UserManager.class).getUserHandles(true);
+            if (null == users || users.size() == 0) {
+                if (VDBG || DDBG) {
+                    log("No users currently available for setting the OEM network preference.");
+                }
+                return uids;
+            }
+            for (final Map.Entry<String, Integer> entry :
+                    preference.getNetworkPreferences().entrySet()) {
+                @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int pref = entry.getValue();
+                try {
+                    final int uid = pm.getApplicationInfo(entry.getKey(), 0).uid;
+                    if (!uids.contains(pref)) {
+                        uids.put(pref, new ArraySet<>());
+                    }
+                    for (final UserHandle ui : users) {
+                        // Add the rules for all users as this policy is device wide.
+                        uids.get(pref).add(ui.getUid(uid));
+                    }
+                } catch (PackageManager.NameNotFoundException e) {
+                    // Although this may seem like an error scenario, it is ok that uninstalled
+                    // packages are sent on a network preference as the system will watch for
+                    // package installations associated with this network preference and update
+                    // accordingly. This is done so as to minimize race conditions on app install.
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+            return uids;
+        }
+
+        private NetworkRequestInfo createNriFromOemNetworkPreferences(
+                @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int preference,
+                @NonNull final Set<Integer> uids) {
+            final List<NetworkRequest> requests = new ArrayList<>();
+            // Requests will ultimately be evaluated by order of insertion therefore it matters.
+            switch (preference) {
+                case OemNetworkPreferences.OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID:
+                    requests.add(createUnmeteredNetworkRequest());
+                    requests.add(createOemPaidNetworkRequest());
+                    requests.add(createDefaultInternetRequestForTransport(
+                            TYPE_NONE, NetworkRequest.Type.TRACK_DEFAULT));
+                    break;
+                case OemNetworkPreferences.OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID_NO_FALLBACK:
+                    requests.add(createUnmeteredNetworkRequest());
+                    requests.add(createOemPaidNetworkRequest());
+                    break;
+                case OemNetworkPreferences.OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID_ONLY:
+                    requests.add(createOemPaidNetworkRequest());
+                    break;
+                case OemNetworkPreferences.OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PRIVATE_ONLY:
+                    requests.add(createOemPrivateNetworkRequest());
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    // This should never happen.
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("createNriFromOemNetworkPreferences()"
+                            + " called with invalid preference of " + preference);
+            }
+
+            final ArraySet ranges = new ArraySet<Integer>();
+            for (final int uid : uids) {
+                ranges.add(new UidRange(uid, uid));
+            }
+            setNetworkRequestUids(requests, ranges);
+            return new NetworkRequestInfo(Process.myUid(), requests);
+        }
+
+        private NetworkRequest createUnmeteredNetworkRequest() {
+            final NetworkCapabilities netcap = createDefaultPerAppNetCap()
+                    .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
+                    .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED);
+            return createNetworkRequest(NetworkRequest.Type.LISTEN, netcap);
+        }
+
+        private NetworkRequest createOemPaidNetworkRequest() {
+            // NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID is a restricted capability.
+            final NetworkCapabilities netcap = createDefaultPerAppNetCap()
+                    .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID)
+                    .removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED);
+            return createNetworkRequest(NetworkRequest.Type.REQUEST, netcap);
+        }
+
+        private NetworkRequest createOemPrivateNetworkRequest() {
+            // NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PRIVATE is a restricted capability.
+            final NetworkCapabilities netcap = createDefaultPerAppNetCap()
+                    .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PRIVATE)
+                    .removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED);
+            return createNetworkRequest(NetworkRequest.Type.REQUEST, netcap);
+        }
+
+        private NetworkCapabilities createDefaultPerAppNetCap() {
+            final NetworkCapabilities netCap = new NetworkCapabilities();
+            netCap.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET);
+            netCap.setRequestorUidAndPackageName(Process.myUid(), mContext.getPackageName());
+            return netCap;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceInitializer.java b/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceInitializer.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2465479
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceInitializer.java
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server;
+
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.util.Log;
+
+/**
+ * Connectivity service initializer for core networking. This is called by system server to create
+ * a new instance of ConnectivityService.
+ */
+public final class ConnectivityServiceInitializer extends SystemService {
+    private static final String TAG = ConnectivityServiceInitializer.class.getSimpleName();
+    private final ConnectivityService mConnectivity;
+
+    public ConnectivityServiceInitializer(Context context) {
+        super(context);
+        // Load JNI libraries used by ConnectivityService and its dependencies
+        System.loadLibrary("service-connectivity");
+        // TODO: Define formal APIs to get the needed services.
+        mConnectivity = new ConnectivityService(context);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onStart() {
+        Log.i(TAG, "Registering " + Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE);
+        publishBinderService(Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE, mConnectivity,
+                /* allowIsolated= */ false);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/NetIdManager.java b/service/src/com/android/server/NetIdManager.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..61925c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/NetIdManager.java
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
+import android.util.SparseBooleanArray;
+
+import com.android.internal.annotations.GuardedBy;
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+
+/**
+ * Class used to reserve and release net IDs.
+ *
+ * <p>Instances of this class are thread-safe.
+ */
+public class NetIdManager {
+    // Sequence number for Networks; keep in sync with system/netd/NetworkController.cpp
+    public static final int MIN_NET_ID = 100; // some reserved marks
+    // Top IDs reserved by IpSecService
+    public static final int MAX_NET_ID = ConnectivityManager.getIpSecNetIdRange().getLower() - 1;
+
+    @GuardedBy("mNetIdInUse")
+    private final SparseBooleanArray mNetIdInUse = new SparseBooleanArray();
+
+    @GuardedBy("mNetIdInUse")
+    private int mLastNetId = MIN_NET_ID - 1;
+
+    private final int mMaxNetId;
+
+    public NetIdManager() {
+        this(MAX_NET_ID);
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    NetIdManager(int maxNetId) {
+        mMaxNetId = maxNetId;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the first netId that follows the provided lastId and is available.
+     */
+    private int getNextAvailableNetIdLocked(
+            int lastId, @NonNull SparseBooleanArray netIdInUse) {
+        int netId = lastId;
+        for (int i = MIN_NET_ID; i <= mMaxNetId; i++) {
+            netId = netId < mMaxNetId ? netId + 1 : MIN_NET_ID;
+            if (!netIdInUse.get(netId)) {
+                return netId;
+            }
+        }
+        throw new IllegalStateException("No free netIds");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reserve a new ID for a network.
+     */
+    public int reserveNetId() {
+        synchronized (mNetIdInUse) {
+            mLastNetId = getNextAvailableNetIdLocked(mLastNetId, mNetIdInUse);
+            // Make sure NetID unused.  http://b/16815182
+            mNetIdInUse.put(mLastNetId, true);
+            return mLastNetId;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clear a previously reserved ID for a network.
+     */
+    public void releaseNetId(int id) {
+        synchronized (mNetIdInUse) {
+            mNetIdInUse.delete(id);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/TestNetworkService.java b/service/src/com/android/server/TestNetworkService.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..09873f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/TestNetworkService.java
@@ -0,0 +1,387 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server;
+
+import static android.net.TestNetworkManager.TEST_TAP_PREFIX;
+import static android.net.TestNetworkManager.TEST_TUN_PREFIX;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
+import android.net.INetd;
+import android.net.ITestNetworkManager;
+import android.net.IpPrefix;
+import android.net.LinkAddress;
+import android.net.LinkProperties;
+import android.net.NetworkAgent;
+import android.net.NetworkAgentConfig;
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
+import android.net.NetworkProvider;
+import android.net.RouteInfo;
+import android.net.TestNetworkInterface;
+import android.net.TestNetworkSpecifier;
+import android.os.Binder;
+import android.os.Handler;
+import android.os.HandlerThread;
+import android.os.IBinder;
+import android.os.Looper;
+import android.os.ParcelFileDescriptor;
+import android.os.RemoteException;
+import android.util.SparseArray;
+
+import com.android.internal.annotations.GuardedBy;
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.android.net.module.util.NetdUtils;
+import com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants;
+import com.android.net.module.util.PermissionUtils;
+
+import java.io.UncheckedIOException;
+import java.net.Inet4Address;
+import java.net.Inet6Address;
+import java.net.InterfaceAddress;
+import java.net.NetworkInterface;
+import java.net.SocketException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+/** @hide */
+class TestNetworkService extends ITestNetworkManager.Stub {
+    @NonNull private static final String TEST_NETWORK_LOGTAG = "TestNetworkAgent";
+    @NonNull private static final String TEST_NETWORK_PROVIDER_NAME = "TestNetworkProvider";
+    @NonNull private static final AtomicInteger sTestTunIndex = new AtomicInteger();
+
+    @NonNull private final Context mContext;
+    @NonNull private final INetd mNetd;
+
+    @NonNull private final HandlerThread mHandlerThread;
+    @NonNull private final Handler mHandler;
+
+    @NonNull private final ConnectivityManager mCm;
+    @NonNull private final NetworkProvider mNetworkProvider;
+
+    // Native method stubs
+    private static native int jniCreateTunTap(boolean isTun, @NonNull String iface);
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    protected TestNetworkService(@NonNull Context context) {
+        mHandlerThread = new HandlerThread("TestNetworkServiceThread");
+        mHandlerThread.start();
+        mHandler = new Handler(mHandlerThread.getLooper());
+
+        mContext = Objects.requireNonNull(context, "missing Context");
+        mNetd = Objects.requireNonNull(
+                INetd.Stub.asInterface((IBinder) context.getSystemService(Context.NETD_SERVICE)),
+                "could not get netd instance");
+        mCm = mContext.getSystemService(ConnectivityManager.class);
+        mNetworkProvider = new NetworkProvider(mContext, mHandler.getLooper(),
+                TEST_NETWORK_PROVIDER_NAME);
+        final long token = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
+        try {
+            mCm.registerNetworkProvider(mNetworkProvider);
+        } finally {
+            Binder.restoreCallingIdentity(token);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a TUN or TAP interface with the given interface name and link addresses
+     *
+     * <p>This method will return the FileDescriptor to the interface. Close it to tear down the
+     * interface.
+     */
+    private TestNetworkInterface createInterface(boolean isTun, LinkAddress[] linkAddrs) {
+        enforceTestNetworkPermissions(mContext);
+
+        Objects.requireNonNull(linkAddrs, "missing linkAddrs");
+
+        String ifacePrefix = isTun ? TEST_TUN_PREFIX : TEST_TAP_PREFIX;
+        String iface = ifacePrefix + sTestTunIndex.getAndIncrement();
+        final long token = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
+        try {
+            ParcelFileDescriptor tunIntf =
+                    ParcelFileDescriptor.adoptFd(jniCreateTunTap(isTun, iface));
+            for (LinkAddress addr : linkAddrs) {
+                mNetd.interfaceAddAddress(
+                        iface,
+                        addr.getAddress().getHostAddress(),
+                        addr.getPrefixLength());
+            }
+
+            return new TestNetworkInterface(tunIntf, iface);
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
+        } finally {
+            Binder.restoreCallingIdentity(token);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a TUN interface with the given interface name and link addresses
+     *
+     * <p>This method will return the FileDescriptor to the TUN interface. Close it to tear down the
+     * TUN interface.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public TestNetworkInterface createTunInterface(@NonNull LinkAddress[] linkAddrs) {
+        return createInterface(true, linkAddrs);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a TAP interface with the given interface name
+     *
+     * <p>This method will return the FileDescriptor to the TAP interface. Close it to tear down the
+     * TAP interface.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public TestNetworkInterface createTapInterface() {
+        return createInterface(false, new LinkAddress[0]);
+    }
+
+    // Tracker for TestNetworkAgents
+    @GuardedBy("mTestNetworkTracker")
+    @NonNull
+    private final SparseArray<TestNetworkAgent> mTestNetworkTracker = new SparseArray<>();
+
+    public class TestNetworkAgent extends NetworkAgent implements IBinder.DeathRecipient {
+        private static final int NETWORK_SCORE = 1; // Use a low, non-zero score.
+
+        private final int mUid;
+
+        @GuardedBy("mBinderLock")
+        @NonNull
+        private IBinder mBinder;
+
+        @NonNull private final Object mBinderLock = new Object();
+
+        private TestNetworkAgent(
+                @NonNull Context context,
+                @NonNull Looper looper,
+                @NonNull NetworkCapabilities nc,
+                @NonNull LinkProperties lp,
+                @NonNull NetworkAgentConfig config,
+                int uid,
+                @NonNull IBinder binder,
+                @NonNull NetworkProvider np)
+                throws RemoteException {
+            super(context, looper, TEST_NETWORK_LOGTAG, nc, lp, NETWORK_SCORE, config, np);
+            mUid = uid;
+            synchronized (mBinderLock) {
+                mBinder = binder; // Binder null-checks in create()
+
+                try {
+                    mBinder.linkToDeath(this, 0);
+                } catch (RemoteException e) {
+                    binderDied();
+                    throw e; // Abort, signal failure up the stack.
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * If the Binder object dies, this function is called to free the resources of this
+         * TestNetworkAgent
+         */
+        @Override
+        public void binderDied() {
+            teardown();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected void unwanted() {
+            teardown();
+        }
+
+        private void teardown() {
+            unregister();
+
+            // Synchronize on mBinderLock to ensure that unlinkToDeath is never called more than
+            // once (otherwise it could throw an exception)
+            synchronized (mBinderLock) {
+                // If mBinder is null, this Test Network has already been cleaned up.
+                if (mBinder == null) return;
+                mBinder.unlinkToDeath(this, 0);
+                mBinder = null;
+            }
+
+            // Has to be in TestNetworkAgent to ensure all teardown codepaths properly clean up
+            // resources, even for binder death or unwanted calls.
+            synchronized (mTestNetworkTracker) {
+                mTestNetworkTracker.remove(getNetwork().getNetId());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private TestNetworkAgent registerTestNetworkAgent(
+            @NonNull Looper looper,
+            @NonNull Context context,
+            @NonNull String iface,
+            @Nullable LinkProperties lp,
+            boolean isMetered,
+            int callingUid,
+            @NonNull int[] administratorUids,
+            @NonNull IBinder binder)
+            throws RemoteException, SocketException {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(looper, "missing Looper");
+        Objects.requireNonNull(context, "missing Context");
+        // iface and binder validity checked by caller
+
+        // Build narrow set of NetworkCapabilities, useful only for testing
+        NetworkCapabilities nc = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        nc.clearAll(); // Remove default capabilities.
+        nc.addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_TEST);
+        nc.addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED);
+        nc.addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED);
+        nc.addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED);
+        nc.setNetworkSpecifier(new TestNetworkSpecifier(iface));
+        nc.setAdministratorUids(administratorUids);
+        if (!isMetered) {
+            nc.addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        }
+
+        // Build LinkProperties
+        if (lp == null) {
+            lp = new LinkProperties();
+        } else {
+            lp = new LinkProperties(lp);
+            // Use LinkAddress(es) from the interface itself to minimize how much the caller
+            // is trusted.
+            lp.setLinkAddresses(new ArrayList<>());
+        }
+        lp.setInterfaceName(iface);
+
+        // Find the currently assigned addresses, and add them to LinkProperties
+        boolean allowIPv4 = false, allowIPv6 = false;
+        NetworkInterface netIntf = NetworkInterface.getByName(iface);
+        Objects.requireNonNull(netIntf, "No such network interface found: " + netIntf);
+
+        for (InterfaceAddress intfAddr : netIntf.getInterfaceAddresses()) {
+            lp.addLinkAddress(
+                    new LinkAddress(intfAddr.getAddress(), intfAddr.getNetworkPrefixLength()));
+
+            if (intfAddr.getAddress() instanceof Inet6Address) {
+                allowIPv6 |= !intfAddr.getAddress().isLinkLocalAddress();
+            } else if (intfAddr.getAddress() instanceof Inet4Address) {
+                allowIPv4 = true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Add global routes (but as non-default, non-internet providing network)
+        if (allowIPv4) {
+            lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(
+                    NetworkStackConstants.IPV4_ADDR_ANY, 0), null, iface));
+        }
+        if (allowIPv6) {
+            lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(
+                    NetworkStackConstants.IPV6_ADDR_ANY, 0), null, iface));
+        }
+
+        final TestNetworkAgent agent = new TestNetworkAgent(context, looper, nc, lp,
+                new NetworkAgentConfig.Builder().build(), callingUid, binder,
+                mNetworkProvider);
+        agent.register();
+        agent.markConnected();
+        return agent;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets up a Network with extremely limited privileges, guarded by the MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS
+     * permission.
+     *
+     * <p>This method provides a Network that is useful only for testing.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void setupTestNetwork(
+            @NonNull String iface,
+            @Nullable LinkProperties lp,
+            boolean isMetered,
+            @NonNull int[] administratorUids,
+            @NonNull IBinder binder) {
+        enforceTestNetworkPermissions(mContext);
+
+        Objects.requireNonNull(iface, "missing Iface");
+        Objects.requireNonNull(binder, "missing IBinder");
+
+        if (!(iface.startsWith(INetd.IPSEC_INTERFACE_PREFIX)
+                || iface.startsWith(TEST_TUN_PREFIX))) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                    "Cannot create network for non ipsec, non-testtun interface");
+        }
+
+        try {
+            final long token = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
+            try {
+                PermissionUtils.enforceNetworkStackPermission(mContext);
+                NetdUtils.setInterfaceUp(mNetd, iface);
+            } finally {
+                Binder.restoreCallingIdentity(token);
+            }
+
+            // Synchronize all accesses to mTestNetworkTracker to prevent the case where:
+            // 1. TestNetworkAgent successfully binds to death of binder
+            // 2. Before it is added to the mTestNetworkTracker, binder dies, binderDied() is called
+            // (on a different thread)
+            // 3. This thread is pre-empted, put() is called after remove()
+            synchronized (mTestNetworkTracker) {
+                TestNetworkAgent agent =
+                        registerTestNetworkAgent(
+                                mHandler.getLooper(),
+                                mContext,
+                                iface,
+                                lp,
+                                isMetered,
+                                Binder.getCallingUid(),
+                                administratorUids,
+                                binder);
+
+                mTestNetworkTracker.put(agent.getNetwork().getNetId(), agent);
+            }
+        } catch (SocketException e) {
+            throw new UncheckedIOException(e);
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Teardown a test network */
+    @Override
+    public void teardownTestNetwork(int netId) {
+        enforceTestNetworkPermissions(mContext);
+
+        final TestNetworkAgent agent;
+        synchronized (mTestNetworkTracker) {
+            agent = mTestNetworkTracker.get(netId);
+        }
+
+        if (agent == null) {
+            return; // Already torn down
+        } else if (agent.mUid != Binder.getCallingUid()) {
+            throw new SecurityException("Attempted to modify other user's test networks");
+        }
+
+        // Safe to be called multiple times.
+        agent.teardown();
+    }
+
+    private static final String PERMISSION_NAME =
+            android.Manifest.permission.MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS;
+
+    public static void enforceTestNetworkPermissions(@NonNull Context context) {
+        context.enforceCallingOrSelfPermission(PERMISSION_NAME, "TestNetworkService");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/AutodestructReference.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/AutodestructReference.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..009a43e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/AutodestructReference.java
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
+
+/**
+ * A ref that autodestructs at the first usage of it.
+ * @param <T> The type of the held object
+ * @hide
+ */
+public class AutodestructReference<T> {
+    private final AtomicReference<T> mHeld;
+    public AutodestructReference(@NonNull T obj) {
+        if (null == obj) throw new NullPointerException("Autodestruct reference to null");
+        mHeld = new AtomicReference<>(obj);
+    }
+
+    /** Get the ref and destruct it. NPE if already destructed. */
+    @NonNull
+    public T getAndDestroy() {
+        final T obj = mHeld.getAndSet(null);
+        if (null == obj) throw new NullPointerException("Already autodestructed");
+        return obj;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/DnsManager.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/DnsManager.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..05b12ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/DnsManager.java
@@ -0,0 +1,494 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity;
+
+import static android.net.ConnectivitySettingsManager.DNS_RESOLVER_MAX_SAMPLES;
+import static android.net.ConnectivitySettingsManager.DNS_RESOLVER_MIN_SAMPLES;
+import static android.net.ConnectivitySettingsManager.DNS_RESOLVER_SAMPLE_VALIDITY_SECONDS;
+import static android.net.ConnectivitySettingsManager.DNS_RESOLVER_SUCCESS_THRESHOLD_PERCENT;
+import static android.net.ConnectivitySettingsManager.PRIVATE_DNS_DEFAULT_MODE;
+import static android.net.ConnectivitySettingsManager.PRIVATE_DNS_MODE;
+import static android.net.ConnectivitySettingsManager.PRIVATE_DNS_MODE_OFF;
+import static android.net.ConnectivitySettingsManager.PRIVATE_DNS_MODE_PROVIDER_HOSTNAME;
+import static android.net.ConnectivitySettingsManager.PRIVATE_DNS_SPECIFIER;
+import static android.net.resolv.aidl.IDnsResolverUnsolicitedEventListener.VALIDATION_RESULT_FAILURE;
+import static android.net.resolv.aidl.IDnsResolverUnsolicitedEventListener.VALIDATION_RESULT_SUCCESS;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.content.ContentResolver;
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.content.Intent;
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
+import android.net.ConnectivitySettingsManager;
+import android.net.IDnsResolver;
+import android.net.InetAddresses;
+import android.net.LinkProperties;
+import android.net.Network;
+import android.net.ResolverOptionsParcel;
+import android.net.ResolverParamsParcel;
+import android.net.Uri;
+import android.net.shared.PrivateDnsConfig;
+import android.os.Binder;
+import android.os.RemoteException;
+import android.os.ServiceSpecificException;
+import android.os.UserHandle;
+import android.provider.Settings;
+import android.text.TextUtils;
+import android.util.Log;
+import android.util.Pair;
+
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+
+/**
+ * Encapsulate the management of DNS settings for networks.
+ *
+ * This class it NOT designed for concurrent access. Furthermore, all non-static
+ * methods MUST be called from ConnectivityService's thread. However, an exceptional
+ * case is getPrivateDnsConfig(Network) which is exclusively for
+ * ConnectivityService#dumpNetworkDiagnostics() on a random binder thread.
+ *
+ * [ Private DNS ]
+ * The code handling Private DNS is spread across several components, but this
+ * seems like the least bad place to collect all the observations.
+ *
+ * Private DNS handling and updating occurs in response to several different
+ * events. Each is described here with its corresponding intended handling.
+ *
+ * [A] Event: A new network comes up.
+ * Mechanics:
+ *     [1] ConnectivityService gets notifications from NetworkAgents.
+ *     [2] in updateNetworkInfo(), the first time the NetworkAgent goes into
+ *         into CONNECTED state, the Private DNS configuration is retrieved,
+ *         programmed, and strict mode hostname resolution (if applicable) is
+ *         enqueued in NetworkAgent's NetworkMonitor, via a call to
+ *         handlePerNetworkPrivateDnsConfig().
+ *     [3] Re-resolution of strict mode hostnames that fail to return any
+ *         IP addresses happens inside NetworkMonitor; it sends itself a
+ *         delayed CMD_EVALUATE_PRIVATE_DNS message in a simple backoff
+ *         schedule.
+ *     [4] Successfully resolved hostnames are sent to ConnectivityService
+ *         inside an EVENT_PRIVATE_DNS_CONFIG_RESOLVED message. The resolved
+ *         IP addresses are programmed into netd via:
+ *
+ *             updatePrivateDns() -> updateDnses()
+ *
+ *         both of which make calls into DnsManager.
+ *     [5] Upon a successful hostname resolution NetworkMonitor initiates a
+ *         validation attempt in the form of a lookup for a one-time hostname
+ *         that uses Private DNS.
+ *
+ * [B] Event: Private DNS settings are changed.
+ * Mechanics:
+ *     [1] ConnectivityService gets notifications from its SettingsObserver.
+ *     [2] handlePrivateDnsSettingsChanged() is called, which calls
+ *         handlePerNetworkPrivateDnsConfig() and the process proceeds
+ *         as if from A.3 above.
+ *
+ * [C] Event: An application calls ConnectivityManager#reportBadNetwork().
+ * Mechanics:
+ *     [1] NetworkMonitor is notified and initiates a reevaluation, which
+ *         always bypasses Private DNS.
+ *     [2] Once completed, NetworkMonitor checks if strict mode is in operation
+ *         and if so enqueues another evaluation of Private DNS, as if from
+ *         step A.5 above.
+ *
+ * @hide
+ */
+public class DnsManager {
+    private static final String TAG = DnsManager.class.getSimpleName();
+    private static final PrivateDnsConfig PRIVATE_DNS_OFF = new PrivateDnsConfig();
+
+    /* Defaults for resolver parameters. */
+    private static final int DNS_RESOLVER_DEFAULT_SAMPLE_VALIDITY_SECONDS = 1800;
+    private static final int DNS_RESOLVER_DEFAULT_SUCCESS_THRESHOLD_PERCENT = 25;
+    private static final int DNS_RESOLVER_DEFAULT_MIN_SAMPLES = 8;
+    private static final int DNS_RESOLVER_DEFAULT_MAX_SAMPLES = 64;
+
+    /**
+     * Get PrivateDnsConfig.
+     */
+    public static PrivateDnsConfig getPrivateDnsConfig(Context context) {
+        final int mode = ConnectivitySettingsManager.getPrivateDnsMode(context);
+
+        final boolean useTls = mode != PRIVATE_DNS_MODE_OFF;
+
+        if (PRIVATE_DNS_MODE_PROVIDER_HOSTNAME == mode) {
+            final String specifier = getStringSetting(context.getContentResolver(),
+                    PRIVATE_DNS_SPECIFIER);
+            return new PrivateDnsConfig(specifier, null);
+        }
+
+        return new PrivateDnsConfig(useTls);
+    }
+
+    public static Uri[] getPrivateDnsSettingsUris() {
+        return new Uri[]{
+            Settings.Global.getUriFor(PRIVATE_DNS_DEFAULT_MODE),
+            Settings.Global.getUriFor(PRIVATE_DNS_MODE),
+            Settings.Global.getUriFor(PRIVATE_DNS_SPECIFIER),
+        };
+    }
+
+    public static class PrivateDnsValidationUpdate {
+        public final int netId;
+        public final InetAddress ipAddress;
+        public final String hostname;
+        // Refer to IDnsResolverUnsolicitedEventListener.VALIDATION_RESULT_*.
+        public final int validationResult;
+
+        public PrivateDnsValidationUpdate(int netId, InetAddress ipAddress,
+                String hostname, int validationResult) {
+            this.netId = netId;
+            this.ipAddress = ipAddress;
+            this.hostname = hostname;
+            this.validationResult = validationResult;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static class PrivateDnsValidationStatuses {
+        enum ValidationStatus {
+            IN_PROGRESS,
+            FAILED,
+            SUCCEEDED
+        }
+
+        // Validation statuses of <hostname, ipAddress> pairs for a single netId
+        // Caution : not thread-safe. As mentioned in the top file comment, all
+        // methods of this class must only be called on ConnectivityService's thread.
+        private Map<Pair<String, InetAddress>, ValidationStatus> mValidationMap;
+
+        private PrivateDnsValidationStatuses() {
+            mValidationMap = new HashMap<>();
+        }
+
+        private boolean hasValidatedServer() {
+            for (ValidationStatus status : mValidationMap.values()) {
+                if (status == ValidationStatus.SUCCEEDED) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        private void updateTrackedDnses(String[] ipAddresses, String hostname) {
+            Set<Pair<String, InetAddress>> latestDnses = new HashSet<>();
+            for (String ipAddress : ipAddresses) {
+                try {
+                    latestDnses.add(new Pair(hostname,
+                            InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress(ipAddress)));
+                } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {}
+            }
+            // Remove <hostname, ipAddress> pairs that should not be tracked.
+            for (Iterator<Map.Entry<Pair<String, InetAddress>, ValidationStatus>> it =
+                    mValidationMap.entrySet().iterator(); it.hasNext(); ) {
+                Map.Entry<Pair<String, InetAddress>, ValidationStatus> entry = it.next();
+                if (!latestDnses.contains(entry.getKey())) {
+                    it.remove();
+                }
+            }
+            // Add new <hostname, ipAddress> pairs that should be tracked.
+            for (Pair<String, InetAddress> p : latestDnses) {
+                if (!mValidationMap.containsKey(p)) {
+                    mValidationMap.put(p, ValidationStatus.IN_PROGRESS);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void updateStatus(PrivateDnsValidationUpdate update) {
+            Pair<String, InetAddress> p = new Pair(update.hostname,
+                    update.ipAddress);
+            if (!mValidationMap.containsKey(p)) {
+                return;
+            }
+            if (update.validationResult == VALIDATION_RESULT_SUCCESS) {
+                mValidationMap.put(p, ValidationStatus.SUCCEEDED);
+            } else if (update.validationResult == VALIDATION_RESULT_FAILURE) {
+                mValidationMap.put(p, ValidationStatus.FAILED);
+            } else {
+                Log.e(TAG, "Unknown private dns validation operation="
+                        + update.validationResult);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private LinkProperties fillInValidatedPrivateDns(LinkProperties lp) {
+            lp.setValidatedPrivateDnsServers(Collections.EMPTY_LIST);
+            mValidationMap.forEach((key, value) -> {
+                    if (value == ValidationStatus.SUCCEEDED) {
+                        lp.addValidatedPrivateDnsServer(key.second);
+                    }
+                });
+            return lp;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private final Context mContext;
+    private final ContentResolver mContentResolver;
+    private final IDnsResolver mDnsResolver;
+    private final ConcurrentHashMap<Integer, PrivateDnsConfig> mPrivateDnsMap;
+    // TODO: Replace the Map with SparseArrays.
+    private final Map<Integer, PrivateDnsValidationStatuses> mPrivateDnsValidationMap;
+    private final Map<Integer, LinkProperties> mLinkPropertiesMap;
+    private final Map<Integer, int[]> mTransportsMap;
+
+    private int mSampleValidity;
+    private int mSuccessThreshold;
+    private int mMinSamples;
+    private int mMaxSamples;
+
+    public DnsManager(Context ctx, IDnsResolver dnsResolver) {
+        mContext = ctx;
+        mContentResolver = mContext.getContentResolver();
+        mDnsResolver = dnsResolver;
+        mPrivateDnsMap = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+        mPrivateDnsValidationMap = new HashMap<>();
+        mLinkPropertiesMap = new HashMap<>();
+        mTransportsMap = new HashMap<>();
+
+        // TODO: Create and register ContentObservers to track every setting
+        // used herein, posting messages to respond to changes.
+    }
+
+    public PrivateDnsConfig getPrivateDnsConfig() {
+        return getPrivateDnsConfig(mContext);
+    }
+
+    public void removeNetwork(Network network) {
+        mPrivateDnsMap.remove(network.getNetId());
+        mPrivateDnsValidationMap.remove(network.getNetId());
+        mTransportsMap.remove(network.getNetId());
+        mLinkPropertiesMap.remove(network.getNetId());
+    }
+
+    // This is exclusively called by ConnectivityService#dumpNetworkDiagnostics() which
+    // is not on the ConnectivityService handler thread.
+    public PrivateDnsConfig getPrivateDnsConfig(@NonNull Network network) {
+        return mPrivateDnsMap.getOrDefault(network.getNetId(), PRIVATE_DNS_OFF);
+    }
+
+    public PrivateDnsConfig updatePrivateDns(Network network, PrivateDnsConfig cfg) {
+        Log.w(TAG, "updatePrivateDns(" + network + ", " + cfg + ")");
+        return (cfg != null)
+                ? mPrivateDnsMap.put(network.getNetId(), cfg)
+                : mPrivateDnsMap.remove(network.getNetId());
+    }
+
+    public void updatePrivateDnsStatus(int netId, LinkProperties lp) {
+        // Use the PrivateDnsConfig data pushed to this class instance
+        // from ConnectivityService.
+        final PrivateDnsConfig privateDnsCfg = mPrivateDnsMap.getOrDefault(netId,
+                PRIVATE_DNS_OFF);
+
+        final boolean useTls = privateDnsCfg.useTls;
+        final PrivateDnsValidationStatuses statuses =
+                useTls ? mPrivateDnsValidationMap.get(netId) : null;
+        final boolean validated = (null != statuses) && statuses.hasValidatedServer();
+        final boolean strictMode = privateDnsCfg.inStrictMode();
+        final String tlsHostname = strictMode ? privateDnsCfg.hostname : null;
+        final boolean usingPrivateDns = strictMode || validated;
+
+        lp.setUsePrivateDns(usingPrivateDns);
+        lp.setPrivateDnsServerName(tlsHostname);
+        if (usingPrivateDns && null != statuses) {
+            statuses.fillInValidatedPrivateDns(lp);
+        } else {
+            lp.setValidatedPrivateDnsServers(Collections.EMPTY_LIST);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void updatePrivateDnsValidation(PrivateDnsValidationUpdate update) {
+        final PrivateDnsValidationStatuses statuses = mPrivateDnsValidationMap.get(update.netId);
+        if (statuses == null) return;
+        statuses.updateStatus(update);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * When creating a new network or transport types are changed in a specific network,
+     * transport types are always saved to a hashMap before update dns config.
+     * When destroying network, the specific network will be removed from the hashMap.
+     * The hashMap is always accessed on the same thread.
+     */
+    public void updateTransportsForNetwork(int netId, @NonNull int[] transportTypes) {
+        mTransportsMap.put(netId, transportTypes);
+        sendDnsConfigurationForNetwork(netId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * When {@link LinkProperties} are changed in a specific network, they are
+     * always saved to a hashMap before update dns config.
+     * When destroying network, the specific network will be removed from the hashMap.
+     * The hashMap is always accessed on the same thread.
+     */
+    public void noteDnsServersForNetwork(int netId, @NonNull LinkProperties lp) {
+        mLinkPropertiesMap.put(netId, lp);
+        sendDnsConfigurationForNetwork(netId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Send dns configuration parameters to resolver for a given network.
+     */
+    public void sendDnsConfigurationForNetwork(int netId) {
+        final LinkProperties lp = mLinkPropertiesMap.get(netId);
+        final int[] transportTypes = mTransportsMap.get(netId);
+        if (lp == null || transportTypes == null) return;
+        updateParametersSettings();
+        final ResolverParamsParcel paramsParcel = new ResolverParamsParcel();
+
+        // We only use the PrivateDnsConfig data pushed to this class instance
+        // from ConnectivityService because it works in coordination with
+        // NetworkMonitor to decide which networks need validation and runs the
+        // blocking calls to resolve Private DNS strict mode hostnames.
+        //
+        // At this time we do not attempt to enable Private DNS on non-Internet
+        // networks like IMS.
+        final PrivateDnsConfig privateDnsCfg = mPrivateDnsMap.getOrDefault(netId,
+                PRIVATE_DNS_OFF);
+        final boolean useTls = privateDnsCfg.useTls;
+        final boolean strictMode = privateDnsCfg.inStrictMode();
+
+        paramsParcel.netId = netId;
+        paramsParcel.sampleValiditySeconds = mSampleValidity;
+        paramsParcel.successThreshold = mSuccessThreshold;
+        paramsParcel.minSamples = mMinSamples;
+        paramsParcel.maxSamples = mMaxSamples;
+        paramsParcel.servers = makeStrings(lp.getDnsServers());
+        paramsParcel.domains = getDomainStrings(lp.getDomains());
+        paramsParcel.tlsName = strictMode ? privateDnsCfg.hostname : "";
+        paramsParcel.tlsServers =
+                strictMode ? makeStrings(
+                        Arrays.stream(privateDnsCfg.ips)
+                              .filter((ip) -> lp.isReachable(ip))
+                              .collect(Collectors.toList()))
+                : useTls ? paramsParcel.servers  // Opportunistic
+                : new String[0];            // Off
+        paramsParcel.resolverOptions = new ResolverOptionsParcel();
+        paramsParcel.transportTypes = transportTypes;
+        // Prepare to track the validation status of the DNS servers in the
+        // resolver config when private DNS is in opportunistic or strict mode.
+        if (useTls) {
+            if (!mPrivateDnsValidationMap.containsKey(netId)) {
+                mPrivateDnsValidationMap.put(netId, new PrivateDnsValidationStatuses());
+            }
+            mPrivateDnsValidationMap.get(netId).updateTrackedDnses(paramsParcel.tlsServers,
+                    paramsParcel.tlsName);
+        } else {
+            mPrivateDnsValidationMap.remove(netId);
+        }
+
+        Log.d(TAG, String.format("sendDnsConfigurationForNetwork(%d, %s, %s, %d, %d, %d, %d, "
+                + "%d, %d, %s, %s)", paramsParcel.netId, Arrays.toString(paramsParcel.servers),
+                Arrays.toString(paramsParcel.domains), paramsParcel.sampleValiditySeconds,
+                paramsParcel.successThreshold, paramsParcel.minSamples,
+                paramsParcel.maxSamples, paramsParcel.baseTimeoutMsec,
+                paramsParcel.retryCount, paramsParcel.tlsName,
+                Arrays.toString(paramsParcel.tlsServers)));
+
+        try {
+            mDnsResolver.setResolverConfiguration(paramsParcel);
+        } catch (RemoteException | ServiceSpecificException e) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Error setting DNS configuration: " + e);
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Flush DNS caches and events work before boot has completed.
+     */
+    public void flushVmDnsCache() {
+        /*
+         * Tell the VMs to toss their DNS caches
+         */
+        final Intent intent = new Intent(ConnectivityManager.ACTION_CLEAR_DNS_CACHE);
+        intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_RECEIVER_REPLACE_PENDING);
+        /*
+         * Connectivity events can happen before boot has completed ...
+         */
+        intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_RECEIVER_REGISTERED_ONLY_BEFORE_BOOT);
+        final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
+        try {
+            mContext.sendBroadcastAsUser(intent, UserHandle.ALL);
+        } finally {
+            Binder.restoreCallingIdentity(ident);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void updateParametersSettings() {
+        mSampleValidity = getIntSetting(
+                DNS_RESOLVER_SAMPLE_VALIDITY_SECONDS,
+                DNS_RESOLVER_DEFAULT_SAMPLE_VALIDITY_SECONDS);
+        if (mSampleValidity < 0 || mSampleValidity > 65535) {
+            Log.w(TAG, "Invalid sampleValidity=" + mSampleValidity + ", using default="
+                    + DNS_RESOLVER_DEFAULT_SAMPLE_VALIDITY_SECONDS);
+            mSampleValidity = DNS_RESOLVER_DEFAULT_SAMPLE_VALIDITY_SECONDS;
+        }
+
+        mSuccessThreshold = getIntSetting(
+                DNS_RESOLVER_SUCCESS_THRESHOLD_PERCENT,
+                DNS_RESOLVER_DEFAULT_SUCCESS_THRESHOLD_PERCENT);
+        if (mSuccessThreshold < 0 || mSuccessThreshold > 100) {
+            Log.w(TAG, "Invalid successThreshold=" + mSuccessThreshold + ", using default="
+                    + DNS_RESOLVER_DEFAULT_SUCCESS_THRESHOLD_PERCENT);
+            mSuccessThreshold = DNS_RESOLVER_DEFAULT_SUCCESS_THRESHOLD_PERCENT;
+        }
+
+        mMinSamples = getIntSetting(DNS_RESOLVER_MIN_SAMPLES, DNS_RESOLVER_DEFAULT_MIN_SAMPLES);
+        mMaxSamples = getIntSetting(DNS_RESOLVER_MAX_SAMPLES, DNS_RESOLVER_DEFAULT_MAX_SAMPLES);
+        if (mMinSamples < 0 || mMinSamples > mMaxSamples || mMaxSamples > 64) {
+            Log.w(TAG, "Invalid sample count (min, max)=(" + mMinSamples + ", " + mMaxSamples
+                    + "), using default=(" + DNS_RESOLVER_DEFAULT_MIN_SAMPLES + ", "
+                    + DNS_RESOLVER_DEFAULT_MAX_SAMPLES + ")");
+            mMinSamples = DNS_RESOLVER_DEFAULT_MIN_SAMPLES;
+            mMaxSamples = DNS_RESOLVER_DEFAULT_MAX_SAMPLES;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private int getIntSetting(String which, int dflt) {
+        return Settings.Global.getInt(mContentResolver, which, dflt);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a string array of host addresses from a collection of InetAddresses
+     *
+     * @param addrs a Collection of InetAddresses
+     * @return an array of Strings containing their host addresses
+     */
+    private String[] makeStrings(Collection<InetAddress> addrs) {
+        String[] result = new String[addrs.size()];
+        int i = 0;
+        for (InetAddress addr : addrs) {
+            result[i++] = addr.getHostAddress();
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    private static String getStringSetting(ContentResolver cr, String which) {
+        return Settings.Global.getString(cr, which);
+    }
+
+    private static String[] getDomainStrings(String domains) {
+        return (TextUtils.isEmpty(domains)) ? new String[0] : domains.split(" ");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/FullScore.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/FullScore.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fbfa7a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/FullScore.java
@@ -0,0 +1,344 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity;
+
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_VPN;
+import static android.net.NetworkScore.KEEP_CONNECTED_NONE;
+import static android.net.NetworkScore.POLICY_EXITING;
+import static android.net.NetworkScore.POLICY_TRANSPORT_PRIMARY;
+import static android.net.NetworkScore.POLICY_YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI;
+
+import android.annotation.IntDef;
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.net.NetworkAgentConfig;
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
+import android.net.NetworkScore;
+import android.net.NetworkScore.KeepConnectedReason;
+
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+
+import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
+import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
+import java.util.StringJoiner;
+
+/**
+ * This class represents how desirable a network is.
+ *
+ * FullScore is very similar to NetworkScore, but it contains the bits that are managed
+ * by ConnectivityService. This provides static guarantee that all users must know whether
+ * they are handling a score that had the CS-managed bits set.
+ */
+public class FullScore {
+    // This will be removed soon. Do *NOT* depend on it for any new code that is not part of
+    // a migration.
+    private final int mLegacyInt;
+
+    /** @hide */
+    @Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
+    @IntDef(prefix = {"POLICY_"}, value = {
+            POLICY_IS_VALIDATED,
+            POLICY_IS_VPN,
+            POLICY_EVER_USER_SELECTED,
+            POLICY_ACCEPT_UNVALIDATED,
+            POLICY_IS_UNMETERED
+    })
+    public @interface Policy {
+    }
+
+    // Agent-managed policies are in NetworkScore. They start from 1.
+    // CS-managed policies, counting from 63 downward
+    // This network is validated. CS-managed because the source of truth is in NetworkCapabilities.
+    /** @hide */
+    public static final int POLICY_IS_VALIDATED = 63;
+
+    // This is a VPN and behaves as one for scoring purposes.
+    /** @hide */
+    public static final int POLICY_IS_VPN = 62;
+
+    // This network has been selected by the user manually from settings or a 3rd party app
+    // at least once. {@see NetworkAgentConfig#explicitlySelected}.
+    /** @hide */
+    public static final int POLICY_EVER_USER_SELECTED = 61;
+
+    // The user has indicated in UI that this network should be used even if it doesn't
+    // validate. {@see NetworkAgentConfig#acceptUnvalidated}.
+    /** @hide */
+    public static final int POLICY_ACCEPT_UNVALIDATED = 60;
+
+    // This network is unmetered. {@see NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED}.
+    /** @hide */
+    public static final int POLICY_IS_UNMETERED = 59;
+
+    // This network is invincible. This is useful for offers until there is an API to listen
+    // to requests.
+    /** @hide */
+    public static final int POLICY_IS_INVINCIBLE = 58;
+
+    // This network has been validated at least once since it was connected, but not explicitly
+    // avoided in UI.
+    // TODO : remove setAvoidUnvalidated and instead disconnect the network when the user
+    // chooses to move away from this network, and remove this flag.
+    /** @hide */
+    public static final int POLICY_EVER_VALIDATED_NOT_AVOIDED_WHEN_BAD = 57;
+
+    // To help iterate when printing
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    static final int MIN_CS_MANAGED_POLICY = POLICY_EVER_VALIDATED_NOT_AVOIDED_WHEN_BAD;
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    static final int MAX_CS_MANAGED_POLICY = POLICY_IS_VALIDATED;
+
+    // Mask for policies in NetworkScore. This should have all bits managed by NetworkScore set
+    // and all bits managed by FullScore unset. As bits are handled from 0 up in NetworkScore and
+    // from 63 down in FullScore, cut at the 32nd bit for simplicity, but change this if some day
+    // there are more than 32 bits handled on either side.
+    // YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI is temporarily handled by ConnectivityService, but the factory is still
+    // allowed to set it, so that it's possible to transition from handling it in CS to handling
+    // it in the factory.
+    private static final long EXTERNAL_POLICIES_MASK = 0x00000000FFFFFFFFL;
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    static @NonNull String policyNameOf(final int policy) {
+        switch (policy) {
+            case POLICY_IS_VALIDATED: return "IS_VALIDATED";
+            case POLICY_IS_VPN: return "IS_VPN";
+            case POLICY_EVER_USER_SELECTED: return "EVER_USER_SELECTED";
+            case POLICY_ACCEPT_UNVALIDATED: return "ACCEPT_UNVALIDATED";
+            case POLICY_IS_UNMETERED: return "IS_UNMETERED";
+            case POLICY_YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI: return "YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI";
+            case POLICY_TRANSPORT_PRIMARY: return "TRANSPORT_PRIMARY";
+            case POLICY_EXITING: return "EXITING";
+            case POLICY_IS_INVINCIBLE: return "INVINCIBLE";
+            case POLICY_EVER_VALIDATED_NOT_AVOIDED_WHEN_BAD: return "EVER_VALIDATED";
+        }
+        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unknown policy : " + policy);
+    }
+
+    // Bitmask of all the policies applied to this score.
+    private final long mPolicies;
+
+    private final int mKeepConnectedReason;
+
+    FullScore(final int legacyInt, final long policies,
+            @KeepConnectedReason final int keepConnectedReason) {
+        mLegacyInt = legacyInt;
+        mPolicies = policies;
+        mKeepConnectedReason = keepConnectedReason;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Given a score supplied by the NetworkAgent and CS-managed objects, produce a full score.
+     *
+     * @param score the score supplied by the agent
+     * @param caps the NetworkCapabilities of the network
+     * @param config the NetworkAgentConfig of the network
+     * @param everValidated whether this network has ever validated
+     * @param yieldToBadWiFi whether this network yields to a previously validated wifi gone bad
+     * @return a FullScore that is appropriate to use for ranking.
+     */
+    // TODO : this shouldn't manage bad wifi avoidance – instead this should be done by the
+    // telephony factory, so that it depends on the carrier. For now this is handled by
+    // connectivity for backward compatibility.
+    public static FullScore fromNetworkScore(@NonNull final NetworkScore score,
+            @NonNull final NetworkCapabilities caps, @NonNull final NetworkAgentConfig config,
+            final boolean everValidated, final boolean yieldToBadWiFi) {
+        return withPolicies(score.getLegacyInt(), score.getPolicies(),
+                score.getKeepConnectedReason(),
+                caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED),
+                caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN),
+                caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED),
+                everValidated,
+                config.explicitlySelected,
+                config.acceptUnvalidated,
+                yieldToBadWiFi,
+                false /* invincible */); // only prospective scores can be invincible
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Given a score supplied by a NetworkProvider, produce a prospective score for an offer.
+     *
+     * NetworkOffers have score filters that are compared to the scores of actual networks
+     * to see if they could possibly beat the current satisfier. Some things the agent can't
+     * know in advance ; a good example is the validation bit – some networks will validate,
+     * others won't. For comparison purposes, assume the best, so all possibly beneficial
+     * networks will be brought up.
+     *
+     * @param score the score supplied by the agent for this offer
+     * @param caps the capabilities supplied by the agent for this offer
+     * @return a FullScore appropriate for comparing to actual network's scores.
+     */
+    public static FullScore makeProspectiveScore(@NonNull final NetworkScore score,
+            @NonNull final NetworkCapabilities caps) {
+        // If the network offers Internet access, it may validate.
+        final boolean mayValidate = caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET);
+        // VPN transports are known in advance.
+        final boolean vpn = caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN);
+        // Prospective scores are always unmetered, because unmetered networks are stronger
+        // than metered networks, and it's not known in advance whether the network is metered.
+        final boolean unmetered = true;
+        // If the offer may validate, then it should be considered to have validated at some point
+        final boolean everValidated = mayValidate;
+        // The network hasn't been chosen by the user (yet, at least).
+        final boolean everUserSelected = false;
+        // Don't assume the user will accept unvalidated connectivity.
+        final boolean acceptUnvalidated = false;
+        // Don't assume clinging to bad wifi
+        final boolean yieldToBadWiFi = false;
+        // A prospective score is invincible if the legacy int in the filter is over the maximum
+        // score.
+        final boolean invincible = score.getLegacyInt() > NetworkRanker.LEGACY_INT_MAX;
+        return withPolicies(score.getLegacyInt(), score.getPolicies(), KEEP_CONNECTED_NONE,
+                mayValidate, vpn, unmetered, everValidated, everUserSelected, acceptUnvalidated,
+                yieldToBadWiFi, invincible);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return a new score given updated caps and config.
+     *
+     * @param caps the NetworkCapabilities of the network
+     * @param config the NetworkAgentConfig of the network
+     * @return a score with the policies from the arguments reset
+     */
+    // TODO : this shouldn't manage bad wifi avoidance – instead this should be done by the
+    // telephony factory, so that it depends on the carrier. For now this is handled by
+    // connectivity for backward compatibility.
+    public FullScore mixInScore(@NonNull final NetworkCapabilities caps,
+            @NonNull final NetworkAgentConfig config,
+            final boolean everValidated,
+            final boolean yieldToBadWifi) {
+        return withPolicies(mLegacyInt, mPolicies, mKeepConnectedReason,
+                caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED),
+                caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN),
+                caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED),
+                everValidated,
+                config.explicitlySelected,
+                config.acceptUnvalidated,
+                yieldToBadWifi,
+                false /* invincible */); // only prospective scores can be invincible
+    }
+
+    // TODO : this shouldn't manage bad wifi avoidance – instead this should be done by the
+    // telephony factory, so that it depends on the carrier. For now this is handled by
+    // connectivity for backward compatibility.
+    private static FullScore withPolicies(@NonNull final int legacyInt,
+            final long externalPolicies,
+            @KeepConnectedReason final int keepConnectedReason,
+            final boolean isValidated,
+            final boolean isVpn,
+            final boolean isUnmetered,
+            final boolean everValidated,
+            final boolean everUserSelected,
+            final boolean acceptUnvalidated,
+            final boolean yieldToBadWiFi,
+            final boolean invincible) {
+        return new FullScore(legacyInt, (externalPolicies & EXTERNAL_POLICIES_MASK)
+                | (isValidated       ? 1L << POLICY_IS_VALIDATED : 0)
+                | (isVpn             ? 1L << POLICY_IS_VPN : 0)
+                | (isUnmetered       ? 1L << POLICY_IS_UNMETERED : 0)
+                | (everValidated     ? 1L << POLICY_EVER_VALIDATED_NOT_AVOIDED_WHEN_BAD : 0)
+                | (everUserSelected  ? 1L << POLICY_EVER_USER_SELECTED : 0)
+                | (acceptUnvalidated ? 1L << POLICY_ACCEPT_UNVALIDATED : 0)
+                | (yieldToBadWiFi    ? 1L << POLICY_YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI : 0)
+                | (invincible        ? 1L << POLICY_IS_INVINCIBLE : 0),
+                keepConnectedReason);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns this score but validated.
+     */
+    public FullScore asValidated() {
+        return new FullScore(mLegacyInt, mPolicies | (1L << POLICY_IS_VALIDATED),
+                mKeepConnectedReason);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * For backward compatibility, get the legacy int.
+     * This will be removed before S is published.
+     */
+    public int getLegacyInt() {
+        return getLegacyInt(false /* pretendValidated */);
+    }
+
+    public int getLegacyIntAsValidated() {
+        return getLegacyInt(true /* pretendValidated */);
+    }
+
+    // TODO : remove these two constants
+    // Penalty applied to scores of Networks that have not been validated.
+    private static final int UNVALIDATED_SCORE_PENALTY = 40;
+
+    // Score for a network that can be used unvalidated
+    private static final int ACCEPT_UNVALIDATED_NETWORK_SCORE = 100;
+
+    private int getLegacyInt(boolean pretendValidated) {
+        // If the user has chosen this network at least once, give it the maximum score when
+        // checking to pretend it's validated, or if it doesn't need to validate because the
+        // user said to use it even if it doesn't validate.
+        // This ensures that networks that have been selected in UI are not torn down before the
+        // user gets a chance to prefer it when a higher-scoring network (e.g., Ethernet) is
+        // available.
+        if (hasPolicy(POLICY_EVER_USER_SELECTED)
+                && (hasPolicy(POLICY_ACCEPT_UNVALIDATED) || pretendValidated)) {
+            return ACCEPT_UNVALIDATED_NETWORK_SCORE;
+        }
+
+        int score = mLegacyInt;
+        // Except for VPNs, networks are subject to a penalty for not being validated.
+        // Apply the penalty unless the network is a VPN, or it's validated or pretending to be.
+        if (!hasPolicy(POLICY_IS_VALIDATED) && !pretendValidated && !hasPolicy(POLICY_IS_VPN)) {
+            score -= UNVALIDATED_SCORE_PENALTY;
+        }
+        if (score < 0) score = 0;
+        return score;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return whether this score has a particular policy.
+     */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public boolean hasPolicy(final int policy) {
+        return 0 != (mPolicies & (1L << policy));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the keep-connected reason, or KEEP_CONNECTED_NONE.
+     */
+    public int getKeepConnectedReason() {
+        return mKeepConnectedReason;
+    }
+
+    // Example output :
+    // Score(50 ; Policies : EVER_USER_SELECTED&IS_VALIDATED)
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        final StringJoiner sj = new StringJoiner(
+                "&", // delimiter
+                "Score(" + mLegacyInt + " ; KeepConnected : " + mKeepConnectedReason
+                        + " ; Policies : ", // prefix
+                ")"); // suffix
+        for (int i = NetworkScore.MIN_AGENT_MANAGED_POLICY;
+                i <= NetworkScore.MAX_AGENT_MANAGED_POLICY; ++i) {
+            if (hasPolicy(i)) sj.add(policyNameOf(i));
+        }
+        for (int i = MIN_CS_MANAGED_POLICY; i <= MAX_CS_MANAGED_POLICY; ++i) {
+            if (hasPolicy(i)) sj.add(policyNameOf(i));
+        }
+        return sj.toString();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/KeepaliveTracker.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/KeepaliveTracker.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..acf39f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/KeepaliveTracker.java
@@ -0,0 +1,768 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2015 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity;
+
+import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED;
+import static android.net.NattSocketKeepalive.NATT_PORT;
+import static android.net.NetworkAgent.CMD_START_SOCKET_KEEPALIVE;
+import static android.net.SocketKeepalive.BINDER_DIED;
+import static android.net.SocketKeepalive.DATA_RECEIVED;
+import static android.net.SocketKeepalive.ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_RESOURCES;
+import static android.net.SocketKeepalive.ERROR_INVALID_INTERVAL;
+import static android.net.SocketKeepalive.ERROR_INVALID_IP_ADDRESS;
+import static android.net.SocketKeepalive.ERROR_INVALID_NETWORK;
+import static android.net.SocketKeepalive.ERROR_INVALID_SOCKET;
+import static android.net.SocketKeepalive.ERROR_NO_SUCH_SLOT;
+import static android.net.SocketKeepalive.ERROR_STOP_REASON_UNINITIALIZED;
+import static android.net.SocketKeepalive.ERROR_UNSUPPORTED;
+import static android.net.SocketKeepalive.MAX_INTERVAL_SEC;
+import static android.net.SocketKeepalive.MIN_INTERVAL_SEC;
+import static android.net.SocketKeepalive.NO_KEEPALIVE;
+import static android.net.SocketKeepalive.SUCCESS;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.net.ConnectivityResources;
+import android.net.ISocketKeepaliveCallback;
+import android.net.InetAddresses;
+import android.net.InvalidPacketException;
+import android.net.KeepalivePacketData;
+import android.net.NattKeepalivePacketData;
+import android.net.NetworkAgent;
+import android.net.SocketKeepalive.InvalidSocketException;
+import android.net.TcpKeepalivePacketData;
+import android.net.util.KeepaliveUtils;
+import android.os.Binder;
+import android.os.Handler;
+import android.os.IBinder;
+import android.os.Message;
+import android.os.Process;
+import android.os.RemoteException;
+import android.system.ErrnoException;
+import android.system.Os;
+import android.util.Log;
+import android.util.Pair;
+
+import com.android.connectivity.resources.R;
+import com.android.internal.util.IndentingPrintWriter;
+import com.android.net.module.util.HexDump;
+import com.android.net.module.util.IpUtils;
+
+import java.io.FileDescriptor;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.net.SocketAddress;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+
+/**
+ * Manages socket keepalive requests.
+ *
+ * Provides methods to stop and start keepalive requests, and keeps track of keepalives across all
+ * networks. This class is tightly coupled to ConnectivityService. It is not thread-safe and its
+ * handle* methods must be called only from the ConnectivityService handler thread.
+ */
+public class KeepaliveTracker {
+
+    private static final String TAG = "KeepaliveTracker";
+    private static final boolean DBG = false;
+
+    public static final String PERMISSION = android.Manifest.permission.PACKET_KEEPALIVE_OFFLOAD;
+
+    /** Keeps track of keepalive requests. */
+    private final HashMap <NetworkAgentInfo, HashMap<Integer, KeepaliveInfo>> mKeepalives =
+            new HashMap<> ();
+    private final Handler mConnectivityServiceHandler;
+    @NonNull
+    private final TcpKeepaliveController mTcpController;
+    @NonNull
+    private final Context mContext;
+
+    // Supported keepalive count for each transport type, can be configured through
+    // config_networkSupportedKeepaliveCount. For better error handling, use
+    // {@link getSupportedKeepalivesForNetworkCapabilities} instead of direct access.
+    @NonNull
+    private final int[] mSupportedKeepalives;
+
+    // Reserved privileged keepalive slots per transport. Caller's permission will be enforced if
+    // the number of remaining keepalive slots is less than or equal to the threshold.
+    private final int mReservedPrivilegedSlots;
+
+    // Allowed unprivileged keepalive slots per uid. Caller's permission will be enforced if
+    // the number of remaining keepalive slots is less than or equal to the threshold.
+    private final int mAllowedUnprivilegedSlotsForUid;
+
+    public KeepaliveTracker(Context context, Handler handler) {
+        mConnectivityServiceHandler = handler;
+        mTcpController = new TcpKeepaliveController(handler);
+        mContext = context;
+        mSupportedKeepalives = KeepaliveUtils.getSupportedKeepalives(mContext);
+
+        // TODO (b/183076074): stop reading legacy resources after migrating overlays
+        final int legacyReservedSlots = mContext.getResources().getInteger(
+                mContext.getResources().getIdentifier(
+                        "config_reservedPrivilegedKeepaliveSlots", "integer", "android"));
+        final int legacyAllowedSlots = mContext.getResources().getInteger(
+                mContext.getResources().getIdentifier(
+                        "config_allowedUnprivilegedKeepalivePerUid", "integer", "android"));
+        final ConnectivityResources res = new ConnectivityResources(mContext);
+        mReservedPrivilegedSlots = Math.min(legacyReservedSlots, res.get().getInteger(
+                R.integer.config_reservedPrivilegedKeepaliveSlots));
+        mAllowedUnprivilegedSlotsForUid = Math.min(legacyAllowedSlots, res.get().getInteger(
+                R.integer.config_allowedUnprivilegedKeepalivePerUid));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tracks information about a socket keepalive.
+     *
+     * All information about this keepalive is known at construction time except the slot number,
+     * which is only returned when the hardware has successfully started the keepalive.
+     */
+    class KeepaliveInfo implements IBinder.DeathRecipient {
+        // Bookkeeping data.
+        private final ISocketKeepaliveCallback mCallback;
+        private final int mUid;
+        private final int mPid;
+        private final boolean mPrivileged;
+        private final NetworkAgentInfo mNai;
+        private final int mType;
+        private final FileDescriptor mFd;
+
+        public static final int TYPE_NATT = 1;
+        public static final int TYPE_TCP = 2;
+
+        // Keepalive slot. A small integer that identifies this keepalive among the ones handled
+        // by this network.
+        private int mSlot = NO_KEEPALIVE;
+
+        // Packet data.
+        private final KeepalivePacketData mPacket;
+        private final int mInterval;
+
+        // Whether the keepalive is started or not. The initial state is NOT_STARTED.
+        private static final int NOT_STARTED = 1;
+        private static final int STARTING = 2;
+        private static final int STARTED = 3;
+        private static final int STOPPING = 4;
+        private int mStartedState = NOT_STARTED;
+        private int mStopReason = ERROR_STOP_REASON_UNINITIALIZED;
+
+        KeepaliveInfo(@NonNull ISocketKeepaliveCallback callback,
+                @NonNull NetworkAgentInfo nai,
+                @NonNull KeepalivePacketData packet,
+                int interval,
+                int type,
+                @Nullable FileDescriptor fd) throws InvalidSocketException {
+            mCallback = callback;
+            mPid = Binder.getCallingPid();
+            mUid = Binder.getCallingUid();
+            mPrivileged = (PERMISSION_GRANTED == mContext.checkPermission(PERMISSION, mPid, mUid));
+
+            mNai = nai;
+            mPacket = packet;
+            mInterval = interval;
+            mType = type;
+
+            // For SocketKeepalive, a dup of fd is kept in mFd so the source port from which the
+            // keepalives are sent cannot be reused by another app even if the fd gets closed by
+            // the user. A null is acceptable here for backward compatibility of PacketKeepalive
+            // API.
+            try {
+                if (fd != null) {
+                    mFd = Os.dup(fd);
+                }  else {
+                    Log.d(TAG, toString() + " calls with null fd");
+                    if (!mPrivileged) {
+                        throw new SecurityException(
+                                "null fd is not allowed for unprivileged access.");
+                    }
+                    if (mType == TYPE_TCP) {
+                        throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                                "null fd is not allowed for tcp socket keepalives.");
+                    }
+                    mFd = null;
+                }
+            } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+                Log.e(TAG, "Cannot dup fd: ", e);
+                throw new InvalidSocketException(ERROR_INVALID_SOCKET, e);
+            }
+
+            try {
+                mCallback.asBinder().linkToDeath(this, 0);
+            } catch (RemoteException e) {
+                binderDied();
+            }
+        }
+
+        public NetworkAgentInfo getNai() {
+            return mNai;
+        }
+
+        private String startedStateString(final int state) {
+            switch (state) {
+                case NOT_STARTED : return "NOT_STARTED";
+                case STARTING : return "STARTING";
+                case STARTED : return "STARTED";
+                case STOPPING : return "STOPPING";
+            }
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unknown state");
+        }
+
+        public String toString() {
+            return "KeepaliveInfo ["
+                    + " type=" + mType
+                    + " network=" + mNai.network
+                    + " startedState=" + startedStateString(mStartedState)
+                    + " "
+                    + IpUtils.addressAndPortToString(mPacket.getSrcAddress(), mPacket.getSrcPort())
+                    + "->"
+                    + IpUtils.addressAndPortToString(mPacket.getDstAddress(), mPacket.getDstPort())
+                    + " interval=" + mInterval
+                    + " uid=" + mUid + " pid=" + mPid + " privileged=" + mPrivileged
+                    + " packetData=" + HexDump.toHexString(mPacket.getPacket())
+                    + " ]";
+        }
+
+        /** Called when the application process is killed. */
+        public void binderDied() {
+            stop(BINDER_DIED);
+        }
+
+        void unlinkDeathRecipient() {
+            if (mCallback != null) {
+                mCallback.asBinder().unlinkToDeath(this, 0);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private int checkNetworkConnected() {
+            if (!mNai.networkInfo.isConnectedOrConnecting()) {
+                return ERROR_INVALID_NETWORK;
+            }
+            return SUCCESS;
+        }
+
+        private int checkSourceAddress() {
+            // Check that we have the source address.
+            for (InetAddress address : mNai.linkProperties.getAddresses()) {
+                if (address.equals(mPacket.getSrcAddress())) {
+                    return SUCCESS;
+                }
+            }
+            return ERROR_INVALID_IP_ADDRESS;
+        }
+
+        private int checkInterval() {
+            if (mInterval < MIN_INTERVAL_SEC || mInterval > MAX_INTERVAL_SEC) {
+                return ERROR_INVALID_INTERVAL;
+            }
+            return SUCCESS;
+        }
+
+        private int checkPermission() {
+            final HashMap<Integer, KeepaliveInfo> networkKeepalives = mKeepalives.get(mNai);
+            if (networkKeepalives == null) {
+                return ERROR_INVALID_NETWORK;
+            }
+
+            if (mPrivileged) return SUCCESS;
+
+            final int supported = KeepaliveUtils.getSupportedKeepalivesForNetworkCapabilities(
+                    mSupportedKeepalives, mNai.networkCapabilities);
+
+            int takenUnprivilegedSlots = 0;
+            for (final KeepaliveInfo ki : networkKeepalives.values()) {
+                if (!ki.mPrivileged) ++takenUnprivilegedSlots;
+            }
+            if (takenUnprivilegedSlots > supported - mReservedPrivilegedSlots) {
+                return ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_RESOURCES;
+            }
+
+            // Count unprivileged keepalives for the same uid across networks.
+            int unprivilegedCountSameUid = 0;
+            for (final HashMap<Integer, KeepaliveInfo> kaForNetwork : mKeepalives.values()) {
+                for (final KeepaliveInfo ki : kaForNetwork.values()) {
+                    if (ki.mUid == mUid) {
+                        unprivilegedCountSameUid++;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if (unprivilegedCountSameUid > mAllowedUnprivilegedSlotsForUid) {
+                return ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_RESOURCES;
+            }
+            return SUCCESS;
+        }
+
+        private int checkLimit() {
+            final HashMap<Integer, KeepaliveInfo> networkKeepalives = mKeepalives.get(mNai);
+            if (networkKeepalives == null) {
+                return ERROR_INVALID_NETWORK;
+            }
+            final int supported = KeepaliveUtils.getSupportedKeepalivesForNetworkCapabilities(
+                    mSupportedKeepalives, mNai.networkCapabilities);
+            if (supported == 0) return ERROR_UNSUPPORTED;
+            if (networkKeepalives.size() > supported) return ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_RESOURCES;
+            return SUCCESS;
+        }
+
+        private int isValid() {
+            synchronized (mNai) {
+                int error = checkInterval();
+                if (error == SUCCESS) error = checkLimit();
+                if (error == SUCCESS) error = checkPermission();
+                if (error == SUCCESS) error = checkNetworkConnected();
+                if (error == SUCCESS) error = checkSourceAddress();
+                return error;
+            }
+        }
+
+        void start(int slot) {
+            mSlot = slot;
+            int error = isValid();
+            if (error == SUCCESS) {
+                Log.d(TAG, "Starting keepalive " + mSlot + " on " + mNai.toShortString());
+                switch (mType) {
+                    case TYPE_NATT:
+                        final NattKeepalivePacketData nattData = (NattKeepalivePacketData) mPacket;
+                        mNai.onAddNattKeepalivePacketFilter(slot, nattData);
+                        mNai.onStartNattSocketKeepalive(slot, mInterval, nattData);
+                        break;
+                    case TYPE_TCP:
+                        try {
+                            mTcpController.startSocketMonitor(mFd, this, mSlot);
+                        } catch (InvalidSocketException e) {
+                            handleStopKeepalive(mNai, mSlot, ERROR_INVALID_SOCKET);
+                            return;
+                        }
+                        final TcpKeepalivePacketData tcpData = (TcpKeepalivePacketData) mPacket;
+                        mNai.onAddTcpKeepalivePacketFilter(slot, tcpData);
+                        // TODO: check result from apf and notify of failure as needed.
+                        mNai.onStartTcpSocketKeepalive(slot, mInterval, tcpData);
+                        break;
+                    default:
+                        Log.wtf(TAG, "Starting keepalive with unknown type: " + mType);
+                        handleStopKeepalive(mNai, mSlot, error);
+                        return;
+                }
+                mStartedState = STARTING;
+            } else {
+                handleStopKeepalive(mNai, mSlot, error);
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        void stop(int reason) {
+            int uid = Binder.getCallingUid();
+            if (uid != mUid && uid != Process.SYSTEM_UID) {
+                if (DBG) {
+                    Log.e(TAG, "Cannot stop unowned keepalive " + mSlot + " on " + mNai.network);
+                }
+            }
+            // Ignore the case when the network disconnects immediately after stop() has been
+            // called and the keepalive code is waiting for the response from the modem. This
+            // might happen when the caller listens for a lower-layer network disconnect
+            // callback and stop the keepalive at that time. But the stop() races with the
+            // stop() generated in ConnectivityService network disconnection code path.
+            if (mStartedState == STOPPING && reason == ERROR_INVALID_NETWORK) return;
+
+            // Store the reason of stopping, and report it after the keepalive is fully stopped.
+            if (mStopReason != ERROR_STOP_REASON_UNINITIALIZED) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Unexpected stop reason: " + mStopReason);
+            }
+            mStopReason = reason;
+            Log.d(TAG, "Stopping keepalive " + mSlot + " on " + mNai.toShortString()
+                    + ": " + reason);
+            switch (mStartedState) {
+                case NOT_STARTED:
+                    // Remove the reference of the keepalive that meet error before starting,
+                    // e.g. invalid parameter.
+                    cleanupStoppedKeepalive(mNai, mSlot);
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    mStartedState = STOPPING;
+                    switch (mType) {
+                        case TYPE_TCP:
+                            mTcpController.stopSocketMonitor(mSlot);
+                            // fall through
+                        case TYPE_NATT:
+                            mNai.onStopSocketKeepalive(mSlot);
+                            mNai.onRemoveKeepalivePacketFilter(mSlot);
+                            break;
+                        default:
+                            Log.wtf(TAG, "Stopping keepalive with unknown type: " + mType);
+                    }
+            }
+
+            // Close the duplicated fd that maintains the lifecycle of socket whenever
+            // keepalive is running.
+            if (mFd != null) {
+                try {
+                    Os.close(mFd);
+                } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+                    // This should not happen since system server controls the lifecycle of fd when
+                    // keepalive offload is running.
+                    Log.wtf(TAG, "Error closing fd for keepalive " + mSlot + ": " + e);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        void onFileDescriptorInitiatedStop(final int socketKeepaliveReason) {
+            handleStopKeepalive(mNai, mSlot, socketKeepaliveReason);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void notifyErrorCallback(ISocketKeepaliveCallback cb, int error) {
+        if (DBG) Log.w(TAG, "Sending onError(" + error + ") callback");
+        try {
+            cb.onError(error);
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            Log.w(TAG, "Discarded onError(" + error + ") callback");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private  int findFirstFreeSlot(NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
+        HashMap networkKeepalives = mKeepalives.get(nai);
+        if (networkKeepalives == null) {
+            networkKeepalives = new HashMap<Integer, KeepaliveInfo>();
+            mKeepalives.put(nai, networkKeepalives);
+        }
+
+        // Find the lowest-numbered free slot. Slot numbers start from 1, because that's what two
+        // separate chipset implementations independently came up with.
+        int slot;
+        for (slot = 1; slot <= networkKeepalives.size(); slot++) {
+            if (networkKeepalives.get(slot) == null) {
+                return slot;
+            }
+        }
+        return slot;
+    }
+
+    public void handleStartKeepalive(Message message) {
+        KeepaliveInfo ki = (KeepaliveInfo) message.obj;
+        NetworkAgentInfo nai = ki.getNai();
+        int slot = findFirstFreeSlot(nai);
+        mKeepalives.get(nai).put(slot, ki);
+        ki.start(slot);
+    }
+
+    public void handleStopAllKeepalives(NetworkAgentInfo nai, int reason) {
+        final HashMap<Integer, KeepaliveInfo> networkKeepalives = mKeepalives.get(nai);
+        if (networkKeepalives != null) {
+            final ArrayList<KeepaliveInfo> kalist = new ArrayList(networkKeepalives.values());
+            for (KeepaliveInfo ki : kalist) {
+                ki.stop(reason);
+                // Clean up keepalives since the network agent is disconnected and unable to pass
+                // back asynchronous result of stop().
+                cleanupStoppedKeepalive(nai, ki.mSlot);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void handleStopKeepalive(NetworkAgentInfo nai, int slot, int reason) {
+        final String networkName = NetworkAgentInfo.toShortString(nai);
+        HashMap <Integer, KeepaliveInfo> networkKeepalives = mKeepalives.get(nai);
+        if (networkKeepalives == null) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Attempt to stop keepalive on nonexistent network " + networkName);
+            return;
+        }
+        KeepaliveInfo ki = networkKeepalives.get(slot);
+        if (ki == null) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Attempt to stop nonexistent keepalive " + slot + " on " + networkName);
+            return;
+        }
+        ki.stop(reason);
+        // Clean up keepalives will be done as a result of calling ki.stop() after the slots are
+        // freed.
+    }
+
+    private void cleanupStoppedKeepalive(NetworkAgentInfo nai, int slot) {
+        final String networkName = NetworkAgentInfo.toShortString(nai);
+        HashMap<Integer, KeepaliveInfo> networkKeepalives = mKeepalives.get(nai);
+        if (networkKeepalives == null) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Attempt to remove keepalive on nonexistent network " + networkName);
+            return;
+        }
+        KeepaliveInfo ki = networkKeepalives.get(slot);
+        if (ki == null) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Attempt to remove nonexistent keepalive " + slot + " on " + networkName);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Remove the keepalive from hash table so the slot can be considered available when reusing
+        // it.
+        networkKeepalives.remove(slot);
+        Log.d(TAG, "Remove keepalive " + slot + " on " + networkName + ", "
+                + networkKeepalives.size() + " remains.");
+        if (networkKeepalives.isEmpty()) {
+            mKeepalives.remove(nai);
+        }
+
+        // Notify app that the keepalive is stopped.
+        final int reason = ki.mStopReason;
+        if (reason == SUCCESS) {
+            try {
+                ki.mCallback.onStopped();
+            } catch (RemoteException e) {
+                Log.w(TAG, "Discarded onStop callback: " + reason);
+            }
+        } else if (reason == DATA_RECEIVED) {
+            try {
+                ki.mCallback.onDataReceived();
+            } catch (RemoteException e) {
+                Log.w(TAG, "Discarded onDataReceived callback: " + reason);
+            }
+        } else if (reason == ERROR_STOP_REASON_UNINITIALIZED) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Unexpected stop reason: " + reason);
+        } else if (reason == ERROR_NO_SUCH_SLOT) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("No such slot: " + reason);
+        } else {
+            notifyErrorCallback(ki.mCallback, reason);
+        }
+
+        ki.unlinkDeathRecipient();
+    }
+
+    public void handleCheckKeepalivesStillValid(NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
+        HashMap <Integer, KeepaliveInfo> networkKeepalives = mKeepalives.get(nai);
+        if (networkKeepalives != null) {
+            ArrayList<Pair<Integer, Integer>> invalidKeepalives = new ArrayList<>();
+            for (int slot : networkKeepalives.keySet()) {
+                int error = networkKeepalives.get(slot).isValid();
+                if (error != SUCCESS) {
+                    invalidKeepalives.add(Pair.create(slot, error));
+                }
+            }
+            for (Pair<Integer, Integer> slotAndError: invalidKeepalives) {
+                handleStopKeepalive(nai, slotAndError.first, slotAndError.second);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Handle keepalive events from lower layer. */
+    public void handleEventSocketKeepalive(@NonNull NetworkAgentInfo nai, int slot, int reason) {
+        KeepaliveInfo ki = null;
+        try {
+            ki = mKeepalives.get(nai).get(slot);
+        } catch(NullPointerException e) {}
+        if (ki == null) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Event " + NetworkAgent.EVENT_SOCKET_KEEPALIVE + "," + slot + "," + reason
+                    + " for unknown keepalive " + slot + " on " + nai.toShortString());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // This can be called in a number of situations :
+        // - startedState is STARTING.
+        //   - reason is SUCCESS => go to STARTED.
+        //   - reason isn't SUCCESS => it's an error starting. Go to NOT_STARTED and stop keepalive.
+        // - startedState is STARTED.
+        //   - reason is SUCCESS => it's a success stopping. Go to NOT_STARTED and stop keepalive.
+        //   - reason isn't SUCCESS => it's an error in exec. Go to NOT_STARTED and stop keepalive.
+        // The control is not supposed to ever come here if the state is NOT_STARTED. This is
+        // because in NOT_STARTED state, the code will switch to STARTING before sending messages
+        // to start, and the only way to NOT_STARTED is this function, through the edges outlined
+        // above : in all cases, keepalive gets stopped and can't restart without going into
+        // STARTING as messages are ordered. This also depends on the hardware processing the
+        // messages in order.
+        // TODO : clarify this code and get rid of mStartedState. Using a StateMachine is an
+        // option.
+        if (KeepaliveInfo.STARTING == ki.mStartedState) {
+            if (SUCCESS == reason) {
+                // Keepalive successfully started.
+                Log.d(TAG, "Started keepalive " + slot + " on " + nai.toShortString());
+                ki.mStartedState = KeepaliveInfo.STARTED;
+                try {
+                    ki.mCallback.onStarted(slot);
+                } catch (RemoteException e) {
+                    Log.w(TAG, "Discarded onStarted(" + slot + ") callback");
+                }
+            } else {
+                Log.d(TAG, "Failed to start keepalive " + slot + " on " + nai.toShortString()
+                        + ": " + reason);
+                // The message indicated some error trying to start: do call handleStopKeepalive.
+                handleStopKeepalive(nai, slot, reason);
+            }
+        } else if (KeepaliveInfo.STOPPING == ki.mStartedState) {
+            // The message indicated result of stopping : clean up keepalive slots.
+            Log.d(TAG, "Stopped keepalive " + slot + " on " + nai.toShortString()
+                    + " stopped: " + reason);
+            ki.mStartedState = KeepaliveInfo.NOT_STARTED;
+            cleanupStoppedKeepalive(nai, slot);
+        } else {
+            Log.wtf(TAG, "Event " + NetworkAgent.EVENT_SOCKET_KEEPALIVE + "," + slot + "," + reason
+                    + " for keepalive in wrong state: " + ki.toString());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Called when requesting that keepalives be started on a IPsec NAT-T socket. See
+     * {@link android.net.SocketKeepalive}.
+     **/
+    public void startNattKeepalive(@Nullable NetworkAgentInfo nai,
+            @Nullable FileDescriptor fd,
+            int intervalSeconds,
+            @NonNull ISocketKeepaliveCallback cb,
+            @NonNull String srcAddrString,
+            int srcPort,
+            @NonNull String dstAddrString,
+            int dstPort) {
+        if (nai == null) {
+            notifyErrorCallback(cb, ERROR_INVALID_NETWORK);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        InetAddress srcAddress, dstAddress;
+        try {
+            srcAddress = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress(srcAddrString);
+            dstAddress = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress(dstAddrString);
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            notifyErrorCallback(cb, ERROR_INVALID_IP_ADDRESS);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        KeepalivePacketData packet;
+        try {
+            packet = NattKeepalivePacketData.nattKeepalivePacket(
+                    srcAddress, srcPort, dstAddress, NATT_PORT);
+        } catch (InvalidPacketException e) {
+            notifyErrorCallback(cb, e.getError());
+            return;
+        }
+        KeepaliveInfo ki = null;
+        try {
+            ki = new KeepaliveInfo(cb, nai, packet, intervalSeconds,
+                    KeepaliveInfo.TYPE_NATT, fd);
+        } catch (InvalidSocketException | IllegalArgumentException | SecurityException e) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Fail to construct keepalive", e);
+            notifyErrorCallback(cb, ERROR_INVALID_SOCKET);
+            return;
+        }
+        Log.d(TAG, "Created keepalive: " + ki.toString());
+        mConnectivityServiceHandler.obtainMessage(
+                NetworkAgent.CMD_START_SOCKET_KEEPALIVE, ki).sendToTarget();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Called by ConnectivityService to start TCP keepalive on a file descriptor.
+     *
+     * In order to offload keepalive for application correctly, sequence number, ack number and
+     * other fields are needed to form the keepalive packet. Thus, this function synchronously
+     * puts the socket into repair mode to get the necessary information. After the socket has been
+     * put into repair mode, the application cannot access the socket until reverted to normal.
+     *
+     * See {@link android.net.SocketKeepalive}.
+     **/
+    public void startTcpKeepalive(@Nullable NetworkAgentInfo nai,
+            @NonNull FileDescriptor fd,
+            int intervalSeconds,
+            @NonNull ISocketKeepaliveCallback cb) {
+        if (nai == null) {
+            notifyErrorCallback(cb, ERROR_INVALID_NETWORK);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final TcpKeepalivePacketData packet;
+        try {
+            packet = TcpKeepaliveController.getTcpKeepalivePacket(fd);
+        } catch (InvalidSocketException e) {
+            notifyErrorCallback(cb, e.error);
+            return;
+        } catch (InvalidPacketException e) {
+            notifyErrorCallback(cb, e.getError());
+            return;
+        }
+        KeepaliveInfo ki = null;
+        try {
+            ki = new KeepaliveInfo(cb, nai, packet, intervalSeconds,
+                    KeepaliveInfo.TYPE_TCP, fd);
+        } catch (InvalidSocketException | IllegalArgumentException | SecurityException e) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Fail to construct keepalive e=" + e);
+            notifyErrorCallback(cb, ERROR_INVALID_SOCKET);
+            return;
+        }
+        Log.d(TAG, "Created keepalive: " + ki.toString());
+        mConnectivityServiceHandler.obtainMessage(CMD_START_SOCKET_KEEPALIVE, ki).sendToTarget();
+    }
+
+   /**
+    * Called when requesting that keepalives be started on a IPsec NAT-T socket. This function is
+    * identical to {@link #startNattKeepalive}, but also takes a {@code resourceId}, which is the
+    * resource index bound to the {@link UdpEncapsulationSocket} when creating by
+    * {@link com.android.server.IpSecService} to verify whether the given
+    * {@link UdpEncapsulationSocket} is legitimate.
+    **/
+    public void startNattKeepalive(@Nullable NetworkAgentInfo nai,
+            @Nullable FileDescriptor fd,
+            int resourceId,
+            int intervalSeconds,
+            @NonNull ISocketKeepaliveCallback cb,
+            @NonNull String srcAddrString,
+            @NonNull String dstAddrString,
+            int dstPort) {
+        // Ensure that the socket is created by IpSecService.
+        if (!isNattKeepaliveSocketValid(fd, resourceId)) {
+            notifyErrorCallback(cb, ERROR_INVALID_SOCKET);
+        }
+
+        // Get src port to adopt old API.
+        int srcPort = 0;
+        try {
+            final SocketAddress srcSockAddr = Os.getsockname(fd);
+            srcPort = ((InetSocketAddress) srcSockAddr).getPort();
+        } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+            notifyErrorCallback(cb, ERROR_INVALID_SOCKET);
+        }
+
+        // Forward request to old API.
+        startNattKeepalive(nai, fd, intervalSeconds, cb, srcAddrString, srcPort,
+                dstAddrString, dstPort);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Verify if the IPsec NAT-T file descriptor and resource Id hold for IPsec keepalive is valid.
+     **/
+    public static boolean isNattKeepaliveSocketValid(@Nullable FileDescriptor fd, int resourceId) {
+        // TODO: 1. confirm whether the fd is called from system api or created by IpSecService.
+        //       2. If the fd is created from the system api, check that it's bounded. And
+        //          call dup to keep the fd open.
+        //       3. If the fd is created from IpSecService, check if the resource ID is valid. And
+        //          hold the resource needed in IpSecService.
+        if (null == fd) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public void dump(IndentingPrintWriter pw) {
+        pw.println("Supported Socket keepalives: " + Arrays.toString(mSupportedKeepalives));
+        pw.println("Reserved Privileged keepalives: " + mReservedPrivilegedSlots);
+        pw.println("Allowed Unprivileged keepalives per uid: " + mAllowedUnprivilegedSlotsForUid);
+        pw.println("Socket keepalives:");
+        pw.increaseIndent();
+        for (NetworkAgentInfo nai : mKeepalives.keySet()) {
+            pw.println(nai.toShortString());
+            pw.increaseIndent();
+            for (int slot : mKeepalives.get(nai).keySet()) {
+                KeepaliveInfo ki = mKeepalives.get(nai).get(slot);
+                pw.println(slot + ": " + ki.toString());
+            }
+            pw.decreaseIndent();
+        }
+        pw.decreaseIndent();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/LingerMonitor.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/LingerMonitor.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..032612c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/LingerMonitor.java
@@ -0,0 +1,330 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity;
+
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.NETID_UNSET;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.app.PendingIntent;
+import android.content.ComponentName;
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.content.Intent;
+import android.content.res.Resources;
+import android.net.ConnectivityResources;
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
+import android.os.SystemClock;
+import android.os.UserHandle;
+import android.text.TextUtils;
+import android.text.format.DateUtils;
+import android.util.Log;
+import android.util.SparseArray;
+import android.util.SparseBooleanArray;
+import android.util.SparseIntArray;
+
+import com.android.connectivity.resources.R;
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.android.internal.util.MessageUtils;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.NetworkNotificationManager.NotificationType;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+
+/**
+ * Class that monitors default network linger events and possibly notifies the user of network
+ * switches.
+ *
+ * This class is not thread-safe and all its methods must be called on the ConnectivityService
+ * handler thread.
+ */
+public class LingerMonitor {
+
+    private static final boolean DBG = true;
+    private static final boolean VDBG = false;
+    private static final String TAG = LingerMonitor.class.getSimpleName();
+
+    public static final int DEFAULT_NOTIFICATION_DAILY_LIMIT = 3;
+    public static final long DEFAULT_NOTIFICATION_RATE_LIMIT_MILLIS = DateUtils.MINUTE_IN_MILLIS;
+
+    private static final HashMap<String, Integer> TRANSPORT_NAMES = makeTransportToNameMap();
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public static final Intent CELLULAR_SETTINGS = new Intent().setComponent(new ComponentName(
+            "com.android.settings", "com.android.settings.Settings$DataUsageSummaryActivity"));
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public static final int NOTIFY_TYPE_NONE         = 0;
+    public static final int NOTIFY_TYPE_NOTIFICATION = 1;
+    public static final int NOTIFY_TYPE_TOAST        = 2;
+
+    private static SparseArray<String> sNotifyTypeNames = MessageUtils.findMessageNames(
+            new Class[] { LingerMonitor.class }, new String[]{ "NOTIFY_TYPE_" });
+
+    private final Context mContext;
+    final Resources mResources;
+    private final NetworkNotificationManager mNotifier;
+    private final int mDailyLimit;
+    private final long mRateLimitMillis;
+
+    private long mFirstNotificationMillis;
+    private long mLastNotificationMillis;
+    private int mNotificationCounter;
+
+    /** Current notifications. Maps the netId we switched away from to the netId we switched to. */
+    private final SparseIntArray mNotifications = new SparseIntArray();
+
+    /** Whether we ever notified that we switched away from a particular network. */
+    private final SparseBooleanArray mEverNotified = new SparseBooleanArray();
+
+    public LingerMonitor(Context context, NetworkNotificationManager notifier,
+            int dailyLimit, long rateLimitMillis) {
+        mContext = context;
+        mResources = new ConnectivityResources(mContext).get();
+        mNotifier = notifier;
+        mDailyLimit = dailyLimit;
+        mRateLimitMillis = rateLimitMillis;
+        // Ensure that (now - mLastNotificationMillis) >= rateLimitMillis at first
+        mLastNotificationMillis = -rateLimitMillis;
+    }
+
+    private static HashMap<String, Integer> makeTransportToNameMap() {
+        SparseArray<String> numberToName = MessageUtils.findMessageNames(
+            new Class[] { NetworkCapabilities.class }, new String[]{ "TRANSPORT_" });
+        HashMap<String, Integer> nameToNumber = new HashMap<>();
+        for (int i = 0; i < numberToName.size(); i++) {
+            // MessageUtils will fail to initialize if there are duplicate constant values, so there
+            // are no duplicates here.
+            nameToNumber.put(numberToName.valueAt(i), numberToName.keyAt(i));
+        }
+        return nameToNumber;
+    }
+
+    private static boolean hasTransport(NetworkAgentInfo nai, int transport) {
+        return nai.networkCapabilities.hasTransport(transport);
+    }
+
+    private int getNotificationSource(NetworkAgentInfo toNai) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < mNotifications.size(); i++) {
+            if (mNotifications.valueAt(i) == toNai.network.getNetId()) {
+                return mNotifications.keyAt(i);
+            }
+        }
+        return NETID_UNSET;
+    }
+
+    private boolean everNotified(NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
+        return mEverNotified.get(nai.network.getNetId(), false);
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public boolean isNotificationEnabled(NetworkAgentInfo fromNai, NetworkAgentInfo toNai) {
+        // TODO: Evaluate moving to CarrierConfigManager.
+        String[] notifySwitches = mResources.getStringArray(R.array.config_networkNotifySwitches);
+
+        if (VDBG) {
+            Log.d(TAG, "Notify on network switches: " + Arrays.toString(notifySwitches));
+        }
+
+        for (String notifySwitch : notifySwitches) {
+            if (TextUtils.isEmpty(notifySwitch)) continue;
+            String[] transports = notifySwitch.split("-", 2);
+            if (transports.length != 2) {
+                Log.e(TAG, "Invalid network switch notification configuration: " + notifySwitch);
+                continue;
+            }
+            int fromTransport = TRANSPORT_NAMES.get("TRANSPORT_" + transports[0]);
+            int toTransport = TRANSPORT_NAMES.get("TRANSPORT_" + transports[1]);
+            if (hasTransport(fromNai, fromTransport) && hasTransport(toNai, toTransport)) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private void showNotification(NetworkAgentInfo fromNai, NetworkAgentInfo toNai) {
+        mNotifier.showNotification(fromNai.network.getNetId(), NotificationType.NETWORK_SWITCH,
+                fromNai, toNai, createNotificationIntent(), true);
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    protected PendingIntent createNotificationIntent() {
+        return PendingIntent.getActivity(
+                mContext.createContextAsUser(UserHandle.CURRENT, 0 /* flags */),
+                0 /* requestCode */,
+                CELLULAR_SETTINGS,
+                PendingIntent.FLAG_CANCEL_CURRENT | PendingIntent.FLAG_IMMUTABLE);
+    }
+
+    // Removes any notification that was put up as a result of switching to nai.
+    private void maybeStopNotifying(NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
+        int fromNetId = getNotificationSource(nai);
+        if (fromNetId != NETID_UNSET) {
+            mNotifications.delete(fromNetId);
+            mNotifier.clearNotification(fromNetId);
+            // Toasts can't be deleted.
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Notify the user of a network switch using a notification or a toast.
+    private void notify(NetworkAgentInfo fromNai, NetworkAgentInfo toNai, boolean forceToast) {
+        int notifyType = mResources.getInteger(R.integer.config_networkNotifySwitchType);
+        if (notifyType == NOTIFY_TYPE_NOTIFICATION && forceToast) {
+            notifyType = NOTIFY_TYPE_TOAST;
+        }
+
+        if (VDBG) {
+            Log.d(TAG, "Notify type: " + sNotifyTypeNames.get(notifyType, "" + notifyType));
+        }
+
+        switch (notifyType) {
+            case NOTIFY_TYPE_NONE:
+                return;
+            case NOTIFY_TYPE_NOTIFICATION:
+                showNotification(fromNai, toNai);
+                break;
+            case NOTIFY_TYPE_TOAST:
+                mNotifier.showToast(fromNai, toNai);
+                break;
+            default:
+                Log.e(TAG, "Unknown notify type " + notifyType);
+                return;
+        }
+
+        if (DBG) {
+            Log.d(TAG, "Notifying switch from=" + fromNai.toShortString()
+                    + " to=" + toNai.toShortString()
+                    + " type=" + sNotifyTypeNames.get(notifyType, "unknown(" + notifyType + ")"));
+        }
+
+        mNotifications.put(fromNai.network.getNetId(), toNai.network.getNetId());
+        mEverNotified.put(fromNai.network.getNetId(), true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Put up or dismiss a notification or toast for of a change in the default network if needed.
+     *
+     * Putting up a notification when switching from no network to some network is not supported
+     * and as such this method can't be called with a null |fromNai|. It can be called with a
+     * null |toNai| if there isn't a default network any more.
+     *
+     * @param fromNai switching from this NAI
+     * @param toNai switching to this NAI
+     */
+    // The default network changed from fromNai to toNai due to a change in score.
+    public void noteLingerDefaultNetwork(@NonNull final NetworkAgentInfo fromNai,
+            @Nullable final NetworkAgentInfo toNai) {
+        if (VDBG) {
+            Log.d(TAG, "noteLingerDefaultNetwork from=" + fromNai.toShortString()
+                    + " everValidated=" + fromNai.everValidated
+                    + " lastValidated=" + fromNai.lastValidated
+                    + " to=" + toNai.toShortString());
+        }
+
+        // If we are currently notifying the user because the device switched to fromNai, now that
+        // we are switching away from it we should remove the notification. This includes the case
+        // where we switch back to toNai because its score improved again (e.g., because it regained
+        // Internet access).
+        maybeStopNotifying(fromNai);
+
+        // If the network was simply lost (either because it disconnected or because it stopped
+        // being the default with no replacement), then don't show a notification.
+        if (null == toNai) return;
+
+        // If this network never validated, don't notify. Otherwise, we could do things like:
+        //
+        // 1. Unvalidated wifi connects.
+        // 2. Unvalidated mobile data connects.
+        // 3. Cell validates, and we show a notification.
+        // or:
+        // 1. User connects to wireless printer.
+        // 2. User turns on cellular data.
+        // 3. We show a notification.
+        if (!fromNai.everValidated) return;
+
+        // If this network is a captive portal, don't notify. This cannot happen on initial connect
+        // to a captive portal, because the everValidated check above will fail. However, it can
+        // happen if the captive portal reasserts itself (e.g., because its timeout fires). In that
+        // case, as soon as the captive portal reasserts itself, we'll show a sign-in notification.
+        // We don't want to overwrite that notification with this one; the user has already been
+        // notified, and of the two, the captive portal notification is the more useful one because
+        // it allows the user to sign in to the captive portal. In this case, display a toast
+        // in addition to the captive portal notification.
+        //
+        // Note that if the network we switch to is already up when the captive portal reappears,
+        // this won't work because NetworkMonitor tells ConnectivityService that the network is
+        // unvalidated (causing a switch) before asking it to show the sign in notification. In this
+        // case, the toast won't show and we'll only display the sign in notification. This is the
+        // best we can do at this time.
+        boolean forceToast = fromNai.networkCapabilities.hasCapability(
+                NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL);
+
+        // Only show the notification once, in order to avoid irritating the user every time.
+        // TODO: should we do this?
+        if (everNotified(fromNai)) {
+            if (VDBG) {
+                Log.d(TAG, "Not notifying handover from " + fromNai.toShortString()
+                        + ", already notified");
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Only show the notification if we switched away because a network became unvalidated, not
+        // because its score changed.
+        // TODO: instead of just skipping notification, keep a note of it, and show it if it becomes
+        // unvalidated.
+        if (fromNai.lastValidated) return;
+
+        if (!isNotificationEnabled(fromNai, toNai)) return;
+
+        final long now = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
+        if (isRateLimited(now) || isAboveDailyLimit(now)) return;
+
+        notify(fromNai, toNai, forceToast);
+    }
+
+    public void noteDisconnect(NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
+        mNotifications.delete(nai.network.getNetId());
+        mEverNotified.delete(nai.network.getNetId());
+        maybeStopNotifying(nai);
+        // No need to cancel notifications on nai: NetworkMonitor does that on disconnect.
+    }
+
+    private boolean isRateLimited(long now) {
+        final long millisSinceLast = now - mLastNotificationMillis;
+        if (millisSinceLast < mRateLimitMillis) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        mLastNotificationMillis = now;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private boolean isAboveDailyLimit(long now) {
+        if (mFirstNotificationMillis == 0) {
+            mFirstNotificationMillis = now;
+        }
+        final long millisSinceFirst = now - mFirstNotificationMillis;
+        if (millisSinceFirst > DateUtils.DAY_IN_MILLIS) {
+            mNotificationCounter = 0;
+            mFirstNotificationMillis = 0;
+        }
+        if (mNotificationCounter >= mDailyLimit) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        mNotificationCounter++;
+        return false;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/MockableSystemProperties.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/MockableSystemProperties.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a25b89a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/MockableSystemProperties.java
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity;
+
+import android.os.SystemProperties;
+
+public class MockableSystemProperties {
+
+    public String get(String key) {
+        return SystemProperties.get(key);
+    }
+
+    public int getInt(String key, int def) {
+        return SystemProperties.getInt(key, def);
+    }
+
+    public boolean getBoolean(String key, boolean def) {
+        return SystemProperties.getBoolean(key, def);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/Nat464Xlat.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/Nat464Xlat.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c66a280
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/Nat464Xlat.java
@@ -0,0 +1,523 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2012 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity;
+
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR;
+
+import static com.android.net.module.util.CollectionUtils.contains;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
+import android.net.IDnsResolver;
+import android.net.INetd;
+import android.net.InetAddresses;
+import android.net.InterfaceConfigurationParcel;
+import android.net.IpPrefix;
+import android.net.LinkAddress;
+import android.net.LinkProperties;
+import android.net.NetworkInfo;
+import android.net.RouteInfo;
+import android.os.RemoteException;
+import android.os.ServiceSpecificException;
+import android.util.Log;
+
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants;
+import com.android.server.ConnectivityService;
+
+import java.net.Inet6Address;
+import java.util.Objects;
+
+/**
+ * Class to manage a 464xlat CLAT daemon. Nat464Xlat is not thread safe and should be manipulated
+ * from a consistent and unique thread context. It is the responsibility of ConnectivityService to
+ * call into this class from its own Handler thread.
+ *
+ * @hide
+ */
+public class Nat464Xlat {
+    private static final String TAG = Nat464Xlat.class.getSimpleName();
+
+    // This must match the interface prefix in clatd.c.
+    private static final String CLAT_PREFIX = "v4-";
+
+    // The network types on which we will start clatd,
+    // allowing clat only on networks for which we can support IPv6-only.
+    private static final int[] NETWORK_TYPES = {
+        ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE,
+        ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI,
+        ConnectivityManager.TYPE_ETHERNET,
+    };
+
+    // The network states in which running clatd is supported.
+    private static final NetworkInfo.State[] NETWORK_STATES = {
+        NetworkInfo.State.CONNECTED,
+        NetworkInfo.State.SUSPENDED,
+    };
+
+    private final IDnsResolver mDnsResolver;
+    private final INetd mNetd;
+
+    // The network we're running on, and its type.
+    private final NetworkAgentInfo mNetwork;
+
+    private enum State {
+        IDLE,         // start() not called. Base iface and stacked iface names are null.
+        DISCOVERING,  // same as IDLE, except prefix discovery in progress.
+        STARTING,     // start() called. Base iface and stacked iface names are known.
+        RUNNING,      // start() called, and the stacked iface is known to be up.
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * NAT64 prefix currently in use. Only valid in STARTING or RUNNING states.
+     * Used, among other things, to avoid updates when switching from a prefix learned from one
+     * source (e.g., RA) to the same prefix learned from another source (e.g., RA).
+     */
+    private IpPrefix mNat64PrefixInUse;
+    /** NAT64 prefix (if any) discovered from DNS via RFC 7050. */
+    private IpPrefix mNat64PrefixFromDns;
+    /** NAT64 prefix (if any) learned from the network via RA. */
+    private IpPrefix mNat64PrefixFromRa;
+    private String mBaseIface;
+    private String mIface;
+    private Inet6Address mIPv6Address;
+    private State mState = State.IDLE;
+
+    private boolean mEnableClatOnCellular;
+    private boolean mPrefixDiscoveryRunning;
+
+    public Nat464Xlat(NetworkAgentInfo nai, INetd netd, IDnsResolver dnsResolver,
+            ConnectivityService.Dependencies deps) {
+        mDnsResolver = dnsResolver;
+        mNetd = netd;
+        mNetwork = nai;
+        mEnableClatOnCellular = deps.getCellular464XlatEnabled();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Whether to attempt 464xlat on this network. This is true for an IPv6-only network that is
+     * currently connected and where the NetworkAgent has not disabled 464xlat. It is the signal to
+     * enable NAT64 prefix discovery.
+     *
+     * @param nai the NetworkAgentInfo corresponding to the network.
+     * @return true if the network requires clat, false otherwise.
+     */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    protected boolean requiresClat(NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
+        // TODO: migrate to NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_*.
+        final boolean supported = contains(NETWORK_TYPES, nai.networkInfo.getType());
+        final boolean connected = contains(NETWORK_STATES, nai.networkInfo.getState());
+
+        // Only run clat on networks that have a global IPv6 address and don't have a native IPv4
+        // address.
+        LinkProperties lp = nai.linkProperties;
+        final boolean isIpv6OnlyNetwork = (lp != null) && lp.hasGlobalIpv6Address()
+                && !lp.hasIpv4Address();
+
+        // If the network tells us it doesn't use clat, respect that.
+        final boolean skip464xlat = (nai.netAgentConfig() != null)
+                && nai.netAgentConfig().skip464xlat;
+
+        return supported && connected && isIpv6OnlyNetwork && !skip464xlat
+            && (nai.networkCapabilities.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+                ? isCellular464XlatEnabled() : true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Whether the clat demon should be started on this network now. This is true if requiresClat is
+     * true and a NAT64 prefix has been discovered.
+     *
+     * @param nai the NetworkAgentInfo corresponding to the network.
+     * @return true if the network should start clat, false otherwise.
+     */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    protected boolean shouldStartClat(NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
+        LinkProperties lp = nai.linkProperties;
+        return requiresClat(nai) && lp != null && lp.getNat64Prefix() != null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return true if clatd has been started and has not yet stopped.
+     * A true result corresponds to internal states STARTING and RUNNING.
+     */
+    public boolean isStarted() {
+        return (mState == State.STARTING || mState == State.RUNNING);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return true if clatd has been started but the stacked interface is not yet up.
+     */
+    public boolean isStarting() {
+        return mState == State.STARTING;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return true if clatd has been started and the stacked interface is up.
+     */
+    public boolean isRunning() {
+        return mState == State.RUNNING;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Start clatd, register this Nat464Xlat as a network observer for the stacked interface,
+     * and set internal state.
+     */
+    private void enterStartingState(String baseIface) {
+        mNat64PrefixInUse = selectNat64Prefix();
+        String addrStr = null;
+        try {
+            addrStr = mNetd.clatdStart(baseIface, mNat64PrefixInUse.toString());
+        } catch (RemoteException | ServiceSpecificException e) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Error starting clatd on " + baseIface + ": " + e);
+        }
+        mIface = CLAT_PREFIX + baseIface;
+        mBaseIface = baseIface;
+        mState = State.STARTING;
+        try {
+            mIPv6Address = (Inet6Address) InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress(addrStr);
+        } catch (ClassCastException | IllegalArgumentException | NullPointerException e) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Invalid IPv6 address " + addrStr);
+        }
+        if (mPrefixDiscoveryRunning && !isPrefixDiscoveryNeeded()) {
+            stopPrefixDiscovery();
+        }
+        if (!mPrefixDiscoveryRunning) {
+            setPrefix64(mNat64PrefixInUse);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Enter running state just after getting confirmation that the stacked interface is up, and
+     * turn ND offload off if on WiFi.
+     */
+    private void enterRunningState() {
+        mState = State.RUNNING;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unregister as a base observer for the stacked interface, and clear internal state.
+     */
+    private void leaveStartedState() {
+        mNat64PrefixInUse = null;
+        mIface = null;
+        mBaseIface = null;
+
+        if (!mPrefixDiscoveryRunning) {
+            setPrefix64(null);
+        }
+
+        if (isPrefixDiscoveryNeeded()) {
+            if (!mPrefixDiscoveryRunning) {
+                startPrefixDiscovery();
+            }
+            mState = State.DISCOVERING;
+        } else {
+            stopPrefixDiscovery();
+            mState = State.IDLE;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    protected void start() {
+        if (isStarted()) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "startClat: already started");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        String baseIface = mNetwork.linkProperties.getInterfaceName();
+        if (baseIface == null) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "startClat: Can't start clat on null interface");
+            return;
+        }
+        // TODO: should we only do this if mNetd.clatdStart() succeeds?
+        Log.i(TAG, "Starting clatd on " + baseIface);
+        enterStartingState(baseIface);
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    protected void stop() {
+        if (!isStarted()) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "stopClat: already stopped");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Log.i(TAG, "Stopping clatd on " + mBaseIface);
+        try {
+            mNetd.clatdStop(mBaseIface);
+        } catch (RemoteException | ServiceSpecificException e) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Error stopping clatd on " + mBaseIface + ": " + e);
+        }
+
+        String iface = mIface;
+        boolean wasRunning = isRunning();
+
+        // Change state before updating LinkProperties. handleUpdateLinkProperties ends up calling
+        // fixupLinkProperties, and if at that time the state is still RUNNING, fixupLinkProperties
+        // would wrongly inform ConnectivityService that there is still a stacked interface.
+        leaveStartedState();
+
+        if (wasRunning) {
+            LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties(mNetwork.linkProperties);
+            lp.removeStackedLink(iface);
+            mNetwork.connService().handleUpdateLinkProperties(mNetwork, lp);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void startPrefixDiscovery() {
+        try {
+            mDnsResolver.startPrefix64Discovery(getNetId());
+        } catch (RemoteException | ServiceSpecificException e) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Error starting prefix discovery on netId " + getNetId() + ": " + e);
+        }
+        mPrefixDiscoveryRunning = true;
+    }
+
+    private void stopPrefixDiscovery() {
+        try {
+            mDnsResolver.stopPrefix64Discovery(getNetId());
+        } catch (RemoteException | ServiceSpecificException e) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Error stopping prefix discovery on netId " + getNetId() + ": " + e);
+        }
+        mPrefixDiscoveryRunning = false;
+    }
+
+    private boolean isPrefixDiscoveryNeeded() {
+        // If there is no NAT64 prefix in the RA, prefix discovery is always needed. It cannot be
+        // stopped after it succeeds, because stopping it will cause netd to report that the prefix
+        // has been removed, and that will cause us to stop clatd.
+        return requiresClat(mNetwork) && mNat64PrefixFromRa == null;
+    }
+
+    private void setPrefix64(IpPrefix prefix) {
+        final String prefixString = (prefix != null) ? prefix.toString() : "";
+        try {
+            mDnsResolver.setPrefix64(getNetId(), prefixString);
+        } catch (RemoteException | ServiceSpecificException e) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Error setting NAT64 prefix on netId " + getNetId() + " to "
+                    + prefix + ": " + e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void maybeHandleNat64PrefixChange() {
+        final IpPrefix newPrefix = selectNat64Prefix();
+        if (!Objects.equals(mNat64PrefixInUse, newPrefix)) {
+            Log.d(TAG, "NAT64 prefix changed from " + mNat64PrefixInUse + " to "
+                    + newPrefix);
+            stop();
+            // It's safe to call update here, even though this method is called from update, because
+            // stop() is guaranteed to have moved out of STARTING and RUNNING, which are the only
+            // states in which this method can be called.
+            update();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Starts/stops NAT64 prefix discovery and clatd as necessary.
+     */
+    public void update() {
+        // TODO: turn this class into a proper StateMachine. http://b/126113090
+        switch (mState) {
+            case IDLE:
+                if (isPrefixDiscoveryNeeded()) {
+                    startPrefixDiscovery();  // Enters DISCOVERING state.
+                    mState = State.DISCOVERING;
+                } else if (requiresClat(mNetwork)) {
+                    start();  // Enters STARTING state.
+                }
+                break;
+
+            case DISCOVERING:
+                if (shouldStartClat(mNetwork)) {
+                    // NAT64 prefix detected. Start clatd.
+                    start();  // Enters STARTING state.
+                    return;
+                }
+                if (!requiresClat(mNetwork)) {
+                    // IPv4 address added. Go back to IDLE state.
+                    stopPrefixDiscovery();
+                    mState = State.IDLE;
+                    return;
+                }
+                break;
+
+            case STARTING:
+            case RUNNING:
+                // NAT64 prefix removed, or IPv4 address added.
+                // Stop clatd and go back into DISCOVERING or idle.
+                if (!shouldStartClat(mNetwork)) {
+                    stop();
+                    break;
+                }
+                // Only necessary while clat is actually started.
+                maybeHandleNat64PrefixChange();
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Picks a NAT64 prefix to use. Always prefers the prefix from the RA if one is received from
+     * both RA and DNS, because the prefix in the RA has better security and updatability, and will
+     * almost always be received first anyway.
+     *
+     * Any network that supports legacy hosts will support discovering the DNS64 prefix via DNS as
+     * well. If the prefix from the RA is withdrawn, fall back to that for reliability purposes.
+     */
+    private IpPrefix selectNat64Prefix() {
+        return mNat64PrefixFromRa != null ? mNat64PrefixFromRa : mNat64PrefixFromDns;
+    }
+
+    public void setNat64PrefixFromRa(IpPrefix prefix) {
+        mNat64PrefixFromRa = prefix;
+    }
+
+    public void setNat64PrefixFromDns(IpPrefix prefix) {
+        mNat64PrefixFromDns = prefix;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Copies the stacked clat link in oldLp, if any, to the passed LinkProperties.
+     * This is necessary because the LinkProperties in mNetwork come from the transport layer, which
+     * has no idea that 464xlat is running on top of it.
+     */
+    public void fixupLinkProperties(@NonNull LinkProperties oldLp, @NonNull LinkProperties lp) {
+        // This must be done even if clatd is not running, because otherwise shouldStartClat would
+        // never return true.
+        lp.setNat64Prefix(selectNat64Prefix());
+
+        if (!isRunning()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        if (lp.getAllInterfaceNames().contains(mIface)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Log.d(TAG, "clatd running, updating NAI for " + mIface);
+        for (LinkProperties stacked: oldLp.getStackedLinks()) {
+            if (Objects.equals(mIface, stacked.getInterfaceName())) {
+                lp.addStackedLink(stacked);
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private LinkProperties makeLinkProperties(LinkAddress clatAddress) {
+        LinkProperties stacked = new LinkProperties();
+        stacked.setInterfaceName(mIface);
+
+        // Although the clat interface is a point-to-point tunnel, we don't
+        // point the route directly at the interface because some apps don't
+        // understand routes without gateways (see, e.g., http://b/9597256
+        // http://b/9597516). Instead, set the next hop of the route to the
+        // clat IPv4 address itself (for those apps, it doesn't matter what
+        // the IP of the gateway is, only that there is one).
+        RouteInfo ipv4Default = new RouteInfo(
+                new LinkAddress(NetworkStackConstants.IPV4_ADDR_ANY, 0),
+                clatAddress.getAddress(), mIface);
+        stacked.addRoute(ipv4Default);
+        stacked.addLinkAddress(clatAddress);
+        return stacked;
+    }
+
+    private LinkAddress getLinkAddress(String iface) {
+        try {
+            final InterfaceConfigurationParcel config = mNetd.interfaceGetCfg(iface);
+            return new LinkAddress(
+                    InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress(config.ipv4Addr), config.prefixLength);
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException | RemoteException | ServiceSpecificException e) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Error getting link properties: " + e);
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds stacked link on base link and transitions to RUNNING state.
+     */
+    private void handleInterfaceLinkStateChanged(String iface, boolean up) {
+        // TODO: if we call start(), then stop(), then start() again, and the
+        // interfaceLinkStateChanged notification for the first start is delayed past the first
+        // stop, then the code becomes out of sync with system state and will behave incorrectly.
+        //
+        // This is not trivial to fix because:
+        // 1. It is not guaranteed that start() will eventually result in the interface coming up,
+        //    because there could be an error starting clat (e.g., if the interface goes down before
+        //    the packet socket can be bound).
+        // 2. If start is called multiple times, there is nothing in the interfaceLinkStateChanged
+        //    notification that says which start() call the interface was created by.
+        //
+        // Once this code is converted to StateMachine, it will be possible to use deferMessage to
+        // ensure it stays in STARTING state until the interfaceLinkStateChanged notification fires,
+        // and possibly use a timeout (or provide some guarantees at the lower layer) to address #1.
+        if (!isStarting() || !up || !Objects.equals(mIface, iface)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        LinkAddress clatAddress = getLinkAddress(iface);
+        if (clatAddress == null) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "clatAddress was null for stacked iface " + iface);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Log.i(TAG, String.format("interface %s is up, adding stacked link %s on top of %s",
+                mIface, mIface, mBaseIface));
+        enterRunningState();
+        LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties(mNetwork.linkProperties);
+        lp.addStackedLink(makeLinkProperties(clatAddress));
+        mNetwork.connService().handleUpdateLinkProperties(mNetwork, lp);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes stacked link on base link and transitions to IDLE state.
+     */
+    private void handleInterfaceRemoved(String iface) {
+        if (!Objects.equals(mIface, iface)) {
+            return;
+        }
+        if (!isRunning()) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Log.i(TAG, "interface " + iface + " removed");
+        // If we're running, and the interface was removed, then we didn't call stop(), and it's
+        // likely that clatd crashed. Ensure we call stop() so we can start clatd again. Calling
+        // stop() will also update LinkProperties, and if clatd crashed, the LinkProperties update
+        // will cause ConnectivityService to call start() again.
+        stop();
+    }
+
+    public void interfaceLinkStateChanged(String iface, boolean up) {
+        mNetwork.handler().post(() -> { handleInterfaceLinkStateChanged(iface, up); });
+    }
+
+    public void interfaceRemoved(String iface) {
+        mNetwork.handler().post(() -> handleInterfaceRemoved(iface));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return "mBaseIface: " + mBaseIface + ", mIface: " + mIface + ", mState: " + mState;
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    protected int getNetId() {
+        return mNetwork.network.getNetId();
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    protected boolean isCellular464XlatEnabled() {
+        return mEnableClatOnCellular;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkAgentInfo.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkAgentInfo.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..18becd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkAgentInfo.java
@@ -0,0 +1,1215 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2014 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity;
+
+import static android.net.ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.ConnectivityReport;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.transportNamesOf;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.net.CaptivePortalData;
+import android.net.IDnsResolver;
+import android.net.INetd;
+import android.net.INetworkAgent;
+import android.net.INetworkAgentRegistry;
+import android.net.INetworkMonitor;
+import android.net.LinkProperties;
+import android.net.NattKeepalivePacketData;
+import android.net.Network;
+import android.net.NetworkAgent;
+import android.net.NetworkAgentConfig;
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
+import android.net.NetworkInfo;
+import android.net.NetworkMonitorManager;
+import android.net.NetworkRequest;
+import android.net.NetworkScore;
+import android.net.NetworkStateSnapshot;
+import android.net.QosCallbackException;
+import android.net.QosFilter;
+import android.net.QosFilterParcelable;
+import android.net.QosSession;
+import android.net.TcpKeepalivePacketData;
+import android.os.Handler;
+import android.os.IBinder;
+import android.os.RemoteException;
+import android.os.SystemClock;
+import android.telephony.data.EpsBearerQosSessionAttributes;
+import android.telephony.data.NrQosSessionAttributes;
+import android.util.Log;
+import android.util.Pair;
+import android.util.SparseArray;
+
+import com.android.internal.util.WakeupMessage;
+import com.android.server.ConnectivityService;
+
+import java.io.PrintWriter;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.SortedSet;
+import java.util.TreeSet;
+
+/**
+ * A bag class used by ConnectivityService for holding a collection of most recent
+ * information published by a particular NetworkAgent as well as the
+ * AsyncChannel/messenger for reaching that NetworkAgent and lists of NetworkRequests
+ * interested in using it.  Default sort order is descending by score.
+ */
+// States of a network:
+// --------------------
+// 1. registered, uncreated, disconnected, unvalidated
+//    This state is entered when a NetworkFactory registers a NetworkAgent in any state except
+//    the CONNECTED state.
+// 2. registered, uncreated, connecting, unvalidated
+//    This state is entered when a registered NetworkAgent for a VPN network transitions to the
+//    CONNECTING state (TODO: go through this state for every network, not just VPNs).
+//    ConnectivityService will tell netd to create the network early in order to add extra UID
+//    routing rules referencing the netID. These rules need to be in place before the network is
+//    connected to avoid racing against client apps trying to connect to a half-setup network.
+// 3. registered, uncreated, connected, unvalidated
+//    This state is entered when a registered NetworkAgent transitions to the CONNECTED state.
+//    ConnectivityService will tell netd to create the network if it was not already created, and
+//    immediately transition to state #4.
+// 4. registered, created, connected, unvalidated
+//    If this network can satisfy the default NetworkRequest, then NetworkMonitor will
+//    probe for Internet connectivity.
+//    If this network cannot satisfy the default NetworkRequest, it will immediately be
+//    transitioned to state #5.
+//    A network may remain in this state if NetworkMonitor fails to find Internet connectivity,
+//    for example:
+//    a. a captive portal is present, or
+//    b. a WiFi router whose Internet backhaul is down, or
+//    c. a wireless connection stops transfering packets temporarily (e.g. device is in elevator
+//       or tunnel) but does not disconnect from the AP/cell tower, or
+//    d. a stand-alone device offering a WiFi AP without an uplink for configuration purposes.
+// 5. registered, created, connected, validated
+//
+// The device's default network connection:
+// ----------------------------------------
+// Networks in states #4 and #5 may be used as a device's default network connection if they
+// satisfy the default NetworkRequest.
+// A network, that satisfies the default NetworkRequest, in state #5 should always be chosen
+// in favor of a network, that satisfies the default NetworkRequest, in state #4.
+// When deciding between two networks, that both satisfy the default NetworkRequest, to select
+// for the default network connection, the one with the higher score should be chosen.
+//
+// When a network disconnects:
+// ---------------------------
+// If a network's transport disappears, for example:
+// a. WiFi turned off, or
+// b. cellular data turned off, or
+// c. airplane mode is turned on, or
+// d. a wireless connection disconnects from AP/cell tower entirely (e.g. device is out of range
+//    of AP for an extended period of time, or switches to another AP without roaming)
+// then that network can transition from any state (#1-#5) to unregistered.  This happens by
+// the transport disconnecting their NetworkAgent's AsyncChannel with ConnectivityManager.
+// ConnectivityService also tells netd to destroy the network.
+//
+// When ConnectivityService disconnects a network:
+// -----------------------------------------------
+// If a network is just connected, ConnectivityService will think it will be used soon, but might
+// not be used. Thus, a 5s timer will be held to prevent the network being torn down immediately.
+// This "nascent" state is implemented by the "lingering" logic below without relating to any
+// request, and is used in some cases where network requests race with network establishment. The
+// nascent state ends when the 5-second timer fires, or as soon as the network satisfies a
+// request, whichever is earlier. In this state, the network is considered in the background.
+//
+// If a network has no chance of satisfying any requests (even if it were to become validated
+// and enter state #5), ConnectivityService will disconnect the NetworkAgent's AsyncChannel.
+//
+// If the network was satisfying a foreground NetworkRequest (i.e. had been the highest scoring that
+// satisfied the NetworkRequest's constraints), but is no longer the highest scoring network for any
+// foreground NetworkRequest, then there will be a 30s pause to allow network communication to be
+// wrapped up rather than abruptly terminated. During this pause the network is said to be
+// "lingering". During this pause if the network begins satisfying a foreground NetworkRequest,
+// ConnectivityService will cancel the future disconnection of the NetworkAgent's AsyncChannel, and
+// the network is no longer considered "lingering". After the linger timer expires, if the network
+// is satisfying one or more background NetworkRequests it is kept up in the background. If it is
+// not, ConnectivityService disconnects the NetworkAgent's AsyncChannel.
+public class NetworkAgentInfo implements Comparable<NetworkAgentInfo>, NetworkRanker.Scoreable {
+
+    @NonNull public NetworkInfo networkInfo;
+    // This Network object should always be used if possible, so as to encourage reuse of the
+    // enclosed socket factory and connection pool.  Avoid creating other Network objects.
+    // This Network object is always valid.
+    @NonNull public final Network network;
+    @NonNull public LinkProperties linkProperties;
+    // This should only be modified by ConnectivityService, via setNetworkCapabilities().
+    // TODO: make this private with a getter.
+    @NonNull public NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities;
+    @NonNull public final NetworkAgentConfig networkAgentConfig;
+
+    // Underlying networks declared by the agent. Only set if supportsUnderlyingNetworks is true.
+    // The networks in this list might be declared by a VPN app using setUnderlyingNetworks and are
+    // not guaranteed to be current or correct, or even to exist.
+    //
+    // This array is read and iterated on multiple threads with no locking so its contents must
+    // never be modified. When the list of networks changes, replace with a new array, on the
+    // handler thread.
+    public @Nullable volatile Network[] declaredUnderlyingNetworks;
+
+    // The capabilities originally announced by the NetworkAgent, regardless of any capabilities
+    // that were added or removed due to this network's underlying networks.
+    // Only set if #supportsUnderlyingNetworks is true.
+    public @Nullable NetworkCapabilities declaredCapabilities;
+
+    // Indicates if netd has been told to create this Network. From this point on the appropriate
+    // routing rules are setup and routes are added so packets can begin flowing over the Network.
+    // This is a sticky bit; once set it is never cleared.
+    public boolean created;
+    // Set to true after the first time this network is marked as CONNECTED. Once set, the network
+    // shows up in API calls, is able to satisfy NetworkRequests and can become the default network.
+    // This is a sticky bit; once set it is never cleared.
+    public boolean everConnected;
+    // Set to true if this Network successfully passed validation or if it did not satisfy the
+    // default NetworkRequest in which case validation will not be attempted.
+    // This is a sticky bit; once set it is never cleared even if future validation attempts fail.
+    public boolean everValidated;
+
+    // The result of the last validation attempt on this network (true if validated, false if not).
+    public boolean lastValidated;
+
+    // If true, becoming unvalidated will lower the network's score. This is only meaningful if the
+    // system is configured not to do this for certain networks, e.g., if the
+    // config_networkAvoidBadWifi option is set to 0 and the user has not overridden that via
+    // Settings.Global.NETWORK_AVOID_BAD_WIFI.
+    public boolean avoidUnvalidated;
+
+    // Whether a captive portal was ever detected on this network.
+    // This is a sticky bit; once set it is never cleared.
+    public boolean everCaptivePortalDetected;
+
+    // Whether a captive portal was found during the last network validation attempt.
+    public boolean lastCaptivePortalDetected;
+
+    // Set to true when partial connectivity was detected.
+    public boolean partialConnectivity;
+
+    // Delay between when the network is disconnected and when the native network is destroyed.
+    public int teardownDelayMs;
+
+    // Captive portal info of the network from RFC8908, if any.
+    // Obtained by ConnectivityService and merged into NetworkAgent-provided information.
+    public CaptivePortalData capportApiData;
+
+    // The UID of the remote entity that created this Network.
+    public final int creatorUid;
+
+    // Network agent portal info of the network, if any. This information is provided from
+    // non-RFC8908 sources, such as Wi-Fi Passpoint, which can provide information such as Venue
+    // URL, Terms & Conditions URL, and network friendly name.
+    public CaptivePortalData networkAgentPortalData;
+
+    // Networks are lingered when they become unneeded as a result of their NetworkRequests being
+    // satisfied by a higher-scoring network. so as to allow communication to wrap up before the
+    // network is taken down.  This usually only happens to the default network. Lingering ends with
+    // either the linger timeout expiring and the network being taken down, or the network
+    // satisfying a request again.
+    public static class InactivityTimer implements Comparable<InactivityTimer> {
+        public final int requestId;
+        public final long expiryMs;
+
+        public InactivityTimer(int requestId, long expiryMs) {
+            this.requestId = requestId;
+            this.expiryMs = expiryMs;
+        }
+        public boolean equals(Object o) {
+            if (!(o instanceof InactivityTimer)) return false;
+            InactivityTimer other = (InactivityTimer) o;
+            return (requestId == other.requestId) && (expiryMs == other.expiryMs);
+        }
+        public int hashCode() {
+            return Objects.hash(requestId, expiryMs);
+        }
+        public int compareTo(InactivityTimer other) {
+            return (expiryMs != other.expiryMs) ?
+                    Long.compare(expiryMs, other.expiryMs) :
+                    Integer.compare(requestId, other.requestId);
+        }
+        public String toString() {
+            return String.format("%s, expires %dms", requestId,
+                    expiryMs - SystemClock.elapsedRealtime());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Inform ConnectivityService that the network LINGER period has
+     * expired.
+     * obj = this NetworkAgentInfo
+     */
+    public static final int EVENT_NETWORK_LINGER_COMPLETE = 1001;
+
+    /**
+     * Inform ConnectivityService that the agent is half-connected.
+     * arg1 = ARG_AGENT_SUCCESS or ARG_AGENT_FAILURE
+     * obj = NetworkAgentInfo
+     * @hide
+     */
+    public static final int EVENT_AGENT_REGISTERED = 1002;
+
+    /**
+     * Inform ConnectivityService that the agent was disconnected.
+     * obj = NetworkAgentInfo
+     * @hide
+     */
+    public static final int EVENT_AGENT_DISCONNECTED = 1003;
+
+    /**
+     * Argument for EVENT_AGENT_HALF_CONNECTED indicating failure.
+     */
+    public static final int ARG_AGENT_FAILURE = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * Argument for EVENT_AGENT_HALF_CONNECTED indicating success.
+     */
+    public static final int ARG_AGENT_SUCCESS = 1;
+
+    // How long this network should linger for.
+    private int mLingerDurationMs;
+
+    // All inactivity timers for this network, sorted by expiry time. A timer is added whenever
+    // a request is moved to a network with a better score, regardless of whether the network is or
+    // was lingering or not. An inactivity timer is also added when a network connects
+    // without immediately satisfying any requests.
+    // TODO: determine if we can replace this with a smaller or unsorted data structure. (e.g.,
+    // SparseLongArray) combined with the timestamp of when the last timer is scheduled to fire.
+    private final SortedSet<InactivityTimer> mInactivityTimers = new TreeSet<>();
+
+    // For fast lookups. Indexes into mInactivityTimers by request ID.
+    private final SparseArray<InactivityTimer> mInactivityTimerForRequest = new SparseArray<>();
+
+    // Inactivity expiry timer. Armed whenever mInactivityTimers is non-empty, regardless of
+    // whether the network is inactive or not. Always set to the expiry of the mInactivityTimers
+    // that expires last. When the timer fires, all inactivity state is cleared, and if the network
+    // has no requests, it is torn down.
+    private WakeupMessage mInactivityMessage;
+
+    // Inactivity expiry. Holds the expiry time of the inactivity timer, or 0 if the timer is not
+    // armed.
+    private long mInactivityExpiryMs;
+
+    // Whether the network is inactive or not. Must be maintained separately from the above because
+    // it depends on the state of other networks and requests, which only ConnectivityService knows.
+    // (Example: we don't linger a network if it would become the best for a NetworkRequest if it
+    // validated).
+    private boolean mInactive;
+
+    // This represents the quality of the network. As opposed to NetworkScore, FullScore includes
+    // the ConnectivityService-managed bits.
+    private FullScore mScore;
+
+    // The list of NetworkRequests being satisfied by this Network.
+    private final SparseArray<NetworkRequest> mNetworkRequests = new SparseArray<>();
+
+    // How many of the satisfied requests are actual requests and not listens.
+    private int mNumRequestNetworkRequests = 0;
+
+    // How many of the satisfied requests are of type BACKGROUND_REQUEST.
+    private int mNumBackgroundNetworkRequests = 0;
+
+    // The last ConnectivityReport made available for this network. This value is only null before a
+    // report is generated. Once non-null, it will never be null again.
+    @Nullable private ConnectivityReport mConnectivityReport;
+
+    public final INetworkAgent networkAgent;
+    // Only accessed from ConnectivityService handler thread
+    private final AgentDeathMonitor mDeathMonitor = new AgentDeathMonitor();
+
+    public final int factorySerialNumber;
+
+    // Used by ConnectivityService to keep track of 464xlat.
+    public final Nat464Xlat clatd;
+
+    // Set after asynchronous creation of the NetworkMonitor.
+    private volatile NetworkMonitorManager mNetworkMonitor;
+
+    private static final String TAG = ConnectivityService.class.getSimpleName();
+    private static final boolean VDBG = false;
+    private final ConnectivityService mConnService;
+    private final Context mContext;
+    private final Handler mHandler;
+    private final QosCallbackTracker mQosCallbackTracker;
+
+    public NetworkAgentInfo(INetworkAgent na, Network net, NetworkInfo info,
+            @NonNull LinkProperties lp, @NonNull NetworkCapabilities nc,
+            @NonNull NetworkScore score, Context context,
+            Handler handler, NetworkAgentConfig config, ConnectivityService connService, INetd netd,
+            IDnsResolver dnsResolver, int factorySerialNumber, int creatorUid,
+            int lingerDurationMs, QosCallbackTracker qosCallbackTracker,
+            ConnectivityService.Dependencies deps) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(net);
+        Objects.requireNonNull(info);
+        Objects.requireNonNull(lp);
+        Objects.requireNonNull(nc);
+        Objects.requireNonNull(context);
+        Objects.requireNonNull(config);
+        Objects.requireNonNull(qosCallbackTracker);
+        networkAgent = na;
+        network = net;
+        networkInfo = info;
+        linkProperties = lp;
+        networkCapabilities = nc;
+        networkAgentConfig = config;
+        mConnService = connService;
+        setScore(score); // uses members connService, networkCapabilities and networkAgentConfig
+        clatd = new Nat464Xlat(this, netd, dnsResolver, deps);
+        mContext = context;
+        mHandler = handler;
+        this.factorySerialNumber = factorySerialNumber;
+        this.creatorUid = creatorUid;
+        mLingerDurationMs = lingerDurationMs;
+        mQosCallbackTracker = qosCallbackTracker;
+    }
+
+    private class AgentDeathMonitor implements IBinder.DeathRecipient {
+        @Override
+        public void binderDied() {
+            notifyDisconnected();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Notify the NetworkAgent that it was registered, and should be unregistered if it dies.
+     *
+     * Must be called from the ConnectivityService handler thread. A NetworkAgent can only be
+     * registered once.
+     */
+    public void notifyRegistered() {
+        try {
+            networkAgent.asBinder().linkToDeath(mDeathMonitor, 0);
+            networkAgent.onRegistered(new NetworkAgentMessageHandler(mHandler));
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Error registering NetworkAgent", e);
+            maybeUnlinkDeathMonitor();
+            mHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_AGENT_REGISTERED, ARG_AGENT_FAILURE, 0, this)
+                    .sendToTarget();
+            return;
+        }
+
+        mHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_AGENT_REGISTERED, ARG_AGENT_SUCCESS, 0, this).sendToTarget();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Disconnect the NetworkAgent. Must be called from the ConnectivityService handler thread.
+     */
+    public void disconnect() {
+        try {
+            networkAgent.onDisconnected();
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            Log.i(TAG, "Error disconnecting NetworkAgent", e);
+            // Fall through: it's fine if the remote has died
+        }
+
+        notifyDisconnected();
+        maybeUnlinkDeathMonitor();
+    }
+
+    private void maybeUnlinkDeathMonitor() {
+        try {
+            networkAgent.asBinder().unlinkToDeath(mDeathMonitor, 0);
+        } catch (NoSuchElementException e) {
+            // Was not linked: ignore
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void notifyDisconnected() {
+        // Note this may be called multiple times if ConnectivityService disconnects while the
+        // NetworkAgent also dies. ConnectivityService ignores disconnects of already disconnected
+        // agents.
+        mHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_AGENT_DISCONNECTED, this).sendToTarget();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Notify the NetworkAgent that bandwidth update was requested.
+     */
+    public void onBandwidthUpdateRequested() {
+        try {
+            networkAgent.onBandwidthUpdateRequested();
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Error sending bandwidth update request event", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Notify the NetworkAgent that validation status has changed.
+     */
+    public void onValidationStatusChanged(int validationStatus, @Nullable String captivePortalUrl) {
+        try {
+            networkAgent.onValidationStatusChanged(validationStatus, captivePortalUrl);
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Error sending validation status change event", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Notify the NetworkAgent that the acceptUnvalidated setting should be saved.
+     */
+    public void onSaveAcceptUnvalidated(boolean acceptUnvalidated) {
+        try {
+            networkAgent.onSaveAcceptUnvalidated(acceptUnvalidated);
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Error sending accept unvalidated event", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Notify the NetworkAgent that NATT socket keepalive should be started.
+     */
+    public void onStartNattSocketKeepalive(int slot, int intervalDurationMs,
+            @NonNull NattKeepalivePacketData packetData) {
+        try {
+            networkAgent.onStartNattSocketKeepalive(slot, intervalDurationMs, packetData);
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Error sending NATT socket keepalive start event", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Notify the NetworkAgent that TCP socket keepalive should be started.
+     */
+    public void onStartTcpSocketKeepalive(int slot, int intervalDurationMs,
+            @NonNull TcpKeepalivePacketData packetData) {
+        try {
+            networkAgent.onStartTcpSocketKeepalive(slot, intervalDurationMs, packetData);
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Error sending TCP socket keepalive start event", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Notify the NetworkAgent that socket keepalive should be stopped.
+     */
+    public void onStopSocketKeepalive(int slot) {
+        try {
+            networkAgent.onStopSocketKeepalive(slot);
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Error sending TCP socket keepalive stop event", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Notify the NetworkAgent that signal strength thresholds should be updated.
+     */
+    public void onSignalStrengthThresholdsUpdated(@NonNull int[] thresholds) {
+        try {
+            networkAgent.onSignalStrengthThresholdsUpdated(thresholds);
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Error sending signal strength thresholds event", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Notify the NetworkAgent that automatic reconnect should be prevented.
+     */
+    public void onPreventAutomaticReconnect() {
+        try {
+            networkAgent.onPreventAutomaticReconnect();
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Error sending prevent automatic reconnect event", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Notify the NetworkAgent that a NATT keepalive packet filter should be added.
+     */
+    public void onAddNattKeepalivePacketFilter(int slot,
+            @NonNull NattKeepalivePacketData packetData) {
+        try {
+            networkAgent.onAddNattKeepalivePacketFilter(slot, packetData);
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Error sending add NATT keepalive packet filter event", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Notify the NetworkAgent that a TCP keepalive packet filter should be added.
+     */
+    public void onAddTcpKeepalivePacketFilter(int slot,
+            @NonNull TcpKeepalivePacketData packetData) {
+        try {
+            networkAgent.onAddTcpKeepalivePacketFilter(slot, packetData);
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Error sending add TCP keepalive packet filter event", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Notify the NetworkAgent that a keepalive packet filter should be removed.
+     */
+    public void onRemoveKeepalivePacketFilter(int slot) {
+        try {
+            networkAgent.onRemoveKeepalivePacketFilter(slot);
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Error sending remove keepalive packet filter event", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Notify the NetworkAgent that the qos filter should be registered against the given qos
+     * callback id.
+     */
+    public void onQosFilterCallbackRegistered(final int qosCallbackId,
+            final QosFilter qosFilter) {
+        try {
+            networkAgent.onQosFilterCallbackRegistered(qosCallbackId,
+                    new QosFilterParcelable(qosFilter));
+        } catch (final RemoteException e) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Error registering a qos callback id against a qos filter", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Notify the NetworkAgent that the given qos callback id should be unregistered.
+     */
+    public void onQosCallbackUnregistered(final int qosCallbackId) {
+        try {
+            networkAgent.onQosCallbackUnregistered(qosCallbackId);
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Error unregistering a qos callback id", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Notify the NetworkAgent that the network is successfully connected.
+     */
+    public void onNetworkCreated() {
+        try {
+            networkAgent.onNetworkCreated();
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Error sending network created event", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Notify the NetworkAgent that the native network has been destroyed.
+     */
+    public void onNetworkDestroyed() {
+        try {
+            networkAgent.onNetworkDestroyed();
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Error sending network destroyed event", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // TODO: consider moving out of NetworkAgentInfo into its own class
+    private class NetworkAgentMessageHandler extends INetworkAgentRegistry.Stub {
+        private final Handler mHandler;
+
+        private NetworkAgentMessageHandler(Handler handler) {
+            mHandler = handler;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void sendNetworkCapabilities(@NonNull NetworkCapabilities nc) {
+            Objects.requireNonNull(nc);
+            mHandler.obtainMessage(NetworkAgent.EVENT_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES_CHANGED,
+                    new Pair<>(NetworkAgentInfo.this, nc)).sendToTarget();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void sendLinkProperties(@NonNull LinkProperties lp) {
+            Objects.requireNonNull(lp);
+            mHandler.obtainMessage(NetworkAgent.EVENT_NETWORK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED,
+                    new Pair<>(NetworkAgentInfo.this, lp)).sendToTarget();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void sendNetworkInfo(@NonNull NetworkInfo info) {
+            Objects.requireNonNull(info);
+            mHandler.obtainMessage(NetworkAgent.EVENT_NETWORK_INFO_CHANGED,
+                    new Pair<>(NetworkAgentInfo.this, info)).sendToTarget();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void sendScore(@NonNull final NetworkScore score) {
+            mHandler.obtainMessage(NetworkAgent.EVENT_NETWORK_SCORE_CHANGED,
+                    new Pair<>(NetworkAgentInfo.this, score)).sendToTarget();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void sendExplicitlySelected(boolean explicitlySelected, boolean acceptPartial) {
+            mHandler.obtainMessage(NetworkAgent.EVENT_SET_EXPLICITLY_SELECTED,
+                    explicitlySelected ? 1 : 0, acceptPartial ? 1 : 0,
+                    new Pair<>(NetworkAgentInfo.this, null)).sendToTarget();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void sendSocketKeepaliveEvent(int slot, int reason) {
+            mHandler.obtainMessage(NetworkAgent.EVENT_SOCKET_KEEPALIVE,
+                    slot, reason, new Pair<>(NetworkAgentInfo.this, null)).sendToTarget();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void sendUnderlyingNetworks(@Nullable List<Network> networks) {
+            mHandler.obtainMessage(NetworkAgent.EVENT_UNDERLYING_NETWORKS_CHANGED,
+                    new Pair<>(NetworkAgentInfo.this, networks)).sendToTarget();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void sendEpsQosSessionAvailable(final int qosCallbackId, final QosSession session,
+                final EpsBearerQosSessionAttributes attributes) {
+            mQosCallbackTracker.sendEventEpsQosSessionAvailable(qosCallbackId, session, attributes);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void sendNrQosSessionAvailable(final int qosCallbackId, final QosSession session,
+                final NrQosSessionAttributes attributes) {
+            mQosCallbackTracker.sendEventNrQosSessionAvailable(qosCallbackId, session, attributes);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void sendQosSessionLost(final int qosCallbackId, final QosSession session) {
+            mQosCallbackTracker.sendEventQosSessionLost(qosCallbackId, session);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void sendQosCallbackError(final int qosCallbackId,
+                @QosCallbackException.ExceptionType final int exceptionType) {
+            mQosCallbackTracker.sendEventQosCallbackError(qosCallbackId, exceptionType);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void sendTeardownDelayMs(int teardownDelayMs) {
+            mHandler.obtainMessage(NetworkAgent.EVENT_TEARDOWN_DELAY_CHANGED,
+                    teardownDelayMs, 0, new Pair<>(NetworkAgentInfo.this, null)).sendToTarget();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void sendLingerDuration(final int durationMs) {
+            mHandler.obtainMessage(NetworkAgent.EVENT_LINGER_DURATION_CHANGED,
+                    new Pair<>(NetworkAgentInfo.this, durationMs)).sendToTarget();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Inform NetworkAgentInfo that a new NetworkMonitor was created.
+     */
+    public void onNetworkMonitorCreated(INetworkMonitor networkMonitor) {
+        mNetworkMonitor = new NetworkMonitorManager(networkMonitor);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the NetworkCapabilities on this NetworkAgentInfo. Also attempts to notify NetworkMonitor
+     * of the new capabilities, if NetworkMonitor has been created.
+     *
+     * <p>If {@link NetworkMonitor#notifyNetworkCapabilitiesChanged(NetworkCapabilities)} fails,
+     * the exception is logged but not reported to callers.
+     *
+     * @return the old capabilities of this network.
+     */
+    @NonNull public synchronized NetworkCapabilities getAndSetNetworkCapabilities(
+            @NonNull final NetworkCapabilities nc) {
+        final NetworkCapabilities oldNc = networkCapabilities;
+        networkCapabilities = nc;
+        mScore = mScore.mixInScore(networkCapabilities, networkAgentConfig, everValidatedForYield(),
+                yieldToBadWiFi());
+        final NetworkMonitorManager nm = mNetworkMonitor;
+        if (nm != null) {
+            nm.notifyNetworkCapabilitiesChanged(nc);
+        }
+        return oldNc;
+    }
+
+    private boolean yieldToBadWiFi() {
+        // Only cellular networks yield to bad wifi
+        return networkCapabilities.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR) && !mConnService.avoidBadWifi();
+    }
+
+    public ConnectivityService connService() {
+        return mConnService;
+    }
+
+    public NetworkAgentConfig netAgentConfig() {
+        return networkAgentConfig;
+    }
+
+    public Handler handler() {
+        return mHandler;
+    }
+
+    public Network network() {
+        return network;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the NetworkMonitorManager in this NetworkAgentInfo.
+     *
+     * <p>This will be null before {@link #onNetworkMonitorCreated(INetworkMonitor)} is called.
+     */
+    public NetworkMonitorManager networkMonitor() {
+        return mNetworkMonitor;
+    }
+
+    // Functions for manipulating the requests satisfied by this network.
+    //
+    // These functions must only called on ConnectivityService's main thread.
+
+    private static final boolean ADD = true;
+    private static final boolean REMOVE = false;
+
+    private void updateRequestCounts(boolean add, NetworkRequest request) {
+        int delta = add ? +1 : -1;
+        switch (request.type) {
+            case REQUEST:
+                mNumRequestNetworkRequests += delta;
+                break;
+
+            case BACKGROUND_REQUEST:
+                mNumRequestNetworkRequests += delta;
+                mNumBackgroundNetworkRequests += delta;
+                break;
+
+            case LISTEN:
+            case LISTEN_FOR_BEST:
+            case TRACK_DEFAULT:
+            case TRACK_SYSTEM_DEFAULT:
+                break;
+
+            case NONE:
+            default:
+                Log.wtf(TAG, "Unhandled request type " + request.type);
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add {@code networkRequest} to this network as it's satisfied by this network.
+     * @return true if {@code networkRequest} was added or false if {@code networkRequest} was
+     *         already present.
+     */
+    public boolean addRequest(NetworkRequest networkRequest) {
+        NetworkRequest existing = mNetworkRequests.get(networkRequest.requestId);
+        if (existing == networkRequest) return false;
+        if (existing != null) {
+            // Should only happen if the requestId wraps. If that happens lots of other things will
+            // be broken as well.
+            Log.wtf(TAG, String.format("Duplicate requestId for %s and %s on %s",
+                    networkRequest, existing, toShortString()));
+            updateRequestCounts(REMOVE, existing);
+        }
+        mNetworkRequests.put(networkRequest.requestId, networkRequest);
+        updateRequestCounts(ADD, networkRequest);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Remove the specified request from this network.
+     */
+    public void removeRequest(int requestId) {
+        NetworkRequest existing = mNetworkRequests.get(requestId);
+        if (existing == null) return;
+        updateRequestCounts(REMOVE, existing);
+        mNetworkRequests.remove(requestId);
+        if (existing.isRequest()) {
+            unlingerRequest(existing.requestId);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns whether this network is currently satisfying the request with the specified ID.
+     */
+    public boolean isSatisfyingRequest(int id) {
+        return mNetworkRequests.get(id) != null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the request at the specified position in the list of requests satisfied by this
+     * network.
+     */
+    public NetworkRequest requestAt(int index) {
+        return mNetworkRequests.valueAt(index);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of requests currently satisfied by this network for which
+     * {@link android.net.NetworkRequest#isRequest} returns {@code true}.
+     */
+    public int numRequestNetworkRequests() {
+        return mNumRequestNetworkRequests;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of requests currently satisfied by this network of type
+     * {@link android.net.NetworkRequest.Type.BACKGROUND_REQUEST}.
+     */
+    public int numBackgroundNetworkRequests() {
+        return mNumBackgroundNetworkRequests;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of foreground requests currently satisfied by this network.
+     */
+    public int numForegroundNetworkRequests() {
+        return mNumRequestNetworkRequests - mNumBackgroundNetworkRequests;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of requests of any type currently satisfied by this network.
+     */
+    public int numNetworkRequests() {
+        return mNetworkRequests.size();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns whether the network is a background network. A network is a background network if it
+     * does not have the NET_CAPABILITY_FOREGROUND capability, which implies it is satisfying no
+     * foreground request, is not lingering (i.e. kept for a while after being outscored), and is
+     * not a speculative network (i.e. kept pending validation when validation would have it
+     * outscore another foreground network). That implies it is being kept up by some background
+     * request (otherwise it would be torn down), maybe the mobile always-on request.
+     */
+    public boolean isBackgroundNetwork() {
+        return !isVPN() && numForegroundNetworkRequests() == 0 && mNumBackgroundNetworkRequests > 0
+                && !isLingering();
+    }
+
+    // Does this network satisfy request?
+    public boolean satisfies(NetworkRequest request) {
+        return created &&
+                request.networkCapabilities.satisfiedByNetworkCapabilities(networkCapabilities);
+    }
+
+    public boolean satisfiesImmutableCapabilitiesOf(NetworkRequest request) {
+        return created &&
+                request.networkCapabilities.satisfiedByImmutableNetworkCapabilities(
+                        networkCapabilities);
+    }
+
+    /** Whether this network is a VPN. */
+    public boolean isVPN() {
+        return networkCapabilities.hasTransport(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_VPN);
+    }
+
+    /** Whether this network might have underlying networks. Currently only true for VPNs. */
+    public boolean supportsUnderlyingNetworks() {
+        return isVPN();
+    }
+
+    // Caller must not mutate. This method is called frequently and making a defensive copy
+    // would be too expensive. This is used by NetworkRanker.Scoreable, so it can be compared
+    // against other scoreables.
+    @Override public NetworkCapabilities getCapsNoCopy() {
+        return networkCapabilities;
+    }
+
+    // NetworkRanker.Scoreable
+    @Override public FullScore getScore() {
+        return mScore;
+    }
+
+    // Get the current score for this Network.  This may be modified from what the
+    // NetworkAgent sent, as it has modifiers applied to it.
+    public int getCurrentScore() {
+        return mScore.getLegacyInt();
+    }
+
+    // Get the current score for this Network as if it was validated.  This may be modified from
+    // what the NetworkAgent sent, as it has modifiers applied to it.
+    public int getCurrentScoreAsValidated() {
+        return mScore.getLegacyIntAsValidated();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Mix-in the ConnectivityService-managed bits in the score.
+     */
+    public void setScore(final NetworkScore score) {
+        mScore = FullScore.fromNetworkScore(score, networkCapabilities, networkAgentConfig,
+                everValidatedForYield(), yieldToBadWiFi());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Update the ConnectivityService-managed bits in the score.
+     *
+     * Call this after updating the network agent config.
+     */
+    public void updateScoreForNetworkAgentUpdate() {
+        mScore = mScore.mixInScore(networkCapabilities, networkAgentConfig,
+                everValidatedForYield(), yieldToBadWiFi());
+    }
+
+    private boolean everValidatedForYield() {
+        return everValidated && !avoidUnvalidated;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a Scoreable identical to this NAI, but validated.
+     *
+     * This is useful to probe what scoring would be if this network validated, to know
+     * whether to provisionally keep a network that may or may not validate.
+     *
+     * @return a Scoreable identical to this NAI, but validated.
+     */
+    public NetworkRanker.Scoreable getValidatedScoreable() {
+        return new NetworkRanker.Scoreable() {
+            @Override public FullScore getScore() {
+                return mScore.asValidated();
+            }
+
+            @Override public NetworkCapabilities getCapsNoCopy() {
+                return networkCapabilities;
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return a {@link NetworkStateSnapshot} for this network.
+     */
+    @NonNull
+    public NetworkStateSnapshot getNetworkStateSnapshot() {
+        synchronized (this) {
+            // Network objects are outwardly immutable so there is no point in duplicating.
+            // Duplicating also precludes sharing socket factories and connection pools.
+            final String subscriberId = (networkAgentConfig != null)
+                    ? networkAgentConfig.subscriberId : null;
+            return new NetworkStateSnapshot(network, new NetworkCapabilities(networkCapabilities),
+                    new LinkProperties(linkProperties), subscriberId, networkInfo.getType());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the specified requestId to linger on this network for the specified time. Called by
+     * ConnectivityService when any request is moved to another network with a higher score, or
+     * when a network is newly created.
+     *
+     * @param requestId The requestId of the request that no longer need to be served by this
+     *                  network. Or {@link NetworkRequest.REQUEST_ID_NONE} if this is the
+     *                  {@code InactivityTimer} for a newly created network.
+     */
+    // TODO: Consider creating a dedicated function for nascent network, e.g. start/stopNascent.
+    public void lingerRequest(int requestId, long now, long duration) {
+        if (mInactivityTimerForRequest.get(requestId) != null) {
+            // Cannot happen. Once a request is lingering on a particular network, we cannot
+            // re-linger it unless that network becomes the best for that request again, in which
+            // case we should have unlingered it.
+            Log.wtf(TAG, toShortString() + ": request " + requestId + " already lingered");
+        }
+        final long expiryMs = now + duration;
+        InactivityTimer timer = new InactivityTimer(requestId, expiryMs);
+        if (VDBG) Log.d(TAG, "Adding InactivityTimer " + timer + " to " + toShortString());
+        mInactivityTimers.add(timer);
+        mInactivityTimerForRequest.put(requestId, timer);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the specified requestId to linger on this network for the timeout set when
+     * initializing or modified by {@link #setLingerDuration(int)}. Called by
+     * ConnectivityService when any request is moved to another network with a higher score.
+     *
+     * @param requestId The requestId of the request that no longer need to be served by this
+     *                  network.
+     * @param now current system timestamp obtained by {@code SystemClock.elapsedRealtime}.
+     */
+    public void lingerRequest(int requestId, long now) {
+        lingerRequest(requestId, now, mLingerDurationMs);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Cancel lingering. Called by ConnectivityService when a request is added to this network.
+     * Returns true if the given requestId was lingering on this network, false otherwise.
+     */
+    public boolean unlingerRequest(int requestId) {
+        InactivityTimer timer = mInactivityTimerForRequest.get(requestId);
+        if (timer != null) {
+            if (VDBG) {
+                Log.d(TAG, "Removing InactivityTimer " + timer + " from " + toShortString());
+            }
+            mInactivityTimers.remove(timer);
+            mInactivityTimerForRequest.remove(requestId);
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    public long getInactivityExpiry() {
+        return mInactivityExpiryMs;
+    }
+
+    public void updateInactivityTimer() {
+        long newExpiry = mInactivityTimers.isEmpty() ? 0 : mInactivityTimers.last().expiryMs;
+        if (newExpiry == mInactivityExpiryMs) return;
+
+        // Even if we're going to reschedule the timer, cancel it first. This is because the
+        // semantics of WakeupMessage guarantee that if cancel is called then the alarm will
+        // never call its callback (handleLingerComplete), even if it has already fired.
+        // WakeupMessage makes no such guarantees about rescheduling a message, so if mLingerMessage
+        // has already been dispatched, rescheduling to some time in the future won't stop it
+        // from calling its callback immediately.
+        if (mInactivityMessage != null) {
+            mInactivityMessage.cancel();
+            mInactivityMessage = null;
+        }
+
+        if (newExpiry > 0) {
+            // If the newExpiry timestamp is in the past, the wakeup message will fire immediately.
+            mInactivityMessage = new WakeupMessage(
+                    mContext, mHandler,
+                    "NETWORK_LINGER_COMPLETE." + network.getNetId() /* cmdName */,
+                    EVENT_NETWORK_LINGER_COMPLETE /* cmd */,
+                    0 /* arg1 (unused) */, 0 /* arg2 (unused) */,
+                    this /* obj (NetworkAgentInfo) */);
+            mInactivityMessage.schedule(newExpiry);
+        }
+
+        mInactivityExpiryMs = newExpiry;
+    }
+
+    public void setInactive() {
+        mInactive = true;
+    }
+
+    public void unsetInactive() {
+        mInactive = false;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isInactive() {
+        return mInactive;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isLingering() {
+        return mInactive && !isNascent();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the linger duration for this NAI.
+     * @param durationMs The new linger duration, in milliseconds.
+     */
+    public void setLingerDuration(final int durationMs) {
+        final long diff = durationMs - mLingerDurationMs;
+        final ArrayList<InactivityTimer> newTimers = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (final InactivityTimer timer : mInactivityTimers) {
+            if (timer.requestId == NetworkRequest.REQUEST_ID_NONE) {
+                // Don't touch nascent timer, re-add as is.
+                newTimers.add(timer);
+            } else {
+                newTimers.add(new InactivityTimer(timer.requestId, timer.expiryMs + diff));
+            }
+        }
+        mInactivityTimers.clear();
+        mInactivityTimers.addAll(newTimers);
+        updateInactivityTimer();
+        mLingerDurationMs = durationMs;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return whether the network satisfies no request, but is still being kept up
+     * because it has just connected less than
+     * {@code ConnectivityService#DEFAULT_NASCENT_DELAY_MS}ms ago and is thus still considered
+     * nascent. Note that nascent mechanism uses inactivity timer which isn't
+     * associated with a request. Thus, use {@link NetworkRequest#REQUEST_ID_NONE} to identify it.
+     *
+     */
+    public boolean isNascent() {
+        return mInactive && mInactivityTimers.size() == 1
+                && mInactivityTimers.first().requestId == NetworkRequest.REQUEST_ID_NONE;
+    }
+
+    public void clearInactivityState() {
+        if (mInactivityMessage != null) {
+            mInactivityMessage.cancel();
+            mInactivityMessage = null;
+        }
+        mInactivityTimers.clear();
+        mInactivityTimerForRequest.clear();
+        // Sets mInactivityExpiryMs, cancels and nulls out mInactivityMessage.
+        updateInactivityTimer();
+        mInactive = false;
+    }
+
+    public void dumpInactivityTimers(PrintWriter pw) {
+        for (InactivityTimer timer : mInactivityTimers) {
+            pw.println(timer);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the most recent ConnectivityReport for this network.
+     *
+     * <p>This should only be called from the ConnectivityService thread.
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    public void setConnectivityReport(@NonNull ConnectivityReport connectivityReport) {
+        mConnectivityReport = connectivityReport;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the most recent ConnectivityReport for this network, or null if none have been
+     * reported yet.
+     *
+     * <p>This should only be called from the ConnectivityService thread.
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    @Nullable
+    public ConnectivityReport getConnectivityReport() {
+        return mConnectivityReport;
+    }
+
+    // TODO: Print shorter members first and only print the boolean variable which value is true
+    // to improve readability.
+    public String toString() {
+        return "NetworkAgentInfo{"
+                + "network{" + network + "}  handle{" + network.getNetworkHandle() + "}  ni{"
+                + networkInfo.toShortString() + "} "
+                + mScore + " "
+                + (isNascent() ? " nascent" : (isLingering() ? " lingering" : ""))
+                + (everValidated ? " everValidated" : "")
+                + (lastValidated ? " lastValidated" : "")
+                + (partialConnectivity ? " partialConnectivity" : "")
+                + (everCaptivePortalDetected ? " everCaptivePortal" : "")
+                + (lastCaptivePortalDetected ? " isCaptivePortal" : "")
+                + (networkAgentConfig.explicitlySelected ? " explicitlySelected" : "")
+                + (networkAgentConfig.acceptUnvalidated ? " acceptUnvalidated" : "")
+                + (networkAgentConfig.acceptPartialConnectivity ? " acceptPartialConnectivity" : "")
+                + (clatd.isStarted() ? " clat{" + clatd + "} " : "")
+                + (declaredUnderlyingNetworks != null
+                        ? " underlying{" + Arrays.toString(declaredUnderlyingNetworks) + "}" : "")
+                + "  lp{" + linkProperties + "}"
+                + "  nc{" + networkCapabilities + "}"
+                + "}";
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Show a short string representing a Network.
+     *
+     * This is often not enough for debugging purposes for anything complex, but the full form
+     * is very long and hard to read, so this is useful when there isn't a lot of ambiguity.
+     * This represents the network with something like "[100 WIFI|VPN]" or "[108 MOBILE]".
+     */
+    public String toShortString() {
+        return "[" + network.getNetId() + " "
+                + transportNamesOf(networkCapabilities.getTransportTypes()) + "]";
+    }
+
+    // Enables sorting in descending order of score.
+    @Override
+    public int compareTo(NetworkAgentInfo other) {
+        return other.getCurrentScore() - getCurrentScore();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Null-guarding version of NetworkAgentInfo#toShortString()
+     */
+    @NonNull
+    public static String toShortString(@Nullable final NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
+        return null != nai ? nai.toShortString() : "[null]";
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkDiagnostics.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkDiagnostics.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2e51be3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkDiagnostics.java
@@ -0,0 +1,757 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2015 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity;
+
+import static android.system.OsConstants.*;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.net.InetAddresses;
+import android.net.LinkAddress;
+import android.net.LinkProperties;
+import android.net.Network;
+import android.net.RouteInfo;
+import android.net.TrafficStats;
+import android.net.shared.PrivateDnsConfig;
+import android.net.util.NetworkConstants;
+import android.os.SystemClock;
+import android.system.ErrnoException;
+import android.system.Os;
+import android.system.StructTimeval;
+import android.text.TextUtils;
+import android.util.Pair;
+
+import com.android.internal.util.IndentingPrintWriter;
+import com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants;
+
+import libcore.io.IoUtils;
+
+import java.io.Closeable;
+import java.io.DataInputStream;
+import java.io.DataOutputStream;
+import java.io.FileDescriptor;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InterruptedIOException;
+import java.net.Inet4Address;
+import java.net.Inet6Address;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.net.NetworkInterface;
+import java.net.SocketAddress;
+import java.net.SocketException;
+import java.net.UnknownHostException;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Random;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import javax.net.ssl.SNIHostName;
+import javax.net.ssl.SNIServerName;
+import javax.net.ssl.SSLParameters;
+import javax.net.ssl.SSLSocket;
+import javax.net.ssl.SSLSocketFactory;
+
+/**
+ * NetworkDiagnostics
+ *
+ * A simple class to diagnose network connectivity fundamentals.  Current
+ * checks performed are:
+ *     - ICMPv4/v6 echo requests for all routers
+ *     - ICMPv4/v6 echo requests for all DNS servers
+ *     - DNS UDP queries to all DNS servers
+ *
+ * Currently unimplemented checks include:
+ *     - report ARP/ND data about on-link neighbors
+ *     - DNS TCP queries to all DNS servers
+ *     - HTTP DIRECT and PROXY checks
+ *     - port 443 blocking/TLS intercept checks
+ *     - QUIC reachability checks
+ *     - MTU checks
+ *
+ * The supplied timeout bounds the entire diagnostic process.  Each specific
+ * check class must implement this upper bound on measurements in whichever
+ * manner is most appropriate and effective.
+ *
+ * @hide
+ */
+public class NetworkDiagnostics {
+    private static final String TAG = "NetworkDiagnostics";
+
+    private static final InetAddress TEST_DNS4 = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("8.8.8.8");
+    private static final InetAddress TEST_DNS6 = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress(
+            "2001:4860:4860::8888");
+
+    // For brevity elsewhere.
+    private static final long now() {
+        return SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
+    }
+
+    // Values from RFC 1035 section 4.1.1, names from <arpa/nameser.h>.
+    // Should be a member of DnsUdpCheck, but "compiler says no".
+    public static enum DnsResponseCode { NOERROR, FORMERR, SERVFAIL, NXDOMAIN, NOTIMP, REFUSED };
+
+    private final Network mNetwork;
+    private final LinkProperties mLinkProperties;
+    private final PrivateDnsConfig mPrivateDnsCfg;
+    private final Integer mInterfaceIndex;
+
+    private final long mTimeoutMs;
+    private final long mStartTime;
+    private final long mDeadlineTime;
+
+    // A counter, initialized to the total number of measurements,
+    // so callers can wait for completion.
+    private final CountDownLatch mCountDownLatch;
+
+    public class Measurement {
+        private static final String SUCCEEDED = "SUCCEEDED";
+        private static final String FAILED = "FAILED";
+
+        private boolean succeeded;
+
+        // Package private.  TODO: investigate better encapsulation.
+        String description = "";
+        long startTime;
+        long finishTime;
+        String result = "";
+        Thread thread;
+
+        public boolean checkSucceeded() { return succeeded; }
+
+        void recordSuccess(String msg) {
+            maybeFixupTimes();
+            succeeded = true;
+            result = SUCCEEDED + ": " + msg;
+            if (mCountDownLatch != null) {
+                mCountDownLatch.countDown();
+            }
+        }
+
+        void recordFailure(String msg) {
+            maybeFixupTimes();
+            succeeded = false;
+            result = FAILED + ": " + msg;
+            if (mCountDownLatch != null) {
+                mCountDownLatch.countDown();
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void maybeFixupTimes() {
+            // Allows the caller to just set success/failure and not worry
+            // about also setting the correct finishing time.
+            if (finishTime == 0) { finishTime = now(); }
+
+            // In cases where, for example, a failure has occurred before the
+            // measurement even began, fixup the start time to reflect as much.
+            if (startTime == 0) { startTime = finishTime; }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+            return description + ": " + result + " (" + (finishTime - startTime) + "ms)";
+        }
+    }
+
+    private final Map<InetAddress, Measurement> mIcmpChecks = new HashMap<>();
+    private final Map<Pair<InetAddress, InetAddress>, Measurement> mExplicitSourceIcmpChecks =
+            new HashMap<>();
+    private final Map<InetAddress, Measurement> mDnsUdpChecks = new HashMap<>();
+    private final Map<InetAddress, Measurement> mDnsTlsChecks = new HashMap<>();
+    private final String mDescription;
+
+
+    public NetworkDiagnostics(Network network, LinkProperties lp,
+            @NonNull PrivateDnsConfig privateDnsCfg, long timeoutMs) {
+        mNetwork = network;
+        mLinkProperties = lp;
+        mPrivateDnsCfg = privateDnsCfg;
+        mInterfaceIndex = getInterfaceIndex(mLinkProperties.getInterfaceName());
+        mTimeoutMs = timeoutMs;
+        mStartTime = now();
+        mDeadlineTime = mStartTime + mTimeoutMs;
+
+        // Hardcode measurements to TEST_DNS4 and TEST_DNS6 in order to test off-link connectivity.
+        // We are free to modify mLinkProperties with impunity because ConnectivityService passes us
+        // a copy and not the original object. It's easier to do it this way because we don't need
+        // to check whether the LinkProperties already contains these DNS servers because
+        // LinkProperties#addDnsServer checks for duplicates.
+        if (mLinkProperties.isReachable(TEST_DNS4)) {
+            mLinkProperties.addDnsServer(TEST_DNS4);
+        }
+        // TODO: we could use mLinkProperties.isReachable(TEST_DNS6) here, because we won't set any
+        // DNS servers for which isReachable() is false, but since this is diagnostic code, be extra
+        // careful.
+        if (mLinkProperties.hasGlobalIpv6Address() || mLinkProperties.hasIpv6DefaultRoute()) {
+            mLinkProperties.addDnsServer(TEST_DNS6);
+        }
+
+        for (RouteInfo route : mLinkProperties.getRoutes()) {
+            if (route.hasGateway()) {
+                InetAddress gateway = route.getGateway();
+                prepareIcmpMeasurement(gateway);
+                if (route.isIPv6Default()) {
+                    prepareExplicitSourceIcmpMeasurements(gateway);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        for (InetAddress nameserver : mLinkProperties.getDnsServers()) {
+            prepareIcmpMeasurement(nameserver);
+            prepareDnsMeasurement(nameserver);
+
+            // Unlike the DnsResolver which doesn't do certificate validation in opportunistic mode,
+            // DoT probes to the DNS servers will fail if certificate validation fails.
+            prepareDnsTlsMeasurement(null /* hostname */, nameserver);
+        }
+
+        for (InetAddress tlsNameserver : mPrivateDnsCfg.ips) {
+            // Reachability check is necessary since when resolving the strict mode hostname,
+            // NetworkMonitor always queries for both A and AAAA records, even if the network
+            // is IPv4-only or IPv6-only.
+            if (mLinkProperties.isReachable(tlsNameserver)) {
+                // If there are IPs, there must have been a name that resolved to them.
+                prepareDnsTlsMeasurement(mPrivateDnsCfg.hostname, tlsNameserver);
+            }
+        }
+
+        mCountDownLatch = new CountDownLatch(totalMeasurementCount());
+
+        startMeasurements();
+
+        mDescription = "ifaces{" + TextUtils.join(",", mLinkProperties.getAllInterfaceNames()) + "}"
+                + " index{" + mInterfaceIndex + "}"
+                + " network{" + mNetwork + "}"
+                + " nethandle{" + mNetwork.getNetworkHandle() + "}";
+    }
+
+    private static Integer getInterfaceIndex(String ifname) {
+        try {
+            NetworkInterface ni = NetworkInterface.getByName(ifname);
+            return ni.getIndex();
+        } catch (NullPointerException | SocketException e) {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static String socketAddressToString(@NonNull SocketAddress sockAddr) {
+        // The default toString() implementation is not the prettiest.
+        InetSocketAddress inetSockAddr = (InetSocketAddress) sockAddr;
+        InetAddress localAddr = inetSockAddr.getAddress();
+        return String.format(
+                (localAddr instanceof Inet6Address ? "[%s]:%d" : "%s:%d"),
+                localAddr.getHostAddress(), inetSockAddr.getPort());
+    }
+
+    private void prepareIcmpMeasurement(InetAddress target) {
+        if (!mIcmpChecks.containsKey(target)) {
+            Measurement measurement = new Measurement();
+            measurement.thread = new Thread(new IcmpCheck(target, measurement));
+            mIcmpChecks.put(target, measurement);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void prepareExplicitSourceIcmpMeasurements(InetAddress target) {
+        for (LinkAddress l : mLinkProperties.getLinkAddresses()) {
+            InetAddress source = l.getAddress();
+            if (source instanceof Inet6Address && l.isGlobalPreferred()) {
+                Pair<InetAddress, InetAddress> srcTarget = new Pair<>(source, target);
+                if (!mExplicitSourceIcmpChecks.containsKey(srcTarget)) {
+                    Measurement measurement = new Measurement();
+                    measurement.thread = new Thread(new IcmpCheck(source, target, measurement));
+                    mExplicitSourceIcmpChecks.put(srcTarget, measurement);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void prepareDnsMeasurement(InetAddress target) {
+        if (!mDnsUdpChecks.containsKey(target)) {
+            Measurement measurement = new Measurement();
+            measurement.thread = new Thread(new DnsUdpCheck(target, measurement));
+            mDnsUdpChecks.put(target, measurement);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void prepareDnsTlsMeasurement(@Nullable String hostname, @NonNull InetAddress target) {
+        // This might overwrite an existing entry in mDnsTlsChecks, because |target| can be an IP
+        // address configured by the network as well as an IP address learned by resolving the
+        // strict mode DNS hostname. If the entry is overwritten, the overwritten measurement
+        // thread will not execute.
+        Measurement measurement = new Measurement();
+        measurement.thread = new Thread(new DnsTlsCheck(hostname, target, measurement));
+        mDnsTlsChecks.put(target, measurement);
+    }
+
+    private int totalMeasurementCount() {
+        return mIcmpChecks.size() + mExplicitSourceIcmpChecks.size() + mDnsUdpChecks.size()
+                + mDnsTlsChecks.size();
+    }
+
+    private void startMeasurements() {
+        for (Measurement measurement : mIcmpChecks.values()) {
+            measurement.thread.start();
+        }
+        for (Measurement measurement : mExplicitSourceIcmpChecks.values()) {
+            measurement.thread.start();
+        }
+        for (Measurement measurement : mDnsUdpChecks.values()) {
+            measurement.thread.start();
+        }
+        for (Measurement measurement : mDnsTlsChecks.values()) {
+            measurement.thread.start();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void waitForMeasurements() {
+        try {
+            mCountDownLatch.await(mDeadlineTime - now(), TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+        } catch (InterruptedException ignored) {}
+    }
+
+    public List<Measurement> getMeasurements() {
+        // TODO: Consider moving waitForMeasurements() in here to minimize the
+        // chance of caller errors.
+
+        ArrayList<Measurement> measurements = new ArrayList(totalMeasurementCount());
+
+        // Sort measurements IPv4 first.
+        for (Map.Entry<InetAddress, Measurement> entry : mIcmpChecks.entrySet()) {
+            if (entry.getKey() instanceof Inet4Address) {
+                measurements.add(entry.getValue());
+            }
+        }
+        for (Map.Entry<Pair<InetAddress, InetAddress>, Measurement> entry :
+                mExplicitSourceIcmpChecks.entrySet()) {
+            if (entry.getKey().first instanceof Inet4Address) {
+                measurements.add(entry.getValue());
+            }
+        }
+        for (Map.Entry<InetAddress, Measurement> entry : mDnsUdpChecks.entrySet()) {
+            if (entry.getKey() instanceof Inet4Address) {
+                measurements.add(entry.getValue());
+            }
+        }
+        for (Map.Entry<InetAddress, Measurement> entry : mDnsTlsChecks.entrySet()) {
+            if (entry.getKey() instanceof Inet4Address) {
+                measurements.add(entry.getValue());
+            }
+        }
+
+        // IPv6 measurements second.
+        for (Map.Entry<InetAddress, Measurement> entry : mIcmpChecks.entrySet()) {
+            if (entry.getKey() instanceof Inet6Address) {
+                measurements.add(entry.getValue());
+            }
+        }
+        for (Map.Entry<Pair<InetAddress, InetAddress>, Measurement> entry :
+                mExplicitSourceIcmpChecks.entrySet()) {
+            if (entry.getKey().first instanceof Inet6Address) {
+                measurements.add(entry.getValue());
+            }
+        }
+        for (Map.Entry<InetAddress, Measurement> entry : mDnsUdpChecks.entrySet()) {
+            if (entry.getKey() instanceof Inet6Address) {
+                measurements.add(entry.getValue());
+            }
+        }
+        for (Map.Entry<InetAddress, Measurement> entry : mDnsTlsChecks.entrySet()) {
+            if (entry.getKey() instanceof Inet6Address) {
+                measurements.add(entry.getValue());
+            }
+        }
+
+        return measurements;
+    }
+
+    public void dump(IndentingPrintWriter pw) {
+        pw.println(TAG + ":" + mDescription);
+        final long unfinished = mCountDownLatch.getCount();
+        if (unfinished > 0) {
+            // This can't happen unless a caller forgets to call waitForMeasurements()
+            // or a measurement isn't implemented to correctly honor the timeout.
+            pw.println("WARNING: countdown wait incomplete: "
+                    + unfinished + " unfinished measurements");
+        }
+
+        pw.increaseIndent();
+
+        String prefix;
+        for (Measurement m : getMeasurements()) {
+            prefix = m.checkSucceeded() ? "." : "F";
+            pw.println(prefix + "  " + m.toString());
+        }
+
+        pw.decreaseIndent();
+    }
+
+
+    private class SimpleSocketCheck implements Closeable {
+        protected final InetAddress mSource;  // Usually null.
+        protected final InetAddress mTarget;
+        protected final int mAddressFamily;
+        protected final Measurement mMeasurement;
+        protected FileDescriptor mFileDescriptor;
+        protected SocketAddress mSocketAddress;
+
+        protected SimpleSocketCheck(
+                InetAddress source, InetAddress target, Measurement measurement) {
+            mMeasurement = measurement;
+
+            if (target instanceof Inet6Address) {
+                Inet6Address targetWithScopeId = null;
+                if (target.isLinkLocalAddress() && mInterfaceIndex != null) {
+                    try {
+                        targetWithScopeId = Inet6Address.getByAddress(
+                                null, target.getAddress(), mInterfaceIndex);
+                    } catch (UnknownHostException e) {
+                        mMeasurement.recordFailure(e.toString());
+                    }
+                }
+                mTarget = (targetWithScopeId != null) ? targetWithScopeId : target;
+                mAddressFamily = AF_INET6;
+            } else {
+                mTarget = target;
+                mAddressFamily = AF_INET;
+            }
+
+            // We don't need to check the scope ID here because we currently only do explicit-source
+            // measurements from global IPv6 addresses.
+            mSource = source;
+        }
+
+        protected SimpleSocketCheck(InetAddress target, Measurement measurement) {
+            this(null, target, measurement);
+        }
+
+        protected void setupSocket(
+                int sockType, int protocol, long writeTimeout, long readTimeout, int dstPort)
+                throws ErrnoException, IOException {
+            final int oldTag = TrafficStats.getAndSetThreadStatsTag(
+                    NetworkStackConstants.TAG_SYSTEM_PROBE);
+            try {
+                mFileDescriptor = Os.socket(mAddressFamily, sockType, protocol);
+            } finally {
+                // TODO: The tag should remain set until all traffic is sent and received.
+                // Consider tagging the socket after the measurement thread is started.
+                TrafficStats.setThreadStatsTag(oldTag);
+            }
+            // Setting SNDTIMEO is purely for defensive purposes.
+            Os.setsockoptTimeval(mFileDescriptor,
+                    SOL_SOCKET, SO_SNDTIMEO, StructTimeval.fromMillis(writeTimeout));
+            Os.setsockoptTimeval(mFileDescriptor,
+                    SOL_SOCKET, SO_RCVTIMEO, StructTimeval.fromMillis(readTimeout));
+            // TODO: Use IP_RECVERR/IPV6_RECVERR, pending OsContants availability.
+            mNetwork.bindSocket(mFileDescriptor);
+            if (mSource != null) {
+                Os.bind(mFileDescriptor, mSource, 0);
+            }
+            Os.connect(mFileDescriptor, mTarget, dstPort);
+            mSocketAddress = Os.getsockname(mFileDescriptor);
+        }
+
+        protected boolean ensureMeasurementNecessary() {
+            if (mMeasurement.finishTime == 0) return false;
+
+            // Countdown latch was not decremented when the measurement failed during setup.
+            mCountDownLatch.countDown();
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void close() {
+            IoUtils.closeQuietly(mFileDescriptor);
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    private class IcmpCheck extends SimpleSocketCheck implements Runnable {
+        private static final int TIMEOUT_SEND = 100;
+        private static final int TIMEOUT_RECV = 300;
+        private static final int PACKET_BUFSIZE = 512;
+        private final int mProtocol;
+        private final int mIcmpType;
+
+        public IcmpCheck(InetAddress source, InetAddress target, Measurement measurement) {
+            super(source, target, measurement);
+
+            if (mAddressFamily == AF_INET6) {
+                mProtocol = IPPROTO_ICMPV6;
+                mIcmpType = NetworkConstants.ICMPV6_ECHO_REQUEST_TYPE;
+                mMeasurement.description = "ICMPv6";
+            } else {
+                mProtocol = IPPROTO_ICMP;
+                mIcmpType = NetworkConstants.ICMPV4_ECHO_REQUEST_TYPE;
+                mMeasurement.description = "ICMPv4";
+            }
+
+            mMeasurement.description += " dst{" + mTarget.getHostAddress() + "}";
+        }
+
+        public IcmpCheck(InetAddress target, Measurement measurement) {
+            this(null, target, measurement);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void run() {
+            if (ensureMeasurementNecessary()) return;
+
+            try {
+                setupSocket(SOCK_DGRAM, mProtocol, TIMEOUT_SEND, TIMEOUT_RECV, 0);
+            } catch (ErrnoException | IOException e) {
+                mMeasurement.recordFailure(e.toString());
+                return;
+            }
+            mMeasurement.description += " src{" + socketAddressToString(mSocketAddress) + "}";
+
+            // Build a trivial ICMP packet.
+            final byte[] icmpPacket = {
+                    (byte) mIcmpType, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0  // ICMP header
+            };
+
+            int count = 0;
+            mMeasurement.startTime = now();
+            while (now() < mDeadlineTime - (TIMEOUT_SEND + TIMEOUT_RECV)) {
+                count++;
+                icmpPacket[icmpPacket.length - 1] = (byte) count;
+                try {
+                    Os.write(mFileDescriptor, icmpPacket, 0, icmpPacket.length);
+                } catch (ErrnoException | InterruptedIOException e) {
+                    mMeasurement.recordFailure(e.toString());
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                try {
+                    ByteBuffer reply = ByteBuffer.allocate(PACKET_BUFSIZE);
+                    Os.read(mFileDescriptor, reply);
+                    // TODO: send a few pings back to back to guesstimate packet loss.
+                    mMeasurement.recordSuccess("1/" + count);
+                    break;
+                } catch (ErrnoException | InterruptedIOException e) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+            if (mMeasurement.finishTime == 0) {
+                mMeasurement.recordFailure("0/" + count);
+            }
+
+            close();
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    private class DnsUdpCheck extends SimpleSocketCheck implements Runnable {
+        private static final int TIMEOUT_SEND = 100;
+        private static final int TIMEOUT_RECV = 500;
+        private static final int RR_TYPE_A = 1;
+        private static final int RR_TYPE_AAAA = 28;
+        private static final int PACKET_BUFSIZE = 512;
+
+        protected final Random mRandom = new Random();
+
+        // Should be static, but the compiler mocks our puny, human attempts at reason.
+        protected String responseCodeStr(int rcode) {
+            try {
+                return DnsResponseCode.values()[rcode].toString();
+            } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+                return String.valueOf(rcode);
+            }
+        }
+
+        protected final int mQueryType;
+
+        public DnsUdpCheck(InetAddress target, Measurement measurement) {
+            super(target, measurement);
+
+            // TODO: Ideally, query the target for both types regardless of address family.
+            if (mAddressFamily == AF_INET6) {
+                mQueryType = RR_TYPE_AAAA;
+            } else {
+                mQueryType = RR_TYPE_A;
+            }
+
+            mMeasurement.description = "DNS UDP dst{" + mTarget.getHostAddress() + "}";
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void run() {
+            if (ensureMeasurementNecessary()) return;
+
+            try {
+                setupSocket(SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDP, TIMEOUT_SEND, TIMEOUT_RECV,
+                        NetworkConstants.DNS_SERVER_PORT);
+            } catch (ErrnoException | IOException e) {
+                mMeasurement.recordFailure(e.toString());
+                return;
+            }
+
+            // This needs to be fixed length so it can be dropped into the pre-canned packet.
+            final String sixRandomDigits = String.valueOf(mRandom.nextInt(900000) + 100000);
+            appendDnsToMeasurementDescription(sixRandomDigits, mSocketAddress);
+
+            // Build a trivial DNS packet.
+            final byte[] dnsPacket = getDnsQueryPacket(sixRandomDigits);
+
+            int count = 0;
+            mMeasurement.startTime = now();
+            while (now() < mDeadlineTime - (TIMEOUT_RECV + TIMEOUT_RECV)) {
+                count++;
+                try {
+                    Os.write(mFileDescriptor, dnsPacket, 0, dnsPacket.length);
+                } catch (ErrnoException | InterruptedIOException e) {
+                    mMeasurement.recordFailure(e.toString());
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                try {
+                    ByteBuffer reply = ByteBuffer.allocate(PACKET_BUFSIZE);
+                    Os.read(mFileDescriptor, reply);
+                    // TODO: more correct and detailed evaluation of the response,
+                    // possibly adding the returned IP address(es) to the output.
+                    final String rcodeStr = (reply.limit() > 3)
+                            ? " " + responseCodeStr((int) (reply.get(3)) & 0x0f)
+                            : "";
+                    mMeasurement.recordSuccess("1/" + count + rcodeStr);
+                    break;
+                } catch (ErrnoException | InterruptedIOException e) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+            if (mMeasurement.finishTime == 0) {
+                mMeasurement.recordFailure("0/" + count);
+            }
+
+            close();
+        }
+
+        protected byte[] getDnsQueryPacket(String sixRandomDigits) {
+            byte[] rnd = sixRandomDigits.getBytes(StandardCharsets.US_ASCII);
+            return new byte[] {
+                (byte) mRandom.nextInt(), (byte) mRandom.nextInt(),  // [0-1]   query ID
+                1, 0,  // [2-3]   flags; byte[2] = 1 for recursion desired (RD).
+                0, 1,  // [4-5]   QDCOUNT (number of queries)
+                0, 0,  // [6-7]   ANCOUNT (number of answers)
+                0, 0,  // [8-9]   NSCOUNT (number of name server records)
+                0, 0,  // [10-11] ARCOUNT (number of additional records)
+                17, rnd[0], rnd[1], rnd[2], rnd[3], rnd[4], rnd[5],
+                        '-', 'a', 'n', 'd', 'r', 'o', 'i', 'd', '-', 'd', 's',
+                6, 'm', 'e', 't', 'r', 'i', 'c',
+                7, 'g', 's', 't', 'a', 't', 'i', 'c',
+                3, 'c', 'o', 'm',
+                0,  // null terminator of FQDN (root TLD)
+                0, (byte) mQueryType,  // QTYPE
+                0, 1  // QCLASS, set to 1 = IN (Internet)
+            };
+        }
+
+        protected void appendDnsToMeasurementDescription(
+                String sixRandomDigits, SocketAddress sockAddr) {
+            mMeasurement.description += " src{" + socketAddressToString(sockAddr) + "}"
+                    + " qtype{" + mQueryType + "}"
+                    + " qname{" + sixRandomDigits + "-android-ds.metric.gstatic.com}";
+        }
+    }
+
+    // TODO: Have it inherited from SimpleSocketCheck, and separate common DNS helpers out of
+    // DnsUdpCheck.
+    private class DnsTlsCheck extends DnsUdpCheck {
+        private static final int TCP_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_MS = 2500;
+        private static final int TCP_TIMEOUT_MS = 2000;
+        private static final int DNS_TLS_PORT = 853;
+        private static final int DNS_HEADER_SIZE = 12;
+
+        private final String mHostname;
+
+        public DnsTlsCheck(@Nullable String hostname, @NonNull InetAddress target,
+                @NonNull Measurement measurement) {
+            super(target, measurement);
+
+            mHostname = hostname;
+            mMeasurement.description = "DNS TLS dst{" + mTarget.getHostAddress() + "} hostname{"
+                    + (mHostname == null ? "" : mHostname) + "}";
+        }
+
+        private SSLSocket setupSSLSocket() throws IOException {
+            // A TrustManager will be created and initialized with a KeyStore containing system
+            // CaCerts. During SSL handshake, it will be used to validate the certificates from
+            // the server.
+            SSLSocket sslSocket = (SSLSocket) SSLSocketFactory.getDefault().createSocket();
+            sslSocket.setSoTimeout(TCP_TIMEOUT_MS);
+
+            if (!TextUtils.isEmpty(mHostname)) {
+                // Set SNI.
+                final List<SNIServerName> names =
+                        Collections.singletonList(new SNIHostName(mHostname));
+                SSLParameters params = sslSocket.getSSLParameters();
+                params.setServerNames(names);
+                sslSocket.setSSLParameters(params);
+            }
+
+            mNetwork.bindSocket(sslSocket);
+            return sslSocket;
+        }
+
+        private void sendDoTProbe(@Nullable SSLSocket sslSocket) throws IOException {
+            final String sixRandomDigits = String.valueOf(mRandom.nextInt(900000) + 100000);
+            final byte[] dnsPacket = getDnsQueryPacket(sixRandomDigits);
+
+            mMeasurement.startTime = now();
+            sslSocket.connect(new InetSocketAddress(mTarget, DNS_TLS_PORT), TCP_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_MS);
+
+            // Synchronous call waiting for the TLS handshake complete.
+            sslSocket.startHandshake();
+            appendDnsToMeasurementDescription(sixRandomDigits, sslSocket.getLocalSocketAddress());
+
+            final DataOutputStream output = new DataOutputStream(sslSocket.getOutputStream());
+            output.writeShort(dnsPacket.length);
+            output.write(dnsPacket, 0, dnsPacket.length);
+
+            final DataInputStream input = new DataInputStream(sslSocket.getInputStream());
+            final int replyLength = Short.toUnsignedInt(input.readShort());
+            final byte[] reply = new byte[replyLength];
+            int bytesRead = 0;
+            while (bytesRead < replyLength) {
+                bytesRead += input.read(reply, bytesRead, replyLength - bytesRead);
+            }
+
+            if (bytesRead > DNS_HEADER_SIZE && bytesRead == replyLength) {
+                mMeasurement.recordSuccess("1/1 " + responseCodeStr((int) (reply[3]) & 0x0f));
+            } else {
+                mMeasurement.recordFailure("1/1 Read " + bytesRead + " bytes while expected to be "
+                        + replyLength + " bytes");
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void run() {
+            if (ensureMeasurementNecessary()) return;
+
+            // No need to restore the tag, since this thread is only used for this measurement.
+            TrafficStats.getAndSetThreadStatsTag(NetworkStackConstants.TAG_SYSTEM_PROBE);
+
+            try (SSLSocket sslSocket = setupSSLSocket()) {
+                sendDoTProbe(sslSocket);
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                mMeasurement.recordFailure(e.toString());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkNotificationManager.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkNotificationManager.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3dc79c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkNotificationManager.java
@@ -0,0 +1,404 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity;
+
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_VPN;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.app.Notification;
+import android.app.NotificationManager;
+import android.app.PendingIntent;
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.content.Intent;
+import android.content.res.Resources;
+import android.graphics.drawable.Icon;
+import android.net.ConnectivityResources;
+import android.net.NetworkSpecifier;
+import android.net.TelephonyNetworkSpecifier;
+import android.net.wifi.WifiInfo;
+import android.os.UserHandle;
+import android.telephony.SubscriptionManager;
+import android.telephony.TelephonyManager;
+import android.text.TextUtils;
+import android.util.Log;
+import android.util.SparseArray;
+import android.util.SparseIntArray;
+import android.widget.Toast;
+
+import com.android.connectivity.resources.R;
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.android.internal.messages.nano.SystemMessageProto.SystemMessage;
+
+public class NetworkNotificationManager {
+
+
+    public static enum NotificationType {
+        LOST_INTERNET(SystemMessage.NOTE_NETWORK_LOST_INTERNET),
+        NETWORK_SWITCH(SystemMessage.NOTE_NETWORK_SWITCH),
+        NO_INTERNET(SystemMessage.NOTE_NETWORK_NO_INTERNET),
+        PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY(SystemMessage.NOTE_NETWORK_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY),
+        SIGN_IN(SystemMessage.NOTE_NETWORK_SIGN_IN),
+        PRIVATE_DNS_BROKEN(SystemMessage.NOTE_NETWORK_PRIVATE_DNS_BROKEN);
+
+        public final int eventId;
+
+        NotificationType(int eventId) {
+            this.eventId = eventId;
+            Holder.sIdToTypeMap.put(eventId, this);
+        }
+
+        private static class Holder {
+            private static SparseArray<NotificationType> sIdToTypeMap = new SparseArray<>();
+        }
+
+        public static NotificationType getFromId(int id) {
+            return Holder.sIdToTypeMap.get(id);
+        }
+    };
+
+    private static final String TAG = NetworkNotificationManager.class.getSimpleName();
+    private static final boolean DBG = true;
+
+    // Notification channels used by ConnectivityService mainline module, it should be aligned with
+    // SystemNotificationChannels so the channels are the same as the ones used as the system
+    // server.
+    public static final String NOTIFICATION_CHANNEL_NETWORK_STATUS = "NETWORK_STATUS";
+    public static final String NOTIFICATION_CHANNEL_NETWORK_ALERTS = "NETWORK_ALERTS";
+
+    // The context is for the current user (system server)
+    private final Context mContext;
+    private final ConnectivityResources mResources;
+    private final TelephonyManager mTelephonyManager;
+    // The notification manager is created from a context for User.ALL, so notifications
+    // will be sent to all users.
+    private final NotificationManager mNotificationManager;
+    // Tracks the types of notifications managed by this instance, from creation to cancellation.
+    private final SparseIntArray mNotificationTypeMap;
+
+    public NetworkNotificationManager(@NonNull final Context c, @NonNull final TelephonyManager t) {
+        mContext = c;
+        mTelephonyManager = t;
+        mNotificationManager =
+                (NotificationManager) c.createContextAsUser(UserHandle.ALL, 0 /* flags */)
+                        .getSystemService(Context.NOTIFICATION_SERVICE);
+        mNotificationTypeMap = new SparseIntArray();
+        mResources = new ConnectivityResources(mContext);
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    protected static int approximateTransportType(NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
+        return nai.isVPN() ? TRANSPORT_VPN : getFirstTransportType(nai);
+    }
+
+    // TODO: deal more gracefully with multi-transport networks.
+    private static int getFirstTransportType(NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
+        // TODO: The range is wrong, the safer and correct way is to change the range from
+        // MIN_TRANSPORT to MAX_TRANSPORT.
+        for (int i = 0; i < 64; i++) {
+            if (nai.networkCapabilities.hasTransport(i)) return i;
+        }
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    private String getTransportName(final int transportType) {
+        String[] networkTypes = mResources.get().getStringArray(R.array.network_switch_type_name);
+        try {
+            return networkTypes[transportType];
+        } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+            return mResources.get().getString(R.string.network_switch_type_name_unknown);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static int getIcon(int transportType) {
+        return (transportType == TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+                ? R.drawable.stat_notify_wifi_in_range  // TODO: Distinguish ! from ?.
+                : R.drawable.stat_notify_rssi_in_range;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Show or hide network provisioning notifications.
+     *
+     * We use notifications for two purposes: to notify that a network requires sign in
+     * (NotificationType.SIGN_IN), or to notify that a network does not have Internet access
+     * (NotificationType.NO_INTERNET). We display at most one notification per ID, so on a
+     * particular network we can display the notification type that was most recently requested.
+     * So for example if a captive portal fails to reply within a few seconds of connecting, we
+     * might first display NO_INTERNET, and then when the captive portal check completes, display
+     * SIGN_IN.
+     *
+     * @param id an identifier that uniquely identifies this notification.  This must match
+     *         between show and hide calls.  We use the NetID value but for legacy callers
+     *         we concatenate the range of types with the range of NetIDs.
+     * @param notifyType the type of the notification.
+     * @param nai the network with which the notification is associated. For a SIGN_IN, NO_INTERNET,
+     *         or LOST_INTERNET notification, this is the network we're connecting to. For a
+     *         NETWORK_SWITCH notification it's the network that we switched from. When this network
+     *         disconnects the notification is removed.
+     * @param switchToNai for a NETWORK_SWITCH notification, the network we are switching to. Null
+     *         in all other cases. Only used to determine the text of the notification.
+     */
+    public void showNotification(int id, NotificationType notifyType, NetworkAgentInfo nai,
+            NetworkAgentInfo switchToNai, PendingIntent intent, boolean highPriority) {
+        final String tag = tagFor(id);
+        final int eventId = notifyType.eventId;
+        final int transportType;
+        final CharSequence name;
+        if (nai != null) {
+            transportType = approximateTransportType(nai);
+            final String extraInfo = nai.networkInfo.getExtraInfo();
+            if (nai.linkProperties != null && nai.linkProperties.getCaptivePortalData() != null
+                    && !TextUtils.isEmpty(nai.linkProperties.getCaptivePortalData()
+                    .getVenueFriendlyName())) {
+                name = nai.linkProperties.getCaptivePortalData().getVenueFriendlyName();
+            } else {
+                name = TextUtils.isEmpty(extraInfo)
+                        ? WifiInfo.sanitizeSsid(nai.networkCapabilities.getSsid()) : extraInfo;
+            }
+            // Only notify for Internet-capable networks.
+            if (!nai.networkCapabilities.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)) return;
+        } else {
+            // Legacy notifications.
+            transportType = TRANSPORT_CELLULAR;
+            name = "";
+        }
+
+        // Clear any previous notification with lower priority, otherwise return. http://b/63676954.
+        // A new SIGN_IN notification with a new intent should override any existing one.
+        final int previousEventId = mNotificationTypeMap.get(id);
+        final NotificationType previousNotifyType = NotificationType.getFromId(previousEventId);
+        if (priority(previousNotifyType) > priority(notifyType)) {
+            Log.d(TAG, String.format(
+                    "ignoring notification %s for network %s with existing notification %s",
+                    notifyType, id, previousNotifyType));
+            return;
+        }
+        clearNotification(id);
+
+        if (DBG) {
+            Log.d(TAG, String.format(
+                    "showNotification tag=%s event=%s transport=%s name=%s highPriority=%s",
+                    tag, nameOf(eventId), getTransportName(transportType), name, highPriority));
+        }
+
+        final Resources r = mResources.get();
+        final CharSequence title;
+        final CharSequence details;
+        Icon icon = Icon.createWithResource(
+                mResources.getResourcesContext(), getIcon(transportType));
+        if (notifyType == NotificationType.NO_INTERNET && transportType == TRANSPORT_WIFI) {
+            title = r.getString(R.string.wifi_no_internet, name);
+            details = r.getString(R.string.wifi_no_internet_detailed);
+        } else if (notifyType == NotificationType.PRIVATE_DNS_BROKEN) {
+            if (transportType == TRANSPORT_CELLULAR) {
+                title = r.getString(R.string.mobile_no_internet);
+            } else if (transportType == TRANSPORT_WIFI) {
+                title = r.getString(R.string.wifi_no_internet, name);
+            } else {
+                title = r.getString(R.string.other_networks_no_internet);
+            }
+            details = r.getString(R.string.private_dns_broken_detailed);
+        } else if (notifyType == NotificationType.PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY
+                && transportType == TRANSPORT_WIFI) {
+            title = r.getString(R.string.network_partial_connectivity, name);
+            details = r.getString(R.string.network_partial_connectivity_detailed);
+        } else if (notifyType == NotificationType.LOST_INTERNET &&
+                transportType == TRANSPORT_WIFI) {
+            title = r.getString(R.string.wifi_no_internet, name);
+            details = r.getString(R.string.wifi_no_internet_detailed);
+        } else if (notifyType == NotificationType.SIGN_IN) {
+            switch (transportType) {
+                case TRANSPORT_WIFI:
+                    title = r.getString(R.string.wifi_available_sign_in, 0);
+                    details = r.getString(R.string.network_available_sign_in_detailed, name);
+                    break;
+                case TRANSPORT_CELLULAR:
+                    title = r.getString(R.string.network_available_sign_in, 0);
+                    // TODO: Change this to pull from NetworkInfo once a printable
+                    // name has been added to it
+                    NetworkSpecifier specifier = nai.networkCapabilities.getNetworkSpecifier();
+                    int subId = SubscriptionManager.DEFAULT_SUBSCRIPTION_ID;
+                    if (specifier instanceof TelephonyNetworkSpecifier) {
+                        subId = ((TelephonyNetworkSpecifier) specifier).getSubscriptionId();
+                    }
+
+                    details = mTelephonyManager.createForSubscriptionId(subId)
+                            .getNetworkOperatorName();
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    title = r.getString(R.string.network_available_sign_in, 0);
+                    details = r.getString(R.string.network_available_sign_in_detailed, name);
+                    break;
+            }
+        } else if (notifyType == NotificationType.NETWORK_SWITCH) {
+            String fromTransport = getTransportName(transportType);
+            String toTransport = getTransportName(approximateTransportType(switchToNai));
+            title = r.getString(R.string.network_switch_metered, toTransport);
+            details = r.getString(R.string.network_switch_metered_detail, toTransport,
+                    fromTransport);
+        } else if (notifyType == NotificationType.NO_INTERNET
+                    || notifyType == NotificationType.PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY) {
+            // NO_INTERNET and PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY notification for non-WiFi networks
+            // are sent, but they are not implemented yet.
+            return;
+        } else {
+            Log.wtf(TAG, "Unknown notification type " + notifyType + " on network transport "
+                    + getTransportName(transportType));
+            return;
+        }
+        // When replacing an existing notification for a given network, don't alert, just silently
+        // update the existing notification. Note that setOnlyAlertOnce() will only work for the
+        // same id, and the id used here is the NotificationType which is different in every type of
+        // notification. This is required because the notification metrics only track the ID but not
+        // the tag.
+        final boolean hasPreviousNotification = previousNotifyType != null;
+        final String channelId = (highPriority && !hasPreviousNotification)
+                ? NOTIFICATION_CHANNEL_NETWORK_ALERTS : NOTIFICATION_CHANNEL_NETWORK_STATUS;
+        Notification.Builder builder = new Notification.Builder(mContext, channelId)
+                .setWhen(System.currentTimeMillis())
+                .setShowWhen(notifyType == NotificationType.NETWORK_SWITCH)
+                .setSmallIcon(icon)
+                .setAutoCancel(true)
+                .setTicker(title)
+                .setColor(mContext.getColor(android.R.color.system_notification_accent_color))
+                .setContentTitle(title)
+                .setContentIntent(intent)
+                .setLocalOnly(true)
+                .setOnlyAlertOnce(true)
+                // TODO: consider having action buttons to disconnect on the sign-in notification
+                // especially if it is ongoing
+                .setOngoing(notifyType == NotificationType.SIGN_IN
+                        && r.getBoolean(R.bool.config_ongoingSignInNotification));
+
+        if (notifyType == NotificationType.NETWORK_SWITCH) {
+            builder.setStyle(new Notification.BigTextStyle().bigText(details));
+        } else {
+            builder.setContentText(details);
+        }
+
+        if (notifyType == NotificationType.SIGN_IN) {
+            builder.extend(new Notification.TvExtender().setChannelId(channelId));
+        }
+
+        Notification notification = builder.build();
+
+        mNotificationTypeMap.put(id, eventId);
+        try {
+            mNotificationManager.notify(tag, eventId, notification);
+        } catch (NullPointerException npe) {
+            Log.d(TAG, "setNotificationVisible: visible notificationManager error", npe);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clear the notification with the given id, only if it matches the given type.
+     */
+    public void clearNotification(int id, NotificationType notifyType) {
+        final int previousEventId = mNotificationTypeMap.get(id);
+        final NotificationType previousNotifyType = NotificationType.getFromId(previousEventId);
+        if (notifyType != previousNotifyType) {
+            return;
+        }
+        clearNotification(id);
+    }
+
+    public void clearNotification(int id) {
+        if (mNotificationTypeMap.indexOfKey(id) < 0) {
+            return;
+        }
+        final String tag = tagFor(id);
+        final int eventId = mNotificationTypeMap.get(id);
+        if (DBG) {
+            Log.d(TAG, String.format("clearing notification tag=%s event=%s", tag,
+                   nameOf(eventId)));
+        }
+        try {
+            mNotificationManager.cancel(tag, eventId);
+        } catch (NullPointerException npe) {
+            Log.d(TAG, String.format(
+                    "failed to clear notification tag=%s event=%s", tag, nameOf(eventId)), npe);
+        }
+        mNotificationTypeMap.delete(id);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Legacy provisioning notifications coming directly from DcTracker.
+     */
+    public void setProvNotificationVisible(boolean visible, int id, String action) {
+        if (visible) {
+            // For legacy purposes, action is sent as the action + the phone ID from DcTracker.
+            // Split the string here and send the phone ID as an extra instead.
+            String[] splitAction = action.split(":");
+            Intent intent = new Intent(splitAction[0]);
+            try {
+                intent.putExtra("provision.phone.id", Integer.parseInt(splitAction[1]));
+            } catch (NumberFormatException ignored) { }
+            PendingIntent pendingIntent = PendingIntent.getBroadcast(
+                    mContext, 0 /* requestCode */, intent, PendingIntent.FLAG_IMMUTABLE);
+            showNotification(id, NotificationType.SIGN_IN, null, null, pendingIntent, false);
+        } else {
+            clearNotification(id);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void showToast(NetworkAgentInfo fromNai, NetworkAgentInfo toNai) {
+        String fromTransport = getTransportName(approximateTransportType(fromNai));
+        String toTransport = getTransportName(approximateTransportType(toNai));
+        String text = mResources.get().getString(
+                R.string.network_switch_metered_toast, fromTransport, toTransport);
+        Toast.makeText(mContext, text, Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    static String tagFor(int id) {
+        return String.format("ConnectivityNotification:%d", id);
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    static String nameOf(int eventId) {
+        NotificationType t = NotificationType.getFromId(eventId);
+        return (t != null) ? t.name() : "UNKNOWN";
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A notification with a higher number will take priority over a notification with a lower
+     * number.
+     */
+    private static int priority(NotificationType t) {
+        if (t == null) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        switch (t) {
+            case SIGN_IN:
+                return 6;
+            case PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY:
+                return 5;
+            case PRIVATE_DNS_BROKEN:
+                return 4;
+            case NO_INTERNET:
+                return 3;
+            case NETWORK_SWITCH:
+                return 2;
+            case LOST_INTERNET:
+                return 1;
+            default:
+                return 0;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkOffer.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkOffer.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8285e7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkOffer.java
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.net.INetworkOfferCallback;
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
+import android.net.NetworkRequest;
+import android.os.RemoteException;
+
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+/**
+ * Represents an offer made by a NetworkProvider to create a network if a need arises.
+ *
+ * This class contains the prospective score and capabilities of the network. The provider
+ * is not obligated to caps able to create a network satisfying this, nor to build a network
+ * with the exact score and/or capabilities passed ; after all, not all providers know in
+ * advance what a network will look like after it's connected. Instead, this is meant as a
+ * filter to limit requests sent to the provider by connectivity to those that this offer stands
+ * a chance to fulfill.
+ *
+ * @see NetworkProvider#offerNetwork.
+ *
+ * @hide
+ */
+public class NetworkOffer implements NetworkRanker.Scoreable {
+    @NonNull public final FullScore score;
+    @NonNull public final NetworkCapabilities caps;
+    @NonNull public final INetworkOfferCallback callback;
+    @NonNull public final int providerId;
+    // While this could, in principle, be deduced from the old values of the satisfying networks,
+    // doing so would add a lot of complexity and performance penalties. For each request, the
+    // ranker would have to run again to figure out if this offer used to be able to beat the
+    // previous satisfier to know if there is a change in whether this offer is now needed ;
+    // besides, there would be a need to handle an edge case when a new request comes online,
+    // where it's not satisfied before the first rematch, where starting to satisfy a request
+    // should not result in sending unneeded to this offer. This boolean, while requiring that
+    // the offers are only ever manipulated on the CS thread, is by far a simpler and
+    // economical solution.
+    private final Set<NetworkRequest> mCurrentlyNeeded = new HashSet<>();
+
+    public NetworkOffer(@NonNull final FullScore score,
+            @NonNull final NetworkCapabilities caps,
+            @NonNull final INetworkOfferCallback callback,
+            @NonNull final int providerId) {
+        this.score = Objects.requireNonNull(score);
+        this.caps = Objects.requireNonNull(caps);
+        this.callback = Objects.requireNonNull(callback);
+        this.providerId = providerId;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the score filter of this offer
+     */
+    @Override @NonNull public FullScore getScore() {
+        return score;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the capabilities filter of this offer
+     */
+    @Override @NonNull public NetworkCapabilities getCapsNoCopy() {
+        return caps;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tell the provider for this offer that the network is needed for a request.
+     * @param request the request for which the offer is needed
+     */
+    public void onNetworkNeeded(@NonNull final NetworkRequest request) {
+        if (mCurrentlyNeeded.contains(request)) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Network already needed");
+        }
+        mCurrentlyNeeded.add(request);
+        try {
+            callback.onNetworkNeeded(request);
+        } catch (final RemoteException e) {
+            // The provider is dead. It will be removed by the death recipient.
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tell the provider for this offer that the network is no longer needed for this request.
+     *
+     * onNetworkNeeded will have been called with the same request before.
+     *
+     * @param request the request
+     */
+    public void onNetworkUnneeded(@NonNull final NetworkRequest request) {
+        if (!mCurrentlyNeeded.contains(request)) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Network already unneeded");
+        }
+        mCurrentlyNeeded.remove(request);
+        try {
+            callback.onNetworkUnneeded(request);
+        } catch (final RemoteException e) {
+            // The provider is dead. It will be removed by the death recipient.
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns whether this offer is currently needed for this request.
+     * @param request the request
+     * @return whether the offer is currently considered needed
+     */
+    public boolean neededFor(@NonNull final NetworkRequest request) {
+        return mCurrentlyNeeded.contains(request);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Migrate from, and take over, a previous offer.
+     *
+     * When an updated offer is sent from a provider, call this method on the new offer, passing
+     * the old one, to take over the state.
+     *
+     * @param previousOffer the previous offer
+     */
+    public void migrateFrom(@NonNull final NetworkOffer previousOffer) {
+        if (!callback.asBinder().equals(previousOffer.callback.asBinder())) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Can only migrate from a previous version of"
+                    + " the same offer");
+        }
+        mCurrentlyNeeded.clear();
+        mCurrentlyNeeded.addAll(previousOffer.mCurrentlyNeeded);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return "NetworkOffer [ Score " + score + " ]";
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkRanker.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkRanker.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a4085cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkRanker.java
@@ -0,0 +1,349 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity;
+
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_BLUETOOTH;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_ETHERNET;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI;
+import static android.net.NetworkScore.POLICY_EXITING;
+import static android.net.NetworkScore.POLICY_TRANSPORT_PRIMARY;
+import static android.net.NetworkScore.POLICY_YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI;
+
+import static com.android.net.module.util.CollectionUtils.filter;
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.FullScore.POLICY_ACCEPT_UNVALIDATED;
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.FullScore.POLICY_EVER_USER_SELECTED;
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.FullScore.POLICY_EVER_VALIDATED_NOT_AVOIDED_WHEN_BAD;
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.FullScore.POLICY_IS_INVINCIBLE;
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.FullScore.POLICY_IS_VALIDATED;
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.FullScore.POLICY_IS_VPN;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
+import android.net.NetworkRequest;
+
+import com.android.net.module.util.CollectionUtils;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.function.Predicate;
+
+/**
+ * A class that knows how to find the best network matching a request out of a list of networks.
+ */
+public class NetworkRanker {
+    // Historically the legacy ints have been 0~100 in principle (though the highest score in
+    // AOSP has always been 90). This is relied on by VPNs that send a legacy score of 101.
+    public static final int LEGACY_INT_MAX = 100;
+
+    /**
+     * A class that can be scored against other scoreables.
+     */
+    public interface Scoreable {
+        /** Get score of this scoreable */
+        FullScore getScore();
+        /** Get capabilities of this scoreable */
+        NetworkCapabilities getCapsNoCopy();
+    }
+
+    private static final boolean USE_POLICY_RANKING = true;
+
+    public NetworkRanker() { }
+
+    /**
+     * Find the best network satisfying this request among the list of passed networks.
+     */
+    @Nullable
+    public NetworkAgentInfo getBestNetwork(@NonNull final NetworkRequest request,
+            @NonNull final Collection<NetworkAgentInfo> nais,
+            @Nullable final NetworkAgentInfo currentSatisfier) {
+        final ArrayList<NetworkAgentInfo> candidates = filter(nais, nai -> nai.satisfies(request));
+        if (candidates.size() == 1) return candidates.get(0); // Only one potential satisfier
+        if (candidates.size() <= 0) return null; // No network can satisfy this request
+        if (USE_POLICY_RANKING) {
+            return getBestNetworkByPolicy(candidates, currentSatisfier);
+        } else {
+            return getBestNetworkByLegacyInt(candidates);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Transport preference order, if it comes down to that.
+    private static final int[] PREFERRED_TRANSPORTS_ORDER = { TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, TRANSPORT_WIFI,
+            TRANSPORT_BLUETOOTH, TRANSPORT_CELLULAR };
+
+    // Function used to partition a list into two working areas depending on whether they
+    // satisfy a predicate. All items satisfying the predicate will be put in |positive|, all
+    // items that don't will be put in |negative|.
+    // This is useful in this file because many of the ranking checks will retain only networks that
+    // satisfy a predicate if any of them do, but keep them all if all of them do. Having working
+    // areas is uncustomary in Java, but this function is called in a fairly intensive manner
+    // and doing allocation quite that often might affect performance quite badly.
+    private static <T> void partitionInto(@NonNull final List<T> source, @NonNull Predicate<T> test,
+            @NonNull final List<T> positive, @NonNull final List<T> negative) {
+        positive.clear();
+        negative.clear();
+        for (final T item : source) {
+            if (test.test(item)) {
+                positive.add(item);
+            } else {
+                negative.add(item);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private <T extends Scoreable> boolean isBadWiFi(@NonNull final T candidate) {
+        return candidate.getScore().hasPolicy(POLICY_EVER_VALIDATED_NOT_AVOIDED_WHEN_BAD)
+                && candidate.getCapsNoCopy().hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Apply the "yield to bad WiFi" policy.
+     *
+     * This function must run immediately after the validation policy.
+     *
+     * If any of the accepted networks has the "yield to bad WiFi" policy AND there are some
+     * bad WiFis in the rejected list, then move the networks with the policy to the rejected
+     * list. If this leaves no accepted network, then move the bad WiFis back to the accepted list.
+     *
+     * This function returns nothing, but will have updated accepted and rejected in-place.
+     *
+     * @param accepted networks accepted by the validation policy
+     * @param rejected networks rejected by the validation policy
+     */
+    private <T extends Scoreable> void applyYieldToBadWifiPolicy(@NonNull ArrayList<T> accepted,
+            @NonNull ArrayList<T> rejected) {
+        if (!CollectionUtils.any(accepted, n -> n.getScore().hasPolicy(POLICY_YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI))) {
+            // No network with the policy : do nothing.
+            return;
+        }
+        if (!CollectionUtils.any(rejected, n -> isBadWiFi(n))) {
+            // No bad WiFi : do nothing.
+            return;
+        }
+        if (CollectionUtils.all(accepted, n -> n.getScore().hasPolicy(POLICY_YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI))) {
+            // All validated networks yield to bad WiFis : keep bad WiFis alongside with the
+            // yielders. This is important because the yielders need to be compared to the bad
+            // wifis by the following policies (e.g. exiting).
+            final ArrayList<T> acceptedYielders = new ArrayList<>(accepted);
+            final ArrayList<T> rejectedWithBadWiFis = new ArrayList<>(rejected);
+            partitionInto(rejectedWithBadWiFis, n -> isBadWiFi(n), accepted, rejected);
+            accepted.addAll(acceptedYielders);
+            return;
+        }
+        // Only some of the validated networks yield to bad WiFi : keep only the ones who don't.
+        final ArrayList<T> acceptedWithYielders = new ArrayList<>(accepted);
+        partitionInto(acceptedWithYielders, n -> !n.getScore().hasPolicy(POLICY_YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI),
+                accepted, rejected);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the best network among a list of candidates according to policy.
+     * @param candidates the candidates
+     * @param currentSatisfier the current satisfier, or null if none
+     * @return the best network
+     */
+    @Nullable public <T extends Scoreable> T getBestNetworkByPolicy(
+            @NonNull List<T> candidates,
+            @Nullable final T currentSatisfier) {
+        // Used as working areas.
+        final ArrayList<T> accepted =
+                new ArrayList<>(candidates.size() /* initialCapacity */);
+        final ArrayList<T> rejected =
+                new ArrayList<>(candidates.size() /* initialCapacity */);
+
+        // The following tests will search for a network matching a given criterion. They all
+        // function the same way : if any network matches the criterion, drop from consideration
+        // all networks that don't. To achieve this, the tests below :
+        // 1. partition the list of remaining candidates into accepted and rejected networks.
+        // 2. if only one candidate remains, that's the winner : if accepted.size == 1 return [0]
+        // 3. if multiple remain, keep only the accepted networks and go on to the next criterion.
+        //    Because the working areas will be wiped, a copy of the accepted networks needs to be
+        //    made.
+        // 4. if none remain, the criterion did not help discriminate so keep them all. As an
+        //    optimization, skip creating a new array and go on to the next criterion.
+
+        // If a network is invincible, use it.
+        partitionInto(candidates, nai -> nai.getScore().hasPolicy(POLICY_IS_INVINCIBLE),
+                accepted, rejected);
+        if (accepted.size() == 1) return accepted.get(0);
+        if (accepted.size() > 0 && rejected.size() > 0) candidates = new ArrayList<>(accepted);
+
+        // If there is a connected VPN, use it.
+        partitionInto(candidates, nai -> nai.getScore().hasPolicy(POLICY_IS_VPN),
+                accepted, rejected);
+        if (accepted.size() == 1) return accepted.get(0);
+        if (accepted.size() > 0 && rejected.size() > 0) candidates = new ArrayList<>(accepted);
+
+        // Selected & Accept-unvalidated policy : if any network has both of these, then don't
+        // choose one that doesn't.
+        partitionInto(candidates, nai -> nai.getScore().hasPolicy(POLICY_EVER_USER_SELECTED)
+                        && nai.getScore().hasPolicy(POLICY_ACCEPT_UNVALIDATED),
+                accepted, rejected);
+        if (accepted.size() == 1) return accepted.get(0);
+        if (accepted.size() > 0 && rejected.size() > 0) candidates = new ArrayList<>(accepted);
+
+        // If any network is validated (or should be accepted even if it's not validated), then
+        // don't choose one that isn't.
+        partitionInto(candidates, nai -> nai.getScore().hasPolicy(POLICY_IS_VALIDATED)
+                        || nai.getScore().hasPolicy(POLICY_ACCEPT_UNVALIDATED),
+                accepted, rejected);
+        // Yield to bad wifi policy : if any network has the "yield to bad WiFi" policy and
+        // there are bad WiFis connected, then accept the bad WiFis and reject the networks with
+        // the policy.
+        applyYieldToBadWifiPolicy(accepted, rejected);
+        if (accepted.size() == 1) return accepted.get(0);
+        if (accepted.size() > 0 && rejected.size() > 0) candidates = new ArrayList<>(accepted);
+
+        // If any network is not exiting, don't choose one that is.
+        partitionInto(candidates, nai -> !nai.getScore().hasPolicy(POLICY_EXITING),
+                accepted, rejected);
+        if (accepted.size() == 1) return accepted.get(0);
+        if (accepted.size() > 0 && rejected.size() > 0) candidates = new ArrayList<>(accepted);
+
+        // TODO : If any network is unmetered, don't choose a metered network.
+        // This can't be implemented immediately because prospective networks are always
+        // considered unmetered because factories don't know if the network will be metered.
+        // Saying an unmetered network always beats a metered one would mean that when metered wifi
+        // is connected, the offer for telephony would beat WiFi but the actual metered network
+        // would lose, so we'd have an infinite loop where telephony would continually bring up
+        // a network that is immediately torn down.
+        // Fix this by getting the agent to tell connectivity whether the network they will
+        // bring up is metered. Cell knows that in advance, while WiFi has a good estimate and
+        // can revise it if the network later turns out to be metered.
+        // partitionInto(candidates, nai -> nai.getScore().hasPolicy(POLICY_IS_UNMETERED),
+        //         accepted, rejected);
+        // if (accepted.size() == 1) return accepted.get(0);
+        // if (accepted.size() > 0 && rejected.size() > 0) candidates = new ArrayList<>(accepted);
+
+        // If any network is for the default subscription, don't choose a network for another
+        // subscription with the same transport.
+        partitionInto(candidates, nai -> nai.getScore().hasPolicy(POLICY_TRANSPORT_PRIMARY),
+                accepted, rejected);
+        if (accepted.size() > 0) {
+            // Some networks are primary. For each transport, keep only the primary, but also
+            // keep all networks for which there isn't a primary (which are now in the |rejected|
+            // array).
+            // So for each primary network, remove from |rejected| all networks with the same
+            // transports as one of the primary networks. The remaining networks should be accepted.
+            for (final T defaultSubNai : accepted) {
+                final int[] transports = defaultSubNai.getCapsNoCopy().getTransportTypes();
+                rejected.removeIf(
+                        nai -> Arrays.equals(transports, nai.getCapsNoCopy().getTransportTypes()));
+            }
+            accepted.addAll(rejected);
+            candidates = new ArrayList<>(accepted);
+        }
+        if (1 == candidates.size()) return candidates.get(0);
+        // If there were no primary network, then candidates.size() > 0 because it didn't
+        // change from the previous result. If there were, it's guaranteed candidates.size() > 0
+        // because accepted.size() > 0 above.
+
+        // If some of the networks have a better transport than others, keep only the ones with
+        // the best transports.
+        for (final int transport : PREFERRED_TRANSPORTS_ORDER) {
+            partitionInto(candidates, nai -> nai.getCapsNoCopy().hasTransport(transport),
+                    accepted, rejected);
+            if (accepted.size() == 1) return accepted.get(0);
+            if (accepted.size() > 0 && rejected.size() > 0) {
+                candidates = new ArrayList<>(accepted);
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // At this point there are still multiple networks passing all the tests above. If any
+        // of them is the previous satisfier, keep it.
+        if (candidates.contains(currentSatisfier)) return currentSatisfier;
+
+        // If there are still multiple options at this point but none of them is any of the
+        // transports above, it doesn't matter which is returned. They are all the same.
+        return candidates.get(0);
+    }
+
+    // TODO : switch to the policy implementation and remove
+    // Almost equivalent to Collections.max(nais), but allows returning null if no network
+    // satisfies the request.
+    private NetworkAgentInfo getBestNetworkByLegacyInt(
+            @NonNull final Collection<NetworkAgentInfo> nais) {
+        NetworkAgentInfo bestNetwork = null;
+        int bestScore = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
+        for (final NetworkAgentInfo nai : nais) {
+            final int naiScore = nai.getCurrentScore();
+            if (naiScore > bestScore) {
+                bestNetwork = nai;
+                bestScore = naiScore;
+            }
+        }
+        return bestNetwork;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns whether a {@link Scoreable} has a chance to beat a champion network for a request.
+     *
+     * Offers are sent by network providers when they think they might be able to make a network
+     * with the characteristics contained in the offer. If the offer has no chance to beat
+     * the currently best network for a given request, there is no point in the provider spending
+     * power trying to find and bring up such a network.
+     *
+     * Note that having an offer up does not constitute a commitment from the provider part
+     * to be able to bring up a network with these characteristics, or a network at all for
+     * that matter. This is only used to save power by letting providers know when they can't
+     * beat a current champion.
+     *
+     * @param request The request to evaluate against.
+     * @param champion The currently best network for this request.
+     * @param contestant The offer.
+     * @return Whether the offer stands a chance to beat the champion.
+     */
+    public boolean mightBeat(@NonNull final NetworkRequest request,
+            @Nullable final NetworkAgentInfo champion,
+            @NonNull final Scoreable contestant) {
+        // If this network can't even satisfy the request then it can't beat anything, not
+        // even an absence of network. It can't satisfy it anyway.
+        if (!request.canBeSatisfiedBy(contestant.getCapsNoCopy())) return false;
+        // If there is no satisfying network, then this network can beat, because some network
+        // is always better than no network.
+        if (null == champion) return true;
+        if (USE_POLICY_RANKING) {
+            // If there is no champion, the offer can always beat.
+            // Otherwise rank them.
+            final ArrayList<Scoreable> candidates = new ArrayList<>();
+            candidates.add(champion);
+            candidates.add(contestant);
+            return contestant == getBestNetworkByPolicy(candidates, champion);
+        } else {
+            return mightBeatByLegacyInt(champion.getScore(), contestant);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns whether a contestant might beat a champion according to the legacy int.
+     */
+    private boolean mightBeatByLegacyInt(@Nullable final FullScore championScore,
+            @NonNull final Scoreable contestant) {
+        final int offerIntScore;
+        if (contestant.getCapsNoCopy().hasCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)) {
+            // If the offer might have Internet access, then it might validate.
+            offerIntScore = contestant.getScore().getLegacyIntAsValidated();
+        } else {
+            offerIntScore = contestant.getScore().getLegacyInt();
+        }
+        return championScore.getLegacyInt() < offerIntScore;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/OsCompat.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/OsCompat.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..57e3dcd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/OsCompat.java
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity;
+
+import android.system.ErrnoException;
+import android.system.Os;
+
+import java.io.FileDescriptor;
+
+/**
+ * Compatibility utility for android.system.Os core platform APIs.
+ *
+ * Connectivity has access to such APIs, but they are not part of the module_current stubs yet
+ * (only core_current). Most stable core platform APIs are included manually in the connectivity
+ * build rules, but because Os is also part of the base java SDK that is earlier on the
+ * classpath, the extra core platform APIs are not seen.
+ *
+ * TODO (b/157639992, b/183097033): remove as soon as core_current is part of system_server_current
+ * @hide
+ */
+public class OsCompat {
+    // This value should be correct on all architectures supported by Android, but hardcoding ioctl
+    // numbers should be avoided.
+    /**
+     * @see android.system.OsConstants#TIOCOUTQ
+     */
+    public static final int TIOCOUTQ = 0x5411;
+
+    /**
+     * @see android.system.Os#getsockoptInt(FileDescriptor, int, int)
+     */
+    public static int getsockoptInt(FileDescriptor fd, int level, int option) throws
+            ErrnoException {
+        try {
+            return (int) Os.class.getMethod(
+                    "getsockoptInt", FileDescriptor.class, int.class, int.class)
+                    .invoke(null, fd, level, option);
+        } catch (ReflectiveOperationException e) {
+            if (e.getCause() instanceof ErrnoException) {
+                throw (ErrnoException) e.getCause();
+            }
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Error calling getsockoptInt", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @see android.system.Os#ioctlInt(FileDescriptor, int)
+     */
+    public static int ioctlInt(FileDescriptor fd, int cmd) throws
+            ErrnoException {
+        try {
+            return (int) Os.class.getMethod(
+                    "ioctlInt", FileDescriptor.class, int.class).invoke(null, fd, cmd);
+        } catch (ReflectiveOperationException e) {
+            if (e.getCause() instanceof ErrnoException) {
+                throw (ErrnoException) e.getCause();
+            }
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Error calling ioctlInt", e);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitor.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitor.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5886b1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitor.java
@@ -0,0 +1,733 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2014 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity;
+
+import static android.Manifest.permission.CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE;
+import static android.Manifest.permission.CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS;
+import static android.Manifest.permission.INTERNET;
+import static android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK;
+import static android.Manifest.permission.UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS;
+import static android.content.pm.PackageInfo.REQUESTED_PERMISSION_GRANTED;
+import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.GET_PERMISSIONS;
+import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.MATCH_ANY_USER;
+import static android.net.NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK;
+import static android.os.Process.INVALID_UID;
+import static android.os.Process.SYSTEM_UID;
+
+import static com.android.net.module.util.CollectionUtils.toIntArray;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.content.BroadcastReceiver;
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.content.Intent;
+import android.content.IntentFilter;
+import android.content.pm.ApplicationInfo;
+import android.content.pm.PackageInfo;
+import android.content.pm.PackageManager;
+import android.content.pm.PackageManager.NameNotFoundException;
+import android.net.INetd;
+import android.net.UidRange;
+import android.net.Uri;
+import android.os.Build;
+import android.os.RemoteException;
+import android.os.ServiceSpecificException;
+import android.os.SystemConfigManager;
+import android.os.UserHandle;
+import android.os.UserManager;
+import android.system.OsConstants;
+import android.util.Log;
+import android.util.SparseArray;
+import android.util.SparseIntArray;
+
+import com.android.internal.annotations.GuardedBy;
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.android.internal.util.IndentingPrintWriter;
+import com.android.net.module.util.CollectionUtils;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+
+/**
+ * A utility class to inform Netd of UID permisisons.
+ * Does a mass update at boot and then monitors for app install/remove.
+ *
+ * @hide
+ */
+public class PermissionMonitor {
+    private static final String TAG = "PermissionMonitor";
+    private static final boolean DBG = true;
+    protected static final Boolean SYSTEM = Boolean.TRUE;
+    protected static final Boolean NETWORK = Boolean.FALSE;
+    private static final int VERSION_Q = Build.VERSION_CODES.Q;
+
+    private final PackageManager mPackageManager;
+    private final UserManager mUserManager;
+    private final SystemConfigManager mSystemConfigManager;
+    private final INetd mNetd;
+    private final Dependencies mDeps;
+    private final Context mContext;
+
+    @GuardedBy("this")
+    private final Set<UserHandle> mUsers = new HashSet<>();
+
+    // Keys are app uids. Values are true for SYSTEM permission and false for NETWORK permission.
+    @GuardedBy("this")
+    private final Map<Integer, Boolean> mApps = new HashMap<>();
+
+    // Keys are active non-bypassable and fully-routed VPN's interface name, Values are uid ranges
+    // for apps under the VPN
+    @GuardedBy("this")
+    private final Map<String, Set<UidRange>> mVpnUidRanges = new HashMap<>();
+
+    // A set of appIds for apps across all users on the device. We track appIds instead of uids
+    // directly to reduce its size and also eliminate the need to update this set when user is
+    // added/removed.
+    @GuardedBy("this")
+    private final Set<Integer> mAllApps = new HashSet<>();
+
+    private BroadcastReceiver mIntentReceiver = new BroadcastReceiver() {
+        @Override
+        public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {
+            final String action = intent.getAction();
+            final int uid = intent.getIntExtra(Intent.EXTRA_UID, -1);
+            final Uri packageData = intent.getData();
+            final String packageName =
+                    packageData != null ? packageData.getSchemeSpecificPart() : null;
+
+            if (Intent.ACTION_PACKAGE_ADDED.equals(action)) {
+                onPackageAdded(packageName, uid);
+            } else if (Intent.ACTION_PACKAGE_REMOVED.equals(action)) {
+                onPackageRemoved(packageName, uid);
+            } else {
+                Log.wtf(TAG, "received unexpected intent: " + action);
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * Dependencies of PermissionMonitor, for injection in tests.
+     */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public static class Dependencies {
+        /**
+         * Get device first sdk version.
+         */
+        public int getDeviceFirstSdkInt() {
+            return Build.VERSION.DEVICE_INITIAL_SDK_INT;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public PermissionMonitor(@NonNull final Context context, @NonNull final INetd netd) {
+        this(context, netd, new Dependencies());
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    PermissionMonitor(@NonNull final Context context, @NonNull final INetd netd,
+            @NonNull final Dependencies deps) {
+        mPackageManager = context.getPackageManager();
+        mUserManager = (UserManager) context.getSystemService(Context.USER_SERVICE);
+        mSystemConfigManager = context.getSystemService(SystemConfigManager.class);
+        mNetd = netd;
+        mDeps = deps;
+        mContext = context;
+    }
+
+    // Intended to be called only once at startup, after the system is ready. Installs a broadcast
+    // receiver to monitor ongoing UID changes, so this shouldn't/needn't be called again.
+    public synchronized void startMonitoring() {
+        log("Monitoring");
+
+        final IntentFilter intentFilter = new IntentFilter();
+        intentFilter.addAction(Intent.ACTION_PACKAGE_ADDED);
+        intentFilter.addAction(Intent.ACTION_PACKAGE_REMOVED);
+        intentFilter.addDataScheme("package");
+        mContext.createContextAsUser(UserHandle.ALL, 0 /* flags */).registerReceiver(
+                mIntentReceiver, intentFilter, null /* broadcastPermission */,
+                null /* scheduler */);
+
+        List<PackageInfo> apps = mPackageManager.getInstalledPackages(GET_PERMISSIONS
+                | MATCH_ANY_USER);
+        if (apps == null) {
+            loge("No apps");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        SparseIntArray netdPermsUids = new SparseIntArray();
+
+        for (PackageInfo app : apps) {
+            int uid = app.applicationInfo != null ? app.applicationInfo.uid : INVALID_UID;
+            if (uid < 0) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            mAllApps.add(UserHandle.getAppId(uid));
+
+            boolean isNetwork = hasNetworkPermission(app);
+            boolean hasRestrictedPermission = hasRestrictedNetworkPermission(app);
+
+            if (isNetwork || hasRestrictedPermission) {
+                Boolean permission = mApps.get(uid);
+                // If multiple packages share a UID (cf: android:sharedUserId) and ask for different
+                // permissions, don't downgrade (i.e., if it's already SYSTEM, leave it as is).
+                if (permission == null || permission == NETWORK) {
+                    mApps.put(uid, hasRestrictedPermission);
+                }
+            }
+
+            //TODO: unify the management of the permissions into one codepath.
+            int otherNetdPerms = getNetdPermissionMask(app.requestedPermissions,
+                    app.requestedPermissionsFlags);
+            netdPermsUids.put(uid, netdPermsUids.get(uid) | otherNetdPerms);
+        }
+
+        mUsers.addAll(mUserManager.getUserHandles(true /* excludeDying */));
+
+        final SparseArray<String> netdPermToSystemPerm = new SparseArray<>();
+        netdPermToSystemPerm.put(INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET, INTERNET);
+        netdPermToSystemPerm.put(INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS, UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS);
+        for (int i = 0; i < netdPermToSystemPerm.size(); i++) {
+            final int netdPermission = netdPermToSystemPerm.keyAt(i);
+            final String systemPermission = netdPermToSystemPerm.valueAt(i);
+            final int[] hasPermissionUids =
+                    mSystemConfigManager.getSystemPermissionUids(systemPermission);
+            for (int j = 0; j < hasPermissionUids.length; j++) {
+                final int uid = hasPermissionUids[j];
+                netdPermsUids.put(uid, netdPermsUids.get(uid) | netdPermission);
+            }
+        }
+        log("Users: " + mUsers.size() + ", Apps: " + mApps.size());
+        update(mUsers, mApps, true);
+        sendPackagePermissionsToNetd(netdPermsUids);
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    static boolean isVendorApp(@NonNull ApplicationInfo appInfo) {
+        return appInfo.isVendor() || appInfo.isOem() || appInfo.isProduct();
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    boolean hasPermission(@NonNull final PackageInfo app, @NonNull final String permission) {
+        if (app.requestedPermissions == null || app.requestedPermissionsFlags == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        final int index = CollectionUtils.indexOf(app.requestedPermissions, permission);
+        if (index < 0 || index >= app.requestedPermissionsFlags.length) return false;
+        return (app.requestedPermissionsFlags[index] & REQUESTED_PERMISSION_GRANTED) != 0;
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    boolean hasNetworkPermission(@NonNull final PackageInfo app) {
+        return hasPermission(app, CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE);
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    boolean hasRestrictedNetworkPermission(@NonNull final PackageInfo app) {
+        // TODO : remove this check in the future(b/31479477). All apps should just
+        // request the appropriate permission for their use case since android Q.
+        if (app.applicationInfo != null) {
+            // Backward compatibility for b/114245686, on devices that launched before Q daemons
+            // and apps running as the system UID are exempted from this check.
+            if (app.applicationInfo.uid == SYSTEM_UID && mDeps.getDeviceFirstSdkInt() < VERSION_Q) {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            if (app.applicationInfo.targetSdkVersion < VERSION_Q
+                    && isVendorApp(app.applicationInfo)) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return hasPermission(app, PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK)
+                || hasPermission(app, NETWORK_STACK)
+                || hasPermission(app, CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS);
+    }
+
+    /** Returns whether the given uid has using background network permission. */
+    public synchronized boolean hasUseBackgroundNetworksPermission(final int uid) {
+        // Apps with any of the CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE, NETWORK_STACK, CONNECTIVITY_INTERNAL or
+        // CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS permission has the permission to use background
+        // networks. mApps contains the result of checks for both hasNetworkPermission and
+        // hasRestrictedNetworkPermission. If uid is in the mApps list that means uid has one of
+        // permissions at least.
+        return mApps.containsKey(uid);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns whether the given uid has permission to use restricted networks.
+     */
+    public synchronized boolean hasRestrictedNetworksPermission(int uid) {
+        return Boolean.TRUE.equals(mApps.get(uid));
+    }
+
+    private void update(Set<UserHandle> users, Map<Integer, Boolean> apps, boolean add) {
+        List<Integer> network = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<Integer> system = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (Entry<Integer, Boolean> app : apps.entrySet()) {
+            List<Integer> list = app.getValue() ? system : network;
+            for (UserHandle user : users) {
+                if (user == null) continue;
+
+                list.add(user.getUid(app.getKey()));
+            }
+        }
+        try {
+            if (add) {
+                mNetd.networkSetPermissionForUser(INetd.PERMISSION_NETWORK, toIntArray(network));
+                mNetd.networkSetPermissionForUser(INetd.PERMISSION_SYSTEM, toIntArray(system));
+            } else {
+                mNetd.networkClearPermissionForUser(toIntArray(network));
+                mNetd.networkClearPermissionForUser(toIntArray(system));
+            }
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            loge("Exception when updating permissions: " + e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Called when a user is added. See {link #ACTION_USER_ADDED}.
+     *
+     * @param user The integer userHandle of the added user. See {@link #EXTRA_USER_HANDLE}.
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    public synchronized void onUserAdded(@NonNull UserHandle user) {
+        mUsers.add(user);
+
+        Set<UserHandle> users = new HashSet<>();
+        users.add(user);
+        update(users, mApps, true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Called when an user is removed. See {link #ACTION_USER_REMOVED}.
+     *
+     * @param user The integer userHandle of the removed user. See {@link #EXTRA_USER_HANDLE}.
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    public synchronized void onUserRemoved(@NonNull UserHandle user) {
+        mUsers.remove(user);
+
+        Set<UserHandle> users = new HashSet<>();
+        users.add(user);
+        update(users, mApps, false);
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    protected Boolean highestPermissionForUid(Boolean currentPermission, String name) {
+        if (currentPermission == SYSTEM) {
+            return currentPermission;
+        }
+        try {
+            final PackageInfo app = mPackageManager.getPackageInfo(name,
+                    GET_PERMISSIONS | MATCH_ANY_USER);
+            final boolean isNetwork = hasNetworkPermission(app);
+            final boolean hasRestrictedPermission = hasRestrictedNetworkPermission(app);
+            if (isNetwork || hasRestrictedPermission) {
+                currentPermission = hasRestrictedPermission;
+            }
+        } catch (NameNotFoundException e) {
+            // App not found.
+            loge("NameNotFoundException " + name);
+        }
+        return currentPermission;
+    }
+
+    private int getPermissionForUid(final int uid) {
+        int permission = INetd.PERMISSION_NONE;
+        // Check all the packages for this UID. The UID has the permission if any of the
+        // packages in it has the permission.
+        final String[] packages = mPackageManager.getPackagesForUid(uid);
+        if (packages != null && packages.length > 0) {
+            for (String name : packages) {
+                final PackageInfo app = getPackageInfo(name);
+                if (app != null && app.requestedPermissions != null) {
+                    permission |= getNetdPermissionMask(app.requestedPermissions,
+                            app.requestedPermissionsFlags);
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            // The last package of this uid is removed from device. Clean the package up.
+            permission = INetd.PERMISSION_UNINSTALLED;
+        }
+        return permission;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Called when a package is added.
+     *
+     * @param packageName The name of the new package.
+     * @param uid The uid of the new package.
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    public synchronized void onPackageAdded(@NonNull final String packageName, final int uid) {
+        // TODO: Netd is using appId for checking traffic permission. Correct the methods that are
+        //  using appId instead of uid actually
+        sendPackagePermissionsForUid(UserHandle.getAppId(uid), getPermissionForUid(uid));
+
+        // If multiple packages share a UID (cf: android:sharedUserId) and ask for different
+        // permissions, don't downgrade (i.e., if it's already SYSTEM, leave it as is).
+        final Boolean permission = highestPermissionForUid(mApps.get(uid), packageName);
+        if (permission != mApps.get(uid)) {
+            mApps.put(uid, permission);
+
+            Map<Integer, Boolean> apps = new HashMap<>();
+            apps.put(uid, permission);
+            update(mUsers, apps, true);
+        }
+
+        // If the newly-installed package falls within some VPN's uid range, update Netd with it.
+        // This needs to happen after the mApps update above, since removeBypassingUids() depends
+        // on mApps to check if the package can bypass VPN.
+        for (Map.Entry<String, Set<UidRange>> vpn : mVpnUidRanges.entrySet()) {
+            if (UidRange.containsUid(vpn.getValue(), uid)) {
+                final Set<Integer> changedUids = new HashSet<>();
+                changedUids.add(uid);
+                removeBypassingUids(changedUids, /* vpnAppUid */ -1);
+                updateVpnUids(vpn.getKey(), changedUids, true);
+            }
+        }
+        mAllApps.add(UserHandle.getAppId(uid));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Called when a package is removed.
+     *
+     * @param packageName The name of the removed package or null.
+     * @param uid containing the integer uid previously assigned to the package.
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    public synchronized void onPackageRemoved(@NonNull final String packageName, final int uid) {
+        // TODO: Netd is using appId for checking traffic permission. Correct the methods that are
+        //  using appId instead of uid actually
+        sendPackagePermissionsForUid(UserHandle.getAppId(uid), getPermissionForUid(uid));
+
+        // If the newly-removed package falls within some VPN's uid range, update Netd with it.
+        // This needs to happen before the mApps update below, since removeBypassingUids() depends
+        // on mApps to check if the package can bypass VPN.
+        for (Map.Entry<String, Set<UidRange>> vpn : mVpnUidRanges.entrySet()) {
+            if (UidRange.containsUid(vpn.getValue(), uid)) {
+                final Set<Integer> changedUids = new HashSet<>();
+                changedUids.add(uid);
+                removeBypassingUids(changedUids, /* vpnAppUid */ -1);
+                updateVpnUids(vpn.getKey(), changedUids, false);
+            }
+        }
+        // If the package has been removed from all users on the device, clear it form mAllApps.
+        if (mPackageManager.getNameForUid(uid) == null) {
+            mAllApps.remove(UserHandle.getAppId(uid));
+        }
+
+        Map<Integer, Boolean> apps = new HashMap<>();
+        Boolean permission = null;
+        String[] packages = mPackageManager.getPackagesForUid(uid);
+        if (packages != null && packages.length > 0) {
+            for (String name : packages) {
+                permission = highestPermissionForUid(permission, name);
+                if (permission == SYSTEM) {
+                    // An app with this UID still has the SYSTEM permission.
+                    // Therefore, this UID must already have the SYSTEM permission.
+                    // Nothing to do.
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (permission == mApps.get(uid)) {
+            // The permissions of this UID have not changed. Nothing to do.
+            return;
+        } else if (permission != null) {
+            mApps.put(uid, permission);
+            apps.put(uid, permission);
+            update(mUsers, apps, true);
+        } else {
+            mApps.remove(uid);
+            apps.put(uid, NETWORK);  // doesn't matter which permission we pick here
+            update(mUsers, apps, false);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static int getNetdPermissionMask(String[] requestedPermissions,
+                                             int[] requestedPermissionsFlags) {
+        int permissions = 0;
+        if (requestedPermissions == null || requestedPermissionsFlags == null) return permissions;
+        for (int i = 0; i < requestedPermissions.length; i++) {
+            if (requestedPermissions[i].equals(INTERNET)
+                    && ((requestedPermissionsFlags[i] & REQUESTED_PERMISSION_GRANTED) != 0)) {
+                permissions |= INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET;
+            }
+            if (requestedPermissions[i].equals(UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS)
+                    && ((requestedPermissionsFlags[i] & REQUESTED_PERMISSION_GRANTED) != 0)) {
+                permissions |= INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS;
+            }
+        }
+        return permissions;
+    }
+
+    private PackageInfo getPackageInfo(String packageName) {
+        try {
+            PackageInfo app = mPackageManager.getPackageInfo(packageName, GET_PERMISSIONS
+                    | MATCH_ANY_USER);
+            return app;
+        } catch (NameNotFoundException e) {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Called when a new set of UID ranges are added to an active VPN network
+     *
+     * @param iface The active VPN network's interface name
+     * @param rangesToAdd The new UID ranges to be added to the network
+     * @param vpnAppUid The uid of the VPN app
+     */
+    public synchronized void onVpnUidRangesAdded(@NonNull String iface, Set<UidRange> rangesToAdd,
+            int vpnAppUid) {
+        // Calculate the list of new app uids under the VPN due to the new UID ranges and update
+        // Netd about them. Because mAllApps only contains appIds instead of uids, the result might
+        // be an overestimation if an app is not installed on the user on which the VPN is running,
+        // but that's safe.
+        final Set<Integer> changedUids = intersectUids(rangesToAdd, mAllApps);
+        removeBypassingUids(changedUids, vpnAppUid);
+        updateVpnUids(iface, changedUids, true);
+        if (mVpnUidRanges.containsKey(iface)) {
+            mVpnUidRanges.get(iface).addAll(rangesToAdd);
+        } else {
+            mVpnUidRanges.put(iface, new HashSet<UidRange>(rangesToAdd));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Called when a set of UID ranges are removed from an active VPN network
+     *
+     * @param iface The VPN network's interface name
+     * @param rangesToRemove Existing UID ranges to be removed from the VPN network
+     * @param vpnAppUid The uid of the VPN app
+     */
+    public synchronized void onVpnUidRangesRemoved(@NonNull String iface,
+            Set<UidRange> rangesToRemove, int vpnAppUid) {
+        // Calculate the list of app uids that are no longer under the VPN due to the removed UID
+        // ranges and update Netd about them.
+        final Set<Integer> changedUids = intersectUids(rangesToRemove, mAllApps);
+        removeBypassingUids(changedUids, vpnAppUid);
+        updateVpnUids(iface, changedUids, false);
+        Set<UidRange> existingRanges = mVpnUidRanges.getOrDefault(iface, null);
+        if (existingRanges == null) {
+            loge("Attempt to remove unknown vpn uid Range iface = " + iface);
+            return;
+        }
+        existingRanges.removeAll(rangesToRemove);
+        if (existingRanges.size() == 0) {
+            mVpnUidRanges.remove(iface);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compute the intersection of a set of UidRanges and appIds. Returns a set of uids
+     * that satisfies:
+     *   1. falls into one of the UidRange
+     *   2. matches one of the appIds
+     */
+    private Set<Integer> intersectUids(Set<UidRange> ranges, Set<Integer> appIds) {
+        Set<Integer> result = new HashSet<>();
+        for (UidRange range : ranges) {
+            for (int userId = range.getStartUser(); userId <= range.getEndUser(); userId++) {
+                for (int appId : appIds) {
+                    final UserHandle handle = UserHandle.of(userId);
+                    if (handle == null) continue;
+
+                    final int uid = handle.getUid(appId);
+                    if (range.contains(uid)) {
+                        result.add(uid);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Remove all apps which can elect to bypass the VPN from the list of uids
+     *
+     * An app can elect to bypass the VPN if it hold SYSTEM permission, or if its the active VPN
+     * app itself.
+     *
+     * @param uids The list of uids to operate on
+     * @param vpnAppUid The uid of the VPN app
+     */
+    private void removeBypassingUids(Set<Integer> uids, int vpnAppUid) {
+        uids.remove(vpnAppUid);
+        uids.removeIf(uid -> mApps.getOrDefault(uid, NETWORK) == SYSTEM);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Update netd about the list of uids that are under an active VPN connection which they cannot
+     * bypass.
+     *
+     * This is to instruct netd to set up appropriate filtering rules for these uids, such that they
+     * can only receive ingress packets from the VPN's tunnel interface (and loopback).
+     *
+     * @param iface the interface name of the active VPN connection
+     * @param add {@code true} if the uids are to be added to the interface, {@code false} if they
+     *        are to be removed from the interface.
+     */
+    private void updateVpnUids(String iface, Set<Integer> uids, boolean add) {
+        if (uids.size() == 0) {
+            return;
+        }
+        try {
+            if (add) {
+                mNetd.firewallAddUidInterfaceRules(iface, toIntArray(uids));
+            } else {
+                mNetd.firewallRemoveUidInterfaceRules(toIntArray(uids));
+            }
+        } catch (ServiceSpecificException e) {
+            // Silently ignore exception when device does not support eBPF, otherwise just log
+            // the exception and do not crash
+            if (e.errorCode != OsConstants.EOPNOTSUPP) {
+                loge("Exception when updating permissions: ", e);
+            }
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            loge("Exception when updating permissions: ", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Called by PackageListObserver when a package is installed/uninstalled. Send the updated
+     * permission information to netd.
+     *
+     * @param uid the app uid of the package installed
+     * @param permissions the permissions the app requested and netd cares about.
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    void sendPackagePermissionsForUid(int uid, int permissions) {
+        SparseIntArray netdPermissionsAppIds = new SparseIntArray();
+        netdPermissionsAppIds.put(uid, permissions);
+        sendPackagePermissionsToNetd(netdPermissionsAppIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Called by packageManagerService to send IPC to netd. Grant or revoke the INTERNET
+     * and/or UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS permission of the uids in array.
+     *
+     * @param netdPermissionsAppIds integer pairs of uids and the permission granted to it. If the
+     * permission is 0, revoke all permissions of that uid.
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    void sendPackagePermissionsToNetd(SparseIntArray netdPermissionsAppIds) {
+        if (mNetd == null) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Failed to get the netd service");
+            return;
+        }
+        ArrayList<Integer> allPermissionAppIds = new ArrayList<>();
+        ArrayList<Integer> internetPermissionAppIds = new ArrayList<>();
+        ArrayList<Integer> updateStatsPermissionAppIds = new ArrayList<>();
+        ArrayList<Integer> noPermissionAppIds = new ArrayList<>();
+        ArrayList<Integer> uninstalledAppIds = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (int i = 0; i < netdPermissionsAppIds.size(); i++) {
+            int permissions = netdPermissionsAppIds.valueAt(i);
+            switch(permissions) {
+                case (INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET | INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS):
+                    allPermissionAppIds.add(netdPermissionsAppIds.keyAt(i));
+                    break;
+                case INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET:
+                    internetPermissionAppIds.add(netdPermissionsAppIds.keyAt(i));
+                    break;
+                case INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS:
+                    updateStatsPermissionAppIds.add(netdPermissionsAppIds.keyAt(i));
+                    break;
+                case INetd.PERMISSION_NONE:
+                    noPermissionAppIds.add(netdPermissionsAppIds.keyAt(i));
+                    break;
+                case INetd.PERMISSION_UNINSTALLED:
+                    uninstalledAppIds.add(netdPermissionsAppIds.keyAt(i));
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    Log.e(TAG, "unknown permission type: " + permissions + "for uid: "
+                            + netdPermissionsAppIds.keyAt(i));
+            }
+        }
+        try {
+            // TODO: add a lock inside netd to protect IPC trafficSetNetPermForUids()
+            if (allPermissionAppIds.size() != 0) {
+                mNetd.trafficSetNetPermForUids(
+                        INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET | INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS,
+                        toIntArray(allPermissionAppIds));
+            }
+            if (internetPermissionAppIds.size() != 0) {
+                mNetd.trafficSetNetPermForUids(INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET,
+                        toIntArray(internetPermissionAppIds));
+            }
+            if (updateStatsPermissionAppIds.size() != 0) {
+                mNetd.trafficSetNetPermForUids(INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS,
+                        toIntArray(updateStatsPermissionAppIds));
+            }
+            if (noPermissionAppIds.size() != 0) {
+                mNetd.trafficSetNetPermForUids(INetd.PERMISSION_NONE,
+                        toIntArray(noPermissionAppIds));
+            }
+            if (uninstalledAppIds.size() != 0) {
+                mNetd.trafficSetNetPermForUids(INetd.PERMISSION_UNINSTALLED,
+                        toIntArray(uninstalledAppIds));
+            }
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Pass appId list of special permission failed." + e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Should only be used by unit tests */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public Set<UidRange> getVpnUidRanges(String iface) {
+        return mVpnUidRanges.get(iface);
+    }
+
+    /** Dump info to dumpsys */
+    public void dump(IndentingPrintWriter pw) {
+        pw.println("Interface filtering rules:");
+        pw.increaseIndent();
+        for (Map.Entry<String, Set<UidRange>> vpn : mVpnUidRanges.entrySet()) {
+            pw.println("Interface: " + vpn.getKey());
+            pw.println("UIDs: " + vpn.getValue().toString());
+            pw.println();
+        }
+        pw.decreaseIndent();
+    }
+
+    private static void log(String s) {
+        if (DBG) {
+            Log.d(TAG, s);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void loge(String s) {
+        Log.e(TAG, s);
+    }
+
+    private static void loge(String s, Throwable e) {
+        Log.e(TAG, s, e);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/ProfileNetworkPreferences.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/ProfileNetworkPreferences.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dd2815d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/ProfileNetworkPreferences.java
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
+import android.os.UserHandle;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * A data class containing all the per-profile network preferences.
+ *
+ * A given profile can only have one preference.
+ */
+public class ProfileNetworkPreferences {
+    /**
+     * A single preference, as it applies to a given user profile.
+     */
+    public static class Preference {
+        @NonNull public final UserHandle user;
+        // Capabilities are only null when sending an object to remove the setting for a user
+        @Nullable public final NetworkCapabilities capabilities;
+
+        public Preference(@NonNull final UserHandle user,
+                @Nullable final NetworkCapabilities capabilities) {
+            this.user = user;
+            this.capabilities = null == capabilities ? null : new NetworkCapabilities(capabilities);
+        }
+
+        /** toString */
+        public String toString() {
+            return "[ProfileNetworkPreference user=" + user + " caps=" + capabilities + "]";
+        }
+    }
+
+    @NonNull public final List<Preference> preferences;
+
+    public ProfileNetworkPreferences() {
+        preferences = Collections.EMPTY_LIST;
+    }
+
+    private ProfileNetworkPreferences(@NonNull final List<Preference> list) {
+        preferences = Collections.unmodifiableList(list);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a new object consisting of this object plus the passed preference.
+     *
+     * If a preference already exists for the same user, it will be replaced by the passed
+     * preference. Passing a Preference object containing a null capabilities object is equivalent
+     * to (and indeed, implemented as) removing the preference for this user.
+     */
+    public ProfileNetworkPreferences plus(@NonNull final Preference pref) {
+        final ArrayList<Preference> newPrefs = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (final Preference existingPref : preferences) {
+            if (!existingPref.user.equals(pref.user)) {
+                newPrefs.add(existingPref);
+            }
+        }
+        if (null != pref.capabilities) {
+            newPrefs.add(pref);
+        }
+        return new ProfileNetworkPreferences(newPrefs);
+    }
+
+    public boolean isEmpty() {
+        return preferences.isEmpty();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/ProxyTracker.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/ProxyTracker.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bc0929c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/ProxyTracker.java
@@ -0,0 +1,358 @@
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity;
+
+import static android.net.ConnectivitySettingsManager.GLOBAL_HTTP_PROXY_EXCLUSION_LIST;
+import static android.net.ConnectivitySettingsManager.GLOBAL_HTTP_PROXY_HOST;
+import static android.net.ConnectivitySettingsManager.GLOBAL_HTTP_PROXY_PAC;
+import static android.net.ConnectivitySettingsManager.GLOBAL_HTTP_PROXY_PORT;
+import static android.provider.Settings.Global.HTTP_PROXY;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.content.ContentResolver;
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.content.Intent;
+import android.net.Network;
+import android.net.PacProxyManager;
+import android.net.Proxy;
+import android.net.ProxyInfo;
+import android.net.Uri;
+import android.os.Binder;
+import android.os.Handler;
+import android.os.UserHandle;
+import android.provider.Settings;
+import android.text.TextUtils;
+import android.util.Log;
+import android.util.Pair;
+
+import com.android.internal.annotations.GuardedBy;
+import com.android.net.module.util.ProxyUtils;
+
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Objects;
+
+/**
+ * A class to handle proxy for ConnectivityService.
+ *
+ * @hide
+ */
+public class ProxyTracker {
+    private static final String TAG = ProxyTracker.class.getSimpleName();
+    private static final boolean DBG = true;
+
+    // EXTRA_PROXY_INFO is now @removed. In order to continue sending it, hardcode its value here.
+    // The Proxy.EXTRA_PROXY_INFO constant is not visible to this code because android.net.Proxy
+    // a hidden platform constant not visible to mainline modules.
+    private static final String EXTRA_PROXY_INFO = "android.intent.extra.PROXY_INFO";
+
+    @NonNull
+    private final Context mContext;
+
+    @NonNull
+    private final Object mProxyLock = new Object();
+    // The global proxy is the proxy that is set device-wide, overriding any network-specific
+    // proxy. Note however that proxies are hints ; the system does not enforce their use. Hence
+    // this value is only for querying.
+    @Nullable
+    @GuardedBy("mProxyLock")
+    private ProxyInfo mGlobalProxy = null;
+    // The default proxy is the proxy that applies to no particular network if the global proxy
+    // is not set. Individual networks have their own settings that override this. This member
+    // is set through setDefaultProxy, which is called when the default network changes proxies
+    // in its LinkProperties, or when ConnectivityService switches to a new default network, or
+    // when PacProxyService resolves the proxy.
+    @Nullable
+    @GuardedBy("mProxyLock")
+    private volatile ProxyInfo mDefaultProxy = null;
+    // Whether the default proxy is enabled.
+    @GuardedBy("mProxyLock")
+    private boolean mDefaultProxyEnabled = true;
+
+    private final Handler mConnectivityServiceHandler;
+
+    private final PacProxyManager mPacProxyManager;
+
+    private class PacProxyInstalledListener implements PacProxyManager.PacProxyInstalledListener {
+        private final int mEvent;
+
+        PacProxyInstalledListener(int event) {
+            mEvent = event;
+        }
+
+        public void onPacProxyInstalled(@Nullable Network network, @NonNull ProxyInfo proxy) {
+            mConnectivityServiceHandler
+                    .sendMessage(mConnectivityServiceHandler
+                    .obtainMessage(mEvent, new Pair<>(network, proxy)));
+        }
+    }
+
+    public ProxyTracker(@NonNull final Context context,
+            @NonNull final Handler connectivityServiceInternalHandler, final int pacChangedEvent) {
+        mContext = context;
+        mConnectivityServiceHandler = connectivityServiceInternalHandler;
+        mPacProxyManager = context.getSystemService(PacProxyManager.class);
+
+        PacProxyInstalledListener listener = new PacProxyInstalledListener(pacChangedEvent);
+        mPacProxyManager.addPacProxyInstalledListener(
+                mConnectivityServiceHandler::post, listener);
+    }
+
+    // Convert empty ProxyInfo's to null as null-checks are used to determine if proxies are present
+    // (e.g. if mGlobalProxy==null fall back to network-specific proxy, if network-specific
+    // proxy is null then there is no proxy in place).
+    @Nullable
+    private static ProxyInfo canonicalizeProxyInfo(@Nullable final ProxyInfo proxy) {
+        if (proxy != null && TextUtils.isEmpty(proxy.getHost())
+                && Uri.EMPTY.equals(proxy.getPacFileUrl())) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        return proxy;
+    }
+
+    // ProxyInfo equality functions with a couple modifications over ProxyInfo.equals() to make it
+    // better for determining if a new proxy broadcast is necessary:
+    // 1. Canonicalize empty ProxyInfos to null so an empty proxy compares equal to null so as to
+    //    avoid unnecessary broadcasts.
+    // 2. Make sure all parts of the ProxyInfo's compare true, including the host when a PAC URL
+    //    is in place.  This is important so legacy PAC resolver (see com.android.proxyhandler)
+    //    changes aren't missed.  The legacy PAC resolver pretends to be a simple HTTP proxy but
+    //    actually uses the PAC to resolve; this results in ProxyInfo's with PAC URL, host and port
+    //    all set.
+    public static boolean proxyInfoEqual(@Nullable final ProxyInfo a, @Nullable final ProxyInfo b) {
+        final ProxyInfo pa = canonicalizeProxyInfo(a);
+        final ProxyInfo pb = canonicalizeProxyInfo(b);
+        // ProxyInfo.equals() doesn't check hosts when PAC URLs are present, but we need to check
+        // hosts even when PAC URLs are present to account for the legacy PAC resolver.
+        return Objects.equals(pa, pb) && (pa == null || Objects.equals(pa.getHost(), pb.getHost()));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the default system-wide proxy.
+     *
+     * This will return the global proxy if set, otherwise the default proxy if in use. Note
+     * that this is not necessarily the proxy that any given process should use, as the right
+     * proxy for a process is the proxy for the network this process will use, which may be
+     * different from this value. This value is simply the default in case there is no proxy set
+     * in the network that will be used by a specific process.
+     * @return The default system-wide proxy or null if none.
+     */
+    @Nullable
+    public ProxyInfo getDefaultProxy() {
+        // This information is already available as a world read/writable jvm property.
+        synchronized (mProxyLock) {
+            if (mGlobalProxy != null) return mGlobalProxy;
+            if (mDefaultProxyEnabled) return mDefaultProxy;
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the global proxy.
+     *
+     * @return The global proxy or null if none.
+     */
+    @Nullable
+    public ProxyInfo getGlobalProxy() {
+        // This information is already available as a world read/writable jvm property.
+        synchronized (mProxyLock) {
+            return mGlobalProxy;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Read the global proxy settings and cache them in memory.
+     */
+    public void loadGlobalProxy() {
+        if (loadDeprecatedGlobalHttpProxy()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        ContentResolver res = mContext.getContentResolver();
+        String host = Settings.Global.getString(res, GLOBAL_HTTP_PROXY_HOST);
+        int port = Settings.Global.getInt(res, GLOBAL_HTTP_PROXY_PORT, 0);
+        String exclList = Settings.Global.getString(res, GLOBAL_HTTP_PROXY_EXCLUSION_LIST);
+        String pacFileUrl = Settings.Global.getString(res, GLOBAL_HTTP_PROXY_PAC);
+        if (!TextUtils.isEmpty(host) || !TextUtils.isEmpty(pacFileUrl)) {
+            ProxyInfo proxyProperties;
+            if (!TextUtils.isEmpty(pacFileUrl)) {
+                proxyProperties = ProxyInfo.buildPacProxy(Uri.parse(pacFileUrl));
+            } else {
+                proxyProperties = ProxyInfo.buildDirectProxy(host, port,
+                        ProxyUtils.exclusionStringAsList(exclList));
+            }
+            if (!proxyProperties.isValid()) {
+                if (DBG) Log.d(TAG, "Invalid proxy properties, ignoring: " + proxyProperties);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            synchronized (mProxyLock) {
+                mGlobalProxy = proxyProperties;
+            }
+
+            if (!TextUtils.isEmpty(pacFileUrl)) {
+                mConnectivityServiceHandler.post(
+                        () -> mPacProxyManager.setCurrentProxyScriptUrl(proxyProperties));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Read the global proxy from the deprecated Settings.Global.HTTP_PROXY setting and apply it.
+     * Returns {@code true} when global proxy was set successfully from deprecated setting.
+     */
+    public boolean loadDeprecatedGlobalHttpProxy() {
+        final String proxy = Settings.Global.getString(mContext.getContentResolver(), HTTP_PROXY);
+        if (!TextUtils.isEmpty(proxy)) {
+            String data[] = proxy.split(":");
+            if (data.length == 0) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            final String proxyHost = data[0];
+            int proxyPort = 8080;
+            if (data.length > 1) {
+                try {
+                    proxyPort = Integer.parseInt(data[1]);
+                } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+            final ProxyInfo p = ProxyInfo.buildDirectProxy(proxyHost, proxyPort,
+                    Collections.emptyList());
+            setGlobalProxy(p);
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sends the system broadcast informing apps about a new proxy configuration.
+     *
+     * Confusingly this method also sets the PAC file URL. TODO : separate this, it has nothing
+     * to do in a "sendProxyBroadcast" method.
+     */
+    public void sendProxyBroadcast() {
+        final ProxyInfo defaultProxy = getDefaultProxy();
+        final ProxyInfo proxyInfo = null != defaultProxy ?
+                defaultProxy : ProxyInfo.buildDirectProxy("", 0, Collections.emptyList());
+        mPacProxyManager.setCurrentProxyScriptUrl(proxyInfo);
+
+        if (!shouldSendBroadcast(proxyInfo)) {
+            return;
+        }
+        if (DBG) Log.d(TAG, "sending Proxy Broadcast for " + proxyInfo);
+        Intent intent = new Intent(Proxy.PROXY_CHANGE_ACTION);
+        intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_RECEIVER_REPLACE_PENDING |
+                Intent.FLAG_RECEIVER_REGISTERED_ONLY_BEFORE_BOOT);
+        intent.putExtra(EXTRA_PROXY_INFO, proxyInfo);
+        final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
+        try {
+            mContext.sendStickyBroadcastAsUser(intent, UserHandle.ALL);
+        } finally {
+            Binder.restoreCallingIdentity(ident);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private boolean shouldSendBroadcast(ProxyInfo proxy) {
+        return Uri.EMPTY.equals(proxy.getPacFileUrl()) || proxy.getPort() > 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the global proxy in memory. Also writes the values to the global settings of the device.
+     *
+     * @param proxyInfo the proxy spec, or null for no proxy.
+     */
+    public void setGlobalProxy(@Nullable ProxyInfo proxyInfo) {
+        synchronized (mProxyLock) {
+            // ProxyInfo#equals is not commutative :( and is public API, so it can't be fixed.
+            if (proxyInfo == mGlobalProxy) return;
+            if (proxyInfo != null && proxyInfo.equals(mGlobalProxy)) return;
+            if (mGlobalProxy != null && mGlobalProxy.equals(proxyInfo)) return;
+
+            final String host;
+            final int port;
+            final String exclList;
+            final String pacFileUrl;
+            if (proxyInfo != null && (!TextUtils.isEmpty(proxyInfo.getHost()) ||
+                    !Uri.EMPTY.equals(proxyInfo.getPacFileUrl()))) {
+                if (!proxyInfo.isValid()) {
+                    if (DBG) Log.d(TAG, "Invalid proxy properties, ignoring: " + proxyInfo);
+                    return;
+                }
+                mGlobalProxy = new ProxyInfo(proxyInfo);
+                host = mGlobalProxy.getHost();
+                port = mGlobalProxy.getPort();
+                exclList = ProxyUtils.exclusionListAsString(mGlobalProxy.getExclusionList());
+                pacFileUrl = Uri.EMPTY.equals(proxyInfo.getPacFileUrl())
+                        ? "" : proxyInfo.getPacFileUrl().toString();
+            } else {
+                host = "";
+                port = 0;
+                exclList = "";
+                pacFileUrl = "";
+                mGlobalProxy = null;
+            }
+            final ContentResolver res = mContext.getContentResolver();
+            final long token = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
+            try {
+                Settings.Global.putString(res, GLOBAL_HTTP_PROXY_HOST, host);
+                Settings.Global.putInt(res, GLOBAL_HTTP_PROXY_PORT, port);
+                Settings.Global.putString(res, GLOBAL_HTTP_PROXY_EXCLUSION_LIST, exclList);
+                Settings.Global.putString(res, GLOBAL_HTTP_PROXY_PAC, pacFileUrl);
+            } finally {
+                Binder.restoreCallingIdentity(token);
+            }
+
+            sendProxyBroadcast();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the default proxy for the device.
+     *
+     * The default proxy is the proxy used for networks that do not have a specific proxy.
+     * @param proxyInfo the proxy spec, or null for no proxy.
+     */
+    public void setDefaultProxy(@Nullable ProxyInfo proxyInfo) {
+        synchronized (mProxyLock) {
+            if (Objects.equals(mDefaultProxy, proxyInfo)) return;
+            if (proxyInfo != null &&  !proxyInfo.isValid()) {
+                if (DBG) Log.d(TAG, "Invalid proxy properties, ignoring: " + proxyInfo);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            // This call could be coming from the PacProxyService, containing the port of the
+            // local proxy. If this new proxy matches the global proxy then copy this proxy to the
+            // global (to get the correct local port), and send a broadcast.
+            // TODO: Switch PacProxyService to have its own message to send back rather than
+            // reusing EVENT_HAS_CHANGED_PROXY and this call to handleApplyDefaultProxy.
+            if ((mGlobalProxy != null) && (proxyInfo != null)
+                    && (!Uri.EMPTY.equals(proxyInfo.getPacFileUrl()))
+                    && proxyInfo.getPacFileUrl().equals(mGlobalProxy.getPacFileUrl())) {
+                mGlobalProxy = proxyInfo;
+                sendProxyBroadcast();
+                return;
+            }
+            mDefaultProxy = proxyInfo;
+
+            if (mGlobalProxy != null) return;
+            if (mDefaultProxyEnabled) {
+                sendProxyBroadcast();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/QosCallbackAgentConnection.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/QosCallbackAgentConnection.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..534dbe7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/QosCallbackAgentConnection.java
@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity;
+
+import static android.net.QosCallbackException.EX_TYPE_FILTER_NONE;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.net.IQosCallback;
+import android.net.Network;
+import android.net.QosCallbackException;
+import android.net.QosFilter;
+import android.net.QosSession;
+import android.os.IBinder;
+import android.os.RemoteException;
+import android.telephony.data.EpsBearerQosSessionAttributes;
+import android.telephony.data.NrQosSessionAttributes;
+import android.util.Log;
+
+import java.util.Objects;
+
+/**
+ * Wraps callback related information and sends messages between network agent and the application.
+ * <p/>
+ * This is a satellite class of {@link com.android.server.ConnectivityService} and not meant
+ * to be used in other contexts.
+ *
+ * @hide
+ */
+class QosCallbackAgentConnection implements IBinder.DeathRecipient {
+    private static final String TAG = QosCallbackAgentConnection.class.getSimpleName();
+    private static final boolean DBG = false;
+
+    private final int mAgentCallbackId;
+    @NonNull private final QosCallbackTracker mQosCallbackTracker;
+    @NonNull private final IQosCallback mCallback;
+    @NonNull private final IBinder mBinder;
+    @NonNull private final QosFilter mFilter;
+    @NonNull private final NetworkAgentInfo mNetworkAgentInfo;
+
+    private final int mUid;
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the uid
+     * @return uid
+     */
+    int getUid() {
+        return mUid;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the binder
+     * @return binder
+     */
+    @NonNull
+    IBinder getBinder() {
+        return mBinder;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the callback id
+     *
+     * @return callback id
+     */
+    int getAgentCallbackId() {
+        return mAgentCallbackId;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the network tied to the callback of this connection
+     *
+     * @return network
+     */
+    @NonNull
+    Network getNetwork() {
+        return mFilter.getNetwork();
+    }
+
+    QosCallbackAgentConnection(@NonNull final QosCallbackTracker qosCallbackTracker,
+            final int agentCallbackId,
+            @NonNull final IQosCallback callback,
+            @NonNull final QosFilter filter,
+            final int uid,
+            @NonNull final NetworkAgentInfo networkAgentInfo) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(qosCallbackTracker, "qosCallbackTracker must be non-null");
+        Objects.requireNonNull(callback, "callback must be non-null");
+        Objects.requireNonNull(filter, "filter must be non-null");
+        Objects.requireNonNull(networkAgentInfo, "networkAgentInfo must be non-null");
+
+        mQosCallbackTracker = qosCallbackTracker;
+        mAgentCallbackId = agentCallbackId;
+        mCallback = callback;
+        mFilter = filter;
+        mUid = uid;
+        mBinder = mCallback.asBinder();
+        mNetworkAgentInfo = networkAgentInfo;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void binderDied() {
+        logw("binderDied: binder died with callback id: " + mAgentCallbackId);
+        mQosCallbackTracker.unregisterCallback(mCallback);
+    }
+
+    void unlinkToDeathRecipient() {
+        mBinder.unlinkToDeath(this, 0);
+    }
+
+    // Returns false if the NetworkAgent was never notified.
+    boolean sendCmdRegisterCallback() {
+        final int exceptionType = mFilter.validate();
+        if (exceptionType != EX_TYPE_FILTER_NONE) {
+            try {
+                if (DBG) log("sendCmdRegisterCallback: filter validation failed");
+                mCallback.onError(exceptionType);
+            } catch (final RemoteException e) {
+                loge("sendCmdRegisterCallback:", e);
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        try {
+            mBinder.linkToDeath(this, 0);
+        } catch (final RemoteException e) {
+            loge("failed linking to death recipient", e);
+            return false;
+        }
+        mNetworkAgentInfo.onQosFilterCallbackRegistered(mAgentCallbackId, mFilter);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    void sendCmdUnregisterCallback() {
+        if (DBG) log("sendCmdUnregisterCallback: unregistering");
+        mNetworkAgentInfo.onQosCallbackUnregistered(mAgentCallbackId);
+    }
+
+    void sendEventEpsQosSessionAvailable(final QosSession session,
+            final EpsBearerQosSessionAttributes attributes) {
+        try {
+            if (DBG) log("sendEventEpsQosSessionAvailable: sending...");
+            mCallback.onQosEpsBearerSessionAvailable(session, attributes);
+        } catch (final RemoteException e) {
+            loge("sendEventEpsQosSessionAvailable: remote exception", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void sendEventNrQosSessionAvailable(final QosSession session,
+            final NrQosSessionAttributes attributes) {
+        try {
+            if (DBG) log("sendEventNrQosSessionAvailable: sending...");
+            mCallback.onNrQosSessionAvailable(session, attributes);
+        } catch (final RemoteException e) {
+            loge("sendEventNrQosSessionAvailable: remote exception", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void sendEventQosSessionLost(@NonNull final QosSession session) {
+        try {
+            if (DBG) log("sendEventQosSessionLost: sending...");
+            mCallback.onQosSessionLost(session);
+        } catch (final RemoteException e) {
+            loge("sendEventQosSessionLost: remote exception", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void sendEventQosCallbackError(@QosCallbackException.ExceptionType final int exceptionType) {
+        try {
+            if (DBG) log("sendEventQosCallbackError: sending...");
+            mCallback.onError(exceptionType);
+        } catch (final RemoteException e) {
+            loge("sendEventQosCallbackError: remote exception", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void log(@NonNull final String msg) {
+        Log.d(TAG, msg);
+    }
+
+    private static void logw(@NonNull final String msg) {
+        Log.w(TAG, msg);
+    }
+
+    private static void loge(@NonNull final String msg, final Throwable t) {
+        Log.e(TAG, msg, t);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/QosCallbackTracker.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/QosCallbackTracker.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b6ab47b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/QosCallbackTracker.java
@@ -0,0 +1,292 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.net.IQosCallback;
+import android.net.Network;
+import android.net.QosCallbackException;
+import android.net.QosFilter;
+import android.net.QosSession;
+import android.os.Binder;
+import android.os.Handler;
+import android.os.IBinder;
+import android.telephony.data.EpsBearerQosSessionAttributes;
+import android.telephony.data.NrQosSessionAttributes;
+import android.util.Log;
+
+import com.android.net.module.util.CollectionUtils;
+import com.android.server.ConnectivityService;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * Tracks qos callbacks and handles the communication between the network agent and application.
+ * <p/>
+ * Any method prefixed by handle must be called from the
+ * {@link com.android.server.ConnectivityService} handler thread.
+ *
+ * @hide
+ */
+public class QosCallbackTracker {
+    private static final String TAG = QosCallbackTracker.class.getSimpleName();
+    private static final boolean DBG = true;
+
+    @NonNull
+    private final Handler mConnectivityServiceHandler;
+
+    @NonNull
+    private final ConnectivityService.PerUidCounter mNetworkRequestCounter;
+
+    /**
+     * Each agent gets a unique callback id that is used to proxy messages back to the original
+     * callback.
+     * <p/>
+     * Note: The fact that this is initialized to 0 is to ensure that the thread running
+     * {@link #handleRegisterCallback(IQosCallback, QosFilter, int, NetworkAgentInfo)} sees the
+     * initialized value. This would not necessarily be the case if the value was initialized to
+     * the non-default value.
+     * <p/>
+     * Note: The term previous does not apply to the first callback id that is assigned.
+     */
+    private int mPreviousAgentCallbackId = 0;
+
+    @NonNull
+    private final List<QosCallbackAgentConnection> mConnections = new ArrayList<>();
+
+    /**
+     *
+     * @param connectivityServiceHandler must be the same handler used with
+     *                {@link com.android.server.ConnectivityService}
+     * @param networkRequestCounter keeps track of the number of open requests under a given
+     *                              uid
+     */
+    public QosCallbackTracker(@NonNull final Handler connectivityServiceHandler,
+            final ConnectivityService.PerUidCounter networkRequestCounter) {
+        mConnectivityServiceHandler = connectivityServiceHandler;
+        mNetworkRequestCounter = networkRequestCounter;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Registers the callback with the tracker
+     *
+     * @param callback the callback to register
+     * @param filter the filter being registered alongside the callback
+     */
+    public void registerCallback(@NonNull final IQosCallback callback,
+            @NonNull final QosFilter filter, @NonNull final NetworkAgentInfo networkAgentInfo) {
+        final int uid = Binder.getCallingUid();
+
+        // Enforce that the number of requests under this uid has exceeded the allowed number
+        mNetworkRequestCounter.incrementCountOrThrow(uid);
+
+        mConnectivityServiceHandler.post(
+                () -> handleRegisterCallback(callback, filter, uid, networkAgentInfo));
+    }
+
+    private void handleRegisterCallback(@NonNull final IQosCallback callback,
+            @NonNull final QosFilter filter, final int uid,
+            @NonNull final NetworkAgentInfo networkAgentInfo) {
+        final QosCallbackAgentConnection ac =
+                handleRegisterCallbackInternal(callback, filter, uid, networkAgentInfo);
+        if (ac != null) {
+            if (DBG) log("handleRegisterCallback: added callback " + ac.getAgentCallbackId());
+            mConnections.add(ac);
+        } else {
+            mNetworkRequestCounter.decrementCount(uid);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private QosCallbackAgentConnection handleRegisterCallbackInternal(
+            @NonNull final IQosCallback callback,
+            @NonNull final QosFilter filter, final int uid,
+            @NonNull final NetworkAgentInfo networkAgentInfo) {
+        final IBinder binder = callback.asBinder();
+        if (CollectionUtils.any(mConnections, c -> c.getBinder().equals(binder))) {
+            // A duplicate registration would have only made this far due to a programming error.
+            logwtf("handleRegisterCallback: Callbacks can only be register once.");
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        mPreviousAgentCallbackId = mPreviousAgentCallbackId + 1;
+        final int newCallbackId = mPreviousAgentCallbackId;
+
+        final QosCallbackAgentConnection ac =
+                new QosCallbackAgentConnection(this, newCallbackId, callback,
+                        filter, uid, networkAgentInfo);
+
+        final int exceptionType = filter.validate();
+        if (exceptionType != QosCallbackException.EX_TYPE_FILTER_NONE) {
+            ac.sendEventQosCallbackError(exceptionType);
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        // Only add to the callback maps if the NetworkAgent successfully registered it
+        if (!ac.sendCmdRegisterCallback()) {
+            // There was an issue when registering the agent
+            if (DBG) log("handleRegisterCallback: error sending register callback");
+            mNetworkRequestCounter.decrementCount(uid);
+            return null;
+        }
+        return ac;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unregisters callback
+     * @param callback callback to unregister
+     */
+    public void unregisterCallback(@NonNull final IQosCallback callback) {
+        mConnectivityServiceHandler.post(() -> handleUnregisterCallback(callback.asBinder(), true));
+    }
+
+    private void handleUnregisterCallback(@NonNull final IBinder binder,
+            final boolean sendToNetworkAgent) {
+        final int connIndex =
+                CollectionUtils.indexOf(mConnections, c -> c.getBinder().equals(binder));
+        if (connIndex < 0) {
+            logw("handleUnregisterCallback: no matching agentConnection");
+            return;
+        }
+        final QosCallbackAgentConnection agentConnection = mConnections.get(connIndex);
+
+        if (DBG) {
+            log("handleUnregisterCallback: unregister "
+                    + agentConnection.getAgentCallbackId());
+        }
+
+        mNetworkRequestCounter.decrementCount(agentConnection.getUid());
+        mConnections.remove(agentConnection);
+
+        if (sendToNetworkAgent) {
+            agentConnection.sendCmdUnregisterCallback();
+        }
+        agentConnection.unlinkToDeathRecipient();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Called when the NetworkAgent sends the qos session available event for EPS
+     *
+     * @param qosCallbackId the callback id that the qos session is now available to
+     * @param session the qos session that is now available
+     * @param attributes the qos attributes that are now available on the qos session
+     */
+    public void sendEventEpsQosSessionAvailable(final int qosCallbackId,
+            final QosSession session,
+            final EpsBearerQosSessionAttributes attributes) {
+        runOnAgentConnection(qosCallbackId, "sendEventEpsQosSessionAvailable: ",
+                ac -> ac.sendEventEpsQosSessionAvailable(session, attributes));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Called when the NetworkAgent sends the qos session available event for NR
+     *
+     * @param qosCallbackId the callback id that the qos session is now available to
+     * @param session the qos session that is now available
+     * @param attributes the qos attributes that are now available on the qos session
+     */
+    public void sendEventNrQosSessionAvailable(final int qosCallbackId,
+            final QosSession session,
+            final NrQosSessionAttributes attributes) {
+        runOnAgentConnection(qosCallbackId, "sendEventNrQosSessionAvailable: ",
+                ac -> ac.sendEventNrQosSessionAvailable(session, attributes));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Called when the NetworkAgent sends the qos session lost event
+     *
+     * @param qosCallbackId the callback id that lost the qos session
+     * @param session the corresponding qos session
+     */
+    public void sendEventQosSessionLost(final int qosCallbackId,
+            final QosSession session) {
+        runOnAgentConnection(qosCallbackId, "sendEventQosSessionLost: ",
+                ac -> ac.sendEventQosSessionLost(session));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Called when the NetworkAgent sends the qos session on error event
+     *
+     * @param qosCallbackId the callback id that should receive the exception
+     * @param exceptionType the type of exception that caused the callback to error
+     */
+    public void sendEventQosCallbackError(final int qosCallbackId,
+            @QosCallbackException.ExceptionType final int exceptionType) {
+        runOnAgentConnection(qosCallbackId, "sendEventQosCallbackError: ",
+                ac -> {
+                    ac.sendEventQosCallbackError(exceptionType);
+                    handleUnregisterCallback(ac.getBinder(), false);
+                });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unregisters all callbacks associated to this network agent
+     *
+     * Note: Must be called on the connectivity service handler thread
+     *
+     * @param network the network that was released
+     */
+    public void handleNetworkReleased(@Nullable final Network network) {
+        // Iterate in reverse order as agent connections will be removed when unregistering
+        for (int i = mConnections.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+            final QosCallbackAgentConnection agentConnection = mConnections.get(i);
+            if (!agentConnection.getNetwork().equals(network)) continue;
+            agentConnection.sendEventQosCallbackError(
+                    QosCallbackException.EX_TYPE_FILTER_NETWORK_RELEASED);
+
+            // Call unregister workflow w\o sending anything to agent since it is disconnected.
+            handleUnregisterCallback(agentConnection.getBinder(), false);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private interface AgentConnectionAction {
+        void execute(@NonNull QosCallbackAgentConnection agentConnection);
+    }
+
+    @Nullable
+    private void runOnAgentConnection(final int qosCallbackId,
+            @NonNull final String logPrefix,
+            @NonNull final AgentConnectionAction action) {
+        mConnectivityServiceHandler.post(() -> {
+            final int acIndex = CollectionUtils.indexOf(mConnections,
+                            c -> c.getAgentCallbackId() == qosCallbackId);
+            if (acIndex == -1) {
+                loge(logPrefix + ": " + qosCallbackId + " missing callback id");
+                return;
+            }
+
+            action.execute(mConnections.get(acIndex));
+        });
+    }
+
+    private static void log(final String msg) {
+        Log.d(TAG, msg);
+    }
+
+    private static void logw(final String msg) {
+        Log.w(TAG, msg);
+    }
+
+    private static void loge(final String msg) {
+        Log.e(TAG, msg);
+    }
+
+    private static void logwtf(final String msg) {
+        Log.wtf(TAG, msg);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/TcpKeepaliveController.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/TcpKeepaliveController.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..73f3475
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/TcpKeepaliveController.java
@@ -0,0 +1,340 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.android.server.connectivity;
+
+import static android.net.SocketKeepalive.DATA_RECEIVED;
+import static android.net.SocketKeepalive.ERROR_INVALID_SOCKET;
+import static android.net.SocketKeepalive.ERROR_SOCKET_NOT_IDLE;
+import static android.net.SocketKeepalive.ERROR_UNSUPPORTED;
+import static android.os.MessageQueue.OnFileDescriptorEventListener.EVENT_ERROR;
+import static android.os.MessageQueue.OnFileDescriptorEventListener.EVENT_INPUT;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.ENOPROTOOPT;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.FIONREAD;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.IPPROTO_IP;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.IPPROTO_TCP;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.IP_TOS;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.IP_TTL;
+
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.OsCompat.TIOCOUTQ;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.net.InvalidPacketException;
+import android.net.NetworkUtils;
+import android.net.SocketKeepalive.InvalidSocketException;
+import android.net.TcpKeepalivePacketData;
+import android.net.TcpKeepalivePacketDataParcelable;
+import android.net.TcpRepairWindow;
+import android.net.util.KeepalivePacketDataUtil;
+import android.os.Handler;
+import android.os.MessageQueue;
+import android.os.Messenger;
+import android.system.ErrnoException;
+import android.system.Os;
+import android.util.Log;
+import android.util.SparseArray;
+
+import com.android.internal.annotations.GuardedBy;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.KeepaliveTracker.KeepaliveInfo;
+
+import java.io.FileDescriptor;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.net.SocketAddress;
+import java.net.SocketException;
+
+/**
+ * Manage tcp socket which offloads tcp keepalive.
+ *
+ * The input socket will be changed to repair mode and the application
+ * will not have permission to read/write data. If the application wants
+ * to write data, it must stop tcp keepalive offload to leave repair mode
+ * first. If a remote packet arrives, repair mode will be turned off and
+ * offload will be stopped. The application will receive a callback to know
+ * it can start reading data.
+ *
+ * {start,stop}SocketMonitor are thread-safe, but care must be taken in the
+ * order in which they are called. Please note that while calling
+ * {@link #startSocketMonitor(FileDescriptor, Messenger, int)} multiple times
+ * with either the same slot or the same FileDescriptor without stopping it in
+ * between will result in an exception, calling {@link #stopSocketMonitor(int)}
+ * multiple times with the same int is explicitly a no-op.
+ * Please also note that switching the socket to repair mode is not synchronized
+ * with either of these operations and has to be done in an orderly fashion
+ * with stopSocketMonitor. Take care in calling these in the right order.
+ * @hide
+ */
+public class TcpKeepaliveController {
+    private static final String TAG = "TcpKeepaliveController";
+    private static final boolean DBG = false;
+
+    private final MessageQueue mFdHandlerQueue;
+
+    private static final int FD_EVENTS = EVENT_INPUT | EVENT_ERROR;
+
+    // Reference include/uapi/linux/tcp.h
+    private static final int TCP_REPAIR = 19;
+    private static final int TCP_REPAIR_QUEUE = 20;
+    private static final int TCP_QUEUE_SEQ = 21;
+    private static final int TCP_NO_QUEUE = 0;
+    private static final int TCP_RECV_QUEUE = 1;
+    private static final int TCP_SEND_QUEUE = 2;
+    private static final int TCP_REPAIR_OFF = 0;
+    private static final int TCP_REPAIR_ON = 1;
+    // Reference include/uapi/linux/sockios.h
+    private static final int SIOCINQ = FIONREAD;
+    private static final int SIOCOUTQ = TIOCOUTQ;
+
+    /**
+     * Keeps track of packet listeners.
+     * Key: slot number of keepalive offload.
+     * Value: {@link FileDescriptor} being listened to.
+     */
+    @GuardedBy("mListeners")
+    private final SparseArray<FileDescriptor> mListeners = new SparseArray<>();
+
+    public TcpKeepaliveController(final Handler connectivityServiceHandler) {
+        mFdHandlerQueue = connectivityServiceHandler.getLooper().getQueue();
+    }
+
+    /** Build tcp keepalive packet. */
+    public static TcpKeepalivePacketData getTcpKeepalivePacket(@NonNull FileDescriptor fd)
+            throws InvalidPacketException, InvalidSocketException {
+        try {
+            final TcpKeepalivePacketDataParcelable tcpDetails = switchToRepairMode(fd);
+            return KeepalivePacketDataUtil.fromStableParcelable(tcpDetails);
+        } catch (InvalidPacketException | InvalidSocketException e) {
+            switchOutOfRepairMode(fd);
+            throw e;
+        }
+    }
+    /**
+     * Switch the tcp socket to repair mode and query detail tcp information.
+     *
+     * @param fd the fd of socket on which to use keepalive offload.
+     * @return a {@link TcpKeepalivePacketDataParcelable} object for current
+     * tcp/ip information.
+     */
+    private static TcpKeepalivePacketDataParcelable switchToRepairMode(FileDescriptor fd)
+            throws InvalidSocketException {
+        if (DBG) Log.i(TAG, "switchToRepairMode to start tcp keepalive : " + fd);
+        final TcpKeepalivePacketDataParcelable tcpDetails = new TcpKeepalivePacketDataParcelable();
+        final SocketAddress srcSockAddr;
+        final SocketAddress dstSockAddr;
+        final TcpRepairWindow trw;
+
+        // Query source address and port.
+        try {
+            srcSockAddr = Os.getsockname(fd);
+        } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Get sockname fail: ", e);
+            throw new InvalidSocketException(ERROR_INVALID_SOCKET, e);
+        }
+        if (srcSockAddr instanceof InetSocketAddress) {
+            tcpDetails.srcAddress = getAddress((InetSocketAddress) srcSockAddr);
+            tcpDetails.srcPort = getPort((InetSocketAddress) srcSockAddr);
+        } else {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Invalid or mismatched SocketAddress");
+            throw new InvalidSocketException(ERROR_INVALID_SOCKET);
+        }
+        // Query destination address and port.
+        try {
+            dstSockAddr = Os.getpeername(fd);
+        } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Get peername fail: ", e);
+            throw new InvalidSocketException(ERROR_INVALID_SOCKET, e);
+        }
+        if (dstSockAddr instanceof InetSocketAddress) {
+            tcpDetails.dstAddress = getAddress((InetSocketAddress) dstSockAddr);
+            tcpDetails.dstPort = getPort((InetSocketAddress) dstSockAddr);
+        } else {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Invalid or mismatched peer SocketAddress");
+            throw new InvalidSocketException(ERROR_INVALID_SOCKET);
+        }
+
+        // Query sequence and ack number
+        dropAllIncomingPackets(fd, true);
+        try {
+            // Switch to tcp repair mode.
+            Os.setsockoptInt(fd, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_REPAIR, TCP_REPAIR_ON);
+
+            // Check if socket is idle.
+            if (!isSocketIdle(fd)) {
+                Log.e(TAG, "Socket is not idle");
+                throw new InvalidSocketException(ERROR_SOCKET_NOT_IDLE);
+            }
+            // Query write sequence number from SEND_QUEUE.
+            Os.setsockoptInt(fd, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_REPAIR_QUEUE, TCP_SEND_QUEUE);
+            tcpDetails.seq = OsCompat.getsockoptInt(fd, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_QUEUE_SEQ);
+            // Query read sequence number from RECV_QUEUE.
+            Os.setsockoptInt(fd, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_REPAIR_QUEUE, TCP_RECV_QUEUE);
+            tcpDetails.ack = OsCompat.getsockoptInt(fd, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_QUEUE_SEQ);
+            // Switch to NO_QUEUE to prevent illegal socket read/write in repair mode.
+            Os.setsockoptInt(fd, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_REPAIR_QUEUE, TCP_NO_QUEUE);
+            // Finally, check if socket is still idle. TODO : this check needs to move to
+            // after starting polling to prevent a race.
+            if (!isReceiveQueueEmpty(fd)) {
+                Log.e(TAG, "Fatal: receive queue of this socket is not empty");
+                throw new InvalidSocketException(ERROR_INVALID_SOCKET);
+            }
+            if (!isSendQueueEmpty(fd)) {
+                Log.e(TAG, "Socket is not idle");
+                throw new InvalidSocketException(ERROR_SOCKET_NOT_IDLE);
+            }
+
+            // Query tcp window size.
+            trw = NetworkUtils.getTcpRepairWindow(fd);
+            tcpDetails.rcvWnd = trw.rcvWnd;
+            tcpDetails.rcvWndScale = trw.rcvWndScale;
+            if (tcpDetails.srcAddress.length == 4 /* V4 address length */) {
+                // Query TOS.
+                tcpDetails.tos = OsCompat.getsockoptInt(fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_TOS);
+                // Query TTL.
+                tcpDetails.ttl = OsCompat.getsockoptInt(fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_TTL);
+            }
+        } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Exception reading TCP state from socket", e);
+            if (e.errno == ENOPROTOOPT) {
+                // ENOPROTOOPT may happen in kernel version lower than 4.8.
+                // Treat it as ERROR_UNSUPPORTED.
+                throw new InvalidSocketException(ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, e);
+            } else {
+                throw new InvalidSocketException(ERROR_INVALID_SOCKET, e);
+            }
+        } finally {
+            dropAllIncomingPackets(fd, false);
+        }
+
+        // Keepalive sequence number is last sequence number - 1. If it couldn't be retrieved,
+        // then it must be set to -1, so decrement in all cases.
+        tcpDetails.seq = tcpDetails.seq - 1;
+
+        return tcpDetails;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Switch the tcp socket out of repair mode.
+     *
+     * @param fd the fd of socket to switch back to normal.
+     */
+    private static void switchOutOfRepairMode(@NonNull final FileDescriptor fd) {
+        try {
+            Os.setsockoptInt(fd, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_REPAIR, TCP_REPAIR_OFF);
+        } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Cannot switch socket out of repair mode", e);
+            // Well, there is not much to do here to recover
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Start monitoring incoming packets.
+     *
+     * @param fd socket fd to monitor.
+     * @param ki a {@link KeepaliveInfo} that tracks information about a socket keepalive.
+     * @param slot keepalive slot.
+     */
+    public void startSocketMonitor(@NonNull final FileDescriptor fd,
+            @NonNull final KeepaliveInfo ki, final int slot)
+            throws IllegalArgumentException, InvalidSocketException {
+        synchronized (mListeners) {
+            if (null != mListeners.get(slot)) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("This slot is already taken");
+            }
+            for (int i = 0; i < mListeners.size(); ++i) {
+                if (fd.equals(mListeners.valueAt(i))) {
+                    Log.e(TAG, "This fd is already registered.");
+                    throw new InvalidSocketException(ERROR_INVALID_SOCKET);
+                }
+            }
+            mFdHandlerQueue.addOnFileDescriptorEventListener(fd, FD_EVENTS, (readyFd, events) -> {
+                // This can't be called twice because the queue guarantees that once the listener
+                // is unregistered it can't be called again, even for a message that arrived
+                // before it was unregistered.
+                final int reason;
+                if (0 != (events & EVENT_ERROR)) {
+                    reason = ERROR_INVALID_SOCKET;
+                } else {
+                    reason = DATA_RECEIVED;
+                }
+                ki.onFileDescriptorInitiatedStop(reason);
+                // The listener returns the new set of events to listen to. Because 0 means no
+                // event, the listener gets unregistered.
+                return 0;
+            });
+            mListeners.put(slot, fd);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Stop socket monitor */
+    // This slot may have been stopped automatically already because the socket received data,
+    // was closed on the other end or otherwise suffered some error. In this case, this function
+    // is a no-op.
+    public void stopSocketMonitor(final int slot) {
+        final FileDescriptor fd;
+        synchronized (mListeners) {
+            fd = mListeners.get(slot);
+            if (null == fd) return;
+            mListeners.remove(slot);
+        }
+        mFdHandlerQueue.removeOnFileDescriptorEventListener(fd);
+        if (DBG) Log.d(TAG, "Moving socket out of repair mode for stop : " + fd);
+        switchOutOfRepairMode(fd);
+    }
+
+    private static byte [] getAddress(InetSocketAddress inetAddr) {
+        return inetAddr.getAddress().getAddress();
+    }
+
+    private static int getPort(InetSocketAddress inetAddr) {
+        return inetAddr.getPort();
+    }
+
+    private static boolean isSocketIdle(FileDescriptor fd) throws ErrnoException {
+        return isReceiveQueueEmpty(fd) && isSendQueueEmpty(fd);
+    }
+
+    private static boolean isReceiveQueueEmpty(FileDescriptor fd)
+            throws ErrnoException {
+        final int result = OsCompat.ioctlInt(fd, SIOCINQ);
+        if (result != 0) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Read queue has data");
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private static boolean isSendQueueEmpty(FileDescriptor fd)
+            throws ErrnoException {
+        final int result = OsCompat.ioctlInt(fd, SIOCOUTQ);
+        if (result != 0) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Write queue has data");
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private static void dropAllIncomingPackets(FileDescriptor fd, boolean enable)
+            throws InvalidSocketException {
+        try {
+            if (enable) {
+                NetworkUtils.attachDropAllBPFFilter(fd);
+            } else {
+                NetworkUtils.detachBPFFilter(fd);
+            }
+        } catch (SocketException e) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Socket Exception: ", e);
+            throw new InvalidSocketException(ERROR_INVALID_SOCKET, e);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/OWNERS b/tests/OWNERS
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d3836d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/OWNERS
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+set noparent
+
+codewiz@google.com
+jchalard@google.com
+junyulai@google.com
+lorenzo@google.com
+reminv@google.com
+satk@google.com
diff --git a/tests/TEST_MAPPING b/tests/TEST_MAPPING
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..502f885
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/TEST_MAPPING
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+{
+  "presubmit": [
+    {
+      "name": "FrameworksNetIntegrationTests"
+    }
+  ],
+  "postsubmit": [
+    {
+      "name": "FrameworksNetDeflakeTest"
+    }
+  ],
+  "auto-postsubmit": [
+    // Test tag for automotive targets. These are only running in postsubmit so as to harden the
+    // automotive targets to avoid introducing additional test flake and build time. The plan for
+    // presubmit testing for auto is to augment the existing tests to cover auto use cases as well.
+    // Additionally, this tag is used in targeted test suites to limit resource usage on the test
+    // infra during the hardening phase.
+    // TODO: this tag to be removed once the above is no longer an issue.
+    {
+      "name": "FrameworksNetTests"
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "FrameworksNetIntegrationTests"
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "FrameworksNetDeflakeTest"
+    }
+  ],
+  "imports": [
+    {
+      "path": "packages/modules/Connectivity"
+    }
+  ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/common/Android.bp b/tests/common/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..439665b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/common/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+//
+// Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+
+// Tests in this folder are included both in unit tests and CTS.
+// They must be fast and stable, and exercise public or test APIs.
+package {
+    // See: http://go/android-license-faq
+    // A large-scale-change added 'default_applicable_licenses' to import
+    // all of the 'license_kinds' from "frameworks_base_license"
+    // to get the below license kinds:
+    //   SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["frameworks_base_license"],
+}
+
+java_library {
+    name: "FrameworksNetCommonTests",
+    defaults: ["framework-connectivity-test-defaults"],
+    srcs: [
+        "java/**/*.java",
+        "java/**/*.kt",
+    ],
+    static_libs: [
+        "androidx.core_core",
+        "androidx.test.rules",
+        "junit",
+        "mockito-target-minus-junit4",
+        "modules-utils-build",
+        "net-tests-utils",
+        "net-utils-framework-common",
+        "platform-test-annotations",
+    ],
+    libs: [
+        "android.test.base.stubs",
+    ],
+}
diff --git a/tests/common/java/ParseExceptionTest.kt b/tests/common/java/ParseExceptionTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b702d61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/common/java/ParseExceptionTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import android.net.ParseException
+import android.os.Build
+import androidx.test.ext.junit.runners.AndroidJUnit4
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule
+import junit.framework.Assert.assertEquals
+import junit.framework.Assert.assertNull
+import org.junit.Rule
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+
+@SmallTest
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4::class)
+class ParseExceptionTest {
+    @get:Rule
+    val ignoreRule = DevSdkIgnoreRule(ignoreClassUpTo = Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+
+    @Test
+    fun testConstructor_WithCause() {
+        val testMessage = "Test message"
+        val base = Exception("Test")
+        val exception = ParseException(testMessage, base)
+
+        assertEquals(testMessage, exception.response)
+        assertEquals(base, exception.cause)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testConstructor_NoCause() {
+        val testMessage = "Test message"
+        val exception = ParseException(testMessage)
+
+        assertEquals(testMessage, exception.response)
+        assertNull(exception.cause)
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/common/java/android/net/CaptivePortalDataTest.kt b/tests/common/java/android/net/CaptivePortalDataTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..18a9331
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/common/java/android/net/CaptivePortalDataTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net
+
+import android.os.Build
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest
+import com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel
+import com.android.testutils.assertParcelSane
+import com.android.testutils.assertParcelingIsLossless
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner
+import org.junit.Assert.assertFalse
+import org.junit.Assert.assertTrue
+import org.junit.Rule
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+import kotlin.test.assertEquals
+import kotlin.test.assertNotEquals
+
+@SmallTest
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner::class)
+@IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
+class CaptivePortalDataTest {
+    @Rule @JvmField
+    val ignoreRule = DevSdkIgnoreRule()
+
+    private val data = CaptivePortalData.Builder()
+            .setRefreshTime(123L)
+            .setUserPortalUrl(Uri.parse("https://portal.example.com/test"))
+            .setVenueInfoUrl(Uri.parse("https://venue.example.com/test"))
+            .setSessionExtendable(true)
+            .setBytesRemaining(456L)
+            .setExpiryTime(789L)
+            .setCaptive(true)
+            .apply {
+                if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastS()) {
+                    setVenueFriendlyName("venue friendly name")
+                }
+            }
+            .build()
+
+    private val dataFromPasspoint = CaptivePortalData.Builder()
+            .setCaptive(true)
+            .apply {
+                if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastS()) {
+                    setVenueFriendlyName("venue friendly name")
+                    setUserPortalUrl(Uri.parse("https://tc.example.com/passpoint"),
+                            CaptivePortalData.CAPTIVE_PORTAL_DATA_SOURCE_PASSPOINT)
+                    setVenueInfoUrl(Uri.parse("https://venue.example.com/passpoint"),
+                            CaptivePortalData.CAPTIVE_PORTAL_DATA_SOURCE_PASSPOINT)
+                }
+            }
+            .build()
+
+    private fun makeBuilder() = CaptivePortalData.Builder(data)
+
+    @Test
+    fun testParcelUnparcel() {
+        val fieldCount = if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastS()) 10 else 7
+        assertParcelSane(data, fieldCount)
+        assertParcelSane(dataFromPasspoint, fieldCount)
+
+        assertParcelingIsLossless(makeBuilder().setUserPortalUrl(null).build())
+        assertParcelingIsLossless(makeBuilder().setVenueInfoUrl(null).build())
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testEquals() {
+        assertEquals(data, makeBuilder().build())
+
+        assertNotEqualsAfterChange { it.setRefreshTime(456L) }
+        assertNotEqualsAfterChange { it.setUserPortalUrl(Uri.parse("https://example.com/")) }
+        assertNotEqualsAfterChange { it.setUserPortalUrl(null) }
+        assertNotEqualsAfterChange { it.setVenueInfoUrl(Uri.parse("https://example.com/")) }
+        assertNotEqualsAfterChange { it.setVenueInfoUrl(null) }
+        assertNotEqualsAfterChange { it.setSessionExtendable(false) }
+        assertNotEqualsAfterChange { it.setBytesRemaining(789L) }
+        assertNotEqualsAfterChange { it.setExpiryTime(12L) }
+        assertNotEqualsAfterChange { it.setCaptive(false) }
+
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastS()) {
+            assertNotEqualsAfterChange { it.setVenueFriendlyName("another friendly name") }
+            assertNotEqualsAfterChange { it.setVenueFriendlyName(null) }
+
+            assertEquals(dataFromPasspoint, CaptivePortalData.Builder(dataFromPasspoint).build())
+            assertNotEqualsAfterChange { it.setUserPortalUrl(
+                    Uri.parse("https://tc.example.com/passpoint")) }
+            assertNotEqualsAfterChange { it.setUserPortalUrl(
+                    Uri.parse("https://tc.example.com/passpoint"),
+                    CaptivePortalData.CAPTIVE_PORTAL_DATA_SOURCE_OTHER) }
+            assertNotEqualsAfterChange { it.setUserPortalUrl(
+                    Uri.parse("https://tc.example.com/other"),
+                    CaptivePortalData.CAPTIVE_PORTAL_DATA_SOURCE_PASSPOINT) }
+            assertNotEqualsAfterChange { it.setUserPortalUrl(
+                    Uri.parse("https://tc.example.com/passpoint"),
+                    CaptivePortalData.CAPTIVE_PORTAL_DATA_SOURCE_OTHER) }
+            assertNotEqualsAfterChange { it.setVenueInfoUrl(
+                    Uri.parse("https://venue.example.com/passpoint")) }
+            assertNotEqualsAfterChange { it.setVenueInfoUrl(
+                    Uri.parse("https://venue.example.com/other"),
+                    CaptivePortalData.CAPTIVE_PORTAL_DATA_SOURCE_PASSPOINT) }
+            assertNotEqualsAfterChange { it.setVenueInfoUrl(
+                    Uri.parse("https://venue.example.com/passpoint"),
+                    CaptivePortalData.CAPTIVE_PORTAL_DATA_SOURCE_OTHER) }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testUserPortalUrl() {
+        assertEquals(Uri.parse("https://portal.example.com/test"), data.userPortalUrl)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testVenueInfoUrl() {
+        assertEquals(Uri.parse("https://venue.example.com/test"), data.venueInfoUrl)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testIsSessionExtendable() {
+        assertTrue(data.isSessionExtendable)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testByteLimit() {
+        assertEquals(456L, data.byteLimit)
+        // Test byteLimit unset.
+        assertEquals(-1L, CaptivePortalData.Builder(null).build().byteLimit)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testRefreshTimeMillis() {
+        assertEquals(123L, data.refreshTimeMillis)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testExpiryTimeMillis() {
+        assertEquals(789L, data.expiryTimeMillis)
+        // Test expiryTimeMillis unset.
+        assertEquals(-1L, CaptivePortalData.Builder(null).build().expiryTimeMillis)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testIsCaptive() {
+        assertTrue(data.isCaptive)
+        assertFalse(makeBuilder().setCaptive(false).build().isCaptive)
+    }
+
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+    fun testVenueFriendlyName() {
+        assertEquals("venue friendly name", data.venueFriendlyName)
+    }
+
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+    fun testGetVenueInfoUrlSource() {
+        assertEquals(CaptivePortalData.CAPTIVE_PORTAL_DATA_SOURCE_OTHER,
+                data.venueInfoUrlSource)
+        assertEquals(CaptivePortalData.CAPTIVE_PORTAL_DATA_SOURCE_PASSPOINT,
+                dataFromPasspoint.venueInfoUrlSource)
+    }
+
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+    fun testGetUserPortalUrlSource() {
+        assertEquals(CaptivePortalData.CAPTIVE_PORTAL_DATA_SOURCE_OTHER,
+                data.userPortalUrlSource)
+        assertEquals(CaptivePortalData.CAPTIVE_PORTAL_DATA_SOURCE_PASSPOINT,
+                dataFromPasspoint.userPortalUrlSource)
+    }
+
+    private fun CaptivePortalData.mutate(mutator: (CaptivePortalData.Builder) -> Unit) =
+            CaptivePortalData.Builder(this).apply { mutator(this) }.build()
+
+    private fun assertNotEqualsAfterChange(mutator: (CaptivePortalData.Builder) -> Unit) {
+        assertNotEquals(data, data.mutate(mutator))
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/common/java/android/net/CaptivePortalTest.java b/tests/common/java/android/net/CaptivePortalTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..15d3398
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/common/java/android/net/CaptivePortalTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+
+import android.os.Build;
+import android.os.RemoteException;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreAfter;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo;
+
+import org.junit.Rule;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@SmallTest
+public class CaptivePortalTest {
+    @Rule
+    public final DevSdkIgnoreRule ignoreRule = new DevSdkIgnoreRule();
+
+    private static final int DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS = 5000;
+    private static final String TEST_PACKAGE_NAME = "com.google.android.test";
+
+    private final class MyCaptivePortalImpl extends ICaptivePortal.Stub {
+        int mCode = -1;
+        String mPackageName = null;
+
+        @Override
+        public void appResponse(final int response) throws RemoteException {
+            mCode = response;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void appRequest(final int request) throws RemoteException {
+            mCode = request;
+        }
+
+        // This is only @Override on R-
+        public void logEvent(int eventId, String packageName) throws RemoteException {
+            mCode = eventId;
+            mPackageName = packageName;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private interface TestFunctor {
+        void useCaptivePortal(CaptivePortal o);
+    }
+
+    private MyCaptivePortalImpl runCaptivePortalTest(TestFunctor f) {
+        final MyCaptivePortalImpl cp = new MyCaptivePortalImpl();
+        f.useCaptivePortal(new CaptivePortal(cp.asBinder()));
+        return cp;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReportCaptivePortalDismissed() {
+        final MyCaptivePortalImpl result =
+                runCaptivePortalTest(c -> c.reportCaptivePortalDismissed());
+        assertEquals(result.mCode, CaptivePortal.APP_RETURN_DISMISSED);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIgnoreNetwork() {
+        final MyCaptivePortalImpl result = runCaptivePortalTest(c -> c.ignoreNetwork());
+        assertEquals(result.mCode, CaptivePortal.APP_RETURN_UNWANTED);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUseNetwork() {
+        final MyCaptivePortalImpl result = runCaptivePortalTest(c -> c.useNetwork());
+        assertEquals(result.mCode, CaptivePortal.APP_RETURN_WANTED_AS_IS);
+    }
+
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
+    @Test
+    public void testReevaluateNetwork() {
+        final MyCaptivePortalImpl result = runCaptivePortalTest(c -> c.reevaluateNetwork());
+        assertEquals(result.mCode, CaptivePortal.APP_REQUEST_REEVALUATION_REQUIRED);
+    }
+
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+    @Test
+    public void testLogEvent() {
+        /**
+        * From S testLogEvent is expected to do nothing but shouldn't crash (the API
+        * logEvent has been deprecated).
+        */
+        final MyCaptivePortalImpl result = runCaptivePortalTest(c -> c.logEvent(
+                0,
+                TEST_PACKAGE_NAME));
+    }
+
+    @IgnoreAfter(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+    @Test
+    public void testLogEvent_UntilR() {
+        final MyCaptivePortalImpl result = runCaptivePortalTest(c -> c.logEvent(
+                42, TEST_PACKAGE_NAME));
+        assertEquals(result.mCode, 42);
+        assertEquals(result.mPackageName, TEST_PACKAGE_NAME);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/common/java/android/net/DependenciesTest.java b/tests/common/java/android/net/DependenciesTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ac1c28a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/common/java/android/net/DependenciesTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+/**
+ * A simple class that tests dependencies to java standard tools from the
+ * Network stack. These tests are not meant to be comprehensive tests of
+ * the relevant APIs : such tests belong in the relevant test suite for
+ * these dependencies. Instead, this just makes sure coverage is present
+ * by calling the methods in the exact way (or a representative way of how)
+ * they are called in the network stack.
+ */
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@SmallTest
+public class DependenciesTest {
+    // Used to in ipmemorystore's RegularMaintenanceJobService to convert
+    // 24 hours into seconds
+    @Test
+    public void testTimeUnit() {
+        final int hours = 24;
+        final long inSeconds = TimeUnit.HOURS.toMillis(hours);
+        assertEquals(inSeconds, hours * 60 * 60 * 1000);
+    }
+
+    private byte[] makeTrivialArray(final int size) {
+        final byte[] src = new byte[size];
+        for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+            src[i] = (byte) i;
+        }
+        return src;
+    }
+
+    // Used in ApfFilter to find an IP address from a byte array
+    @Test
+    public void testArrays() {
+        final int size = 128;
+        final byte[] src = makeTrivialArray(size);
+
+        // Test copy
+        final int copySize = 16;
+        final int offset = 24;
+        final byte[] expected = new byte[copySize];
+        for (int i = 0; i < copySize; ++i) {
+            expected[i] = (byte) (offset + i);
+        }
+
+        final byte[] copy = Arrays.copyOfRange(src, offset, offset + copySize);
+        assertArrayEquals(expected, copy);
+        assertArrayEquals(new byte[0], Arrays.copyOfRange(src, size, size));
+    }
+
+    // Used mainly in the Dhcp code
+    @Test
+    public void testCopyOf() {
+        final byte[] src = makeTrivialArray(128);
+        final byte[] copy = Arrays.copyOf(src, src.length);
+        assertArrayEquals(src, copy);
+        assertFalse(src == copy);
+
+        assertArrayEquals(new byte[0], Arrays.copyOf(src, 0));
+
+        final int excess = 16;
+        final byte[] biggerCopy = Arrays.copyOf(src, src.length + excess);
+        for (int i = src.length; i < src.length + excess; ++i) {
+            assertEquals(0, biggerCopy[i]);
+        }
+        for (int i = src.length - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
+            assertEquals(src[i], biggerCopy[i]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Used mainly in DnsUtils but also various other places
+    @Test
+    public void testAsList() {
+        final int size = 24;
+        final Object[] src = new Object[size];
+        final ArrayList<Object> expected = new ArrayList<>(size);
+        for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+            final Object o = new Object();
+            src[i] = o;
+            expected.add(o);
+        }
+        assertEquals(expected, Arrays.asList(src));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/common/java/android/net/DhcpInfoTest.java b/tests/common/java/android/net/DhcpInfoTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ab4726b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/common/java/android/net/DhcpInfoTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2009 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net;
+
+import static com.android.net.module.util.Inet4AddressUtils.inet4AddressToIntHTL;
+import static com.android.testutils.MiscAsserts.assertFieldCountEquals;
+import static com.android.testutils.ParcelUtils.parcelingRoundTrip;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+import java.net.Inet4Address;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+public class DhcpInfoTest {
+    private static final String STR_ADDR1 = "255.255.255.255";
+    private static final String STR_ADDR2 = "127.0.0.1";
+    private static final String STR_ADDR3 = "192.168.1.1";
+    private static final String STR_ADDR4 = "192.168.1.0";
+    private static final int LEASE_TIME = 9999;
+
+    private int ipToInteger(String ipString) throws Exception {
+        return inet4AddressToIntHTL((Inet4Address) InetAddress.getByName(ipString));
+    }
+
+    private DhcpInfo createDhcpInfoObject() throws Exception {
+        final DhcpInfo dhcpInfo = new DhcpInfo();
+        dhcpInfo.ipAddress = ipToInteger(STR_ADDR1);
+        dhcpInfo.gateway = ipToInteger(STR_ADDR2);
+        dhcpInfo.netmask = ipToInteger(STR_ADDR3);
+        dhcpInfo.dns1 = ipToInteger(STR_ADDR4);
+        dhcpInfo.dns2 = ipToInteger(STR_ADDR4);
+        dhcpInfo.serverAddress = ipToInteger(STR_ADDR2);
+        dhcpInfo.leaseDuration = LEASE_TIME;
+        return dhcpInfo;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConstructor() {
+        new DhcpInfo();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testToString() throws Exception {
+        final String expectedDefault = "ipaddr 0.0.0.0 gateway 0.0.0.0 netmask 0.0.0.0 "
+                + "dns1 0.0.0.0 dns2 0.0.0.0 DHCP server 0.0.0.0 lease 0 seconds";
+
+        DhcpInfo dhcpInfo = new DhcpInfo();
+
+        // Test default string.
+        assertEquals(expectedDefault, dhcpInfo.toString());
+
+        dhcpInfo = createDhcpInfoObject();
+
+        final String expected = "ipaddr " + STR_ADDR1 + " gateway " + STR_ADDR2 + " netmask "
+                + STR_ADDR3 + " dns1 " + STR_ADDR4 + " dns2 " + STR_ADDR4 + " DHCP server "
+                + STR_ADDR2 + " lease " + LEASE_TIME + " seconds";
+        // Test with new values
+        assertEquals(expected, dhcpInfo.toString());
+    }
+
+    private boolean dhcpInfoEquals(@Nullable DhcpInfo left, @Nullable DhcpInfo right) {
+        if (left == null && right == null) return true;
+
+        if (left == null || right == null) return false;
+
+        return left.ipAddress == right.ipAddress
+                && left.gateway == right.gateway
+                && left.netmask == right.netmask
+                && left.dns1 == right.dns1
+                && left.dns2 == right.dns2
+                && left.serverAddress == right.serverAddress
+                && left.leaseDuration == right.leaseDuration;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParcelDhcpInfo() throws Exception {
+        // Cannot use assertParcelSane() here because this requires .equals() to work as
+        // defined, but DhcpInfo has a different legacy behavior that we cannot change.
+        final DhcpInfo dhcpInfo = createDhcpInfoObject();
+        assertFieldCountEquals(7, DhcpInfo.class);
+
+        final DhcpInfo dhcpInfoRoundTrip = parcelingRoundTrip(dhcpInfo);
+        assertTrue(dhcpInfoEquals(null, null));
+        assertFalse(dhcpInfoEquals(null, dhcpInfoRoundTrip));
+        assertFalse(dhcpInfoEquals(dhcpInfo, null));
+        assertTrue(dhcpInfoEquals(dhcpInfo, dhcpInfoRoundTrip));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/common/java/android/net/IpPrefixTest.java b/tests/common/java/android/net/IpPrefixTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..50ecb42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/common/java/android/net/IpPrefixTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,374 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2014 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net;
+
+import static com.android.testutils.MiscAsserts.assertEqualBothWays;
+import static com.android.testutils.MiscAsserts.assertFieldCountEquals;
+import static com.android.testutils.MiscAsserts.assertNotEqualEitherWay;
+import static com.android.testutils.ParcelUtils.assertParcelingIsLossless;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.util.Random;
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@SmallTest
+public class IpPrefixTest {
+
+    private static InetAddress address(String addr) {
+        return InetAddress.parseNumericAddress(addr);
+    }
+
+    // Explicitly cast everything to byte because "error: possible loss of precision".
+    private static final byte[] IPV4_BYTES = { (byte) 192, (byte) 0, (byte) 2, (byte) 4};
+    private static final byte[] IPV6_BYTES = {
+        (byte) 0x20, (byte) 0x01, (byte) 0x0d, (byte) 0xb8,
+        (byte) 0xde, (byte) 0xad, (byte) 0xbe, (byte) 0xef,
+        (byte) 0x0f, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00,
+        (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0xa0
+    };
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConstructor() {
+        IpPrefix p;
+        try {
+            p = new IpPrefix((byte[]) null, 9);
+            fail("Expected NullPointerException: null byte array");
+        } catch (RuntimeException expected) { }
+
+        try {
+            p = new IpPrefix((InetAddress) null, 10);
+            fail("Expected NullPointerException: null InetAddress");
+        } catch (RuntimeException expected) { }
+
+        try {
+            p = new IpPrefix((String) null);
+            fail("Expected NullPointerException: null String");
+        } catch (RuntimeException expected) { }
+
+
+        try {
+            byte[] b2 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
+            p = new IpPrefix(b2, 29);
+            fail("Expected IllegalArgumentException: invalid array length");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) { }
+
+        try {
+            p = new IpPrefix("1.2.3.4");
+            fail("Expected IllegalArgumentException: no prefix length");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) { }
+
+        try {
+            p = new IpPrefix("1.2.3.4/");
+            fail("Expected IllegalArgumentException: empty prefix length");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) { }
+
+        try {
+            p = new IpPrefix("foo/32");
+            fail("Expected IllegalArgumentException: invalid address");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) { }
+
+        try {
+            p = new IpPrefix("1/32");
+            fail("Expected IllegalArgumentException: deprecated IPv4 format");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) { }
+
+        try {
+            p = new IpPrefix("1.2.3.256/32");
+            fail("Expected IllegalArgumentException: invalid IPv4 address");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) { }
+
+        try {
+            p = new IpPrefix("foo/32");
+            fail("Expected IllegalArgumentException: non-address");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) { }
+
+        try {
+            p = new IpPrefix("f00:::/32");
+            fail("Expected IllegalArgumentException: invalid IPv6 address");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) { }
+
+        p = new IpPrefix("/64");
+        assertEquals("::/64", p.toString());
+
+        p = new IpPrefix("/128");
+        assertEquals("::1/128", p.toString());
+
+        p = new IpPrefix("[2001:db8::123]/64");
+        assertEquals("2001:db8::/64", p.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTruncation() {
+        IpPrefix p;
+
+        p = new IpPrefix(IPV4_BYTES, 32);
+        assertEquals("192.0.2.4/32", p.toString());
+
+        p = new IpPrefix(IPV4_BYTES, 29);
+        assertEquals("192.0.2.0/29", p.toString());
+
+        p = new IpPrefix(IPV4_BYTES, 8);
+        assertEquals("192.0.0.0/8", p.toString());
+
+        p = new IpPrefix(IPV4_BYTES, 0);
+        assertEquals("0.0.0.0/0", p.toString());
+
+        try {
+            p = new IpPrefix(IPV4_BYTES, 33);
+            fail("Expected IllegalArgumentException: invalid prefix length");
+        } catch (RuntimeException expected) { }
+
+        try {
+            p = new IpPrefix(IPV4_BYTES, 128);
+            fail("Expected IllegalArgumentException: invalid prefix length");
+        } catch (RuntimeException expected) { }
+
+        try {
+            p = new IpPrefix(IPV4_BYTES, -1);
+            fail("Expected IllegalArgumentException: negative prefix length");
+        } catch (RuntimeException expected) { }
+
+        p = new IpPrefix(IPV6_BYTES, 128);
+        assertEquals("2001:db8:dead:beef:f00::a0/128", p.toString());
+
+        p = new IpPrefix(IPV6_BYTES, 122);
+        assertEquals("2001:db8:dead:beef:f00::80/122", p.toString());
+
+        p = new IpPrefix(IPV6_BYTES, 64);
+        assertEquals("2001:db8:dead:beef::/64", p.toString());
+
+        p = new IpPrefix(IPV6_BYTES, 3);
+        assertEquals("2000::/3", p.toString());
+
+        p = new IpPrefix(IPV6_BYTES, 0);
+        assertEquals("::/0", p.toString());
+
+        try {
+            p = new IpPrefix(IPV6_BYTES, -1);
+            fail("Expected IllegalArgumentException: negative prefix length");
+        } catch (RuntimeException expected) { }
+
+        try {
+            p = new IpPrefix(IPV6_BYTES, 129);
+            fail("Expected IllegalArgumentException: negative prefix length");
+        } catch (RuntimeException expected) { }
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEquals() {
+        IpPrefix p1, p2;
+
+        p1 = new IpPrefix("192.0.2.251/23");
+        p2 = new IpPrefix(new byte[]{(byte) 192, (byte) 0, (byte) 2, (byte) 251}, 23);
+        assertEqualBothWays(p1, p2);
+
+        p1 = new IpPrefix("192.0.2.5/23");
+        assertEqualBothWays(p1, p2);
+
+        p1 = new IpPrefix("192.0.2.5/24");
+        assertNotEqualEitherWay(p1, p2);
+
+        p1 = new IpPrefix("192.0.4.5/23");
+        assertNotEqualEitherWay(p1, p2);
+
+
+        p1 = new IpPrefix("2001:db8:dead:beef:f00::80/122");
+        p2 = new IpPrefix(IPV6_BYTES, 122);
+        assertEquals("2001:db8:dead:beef:f00::80/122", p2.toString());
+        assertEqualBothWays(p1, p2);
+
+        p1 = new IpPrefix("2001:db8:dead:beef:f00::bf/122");
+        assertEqualBothWays(p1, p2);
+
+        p1 = new IpPrefix("2001:db8:dead:beef:f00::8:0/123");
+        assertNotEqualEitherWay(p1, p2);
+
+        p1 = new IpPrefix("2001:db8:dead:beef::/122");
+        assertNotEqualEitherWay(p1, p2);
+
+        // 192.0.2.4/32 != c000:0204::/32.
+        byte[] ipv6bytes = new byte[16];
+        System.arraycopy(IPV4_BYTES, 0, ipv6bytes, 0, IPV4_BYTES.length);
+        p1 = new IpPrefix(ipv6bytes, 32);
+        assertEqualBothWays(p1, new IpPrefix("c000:0204::/32"));
+
+        p2 = new IpPrefix(IPV4_BYTES, 32);
+        assertNotEqualEitherWay(p1, p2);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testContainsInetAddress() {
+        IpPrefix p = new IpPrefix("2001:db8:f00::ace:d00d/127");
+        assertTrue(p.contains(address("2001:db8:f00::ace:d00c")));
+        assertTrue(p.contains(address("2001:db8:f00::ace:d00d")));
+        assertFalse(p.contains(address("2001:db8:f00::ace:d00e")));
+        assertFalse(p.contains(address("2001:db8:f00::bad:d00d")));
+        assertFalse(p.contains(address("2001:4868:4860::8888")));
+        assertFalse(p.contains(address("8.8.8.8")));
+
+        p = new IpPrefix("192.0.2.0/23");
+        assertTrue(p.contains(address("192.0.2.43")));
+        assertTrue(p.contains(address("192.0.3.21")));
+        assertFalse(p.contains(address("192.0.0.21")));
+        assertFalse(p.contains(address("8.8.8.8")));
+        assertFalse(p.contains(address("2001:4868:4860::8888")));
+
+        IpPrefix ipv6Default = new IpPrefix("::/0");
+        assertTrue(ipv6Default.contains(address("2001:db8::f00")));
+        assertFalse(ipv6Default.contains(address("192.0.2.1")));
+
+        IpPrefix ipv4Default = new IpPrefix("0.0.0.0/0");
+        assertTrue(ipv4Default.contains(address("255.255.255.255")));
+        assertTrue(ipv4Default.contains(address("192.0.2.1")));
+        assertFalse(ipv4Default.contains(address("2001:db8::f00")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testContainsIpPrefix() {
+        assertTrue(new IpPrefix("0.0.0.0/0").containsPrefix(new IpPrefix("0.0.0.0/0")));
+        assertTrue(new IpPrefix("0.0.0.0/0").containsPrefix(new IpPrefix("1.2.3.4/0")));
+        assertTrue(new IpPrefix("0.0.0.0/0").containsPrefix(new IpPrefix("1.2.3.4/8")));
+        assertTrue(new IpPrefix("0.0.0.0/0").containsPrefix(new IpPrefix("1.2.3.4/24")));
+        assertTrue(new IpPrefix("0.0.0.0/0").containsPrefix(new IpPrefix("1.2.3.4/23")));
+
+        assertTrue(new IpPrefix("1.2.3.4/8").containsPrefix(new IpPrefix("1.2.3.4/8")));
+        assertTrue(new IpPrefix("1.2.3.4/8").containsPrefix(new IpPrefix("1.254.12.9/8")));
+        assertTrue(new IpPrefix("1.2.3.4/21").containsPrefix(new IpPrefix("1.2.3.4/21")));
+        assertTrue(new IpPrefix("1.2.3.4/32").containsPrefix(new IpPrefix("1.2.3.4/32")));
+
+        assertTrue(new IpPrefix("1.2.3.4/20").containsPrefix(new IpPrefix("1.2.3.0/24")));
+
+        assertFalse(new IpPrefix("1.2.3.4/32").containsPrefix(new IpPrefix("1.2.3.5/32")));
+        assertFalse(new IpPrefix("1.2.3.4/8").containsPrefix(new IpPrefix("2.2.3.4/8")));
+        assertFalse(new IpPrefix("0.0.0.0/16").containsPrefix(new IpPrefix("0.0.0.0/15")));
+        assertFalse(new IpPrefix("100.0.0.0/8").containsPrefix(new IpPrefix("99.0.0.0/8")));
+
+        assertTrue(new IpPrefix("::/0").containsPrefix(new IpPrefix("::/0")));
+        assertTrue(new IpPrefix("::/0").containsPrefix(new IpPrefix("2001:db8::f00/1")));
+        assertTrue(new IpPrefix("::/0").containsPrefix(new IpPrefix("3d8a:661:a0::770/8")));
+        assertTrue(new IpPrefix("::/0").containsPrefix(new IpPrefix("2001:db8::f00/8")));
+        assertTrue(new IpPrefix("::/0").containsPrefix(new IpPrefix("2001:db8::f00/64")));
+        assertTrue(new IpPrefix("::/0").containsPrefix(new IpPrefix("2001:db8::f00/113")));
+        assertTrue(new IpPrefix("::/0").containsPrefix(new IpPrefix("2001:db8::f00/128")));
+
+        assertTrue(new IpPrefix("2001:db8:f00::ace:d00d/64").containsPrefix(
+                new IpPrefix("2001:db8:f00::ace:d00d/64")));
+        assertTrue(new IpPrefix("2001:db8:f00::ace:d00d/64").containsPrefix(
+                new IpPrefix("2001:db8:f00::ace:d00d/120")));
+        assertFalse(new IpPrefix("2001:db8:f00::ace:d00d/64").containsPrefix(
+                new IpPrefix("2001:db8:f00::ace:d00d/32")));
+        assertFalse(new IpPrefix("2001:db8:f00::ace:d00d/64").containsPrefix(
+                new IpPrefix("2006:db8:f00::ace:d00d/96")));
+
+        assertTrue(new IpPrefix("2001:db8:f00::ace:d00d/128").containsPrefix(
+                new IpPrefix("2001:db8:f00::ace:d00d/128")));
+        assertTrue(new IpPrefix("2001:db8:f00::ace:d00d/100").containsPrefix(
+                new IpPrefix("2001:db8:f00::ace:ccaf/110")));
+
+        assertFalse(new IpPrefix("2001:db8:f00::ace:d00d/128").containsPrefix(
+                new IpPrefix("2001:db8:f00::ace:d00e/128")));
+        assertFalse(new IpPrefix("::/30").containsPrefix(new IpPrefix("::/29")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHashCode() {
+        IpPrefix p = new IpPrefix(new byte[4], 0);
+        Random random = new Random();
+        for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
+            final IpPrefix oldP = p;
+            if (random.nextBoolean()) {
+                // IPv4.
+                byte[] b = new byte[4];
+                random.nextBytes(b);
+                p = new IpPrefix(b, random.nextInt(33));
+            } else {
+                // IPv6.
+                byte[] b = new byte[16];
+                random.nextBytes(b);
+                p = new IpPrefix(b, random.nextInt(129));
+            }
+            if (p.equals(oldP)) {
+                assertEquals(p.hashCode(), oldP.hashCode());
+            }
+            if (p.hashCode() != oldP.hashCode()) {
+                assertNotEquals(p, oldP);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHashCodeIsNotConstant() {
+        IpPrefix[] prefixes = {
+            new IpPrefix("2001:db8:f00::ace:d00d/127"),
+            new IpPrefix("192.0.2.0/23"),
+            new IpPrefix("::/0"),
+            new IpPrefix("0.0.0.0/0"),
+        };
+        for (int i = 0; i < prefixes.length; i++) {
+            for (int j = i + 1; j < prefixes.length; j++) {
+                assertNotEquals(prefixes[i].hashCode(), prefixes[j].hashCode());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMappedAddressesAreBroken() {
+        // 192.0.2.0/24 != ::ffff:c000:0204/120, but because we use InetAddress,
+        // we are unable to comprehend that.
+        byte[] ipv6bytes = {
+            (byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 0,
+            (byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 0,
+            (byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xff,
+            (byte) 192, (byte) 0, (byte) 2, (byte) 0};
+        IpPrefix p = new IpPrefix(ipv6bytes, 120);
+        assertEquals(16, p.getRawAddress().length);       // Fine.
+        assertArrayEquals(ipv6bytes, p.getRawAddress());  // Fine.
+
+        // Broken.
+        assertEquals("192.0.2.0/120", p.toString());
+        assertEquals(InetAddress.parseNumericAddress("192.0.2.0"), p.getAddress());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParceling() {
+        IpPrefix p;
+
+        p = new IpPrefix("2001:4860:db8::/64");
+        assertParcelingIsLossless(p);
+        assertTrue(p.isIPv6());
+
+        p = new IpPrefix("192.0.2.0/25");
+        assertParcelingIsLossless(p);
+        assertTrue(p.isIPv4());
+
+        assertFieldCountEquals(2, IpPrefix.class);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/common/java/android/net/KeepalivePacketDataTest.kt b/tests/common/java/android/net/KeepalivePacketDataTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f464ec6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/common/java/android/net/KeepalivePacketDataTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package android.net
+
+import android.net.InvalidPacketException.ERROR_INVALID_IP_ADDRESS
+import android.net.InvalidPacketException.ERROR_INVALID_PORT
+import android.os.Build
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo
+import java.net.InetAddress
+import java.util.Arrays
+import org.junit.Assert.assertEquals
+import org.junit.Assert.assertTrue
+import org.junit.Assert.fail
+import org.junit.Rule
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4::class)
+@SmallTest
+class KeepalivePacketDataTest {
+    @Rule @JvmField
+    val ignoreRule: DevSdkIgnoreRule = DevSdkIgnoreRule()
+
+    private val INVALID_PORT = 65537
+    private val TEST_DST_PORT = 4244
+    private val TEST_SRC_PORT = 4243
+
+    private val TESTBYTES = byteArrayOf(12, 31, 22, 44)
+    private val TEST_SRC_ADDRV4 = "198.168.0.2".address()
+    private val TEST_DST_ADDRV4 = "198.168.0.1".address()
+    private val TEST_ADDRV6 = "2001:db8::1".address()
+
+    private fun String.address() = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress(this)
+
+    // Add for test because constructor of KeepalivePacketData is protected.
+    private inner class TestKeepalivePacketData(
+        srcAddress: InetAddress? = TEST_SRC_ADDRV4,
+        srcPort: Int = TEST_SRC_PORT,
+        dstAddress: InetAddress? = TEST_DST_ADDRV4,
+        dstPort: Int = TEST_DST_PORT,
+        data: ByteArray = TESTBYTES
+    ) : KeepalivePacketData(srcAddress, srcPort, dstAddress, dstPort, data)
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
+    fun testConstructor() {
+        var data: TestKeepalivePacketData
+
+        try {
+            data = TestKeepalivePacketData(srcAddress = null)
+            fail("Null src address should cause exception")
+        } catch (e: InvalidPacketException) {
+            assertEquals(e.error, ERROR_INVALID_IP_ADDRESS)
+        }
+
+        try {
+            data = TestKeepalivePacketData(dstAddress = null)
+            fail("Null dst address should cause exception")
+        } catch (e: InvalidPacketException) {
+            assertEquals(e.error, ERROR_INVALID_IP_ADDRESS)
+        }
+
+        try {
+            data = TestKeepalivePacketData(dstAddress = TEST_ADDRV6)
+            fail("Ip family mismatched should cause exception")
+        } catch (e: InvalidPacketException) {
+            assertEquals(e.error, ERROR_INVALID_IP_ADDRESS)
+        }
+
+        try {
+            data = TestKeepalivePacketData(srcPort = INVALID_PORT)
+            fail("Invalid srcPort should cause exception")
+        } catch (e: InvalidPacketException) {
+            assertEquals(e.error, ERROR_INVALID_PORT)
+        }
+
+        try {
+            data = TestKeepalivePacketData(dstPort = INVALID_PORT)
+            fail("Invalid dstPort should cause exception")
+        } catch (e: InvalidPacketException) {
+            assertEquals(e.error, ERROR_INVALID_PORT)
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
+    fun testSrcAddress() = assertEquals(TEST_SRC_ADDRV4, TestKeepalivePacketData().srcAddress)
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
+    fun testDstAddress() = assertEquals(TEST_DST_ADDRV4, TestKeepalivePacketData().dstAddress)
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
+    fun testSrcPort() = assertEquals(TEST_SRC_PORT, TestKeepalivePacketData().srcPort)
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
+    fun testDstPort() = assertEquals(TEST_DST_PORT, TestKeepalivePacketData().dstPort)
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
+    fun testPacket() = assertTrue(Arrays.equals(TESTBYTES, TestKeepalivePacketData().packet))
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/common/java/android/net/LinkAddressTest.java b/tests/common/java/android/net/LinkAddressTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2cf3cf9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/common/java/android/net/LinkAddressTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,518 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2013 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net;
+
+import static android.system.OsConstants.IFA_F_DADFAILED;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.IFA_F_DEPRECATED;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.IFA_F_OPTIMISTIC;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.IFA_F_PERMANENT;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.IFA_F_TEMPORARY;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.IFA_F_TENTATIVE;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.RT_SCOPE_HOST;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.RT_SCOPE_LINK;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.RT_SCOPE_SITE;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE;
+
+import static com.android.testutils.MiscAsserts.assertEqualBothWays;
+import static com.android.testutils.MiscAsserts.assertFieldCountEquals;
+import static com.android.testutils.MiscAsserts.assertNotEqualEitherWay;
+import static com.android.testutils.ParcelUtils.assertParcelingIsLossless;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import android.os.Build;
+import android.os.SystemClock;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreAfter;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo;
+
+import org.junit.Rule;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+import java.net.Inet4Address;
+import java.net.Inet6Address;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.InterfaceAddress;
+import java.net.NetworkInterface;
+import java.net.SocketException;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@SmallTest
+public class LinkAddressTest {
+    @Rule
+    public final DevSdkIgnoreRule ignoreRule = new DevSdkIgnoreRule();
+
+    private static final String V4 = "192.0.2.1";
+    private static final String V6 = "2001:db8::1";
+    private static final InetAddress V4_ADDRESS = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress(V4);
+    private static final InetAddress V6_ADDRESS = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress(V6);
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConstants() {
+        // RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE = 0, but all the other constants should be nonzero.
+        assertNotEquals(0, RT_SCOPE_HOST);
+        assertNotEquals(0, RT_SCOPE_LINK);
+        assertNotEquals(0, RT_SCOPE_SITE);
+
+        assertNotEquals(0, IFA_F_DEPRECATED);
+        assertNotEquals(0, IFA_F_PERMANENT);
+        assertNotEquals(0, IFA_F_TENTATIVE);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConstructors() throws SocketException {
+        LinkAddress address;
+
+        // Valid addresses work as expected.
+        address = new LinkAddress(V4_ADDRESS, 25);
+        assertEquals(V4_ADDRESS, address.getAddress());
+        assertEquals(25, address.getPrefixLength());
+        assertEquals(0, address.getFlags());
+        assertEquals(RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE, address.getScope());
+        assertTrue(address.isIpv4());
+
+        address = new LinkAddress(V6_ADDRESS, 127);
+        assertEquals(V6_ADDRESS, address.getAddress());
+        assertEquals(127, address.getPrefixLength());
+        assertEquals(0, address.getFlags());
+        assertEquals(RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE, address.getScope());
+        assertTrue(address.isIpv6());
+
+        // Nonsensical flags/scopes or combinations thereof are acceptable.
+        address = new LinkAddress(V6 + "/64", IFA_F_DEPRECATED | IFA_F_PERMANENT, RT_SCOPE_LINK);
+        assertEquals(V6_ADDRESS, address.getAddress());
+        assertEquals(64, address.getPrefixLength());
+        assertEquals(IFA_F_DEPRECATED | IFA_F_PERMANENT, address.getFlags());
+        assertEquals(RT_SCOPE_LINK, address.getScope());
+        assertTrue(address.isIpv6());
+
+        address = new LinkAddress(V4 + "/23", 123, 456);
+        assertEquals(V4_ADDRESS, address.getAddress());
+        assertEquals(23, address.getPrefixLength());
+        assertEquals(123, address.getFlags());
+        assertEquals(456, address.getScope());
+        assertTrue(address.isIpv4());
+
+        address = new LinkAddress("/64", 1 /* flags */, 2 /* scope */);
+        assertEquals(Inet6Address.LOOPBACK, address.getAddress());
+        assertEquals(64, address.getPrefixLength());
+        assertEquals(1, address.getFlags());
+        assertEquals(2, address.getScope());
+        assertTrue(address.isIpv6());
+
+        address = new LinkAddress("[2001:db8::123]/64", 3 /* flags */, 4 /* scope */);
+        assertEquals(InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("2001:db8::123"), address.getAddress());
+        assertEquals(64, address.getPrefixLength());
+        assertEquals(3, address.getFlags());
+        assertEquals(4, address.getScope());
+        assertTrue(address.isIpv6());
+
+        // InterfaceAddress doesn't have a constructor. Fetch some from an interface.
+        List<InterfaceAddress> addrs = NetworkInterface.getByName("lo").getInterfaceAddresses();
+
+        // We expect to find 127.0.0.1/8 and ::1/128, in any order.
+        LinkAddress ipv4Loopback, ipv6Loopback;
+        assertEquals(2, addrs.size());
+        if (addrs.get(0).getAddress() instanceof Inet4Address) {
+            ipv4Loopback = new LinkAddress(addrs.get(0));
+            ipv6Loopback = new LinkAddress(addrs.get(1));
+        } else {
+            ipv4Loopback = new LinkAddress(addrs.get(1));
+            ipv6Loopback = new LinkAddress(addrs.get(0));
+        }
+
+        assertEquals(InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("127.0.0.1"), ipv4Loopback.getAddress());
+        assertEquals(8, ipv4Loopback.getPrefixLength());
+
+        assertEquals(InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("::1"), ipv6Loopback.getAddress());
+        assertEquals(128, ipv6Loopback.getPrefixLength());
+
+        // Null addresses are rejected.
+        try {
+            address = new LinkAddress(null, 24);
+            fail("Null InetAddress should cause IllegalArgumentException");
+        } catch(IllegalArgumentException expected) {}
+
+        try {
+            address = new LinkAddress((String) null, IFA_F_PERMANENT, RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE);
+            fail("Null string should cause IllegalArgumentException");
+        } catch(IllegalArgumentException expected) {}
+
+        try {
+            address = new LinkAddress((InterfaceAddress) null);
+            fail("Null string should cause NullPointerException");
+        } catch(NullPointerException expected) {}
+
+        // Invalid prefix lengths are rejected.
+        try {
+            address = new LinkAddress(V4_ADDRESS, -1);
+            fail("Negative IPv4 prefix length should cause IllegalArgumentException");
+        } catch(IllegalArgumentException expected) {}
+
+        try {
+            address = new LinkAddress(V6_ADDRESS, -1);
+            fail("Negative IPv6 prefix length should cause IllegalArgumentException");
+        } catch(IllegalArgumentException expected) {}
+
+        try {
+            address = new LinkAddress(V4_ADDRESS, 33);
+            fail("/33 IPv4 prefix length should cause IllegalArgumentException");
+        } catch(IllegalArgumentException expected) {}
+
+        try {
+            address = new LinkAddress(V4 + "/33", IFA_F_PERMANENT, RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE);
+            fail("/33 IPv4 prefix length should cause IllegalArgumentException");
+        } catch(IllegalArgumentException expected) {}
+
+
+        try {
+            address = new LinkAddress(V6_ADDRESS, 129, IFA_F_PERMANENT, RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE);
+            fail("/129 IPv6 prefix length should cause IllegalArgumentException");
+        } catch(IllegalArgumentException expected) {}
+
+        try {
+            address = new LinkAddress(V6 + "/129", IFA_F_PERMANENT, RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE);
+            fail("/129 IPv6 prefix length should cause IllegalArgumentException");
+        } catch(IllegalArgumentException expected) {}
+
+        // Multicast addresses are rejected.
+        try {
+            address = new LinkAddress("224.0.0.2/32");
+            fail("IPv4 multicast address should cause IllegalArgumentException");
+        } catch(IllegalArgumentException expected) {}
+
+        try {
+            address = new LinkAddress("ff02::1/128");
+            fail("IPv6 multicast address should cause IllegalArgumentException");
+        } catch(IllegalArgumentException expected) {}
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAddressScopes() {
+        assertEquals(RT_SCOPE_HOST, new LinkAddress("::/128").getScope());
+        assertEquals(RT_SCOPE_HOST, new LinkAddress("0.0.0.0/32").getScope());
+
+        assertEquals(RT_SCOPE_LINK, new LinkAddress("::1/128").getScope());
+        assertEquals(RT_SCOPE_LINK, new LinkAddress("127.0.0.5/8").getScope());
+        assertEquals(RT_SCOPE_LINK, new LinkAddress("fe80::ace:d00d/64").getScope());
+        assertEquals(RT_SCOPE_LINK, new LinkAddress("169.254.5.12/16").getScope());
+
+        assertEquals(RT_SCOPE_SITE, new LinkAddress("fec0::dead/64").getScope());
+
+        assertEquals(RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE, new LinkAddress("10.1.2.3/21").getScope());
+        assertEquals(RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE, new LinkAddress("192.0.2.1/25").getScope());
+        assertEquals(RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE, new LinkAddress("2001:db8::/64").getScope());
+        assertEquals(RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE, new LinkAddress("5000::/127").getScope());
+    }
+
+    private void assertIsSameAddressAs(LinkAddress l1, LinkAddress l2) {
+        assertTrue(l1 + " unexpectedly does not have same address as " + l2,
+                l1.isSameAddressAs(l2));
+        assertTrue(l2 + " unexpectedly does not have same address as " + l1,
+                l2.isSameAddressAs(l1));
+    }
+
+    private void assertIsNotSameAddressAs(LinkAddress l1, LinkAddress l2) {
+        assertFalse(l1 + " unexpectedly has same address as " + l2,
+                l1.isSameAddressAs(l2));
+        assertFalse(l2 + " unexpectedly has same address as " + l1,
+                l1.isSameAddressAs(l2));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEqualsAndSameAddressAs() {
+        LinkAddress l1, l2, l3;
+
+        l1 = new LinkAddress("2001:db8::1/64");
+        l2 = new LinkAddress("2001:db8::1/64");
+        assertEqualBothWays(l1, l2);
+        assertIsSameAddressAs(l1, l2);
+
+        l2 = new LinkAddress("2001:db8::1/65");
+        assertNotEqualEitherWay(l1, l2);
+        assertIsNotSameAddressAs(l1, l2);
+
+        l2 = new LinkAddress("2001:db8::2/64");
+        assertNotEqualEitherWay(l1, l2);
+        assertIsNotSameAddressAs(l1, l2);
+
+
+        l1 = new LinkAddress("192.0.2.1/24");
+        l2 = new LinkAddress("192.0.2.1/24");
+        assertEqualBothWays(l1, l2);
+        assertIsSameAddressAs(l1, l2);
+
+        l2 = new LinkAddress("192.0.2.1/23");
+        assertNotEqualEitherWay(l1, l2);
+        assertIsNotSameAddressAs(l1, l2);
+
+        l2 = new LinkAddress("192.0.2.2/24");
+        assertNotEqualEitherWay(l1, l2);
+        assertIsNotSameAddressAs(l1, l2);
+
+
+        // Check equals() and isSameAddressAs() on identical addresses with different flags.
+        l1 = new LinkAddress(V6_ADDRESS, 64);
+        l2 = new LinkAddress(V6_ADDRESS, 64, 0, RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE);
+        assertEqualBothWays(l1, l2);
+        assertIsSameAddressAs(l1, l2);
+
+        l2 = new LinkAddress(V6_ADDRESS, 64, IFA_F_DEPRECATED, RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE);
+        assertNotEqualEitherWay(l1, l2);
+        assertIsSameAddressAs(l1, l2);
+
+        // Check equals() and isSameAddressAs() on identical addresses with different scope.
+        l1 = new LinkAddress(V4_ADDRESS, 24);
+        l2 = new LinkAddress(V4_ADDRESS, 24, 0, RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE);
+        assertEqualBothWays(l1, l2);
+        assertIsSameAddressAs(l1, l2);
+
+        l2 = new LinkAddress(V4_ADDRESS, 24, 0, RT_SCOPE_HOST);
+        assertNotEqualEitherWay(l1, l2);
+        assertIsSameAddressAs(l1, l2);
+
+        // Addresses with the same start or end bytes aren't equal between families.
+        l1 = new LinkAddress("32.1.13.184/24");
+        l2 = new LinkAddress("2001:db8::1/24");
+        l3 = new LinkAddress("::2001:db8/24");
+
+        byte[] ipv4Bytes = l1.getAddress().getAddress();
+        byte[] l2FirstIPv6Bytes = Arrays.copyOf(l2.getAddress().getAddress(), 4);
+        byte[] l3LastIPv6Bytes = Arrays.copyOfRange(l3.getAddress().getAddress(), 12, 16);
+        assertTrue(Arrays.equals(ipv4Bytes, l2FirstIPv6Bytes));
+        assertTrue(Arrays.equals(ipv4Bytes, l3LastIPv6Bytes));
+
+        assertNotEqualEitherWay(l1, l2);
+        assertIsNotSameAddressAs(l1, l2);
+
+        assertNotEqualEitherWay(l1, l3);
+        assertIsNotSameAddressAs(l1, l3);
+
+        // Because we use InetAddress, an IPv4 address is equal to its IPv4-mapped address.
+        // TODO: Investigate fixing this.
+        String addressString = V4 + "/24";
+        l1 = new LinkAddress(addressString);
+        l2 = new LinkAddress("::ffff:" + addressString);
+        assertEqualBothWays(l1, l2);
+        assertIsSameAddressAs(l1, l2);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHashCode() {
+        LinkAddress l1, l2;
+
+        l1 = new LinkAddress(V4_ADDRESS, 23);
+        l2 = new LinkAddress(V4_ADDRESS, 23, 0, RT_SCOPE_HOST);
+        assertNotEquals(l1.hashCode(), l2.hashCode());
+
+        l1 = new LinkAddress(V6_ADDRESS, 128);
+        l2 = new LinkAddress(V6_ADDRESS, 128, IFA_F_TENTATIVE, RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE);
+        assertNotEquals(l1.hashCode(), l2.hashCode());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParceling() {
+        LinkAddress l;
+
+        l = new LinkAddress(V6_ADDRESS, 64, 123, 456);
+        assertParcelingIsLossless(l);
+
+        l = new LinkAddress(V4 + "/28", IFA_F_PERMANENT, RT_SCOPE_LINK);
+        assertParcelingIsLossless(l);
+    }
+
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
+    public void testLifetimeParceling() {
+        final LinkAddress l = new LinkAddress(V6_ADDRESS, 64, 123, 456, 1L, 3600000L);
+        assertParcelingIsLossless(l);
+    }
+
+    @Test @IgnoreAfter(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
+    public void testFieldCount_Q() {
+        assertFieldCountEquals(4, LinkAddress.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
+    public void testFieldCount() {
+        // Make sure any new field is covered by the above parceling tests when changing this number
+        assertFieldCountEquals(6, LinkAddress.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
+    public void testDeprecationTime() {
+        try {
+            new LinkAddress(V6_ADDRESS, 64, 0, 456,
+                    LinkAddress.LIFETIME_UNKNOWN, 100000L);
+            fail("Only one time provided should cause exception");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) { }
+
+        try {
+            new LinkAddress(V6_ADDRESS, 64, 0, 456,
+                    200000L, 100000L);
+            fail("deprecation time later than expiration time should cause exception");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) { }
+
+        try {
+            new LinkAddress(V6_ADDRESS, 64, 0, 456,
+                    -2, 100000L);
+            fail("negative deprecation time should cause exception");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) { }
+
+        LinkAddress addr = new LinkAddress(V6_ADDRESS, 64, 0, 456, 100000L, 200000L);
+        assertEquals(100000L, addr.getDeprecationTime());
+    }
+
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
+    public void testExpirationTime() {
+        try {
+            new LinkAddress(V6_ADDRESS, 64, 0, 456,
+                    200000L, LinkAddress.LIFETIME_UNKNOWN);
+            fail("Only one time provided should cause exception");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) { }
+
+        try {
+            new LinkAddress(V6_ADDRESS, 64, 0, 456,
+                    100000L, -2);
+            fail("negative expiration time should cause exception");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) { }
+
+        LinkAddress addr = new LinkAddress(V6_ADDRESS, 64, 0, 456, 100000L, 200000L);
+        assertEquals(200000L, addr.getExpirationTime());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetFlags() {
+        LinkAddress l = new LinkAddress(V6_ADDRESS, 64, 123, RT_SCOPE_HOST);
+        assertEquals(123, l.getFlags());
+    }
+
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
+    public void testGetFlags_Deprecation() {
+        // Test if deprecated bit was added/remove automatically based on the provided deprecation
+        // time
+        LinkAddress l = new LinkAddress(V6_ADDRESS, 64, 0, RT_SCOPE_HOST,
+                1L, LinkAddress.LIFETIME_PERMANENT);
+        // Check if the flag is added automatically.
+        assertTrue((l.getFlags() & IFA_F_DEPRECATED) != 0);
+
+        l = new LinkAddress(V6_ADDRESS, 64, IFA_F_DEPRECATED, RT_SCOPE_HOST,
+                SystemClock.elapsedRealtime() + 100000L, LinkAddress.LIFETIME_PERMANENT);
+        // Check if the flag is removed automatically.
+        assertTrue((l.getFlags() & IFA_F_DEPRECATED) == 0);
+
+        l = new LinkAddress(V6_ADDRESS, 64, IFA_F_DEPRECATED, RT_SCOPE_HOST,
+                LinkAddress.LIFETIME_PERMANENT, LinkAddress.LIFETIME_PERMANENT);
+        // Check if the permanent flag is added.
+        assertTrue((l.getFlags() & IFA_F_PERMANENT) != 0);
+
+        l = new LinkAddress(V6_ADDRESS, 64, IFA_F_PERMANENT, RT_SCOPE_HOST,
+                1000L, SystemClock.elapsedRealtime() + 100000L);
+        // Check if the permanent flag is removed
+        assertTrue((l.getFlags() & IFA_F_PERMANENT) == 0);
+    }
+
+    private void assertGlobalPreferred(LinkAddress l, String msg) {
+        assertTrue(msg, l.isGlobalPreferred());
+    }
+
+    private void assertNotGlobalPreferred(LinkAddress l, String msg) {
+        assertFalse(msg, l.isGlobalPreferred());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIsGlobalPreferred() {
+        LinkAddress l;
+
+        l = new LinkAddress(V4_ADDRESS, 32, 0, RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE);
+        assertGlobalPreferred(l, "v4,global,noflags");
+
+        l = new LinkAddress("10.10.1.7/23", 0, RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE);
+        assertGlobalPreferred(l, "v4-rfc1918,global,noflags");
+
+        l = new LinkAddress("10.10.1.7/23", 0, RT_SCOPE_SITE);
+        assertNotGlobalPreferred(l, "v4-rfc1918,site-local,noflags");
+
+        l = new LinkAddress("127.0.0.7/8", 0, RT_SCOPE_HOST);
+        assertNotGlobalPreferred(l, "v4-localhost,node-local,noflags");
+
+        l = new LinkAddress(V6_ADDRESS, 64, 0, RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE);
+        assertGlobalPreferred(l, "v6,global,noflags");
+
+        l = new LinkAddress(V6_ADDRESS, 64, IFA_F_PERMANENT, RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE);
+        assertGlobalPreferred(l, "v6,global,permanent");
+
+        // IPv6 ULAs are not acceptable "global preferred" addresses.
+        l = new LinkAddress("fc12::1/64", 0, RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE);
+        assertNotGlobalPreferred(l, "v6,ula1,noflags");
+
+        l = new LinkAddress("fd34::1/64", 0, RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE);
+        assertNotGlobalPreferred(l, "v6,ula2,noflags");
+
+        l = new LinkAddress(V6_ADDRESS, 64, IFA_F_TEMPORARY, RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE);
+        assertGlobalPreferred(l, "v6,global,tempaddr");
+
+        l = new LinkAddress(V6_ADDRESS, 64, (IFA_F_TEMPORARY|IFA_F_DADFAILED),
+                            RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE);
+        assertNotGlobalPreferred(l, "v6,global,tempaddr+dadfailed");
+
+        l = new LinkAddress(V6_ADDRESS, 64, (IFA_F_TEMPORARY|IFA_F_DEPRECATED),
+                            RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE);
+        assertNotGlobalPreferred(l, "v6,global,tempaddr+deprecated");
+
+        l = new LinkAddress(V6_ADDRESS, 64, IFA_F_TEMPORARY, RT_SCOPE_SITE);
+        assertNotGlobalPreferred(l, "v6,site-local,tempaddr");
+
+        l = new LinkAddress(V6_ADDRESS, 64, IFA_F_TEMPORARY, RT_SCOPE_LINK);
+        assertNotGlobalPreferred(l, "v6,link-local,tempaddr");
+
+        l = new LinkAddress(V6_ADDRESS, 64, IFA_F_TEMPORARY, RT_SCOPE_HOST);
+        assertNotGlobalPreferred(l, "v6,node-local,tempaddr");
+
+        l = new LinkAddress("::1/128", IFA_F_PERMANENT, RT_SCOPE_HOST);
+        assertNotGlobalPreferred(l, "v6-localhost,node-local,permanent");
+
+        l = new LinkAddress(V6_ADDRESS, 64, (IFA_F_TEMPORARY|IFA_F_TENTATIVE),
+                            RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE);
+        assertNotGlobalPreferred(l, "v6,global,tempaddr+tentative");
+
+        l = new LinkAddress(V6_ADDRESS, 64,
+                            (IFA_F_TEMPORARY|IFA_F_TENTATIVE|IFA_F_OPTIMISTIC),
+                            RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE);
+        assertGlobalPreferred(l, "v6,global,tempaddr+optimistic");
+    }
+
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
+    public void testIsGlobalPreferred_DeprecatedInFuture() {
+        final LinkAddress l = new LinkAddress(V6_ADDRESS, 64, IFA_F_DEPRECATED,
+                RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE, SystemClock.elapsedRealtime() + 100000,
+                SystemClock.elapsedRealtime() + 200000);
+        // Although the deprecated bit is set, but the deprecation time is in the future, test
+        // if the flag is removed automatically.
+        assertGlobalPreferred(l, "v6,global,tempaddr+deprecated in the future");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/common/java/android/net/LinkPropertiesTest.java b/tests/common/java/android/net/LinkPropertiesTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..550953d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/common/java/android/net/LinkPropertiesTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,1271 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2010 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net;
+
+import static android.net.RouteInfo.RTN_THROW;
+import static android.net.RouteInfo.RTN_UNICAST;
+import static android.net.RouteInfo.RTN_UNREACHABLE;
+
+import static com.android.testutils.ParcelUtils.assertParcelSane;
+import static com.android.testutils.ParcelUtils.assertParcelingIsLossless;
+import static com.android.testutils.ParcelUtils.parcelingRoundTrip;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import android.net.LinkProperties.ProvisioningChange;
+import android.os.Build;
+import android.system.OsConstants;
+import android.util.ArraySet;
+
+import androidx.core.os.BuildCompat;
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.android.net.module.util.LinkPropertiesUtils.CompareResult;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreAfter;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo;
+
+import org.junit.Rule;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+import java.net.Inet4Address;
+import java.net.Inet6Address;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@SmallTest
+public class LinkPropertiesTest {
+    @Rule
+    public final DevSdkIgnoreRule ignoreRule = new DevSdkIgnoreRule();
+
+    private static final InetAddress ADDRV4 = address("75.208.6.1");
+    private static final InetAddress ADDRV6 = address("2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334");
+    private static final InetAddress DNS1 = address("75.208.7.1");
+    private static final InetAddress DNS2 = address("69.78.7.1");
+    private static final InetAddress DNS6 = address("2001:4860:4860::8888");
+    private static final InetAddress PRIVDNS1 = address("1.1.1.1");
+    private static final InetAddress PRIVDNS2 = address("1.0.0.1");
+    private static final InetAddress PRIVDNS6 = address("2606:4700:4700::1111");
+    private static final InetAddress PCSCFV4 = address("10.77.25.37");
+    private static final InetAddress PCSCFV6 = address("2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:1");
+    private static final InetAddress GATEWAY1 = address("75.208.8.1");
+    private static final InetAddress GATEWAY2 = address("69.78.8.1");
+    private static final InetAddress GATEWAY61 = address("fe80::6:0000:613");
+    private static final InetAddress GATEWAY62 = address("fe80::6:22%lo");
+    private static final InetAddress TESTIPV4ADDR = address("192.168.47.42");
+    private static final InetAddress TESTIPV6ADDR = address("fe80::7:33%43");
+    private static final Inet4Address DHCPSERVER = (Inet4Address) address("192.0.2.1");
+    private static final String NAME = "qmi0";
+    private static final String DOMAINS = "google.com";
+    private static final String PRIV_DNS_SERVER_NAME = "private.dns.com";
+    private static final String TCP_BUFFER_SIZES = "524288,1048576,2097152,262144,524288,1048576";
+    private static final int MTU = 1500;
+    private static final LinkAddress LINKADDRV4 = new LinkAddress(ADDRV4, 32);
+    private static final LinkAddress LINKADDRV6 = new LinkAddress(ADDRV6, 128);
+    private static final LinkAddress LINKADDRV6LINKLOCAL = new LinkAddress("fe80::1/64");
+    private static final Uri CAPPORT_API_URL = Uri.parse("https://test.example.com/capportapi");
+
+    // CaptivePortalData cannot be in a constant as it does not exist on Q.
+    // The test runner also crashes when scanning for tests if it is a return type.
+    private static Object getCaptivePortalData() {
+        return new CaptivePortalData.Builder()
+                .setVenueInfoUrl(Uri.parse("https://test.example.com/venue")).build();
+    }
+
+    private static InetAddress address(String addrString) {
+        return InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress(addrString);
+    }
+
+    private static boolean isAtLeastR() {
+        // BuildCompat.isAtLeastR is documented to return false on release SDKs (including R)
+        return Build.VERSION.SDK_INT > Build.VERSION_CODES.Q || BuildCompat.isAtLeastR();
+    }
+
+    private void checkEmpty(final LinkProperties lp) {
+        assertEquals(0, lp.getAllInterfaceNames().size());
+        assertEquals(0, lp.getAllAddresses().size());
+        assertEquals(0, lp.getDnsServers().size());
+        assertEquals(0, lp.getValidatedPrivateDnsServers().size());
+        assertEquals(0, lp.getPcscfServers().size());
+        assertEquals(0, lp.getAllRoutes().size());
+        assertEquals(0, lp.getAllLinkAddresses().size());
+        assertEquals(0, lp.getStackedLinks().size());
+        assertEquals(0, lp.getMtu());
+        assertNull(lp.getPrivateDnsServerName());
+        assertNull(lp.getDomains());
+        assertNull(lp.getHttpProxy());
+        assertNull(lp.getTcpBufferSizes());
+        assertNull(lp.getNat64Prefix());
+        assertFalse(lp.isProvisioned());
+        assertFalse(lp.isIpv4Provisioned());
+        assertFalse(lp.isIpv6Provisioned());
+        assertFalse(lp.isPrivateDnsActive());
+
+        if (isAtLeastR()) {
+            assertNull(lp.getDhcpServerAddress());
+            assertFalse(lp.isWakeOnLanSupported());
+            assertNull(lp.getCaptivePortalApiUrl());
+            assertNull(lp.getCaptivePortalData());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private LinkProperties makeTestObject() {
+        final LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+        lp.setInterfaceName(NAME);
+        lp.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV4);
+        lp.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV6);
+        lp.addDnsServer(DNS1);
+        lp.addDnsServer(DNS2);
+        lp.addValidatedPrivateDnsServer(PRIVDNS1);
+        lp.addValidatedPrivateDnsServer(PRIVDNS2);
+        lp.setUsePrivateDns(true);
+        lp.setPrivateDnsServerName(PRIV_DNS_SERVER_NAME);
+        lp.addPcscfServer(PCSCFV6);
+        lp.setDomains(DOMAINS);
+        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(GATEWAY1));
+        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(GATEWAY2));
+        lp.setHttpProxy(ProxyInfo.buildDirectProxy("test", 8888));
+        lp.setMtu(MTU);
+        lp.setTcpBufferSizes(TCP_BUFFER_SIZES);
+        lp.setNat64Prefix(new IpPrefix("2001:db8:0:64::/96"));
+        if (isAtLeastR()) {
+            lp.setDhcpServerAddress(DHCPSERVER);
+            lp.setWakeOnLanSupported(true);
+            lp.setCaptivePortalApiUrl(CAPPORT_API_URL);
+            lp.setCaptivePortalData((CaptivePortalData) getCaptivePortalData());
+        }
+        return lp;
+    }
+
+    public void assertLinkPropertiesEqual(LinkProperties source, LinkProperties target) {
+        // Check implementation of equals(), element by element.
+        assertTrue(source.isIdenticalInterfaceName(target));
+        assertTrue(target.isIdenticalInterfaceName(source));
+
+        assertTrue(source.isIdenticalAddresses(target));
+        assertTrue(target.isIdenticalAddresses(source));
+
+        assertTrue(source.isIdenticalDnses(target));
+        assertTrue(target.isIdenticalDnses(source));
+
+        assertTrue(source.isIdenticalPrivateDns(target));
+        assertTrue(target.isIdenticalPrivateDns(source));
+
+        assertTrue(source.isIdenticalValidatedPrivateDnses(target));
+        assertTrue(target.isIdenticalValidatedPrivateDnses(source));
+
+        assertTrue(source.isIdenticalPcscfs(target));
+        assertTrue(target.isIdenticalPcscfs(source));
+
+        assertTrue(source.isIdenticalRoutes(target));
+        assertTrue(target.isIdenticalRoutes(source));
+
+        assertTrue(source.isIdenticalHttpProxy(target));
+        assertTrue(target.isIdenticalHttpProxy(source));
+
+        assertTrue(source.isIdenticalStackedLinks(target));
+        assertTrue(target.isIdenticalStackedLinks(source));
+
+        assertTrue(source.isIdenticalMtu(target));
+        assertTrue(target.isIdenticalMtu(source));
+
+        assertTrue(source.isIdenticalTcpBufferSizes(target));
+        assertTrue(target.isIdenticalTcpBufferSizes(source));
+
+        if (isAtLeastR()) {
+            assertTrue(source.isIdenticalDhcpServerAddress(target));
+            assertTrue(source.isIdenticalDhcpServerAddress(source));
+
+            assertTrue(source.isIdenticalWakeOnLan(target));
+            assertTrue(target.isIdenticalWakeOnLan(source));
+
+            assertTrue(source.isIdenticalCaptivePortalApiUrl(target));
+            assertTrue(target.isIdenticalCaptivePortalApiUrl(source));
+
+            assertTrue(source.isIdenticalCaptivePortalData(target));
+            assertTrue(target.isIdenticalCaptivePortalData(source));
+        }
+
+        // Check result of equals().
+        assertTrue(source.equals(target));
+        assertTrue(target.equals(source));
+
+        // Check hashCode.
+        assertEquals(source.hashCode(), target.hashCode());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEqualsNull() {
+        LinkProperties source = new LinkProperties();
+        LinkProperties target = new LinkProperties();
+
+        assertFalse(source == target);
+        assertLinkPropertiesEqual(source, target);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEqualsSameOrder() throws Exception {
+        LinkProperties source = new LinkProperties();
+        source.setInterfaceName(NAME);
+        // set 2 link addresses
+        source.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV4);
+        source.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV6);
+        // set 2 dnses
+        source.addDnsServer(DNS1);
+        source.addDnsServer(DNS2);
+        // set 1 pcscf
+        source.addPcscfServer(PCSCFV6);
+        // set 2 gateways
+        source.addRoute(new RouteInfo(GATEWAY1));
+        source.addRoute(new RouteInfo(GATEWAY2));
+        source.setMtu(MTU);
+
+        LinkProperties target = new LinkProperties();
+
+        // All fields are same
+        target.setInterfaceName(NAME);
+        target.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV4);
+        target.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV6);
+        target.addDnsServer(DNS1);
+        target.addDnsServer(DNS2);
+        target.addPcscfServer(PCSCFV6);
+        target.addRoute(new RouteInfo(GATEWAY1));
+        target.addRoute(new RouteInfo(GATEWAY2));
+        target.setMtu(MTU);
+
+        assertLinkPropertiesEqual(source, target);
+
+        target.clear();
+        // change Interface Name
+        target.setInterfaceName("qmi1");
+        target.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV4);
+        target.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV6);
+        target.addDnsServer(DNS1);
+        target.addDnsServer(DNS2);
+        target.addPcscfServer(PCSCFV6);
+        target.addRoute(new RouteInfo(GATEWAY1));
+        target.addRoute(new RouteInfo(GATEWAY2));
+        target.setMtu(MTU);
+        assertFalse(source.equals(target));
+
+        target.clear();
+        target.setInterfaceName(NAME);
+        // change link addresses
+        target.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress(address("75.208.6.2"), 32));
+        target.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV6);
+        target.addDnsServer(DNS1);
+        target.addDnsServer(DNS2);
+        target.addPcscfServer(PCSCFV6);
+        target.addRoute(new RouteInfo(GATEWAY1));
+        target.addRoute(new RouteInfo(GATEWAY2));
+        target.setMtu(MTU);
+        assertFalse(source.equals(target));
+
+        target.clear();
+        target.setInterfaceName(NAME);
+        target.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV4);
+        target.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV6);
+        // change dnses
+        target.addDnsServer(address("75.208.7.2"));
+        target.addDnsServer(DNS2);
+        target.addPcscfServer(PCSCFV6);
+        target.addRoute(new RouteInfo(GATEWAY1));
+        target.addRoute(new RouteInfo(GATEWAY2));
+        target.setMtu(MTU);
+        assertFalse(source.equals(target));
+
+        target.clear();
+        target.setInterfaceName(NAME);
+        target.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV4);
+        target.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV6);
+        target.addDnsServer(address("75.208.7.2"));
+        target.addDnsServer(DNS2);
+        // change pcscf
+        target.addPcscfServer(address("2001::1"));
+        target.addRoute(new RouteInfo(GATEWAY1));
+        target.addRoute(new RouteInfo(GATEWAY2));
+        target.setMtu(MTU);
+        assertFalse(source.equals(target));
+
+        target.clear();
+        target.setInterfaceName(NAME);
+        target.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV4);
+        target.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV6);
+        target.addDnsServer(DNS1);
+        target.addDnsServer(DNS2);
+        // change gateway
+        target.addRoute(new RouteInfo(address("75.208.8.2")));
+        target.setMtu(MTU);
+        target.addRoute(new RouteInfo(GATEWAY2));
+        assertFalse(source.equals(target));
+
+        target.clear();
+        target.setInterfaceName(NAME);
+        target.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV4);
+        target.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV6);
+        target.addDnsServer(DNS1);
+        target.addDnsServer(DNS2);
+        target.addRoute(new RouteInfo(GATEWAY1));
+        target.addRoute(new RouteInfo(GATEWAY2));
+        // change mtu
+        target.setMtu(1440);
+        assertFalse(source.equals(target));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEqualsDifferentOrder() throws Exception {
+        LinkProperties source = new LinkProperties();
+        source.setInterfaceName(NAME);
+        // set 2 link addresses
+        source.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV4);
+        source.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV6);
+        // set 2 dnses
+        source.addDnsServer(DNS1);
+        source.addDnsServer(DNS2);
+        // set 2 gateways
+        source.addRoute(new RouteInfo(LINKADDRV4, GATEWAY1));
+        source.addRoute(new RouteInfo(GATEWAY2));
+        source.setMtu(MTU);
+
+        LinkProperties target = new LinkProperties();
+        // Exchange order
+        target.setInterfaceName(NAME);
+        target.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV6);
+        target.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV4);
+        target.addDnsServer(DNS2);
+        target.addDnsServer(DNS1);
+        target.addRoute(new RouteInfo(GATEWAY2));
+        target.addRoute(new RouteInfo(LINKADDRV4, GATEWAY1));
+        target.setMtu(MTU);
+
+        assertLinkPropertiesEqual(source, target);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEqualsDuplicated() throws Exception {
+        LinkProperties source = new LinkProperties();
+        // set 3 link addresses, eg, [A, A, B]
+        source.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV4);
+        source.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV4);
+        source.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV6);
+
+        LinkProperties target = new LinkProperties();
+        // set 3 link addresses, eg, [A, B, B]
+        target.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV4);
+        target.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV6);
+        target.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV6);
+
+        assertLinkPropertiesEqual(source, target);
+    }
+
+    private void assertAllRoutesHaveInterface(String iface, LinkProperties lp) {
+        for (RouteInfo r : lp.getRoutes()) {
+            assertEquals(iface, r.getInterface());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void assertAllRoutesNotHaveInterface(String iface, LinkProperties lp) {
+        for (RouteInfo r : lp.getRoutes()) {
+            assertNotEquals(iface, r.getInterface());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRouteInterfaces() {
+        LinkAddress prefix1 = new LinkAddress(address("2001:db8:1::"), 48);
+        LinkAddress prefix2 = new LinkAddress(address("2001:db8:2::"), 48);
+        InetAddress address = ADDRV6;
+
+        // Add a route with no interface to a LinkProperties with no interface. No errors.
+        LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+        RouteInfo r = new RouteInfo(prefix1, address, null);
+        assertTrue(lp.addRoute(r));
+        assertEquals(1, lp.getRoutes().size());
+        assertAllRoutesHaveInterface(null, lp);
+
+        // Adding the same route twice has no effect.
+        assertFalse(lp.addRoute(r));
+        assertEquals(1, lp.getRoutes().size());
+
+        // Add a route with an interface. Expect an exception.
+        r = new RouteInfo(prefix2, address, "wlan0");
+        try {
+          lp.addRoute(r);
+          fail("Adding wlan0 route to LP with no interface, expect exception");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {}
+
+        // Change the interface name. All the routes should change their interface name too.
+        lp.setInterfaceName("rmnet0");
+        assertAllRoutesHaveInterface("rmnet0", lp);
+        assertAllRoutesNotHaveInterface(null, lp);
+        assertAllRoutesNotHaveInterface("wlan0", lp);
+
+        // Now add a route with the wrong interface. This causes an exception too.
+        try {
+          lp.addRoute(r);
+          fail("Adding wlan0 route to rmnet0 LP, expect exception");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {}
+
+        // If the interface name matches, the route is added.
+        r = new RouteInfo(prefix2, null, "wlan0");
+        lp.setInterfaceName("wlan0");
+        lp.addRoute(r);
+        assertEquals(2, lp.getRoutes().size());
+        assertAllRoutesHaveInterface("wlan0", lp);
+        assertAllRoutesNotHaveInterface("rmnet0", lp);
+
+        // Routes with null interfaces are converted to wlan0.
+        r = RouteInfo.makeHostRoute(ADDRV6, null);
+        lp.addRoute(r);
+        assertEquals(3, lp.getRoutes().size());
+        assertAllRoutesHaveInterface("wlan0", lp);
+
+        // Check routes are updated correctly when calling setInterfaceName.
+        LinkProperties lp2 = new LinkProperties(lp);
+        assertAllRoutesHaveInterface("wlan0", lp2);
+        final CompareResult<RouteInfo> cr1 =
+                new CompareResult<>(lp.getAllRoutes(), lp2.getAllRoutes());
+        assertEquals(0, cr1.added.size());
+        assertEquals(0, cr1.removed.size());
+
+        lp2.setInterfaceName("p2p0");
+        assertAllRoutesHaveInterface("p2p0", lp2);
+        assertAllRoutesNotHaveInterface("wlan0", lp2);
+        final CompareResult<RouteInfo> cr2 =
+                new CompareResult<>(lp.getAllRoutes(), lp2.getAllRoutes());
+        assertEquals(3, cr2.added.size());
+        assertEquals(3, cr2.removed.size());
+
+        // Remove route with incorrect interface, no route removed.
+        lp.removeRoute(new RouteInfo(prefix2, null, null));
+        assertEquals(3, lp.getRoutes().size());
+
+        // Check remove works when interface is correct.
+        lp.removeRoute(new RouteInfo(prefix2, null, "wlan0"));
+        assertEquals(2, lp.getRoutes().size());
+        assertAllRoutesHaveInterface("wlan0", lp);
+        assertAllRoutesNotHaveInterface("p2p0", lp);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStackedInterfaces() {
+        LinkProperties rmnet0 = new LinkProperties();
+        rmnet0.setInterfaceName("rmnet0");
+        rmnet0.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV6);
+
+        LinkProperties clat4 = new LinkProperties();
+        clat4.setInterfaceName("clat4");
+        clat4.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV4);
+
+        assertEquals(0, rmnet0.getStackedLinks().size());
+        assertEquals(1, rmnet0.getAddresses().size());
+        assertEquals(1, rmnet0.getLinkAddresses().size());
+        assertEquals(1, rmnet0.getAllAddresses().size());
+        assertEquals(1, rmnet0.getAllLinkAddresses().size());
+        assertEquals(1, rmnet0.getAllInterfaceNames().size());
+        assertEquals("rmnet0", rmnet0.getAllInterfaceNames().get(0));
+
+        rmnet0.addStackedLink(clat4);
+        assertEquals(1, rmnet0.getStackedLinks().size());
+        assertEquals(1, rmnet0.getAddresses().size());
+        assertEquals(1, rmnet0.getLinkAddresses().size());
+        assertEquals(2, rmnet0.getAllAddresses().size());
+        assertEquals(2, rmnet0.getAllLinkAddresses().size());
+        assertEquals(2, rmnet0.getAllInterfaceNames().size());
+        assertEquals("rmnet0", rmnet0.getAllInterfaceNames().get(0));
+        assertEquals("clat4", rmnet0.getAllInterfaceNames().get(1));
+
+        rmnet0.addStackedLink(clat4);
+        assertEquals(1, rmnet0.getStackedLinks().size());
+        assertEquals(1, rmnet0.getAddresses().size());
+        assertEquals(1, rmnet0.getLinkAddresses().size());
+        assertEquals(2, rmnet0.getAllAddresses().size());
+        assertEquals(2, rmnet0.getAllLinkAddresses().size());
+        assertEquals(2, rmnet0.getAllInterfaceNames().size());
+        assertEquals("rmnet0", rmnet0.getAllInterfaceNames().get(0));
+        assertEquals("clat4", rmnet0.getAllInterfaceNames().get(1));
+
+        assertEquals(0, clat4.getStackedLinks().size());
+
+        // Modify an item in the returned collection to see what happens.
+        for (LinkProperties link : rmnet0.getStackedLinks()) {
+            if (link.getInterfaceName().equals("clat4")) {
+               link.setInterfaceName("newname");
+            }
+        }
+        for (LinkProperties link : rmnet0.getStackedLinks()) {
+            assertFalse("newname".equals(link.getInterfaceName()));
+        }
+
+        assertTrue(rmnet0.removeStackedLink("clat4"));
+        assertEquals(0, rmnet0.getStackedLinks().size());
+        assertEquals(1, rmnet0.getAddresses().size());
+        assertEquals(1, rmnet0.getLinkAddresses().size());
+        assertEquals(1, rmnet0.getAllAddresses().size());
+        assertEquals(1, rmnet0.getAllLinkAddresses().size());
+        assertEquals(1, rmnet0.getAllInterfaceNames().size());
+        assertEquals("rmnet0", rmnet0.getAllInterfaceNames().get(0));
+
+        assertFalse(rmnet0.removeStackedLink("clat4"));
+    }
+
+    private LinkAddress getFirstLinkAddress(LinkProperties lp) {
+        return lp.getLinkAddresses().iterator().next();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAddressMethods() {
+        LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+
+        // No addresses.
+        assertFalse(lp.hasIpv4Address());
+        assertFalse(lp.hasGlobalIpv6Address());
+
+        // Addresses on stacked links don't count.
+        LinkProperties stacked = new LinkProperties();
+        stacked.setInterfaceName("stacked");
+        lp.addStackedLink(stacked);
+        stacked.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV4);
+        stacked.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV6);
+        assertTrue(stacked.hasIpv4Address());
+        assertTrue(stacked.hasGlobalIpv6Address());
+        assertFalse(lp.hasIpv4Address());
+        assertFalse(lp.hasGlobalIpv6Address());
+        lp.removeStackedLink("stacked");
+        assertFalse(lp.hasIpv4Address());
+        assertFalse(lp.hasGlobalIpv6Address());
+
+        // Addresses on the base link.
+        // Check the return values of hasIpvXAddress and ensure the add/remove methods return true
+        // iff something changes.
+        assertEquals(0, lp.getLinkAddresses().size());
+        assertTrue(lp.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV6));
+        assertEquals(1, lp.getLinkAddresses().size());
+        assertFalse(lp.hasIpv4Address());
+        assertTrue(lp.hasGlobalIpv6Address());
+
+        assertTrue(lp.removeLinkAddress(LINKADDRV6));
+        assertEquals(0, lp.getLinkAddresses().size());
+
+        assertTrue(lp.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV6LINKLOCAL));
+        assertEquals(1, lp.getLinkAddresses().size());
+        assertFalse(lp.hasGlobalIpv6Address());
+
+        assertTrue(lp.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV4));
+        assertEquals(2, lp.getLinkAddresses().size());
+        assertTrue(lp.hasIpv4Address());
+        assertFalse(lp.hasGlobalIpv6Address());
+
+        assertTrue(lp.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV6));
+        assertEquals(3, lp.getLinkAddresses().size());
+        assertTrue(lp.hasIpv4Address());
+        assertTrue(lp.hasGlobalIpv6Address());
+
+        assertTrue(lp.removeLinkAddress(LINKADDRV6LINKLOCAL));
+        assertEquals(2, lp.getLinkAddresses().size());
+        assertTrue(lp.hasIpv4Address());
+        assertTrue(lp.hasGlobalIpv6Address());
+
+        // Adding an address twice has no effect.
+        // Removing an address that's not present has no effect.
+        assertFalse(lp.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV4));
+        assertEquals(2, lp.getLinkAddresses().size());
+        assertTrue(lp.hasIpv4Address());
+        assertTrue(lp.removeLinkAddress(LINKADDRV4));
+        assertEquals(1, lp.getLinkAddresses().size());
+        assertFalse(lp.hasIpv4Address());
+        assertFalse(lp.removeLinkAddress(LINKADDRV4));
+        assertEquals(1, lp.getLinkAddresses().size());
+
+        // Adding an address that's already present but with different properties causes the
+        // existing address to be updated and returns true.
+        // Start with only LINKADDRV6.
+        assertEquals(1, lp.getLinkAddresses().size());
+        assertEquals(LINKADDRV6, getFirstLinkAddress(lp));
+
+        // Create a LinkAddress object for the same address, but with different flags.
+        LinkAddress deprecated = new LinkAddress(ADDRV6, 128,
+                OsConstants.IFA_F_DEPRECATED, OsConstants.RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE);
+        assertTrue(deprecated.isSameAddressAs(LINKADDRV6));
+        assertFalse(deprecated.equals(LINKADDRV6));
+
+        // Check that adding it updates the existing address instead of adding a new one.
+        assertTrue(lp.addLinkAddress(deprecated));
+        assertEquals(1, lp.getLinkAddresses().size());
+        assertEquals(deprecated, getFirstLinkAddress(lp));
+        assertFalse(LINKADDRV6.equals(getFirstLinkAddress(lp)));
+
+        // Removing LINKADDRV6 removes deprecated, because removing addresses ignores properties.
+        assertTrue(lp.removeLinkAddress(LINKADDRV6));
+        assertEquals(0, lp.getLinkAddresses().size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLinkAddresses() {
+        final LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+        lp.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV4);
+        lp.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV6);
+
+        final LinkProperties lp2 = new LinkProperties();
+        lp2.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV6);
+
+        final LinkProperties lp3 = new LinkProperties();
+        final List<LinkAddress> linkAddresses = Arrays.asList(LINKADDRV4);
+        lp3.setLinkAddresses(linkAddresses);
+
+        assertFalse(lp.equals(lp2));
+        assertFalse(lp2.equals(lp3));
+
+        lp.removeLinkAddress(LINKADDRV4);
+        assertTrue(lp.equals(lp2));
+
+        lp2.setLinkAddresses(lp3.getLinkAddresses());
+        assertTrue(lp2.equals(lp3));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNat64Prefix() throws Exception {
+        LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+        lp.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV4);
+        lp.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV6);
+
+        assertNull(lp.getNat64Prefix());
+
+        IpPrefix p = new IpPrefix("64:ff9b::/96");
+        lp.setNat64Prefix(p);
+        assertEquals(p, lp.getNat64Prefix());
+
+        p = new IpPrefix("2001:db8:a:b:1:2:3::/96");
+        lp.setNat64Prefix(p);
+        assertEquals(p, lp.getNat64Prefix());
+
+        p = new IpPrefix("2001:db8:a:b:1:2::/80");
+        try {
+            lp.setNat64Prefix(p);
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
+        }
+
+        p = new IpPrefix("64:ff9b::/64");
+        try {
+            lp.setNat64Prefix(p);
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
+        }
+
+        assertEquals(new IpPrefix("2001:db8:a:b:1:2:3::/96"), lp.getNat64Prefix());
+
+        lp.setNat64Prefix(null);
+        assertNull(lp.getNat64Prefix());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIsProvisioned() {
+        LinkProperties lp4 = new LinkProperties();
+        assertFalse("v4only:empty", lp4.isProvisioned());
+        lp4.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV4);
+        assertFalse("v4only:addr-only", lp4.isProvisioned());
+        lp4.addDnsServer(DNS1);
+        assertFalse("v4only:addr+dns", lp4.isProvisioned());
+        lp4.addRoute(new RouteInfo(GATEWAY1));
+        assertTrue("v4only:addr+dns+route", lp4.isProvisioned());
+        assertTrue("v4only:addr+dns+route", lp4.isIpv4Provisioned());
+        assertFalse("v4only:addr+dns+route", lp4.isIpv6Provisioned());
+
+        LinkProperties lp6 = new LinkProperties();
+        assertFalse("v6only:empty", lp6.isProvisioned());
+        lp6.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV6LINKLOCAL);
+        assertFalse("v6only:fe80-only", lp6.isProvisioned());
+        lp6.addDnsServer(DNS6);
+        assertFalse("v6only:fe80+dns", lp6.isProvisioned());
+        lp6.addRoute(new RouteInfo(GATEWAY61));
+        assertFalse("v6only:fe80+dns+route", lp6.isProvisioned());
+        lp6.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV6);
+        assertTrue("v6only:fe80+global+dns+route", lp6.isIpv6Provisioned());
+        assertTrue("v6only:fe80+global+dns+route", lp6.isProvisioned());
+        lp6.removeLinkAddress(LINKADDRV6LINKLOCAL);
+        assertFalse("v6only:global+dns+route", lp6.isIpv4Provisioned());
+        assertTrue("v6only:global+dns+route", lp6.isIpv6Provisioned());
+        assertTrue("v6only:global+dns+route", lp6.isProvisioned());
+
+        LinkProperties lp46 = new LinkProperties();
+        lp46.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV4);
+        lp46.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV6);
+        lp46.addDnsServer(DNS1);
+        lp46.addDnsServer(DNS6);
+        assertFalse("dualstack:missing-routes", lp46.isProvisioned());
+        lp46.addRoute(new RouteInfo(GATEWAY1));
+        assertTrue("dualstack:v4-provisioned", lp46.isIpv4Provisioned());
+        assertFalse("dualstack:v4-provisioned", lp46.isIpv6Provisioned());
+        assertTrue("dualstack:v4-provisioned", lp46.isProvisioned());
+        lp46.addRoute(new RouteInfo(GATEWAY61));
+        assertTrue("dualstack:both-provisioned", lp46.isIpv4Provisioned());
+        assertTrue("dualstack:both-provisioned", lp46.isIpv6Provisioned());
+        assertTrue("dualstack:both-provisioned", lp46.isProvisioned());
+
+        // A link with an IPv6 address and default route, but IPv4 DNS server.
+        LinkProperties mixed = new LinkProperties();
+        mixed.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV6);
+        mixed.addDnsServer(DNS1);
+        mixed.addRoute(new RouteInfo(GATEWAY61));
+        assertFalse("mixed:addr6+route6+dns4", mixed.isIpv4Provisioned());
+        assertFalse("mixed:addr6+route6+dns4", mixed.isIpv6Provisioned());
+        assertFalse("mixed:addr6+route6+dns4", mixed.isProvisioned());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCompareProvisioning() {
+        LinkProperties v4lp = new LinkProperties();
+        v4lp.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV4);
+        v4lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(GATEWAY1));
+        v4lp.addDnsServer(DNS1);
+        assertTrue(v4lp.isProvisioned());
+
+        LinkProperties v4r = new LinkProperties(v4lp);
+        v4r.removeDnsServer(DNS1);
+        assertFalse(v4r.isProvisioned());
+
+        assertEquals(ProvisioningChange.STILL_NOT_PROVISIONED,
+                LinkProperties.compareProvisioning(v4r, v4r));
+        assertEquals(ProvisioningChange.LOST_PROVISIONING,
+                LinkProperties.compareProvisioning(v4lp, v4r));
+        assertEquals(ProvisioningChange.GAINED_PROVISIONING,
+                LinkProperties.compareProvisioning(v4r, v4lp));
+        assertEquals(ProvisioningChange.STILL_PROVISIONED,
+                LinkProperties.compareProvisioning(v4lp, v4lp));
+
+        // Check that losing IPv4 provisioning on a dualstack network is
+        // seen as a total loss of provisioning.
+        LinkProperties v6lp = new LinkProperties();
+        v6lp.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV6);
+        v6lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(GATEWAY61));
+        v6lp.addDnsServer(DNS6);
+        assertFalse(v6lp.isIpv4Provisioned());
+        assertTrue(v6lp.isIpv6Provisioned());
+        assertTrue(v6lp.isProvisioned());
+
+        LinkProperties v46lp = new LinkProperties(v6lp);
+        v46lp.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV4);
+        v46lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(GATEWAY1));
+        v46lp.addDnsServer(DNS1);
+        assertTrue(v46lp.isIpv4Provisioned());
+        assertTrue(v46lp.isIpv6Provisioned());
+        assertTrue(v46lp.isProvisioned());
+
+        assertEquals(ProvisioningChange.STILL_PROVISIONED,
+                LinkProperties.compareProvisioning(v4lp, v46lp));
+        assertEquals(ProvisioningChange.STILL_PROVISIONED,
+                LinkProperties.compareProvisioning(v6lp, v46lp));
+        assertEquals(ProvisioningChange.LOST_PROVISIONING,
+                LinkProperties.compareProvisioning(v46lp, v6lp));
+        assertEquals(ProvisioningChange.LOST_PROVISIONING,
+                LinkProperties.compareProvisioning(v46lp, v4lp));
+
+        // Check that losing and gaining a secondary router does not change
+        // the provisioning status.
+        LinkProperties v6lp2 = new LinkProperties(v6lp);
+        v6lp2.addRoute(new RouteInfo(GATEWAY62));
+        assertTrue(v6lp2.isProvisioned());
+
+        assertEquals(ProvisioningChange.STILL_PROVISIONED,
+                LinkProperties.compareProvisioning(v6lp2, v6lp));
+        assertEquals(ProvisioningChange.STILL_PROVISIONED,
+                LinkProperties.compareProvisioning(v6lp, v6lp2));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIsReachable() {
+        final LinkProperties v4lp = new LinkProperties();
+        assertFalse(v4lp.isReachable(DNS1));
+        assertFalse(v4lp.isReachable(DNS2));
+
+        // Add an on-link route, making the on-link DNS server reachable,
+        // but there is still no IPv4 address.
+        assertTrue(v4lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(address("75.208.0.0"), 16))));
+        assertFalse(v4lp.isReachable(DNS1));
+        assertFalse(v4lp.isReachable(DNS2));
+
+        // Adding an IPv4 address (right now, any IPv4 address) means we use
+        // the routes to compute likely reachability.
+        assertTrue(v4lp.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress(ADDRV4, 16)));
+        assertTrue(v4lp.isReachable(DNS1));
+        assertFalse(v4lp.isReachable(DNS2));
+
+        // Adding a default route makes the off-link DNS server reachable.
+        assertTrue(v4lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(GATEWAY1)));
+        assertTrue(v4lp.isReachable(DNS1));
+        assertTrue(v4lp.isReachable(DNS2));
+
+        final LinkProperties v6lp = new LinkProperties();
+        final InetAddress kLinkLocalDns = address("fe80::6:1");
+        final InetAddress kLinkLocalDnsWithScope = address("fe80::6:2%43");
+        final InetAddress kOnLinkDns = address("2001:db8:85a3::53");
+        assertFalse(v6lp.isReachable(kLinkLocalDns));
+        assertFalse(v6lp.isReachable(kLinkLocalDnsWithScope));
+        assertFalse(v6lp.isReachable(kOnLinkDns));
+        assertFalse(v6lp.isReachable(DNS6));
+
+        // Add a link-local route, making the link-local DNS servers reachable. Because
+        // we assume the presence of an IPv6 link-local address, link-local DNS servers
+        // are considered reachable, but only those with a non-zero scope identifier.
+        assertTrue(v6lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(address("fe80::"), 64))));
+        assertFalse(v6lp.isReachable(kLinkLocalDns));
+        assertTrue(v6lp.isReachable(kLinkLocalDnsWithScope));
+        assertFalse(v6lp.isReachable(kOnLinkDns));
+        assertFalse(v6lp.isReachable(DNS6));
+
+        // Add a link-local address--nothing changes.
+        assertTrue(v6lp.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV6LINKLOCAL));
+        assertFalse(v6lp.isReachable(kLinkLocalDns));
+        assertTrue(v6lp.isReachable(kLinkLocalDnsWithScope));
+        assertFalse(v6lp.isReachable(kOnLinkDns));
+        assertFalse(v6lp.isReachable(DNS6));
+
+        // Add a global route on link, but no global address yet. DNS servers reachable
+        // via a route that doesn't require a gateway: give them the benefit of the
+        // doubt and hope the link-local source address suffices for communication.
+        assertTrue(v6lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(address("2001:db8:85a3::"), 64))));
+        assertFalse(v6lp.isReachable(kLinkLocalDns));
+        assertTrue(v6lp.isReachable(kLinkLocalDnsWithScope));
+        assertTrue(v6lp.isReachable(kOnLinkDns));
+        assertFalse(v6lp.isReachable(DNS6));
+
+        // Add a global address; the on-link global address DNS server is (still)
+        // presumed reachable.
+        assertTrue(v6lp.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress(ADDRV6, 64)));
+        assertFalse(v6lp.isReachable(kLinkLocalDns));
+        assertTrue(v6lp.isReachable(kLinkLocalDnsWithScope));
+        assertTrue(v6lp.isReachable(kOnLinkDns));
+        assertFalse(v6lp.isReachable(DNS6));
+
+        // Adding a default route makes the off-link DNS server reachable.
+        assertTrue(v6lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(GATEWAY62)));
+        assertFalse(v6lp.isReachable(kLinkLocalDns));
+        assertTrue(v6lp.isReachable(kLinkLocalDnsWithScope));
+        assertTrue(v6lp.isReachable(kOnLinkDns));
+        assertTrue(v6lp.isReachable(DNS6));
+
+        // Check isReachable on stacked links. This requires that the source IP address be assigned
+        // on the interface returned by the route lookup.
+        LinkProperties stacked = new LinkProperties();
+
+        // Can't add a stacked link without an interface name.
+        stacked.setInterfaceName("v4-test0");
+        v6lp.addStackedLink(stacked);
+
+        InetAddress stackedAddress = address("192.0.0.4");
+        LinkAddress stackedLinkAddress = new LinkAddress(stackedAddress, 32);
+        assertFalse(v6lp.isReachable(stackedAddress));
+        stacked.addLinkAddress(stackedLinkAddress);
+        assertFalse(v6lp.isReachable(stackedAddress));
+        stacked.addRoute(new RouteInfo(stackedLinkAddress));
+        assertTrue(stacked.isReachable(stackedAddress));
+        assertTrue(v6lp.isReachable(stackedAddress));
+
+        assertFalse(v6lp.isReachable(DNS1));
+        stacked.addRoute(new RouteInfo((IpPrefix) null, stackedAddress));
+        assertTrue(v6lp.isReachable(DNS1));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLinkPropertiesEnsureDirectlyConnectedRoutes() {
+        // IPv4 case: no route added initially
+        LinkProperties rmnet0 = new LinkProperties();
+        rmnet0.setInterfaceName("rmnet0");
+        rmnet0.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress("10.0.0.2/8"));
+        RouteInfo directRoute0 = new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix("10.0.0.0/8"), null,
+                rmnet0.getInterfaceName());
+
+        // Since no routes is added explicitly, getAllRoutes() should return empty.
+        assertTrue(rmnet0.getAllRoutes().isEmpty());
+        rmnet0.ensureDirectlyConnectedRoutes();
+        // ensureDirectlyConnectedRoutes() should have added the missing local route.
+        assertEqualRoutes(Collections.singletonList(directRoute0), rmnet0.getAllRoutes());
+
+        // IPv4 case: both direct and default routes added initially
+        LinkProperties rmnet1 = new LinkProperties();
+        rmnet1.setInterfaceName("rmnet1");
+        rmnet1.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress("10.0.0.3/8"));
+        RouteInfo defaultRoute1 = new RouteInfo((IpPrefix) null, address("10.0.0.1"),
+                rmnet1.getInterfaceName());
+        RouteInfo directRoute1 = new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix("10.0.0.0/8"), null,
+                rmnet1.getInterfaceName());
+        rmnet1.addRoute(defaultRoute1);
+        rmnet1.addRoute(directRoute1);
+
+        // Check added routes
+        assertEqualRoutes(Arrays.asList(defaultRoute1, directRoute1), rmnet1.getAllRoutes());
+        // ensureDirectlyConnectedRoutes() shouldn't change the routes since direct connected
+        // route is already part of the configuration.
+        rmnet1.ensureDirectlyConnectedRoutes();
+        assertEqualRoutes(Arrays.asList(defaultRoute1, directRoute1), rmnet1.getAllRoutes());
+
+        // IPv6 case: only default routes added initially
+        LinkProperties rmnet2 = new LinkProperties();
+        rmnet2.setInterfaceName("rmnet2");
+        rmnet2.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress("fe80::cafe/64"));
+        rmnet2.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress("2001:db8::2/64"));
+        RouteInfo defaultRoute2 = new RouteInfo((IpPrefix) null, address("2001:db8::1"),
+                rmnet2.getInterfaceName());
+        RouteInfo directRoute2 = new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix("2001:db8::/64"), null,
+                rmnet2.getInterfaceName());
+        RouteInfo linkLocalRoute2 = new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix("fe80::/64"), null,
+                rmnet2.getInterfaceName());
+        rmnet2.addRoute(defaultRoute2);
+
+        assertEqualRoutes(Arrays.asList(defaultRoute2), rmnet2.getAllRoutes());
+        rmnet2.ensureDirectlyConnectedRoutes();
+        assertEqualRoutes(Arrays.asList(defaultRoute2, directRoute2, linkLocalRoute2),
+                rmnet2.getAllRoutes());
+
+        // Corner case: no interface name
+        LinkProperties rmnet3 = new LinkProperties();
+        rmnet3.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress("192.168.0.2/24"));
+        RouteInfo directRoute3 = new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix("192.168.0.0/24"), null,
+                rmnet3.getInterfaceName());
+
+        assertTrue(rmnet3.getAllRoutes().isEmpty());
+        rmnet3.ensureDirectlyConnectedRoutes();
+        assertEqualRoutes(Collections.singletonList(directRoute3), rmnet3.getAllRoutes());
+    }
+
+    private void assertEqualRoutes(Collection<RouteInfo> expected, Collection<RouteInfo> actual) {
+        Set<RouteInfo> expectedSet = new ArraySet<>(expected);
+        Set<RouteInfo> actualSet = new ArraySet<>(actual);
+        // Duplicated entries in actual routes are considered failures
+        assertEquals(actual.size(), actualSet.size());
+
+        assertEquals(expectedSet, actualSet);
+    }
+
+    private static LinkProperties makeLinkPropertiesForParceling() {
+        LinkProperties source = new LinkProperties();
+        source.setInterfaceName(NAME);
+
+        source.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV4);
+        source.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV6);
+
+        source.addDnsServer(DNS1);
+        source.addDnsServer(DNS2);
+        source.addDnsServer(GATEWAY62);
+
+        source.addPcscfServer(TESTIPV4ADDR);
+        source.addPcscfServer(TESTIPV6ADDR);
+
+        source.setUsePrivateDns(true);
+        source.setPrivateDnsServerName(PRIV_DNS_SERVER_NAME);
+
+        source.setDomains(DOMAINS);
+
+        source.addRoute(new RouteInfo(GATEWAY1));
+        source.addRoute(new RouteInfo(GATEWAY2));
+
+        source.addValidatedPrivateDnsServer(DNS6);
+        source.addValidatedPrivateDnsServer(GATEWAY61);
+        source.addValidatedPrivateDnsServer(TESTIPV6ADDR);
+
+        source.setHttpProxy(ProxyInfo.buildDirectProxy("test", 8888));
+
+        source.setMtu(MTU);
+
+        source.setTcpBufferSizes(TCP_BUFFER_SIZES);
+
+        source.setNat64Prefix(new IpPrefix("2001:db8:1:2:64:64::/96"));
+
+        final LinkProperties stacked = new LinkProperties();
+        stacked.setInterfaceName("test-stacked");
+        source.addStackedLink(stacked);
+
+        return source;
+    }
+
+    @Test @IgnoreAfter(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
+    public void testLinkPropertiesParcelable_Q() throws Exception {
+        final LinkProperties source = makeLinkPropertiesForParceling();
+        assertParcelSane(source, 14 /* fieldCount */);
+    }
+
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
+    public void testLinkPropertiesParcelable() throws Exception {
+        final LinkProperties source = makeLinkPropertiesForParceling();
+
+        source.setWakeOnLanSupported(true);
+        source.setCaptivePortalApiUrl(CAPPORT_API_URL);
+        source.setCaptivePortalData((CaptivePortalData) getCaptivePortalData());
+        source.setDhcpServerAddress((Inet4Address) GATEWAY1);
+        assertParcelSane(new LinkProperties(source, true /* parcelSensitiveFields */),
+                18 /* fieldCount */);
+
+        // Verify that without using a sensitiveFieldsParcelingCopy, sensitive fields are cleared.
+        final LinkProperties sanitized = new LinkProperties(source);
+        sanitized.setCaptivePortalApiUrl(null);
+        sanitized.setCaptivePortalData(null);
+        assertEquals(sanitized, parcelingRoundTrip(source));
+    }
+
+    // Parceling of the scope was broken until Q-QPR2
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
+    public void testLinkLocalDnsServerParceling() throws Exception {
+        final String strAddress = "fe80::1%lo";
+        final LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+        lp.addDnsServer(address(strAddress));
+        final LinkProperties unparceled = parcelingRoundTrip(lp);
+        // Inet6Address#equals does not test for the scope id
+        assertEquals(strAddress, unparceled.getDnsServers().get(0).getHostAddress());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParcelUninitialized() throws Exception {
+        LinkProperties empty = new LinkProperties();
+        assertParcelingIsLossless(empty);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConstructor() {
+        LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+        checkEmpty(lp);
+        assertLinkPropertiesEqual(lp, new LinkProperties(lp));
+        assertLinkPropertiesEqual(lp, new LinkProperties());
+
+        lp = makeTestObject();
+        assertLinkPropertiesEqual(lp, new LinkProperties(lp));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDnsServers() {
+        final LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+        final List<InetAddress> dnsServers = Arrays.asList(DNS1, DNS2);
+        lp.setDnsServers(dnsServers);
+        assertEquals(2, lp.getDnsServers().size());
+        assertEquals(DNS1, lp.getDnsServers().get(0));
+        assertEquals(DNS2, lp.getDnsServers().get(1));
+
+        lp.removeDnsServer(DNS1);
+        assertEquals(1, lp.getDnsServers().size());
+        assertEquals(DNS2, lp.getDnsServers().get(0));
+
+        lp.addDnsServer(DNS6);
+        assertEquals(2, lp.getDnsServers().size());
+        assertEquals(DNS2, lp.getDnsServers().get(0));
+        assertEquals(DNS6, lp.getDnsServers().get(1));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testValidatedPrivateDnsServers() {
+        final LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+        final List<InetAddress> privDnsServers = Arrays.asList(PRIVDNS1, PRIVDNS2);
+        lp.setValidatedPrivateDnsServers(privDnsServers);
+        assertEquals(2, lp.getValidatedPrivateDnsServers().size());
+        assertEquals(PRIVDNS1, lp.getValidatedPrivateDnsServers().get(0));
+        assertEquals(PRIVDNS2, lp.getValidatedPrivateDnsServers().get(1));
+
+        lp.removeValidatedPrivateDnsServer(PRIVDNS1);
+        assertEquals(1, lp.getValidatedPrivateDnsServers().size());
+        assertEquals(PRIVDNS2, lp.getValidatedPrivateDnsServers().get(0));
+
+        lp.addValidatedPrivateDnsServer(PRIVDNS6);
+        assertEquals(2, lp.getValidatedPrivateDnsServers().size());
+        assertEquals(PRIVDNS2, lp.getValidatedPrivateDnsServers().get(0));
+        assertEquals(PRIVDNS6, lp.getValidatedPrivateDnsServers().get(1));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPcscfServers() {
+        final LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+        final List<InetAddress> pcscfServers = Arrays.asList(PCSCFV4);
+        lp.setPcscfServers(pcscfServers);
+        assertEquals(1, lp.getPcscfServers().size());
+        assertEquals(PCSCFV4, lp.getPcscfServers().get(0));
+
+        lp.removePcscfServer(PCSCFV4);
+        assertEquals(0, lp.getPcscfServers().size());
+
+        lp.addPcscfServer(PCSCFV6);
+        assertEquals(1, lp.getPcscfServers().size());
+        assertEquals(PCSCFV6, lp.getPcscfServers().get(0));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTcpBufferSizes() {
+        final LinkProperties lp = makeTestObject();
+        assertEquals(TCP_BUFFER_SIZES, lp.getTcpBufferSizes());
+
+        lp.setTcpBufferSizes(null);
+        assertNull(lp.getTcpBufferSizes());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHasIpv6DefaultRoute() {
+        final LinkProperties lp = makeTestObject();
+        assertFalse(lp.hasIPv6DefaultRoute());
+
+        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(GATEWAY61));
+        assertTrue(lp.hasIPv6DefaultRoute());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHttpProxy() {
+        final LinkProperties lp = makeTestObject();
+        assertTrue(lp.getHttpProxy().equals(ProxyInfo.buildDirectProxy("test", 8888)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPrivateDnsServerName() {
+        final LinkProperties lp = makeTestObject();
+        assertEquals(PRIV_DNS_SERVER_NAME, lp.getPrivateDnsServerName());
+
+        lp.setPrivateDnsServerName(null);
+        assertNull(lp.getPrivateDnsServerName());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUsePrivateDns() {
+        final LinkProperties lp = makeTestObject();
+        assertTrue(lp.isPrivateDnsActive());
+
+        lp.clear();
+        assertFalse(lp.isPrivateDnsActive());
+    }
+
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
+    public void testDhcpServerAddress() {
+        final LinkProperties lp = makeTestObject();
+        assertEquals(DHCPSERVER, lp.getDhcpServerAddress());
+
+        lp.clear();
+        assertNull(lp.getDhcpServerAddress());
+    }
+
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
+    public void testWakeOnLanSupported() {
+        final LinkProperties lp = makeTestObject();
+        assertTrue(lp.isWakeOnLanSupported());
+
+        lp.clear();
+        assertFalse(lp.isWakeOnLanSupported());
+    }
+
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
+    public void testCaptivePortalApiUrl() {
+        final LinkProperties lp = makeTestObject();
+        assertEquals(CAPPORT_API_URL, lp.getCaptivePortalApiUrl());
+
+        lp.clear();
+        assertNull(lp.getCaptivePortalApiUrl());
+    }
+
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
+    public void testCaptivePortalData() {
+        final LinkProperties lp = makeTestObject();
+        assertEquals(getCaptivePortalData(), lp.getCaptivePortalData());
+
+        lp.clear();
+        assertNull(lp.getCaptivePortalData());
+    }
+
+    private LinkProperties makeIpv4LinkProperties() {
+        final LinkProperties linkProperties = new LinkProperties();
+        linkProperties.setInterfaceName(NAME);
+        linkProperties.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV4);
+        linkProperties.addDnsServer(DNS1);
+        linkProperties.addRoute(new RouteInfo(GATEWAY1));
+        linkProperties.addRoute(new RouteInfo(GATEWAY2));
+        return linkProperties;
+    }
+
+    private LinkProperties makeIpv6LinkProperties() {
+        final LinkProperties linkProperties = new LinkProperties();
+        linkProperties.setInterfaceName(NAME);
+        linkProperties.addLinkAddress(LINKADDRV6);
+        linkProperties.addDnsServer(DNS6);
+        linkProperties.addRoute(new RouteInfo(GATEWAY61));
+        linkProperties.addRoute(new RouteInfo(GATEWAY62));
+        return linkProperties;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHasIpv4DefaultRoute() {
+        final LinkProperties Ipv4 = makeIpv4LinkProperties();
+        assertTrue(Ipv4.hasIpv4DefaultRoute());
+        final LinkProperties Ipv6 = makeIpv6LinkProperties();
+        assertFalse(Ipv6.hasIpv4DefaultRoute());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHasIpv4DnsServer() {
+        final LinkProperties Ipv4 = makeIpv4LinkProperties();
+        assertTrue(Ipv4.hasIpv4DnsServer());
+        final LinkProperties Ipv6 = makeIpv6LinkProperties();
+        assertFalse(Ipv6.hasIpv4DnsServer());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHasIpv6DnsServer() {
+        final LinkProperties Ipv4 = makeIpv4LinkProperties();
+        assertFalse(Ipv4.hasIpv6DnsServer());
+        final LinkProperties Ipv6 = makeIpv6LinkProperties();
+        assertTrue(Ipv6.hasIpv6DnsServer());
+    }
+
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
+    public void testHasIpv4UnreachableDefaultRoute() {
+        final LinkProperties lp = makeTestObject();
+        assertFalse(lp.hasIpv4UnreachableDefaultRoute());
+        assertFalse(lp.hasIpv6UnreachableDefaultRoute());
+
+        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(Inet4Address.ANY, 0), RTN_UNREACHABLE));
+        assertTrue(lp.hasIpv4UnreachableDefaultRoute());
+        assertFalse(lp.hasIpv6UnreachableDefaultRoute());
+    }
+
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
+    public void testHasIpv6UnreachableDefaultRoute() {
+        final LinkProperties lp = makeTestObject();
+        assertFalse(lp.hasIpv6UnreachableDefaultRoute());
+        assertFalse(lp.hasIpv4UnreachableDefaultRoute());
+
+        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(Inet6Address.ANY, 0), RTN_UNREACHABLE));
+        assertTrue(lp.hasIpv6UnreachableDefaultRoute());
+        assertFalse(lp.hasIpv4UnreachableDefaultRoute());
+    }
+
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
+    public void testRouteAddWithSameKey() throws Exception {
+        LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+        lp.setInterfaceName("wlan0");
+        final IpPrefix v6 = new IpPrefix("64:ff9b::/96");
+        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(v6, address("fe80::1"), "wlan0", RTN_UNICAST, 1280));
+        assertEquals(1, lp.getRoutes().size());
+        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(v6, address("fe80::1"), "wlan0", RTN_UNICAST, 1500));
+        assertEquals(1, lp.getRoutes().size());
+        final IpPrefix v4 = new IpPrefix("192.0.2.128/25");
+        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(v4, address("192.0.2.1"), "wlan0", RTN_UNICAST, 1460));
+        assertEquals(2, lp.getRoutes().size());
+        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(v4, address("192.0.2.1"), "wlan0", RTN_THROW, 1460));
+        assertEquals(2, lp.getRoutes().size());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/common/java/android/net/MatchAllNetworkSpecifierTest.kt b/tests/common/java/android/net/MatchAllNetworkSpecifierTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a5e44d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/common/java/android/net/MatchAllNetworkSpecifierTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net
+
+import android.net.wifi.aware.DiscoverySession
+import android.net.wifi.aware.PeerHandle
+import android.net.wifi.aware.WifiAwareNetworkSpecifier
+import android.os.Build
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4
+
+import com.android.testutils.assertParcelSane
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreAfter
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo
+
+import java.lang.IllegalStateException
+
+import org.junit.Assert.assertFalse
+import org.junit.Rule
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+import org.mockito.Mockito
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4::class)
+@SmallTest
+class MatchAllNetworkSpecifierTest {
+    @Rule @JvmField
+    val ignoreRule: DevSdkIgnoreRule = DevSdkIgnoreRule()
+
+    private val specifier = MatchAllNetworkSpecifier()
+    private val discoverySession = Mockito.mock(DiscoverySession::class.java)
+    private val peerHandle = Mockito.mock(PeerHandle::class.java)
+    private val wifiAwareNetworkSpecifier = WifiAwareNetworkSpecifier.Builder(discoverySession,
+            peerHandle).build()
+
+    @Test
+    fun testParcel() {
+        assertParcelSane(MatchAllNetworkSpecifier(), 0)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
+    @IgnoreAfter(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+    // Only run this test on Android R.
+    // The method - satisfiedBy() has changed to canBeSatisfiedBy() starting from Android R, so the
+    // method - canBeSatisfiedBy() cannot be found when running this test on Android Q.
+    fun testCanBeSatisfiedBy_OnlyForR() {
+        // MatchAllNetworkSpecifier didn't follow its parent class to change the satisfiedBy() to
+        // canBeSatisfiedBy(), so if a caller calls MatchAllNetworkSpecifier#canBeSatisfiedBy(), the
+        // NetworkSpecifier#canBeSatisfiedBy() will be called actually, and false will be returned.
+        // Although it's not meeting the expectation, the behavior still needs to be verified.
+        assertFalse(specifier.canBeSatisfiedBy(wifiAwareNetworkSpecifier))
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalStateException::class)
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+    fun testCanBeSatisfiedBy() {
+        specifier.canBeSatisfiedBy(wifiAwareNetworkSpecifier)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/common/java/android/net/NattKeepalivePacketDataTest.kt b/tests/common/java/android/net/NattKeepalivePacketDataTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..46f39dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/common/java/android/net/NattKeepalivePacketDataTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net
+
+import android.net.InvalidPacketException.ERROR_INVALID_IP_ADDRESS
+import android.net.InvalidPacketException.ERROR_INVALID_PORT
+import android.net.NattSocketKeepalive.NATT_PORT
+import android.os.Build
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4
+import com.android.testutils.assertEqualBothWays
+import com.android.testutils.assertFieldCountEquals
+import com.android.testutils.assertParcelSane
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo
+import com.android.testutils.parcelingRoundTrip
+import java.net.InetAddress
+import org.junit.Assert.assertEquals
+import org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals
+import org.junit.Assert.fail
+import org.junit.Rule
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4::class)
+@SmallTest
+class NattKeepalivePacketDataTest {
+    @Rule @JvmField
+    val ignoreRule: DevSdkIgnoreRule = DevSdkIgnoreRule()
+
+    /* Refer to the definition in {@code NattKeepalivePacketData} */
+    private val IPV4_HEADER_LENGTH = 20
+    private val UDP_HEADER_LENGTH = 8
+
+    private val TEST_PORT = 4243
+    private val TEST_PORT2 = 4244
+    private val TEST_SRC_ADDRV4 = "198.168.0.2".address()
+    private val TEST_DST_ADDRV4 = "198.168.0.1".address()
+    private val TEST_ADDRV6 = "2001:db8::1".address()
+
+    private fun String.address() = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress(this)
+    private fun nattKeepalivePacket(
+        srcAddress: InetAddress? = TEST_SRC_ADDRV4,
+        srcPort: Int = TEST_PORT,
+        dstAddress: InetAddress? = TEST_DST_ADDRV4,
+        dstPort: Int = NATT_PORT
+    ) = NattKeepalivePacketData.nattKeepalivePacket(srcAddress, srcPort, dstAddress, dstPort)
+
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
+    fun testConstructor() {
+        try {
+            nattKeepalivePacket(dstPort = TEST_PORT)
+            fail("Dst port is not NATT port should cause exception")
+        } catch (e: InvalidPacketException) {
+            assertEquals(e.error, ERROR_INVALID_PORT)
+        }
+
+        try {
+            nattKeepalivePacket(srcAddress = TEST_ADDRV6)
+            fail("A v6 srcAddress should cause exception")
+        } catch (e: InvalidPacketException) {
+            assertEquals(e.error, ERROR_INVALID_IP_ADDRESS)
+        }
+
+        try {
+            nattKeepalivePacket(dstAddress = TEST_ADDRV6)
+            fail("A v6 dstAddress should cause exception")
+        } catch (e: InvalidPacketException) {
+            assertEquals(e.error, ERROR_INVALID_IP_ADDRESS)
+        }
+
+        try {
+            parcelingRoundTrip(
+                    NattKeepalivePacketData(TEST_SRC_ADDRV4, TEST_PORT, TEST_DST_ADDRV4, TEST_PORT,
+                    byteArrayOf(12, 31, 22, 44)))
+            fail("Invalid data should cause exception")
+        } catch (e: IllegalArgumentException) { }
+    }
+
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
+    fun testParcel() {
+        assertParcelSane(nattKeepalivePacket(), 0)
+    }
+
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
+    fun testEquals() {
+        assertEqualBothWays(nattKeepalivePacket(), nattKeepalivePacket())
+        assertNotEquals(nattKeepalivePacket(dstAddress = TEST_SRC_ADDRV4), nattKeepalivePacket())
+        assertNotEquals(nattKeepalivePacket(srcAddress = TEST_DST_ADDRV4), nattKeepalivePacket())
+        // Test src port only because dst port have to be NATT_PORT
+        assertNotEquals(nattKeepalivePacket(srcPort = TEST_PORT2), nattKeepalivePacket())
+        // Make sure the parceling test is updated if fields are added in the base class.
+        assertFieldCountEquals(5, KeepalivePacketData::class.java)
+    }
+
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
+    fun testHashCode() {
+        assertEquals(nattKeepalivePacket().hashCode(), nattKeepalivePacket().hashCode())
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/common/java/android/net/NetworkAgentConfigTest.kt b/tests/common/java/android/net/NetworkAgentConfigTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2b45b3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/common/java/android/net/NetworkAgentConfigTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net
+
+import android.os.Build
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4
+import com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel.isAtLeastS
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo
+import com.android.testutils.assertParcelSane
+import org.junit.Assert.assertEquals
+import org.junit.Assert.assertFalse
+import org.junit.Assert.assertTrue
+import org.junit.Rule
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4::class)
+@SmallTest
+class NetworkAgentConfigTest {
+    @Rule @JvmField
+    val ignoreRule = DevSdkIgnoreRule()
+
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
+    fun testParcelNetworkAgentConfig() {
+        val config = NetworkAgentConfig.Builder().apply {
+            setExplicitlySelected(true)
+            setLegacyType(ConnectivityManager.TYPE_ETHERNET)
+            setSubscriberId("MySubId")
+            setPartialConnectivityAcceptable(false)
+            setUnvalidatedConnectivityAcceptable(true)
+            if (isAtLeastS()) {
+                setBypassableVpn(true)
+            }
+        }.build()
+        if (isAtLeastS()) {
+            // From S, the config will have 12 items
+            assertParcelSane(config, 12)
+        } else {
+            // For R or below, the config will have 10 items
+            assertParcelSane(config, 10)
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
+    fun testBuilder() {
+        val config = NetworkAgentConfig.Builder().apply {
+            setExplicitlySelected(true)
+            setLegacyType(ConnectivityManager.TYPE_ETHERNET)
+            setSubscriberId("MySubId")
+            setPartialConnectivityAcceptable(false)
+            setUnvalidatedConnectivityAcceptable(true)
+            setLegacyTypeName("TEST_NETWORK")
+            if (isAtLeastS()) {
+                setNat64DetectionEnabled(false)
+                setProvisioningNotificationEnabled(false)
+                setBypassableVpn(true)
+            }
+        }.build()
+
+        assertTrue(config.isExplicitlySelected())
+        assertEquals(ConnectivityManager.TYPE_ETHERNET, config.getLegacyType())
+        assertEquals("MySubId", config.getSubscriberId())
+        assertFalse(config.isPartialConnectivityAcceptable())
+        assertTrue(config.isUnvalidatedConnectivityAcceptable())
+        assertEquals("TEST_NETWORK", config.getLegacyTypeName())
+        if (isAtLeastS()) {
+            assertFalse(config.isNat64DetectionEnabled())
+            assertFalse(config.isProvisioningNotificationEnabled())
+            assertTrue(config.isBypassableVpn())
+        } else {
+            assertTrue(config.isNat64DetectionEnabled())
+            assertTrue(config.isProvisioningNotificationEnabled())
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/common/java/android/net/NetworkCapabilitiesTest.java b/tests/common/java/android/net/NetworkCapabilitiesTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9efdde4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/common/java/android/net/NetworkCapabilitiesTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,1158 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net;
+
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.LINK_BANDWIDTH_UNSPECIFIED;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.MAX_TRANSPORT;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.MIN_TRANSPORT;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_CBS;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_EIMS;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_FOREGROUND;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_MMS;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PRIVATE;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_WIFI_P2P;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.REDACT_FOR_ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.REDACT_FOR_LOCAL_MAC_ADDRESS;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.REDACT_FOR_NETWORK_SETTINGS;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.SIGNAL_STRENGTH_UNSPECIFIED;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_TEST;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_VPN;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI_AWARE;
+import static android.os.Process.INVALID_UID;
+
+import static com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel.isAtLeastR;
+import static com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel.isAtLeastS;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkCapabilitiesUtils.TRANSPORT_USB;
+import static com.android.testutils.MiscAsserts.assertEmpty;
+import static com.android.testutils.MiscAsserts.assertThrows;
+import static com.android.testutils.ParcelUtils.assertParcelSane;
+import static com.android.testutils.ParcelUtils.assertParcelingIsLossless;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+import static org.junit.Assume.assumeTrue;
+
+import android.net.wifi.aware.DiscoverySession;
+import android.net.wifi.aware.PeerHandle;
+import android.net.wifi.aware.WifiAwareNetworkSpecifier;
+import android.os.Build;
+import android.test.suitebuilder.annotation.SmallTest;
+import android.util.ArraySet;
+import android.util.Range;
+
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.android.testutils.CompatUtil;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo;
+
+import org.junit.Rule;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.mockito.Mockito;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@SmallTest
+public class NetworkCapabilitiesTest {
+    private static final String TEST_SSID = "TEST_SSID";
+    private static final String DIFFERENT_TEST_SSID = "DIFFERENT_TEST_SSID";
+    private static final int TEST_SUBID1 = 1;
+    private static final int TEST_SUBID2 = 2;
+    private static final int TEST_SUBID3 = 3;
+
+    @Rule
+    public DevSdkIgnoreRule mDevSdkIgnoreRule = new DevSdkIgnoreRule();
+
+    private DiscoverySession mDiscoverySession = Mockito.mock(DiscoverySession.class);
+    private PeerHandle mPeerHandle = Mockito.mock(PeerHandle.class);
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMaybeMarkCapabilitiesRestricted() {
+        // check that internet does not get restricted
+        NetworkCapabilities netCap = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        netCap.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET);
+        netCap.maybeMarkCapabilitiesRestricted();
+        assertTrue(netCap.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED));
+
+        // metered-ness shouldn't matter
+        netCap = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        netCap.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET);
+        netCap.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        netCap.maybeMarkCapabilitiesRestricted();
+        assertTrue(netCap.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED));
+        netCap = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        netCap.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET);
+        netCap.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        netCap.maybeMarkCapabilitiesRestricted();
+        assertTrue(netCap.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED));
+
+        // add EIMS - bundled with unrestricted means it's unrestricted
+        netCap = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        netCap.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET);
+        netCap.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_EIMS);
+        netCap.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        netCap.maybeMarkCapabilitiesRestricted();
+        assertTrue(netCap.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED));
+        netCap = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        netCap.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET);
+        netCap.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_EIMS);
+        netCap.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        netCap.maybeMarkCapabilitiesRestricted();
+        assertTrue(netCap.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED));
+
+        // just a restricted cap should be restricted regardless of meteredness
+        netCap = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        netCap.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_EIMS);
+        netCap.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        netCap.maybeMarkCapabilitiesRestricted();
+        assertFalse(netCap.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED));
+        netCap = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        netCap.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_EIMS);
+        netCap.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        netCap.maybeMarkCapabilitiesRestricted();
+        assertFalse(netCap.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED));
+
+        // try 2 restricted caps
+        netCap = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        netCap.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_CBS);
+        netCap.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_EIMS);
+        netCap.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        netCap.maybeMarkCapabilitiesRestricted();
+        assertFalse(netCap.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED));
+        netCap = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        netCap.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_CBS);
+        netCap.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_EIMS);
+        netCap.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        netCap.maybeMarkCapabilitiesRestricted();
+        assertFalse(netCap.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDescribeImmutableDifferences() {
+        NetworkCapabilities nc1;
+        NetworkCapabilities nc2;
+
+        // Transports changing
+        nc1 = new NetworkCapabilities().addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        nc2 = new NetworkCapabilities().addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        assertNotEquals("", nc1.describeImmutableDifferences(nc2));
+        assertEquals("", nc1.describeImmutableDifferences(nc1));
+
+        // Mutable capability changing
+        nc1 = new NetworkCapabilities().addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED);
+        nc2 = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        assertEquals("", nc1.describeImmutableDifferences(nc2));
+        assertEquals("", nc1.describeImmutableDifferences(nc1));
+
+        // NOT_METERED changing (http://b/63326103)
+        nc1 = new NetworkCapabilities()
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET);
+        nc2 = new NetworkCapabilities().addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET);
+        assertEquals("", nc1.describeImmutableDifferences(nc2));
+        assertEquals("", nc1.describeImmutableDifferences(nc1));
+
+        // Immutable capability changing
+        nc1 = new NetworkCapabilities()
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
+                .removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED);
+        nc2 = new NetworkCapabilities().addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET);
+        assertNotEquals("", nc1.describeImmutableDifferences(nc2));
+        assertEquals("", nc1.describeImmutableDifferences(nc1));
+
+        // Specifier changing
+        nc1 = new NetworkCapabilities().addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        nc2 = new NetworkCapabilities()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+                .setNetworkSpecifier(CompatUtil.makeEthernetNetworkSpecifier("eth42"));
+        assertNotEquals("", nc1.describeImmutableDifferences(nc2));
+        assertEquals("", nc1.describeImmutableDifferences(nc1));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLinkBandwidthUtils() {
+        assertEquals(LINK_BANDWIDTH_UNSPECIFIED, NetworkCapabilities
+                .minBandwidth(LINK_BANDWIDTH_UNSPECIFIED, LINK_BANDWIDTH_UNSPECIFIED));
+        assertEquals(10, NetworkCapabilities
+                .minBandwidth(LINK_BANDWIDTH_UNSPECIFIED, 10));
+        assertEquals(10, NetworkCapabilities
+                .minBandwidth(10, LINK_BANDWIDTH_UNSPECIFIED));
+        assertEquals(10, NetworkCapabilities
+                .minBandwidth(10, 20));
+
+        assertEquals(LINK_BANDWIDTH_UNSPECIFIED, NetworkCapabilities
+                .maxBandwidth(LINK_BANDWIDTH_UNSPECIFIED, LINK_BANDWIDTH_UNSPECIFIED));
+        assertEquals(10, NetworkCapabilities
+                .maxBandwidth(LINK_BANDWIDTH_UNSPECIFIED, 10));
+        assertEquals(10, NetworkCapabilities
+                .maxBandwidth(10, LINK_BANDWIDTH_UNSPECIFIED));
+        assertEquals(20, NetworkCapabilities
+                .maxBandwidth(10, 20));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetUids() {
+        final NetworkCapabilities netCap = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        // Null uids match all UIDs
+        netCap.setUids(null);
+        assertTrue(netCap.appliesToUid(10));
+        assertTrue(netCap.appliesToUid(200));
+        assertTrue(netCap.appliesToUid(3000));
+        assertTrue(netCap.appliesToUid(10010));
+        assertTrue(netCap.appliesToUidRange(new UidRange(50, 100)));
+        assertTrue(netCap.appliesToUidRange(new UidRange(70, 72)));
+        assertTrue(netCap.appliesToUidRange(new UidRange(3500, 3912)));
+        assertTrue(netCap.appliesToUidRange(new UidRange(1, 100000)));
+
+        if (isAtLeastS()) {
+            final Set<Range<Integer>> uids = new ArraySet<>();
+            uids.add(uidRange(50, 100));
+            uids.add(uidRange(3000, 4000));
+            netCap.setUids(uids);
+            assertTrue(netCap.appliesToUid(50));
+            assertTrue(netCap.appliesToUid(80));
+            assertTrue(netCap.appliesToUid(100));
+            assertTrue(netCap.appliesToUid(3000));
+            assertTrue(netCap.appliesToUid(3001));
+            assertFalse(netCap.appliesToUid(10));
+            assertFalse(netCap.appliesToUid(25));
+            assertFalse(netCap.appliesToUid(49));
+            assertFalse(netCap.appliesToUid(101));
+            assertFalse(netCap.appliesToUid(2000));
+            assertFalse(netCap.appliesToUid(100000));
+
+            assertTrue(netCap.appliesToUidRange(new UidRange(50, 100)));
+            assertTrue(netCap.appliesToUidRange(new UidRange(70, 72)));
+            assertTrue(netCap.appliesToUidRange(new UidRange(3500, 3912)));
+            assertFalse(netCap.appliesToUidRange(new UidRange(1, 100)));
+            assertFalse(netCap.appliesToUidRange(new UidRange(49, 100)));
+            assertFalse(netCap.appliesToUidRange(new UidRange(1, 10)));
+            assertFalse(netCap.appliesToUidRange(new UidRange(60, 101)));
+            assertFalse(netCap.appliesToUidRange(new UidRange(60, 3400)));
+
+            NetworkCapabilities netCap2 = new NetworkCapabilities();
+            // A new netcap object has null UIDs, so anything will satisfy it.
+            assertTrue(netCap2.satisfiedByUids(netCap));
+            // Still not equal though.
+            assertFalse(netCap2.equalsUids(netCap));
+            netCap2.setUids(uids);
+            assertTrue(netCap2.satisfiedByUids(netCap));
+            assertTrue(netCap.equalsUids(netCap2));
+            assertTrue(netCap2.equalsUids(netCap));
+
+            uids.add(uidRange(600, 700));
+            netCap2.setUids(uids);
+            assertFalse(netCap2.satisfiedByUids(netCap));
+            assertFalse(netCap.appliesToUid(650));
+            assertTrue(netCap2.appliesToUid(650));
+            netCap.combineCapabilities(netCap2);
+            assertTrue(netCap2.satisfiedByUids(netCap));
+            assertTrue(netCap.appliesToUid(650));
+            assertFalse(netCap.appliesToUid(500));
+
+            assertTrue(new NetworkCapabilities().satisfiedByUids(netCap));
+            netCap.combineCapabilities(new NetworkCapabilities());
+            assertTrue(netCap.appliesToUid(500));
+            assertTrue(netCap.appliesToUidRange(new UidRange(1, 100000)));
+            assertFalse(netCap2.appliesToUid(500));
+            assertFalse(netCap2.appliesToUidRange(new UidRange(1, 100000)));
+            assertTrue(new NetworkCapabilities().satisfiedByUids(netCap));
+
+            // Null uids satisfies everything.
+            netCap.setUids(null);
+            assertTrue(netCap2.satisfiedByUids(netCap));
+            assertTrue(netCap.satisfiedByUids(netCap2));
+            netCap2.setUids(null);
+            assertTrue(netCap2.satisfiedByUids(netCap));
+            assertTrue(netCap.satisfiedByUids(netCap2));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParcelNetworkCapabilities() {
+        final Set<Range<Integer>> uids = new ArraySet<>();
+        uids.add(uidRange(50, 100));
+        uids.add(uidRange(3000, 4000));
+        final NetworkCapabilities netCap = new NetworkCapabilities()
+            .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
+            .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_EIMS)
+            .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        if (isAtLeastS()) {
+            netCap.setSubscriptionIds(Set.of(TEST_SUBID1, TEST_SUBID2));
+            netCap.setUids(uids);
+        }
+        if (isAtLeastR()) {
+            netCap.setOwnerUid(123);
+            netCap.setAdministratorUids(new int[] {5, 11});
+        }
+        assertParcelingIsLossless(netCap);
+        netCap.setSSID(TEST_SSID);
+        testParcelSane(netCap);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParcelNetworkCapabilitiesWithRequestorUidAndPackageName() {
+        final NetworkCapabilities netCap = new NetworkCapabilities()
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_EIMS)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        if (isAtLeastR()) {
+            netCap.setRequestorPackageName("com.android.test");
+            netCap.setRequestorUid(9304);
+        }
+        assertParcelingIsLossless(netCap);
+        netCap.setSSID(TEST_SSID);
+        testParcelSane(netCap);
+    }
+
+    private void testParcelSane(NetworkCapabilities cap) {
+        if (isAtLeastS()) {
+            assertParcelSane(cap, 16);
+        } else if (isAtLeastR()) {
+            assertParcelSane(cap, 15);
+        } else {
+            assertParcelSane(cap, 11);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static NetworkCapabilities createNetworkCapabilitiesWithTransportInfo() {
+        return new NetworkCapabilities()
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_EIMS)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
+                .setSSID(TEST_SSID)
+                .setTransportInfo(new TestTransportInfo())
+                .setRequestorPackageName("com.android.test")
+                .setRequestorUid(9304);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNetworkCapabilitiesCopyWithNoRedactions() {
+        assumeTrue(isAtLeastS());
+
+        final NetworkCapabilities netCap = createNetworkCapabilitiesWithTransportInfo();
+        final NetworkCapabilities netCapWithNoRedactions =
+                new NetworkCapabilities(netCap, NetworkCapabilities.REDACT_NONE);
+        TestTransportInfo testTransportInfo =
+                (TestTransportInfo) netCapWithNoRedactions.getTransportInfo();
+        assertFalse(testTransportInfo.locationRedacted);
+        assertFalse(testTransportInfo.localMacAddressRedacted);
+        assertFalse(testTransportInfo.settingsRedacted);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNetworkCapabilitiesCopyWithoutLocationSensitiveFields() {
+        assumeTrue(isAtLeastS());
+
+        final NetworkCapabilities netCap = createNetworkCapabilitiesWithTransportInfo();
+        final NetworkCapabilities netCapWithNoRedactions =
+                new NetworkCapabilities(netCap, REDACT_FOR_ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION);
+        TestTransportInfo testTransportInfo =
+                (TestTransportInfo) netCapWithNoRedactions.getTransportInfo();
+        assertTrue(testTransportInfo.locationRedacted);
+        assertFalse(testTransportInfo.localMacAddressRedacted);
+        assertFalse(testTransportInfo.settingsRedacted);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testOemPaid() {
+        NetworkCapabilities nc = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        // By default OEM_PAID is neither in the required or forbidden lists and the network is not
+        // restricted.
+        if (isAtLeastS()) {
+            assertFalse(nc.hasForbiddenCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID));
+        }
+        assertFalse(nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID));
+        nc.maybeMarkCapabilitiesRestricted();
+        assertTrue(nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED));
+
+        // Adding OEM_PAID to capability list should make network restricted.
+        nc.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID);
+        nc.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET);  // Combine with unrestricted capability.
+        nc.maybeMarkCapabilitiesRestricted();
+        assertTrue(nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID));
+        assertFalse(nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED));
+
+        // Now let's make request for OEM_PAID network.
+        NetworkCapabilities nr = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        nr.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID);
+        nr.maybeMarkCapabilitiesRestricted();
+        assertTrue(nr.satisfiedByNetworkCapabilities(nc));
+
+        // Request fails for network with the default capabilities.
+        assertFalse(nr.satisfiedByNetworkCapabilities(new NetworkCapabilities()));
+    }
+
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+    public void testOemPrivate() {
+        NetworkCapabilities nc = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        // By default OEM_PRIVATE is neither in the required or forbidden lists and the network is
+        // not restricted.
+        assertFalse(nc.hasForbiddenCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PRIVATE));
+        assertFalse(nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PRIVATE));
+        nc.maybeMarkCapabilitiesRestricted();
+        assertTrue(nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED));
+
+        // Adding OEM_PRIVATE to capability list should make network restricted.
+        nc.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PRIVATE);
+        nc.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET);  // Combine with unrestricted capability.
+        nc.maybeMarkCapabilitiesRestricted();
+        assertTrue(nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PRIVATE));
+        assertFalse(nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED));
+
+        // Now let's make request for OEM_PRIVATE network.
+        NetworkCapabilities nr = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        nr.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PRIVATE);
+        nr.maybeMarkCapabilitiesRestricted();
+        assertTrue(nr.satisfiedByNetworkCapabilities(nc));
+
+        // Request fails for network with the default capabilities.
+        assertFalse(nr.satisfiedByNetworkCapabilities(new NetworkCapabilities()));
+    }
+
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+    public void testForbiddenCapabilities() {
+        NetworkCapabilities network = new NetworkCapabilities();
+
+        NetworkCapabilities request = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        assertTrue("Request: " + request + ", Network:" + network,
+                request.satisfiedByNetworkCapabilities(network));
+
+        // Requesting absence of capabilities that network doesn't have. Request should satisfy.
+        request.addForbiddenCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_WIFI_P2P);
+        request.addForbiddenCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        assertTrue(request.satisfiedByNetworkCapabilities(network));
+        assertArrayEquals(new int[]{NET_CAPABILITY_WIFI_P2P,
+                        NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED},
+                request.getForbiddenCapabilities());
+
+        // This is a default capability, just want to make sure its there because we use it below.
+        assertTrue(network.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED));
+
+        // Verify that adding forbidden capability will effectively remove it from capability list.
+        request.addForbiddenCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED);
+        assertTrue(request.hasForbiddenCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED));
+        assertFalse(request.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED));
+
+        // Now this request won't be satisfied because network contains NOT_RESTRICTED.
+        assertFalse(request.satisfiedByNetworkCapabilities(network));
+        network.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED);
+        assertTrue(request.satisfiedByNetworkCapabilities(network));
+
+        // Verify that adding capability will effectively remove it from forbidden list
+        request.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED);
+        assertTrue(request.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED));
+        assertFalse(request.hasForbiddenCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED));
+
+        assertFalse(request.satisfiedByNetworkCapabilities(network));
+        network.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED);
+        assertTrue(request.satisfiedByNetworkCapabilities(network));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConnectivityManagedCapabilities() {
+        NetworkCapabilities nc = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        assertFalse(nc.hasConnectivityManagedCapability());
+        // Check every single system managed capability.
+        nc.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL);
+        assertTrue(nc.hasConnectivityManagedCapability());
+        nc.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL);
+        nc.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_FOREGROUND);
+        assertTrue(nc.hasConnectivityManagedCapability());
+        nc.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_FOREGROUND);
+        nc.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY);
+        assertTrue(nc.hasConnectivityManagedCapability());
+        nc.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY);
+        nc.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED);
+        assertTrue(nc.hasConnectivityManagedCapability());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEqualsNetCapabilities() {
+        NetworkCapabilities nc1 = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        NetworkCapabilities nc2 = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        assertTrue(nc1.equalsNetCapabilities(nc2));
+        assertEquals(nc1, nc2);
+
+        nc1.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_MMS);
+        assertFalse(nc1.equalsNetCapabilities(nc2));
+        assertNotEquals(nc1, nc2);
+        nc2.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_MMS);
+        assertTrue(nc1.equalsNetCapabilities(nc2));
+        assertEquals(nc1, nc2);
+
+        if (isAtLeastS()) {
+            nc1.addForbiddenCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET);
+            assertFalse(nc1.equalsNetCapabilities(nc2));
+            nc2.addForbiddenCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET);
+            assertTrue(nc1.equalsNetCapabilities(nc2));
+
+            // Remove a required capability doesn't affect forbidden capabilities.
+            // This is a behaviour change from R to S.
+            nc1.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET);
+            assertTrue(nc1.equalsNetCapabilities(nc2));
+
+            nc1.removeForbiddenCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET);
+            assertFalse(nc1.equalsNetCapabilities(nc2));
+            nc2.removeForbiddenCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET);
+            assertTrue(nc1.equalsNetCapabilities(nc2));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSSID() {
+        NetworkCapabilities nc1 = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        NetworkCapabilities nc2 = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        assertTrue(nc2.satisfiedBySSID(nc1));
+
+        nc1.setSSID(TEST_SSID);
+        assertTrue(nc2.satisfiedBySSID(nc1));
+        nc2.setSSID("different " + TEST_SSID);
+        assertFalse(nc2.satisfiedBySSID(nc1));
+
+        assertTrue(nc1.satisfiedByImmutableNetworkCapabilities(nc2));
+        assertFalse(nc1.satisfiedByNetworkCapabilities(nc2));
+    }
+
+    private ArraySet<Range<Integer>> uidRanges(int from, int to) {
+        final ArraySet<Range<Integer>> range = new ArraySet<>(1);
+        range.add(uidRange(from, to));
+        return range;
+    }
+
+    private Range<Integer> uidRange(int from, int to) {
+        return new Range<Integer>(from, to);
+    }
+
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
+    public void testSetAdministratorUids() {
+        NetworkCapabilities nc =
+                new NetworkCapabilities().setAdministratorUids(new int[] {2, 1, 3});
+
+        assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1, 2, 3}, nc.getAdministratorUids());
+    }
+
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
+    public void testSetAdministratorUidsWithDuplicates() {
+        try {
+            new NetworkCapabilities().setAdministratorUids(new int[] {1, 1});
+            fail("Expected IllegalArgumentException for duplicate uids");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCombineCapabilities() {
+        NetworkCapabilities nc1 = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        NetworkCapabilities nc2 = new NetworkCapabilities();
+
+        if (isAtLeastS()) {
+            nc1.addForbiddenCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL);
+        }
+        nc1.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING);
+        assertNotEquals(nc1, nc2);
+        nc2.combineCapabilities(nc1);
+        assertEquals(nc1, nc2);
+        assertTrue(nc2.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING));
+        if (isAtLeastS()) {
+            assertTrue(nc2.hasForbiddenCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL));
+        }
+
+        if (isAtLeastS()) {
+            // This will effectively move NOT_ROAMING capability from required to forbidden for nc1.
+            nc1.addForbiddenCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING);
+            // It is not allowed to have the same capability in both wanted and forbidden list.
+            assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> nc2.combineCapabilities(nc1));
+            // Remove forbidden capability to continue other tests.
+            nc1.removeForbiddenCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING);
+        }
+
+        nc1.setSSID(TEST_SSID);
+        nc2.combineCapabilities(nc1);
+        if (isAtLeastR()) {
+            assertTrue(TEST_SSID.equals(nc2.getSsid()));
+        }
+
+        // Because they now have the same SSID, the following call should not throw
+        nc2.combineCapabilities(nc1);
+
+        nc1.setSSID(DIFFERENT_TEST_SSID);
+        try {
+            nc2.combineCapabilities(nc1);
+            fail("Expected IllegalStateException: can't combine different SSIDs");
+        } catch (IllegalStateException expected) {}
+        nc1.setSSID(TEST_SSID);
+
+        if (isAtLeastS()) {
+            nc1.setUids(uidRanges(10, 13));
+            assertNotEquals(nc1, nc2);
+            nc2.combineCapabilities(nc1);  // Everything + 10~13 is still everything.
+            assertNotEquals(nc1, nc2);
+            nc1.combineCapabilities(nc2);  // 10~13 + everything is everything.
+            assertEquals(nc1, nc2);
+            nc1.setUids(uidRanges(10, 13));
+            nc2.setUids(uidRanges(20, 23));
+            assertNotEquals(nc1, nc2);
+            nc1.combineCapabilities(nc2);
+            assertTrue(nc1.appliesToUid(12));
+            assertFalse(nc2.appliesToUid(12));
+            assertTrue(nc1.appliesToUid(22));
+            assertTrue(nc2.appliesToUid(22));
+
+            // Verify the subscription id list can be combined only when they are equal.
+            nc1.setSubscriptionIds(Set.of(TEST_SUBID1, TEST_SUBID2));
+            nc2.setSubscriptionIds(Set.of(TEST_SUBID2));
+            assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, () -> nc2.combineCapabilities(nc1));
+
+            nc2.setSubscriptionIds(Set.of());
+            assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, () -> nc2.combineCapabilities(nc1));
+
+            nc2.setSubscriptionIds(Set.of(TEST_SUBID2, TEST_SUBID1));
+            nc2.combineCapabilities(nc1);
+            assertEquals(Set.of(TEST_SUBID2, TEST_SUBID1), nc2.getSubscriptionIds());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
+    public void testCombineCapabilities_AdministratorUids() {
+        final NetworkCapabilities nc1 = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        final NetworkCapabilities nc2 = new NetworkCapabilities();
+
+        final int[] adminUids = {3, 6, 12};
+        nc1.setAdministratorUids(adminUids);
+        nc2.combineCapabilities(nc1);
+        assertTrue(nc2.equalsAdministratorUids(nc1));
+        assertArrayEquals(nc2.getAdministratorUids(), adminUids);
+
+        final int[] adminUidsOtherOrder = {3, 12, 6};
+        nc1.setAdministratorUids(adminUidsOtherOrder);
+        assertTrue(nc2.equalsAdministratorUids(nc1));
+
+        final int[] adminUids2 = {11, 1, 12, 3, 6};
+        nc1.setAdministratorUids(adminUids2);
+        assertFalse(nc2.equalsAdministratorUids(nc1));
+        assertFalse(Arrays.equals(nc2.getAdministratorUids(), adminUids2));
+        try {
+            nc2.combineCapabilities(nc1);
+            fail("Shouldn't be able to combine different lists of admin UIDs");
+        } catch (IllegalStateException expected) { }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetCapabilities() {
+        final int[] REQUIRED_CAPABILITIES = new int[] {
+                NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET, NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN };
+
+        NetworkCapabilities nc1 = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        NetworkCapabilities nc2 = new NetworkCapabilities();
+
+        nc1.setCapabilities(REQUIRED_CAPABILITIES);
+        assertArrayEquals(REQUIRED_CAPABILITIES, nc1.getCapabilities());
+
+        // Verify that setting and adding capabilities leads to the same object state.
+        nc2.clearAll();
+        for (int cap : REQUIRED_CAPABILITIES) {
+            nc2.addCapability(cap);
+        }
+        assertEquals(nc1, nc2);
+
+        if (isAtLeastS()) {
+            final int[] forbiddenCapabilities = new int[]{
+                    NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED, NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED };
+
+            nc1.setCapabilities(REQUIRED_CAPABILITIES, forbiddenCapabilities);
+            assertArrayEquals(REQUIRED_CAPABILITIES, nc1.getCapabilities());
+            assertArrayEquals(forbiddenCapabilities, nc1.getForbiddenCapabilities());
+
+            nc2.clearAll();
+            for (int cap : REQUIRED_CAPABILITIES) {
+                nc2.addCapability(cap);
+            }
+            for (int cap : forbiddenCapabilities) {
+                nc2.addForbiddenCapability(cap);
+            }
+            assertEquals(nc1, nc2);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetNetworkSpecifierOnMultiTransportNc() {
+        // Sequence 1: Transport + Transport + NetworkSpecifier
+        NetworkCapabilities nc1 = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        nc1.addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR).addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        try {
+            nc1.setNetworkSpecifier(CompatUtil.makeEthernetNetworkSpecifier("eth0"));
+            fail("Cannot set NetworkSpecifier on a NetworkCapability with multiple transports!");
+        } catch (IllegalStateException expected) {
+            // empty
+        }
+
+        // Sequence 2: Transport + NetworkSpecifier + Transport
+        NetworkCapabilities nc2 = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        nc2.addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR).setNetworkSpecifier(
+                CompatUtil.makeEthernetNetworkSpecifier("testtap3"));
+        try {
+            nc2.addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+            fail("Cannot set a second TransportType of a network which has a NetworkSpecifier!");
+        } catch (IllegalStateException expected) {
+            // empty
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetTransportInfoOnMultiTransportNc() {
+        // Sequence 1: Transport + Transport + TransportInfo
+        NetworkCapabilities nc1 = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        nc1.addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR).addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+                .setTransportInfo(new TestTransportInfo());
+
+        // Sequence 2: Transport + NetworkSpecifier + Transport
+        NetworkCapabilities nc2 = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        nc2.addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR).setTransportInfo(new TestTransportInfo())
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCombineTransportInfo() {
+        NetworkCapabilities nc1 = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        nc1.setTransportInfo(new TestTransportInfo());
+
+        NetworkCapabilities nc2 = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        // new TransportInfo so that object is not #equals to nc1's TransportInfo (that's where
+        // combine fails)
+        nc2.setTransportInfo(new TestTransportInfo());
+
+        try {
+            nc1.combineCapabilities(nc2);
+            fail("Should not be able to combine NetworkCabilities which contain TransportInfos");
+        } catch (IllegalStateException expected) {
+            // empty
+        }
+
+        // verify that can combine with identical TransportInfo objects
+        NetworkCapabilities nc3 = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        nc3.setTransportInfo(nc1.getTransportInfo());
+        nc1.combineCapabilities(nc3);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSet() {
+        NetworkCapabilities nc1 = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        NetworkCapabilities nc2 = new NetworkCapabilities();
+
+        if (isAtLeastS()) {
+            nc1.addForbiddenCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL);
+        }
+        nc1.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING);
+        assertNotEquals(nc1, nc2);
+        nc2.set(nc1);
+        assertEquals(nc1, nc2);
+        assertTrue(nc2.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING));
+        if (isAtLeastS()) {
+            assertTrue(nc2.hasForbiddenCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL));
+        }
+
+        if (isAtLeastS()) {
+            // This will effectively move NOT_ROAMING capability from required to forbidden for nc1.
+            nc1.addForbiddenCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING);
+        }
+        nc1.setSSID(TEST_SSID);
+        nc2.set(nc1);
+        assertEquals(nc1, nc2);
+        if (isAtLeastS()) {
+            // Contrary to combineCapabilities, set() will have removed the NOT_ROAMING capability
+            // from nc2.
+            assertFalse(nc2.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING));
+            assertTrue(nc2.hasForbiddenCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING));
+        }
+
+        if (isAtLeastR()) {
+            assertTrue(TEST_SSID.equals(nc2.getSsid()));
+        }
+
+        nc1.setSSID(DIFFERENT_TEST_SSID);
+        nc2.set(nc1);
+        assertEquals(nc1, nc2);
+        if (isAtLeastR()) {
+            assertTrue(DIFFERENT_TEST_SSID.equals(nc2.getSsid()));
+        }
+        if (isAtLeastS()) {
+            nc1.setUids(uidRanges(10, 13));
+        } else {
+            nc1.setUids(null);
+        }
+        nc2.set(nc1);  // Overwrites, as opposed to combineCapabilities
+        assertEquals(nc1, nc2);
+
+        if (isAtLeastS()) {
+            assertThrows(NullPointerException.class, () -> nc1.setSubscriptionIds(null));
+            nc1.setSubscriptionIds(Set.of());
+            nc2.set(nc1);
+            assertEquals(nc1, nc2);
+
+            nc1.setSubscriptionIds(Set.of(TEST_SUBID1));
+            nc2.set(nc1);
+            assertEquals(nc1, nc2);
+
+            nc2.setSubscriptionIds(Set.of(TEST_SUBID2, TEST_SUBID1));
+            nc2.set(nc1);
+            assertEquals(nc1, nc2);
+
+            nc2.setSubscriptionIds(Set.of(TEST_SUBID3, TEST_SUBID2));
+            assertNotEquals(nc1, nc2);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetTransportTypes() {
+        final NetworkCapabilities nc = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        nc.addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        nc.addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        nc.addTransportType(TRANSPORT_VPN);
+        nc.addTransportType(TRANSPORT_TEST);
+
+        final int[] transportTypes = nc.getTransportTypes();
+        assertEquals(4, transportTypes.length);
+        assertEquals(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, transportTypes[0]);
+        assertEquals(TRANSPORT_WIFI, transportTypes[1]);
+        assertEquals(TRANSPORT_VPN, transportTypes[2]);
+        assertEquals(TRANSPORT_TEST, transportTypes[3]);
+    }
+
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
+    public void testTelephonyNetworkSpecifier() {
+        final TelephonyNetworkSpecifier specifier = new TelephonyNetworkSpecifier(1);
+        final NetworkCapabilities nc1 = new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+                .setNetworkSpecifier(specifier)
+                .build();
+        assertEquals(specifier, nc1.getNetworkSpecifier());
+        try {
+            final NetworkCapabilities nc2 = new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
+                    .setNetworkSpecifier(specifier)
+                    .build();
+            fail("Must have a single transport type. Without transport type or multiple transport"
+                    + " types is invalid.");
+        } catch (IllegalStateException expected) { }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testWifiAwareNetworkSpecifier() {
+        final NetworkCapabilities nc = new NetworkCapabilities()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI_AWARE);
+        // If NetworkSpecifier is not set, the default value is null.
+        assertNull(nc.getNetworkSpecifier());
+        final WifiAwareNetworkSpecifier specifier = new WifiAwareNetworkSpecifier.Builder(
+                mDiscoverySession, mPeerHandle).build();
+        nc.setNetworkSpecifier(specifier);
+        assertEquals(specifier, nc.getNetworkSpecifier());
+    }
+
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
+    public void testAdministratorUidsAndOwnerUid() {
+        // Test default owner uid.
+        // If the owner uid is not set, the default value should be Process.INVALID_UID.
+        final NetworkCapabilities nc1 = new NetworkCapabilities.Builder().build();
+        assertEquals(INVALID_UID, nc1.getOwnerUid());
+        // Test setAdministratorUids and getAdministratorUids.
+        final int[] administratorUids = {1001, 10001};
+        final NetworkCapabilities nc2 = new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
+                .setAdministratorUids(administratorUids)
+                .build();
+        assertTrue(Arrays.equals(administratorUids, nc2.getAdministratorUids()));
+        // Test setOwnerUid and getOwnerUid.
+        // The owner UID must be included in administrator UIDs, or throw IllegalStateException.
+        try {
+            final NetworkCapabilities nc3 = new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
+                    .setOwnerUid(1001)
+                    .build();
+            fail("The owner UID must be included in administrator UIDs.");
+        } catch (IllegalStateException expected) { }
+        final NetworkCapabilities nc4 = new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
+                .setAdministratorUids(administratorUids)
+                .setOwnerUid(1001)
+                .build();
+        assertEquals(1001, nc4.getOwnerUid());
+        try {
+            final NetworkCapabilities nc5 = new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
+                    .setAdministratorUids(null)
+                    .build();
+            fail("Should not set null into setAdministratorUids");
+        } catch (NullPointerException expected) { }
+    }
+
+    private static NetworkCapabilities capsWithSubIds(Integer ... subIds) {
+        // Since the NetworkRequest would put NOT_VCN_MANAGED capabilities in general, for
+        // every NetworkCapabilities that simulates networks needs to add it too in order to
+        // satisfy these requests.
+        final NetworkCapabilities nc = new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED)
+                .setSubscriptionIds(new ArraySet<>(subIds)).build();
+        assertEquals(new ArraySet<>(subIds), nc.getSubscriptionIds());
+        return nc;
+    }
+
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+    public void testSubIds() throws Exception {
+        final NetworkCapabilities ncWithoutId = capsWithSubIds();
+        final NetworkCapabilities ncWithId = capsWithSubIds(TEST_SUBID1);
+        final NetworkCapabilities ncWithOtherIds = capsWithSubIds(TEST_SUBID1, TEST_SUBID3);
+        final NetworkCapabilities ncWithoutRequestedIds = capsWithSubIds(TEST_SUBID3);
+
+        final NetworkRequest requestWithoutId = new NetworkRequest.Builder().build();
+        assertEmpty(requestWithoutId.networkCapabilities.getSubscriptionIds());
+        final NetworkRequest requestWithIds = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .setSubscriptionIds(Set.of(TEST_SUBID1, TEST_SUBID2)).build();
+        assertEquals(Set.of(TEST_SUBID1, TEST_SUBID2),
+                requestWithIds.networkCapabilities.getSubscriptionIds());
+
+        assertFalse(requestWithIds.canBeSatisfiedBy(ncWithoutId));
+        assertTrue(requestWithIds.canBeSatisfiedBy(ncWithOtherIds));
+        assertFalse(requestWithIds.canBeSatisfiedBy(ncWithoutRequestedIds));
+        assertTrue(requestWithIds.canBeSatisfiedBy(ncWithId));
+        assertTrue(requestWithoutId.canBeSatisfiedBy(ncWithoutId));
+        assertTrue(requestWithoutId.canBeSatisfiedBy(ncWithId));
+    }
+
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+    public void testEqualsSubIds() throws Exception {
+        assertEquals(capsWithSubIds(), capsWithSubIds());
+        assertNotEquals(capsWithSubIds(), capsWithSubIds(TEST_SUBID1));
+        assertEquals(capsWithSubIds(TEST_SUBID1), capsWithSubIds(TEST_SUBID1));
+        assertNotEquals(capsWithSubIds(TEST_SUBID1), capsWithSubIds(TEST_SUBID2));
+        assertNotEquals(capsWithSubIds(TEST_SUBID1), capsWithSubIds(TEST_SUBID2, TEST_SUBID1));
+        assertEquals(capsWithSubIds(TEST_SUBID1, TEST_SUBID2),
+                capsWithSubIds(TEST_SUBID2, TEST_SUBID1));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLinkBandwidthKbps() {
+        final NetworkCapabilities nc = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        // The default value of LinkDown/UpstreamBandwidthKbps should be LINK_BANDWIDTH_UNSPECIFIED.
+        assertEquals(LINK_BANDWIDTH_UNSPECIFIED, nc.getLinkDownstreamBandwidthKbps());
+        assertEquals(LINK_BANDWIDTH_UNSPECIFIED, nc.getLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps());
+        nc.setLinkDownstreamBandwidthKbps(512);
+        nc.setLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps(128);
+        assertEquals(512, nc.getLinkDownstreamBandwidthKbps());
+        assertNotEquals(128, nc.getLinkDownstreamBandwidthKbps());
+        assertEquals(128, nc.getLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps());
+        assertNotEquals(512, nc.getLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps());
+    }
+
+    private int getMaxTransport() {
+        if (!isAtLeastS() && MAX_TRANSPORT == TRANSPORT_USB) return MAX_TRANSPORT - 1;
+        return MAX_TRANSPORT;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSignalStrength() {
+        final NetworkCapabilities nc = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        // The default value of signal strength should be SIGNAL_STRENGTH_UNSPECIFIED.
+        assertEquals(SIGNAL_STRENGTH_UNSPECIFIED, nc.getSignalStrength());
+        nc.setSignalStrength(-80);
+        assertEquals(-80, nc.getSignalStrength());
+        assertNotEquals(-50, nc.getSignalStrength());
+    }
+
+    private void assertNoTransport(NetworkCapabilities nc) {
+        for (int i = MIN_TRANSPORT; i <= getMaxTransport(); i++) {
+            assertFalse(nc.hasTransport(i));
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Checks that all transport types from MIN_TRANSPORT to maxTransportType are set and all
+    // transport types from maxTransportType + 1 to MAX_TRANSPORT are not set when positiveSequence
+    // is true. If positiveSequence is false, then the check sequence is opposite.
+    private void checkCurrentTransportTypes(NetworkCapabilities nc, int maxTransportType,
+            boolean positiveSequence) {
+        for (int i = MIN_TRANSPORT; i <= maxTransportType; i++) {
+            if (positiveSequence) {
+                assertTrue(nc.hasTransport(i));
+            } else {
+                assertFalse(nc.hasTransport(i));
+            }
+        }
+        for (int i = getMaxTransport(); i > maxTransportType; i--) {
+            if (positiveSequence) {
+                assertFalse(nc.hasTransport(i));
+            } else {
+                assertTrue(nc.hasTransport(i));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultipleTransportTypes() {
+        final NetworkCapabilities nc = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        assertNoTransport(nc);
+        // Test adding multiple transport types.
+        for (int i = MIN_TRANSPORT; i <= getMaxTransport(); i++) {
+            nc.addTransportType(i);
+            checkCurrentTransportTypes(nc, i, true /* positiveSequence */);
+        }
+        // Test removing multiple transport types.
+        for (int i = MIN_TRANSPORT; i <= getMaxTransport(); i++) {
+            nc.removeTransportType(i);
+            checkCurrentTransportTypes(nc, i, false /* positiveSequence */);
+        }
+        assertNoTransport(nc);
+        nc.addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        assertTrue(nc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
+        assertFalse(nc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN));
+        nc.addTransportType(TRANSPORT_VPN);
+        assertTrue(nc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
+        assertTrue(nc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN));
+        nc.removeTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        assertFalse(nc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
+        assertTrue(nc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN));
+        nc.removeTransportType(TRANSPORT_VPN);
+        assertFalse(nc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
+        assertFalse(nc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN));
+        assertNoTransport(nc);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAddAndRemoveTransportType() {
+        final NetworkCapabilities nc = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        try {
+            nc.addTransportType(-1);
+            fail("Should not set invalid transport type into addTransportType");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) { }
+        try {
+            nc.removeTransportType(-1);
+            fail("Should not set invalid transport type into removeTransportType");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) { }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test TransportInfo to verify redaction mechanism.
+     */
+    private static class TestTransportInfo implements TransportInfo {
+        public final boolean locationRedacted;
+        public final boolean localMacAddressRedacted;
+        public final boolean settingsRedacted;
+
+        TestTransportInfo() {
+            locationRedacted = false;
+            localMacAddressRedacted = false;
+            settingsRedacted = false;
+        }
+
+        TestTransportInfo(boolean locationRedacted,
+                boolean localMacAddressRedacted,
+                boolean settingsRedacted) {
+            this.locationRedacted = locationRedacted;
+            this.localMacAddressRedacted =
+                    localMacAddressRedacted;
+            this.settingsRedacted = settingsRedacted;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public TransportInfo makeCopy(@NetworkCapabilities.RedactionType long redactions) {
+            return new TestTransportInfo(
+                    (redactions & NetworkCapabilities.REDACT_FOR_ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION) != 0,
+                    (redactions & REDACT_FOR_LOCAL_MAC_ADDRESS) != 0,
+                    (redactions & REDACT_FOR_NETWORK_SETTINGS) != 0
+            );
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public @NetworkCapabilities.RedactionType long getApplicableRedactions() {
+            return REDACT_FOR_ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION | REDACT_FOR_LOCAL_MAC_ADDRESS
+                    | REDACT_FOR_NETWORK_SETTINGS;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
+    public void testBuilder() {
+        final int ownerUid = 1001;
+        final int signalStrength = -80;
+        final int requestUid = 10100;
+        final int[] administratorUids = {ownerUid, 10001};
+        final TelephonyNetworkSpecifier specifier = new TelephonyNetworkSpecifier(1);
+        final TransportInfo transportInfo = new TransportInfo() {};
+        final String ssid = "TEST_SSID";
+        final String packageName = "com.google.test.networkcapabilities";
+        final NetworkCapabilities nc = new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+                .removeTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_EIMS)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_CBS)
+                .removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_CBS)
+                .setAdministratorUids(administratorUids)
+                .setOwnerUid(ownerUid)
+                .setLinkDownstreamBandwidthKbps(512)
+                .setLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps(128)
+                .setNetworkSpecifier(specifier)
+                .setTransportInfo(transportInfo)
+                .setSignalStrength(signalStrength)
+                .setSsid(ssid)
+                .setRequestorUid(requestUid)
+                .setRequestorPackageName(packageName)
+                .build();
+        assertEquals(1, nc.getTransportTypes().length);
+        assertEquals(TRANSPORT_WIFI, nc.getTransportTypes()[0]);
+        assertTrue(nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_EIMS));
+        assertFalse(nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_CBS));
+        assertTrue(Arrays.equals(administratorUids, nc.getAdministratorUids()));
+        assertEquals(ownerUid, nc.getOwnerUid());
+        assertEquals(512, nc.getLinkDownstreamBandwidthKbps());
+        assertNotEquals(128, nc.getLinkDownstreamBandwidthKbps());
+        assertEquals(128, nc.getLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps());
+        assertNotEquals(512, nc.getLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps());
+        assertEquals(specifier, nc.getNetworkSpecifier());
+        assertEquals(transportInfo, nc.getTransportInfo());
+        assertEquals(signalStrength, nc.getSignalStrength());
+        assertNotEquals(-50, nc.getSignalStrength());
+        assertEquals(ssid, nc.getSsid());
+        assertEquals(requestUid, nc.getRequestorUid());
+        assertEquals(packageName, nc.getRequestorPackageName());
+        // Cannot assign null into NetworkCapabilities.Builder
+        try {
+            final NetworkCapabilities.Builder builder = new NetworkCapabilities.Builder(null);
+            fail("Should not set null into NetworkCapabilities.Builder");
+        } catch (NullPointerException expected) { }
+        assertEquals(nc, new NetworkCapabilities.Builder(nc).build());
+
+        if (isAtLeastS()) {
+            final NetworkCapabilities nc2 = new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
+                    .setSubscriptionIds(Set.of(TEST_SUBID1)).build();
+            assertEquals(Set.of(TEST_SUBID1), nc2.getSubscriptionIds());
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/common/java/android/net/NetworkProviderTest.kt b/tests/common/java/android/net/NetworkProviderTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7424157
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/common/java/android/net/NetworkProviderTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net
+
+import android.app.Instrumentation
+import android.content.Context
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_TEST
+import android.net.NetworkProviderTest.TestNetworkCallback.CallbackEntry.OnUnavailable
+import android.net.NetworkProviderTest.TestNetworkProvider.CallbackEntry.OnNetworkRequestWithdrawn
+import android.net.NetworkProviderTest.TestNetworkProvider.CallbackEntry.OnNetworkRequested
+import android.os.Build
+import android.os.HandlerThread
+import android.os.Looper
+import androidx.test.InstrumentationRegistry
+import com.android.net.module.util.ArrayTrackRecord
+import com.android.testutils.CompatUtil
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner
+import com.android.testutils.isDevSdkInRange
+import org.junit.After
+import org.junit.Before
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+import org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn
+import org.mockito.Mockito.mock
+import org.mockito.Mockito.verifyNoMoreInteractions
+import java.util.UUID
+import kotlin.test.assertEquals
+import kotlin.test.assertNotEquals
+
+private const val DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS = 5000L
+private val instrumentation: Instrumentation
+    get() = InstrumentationRegistry.getInstrumentation()
+private val context: Context get() = InstrumentationRegistry.getContext()
+private val PROVIDER_NAME = "NetworkProviderTest"
+
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner::class)
+@IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
+class NetworkProviderTest {
+    private val mCm = context.getSystemService(ConnectivityManager::class.java)
+    private val mHandlerThread = HandlerThread("${javaClass.simpleName} handler thread")
+
+    @Before
+    fun setUp() {
+        instrumentation.getUiAutomation().adoptShellPermissionIdentity()
+        mHandlerThread.start()
+    }
+
+    @After
+    fun tearDown() {
+        mHandlerThread.quitSafely()
+        instrumentation.getUiAutomation().dropShellPermissionIdentity()
+    }
+
+    private class TestNetworkProvider(context: Context, looper: Looper) :
+            NetworkProvider(context, looper, PROVIDER_NAME) {
+        private val seenEvents = ArrayTrackRecord<CallbackEntry>().newReadHead()
+
+        sealed class CallbackEntry {
+            data class OnNetworkRequested(
+                val request: NetworkRequest,
+                val score: Int,
+                val id: Int
+            ) : CallbackEntry()
+            data class OnNetworkRequestWithdrawn(val request: NetworkRequest) : CallbackEntry()
+        }
+
+        override fun onNetworkRequested(request: NetworkRequest, score: Int, id: Int) {
+            seenEvents.add(OnNetworkRequested(request, score, id))
+        }
+
+        override fun onNetworkRequestWithdrawn(request: NetworkRequest) {
+            seenEvents.add(OnNetworkRequestWithdrawn(request))
+        }
+
+        inline fun <reified T : CallbackEntry> expectCallback(
+            crossinline predicate: (T) -> Boolean
+        ) = seenEvents.poll(DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS) { it is T && predicate(it) }
+    }
+
+    private fun createNetworkProvider(ctx: Context = context): TestNetworkProvider {
+        return TestNetworkProvider(ctx, mHandlerThread.looper)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testOnNetworkRequested() {
+        val provider = createNetworkProvider()
+        assertEquals(provider.getProviderId(), NetworkProvider.ID_NONE)
+        mCm.registerNetworkProvider(provider)
+        assertNotEquals(provider.getProviderId(), NetworkProvider.ID_NONE)
+
+        val specifier = CompatUtil.makeTestNetworkSpecifier(
+                UUID.randomUUID().toString())
+        val nr: NetworkRequest = NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_TEST)
+                .setNetworkSpecifier(specifier)
+                .build()
+        val cb = ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback()
+        mCm.requestNetwork(nr, cb)
+        provider.expectCallback<OnNetworkRequested>() { callback ->
+            callback.request.getNetworkSpecifier() == specifier &&
+            callback.request.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_TEST)
+        }
+
+        val initialScore = 40
+        val updatedScore = 60
+        val nc = NetworkCapabilities().apply {
+                addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_TEST)
+                removeCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_TRUSTED)
+                removeCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
+                addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED)
+                addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING)
+                addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN)
+                setNetworkSpecifier(specifier)
+        }
+        val lp = LinkProperties()
+        val config = NetworkAgentConfig.Builder().build()
+        val agent = object : NetworkAgent(context, mHandlerThread.looper, "TestAgent", nc, lp,
+                initialScore, config, provider) {}
+
+        provider.expectCallback<OnNetworkRequested>() { callback ->
+            callback.request.getNetworkSpecifier() == specifier &&
+            callback.score == initialScore &&
+            callback.id == agent.providerId
+        }
+
+        agent.sendNetworkScore(updatedScore)
+        provider.expectCallback<OnNetworkRequested>() { callback ->
+            callback.request.getNetworkSpecifier() == specifier &&
+            callback.score == updatedScore &&
+            callback.id == agent.providerId
+        }
+
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(cb)
+        provider.expectCallback<OnNetworkRequestWithdrawn>() { callback ->
+            callback.request.getNetworkSpecifier() == specifier &&
+            callback.request.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_TEST)
+        }
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkProvider(provider)
+        // Provider id should be ID_NONE after unregister network provider
+        assertEquals(provider.getProviderId(), NetworkProvider.ID_NONE)
+        // unregisterNetworkProvider should not crash even if it's called on an
+        // already unregistered provider.
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkProvider(provider)
+    }
+
+    private class TestNetworkCallback : ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback() {
+        private val seenEvents = ArrayTrackRecord<CallbackEntry>().newReadHead()
+        sealed class CallbackEntry {
+            object OnUnavailable : CallbackEntry()
+        }
+
+        override fun onUnavailable() {
+            seenEvents.add(OnUnavailable)
+        }
+
+        inline fun <reified T : CallbackEntry> expectCallback(
+            crossinline predicate: (T) -> Boolean
+        ) = seenEvents.poll(DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS) { it is T && predicate(it) }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testDeclareNetworkRequestUnfulfillable() {
+        val mockContext = mock(Context::class.java)
+        doReturn(mCm).`when`(mockContext).getSystemService(Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE)
+        val provider = createNetworkProvider(mockContext)
+        // ConnectivityManager not required at creation time after R
+        if (!isDevSdkInRange(0, Build.VERSION_CODES.R)) {
+            verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockContext)
+        }
+
+        mCm.registerNetworkProvider(provider)
+
+        val specifier = CompatUtil.makeTestNetworkSpecifier(
+                UUID.randomUUID().toString())
+        val nr: NetworkRequest = NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_TEST)
+                .setNetworkSpecifier(specifier)
+                .build()
+
+        val cb = TestNetworkCallback()
+        mCm.requestNetwork(nr, cb)
+        provider.declareNetworkRequestUnfulfillable(nr)
+        cb.expectCallback<OnUnavailable>() { nr.getNetworkSpecifier() == specifier }
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkProvider(provider)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/common/java/android/net/NetworkSpecifierTest.kt b/tests/common/java/android/net/NetworkSpecifierTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f3409f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/common/java/android/net/NetworkSpecifierTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package android.net
+
+import android.os.Build
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner
+import kotlin.test.assertTrue
+import kotlin.test.assertEquals
+import kotlin.test.assertFalse
+import kotlin.test.assertNotEquals
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+
+@SmallTest
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner::class)
+@IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
+class NetworkSpecifierTest {
+    private class TestNetworkSpecifier(
+        val intData: Int = 123,
+        val stringData: String = "init"
+    ) : NetworkSpecifier() {
+        override fun canBeSatisfiedBy(other: NetworkSpecifier?): Boolean =
+                other != null &&
+                other is TestNetworkSpecifier &&
+                other.intData >= intData &&
+                stringData.equals(other.stringData)
+
+        override fun redact(): NetworkSpecifier = TestNetworkSpecifier(intData, "redact")
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testRedact() {
+        val ns: TestNetworkSpecifier = TestNetworkSpecifier()
+        val redactNs = ns.redact()
+        assertTrue(redactNs is TestNetworkSpecifier)
+        assertEquals(ns.intData, redactNs.intData)
+        assertNotEquals(ns.stringData, redactNs.stringData)
+        assertTrue("redact".equals(redactNs.stringData))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testcanBeSatisfiedBy() {
+        val target: TestNetworkSpecifier = TestNetworkSpecifier()
+        assertFalse(target.canBeSatisfiedBy(null))
+        assertTrue(target.canBeSatisfiedBy(TestNetworkSpecifier()))
+        val otherNs = TelephonyNetworkSpecifier.Builder().setSubscriptionId(123).build()
+        assertFalse(target.canBeSatisfiedBy(otherNs))
+        assertTrue(target.canBeSatisfiedBy(TestNetworkSpecifier(intData = 999)))
+        assertFalse(target.canBeSatisfiedBy(TestNetworkSpecifier(intData = 1)))
+        assertFalse(target.canBeSatisfiedBy(TestNetworkSpecifier(stringData = "diff")))
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/common/java/android/net/NetworkStackTest.java b/tests/common/java/android/net/NetworkStackTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f8f9c72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/common/java/android/net/NetworkStackTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package android.net;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+
+import android.os.Build;
+import android.os.IBinder;
+
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Rule;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+public class NetworkStackTest {
+    @Rule
+    public DevSdkIgnoreRule mDevSdkIgnoreRule = new DevSdkIgnoreRule();
+
+    @Mock private IBinder mConnectorBinder;
+
+    @Before public void setUp() throws Exception {
+        MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
+    }
+
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
+    public void testGetService() {
+        NetworkStack.setServiceForTest(mConnectorBinder);
+        assertEquals(NetworkStack.getService(), mConnectorBinder);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/common/java/android/net/NetworkStateSnapshotTest.kt b/tests/common/java/android/net/NetworkStateSnapshotTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0ca4d95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/common/java/android/net/NetworkStateSnapshotTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net
+
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_NONE
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI
+import android.net.InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI
+import android.os.Build
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner
+import com.android.testutils.assertParcelSane
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+import java.net.Inet4Address
+import java.net.Inet6Address
+
+private const val TEST_IMSI = "imsi1"
+private const val TEST_SSID = "SSID1"
+private const val TEST_NETID = 123
+
+private val TEST_IPV4_GATEWAY = parseNumericAddress("192.168.222.3") as Inet4Address
+private val TEST_IPV6_GATEWAY = parseNumericAddress("2001:db8::1") as Inet6Address
+private val TEST_IPV4_LINKADDR = LinkAddress("192.168.222.123/24")
+private val TEST_IPV6_LINKADDR = LinkAddress("2001:db8::123/64")
+private val TEST_IFACE = "fake0"
+private val TEST_LINK_PROPERTIES = LinkProperties().apply {
+    interfaceName = TEST_IFACE
+    addLinkAddress(TEST_IPV4_LINKADDR)
+    addLinkAddress(TEST_IPV6_LINKADDR)
+
+    // Add default routes
+    addRoute(RouteInfo(IpPrefix(parseNumericAddress("0.0.0.0"), 0), TEST_IPV4_GATEWAY))
+    addRoute(RouteInfo(IpPrefix(parseNumericAddress("::"), 0), TEST_IPV6_GATEWAY))
+}
+
+private val TEST_CAPABILITIES = NetworkCapabilities().apply {
+    addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+    setCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED, false)
+    setCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING, true)
+    setSSID(TEST_SSID)
+}
+
+@SmallTest
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner::class)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+class NetworkStateSnapshotTest {
+
+    @Test
+    fun testParcelUnparcel() {
+        val emptySnapshot = NetworkStateSnapshot(Network(TEST_NETID), NetworkCapabilities(),
+                LinkProperties(), null, TYPE_NONE)
+        val snapshot = NetworkStateSnapshot(
+                Network(TEST_NETID), TEST_CAPABILITIES, TEST_LINK_PROPERTIES, TEST_IMSI, TYPE_WIFI)
+        assertParcelSane(emptySnapshot, 5)
+        assertParcelSane(snapshot, 5)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/common/java/android/net/NetworkTest.java b/tests/common/java/android/net/NetworkTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7423c73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/common/java/android/net/NetworkTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2015 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import android.os.Build;
+import android.platform.test.annotations.AppModeFull;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreAfter;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo;
+
+import org.junit.Rule;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileDescriptor;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.net.DatagramSocket;
+import java.net.Inet6Address;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.SocketException;
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@SmallTest
+public class NetworkTest {
+    final Network mNetwork = new Network(99);
+
+    @Rule
+    public final DevSdkIgnoreRule mIgnoreRule = new DevSdkIgnoreRule();
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBindSocketOfInvalidFdThrows() throws Exception {
+
+        final FileDescriptor fd = new FileDescriptor();
+        assertFalse(fd.valid());
+
+        try {
+            mNetwork.bindSocket(fd);
+            fail("SocketException not thrown");
+        } catch (SocketException expected) {}
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBindSocketOfNonSocketFdThrows() throws Exception {
+        final File devNull = new File("/dev/null");
+        assertTrue(devNull.canRead());
+
+        final FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(devNull);
+        assertTrue(null != fis.getFD());
+        assertTrue(fis.getFD().valid());
+
+        try {
+            mNetwork.bindSocket(fis.getFD());
+            fail("SocketException not thrown");
+        } catch (SocketException expected) {}
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @AppModeFull(reason = "Socket cannot bind in instant app mode")
+    public void testBindSocketOfConnectedDatagramSocketThrows() throws Exception {
+        final DatagramSocket mDgramSocket = new DatagramSocket(0, (InetAddress) Inet6Address.ANY);
+        mDgramSocket.connect((InetAddress) Inet6Address.LOOPBACK, 53);
+        assertTrue(mDgramSocket.isConnected());
+
+        try {
+            mNetwork.bindSocket(mDgramSocket);
+            fail("SocketException not thrown");
+        } catch (SocketException expected) {}
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBindSocketOfLocalSocketThrows() throws Exception {
+        final LocalSocket mLocalClient = new LocalSocket();
+        mLocalClient.bind(new LocalSocketAddress("testClient"));
+        assertTrue(mLocalClient.getFileDescriptor().valid());
+
+        try {
+            mNetwork.bindSocket(mLocalClient.getFileDescriptor());
+            fail("SocketException not thrown");
+        } catch (SocketException expected) {}
+
+        final LocalServerSocket mLocalServer = new LocalServerSocket("testServer");
+        mLocalClient.connect(mLocalServer.getLocalSocketAddress());
+        assertTrue(mLocalClient.isConnected());
+
+        try {
+            mNetwork.bindSocket(mLocalClient.getFileDescriptor());
+            fail("SocketException not thrown");
+        } catch (SocketException expected) {}
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testZeroIsObviousForDebugging() {
+        Network zero = new Network(0);
+        assertEquals(0, zero.hashCode());
+        assertEquals(0, zero.getNetworkHandle());
+        assertEquals("0", zero.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetNetworkHandle() {
+        Network one = new Network(1);
+        Network two = new Network(2);
+        Network three = new Network(3);
+
+        // None of the hashcodes are zero.
+        assertNotEquals(0, one.hashCode());
+        assertNotEquals(0, two.hashCode());
+        assertNotEquals(0, three.hashCode());
+
+        // All the hashcodes are distinct.
+        assertNotEquals(one.hashCode(), two.hashCode());
+        assertNotEquals(one.hashCode(), three.hashCode());
+        assertNotEquals(two.hashCode(), three.hashCode());
+
+        // None of the handles are zero.
+        assertNotEquals(0, one.getNetworkHandle());
+        assertNotEquals(0, two.getNetworkHandle());
+        assertNotEquals(0, three.getNetworkHandle());
+
+        // All the handles are distinct.
+        assertNotEquals(one.getNetworkHandle(), two.getNetworkHandle());
+        assertNotEquals(one.getNetworkHandle(), three.getNetworkHandle());
+        assertNotEquals(two.getNetworkHandle(), three.getNetworkHandle());
+
+        // The handles are not equal to the hashcodes.
+        assertNotEquals(one.hashCode(), one.getNetworkHandle());
+        assertNotEquals(two.hashCode(), two.getNetworkHandle());
+        assertNotEquals(three.hashCode(), three.getNetworkHandle());
+
+        // Adjust as necessary to test an implementation's specific constants.
+        // When running with runtest, "adb logcat -s TestRunner" can be useful.
+        assertEquals(7700664333L, one.getNetworkHandle());
+        assertEquals(11995631629L, two.getNetworkHandle());
+        assertEquals(16290598925L, three.getNetworkHandle());
+    }
+
+    // getNetId() did not exist in Q
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
+    public void testGetNetId() {
+        assertEquals(1234, new Network(1234).getNetId());
+        assertEquals(2345, new Network(2345, true).getNetId());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFromNetworkHandle() {
+        final Network network = new Network(1234);
+        assertEquals(network.netId, Network.fromNetworkHandle(network.getNetworkHandle()).netId);
+    }
+
+    // Parsing private DNS bypassing handle was not supported until S
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+    public void testFromNetworkHandlePrivateDnsBypass_S() {
+        final Network network = new Network(1234, true);
+
+        final Network recreatedNetwork = Network.fromNetworkHandle(network.getNetworkHandle());
+        assertEquals(network.netId, recreatedNetwork.netId);
+        assertEquals(network.getNetIdForResolv(), recreatedNetwork.getNetIdForResolv());
+    }
+
+    @Test @IgnoreAfter(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+    public void testFromNetworkHandlePrivateDnsBypass_R() {
+        final Network network = new Network(1234, true);
+
+        final Network recreatedNetwork = Network.fromNetworkHandle(network.getNetworkHandle());
+        assertEquals(network.netId, recreatedNetwork.netId);
+        // Until R included, fromNetworkHandle would not parse the private DNS bypass flag
+        assertEquals(network.netId, recreatedNetwork.getNetIdForResolv());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetPrivateDnsBypassingCopy() {
+        final Network copy = mNetwork.getPrivateDnsBypassingCopy();
+        assertEquals(mNetwork.netId, copy.netId);
+        assertNotEquals(copy.netId, copy.getNetIdForResolv());
+        assertNotEquals(mNetwork.getNetIdForResolv(), copy.getNetIdForResolv());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/common/java/android/net/OemNetworkPreferencesTest.java b/tests/common/java/android/net/OemNetworkPreferencesTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fd29a95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/common/java/android/net/OemNetworkPreferencesTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net;
+
+import static com.android.testutils.MiscAsserts.assertThrows;
+import static com.android.testutils.ParcelUtils.assertParcelSane;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import android.os.Build;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+import java.util.Map;
+
+@IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
+@SmallTest
+public class OemNetworkPreferencesTest {
+
+    private static final int TEST_PREF = OemNetworkPreferences.OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_UNINITIALIZED;
+    private static final String TEST_PACKAGE = "com.google.apps.contacts";
+
+    private final OemNetworkPreferences.Builder mBuilder = new OemNetworkPreferences.Builder();
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBuilderAddNetworkPreferenceRequiresNonNullPackageName() {
+        assertThrows(NullPointerException.class,
+                () -> mBuilder.addNetworkPreference(null, TEST_PREF));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBuilderRemoveNetworkPreferenceRequiresNonNullPackageName() {
+        assertThrows(NullPointerException.class,
+                () -> mBuilder.clearNetworkPreference(null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetNetworkPreferenceReturnsCorrectValue() {
+        final int expectedNumberOfMappings = 1;
+        mBuilder.addNetworkPreference(TEST_PACKAGE, TEST_PREF);
+
+        final Map<String, Integer> networkPreferences =
+                mBuilder.build().getNetworkPreferences();
+
+        assertEquals(expectedNumberOfMappings, networkPreferences.size());
+        assertTrue(networkPreferences.containsKey(TEST_PACKAGE));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetNetworkPreferenceReturnsUnmodifiableValue() {
+        final String newPackage = "new.com.google.apps.contacts";
+        mBuilder.addNetworkPreference(TEST_PACKAGE, TEST_PREF);
+
+        final Map<String, Integer> networkPreferences =
+                mBuilder.build().getNetworkPreferences();
+
+        assertThrows(UnsupportedOperationException.class,
+                () -> networkPreferences.put(newPackage, TEST_PREF));
+
+        assertThrows(UnsupportedOperationException.class,
+                () -> networkPreferences.remove(TEST_PACKAGE));
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testToStringReturnsCorrectValue() {
+        mBuilder.addNetworkPreference(TEST_PACKAGE, TEST_PREF);
+
+        final String networkPreferencesString = mBuilder.build().getNetworkPreferences().toString();
+
+        assertTrue(networkPreferencesString.contains(Integer.toString(TEST_PREF)));
+        assertTrue(networkPreferencesString.contains(TEST_PACKAGE));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testOemNetworkPreferencesParcelable() {
+        mBuilder.addNetworkPreference(TEST_PACKAGE, TEST_PREF);
+
+        final OemNetworkPreferences prefs = mBuilder.build();
+
+        assertParcelSane(prefs, 1 /* fieldCount */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAddNetworkPreferenceOverwritesPriorPreference() {
+        final int newPref = OemNetworkPreferences.OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID;
+        mBuilder.addNetworkPreference(TEST_PACKAGE, TEST_PREF);
+        Map<String, Integer> networkPreferences =
+                mBuilder.build().getNetworkPreferences();
+
+        assertTrue(networkPreferences.containsKey(TEST_PACKAGE));
+        assertEquals(networkPreferences.get(TEST_PACKAGE).intValue(), TEST_PREF);
+
+        mBuilder.addNetworkPreference(TEST_PACKAGE, newPref);
+        networkPreferences = mBuilder.build().getNetworkPreferences();
+
+        assertTrue(networkPreferences.containsKey(TEST_PACKAGE));
+        assertEquals(networkPreferences.get(TEST_PACKAGE).intValue(), newPref);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRemoveNetworkPreferenceRemovesValue() {
+        mBuilder.addNetworkPreference(TEST_PACKAGE, TEST_PREF);
+        Map<String, Integer> networkPreferences =
+                mBuilder.build().getNetworkPreferences();
+
+        assertTrue(networkPreferences.containsKey(TEST_PACKAGE));
+
+        mBuilder.clearNetworkPreference(TEST_PACKAGE);
+        networkPreferences = mBuilder.build().getNetworkPreferences();
+
+        assertFalse(networkPreferences.containsKey(TEST_PACKAGE));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConstructorByOemNetworkPreferencesSetsValue() {
+        mBuilder.addNetworkPreference(TEST_PACKAGE, TEST_PREF);
+        OemNetworkPreferences networkPreference = mBuilder.build();
+
+        final Map<String, Integer> networkPreferences =
+                new OemNetworkPreferences
+                        .Builder(networkPreference)
+                        .build()
+                        .getNetworkPreferences();
+
+        assertTrue(networkPreferences.containsKey(TEST_PACKAGE));
+        assertEquals(networkPreferences.get(TEST_PACKAGE).intValue(), TEST_PREF);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/common/java/android/net/RouteInfoTest.java b/tests/common/java/android/net/RouteInfoTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..71689f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/common/java/android/net/RouteInfoTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,434 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2010 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net;
+
+import static android.net.RouteInfo.RTN_UNREACHABLE;
+
+import static com.android.testutils.MiscAsserts.assertEqualBothWays;
+import static com.android.testutils.MiscAsserts.assertFieldCountEquals;
+import static com.android.testutils.MiscAsserts.assertNotEqualEitherWay;
+import static com.android.testutils.ParcelUtils.assertParcelingIsLossless;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import android.os.Build;
+
+import androidx.core.os.BuildCompat;
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreAfter;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo;
+
+import org.junit.Rule;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+import java.net.Inet4Address;
+import java.net.Inet6Address;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@SmallTest
+public class RouteInfoTest {
+    @Rule
+    public final DevSdkIgnoreRule ignoreRule = new DevSdkIgnoreRule();
+
+    private static final int INVALID_ROUTE_TYPE = -1;
+
+    private InetAddress Address(String addr) {
+        return InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress(addr);
+    }
+
+    private IpPrefix Prefix(String prefix) {
+        return new IpPrefix(prefix);
+    }
+
+    private static boolean isAtLeastR() {
+        // BuildCompat.isAtLeastR is documented to return false on release SDKs (including R)
+        return Build.VERSION.SDK_INT > Build.VERSION_CODES.Q || BuildCompat.isAtLeastR();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConstructor() {
+        RouteInfo r;
+        // Invalid input.
+        try {
+            r = new RouteInfo((IpPrefix) null, null, "rmnet0");
+            fail("Expected RuntimeException:  destination and gateway null");
+        } catch (RuntimeException e) { }
+
+        try {
+            r = new RouteInfo(Prefix("2001:db8:ace::/49"), Address("2001:db8::1"), "rmnet0",
+                    INVALID_ROUTE_TYPE);
+            fail("Invalid route type should cause exception");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) { }
+
+        try {
+            r = new RouteInfo(Prefix("2001:db8:ace::/49"), Address("192.0.2.1"), "rmnet0",
+                    RTN_UNREACHABLE);
+            fail("Address family mismatch should cause exception");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) { }
+
+        try {
+            r = new RouteInfo(Prefix("0.0.0.0/0"), Address("2001:db8::1"), "rmnet0",
+                    RTN_UNREACHABLE);
+            fail("Address family mismatch should cause exception");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) { }
+
+        // Null destination is default route.
+        r = new RouteInfo((IpPrefix) null, Address("2001:db8::1"), null);
+        assertEquals(Prefix("::/0"), r.getDestination());
+        assertEquals(Address("2001:db8::1"), r.getGateway());
+        assertNull(r.getInterface());
+
+        r = new RouteInfo((IpPrefix) null, Address("192.0.2.1"), "wlan0");
+        assertEquals(Prefix("0.0.0.0/0"), r.getDestination());
+        assertEquals(Address("192.0.2.1"), r.getGateway());
+        assertEquals("wlan0", r.getInterface());
+
+        // Null gateway sets gateway to unspecified address (why?).
+        r = new RouteInfo(Prefix("2001:db8:beef:cafe::/48"), null, "lo");
+        assertEquals(Prefix("2001:db8:beef::/48"), r.getDestination());
+        assertEquals(Address("::"), r.getGateway());
+        assertEquals("lo", r.getInterface());
+
+        r = new RouteInfo(Prefix("192.0.2.5/24"), null);
+        assertEquals(Prefix("192.0.2.0/24"), r.getDestination());
+        assertEquals(Address("0.0.0.0"), r.getGateway());
+        assertNull(r.getInterface());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMatches() {
+        class PatchedRouteInfo {
+            private final RouteInfo mRouteInfo;
+
+            public PatchedRouteInfo(IpPrefix destination, InetAddress gateway, String iface) {
+                mRouteInfo = new RouteInfo(destination, gateway, iface);
+            }
+
+            public boolean matches(InetAddress destination) {
+                return mRouteInfo.matches(destination);
+            }
+        }
+
+        PatchedRouteInfo r;
+
+        r = new PatchedRouteInfo(Prefix("2001:db8:f00::ace:d00d/127"), null, "rmnet0");
+        assertTrue(r.matches(Address("2001:db8:f00::ace:d00c")));
+        assertTrue(r.matches(Address("2001:db8:f00::ace:d00d")));
+        assertFalse(r.matches(Address("2001:db8:f00::ace:d00e")));
+        assertFalse(r.matches(Address("2001:db8:f00::bad:d00d")));
+        assertFalse(r.matches(Address("2001:4868:4860::8888")));
+        assertFalse(r.matches(Address("8.8.8.8")));
+
+        r = new PatchedRouteInfo(Prefix("192.0.2.0/23"), null, "wlan0");
+        assertTrue(r.matches(Address("192.0.2.43")));
+        assertTrue(r.matches(Address("192.0.3.21")));
+        assertFalse(r.matches(Address("192.0.0.21")));
+        assertFalse(r.matches(Address("8.8.8.8")));
+
+        PatchedRouteInfo ipv6Default = new PatchedRouteInfo(Prefix("::/0"), null, "rmnet0");
+        assertTrue(ipv6Default.matches(Address("2001:db8::f00")));
+        assertFalse(ipv6Default.matches(Address("192.0.2.1")));
+
+        PatchedRouteInfo ipv4Default = new PatchedRouteInfo(Prefix("0.0.0.0/0"), null, "rmnet0");
+        assertTrue(ipv4Default.matches(Address("255.255.255.255")));
+        assertTrue(ipv4Default.matches(Address("192.0.2.1")));
+        assertFalse(ipv4Default.matches(Address("2001:db8::f00")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEquals() {
+        // IPv4
+        RouteInfo r1 = new RouteInfo(Prefix("2001:db8:ace::/48"), Address("2001:db8::1"), "wlan0");
+        RouteInfo r2 = new RouteInfo(Prefix("2001:db8:ace::/48"), Address("2001:db8::1"), "wlan0");
+        assertEqualBothWays(r1, r2);
+
+        RouteInfo r3 = new RouteInfo(Prefix("2001:db8:ace::/49"), Address("2001:db8::1"), "wlan0");
+        RouteInfo r4 = new RouteInfo(Prefix("2001:db8:ace::/48"), Address("2001:db8::2"), "wlan0");
+        RouteInfo r5 = new RouteInfo(Prefix("2001:db8:ace::/48"), Address("2001:db8::1"), "rmnet0");
+        assertNotEqualEitherWay(r1, r3);
+        assertNotEqualEitherWay(r1, r4);
+        assertNotEqualEitherWay(r1, r5);
+
+        // IPv6
+        r1 = new RouteInfo(Prefix("192.0.2.0/25"), Address("192.0.2.1"), "wlan0");
+        r2 = new RouteInfo(Prefix("192.0.2.0/25"), Address("192.0.2.1"), "wlan0");
+        assertEqualBothWays(r1, r2);
+
+        r3 = new RouteInfo(Prefix("192.0.2.0/24"), Address("192.0.2.1"), "wlan0");
+        r4 = new RouteInfo(Prefix("192.0.2.0/25"), Address("192.0.2.2"), "wlan0");
+        r5 = new RouteInfo(Prefix("192.0.2.0/25"), Address("192.0.2.1"), "rmnet0");
+        assertNotEqualEitherWay(r1, r3);
+        assertNotEqualEitherWay(r1, r4);
+        assertNotEqualEitherWay(r1, r5);
+
+        // Interfaces (but not destinations or gateways) can be null.
+        r1 = new RouteInfo(Prefix("192.0.2.0/25"), Address("192.0.2.1"), null);
+        r2 = new RouteInfo(Prefix("192.0.2.0/25"), Address("192.0.2.1"), null);
+        r3 = new RouteInfo(Prefix("192.0.2.0/24"), Address("192.0.2.1"), "wlan0");
+        assertEqualBothWays(r1, r2);
+        assertNotEqualEitherWay(r1, r3);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHostAndDefaultRoutes() {
+        RouteInfo r;
+
+        r = new RouteInfo(Prefix("0.0.0.0/0"), Address("0.0.0.0"), "wlan0");
+        assertFalse(r.isHostRoute());
+        assertTrue(r.isDefaultRoute());
+        assertTrue(r.isIPv4Default());
+        assertFalse(r.isIPv6Default());
+        if (isAtLeastR()) {
+            assertFalse(r.isIPv4UnreachableDefault());
+            assertFalse(r.isIPv6UnreachableDefault());
+        }
+
+        r = new RouteInfo(Prefix("::/0"), Address("::"), "wlan0");
+        assertFalse(r.isHostRoute());
+        assertTrue(r.isDefaultRoute());
+        assertFalse(r.isIPv4Default());
+        assertTrue(r.isIPv6Default());
+        if (isAtLeastR()) {
+            assertFalse(r.isIPv4UnreachableDefault());
+            assertFalse(r.isIPv6UnreachableDefault());
+        }
+
+        r = new RouteInfo(Prefix("192.0.2.0/24"), null, "wlan0");
+        assertFalse(r.isHostRoute());
+        assertFalse(r.isDefaultRoute());
+        assertFalse(r.isIPv4Default());
+        assertFalse(r.isIPv6Default());
+        if (isAtLeastR()) {
+            assertFalse(r.isIPv4UnreachableDefault());
+            assertFalse(r.isIPv6UnreachableDefault());
+        }
+
+        r = new RouteInfo(Prefix("2001:db8::/48"), null, "wlan0");
+        assertFalse(r.isHostRoute());
+        assertFalse(r.isDefaultRoute());
+        assertFalse(r.isIPv4Default());
+        assertFalse(r.isIPv6Default());
+        if (isAtLeastR()) {
+            assertFalse(r.isIPv4UnreachableDefault());
+            assertFalse(r.isIPv6UnreachableDefault());
+        }
+
+        r = new RouteInfo(Prefix("192.0.2.0/32"), Address("0.0.0.0"), "wlan0");
+        assertTrue(r.isHostRoute());
+        assertFalse(r.isDefaultRoute());
+        assertFalse(r.isIPv4Default());
+        assertFalse(r.isIPv6Default());
+        if (isAtLeastR()) {
+            assertFalse(r.isIPv4UnreachableDefault());
+            assertFalse(r.isIPv6UnreachableDefault());
+        }
+
+        r = new RouteInfo(Prefix("2001:db8::/128"), Address("::"), "wlan0");
+        assertTrue(r.isHostRoute());
+        assertFalse(r.isDefaultRoute());
+        assertFalse(r.isIPv4Default());
+        assertFalse(r.isIPv6Default());
+        if (isAtLeastR()) {
+            assertFalse(r.isIPv4UnreachableDefault());
+            assertFalse(r.isIPv6UnreachableDefault());
+        }
+
+        r = new RouteInfo(Prefix("192.0.2.0/32"), null, "wlan0");
+        assertTrue(r.isHostRoute());
+        assertFalse(r.isDefaultRoute());
+        assertFalse(r.isIPv4Default());
+        assertFalse(r.isIPv6Default());
+        if (isAtLeastR()) {
+            assertFalse(r.isIPv4UnreachableDefault());
+            assertFalse(r.isIPv6UnreachableDefault());
+        }
+
+        r = new RouteInfo(Prefix("2001:db8::/128"), null, "wlan0");
+        assertTrue(r.isHostRoute());
+        assertFalse(r.isDefaultRoute());
+        assertFalse(r.isIPv4Default());
+        assertFalse(r.isIPv6Default());
+        if (isAtLeastR()) {
+            assertFalse(r.isIPv4UnreachableDefault());
+            assertFalse(r.isIPv6UnreachableDefault());
+        }
+
+        r = new RouteInfo(Prefix("::/128"), Address("fe80::"), "wlan0");
+        assertTrue(r.isHostRoute());
+        assertFalse(r.isDefaultRoute());
+        assertFalse(r.isIPv4Default());
+        assertFalse(r.isIPv6Default());
+        if (isAtLeastR()) {
+            assertFalse(r.isIPv4UnreachableDefault());
+            assertFalse(r.isIPv6UnreachableDefault());
+        }
+
+        r = new RouteInfo(Prefix("0.0.0.0/32"), Address("192.0.2.1"), "wlan0");
+        assertTrue(r.isHostRoute());
+        assertFalse(r.isDefaultRoute());
+        assertFalse(r.isIPv4Default());
+        assertFalse(r.isIPv6Default());
+        if (isAtLeastR()) {
+            assertFalse(r.isIPv4UnreachableDefault());
+            assertFalse(r.isIPv6UnreachableDefault());
+        }
+
+        r = new RouteInfo(Prefix("0.0.0.0/32"), Address("192.0.2.1"), "wlan0");
+        assertTrue(r.isHostRoute());
+        assertFalse(r.isDefaultRoute());
+        assertFalse(r.isIPv4Default());
+        assertFalse(r.isIPv6Default());
+        if (isAtLeastR()) {
+            assertFalse(r.isIPv4UnreachableDefault());
+            assertFalse(r.isIPv6UnreachableDefault());
+        }
+
+        r = new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(Inet4Address.ANY, 0), RTN_UNREACHABLE);
+        assertFalse(r.isHostRoute());
+        assertFalse(r.isDefaultRoute());
+        assertFalse(r.isIPv4Default());
+        assertFalse(r.isIPv6Default());
+        if (isAtLeastR()) {
+            assertTrue(r.isIPv4UnreachableDefault());
+            assertFalse(r.isIPv6UnreachableDefault());
+        }
+
+        r = new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(Inet6Address.ANY, 0), RTN_UNREACHABLE);
+        assertFalse(r.isHostRoute());
+        assertFalse(r.isDefaultRoute());
+        assertFalse(r.isIPv4Default());
+        assertFalse(r.isIPv6Default());
+        if (isAtLeastR()) {
+            assertFalse(r.isIPv4UnreachableDefault());
+            assertTrue(r.isIPv6UnreachableDefault());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTruncation() {
+      LinkAddress l;
+      RouteInfo r;
+
+      l = new LinkAddress("192.0.2.5/30");
+      r = new RouteInfo(l, Address("192.0.2.1"), "wlan0");
+      assertEquals("192.0.2.4", r.getDestination().getAddress().getHostAddress());
+
+      l = new LinkAddress("2001:db8:1:f::5/63");
+      r = new RouteInfo(l, Address("2001:db8:5::1"), "wlan0");
+      assertEquals("2001:db8:1:e::", r.getDestination().getAddress().getHostAddress());
+    }
+
+    // Make sure that creating routes to multicast addresses doesn't throw an exception. Even though
+    // there's nothing we can do with them, we don't want to crash if, e.g., someone calls
+    // requestRouteToHostAddress("230.0.0.0", MOBILE_HIPRI);
+    @Test
+    public void testMulticastRoute() {
+      RouteInfo r;
+      r = new RouteInfo(Prefix("230.0.0.0/32"), Address("192.0.2.1"), "wlan0");
+      r = new RouteInfo(Prefix("ff02::1/128"), Address("2001:db8::1"), "wlan0");
+      // No exceptions? Good.
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParceling() {
+        RouteInfo r;
+        r = new RouteInfo(Prefix("192.0.2.0/24"), Address("192.0.2.1"), null);
+        assertParcelingIsLossless(r);
+        r = new RouteInfo(Prefix("192.0.2.0/24"), null, "wlan0");
+        assertParcelingIsLossless(r);
+        r = new RouteInfo(Prefix("192.0.2.0/24"), Address("192.0.2.1"), "wlan0", RTN_UNREACHABLE);
+        assertParcelingIsLossless(r);
+    }
+
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
+    public void testMtuParceling() {
+        final RouteInfo r = new RouteInfo(Prefix("ff02::1/128"), Address("2001:db8::"), "testiface",
+                RTN_UNREACHABLE, 1450 /* mtu */);
+        assertParcelingIsLossless(r);
+    }
+
+    @Test @IgnoreAfter(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
+    public void testFieldCount_Q() {
+        assertFieldCountEquals(6, RouteInfo.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
+    public void testFieldCount() {
+        // Make sure any new field is covered by the above parceling tests when changing this number
+        assertFieldCountEquals(7, RouteInfo.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
+    public void testMtu() {
+        RouteInfo r;
+        r = new RouteInfo(Prefix("0.0.0.0/0"), Address("0.0.0.0"), "wlan0",
+                RouteInfo.RTN_UNICAST, 1500);
+        assertEquals(1500, r.getMtu());
+
+        r = new RouteInfo(Prefix("0.0.0.0/0"), Address("0.0.0.0"), "wlan0");
+        assertEquals(0, r.getMtu());
+    }
+
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
+    public void testRouteKey() {
+        RouteInfo.RouteKey k1, k2;
+        // Only prefix, null gateway and null interface
+        k1 = new RouteInfo(Prefix("2001:db8::/128"), null).getRouteKey();
+        k2 = new RouteInfo(Prefix("2001:db8::/128"), null).getRouteKey();
+        assertEquals(k1, k2);
+        assertEquals(k1.hashCode(), k2.hashCode());
+
+        // With prefix, gateway and interface. Type and MTU does not affect RouteKey equality
+        k1 = new RouteInfo(Prefix("192.0.2.0/24"), Address("192.0.2.1"), "wlan0",
+                RTN_UNREACHABLE, 1450).getRouteKey();
+        k2 = new RouteInfo(Prefix("192.0.2.0/24"), Address("192.0.2.1"), "wlan0",
+                RouteInfo.RTN_UNICAST, 1400).getRouteKey();
+        assertEquals(k1, k2);
+        assertEquals(k1.hashCode(), k2.hashCode());
+
+        // Different scope IDs are ignored by the kernel, so we consider them equal here too.
+        k1 = new RouteInfo(Prefix("2001:db8::/64"), Address("fe80::1%1"), "wlan0").getRouteKey();
+        k2 = new RouteInfo(Prefix("2001:db8::/64"), Address("fe80::1%2"), "wlan0").getRouteKey();
+        assertEquals(k1, k2);
+        assertEquals(k1.hashCode(), k2.hashCode());
+
+        // Different prefix
+        k1 = new RouteInfo(Prefix("192.0.2.0/24"), null).getRouteKey();
+        k2 = new RouteInfo(Prefix("192.0.3.0/24"), null).getRouteKey();
+        assertNotEquals(k1, k2);
+
+        // Different gateway
+        k1 = new RouteInfo(Prefix("ff02::1/128"), Address("2001:db8::1"), null).getRouteKey();
+        k2 = new RouteInfo(Prefix("ff02::1/128"), Address("2001:db8::2"), null).getRouteKey();
+        assertNotEquals(k1, k2);
+
+        // Different interface
+        k1 = new RouteInfo(Prefix("ff02::1/128"), null, "tun0").getRouteKey();
+        k2 = new RouteInfo(Prefix("ff02::1/128"), null, "tun1").getRouteKey();
+        assertNotEquals(k1, k2);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/common/java/android/net/StaticIpConfigurationTest.java b/tests/common/java/android/net/StaticIpConfigurationTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b5f23bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/common/java/android/net/StaticIpConfigurationTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,269 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2014 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import android.os.Parcel;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@SmallTest
+public class StaticIpConfigurationTest {
+
+    private static final String ADDRSTR = "192.0.2.2/25";
+    private static final LinkAddress ADDR = new LinkAddress(ADDRSTR);
+    private static final InetAddress GATEWAY = IpAddress("192.0.2.1");
+    private static final InetAddress OFFLINKGATEWAY = IpAddress("192.0.2.129");
+    private static final InetAddress DNS1 = IpAddress("8.8.8.8");
+    private static final InetAddress DNS2 = IpAddress("8.8.4.4");
+    private static final InetAddress DNS3 = IpAddress("4.2.2.2");
+    private static final String IFACE = "eth0";
+    private static final String FAKE_DOMAINS = "google.com";
+
+    private static InetAddress IpAddress(String addr) {
+        return InetAddress.parseNumericAddress(addr);
+    }
+
+    private void checkEmpty(StaticIpConfiguration s) {
+        assertNull(s.ipAddress);
+        assertNull(s.gateway);
+        assertNull(s.domains);
+        assertEquals(0, s.dnsServers.size());
+    }
+
+    private StaticIpConfiguration makeTestObject() {
+        StaticIpConfiguration s = new StaticIpConfiguration();
+        s.ipAddress = ADDR;
+        s.gateway = GATEWAY;
+        s.dnsServers.add(DNS1);
+        s.dnsServers.add(DNS2);
+        s.dnsServers.add(DNS3);
+        s.domains = FAKE_DOMAINS;
+        return s;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConstructor() {
+        StaticIpConfiguration s = new StaticIpConfiguration();
+        checkEmpty(s);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCopyAndClear() {
+        StaticIpConfiguration empty = new StaticIpConfiguration((StaticIpConfiguration) null);
+        checkEmpty(empty);
+
+        StaticIpConfiguration s1 = makeTestObject();
+        StaticIpConfiguration s2 = new StaticIpConfiguration(s1);
+        assertEquals(s1, s2);
+        s2.clear();
+        assertEquals(empty, s2);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHashCodeAndEquals() {
+        HashSet<Integer> hashCodes = new HashSet();
+        hashCodes.add(0);
+
+        StaticIpConfiguration s = new StaticIpConfiguration();
+        // Check that this hash code is nonzero and different from all the ones seen so far.
+        assertTrue(hashCodes.add(s.hashCode()));
+
+        s.ipAddress = ADDR;
+        assertTrue(hashCodes.add(s.hashCode()));
+
+        s.gateway = GATEWAY;
+        assertTrue(hashCodes.add(s.hashCode()));
+
+        s.dnsServers.add(DNS1);
+        assertTrue(hashCodes.add(s.hashCode()));
+
+        s.dnsServers.add(DNS2);
+        assertTrue(hashCodes.add(s.hashCode()));
+
+        s.dnsServers.add(DNS3);
+        assertTrue(hashCodes.add(s.hashCode()));
+
+        s.domains = "example.com";
+        assertTrue(hashCodes.add(s.hashCode()));
+
+        assertFalse(s.equals(null));
+        assertEquals(s, s);
+
+        StaticIpConfiguration s2 = new StaticIpConfiguration(s);
+        assertEquals(s, s2);
+
+        s.ipAddress = new LinkAddress(DNS1, 32);
+        assertNotEquals(s, s2);
+
+        s2 = new StaticIpConfiguration(s);
+        s.domains = "foo";
+        assertNotEquals(s, s2);
+
+        s2 = new StaticIpConfiguration(s);
+        s.gateway = DNS2;
+        assertNotEquals(s, s2);
+
+        s2 = new StaticIpConfiguration(s);
+        s.dnsServers.add(DNS3);
+        assertNotEquals(s, s2);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testToLinkProperties() {
+        LinkProperties expected = new LinkProperties();
+        expected.setInterfaceName(IFACE);
+
+        StaticIpConfiguration s = new StaticIpConfiguration();
+        assertEquals(expected, s.toLinkProperties(IFACE));
+
+        final RouteInfo connectedRoute = new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(ADDRSTR), null, IFACE);
+        s.ipAddress = ADDR;
+        expected.addLinkAddress(ADDR);
+        expected.addRoute(connectedRoute);
+        assertEquals(expected, s.toLinkProperties(IFACE));
+
+        s.gateway = GATEWAY;
+        RouteInfo defaultRoute = new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix("0.0.0.0/0"), GATEWAY, IFACE);
+        expected.addRoute(defaultRoute);
+        assertEquals(expected, s.toLinkProperties(IFACE));
+
+        s.gateway = OFFLINKGATEWAY;
+        expected.removeRoute(defaultRoute);
+        defaultRoute = new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix("0.0.0.0/0"), OFFLINKGATEWAY, IFACE);
+        expected.addRoute(defaultRoute);
+
+        RouteInfo gatewayRoute = new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix("192.0.2.129/32"), null, IFACE);
+        expected.addRoute(gatewayRoute);
+        assertEquals(expected, s.toLinkProperties(IFACE));
+
+        s.dnsServers.add(DNS1);
+        expected.addDnsServer(DNS1);
+        assertEquals(expected, s.toLinkProperties(IFACE));
+
+        s.dnsServers.add(DNS2);
+        s.dnsServers.add(DNS3);
+        expected.addDnsServer(DNS2);
+        expected.addDnsServer(DNS3);
+        assertEquals(expected, s.toLinkProperties(IFACE));
+
+        s.domains = FAKE_DOMAINS;
+        expected.setDomains(FAKE_DOMAINS);
+        assertEquals(expected, s.toLinkProperties(IFACE));
+
+        s.gateway = null;
+        expected.removeRoute(defaultRoute);
+        expected.removeRoute(gatewayRoute);
+        assertEquals(expected, s.toLinkProperties(IFACE));
+
+        // Without knowing the IP address, we don't have a directly-connected route, so we can't
+        // tell if the gateway is off-link or not and we don't add a host route. This isn't a real
+        // configuration, but we should at least not crash.
+        s.gateway = OFFLINKGATEWAY;
+        s.ipAddress = null;
+        expected.removeLinkAddress(ADDR);
+        expected.removeRoute(connectedRoute);
+        expected.addRoute(defaultRoute);
+        assertEquals(expected, s.toLinkProperties(IFACE));
+    }
+
+    private StaticIpConfiguration passThroughParcel(StaticIpConfiguration s) {
+        Parcel p = Parcel.obtain();
+        StaticIpConfiguration s2 = null;
+        try {
+            s.writeToParcel(p, 0);
+            p.setDataPosition(0);
+            s2 = StaticIpConfiguration.readFromParcel(p);
+        } finally {
+            p.recycle();
+        }
+        assertNotNull(s2);
+        return s2;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParceling() {
+        StaticIpConfiguration s = makeTestObject();
+        StaticIpConfiguration s2 = passThroughParcel(s);
+        assertEquals(s, s2);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBuilder() {
+        final ArrayList<InetAddress> dnsServers = new ArrayList<>();
+        dnsServers.add(DNS1);
+
+        final StaticIpConfiguration s = new StaticIpConfiguration.Builder()
+                .setIpAddress(ADDR)
+                .setGateway(GATEWAY)
+                .setDomains(FAKE_DOMAINS)
+                .setDnsServers(dnsServers)
+                .build();
+
+        assertEquals(s.ipAddress, s.getIpAddress());
+        assertEquals(ADDR, s.getIpAddress());
+        assertEquals(s.gateway, s.getGateway());
+        assertEquals(GATEWAY, s.getGateway());
+        assertEquals(s.domains, s.getDomains());
+        assertEquals(FAKE_DOMAINS, s.getDomains());
+        assertTrue(s.dnsServers.equals(s.getDnsServers()));
+        assertEquals(1, s.getDnsServers().size());
+        assertEquals(DNS1, s.getDnsServers().get(0));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAddDnsServers() {
+        final StaticIpConfiguration s = new StaticIpConfiguration((StaticIpConfiguration) null);
+        checkEmpty(s);
+
+        s.addDnsServer(DNS1);
+        assertEquals(1, s.getDnsServers().size());
+        assertEquals(DNS1, s.getDnsServers().get(0));
+
+        s.addDnsServer(DNS2);
+        s.addDnsServer(DNS3);
+        assertEquals(3, s.getDnsServers().size());
+        assertEquals(DNS2, s.getDnsServers().get(1));
+        assertEquals(DNS3, s.getDnsServers().get(2));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRoutes() {
+        final StaticIpConfiguration s = makeTestObject();
+        final List<RouteInfo> routeInfoList = s.getRoutes(IFACE);
+
+        assertEquals(2, routeInfoList.size());
+        assertEquals(new RouteInfo(ADDR, (InetAddress) null, IFACE), routeInfoList.get(0));
+        assertEquals(new RouteInfo((IpPrefix) null, GATEWAY, IFACE), routeInfoList.get(1));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/common/java/android/net/TcpKeepalivePacketDataTest.kt b/tests/common/java/android/net/TcpKeepalivePacketDataTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7a18bb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/common/java/android/net/TcpKeepalivePacketDataTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net
+
+import android.net.InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress
+import android.os.Build
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner
+import com.android.testutils.assertFieldCountEquals
+import com.android.testutils.assertParcelSane
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+import java.net.InetAddress
+import kotlin.test.assertEquals
+import kotlin.test.assertNotEquals
+import kotlin.test.assertTrue
+
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner::class)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R) // TcpKeepalivePacketData added to SDK in S
+class TcpKeepalivePacketDataTest {
+    private fun makeData(
+        srcAddress: InetAddress = parseNumericAddress("192.0.2.123"),
+        srcPort: Int = 1234,
+        dstAddress: InetAddress = parseNumericAddress("192.0.2.231"),
+        dstPort: Int = 4321,
+        data: ByteArray = byteArrayOf(1, 2, 3),
+        tcpSeq: Int = 135,
+        tcpAck: Int = 246,
+        tcpWnd: Int = 1234,
+        tcpWndScale: Int = 2,
+        ipTos: Int = 0x12,
+        ipTtl: Int = 10
+    ) = TcpKeepalivePacketData(srcAddress, srcPort, dstAddress, dstPort, data, tcpSeq, tcpAck,
+            tcpWnd, tcpWndScale, ipTos, ipTtl)
+
+    @Test
+    fun testEquals() {
+        val data1 = makeData()
+        val data2 = makeData()
+        assertEquals(data1, data2)
+        assertEquals(data1.hashCode(), data2.hashCode())
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testNotEquals() {
+        assertNotEquals(makeData(srcAddress = parseNumericAddress("192.0.2.124")), makeData())
+        assertNotEquals(makeData(srcPort = 1235), makeData())
+        assertNotEquals(makeData(dstAddress = parseNumericAddress("192.0.2.232")), makeData())
+        assertNotEquals(makeData(dstPort = 4322), makeData())
+        // .equals does not test .packet, as it should be generated from the other fields
+        assertNotEquals(makeData(tcpSeq = 136), makeData())
+        assertNotEquals(makeData(tcpAck = 247), makeData())
+        assertNotEquals(makeData(tcpWnd = 1235), makeData())
+        assertNotEquals(makeData(tcpWndScale = 3), makeData())
+        assertNotEquals(makeData(ipTos = 0x14), makeData())
+        assertNotEquals(makeData(ipTtl = 11), makeData())
+
+        // Update above assertions if field is added
+        assertFieldCountEquals(5, KeepalivePacketData::class.java)
+        assertFieldCountEquals(6, TcpKeepalivePacketData::class.java)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testParcelUnparcel() {
+        assertParcelSane(makeData(), fieldCount = 6) { a, b ->
+            // .equals() does not verify .packet
+            a == b && a.packet contentEquals b.packet
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testToString() {
+        val data = makeData()
+        val str = data.toString()
+
+        assertTrue(str.contains(data.srcAddress.hostAddress))
+        assertTrue(str.contains(data.srcPort.toString()))
+        assertTrue(str.contains(data.dstAddress.hostAddress))
+        assertTrue(str.contains(data.dstPort.toString()))
+        // .packet not included in toString()
+        assertTrue(str.contains(data.getTcpSeq().toString()))
+        assertTrue(str.contains(data.getTcpAck().toString()))
+        assertTrue(str.contains(data.getTcpWindow().toString()))
+        assertTrue(str.contains(data.getTcpWindowScale().toString()))
+        assertTrue(str.contains(data.getIpTos().toString()))
+        assertTrue(str.contains(data.getIpTtl().toString()))
+
+        // Update above assertions if field is added
+        assertFieldCountEquals(5, KeepalivePacketData::class.java)
+        assertFieldCountEquals(6, TcpKeepalivePacketData::class.java)
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/common/java/android/net/UidRangeTest.java b/tests/common/java/android/net/UidRangeTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1b1c954
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/common/java/android/net/UidRangeTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net;
+
+import static android.os.UserHandle.MIN_SECONDARY_USER_ID;
+import static android.os.UserHandle.SYSTEM;
+import static android.os.UserHandle.USER_SYSTEM;
+import static android.os.UserHandle.getUid;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import android.os.Build;
+import android.os.UserHandle;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo;
+
+import org.junit.Rule;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@SmallTest
+public class UidRangeTest {
+
+    /*
+     * UidRange is no longer passed to netd. UID ranges between the framework and netd are passed as
+     * UidRangeParcel objects.
+     */
+
+    @Rule
+    public final DevSdkIgnoreRule mIgnoreRule = new DevSdkIgnoreRule();
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSingleItemUidRangeAllowed() {
+        new UidRange(123, 123);
+        new UidRange(0, 0);
+        new UidRange(Integer.MAX_VALUE, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNegativeUidsDisallowed() {
+        try {
+            new UidRange(-2, 100);
+            fail("Exception not thrown for negative start UID");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
+        }
+
+        try {
+            new UidRange(-200, -100);
+            fail("Exception not thrown for negative stop UID");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStopLessThanStartDisallowed() {
+        final int x = 4195000;
+        try {
+            new UidRange(x, x - 1);
+            fail("Exception not thrown for negative-length UID range");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetStartAndEndUser() throws Exception {
+        final UidRange uidRangeOfPrimaryUser = new UidRange(
+                getUid(USER_SYSTEM, 10000), getUid(USER_SYSTEM, 10100));
+        final UidRange uidRangeOfSecondaryUser = new UidRange(
+                getUid(MIN_SECONDARY_USER_ID, 10000), getUid(MIN_SECONDARY_USER_ID, 10100));
+        assertEquals(USER_SYSTEM, uidRangeOfPrimaryUser.getStartUser());
+        assertEquals(USER_SYSTEM, uidRangeOfPrimaryUser.getEndUser());
+        assertEquals(MIN_SECONDARY_USER_ID, uidRangeOfSecondaryUser.getStartUser());
+        assertEquals(MIN_SECONDARY_USER_ID, uidRangeOfSecondaryUser.getEndUser());
+
+        final UidRange uidRangeForDifferentUsers = new UidRange(
+                getUid(USER_SYSTEM, 10000), getUid(MIN_SECONDARY_USER_ID, 10100));
+        assertEquals(USER_SYSTEM, uidRangeOfPrimaryUser.getStartUser());
+        assertEquals(MIN_SECONDARY_USER_ID, uidRangeOfSecondaryUser.getEndUser());
+    }
+
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+    public void testCreateForUser() throws Exception {
+        final UidRange uidRangeOfPrimaryUser = UidRange.createForUser(SYSTEM);
+        final UidRange uidRangeOfSecondaryUser = UidRange.createForUser(
+                UserHandle.of(USER_SYSTEM + 1));
+        assertTrue(uidRangeOfPrimaryUser.stop < uidRangeOfSecondaryUser.start);
+        assertEquals(USER_SYSTEM, uidRangeOfPrimaryUser.getStartUser());
+        assertEquals(USER_SYSTEM, uidRangeOfPrimaryUser.getEndUser());
+        assertEquals(USER_SYSTEM + 1, uidRangeOfSecondaryUser.getStartUser());
+        assertEquals(USER_SYSTEM + 1, uidRangeOfSecondaryUser.getEndUser());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/common/java/android/net/UnderlyingNetworkInfoTest.kt b/tests/common/java/android/net/UnderlyingNetworkInfoTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f23ba26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/common/java/android/net/UnderlyingNetworkInfoTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net
+
+import android.os.Build
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner
+import com.android.testutils.assertParcelSane
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+import kotlin.test.assertEquals
+
+private const val TEST_OWNER_UID = 123
+private const val TEST_IFACE = "test_tun0"
+private val TEST_IFACE_LIST = listOf("wlan0", "rmnet_data0", "eth0")
+
+@SmallTest
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner::class)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+class UnderlyingNetworkInfoTest {
+    @Test
+    fun testParcelUnparcel() {
+        val testInfo = UnderlyingNetworkInfo(TEST_OWNER_UID, TEST_IFACE, TEST_IFACE_LIST)
+        assertEquals(TEST_OWNER_UID, testInfo.getOwnerUid())
+        assertEquals(TEST_IFACE, testInfo.getInterface())
+        assertEquals(TEST_IFACE_LIST, testInfo.getUnderlyingInterfaces())
+        assertParcelSane(testInfo, 3)
+
+        val emptyInfo = UnderlyingNetworkInfo(0, String(), listOf())
+        assertEquals(0, emptyInfo.getOwnerUid())
+        assertEquals(String(), emptyInfo.getInterface())
+        assertEquals(listOf(), emptyInfo.getUnderlyingInterfaces())
+        assertParcelSane(emptyInfo, 3)
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/common/java/android/net/apf/ApfCapabilitiesTest.java b/tests/common/java/android/net/apf/ApfCapabilitiesTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d50406f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/common/java/android/net/apf/ApfCapabilitiesTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net.apf;
+
+import static com.android.testutils.ParcelUtils.assertParcelSane;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import android.content.Context;
+
+import androidx.test.InstrumentationRegistry;
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@SmallTest
+public class ApfCapabilitiesTest {
+    private Context mContext;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() {
+        mContext = InstrumentationRegistry.getContext();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConstructAndParcel() {
+        final ApfCapabilities caps = new ApfCapabilities(123, 456, 789);
+        assertEquals(123, caps.apfVersionSupported);
+        assertEquals(456, caps.maximumApfProgramSize);
+        assertEquals(789, caps.apfPacketFormat);
+
+        assertParcelSane(caps, 3);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEquals() {
+        assertEquals(new ApfCapabilities(1, 2, 3), new ApfCapabilities(1, 2, 3));
+        assertNotEquals(new ApfCapabilities(2, 2, 3), new ApfCapabilities(1, 2, 3));
+        assertNotEquals(new ApfCapabilities(1, 3, 3), new ApfCapabilities(1, 2, 3));
+        assertNotEquals(new ApfCapabilities(1, 2, 4), new ApfCapabilities(1, 2, 3));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHasDataAccess() {
+        //hasDataAccess is only supported starting at apf version 4.
+        ApfCapabilities caps = new ApfCapabilities(1 /* apfVersionSupported */, 2, 3);
+        assertFalse(caps.hasDataAccess());
+
+        caps = new ApfCapabilities(4 /* apfVersionSupported */, 5, 6);
+        assertTrue(caps.hasDataAccess());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetApfDrop8023Frames() {
+        // Get com.android.internal.R.bool.config_apfDrop802_3Frames. The test cannot directly
+        // use R.bool.config_apfDrop802_3Frames because that is not a stable resource ID.
+        final int resId = mContext.getResources().getIdentifier("config_apfDrop802_3Frames",
+                "bool", "android");
+        final boolean shouldDrop8023Frames = mContext.getResources().getBoolean(resId);
+        final boolean actual = ApfCapabilities.getApfDrop8023Frames();
+        assertEquals(shouldDrop8023Frames, actual);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetApfEtherTypeBlackList() {
+        // Get com.android.internal.R.array.config_apfEthTypeBlackList. The test cannot directly
+        // use R.array.config_apfEthTypeBlackList because that is not a stable resource ID.
+        final int resId = mContext.getResources().getIdentifier("config_apfEthTypeBlackList",
+                "array", "android");
+        final int[] blacklistedEtherTypeArray = mContext.getResources().getIntArray(resId);
+        final int[] actual = ApfCapabilities.getApfEtherTypeBlackList();
+        assertNotNull(actual);
+        assertTrue(Arrays.equals(blacklistedEtherTypeArray, actual));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/common/java/android/net/metrics/ApfProgramEventTest.kt b/tests/common/java/android/net/metrics/ApfProgramEventTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0b7b740
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/common/java/android/net/metrics/ApfProgramEventTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net.metrics;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4
+import com.android.testutils.assertParcelSane
+import org.junit.Assert.assertEquals
+import org.junit.Assert.assertFalse
+import org.junit.Assert.assertTrue
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4::class)
+@SmallTest
+class ApfProgramEventTest {
+    private infix fun Int.hasFlag(flag: Int) = (this and (1 shl flag)) != 0
+
+    @Test
+    fun testBuilderAndParcel() {
+        val apfProgramEvent = ApfProgramEvent.Builder()
+                .setLifetime(1)
+                .setActualLifetime(2)
+                .setFilteredRas(3)
+                .setCurrentRas(4)
+                .setProgramLength(5)
+                .setFlags(true, true)
+                .build()
+
+        assertEquals(1, apfProgramEvent.lifetime)
+        assertEquals(2, apfProgramEvent.actualLifetime)
+        assertEquals(3, apfProgramEvent.filteredRas)
+        assertEquals(4, apfProgramEvent.currentRas)
+        assertEquals(5, apfProgramEvent.programLength)
+        assertEquals(ApfProgramEvent.flagsFor(true, true), apfProgramEvent.flags)
+
+        assertParcelSane(apfProgramEvent, 6)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testFlagsFor() {
+        var flags = ApfProgramEvent.flagsFor(false, false)
+        assertFalse(flags hasFlag ApfProgramEvent.FLAG_HAS_IPV4_ADDRESS)
+        assertFalse(flags hasFlag ApfProgramEvent.FLAG_MULTICAST_FILTER_ON)
+
+        flags = ApfProgramEvent.flagsFor(true, false)
+        assertTrue(flags hasFlag ApfProgramEvent.FLAG_HAS_IPV4_ADDRESS)
+        assertFalse(flags hasFlag ApfProgramEvent.FLAG_MULTICAST_FILTER_ON)
+
+        flags = ApfProgramEvent.flagsFor(false, true)
+        assertFalse(flags hasFlag ApfProgramEvent.FLAG_HAS_IPV4_ADDRESS)
+        assertTrue(flags hasFlag ApfProgramEvent.FLAG_MULTICAST_FILTER_ON)
+
+        flags = ApfProgramEvent.flagsFor(true, true)
+        assertTrue(flags hasFlag ApfProgramEvent.FLAG_HAS_IPV4_ADDRESS)
+        assertTrue(flags hasFlag ApfProgramEvent.FLAG_MULTICAST_FILTER_ON)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/common/java/android/net/metrics/ApfStatsTest.kt b/tests/common/java/android/net/metrics/ApfStatsTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..46a8c8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/common/java/android/net/metrics/ApfStatsTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net.metrics
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4
+import com.android.testutils.assertParcelSane
+import org.junit.Assert.assertEquals
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4::class)
+@SmallTest
+class ApfStatsTest {
+    @Test
+    fun testBuilderAndParcel() {
+        val apfStats = ApfStats.Builder()
+                .setDurationMs(Long.MAX_VALUE)
+                .setReceivedRas(1)
+                .setMatchingRas(2)
+                .setDroppedRas(3)
+                .setZeroLifetimeRas(4)
+                .setParseErrors(5)
+                .setProgramUpdates(6)
+                .setProgramUpdatesAll(7)
+                .setProgramUpdatesAllowingMulticast(8)
+                .setMaxProgramSize(9)
+                .build()
+
+        assertEquals(Long.MAX_VALUE, apfStats.durationMs)
+        assertEquals(1, apfStats.receivedRas)
+        assertEquals(2, apfStats.matchingRas)
+        assertEquals(3, apfStats.droppedRas)
+        assertEquals(4, apfStats.zeroLifetimeRas)
+        assertEquals(5, apfStats.parseErrors)
+        assertEquals(6, apfStats.programUpdates)
+        assertEquals(7, apfStats.programUpdatesAll)
+        assertEquals(8, apfStats.programUpdatesAllowingMulticast)
+        assertEquals(9, apfStats.maxProgramSize)
+
+        assertParcelSane(apfStats, 10)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/common/java/android/net/metrics/DhcpClientEventTest.kt b/tests/common/java/android/net/metrics/DhcpClientEventTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8d7a9c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/common/java/android/net/metrics/DhcpClientEventTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net.metrics
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4
+import com.android.testutils.assertParcelSane
+import org.junit.Assert.assertEquals
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+
+private const val FAKE_MESSAGE = "test"
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4::class)
+@SmallTest
+class DhcpClientEventTest {
+    @Test
+    fun testBuilderAndParcel() {
+        val dhcpClientEvent = DhcpClientEvent.Builder()
+                .setMsg(FAKE_MESSAGE)
+                .setDurationMs(Integer.MAX_VALUE)
+                .build()
+
+        assertEquals(FAKE_MESSAGE, dhcpClientEvent.msg)
+        assertEquals(Integer.MAX_VALUE, dhcpClientEvent.durationMs)
+
+        assertParcelSane(dhcpClientEvent, 2)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/common/java/android/net/metrics/DhcpErrorEventTest.kt b/tests/common/java/android/net/metrics/DhcpErrorEventTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..236f72e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/common/java/android/net/metrics/DhcpErrorEventTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+package android.net.metrics
+
+import android.net.metrics.DhcpErrorEvent.DHCP_INVALID_OPTION_LENGTH
+import android.net.metrics.DhcpErrorEvent.errorCodeWithOption
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4
+import com.android.testutils.parcelingRoundTrip
+import java.lang.reflect.Modifier
+import org.junit.Assert.assertEquals
+import org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull
+import org.junit.Assert.assertTrue
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+
+private const val TEST_ERROR_CODE = 12345
+//DHCP Optional Type: DHCP Subnet Mask (Copy from DhcpPacket.java due to it's protected)
+private const val DHCP_SUBNET_MASK = 1
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4::class)
+@SmallTest
+class DhcpErrorEventTest {
+
+    @Test
+    fun testConstructor() {
+        val event = DhcpErrorEvent(TEST_ERROR_CODE)
+        assertEquals(TEST_ERROR_CODE, event.errorCode)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testParcelUnparcel() {
+        val event = DhcpErrorEvent(TEST_ERROR_CODE)
+        val parceled = parcelingRoundTrip(event)
+        assertEquals(TEST_ERROR_CODE, parceled.errorCode)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testErrorCodeWithOption() {
+        val errorCode = errorCodeWithOption(DHCP_INVALID_OPTION_LENGTH, DHCP_SUBNET_MASK);
+        assertTrue((DHCP_INVALID_OPTION_LENGTH and errorCode) == DHCP_INVALID_OPTION_LENGTH);
+        assertTrue((DHCP_SUBNET_MASK and errorCode) == DHCP_SUBNET_MASK);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testToString() {
+        val names = listOf("L2_ERROR", "L3_ERROR", "L4_ERROR", "DHCP_ERROR", "MISC_ERROR")
+        val errorFields = DhcpErrorEvent::class.java.declaredFields.filter {
+            it.type == Int::class.javaPrimitiveType
+                    && Modifier.isPublic(it.modifiers) && Modifier.isStatic(it.modifiers)
+                    && it.name !in names
+        }
+
+        errorFields.forEach {
+            val intValue = it.getInt(null)
+            val stringValue = DhcpErrorEvent(intValue).toString()
+            assertTrue("Invalid string for error 0x%08X (field %s): %s".format(intValue, it.name,
+                    stringValue),
+                    stringValue.contains(it.name))
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testToString_InvalidErrorCode() {
+        assertNotNull(DhcpErrorEvent(TEST_ERROR_CODE).toString())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/common/java/android/net/metrics/IpConnectivityLogTest.java b/tests/common/java/android/net/metrics/IpConnectivityLogTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d4780d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/common/java/android/net/metrics/IpConnectivityLogTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net.metrics;
+
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.timeout;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+
+import android.net.ConnectivityMetricsEvent;
+import android.net.IIpConnectivityMetrics;
+import android.net.Network;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.android.internal.util.BitUtils;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
+
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@SmallTest
+public class IpConnectivityLogTest {
+    private static final int FAKE_NET_ID = 100;
+    private static final int[] FAKE_TRANSPORT_TYPES = BitUtils.unpackBits(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+    private static final long FAKE_TIME_STAMP = System.currentTimeMillis();
+    private static final String FAKE_INTERFACE_NAME = "test";
+    private static final IpReachabilityEvent FAKE_EV =
+            new IpReachabilityEvent(IpReachabilityEvent.NUD_FAILED);
+
+    @Mock IIpConnectivityMetrics mMockService;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() {
+        MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoggingEvents() throws Exception {
+        IpConnectivityLog logger = new IpConnectivityLog(mMockService);
+
+        assertTrue(logger.log(FAKE_EV));
+        assertTrue(logger.log(FAKE_TIME_STAMP, FAKE_EV));
+        assertTrue(logger.log(FAKE_NET_ID, FAKE_TRANSPORT_TYPES, FAKE_EV));
+        assertTrue(logger.log(new Network(FAKE_NET_ID), FAKE_TRANSPORT_TYPES, FAKE_EV));
+        assertTrue(logger.log(FAKE_INTERFACE_NAME, FAKE_EV));
+        assertTrue(logger.log(makeExpectedEvent(FAKE_TIME_STAMP, FAKE_NET_ID, TRANSPORT_WIFI,
+                FAKE_INTERFACE_NAME)));
+
+        List<ConnectivityMetricsEvent> got = verifyEvents(6);
+        assertEventsEqual(makeExpectedEvent(got.get(0).timestamp, 0, 0, null), got.get(0));
+        assertEventsEqual(makeExpectedEvent(FAKE_TIME_STAMP, 0, 0, null), got.get(1));
+        assertEventsEqual(makeExpectedEvent(got.get(2).timestamp, FAKE_NET_ID,
+                TRANSPORT_WIFI, null), got.get(2));
+        assertEventsEqual(makeExpectedEvent(got.get(3).timestamp, FAKE_NET_ID,
+                TRANSPORT_WIFI, null), got.get(3));
+        assertEventsEqual(makeExpectedEvent(got.get(4).timestamp, 0, 0, FAKE_INTERFACE_NAME),
+                got.get(4));
+        assertEventsEqual(makeExpectedEvent(FAKE_TIME_STAMP, FAKE_NET_ID,
+                TRANSPORT_WIFI, FAKE_INTERFACE_NAME), got.get(5));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoggingEventsWithMultipleCallers() throws Exception {
+        IpConnectivityLog logger = new IpConnectivityLog(mMockService);
+
+        final int nCallers = 10;
+        final int nEvents = 10;
+        for (int n = 0; n < nCallers; n++) {
+            final int i = n;
+            new Thread() {
+                public void run() {
+                    for (int j = 0; j < nEvents; j++) {
+                        assertTrue(logger.log(makeExpectedEvent(
+                                FAKE_TIME_STAMP + i * 100 + j,
+                                FAKE_NET_ID + i * 100 + j,
+                                ((i + j) % 2 == 0) ? TRANSPORT_WIFI : TRANSPORT_CELLULAR,
+                                FAKE_INTERFACE_NAME)));
+                    }
+                }
+            }.start();
+        }
+
+        List<ConnectivityMetricsEvent> got = verifyEvents(nCallers * nEvents, 200);
+        Collections.sort(got, EVENT_COMPARATOR);
+        Iterator<ConnectivityMetricsEvent> iter = got.iterator();
+        for (int i = 0; i < nCallers; i++) {
+            for (int j = 0; j < nEvents; j++) {
+                final long expectedTimestamp = FAKE_TIME_STAMP + i * 100 + j;
+                final int expectedNetId = FAKE_NET_ID + i * 100 + j;
+                final long expectedTransports =
+                        ((i + j) % 2 == 0) ? TRANSPORT_WIFI : TRANSPORT_CELLULAR;
+                assertEventsEqual(makeExpectedEvent(expectedTimestamp, expectedNetId,
+                        expectedTransports, FAKE_INTERFACE_NAME), iter.next());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private List<ConnectivityMetricsEvent> verifyEvents(int n, int timeoutMs) throws Exception {
+        ArgumentCaptor<ConnectivityMetricsEvent> captor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(ConnectivityMetricsEvent.class);
+        verify(mMockService, timeout(timeoutMs).times(n)).logEvent(captor.capture());
+        return captor.getAllValues();
+    }
+
+    private List<ConnectivityMetricsEvent> verifyEvents(int n) throws Exception {
+        return verifyEvents(n, 10);
+    }
+
+
+    private ConnectivityMetricsEvent makeExpectedEvent(long timestamp, int netId, long transports,
+            String ifname) {
+        ConnectivityMetricsEvent ev = new ConnectivityMetricsEvent();
+        ev.timestamp = timestamp;
+        ev.data = FAKE_EV;
+        ev.netId = netId;
+        ev.transports = transports;
+        ev.ifname = ifname;
+        return ev;
+    }
+
+    /** Outer equality for ConnectivityMetricsEvent to avoid overriding equals() and hashCode(). */
+    private void assertEventsEqual(ConnectivityMetricsEvent expected,
+            ConnectivityMetricsEvent got) {
+        assertEquals(expected.data, got.data);
+        assertEquals(expected.timestamp, got.timestamp);
+        assertEquals(expected.netId, got.netId);
+        assertEquals(expected.transports, got.transports);
+        assertEquals(expected.ifname, got.ifname);
+    }
+
+    static final Comparator<ConnectivityMetricsEvent> EVENT_COMPARATOR =
+            Comparator.comparingLong((ev) -> ev.timestamp);
+}
diff --git a/tests/common/java/android/net/metrics/IpManagerEventTest.kt b/tests/common/java/android/net/metrics/IpManagerEventTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..64be508
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/common/java/android/net/metrics/IpManagerEventTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net.metrics
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4
+import com.android.testutils.assertParcelSane
+import org.junit.Assert.assertEquals
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4::class)
+@SmallTest
+class IpManagerEventTest {
+    @Test
+    fun testConstructorAndParcel() {
+        (IpManagerEvent.PROVISIONING_OK..IpManagerEvent.ERROR_INTERFACE_NOT_FOUND).forEach {
+            val ipManagerEvent = IpManagerEvent(it, Long.MAX_VALUE)
+            assertEquals(it, ipManagerEvent.eventType)
+            assertEquals(Long.MAX_VALUE, ipManagerEvent.durationMs)
+
+            assertParcelSane(ipManagerEvent, 2)
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/common/java/android/net/metrics/IpReachabilityEventTest.kt b/tests/common/java/android/net/metrics/IpReachabilityEventTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..55b5e49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/common/java/android/net/metrics/IpReachabilityEventTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net.metrics
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4
+import com.android.testutils.assertParcelSane
+import org.junit.Assert.assertEquals
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4::class)
+@SmallTest
+class IpReachabilityEventTest {
+    @Test
+    fun testConstructorAndParcel() {
+        (IpReachabilityEvent.PROBE..IpReachabilityEvent.PROVISIONING_LOST_ORGANIC).forEach {
+            val ipReachabilityEvent = IpReachabilityEvent(it)
+            assertEquals(it, ipReachabilityEvent.eventType)
+
+            assertParcelSane(ipReachabilityEvent, 1)
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/common/java/android/net/metrics/NetworkEventTest.kt b/tests/common/java/android/net/metrics/NetworkEventTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..41430b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/common/java/android/net/metrics/NetworkEventTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net.metrics
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4
+import com.android.testutils.assertParcelSane
+import org.junit.Assert.assertEquals
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4::class)
+@SmallTest
+class NetworkEventTest {
+    @Test
+    fun testConstructorAndParcel() {
+        (NetworkEvent.NETWORK_CONNECTED..NetworkEvent.NETWORK_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY).forEach {
+            var networkEvent = NetworkEvent(it)
+            assertEquals(it, networkEvent.eventType)
+            assertEquals(0, networkEvent.durationMs)
+
+            networkEvent = NetworkEvent(it, Long.MAX_VALUE)
+            assertEquals(it, networkEvent.eventType)
+            assertEquals(Long.MAX_VALUE, networkEvent.durationMs)
+
+            assertParcelSane(networkEvent, 2)
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/common/java/android/net/metrics/RaEventTest.kt b/tests/common/java/android/net/metrics/RaEventTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d9b7203
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/common/java/android/net/metrics/RaEventTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net.metrics
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4
+import com.android.testutils.assertParcelSane
+import org.junit.Assert.assertEquals
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+
+private const val NO_LIFETIME: Long = -1L
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4::class)
+@SmallTest
+class RaEventTest {
+    @Test
+    fun testConstructorAndParcel() {
+        var raEvent = RaEvent.Builder().build()
+        assertEquals(NO_LIFETIME, raEvent.routerLifetime)
+        assertEquals(NO_LIFETIME, raEvent.prefixValidLifetime)
+        assertEquals(NO_LIFETIME, raEvent.prefixPreferredLifetime)
+        assertEquals(NO_LIFETIME, raEvent.routeInfoLifetime)
+        assertEquals(NO_LIFETIME, raEvent.rdnssLifetime)
+        assertEquals(NO_LIFETIME, raEvent.dnsslLifetime)
+
+        raEvent = RaEvent.Builder()
+                .updateRouterLifetime(1)
+                .updatePrefixValidLifetime(2)
+                .updatePrefixPreferredLifetime(3)
+                .updateRouteInfoLifetime(4)
+                .updateRdnssLifetime(5)
+                .updateDnsslLifetime(6)
+                .build()
+        assertEquals(1, raEvent.routerLifetime)
+        assertEquals(2, raEvent.prefixValidLifetime)
+        assertEquals(3, raEvent.prefixPreferredLifetime)
+        assertEquals(4, raEvent.routeInfoLifetime)
+        assertEquals(5, raEvent.rdnssLifetime)
+        assertEquals(6, raEvent.dnsslLifetime)
+
+        raEvent = RaEvent.Builder()
+                .updateRouterLifetime(Long.MIN_VALUE)
+                .updateRouterLifetime(Long.MAX_VALUE)
+                .build()
+        assertEquals(Long.MIN_VALUE, raEvent.routerLifetime)
+
+        raEvent = RaEvent(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
+        assertEquals(1, raEvent.routerLifetime)
+        assertEquals(2, raEvent.prefixValidLifetime)
+        assertEquals(3, raEvent.prefixPreferredLifetime)
+        assertEquals(4, raEvent.routeInfoLifetime)
+        assertEquals(5, raEvent.rdnssLifetime)
+        assertEquals(6, raEvent.dnsslLifetime)
+
+        assertParcelSane(raEvent, 6)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/common/java/android/net/metrics/ValidationProbeEventTest.kt b/tests/common/java/android/net/metrics/ValidationProbeEventTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..51c0d41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/common/java/android/net/metrics/ValidationProbeEventTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net.metrics
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4
+import com.android.testutils.assertParcelSane
+import java.lang.reflect.Modifier
+import org.junit.Assert.assertEquals
+import org.junit.Assert.assertTrue
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+
+private const val FIRST_VALIDATION: Int = 1 shl 8
+private const val REVALIDATION: Int = 2 shl 8
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4::class)
+@SmallTest
+class ValidationProbeEventTest {
+    private infix fun Int.hasType(type: Int) = (type and this) == type
+
+    @Test
+    fun testBuilderAndParcel() {
+        var validationProbeEvent = ValidationProbeEvent.Builder()
+                .setProbeType(ValidationProbeEvent.PROBE_DNS, false).build()
+
+        assertTrue(validationProbeEvent.probeType hasType REVALIDATION)
+
+        validationProbeEvent = ValidationProbeEvent.Builder()
+                .setDurationMs(Long.MAX_VALUE)
+                .setProbeType(ValidationProbeEvent.PROBE_DNS, true)
+                .setReturnCode(ValidationProbeEvent.DNS_SUCCESS)
+                .build()
+
+        assertEquals(Long.MAX_VALUE, validationProbeEvent.durationMs)
+        assertTrue(validationProbeEvent.probeType hasType ValidationProbeEvent.PROBE_DNS)
+        assertTrue(validationProbeEvent.probeType hasType FIRST_VALIDATION)
+        assertEquals(ValidationProbeEvent.DNS_SUCCESS, validationProbeEvent.returnCode)
+
+        assertParcelSane(validationProbeEvent, 3)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testGetProbeName() {
+        val probeFields = ValidationProbeEvent::class.java.declaredFields.filter {
+            it.type == Int::class.javaPrimitiveType
+              && Modifier.isPublic(it.modifiers) && Modifier.isStatic(it.modifiers)
+              && it.name.contains("PROBE")
+        }
+
+        probeFields.forEach {
+            val intValue = it.getInt(null)
+            val stringValue = ValidationProbeEvent.getProbeName(intValue)
+            assertEquals(it.name, stringValue)
+        }
+
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/common/java/android/net/netstats/NetworkStatsApiTest.kt b/tests/common/java/android/net/netstats/NetworkStatsApiTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7b22e45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/common/java/android/net/netstats/NetworkStatsApiTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net.netstats
+
+import android.net.NetworkStats
+import android.net.NetworkStats.DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO
+import android.net.NetworkStats.DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES
+import android.net.NetworkStats.Entry
+import android.net.NetworkStats.IFACE_VT
+import android.net.NetworkStats.METERED_NO
+import android.net.NetworkStats.METERED_YES
+import android.net.NetworkStats.ROAMING_NO
+import android.net.NetworkStats.ROAMING_YES
+import android.net.NetworkStats.SET_DEFAULT
+import android.net.NetworkStats.SET_FOREGROUND
+import android.net.NetworkStats.TAG_NONE
+import android.os.Build
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule
+import com.android.testutils.assertFieldCountEquals
+import com.android.testutils.assertNetworkStatsEquals
+import com.android.testutils.assertParcelingIsLossless
+import org.junit.Before
+import org.junit.Rule
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+import org.junit.runners.JUnit4
+import kotlin.test.assertEquals
+
+@RunWith(JUnit4::class)
+@SmallTest
+class NetworkStatsApiTest {
+    @Rule
+    @JvmField
+    val ignoreRule = DevSdkIgnoreRule(ignoreClassUpTo = Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
+
+    private val testStatsEmpty = NetworkStats(0L, 0)
+
+    // Note that these variables need to be initialized outside of constructor, initialize
+    // here with methods that don't exist in Q devices will result in crash.
+
+    // stats1 and stats2 will have some entries with common keys, which are expected to
+    // be merged if performing add on these 2 stats.
+    private lateinit var testStats1: NetworkStats
+    private lateinit var testStats2: NetworkStats
+
+    // This is a result of adding stats1 and stats2, while the merging of common key items is
+    // subject to test later, this should not be initialized with for a loop to add stats1
+    // and stats2 above.
+    private lateinit var testStats3: NetworkStats
+
+    companion object {
+        private const val TEST_IFACE = "test0"
+        private const val TEST_UID1 = 1001
+        private const val TEST_UID2 = 1002
+    }
+
+    @Before
+    fun setUp() {
+        testStats1 = NetworkStats(0L, 0)
+                // Entries which only appear in set1.
+                .addEntry(Entry(TEST_IFACE, TEST_UID1, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                        METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 20, 3, 57, 40, 3))
+                .addEntry(Entry(TEST_IFACE, TEST_UID1, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                        METERED_NO, ROAMING_YES, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 31, 7, 24, 5, 8))
+                .addEntry(Entry(TEST_IFACE, TEST_UID1, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                        METERED_YES, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 25, 3, 47, 8, 2))
+                .addEntry(Entry(TEST_IFACE, TEST_UID1, SET_FOREGROUND, TAG_NONE,
+                        METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 37, 52, 1, 10, 4))
+                // Entries which are common for set1 and set2.
+                .addEntry(Entry(TEST_IFACE, TEST_UID1, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                        METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 101, 2, 103, 4, 5))
+                .addEntry(Entry(TEST_IFACE, TEST_UID1, SET_DEFAULT, 0x80,
+                        METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 17, 2, 11, 1, 0))
+                .addEntry(Entry(TEST_IFACE, TEST_UID2, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                        METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 40, 1, 0, 0, 8))
+                .addEntry(Entry(IFACE_VT, TEST_UID1, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                        METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 3, 1, 6, 2, 0))
+        assertEquals(8, testStats1.size())
+
+        testStats2 = NetworkStats(0L, 0)
+                // Entries which are common for set1 and set2.
+                .addEntry(Entry(TEST_IFACE, TEST_UID1, SET_DEFAULT, 0x80,
+                        METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 3, 15, 2, 31, 1))
+                .addEntry(Entry(TEST_IFACE, TEST_UID1, SET_FOREGROUND, TAG_NONE,
+                        METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 13, 61, 10, 1, 45))
+                .addEntry(Entry(TEST_IFACE, TEST_UID2, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                        METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 11, 2, 3, 4, 7))
+                .addEntry(Entry(IFACE_VT, TEST_UID1, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                        METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0))
+                // Entry which only appears in set2.
+                .addEntry(Entry(IFACE_VT, TEST_UID2, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                        METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 2, 3, 7, 8, 0))
+        assertEquals(5, testStats2.size())
+
+        testStats3 = NetworkStats(0L, 9)
+                // Entries which are unique either in stats1 or stats2.
+                .addEntry(Entry(TEST_IFACE, TEST_UID1, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                        METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 101, 2, 103, 4, 5))
+                .addEntry(Entry(TEST_IFACE, TEST_UID1, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                        METERED_NO, ROAMING_YES, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 31, 7, 24, 5, 8))
+                .addEntry(Entry(TEST_IFACE, TEST_UID1, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                        METERED_YES, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 25, 3, 47, 8, 2))
+                .addEntry(Entry(IFACE_VT, TEST_UID2, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                        METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 2, 3, 7, 8, 0))
+                // Entries which are common for stats1 and stats2 are being merged.
+                .addEntry(Entry(TEST_IFACE, TEST_UID1, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                        METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 20, 3, 57, 40, 3))
+                .addEntry(Entry(TEST_IFACE, TEST_UID1, SET_DEFAULT, 0x80,
+                        METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 20, 17, 13, 32, 1))
+                .addEntry(Entry(TEST_IFACE, TEST_UID1, SET_FOREGROUND, TAG_NONE,
+                        METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 50, 113, 11, 11, 49))
+                .addEntry(Entry(TEST_IFACE, TEST_UID2, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                        METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 51, 3, 3, 4, 15))
+                .addEntry(Entry(IFACE_VT, TEST_UID1, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                        METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 7, 4, 8, 3, 0))
+        assertEquals(9, testStats3.size())
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testAddEntry() {
+        val expectedEntriesInStats2 = arrayOf(
+                Entry(TEST_IFACE, TEST_UID1, SET_DEFAULT, 0x80,
+                        METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 3, 15, 2, 31, 1),
+                Entry(TEST_IFACE, TEST_UID1, SET_FOREGROUND, TAG_NONE,
+                        METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 13, 61, 10, 1, 45),
+                Entry(TEST_IFACE, TEST_UID2, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                        METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 11, 2, 3, 4, 7),
+                Entry(IFACE_VT, TEST_UID1, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                        METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0),
+                Entry(IFACE_VT, TEST_UID2, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                        METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 2, 3, 7, 8, 0))
+
+        // While testStats* are already initialized with addEntry, verify content added
+        // matches expectation.
+        for (i in expectedEntriesInStats2.indices) {
+            val entry = testStats2.getValues(i, null)
+            assertEquals(expectedEntriesInStats2[i], entry)
+        }
+
+        // Verify entry updated with addEntry.
+        val stats = testStats2.addEntry(Entry(IFACE_VT, TEST_UID1, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 12, -5, 7, 0, 9))
+        assertEquals(Entry(IFACE_VT, TEST_UID1, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 16, -2, 9, 1, 9),
+                stats.getValues(3, null))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testAdd() {
+        var stats = NetworkStats(0L, 0)
+        assertNetworkStatsEquals(testStatsEmpty, stats)
+        stats = stats.add(testStats2)
+        assertNetworkStatsEquals(testStats2, stats)
+        stats = stats.add(testStats1)
+        // EMPTY + STATS2 + STATS1 = STATS3
+        assertNetworkStatsEquals(testStats3, stats)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testParcelUnparcel() {
+        assertParcelingIsLossless(testStatsEmpty)
+        assertParcelingIsLossless(testStats1)
+        assertParcelingIsLossless(testStats2)
+        assertFieldCountEquals(15, NetworkStats::class.java)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testDescribeContents() {
+        assertEquals(0, testStatsEmpty.describeContents())
+        assertEquals(0, testStats1.describeContents())
+        assertEquals(0, testStats2.describeContents())
+        assertEquals(0, testStats3.describeContents())
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testSubtract() {
+        // STATS3 - STATS2 = STATS1
+        assertNetworkStatsEquals(testStats1, testStats3.subtract(testStats2))
+        // STATS3 - STATS1 = STATS2
+        assertNetworkStatsEquals(testStats2, testStats3.subtract(testStats1))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testMethodsDontModifyReceiver() {
+        listOf(testStatsEmpty, testStats1, testStats2, testStats3).forEach {
+            val origStats = it.clone()
+            it.addEntry(Entry(TEST_IFACE, TEST_UID1, SET_FOREGROUND, TAG_NONE,
+                    METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 13, 61, 10, 1, 45))
+            it.add(testStats3)
+            it.subtract(testStats1)
+            assertNetworkStatsEquals(origStats, it)
+        }
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/common/java/android/net/util/SocketUtilsTest.kt b/tests/common/java/android/net/util/SocketUtilsTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aaf97f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/common/java/android/net/util/SocketUtilsTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net.util
+
+import android.os.Build
+import android.system.NetlinkSocketAddress
+import android.system.Os
+import android.system.OsConstants.AF_INET
+import android.system.OsConstants.ETH_P_ALL
+import android.system.OsConstants.IPPROTO_UDP
+import android.system.OsConstants.RTMGRP_NEIGH
+import android.system.OsConstants.SOCK_DGRAM
+import android.system.PacketSocketAddress
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo
+import org.junit.Assert.assertEquals
+import org.junit.Assert.assertFalse
+import org.junit.Assert.assertTrue
+import org.junit.Assert.fail
+import org.junit.Rule
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+
+private const val TEST_INDEX = 123
+private const val TEST_PORT = 555
+private const val FF_BYTE = 0xff.toByte()
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4::class)
+@SmallTest
+class SocketUtilsTest {
+    @Rule @JvmField
+    val ignoreRule = DevSdkIgnoreRule()
+
+    @Test
+    fun testMakeNetlinkSocketAddress() {
+        val nlAddress = SocketUtils.makeNetlinkSocketAddress(TEST_PORT, RTMGRP_NEIGH)
+        if (nlAddress is NetlinkSocketAddress) {
+            assertEquals(TEST_PORT, nlAddress.getPortId())
+            assertEquals(RTMGRP_NEIGH, nlAddress.getGroupsMask())
+        } else {
+            fail("Not NetlinkSocketAddress object")
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testMakePacketSocketAddress_Q() {
+        val pkAddress = SocketUtils.makePacketSocketAddress(ETH_P_ALL, TEST_INDEX)
+        assertTrue("Not PacketSocketAddress object", pkAddress is PacketSocketAddress)
+
+        val pkAddress2 = SocketUtils.makePacketSocketAddress(TEST_INDEX, ByteArray(6) { FF_BYTE })
+        assertTrue("Not PacketSocketAddress object", pkAddress2 is PacketSocketAddress)
+    }
+
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
+    fun testMakePacketSocketAddress() {
+        val pkAddress = SocketUtils.makePacketSocketAddress(
+                ETH_P_ALL, TEST_INDEX, ByteArray(6) { FF_BYTE })
+        assertTrue("Not PacketSocketAddress object", pkAddress is PacketSocketAddress)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testCloseSocket() {
+        // Expect no exception happening with null object.
+        SocketUtils.closeSocket(null)
+
+        val fd = Os.socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDP)
+        assertTrue(fd.valid())
+        SocketUtils.closeSocket(fd)
+        assertFalse(fd.valid())
+        // Expecting socket should be still invalid even closed socket again.
+        SocketUtils.closeSocket(fd)
+        assertFalse(fd.valid())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/deflake/Android.bp b/tests/deflake/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..58ece37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/deflake/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+//
+// Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+
+package {
+    // See: http://go/android-license-faq
+    // A large-scale-change added 'default_applicable_licenses' to import
+    // all of the 'license_kinds' from "frameworks_base_license"
+    // to get the below license kinds:
+    //   SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["frameworks_base_license"],
+}
+
+java_test_host {
+    name: "FrameworksNetDeflakeTest",
+    srcs: ["src/**/*.kt"],
+    libs: [
+        "junit",
+        "tradefed",
+    ],
+    static_libs: [
+        "kotlin-test",
+        "net-host-tests-utils",
+    ],
+    data: [":FrameworksNetTests"],
+    test_suites: ["device-tests"],
+}
diff --git a/tests/deflake/src/com/android/server/net/FrameworksNetDeflakeTest.kt b/tests/deflake/src/com/android/server/net/FrameworksNetDeflakeTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6285525
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/deflake/src/com/android/server/net/FrameworksNetDeflakeTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.net
+
+import com.android.testutils.host.DeflakeHostTestBase
+import com.android.tradefed.testtype.DeviceJUnit4ClassRunner
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+
+@RunWith(DeviceJUnit4ClassRunner::class)
+class FrameworksNetDeflakeTest: DeflakeHostTestBase() {
+    override val runCount = 20
+    override val testApkFilename = "FrameworksNetTests.apk"
+    override val testClasses = listOf("com.android.server.ConnectivityServiceTest")
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/integration/Android.bp b/tests/integration/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..39c424e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/integration/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+//
+// Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+
+package {
+    // See: http://go/android-license-faq
+    // A large-scale-change added 'default_applicable_licenses' to import
+    // all of the 'license_kinds' from "frameworks_base_license"
+    // to get the below license kinds:
+    //   SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["frameworks_base_license"],
+}
+
+android_test {
+    name: "FrameworksNetIntegrationTests",
+    defaults: ["framework-connectivity-test-defaults"],
+    platform_apis: true,
+    certificate: "platform",
+    srcs: [
+        "src/**/*.kt",
+        "src/**/*.aidl",
+    ],
+    libs: [
+        "android.test.mock",
+    ],
+    static_libs: [
+        "NetworkStackApiStableLib",
+        "androidx.test.ext.junit",
+        "frameworks-net-integration-testutils",
+        "kotlin-reflect",
+        "mockito-target-extended-minus-junit4",
+        "net-tests-utils",
+        "service-connectivity",
+        "services.core",
+        "services.net",
+        "testables",
+    ],
+    test_suites: ["device-tests"],
+    use_embedded_native_libs: true,
+    jni_libs: [
+        // For mockito extended
+        "libdexmakerjvmtiagent",
+        "libstaticjvmtiagent",
+        // android_library does not include JNI libs: include NetworkStack dependencies here
+        "libnativehelper_compat_libc++",
+        "libnetworkstackutilsjni",
+    ],
+}
+
+// Utilities for testing framework code both in integration and unit tests.
+java_library {
+    name: "frameworks-net-integration-testutils",
+    defaults: ["framework-connectivity-test-defaults"],
+    srcs: ["util/**/*.java", "util/**/*.kt"],
+    static_libs: [
+        "androidx.annotation_annotation",
+        "androidx.test.rules",
+        "junit",
+        "net-tests-utils",
+    ],
+    libs: [
+        "service-connectivity",
+        "services.core",
+        "services.net",
+    ],
+}
diff --git a/tests/integration/AndroidManifest.xml b/tests/integration/AndroidManifest.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2e13689
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/integration/AndroidManifest.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!--
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+-->
+
+<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
+     package="com.android.server.net.integrationtests">
+
+    <!-- For ConnectivityService registerReceiverAsUser (receiving broadcasts) -->
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERACT_ACROSS_USERS_FULL"/>
+    <!-- PermissionMonitor sets network permissions for each user -->
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.MANAGE_USERS"/>
+    <!-- ConnectivityService sends notifications to BatteryStats -->
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS"/>
+    <!-- Reading network status -->
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION"/>
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE"/>
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.NETWORK_FACTORY"/>
+    <!-- Obtain LinkProperties callbacks with sensitive fields -->
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS" />
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.NETWORK_STACK"/>
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.OBSERVE_NETWORK_POLICY"/>
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.READ_PRIVILEGED_PHONE_STATE"/>
+    <!-- Reading DeviceConfig flags -->
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.READ_DEVICE_CONFIG"/>
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.SCHEDULE_EXACT_ALARM"/>
+    <!-- Querying the resources package -->
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.QUERY_ALL_PACKAGES"/>
+    <application android:debuggable="true">
+        <uses-library android:name="android.test.runner"/>
+
+        <!-- This manifest is merged with the base manifest of the real NetworkStack app.
+                         Remove the NetworkStackService from the base (real) manifest, and replace with a test
+                         service that responds to the same intent -->
+        <service android:name=".TestNetworkStackService"
+             android:process="com.android.server.net.integrationtests.testnetworkstack"
+             android:exported="true">
+            <intent-filter>
+                <action android:name="android.net.INetworkStackConnector.Test"/>
+            </intent-filter>
+        </service>
+        <service android:name=".NetworkStackInstrumentationService"
+             android:process="com.android.server.net.integrationtests.testnetworkstack"
+             android:exported="true">
+            <intent-filter>
+                <action android:name=".INetworkStackInstrumentation"/>
+            </intent-filter>
+        </service>
+        <service android:name="com.android.server.connectivity.ipmemorystore.RegularMaintenanceJobService"
+             android:process="com.android.server.net.integrationtests.testnetworkstack"
+             android:permission="android.permission.BIND_JOB_SERVICE"/>
+
+    </application>
+
+    <instrumentation android:name="androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner"
+         android:targetPackage="com.android.server.net.integrationtests"
+         android:label="Frameworks Net Integration Tests"/>
+
+</manifest>
diff --git a/tests/integration/res/values/config.xml b/tests/integration/res/values/config.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2c8046f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/integration/res/values/config.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<resources>
+    <!--
+    Override configuration for testing. The below settings use the config_ variants, which are
+    normally used by RROs to override the setting with highest priority. -->
+    <integer name="config_captive_portal_dns_probe_timeout">12500</integer>
+    <string name="config_captive_portal_http_url" translatable="false">http://test.android.com</string>
+    <string name="config_captive_portal_https_url" translatable="false">https://secure.test.android.com</string>
+    <string-array name="config_captive_portal_fallback_urls" translatable="false">
+        <item>http://fallback1.android.com</item>
+        <item>http://fallback2.android.com</item>
+    </string-array>
+    <string-array name="config_captive_portal_fallback_probe_specs" translatable="false">
+    </string-array>
+</resources>
diff --git a/tests/integration/src/android/net/TestNetworkStackClient.kt b/tests/integration/src/android/net/TestNetworkStackClient.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..61ef5bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/integration/src/android/net/TestNetworkStackClient.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License
+ */
+
+package android.net
+
+import android.content.ComponentName
+import android.content.Context
+import android.content.Intent
+import android.net.networkstack.NetworkStackClientBase
+import android.os.IBinder
+import com.android.server.net.integrationtests.TestNetworkStackService
+import org.mockito.Mockito.any
+import org.mockito.Mockito.spy
+import org.mockito.Mockito.timeout
+import org.mockito.Mockito.verify
+import kotlin.test.fail
+
+const val TEST_ACTION_SUFFIX = ".Test"
+
+class TestNetworkStackClient(private val context: Context) : NetworkStackClientBase() {
+    // TODO: consider switching to TrackRecord for more expressive checks
+    private val lastCallbacks = HashMap<Network, INetworkMonitorCallbacks>()
+    private val moduleConnector = ConnectivityModuleConnector { _, action, _, _ ->
+        val intent = Intent(action)
+        val serviceName = TestNetworkStackService::class.qualifiedName
+                ?: fail("TestNetworkStackService name not found")
+        intent.component = ComponentName(context.packageName, serviceName)
+        return@ConnectivityModuleConnector intent
+    }.also { it.init(context) }
+
+    fun start() {
+        moduleConnector.startModuleService(
+                INetworkStackConnector::class.qualifiedName + TEST_ACTION_SUFFIX,
+                NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK) { connector ->
+            onNetworkStackConnected(INetworkStackConnector.Stub.asInterface(connector))
+        }
+    }
+
+    // base may be an instance of an inaccessible subclass, so non-spyable.
+    // Use a known open class that delegates to the original instance for all methods except
+    // asBinder. asBinder needs to use its own non-delegated implementation as otherwise it would
+    // return a binder token to a class that is not spied on.
+    open class NetworkMonitorCallbacksWrapper(private val base: INetworkMonitorCallbacks) :
+            INetworkMonitorCallbacks.Stub(), INetworkMonitorCallbacks by base {
+        // asBinder is implemented by both base class and delegate: specify explicitly
+        override fun asBinder(): IBinder {
+            return super.asBinder()
+        }
+    }
+
+    override fun makeNetworkMonitor(network: Network, name: String?, cb: INetworkMonitorCallbacks) {
+        val cbSpy = spy(NetworkMonitorCallbacksWrapper(cb))
+        lastCallbacks[network] = cbSpy
+        super.makeNetworkMonitor(network, name, cbSpy)
+    }
+
+    fun verifyNetworkMonitorCreated(network: Network, timeoutMs: Long) {
+        val cb = lastCallbacks[network]
+                ?: fail("NetworkMonitor for network $network not requested")
+        verify(cb, timeout(timeoutMs)).onNetworkMonitorCreated(any())
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/integration/src/com/android/server/net/integrationtests/ConnectivityServiceIntegrationTest.kt b/tests/integration/src/com/android/server/net/integrationtests/ConnectivityServiceIntegrationTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e039ef0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/integration/src/com/android/server/net/integrationtests/ConnectivityServiceIntegrationTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,257 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.net.integrationtests
+
+import android.app.usage.NetworkStatsManager
+import android.content.ComponentName
+import android.content.Context
+import android.content.Context.BIND_AUTO_CREATE
+import android.content.Context.BIND_IMPORTANT
+import android.content.Intent
+import android.content.ServiceConnection
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager
+import android.net.IDnsResolver
+import android.net.INetd
+import android.net.LinkProperties
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR
+import android.net.NetworkRequest
+import android.net.TestNetworkStackClient
+import android.net.Uri
+import android.net.metrics.IpConnectivityLog
+import android.os.ConditionVariable
+import android.os.IBinder
+import android.os.SystemConfigManager
+import android.os.UserHandle
+import android.testing.TestableContext
+import android.util.Log
+import androidx.test.ext.junit.runners.AndroidJUnit4
+import androidx.test.platform.app.InstrumentationRegistry
+import com.android.server.ConnectivityService
+import com.android.server.NetworkAgentWrapper
+import com.android.server.TestNetIdManager
+import com.android.server.connectivity.MockableSystemProperties
+import com.android.server.connectivity.ProxyTracker
+import com.android.testutils.TestableNetworkCallback
+import org.junit.After
+import org.junit.Before
+import org.junit.BeforeClass
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+import org.mockito.AdditionalAnswers
+import org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyString
+import org.mockito.Mock
+import org.mockito.Mockito.any
+import org.mockito.Mockito.anyInt
+import org.mockito.Mockito.doNothing
+import org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn
+import org.mockito.Mockito.eq
+import org.mockito.Mockito.mock
+import org.mockito.Mockito.spy
+import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations
+import org.mockito.Spy
+import kotlin.test.assertEquals
+import kotlin.test.assertFalse
+import kotlin.test.assertNotNull
+import kotlin.test.assertTrue
+import kotlin.test.fail
+
+const val SERVICE_BIND_TIMEOUT_MS = 5_000L
+const val TEST_TIMEOUT_MS = 10_000L
+
+/**
+ * Test that exercises an instrumented version of ConnectivityService against an instrumented
+ * NetworkStack in a different test process.
+ */
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4::class)
+class ConnectivityServiceIntegrationTest {
+    // lateinit used here for mocks as they need to be reinitialized between each test and the test
+    // should crash if they are used before being initialized.
+    @Mock
+    private lateinit var statsManager: NetworkStatsManager
+    @Mock
+    private lateinit var log: IpConnectivityLog
+    @Mock
+    private lateinit var netd: INetd
+    @Mock
+    private lateinit var dnsResolver: IDnsResolver
+    @Mock
+    private lateinit var systemConfigManager: SystemConfigManager
+    @Spy
+    private var context = TestableContext(realContext)
+
+    // lateinit for these three classes under test, as they should be reset to a different instance
+    // for every test but should always be initialized before use (or the test should crash).
+    private lateinit var networkStackClient: TestNetworkStackClient
+    private lateinit var service: ConnectivityService
+    private lateinit var cm: ConnectivityManager
+
+    companion object {
+        // lateinit for this binder token, as it must be initialized before any test code is run
+        // and use of it before init should crash the test.
+        private lateinit var nsInstrumentation: INetworkStackInstrumentation
+        private val bindingCondition = ConditionVariable(false)
+
+        private val realContext get() = InstrumentationRegistry.getInstrumentation().context
+        private val httpProbeUrl get() =
+            realContext.getResources().getString(R.string.config_captive_portal_http_url)
+        private val httpsProbeUrl get() =
+            realContext.getResources().getString(R.string.config_captive_portal_https_url)
+
+        private class InstrumentationServiceConnection : ServiceConnection {
+            override fun onServiceConnected(name: ComponentName?, service: IBinder?) {
+                Log.i("TestNetworkStack", "Service connected")
+                try {
+                    if (service == null) fail("Error binding to NetworkStack instrumentation")
+                    if (::nsInstrumentation.isInitialized) fail("Service already connected")
+                    nsInstrumentation = INetworkStackInstrumentation.Stub.asInterface(service)
+                } finally {
+                    bindingCondition.open()
+                }
+            }
+
+            override fun onServiceDisconnected(name: ComponentName?) = Unit
+        }
+
+        @BeforeClass
+        @JvmStatic
+        fun setUpClass() {
+            val intent = Intent(realContext, NetworkStackInstrumentationService::class.java)
+            intent.action = INetworkStackInstrumentation::class.qualifiedName
+            assertTrue(realContext.bindService(intent, InstrumentationServiceConnection(),
+                    BIND_AUTO_CREATE or BIND_IMPORTANT),
+                    "Error binding to instrumentation service")
+            assertTrue(bindingCondition.block(SERVICE_BIND_TIMEOUT_MS),
+                    "Timed out binding to instrumentation service " +
+                            "after $SERVICE_BIND_TIMEOUT_MS ms")
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Before
+    fun setUp() {
+        MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this)
+        val asUserCtx = mock(Context::class.java, AdditionalAnswers.delegatesTo<Context>(context))
+        doReturn(UserHandle.ALL).`when`(asUserCtx).user
+        doReturn(asUserCtx).`when`(context).createContextAsUser(eq(UserHandle.ALL), anyInt())
+        doNothing().`when`(context).sendStickyBroadcast(any(), any())
+        doReturn(Context.SYSTEM_CONFIG_SERVICE).`when`(context)
+                .getSystemServiceName(SystemConfigManager::class.java)
+        doReturn(systemConfigManager).`when`(context)
+                .getSystemService(Context.SYSTEM_CONFIG_SERVICE)
+        doReturn(IntArray(0)).`when`(systemConfigManager).getSystemPermissionUids(anyString())
+
+        networkStackClient = TestNetworkStackClient(realContext)
+        networkStackClient.start()
+
+        service = TestConnectivityService(makeDependencies())
+        cm = ConnectivityManager(context, service)
+        context.addMockSystemService(Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE, cm)
+        context.addMockSystemService(Context.NETWORK_STATS_SERVICE, statsManager)
+
+        service.systemReadyInternal()
+    }
+
+    private inner class TestConnectivityService(deps: Dependencies) : ConnectivityService(
+            context, dnsResolver, log, netd, deps)
+
+    private fun makeDependencies(): ConnectivityService.Dependencies {
+        val deps = spy(ConnectivityService.Dependencies())
+        doReturn(networkStackClient).`when`(deps).networkStack
+        doReturn(mock(ProxyTracker::class.java)).`when`(deps).makeProxyTracker(any(), any())
+        doReturn(mock(MockableSystemProperties::class.java)).`when`(deps).systemProperties
+        doReturn(TestNetIdManager()).`when`(deps).makeNetIdManager()
+        return deps
+    }
+
+    @After
+    fun tearDown() {
+        nsInstrumentation.clearAllState()
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testValidation() {
+        val request = NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .clearCapabilities()
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
+                .build()
+        val testCallback = TestableNetworkCallback()
+
+        cm.registerNetworkCallback(request, testCallback)
+        nsInstrumentation.addHttpResponse(HttpResponse(httpProbeUrl, responseCode = 204))
+        nsInstrumentation.addHttpResponse(HttpResponse(httpsProbeUrl, responseCode = 204))
+
+        val na = NetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, LinkProperties(), null /* ncTemplate */,
+                context)
+        networkStackClient.verifyNetworkMonitorCreated(na.network, TEST_TIMEOUT_MS)
+
+        na.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
+        na.connect()
+
+        testCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(na.network, TEST_TIMEOUT_MS)
+        assertEquals(2, nsInstrumentation.getRequestUrls().size)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testCapportApi() {
+        val request = NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .clearCapabilities()
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
+                .build()
+        val testCb = TestableNetworkCallback()
+        val apiUrl = "https://capport.android.com"
+
+        cm.registerNetworkCallback(request, testCb)
+        nsInstrumentation.addHttpResponse(HttpResponse(
+                apiUrl,
+                """
+                    |{
+                    |  "captive": true,
+                    |  "user-portal-url": "https://login.capport.android.com",
+                    |  "venue-info-url": "https://venueinfo.capport.android.com"
+                    |}
+                """.trimMargin()))
+
+        // Tests will fail if a non-mocked query is received: mock the HTTPS probe, but not the
+        // HTTP probe as it should not be sent.
+        // Even if the HTTPS probe succeeds, a portal should be detected as the API takes precedence
+        // in that case.
+        nsInstrumentation.addHttpResponse(HttpResponse(httpsProbeUrl, responseCode = 204))
+
+        val lp = LinkProperties()
+        lp.captivePortalApiUrl = Uri.parse(apiUrl)
+        val na = NetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, lp, null /* ncTemplate */, context)
+        networkStackClient.verifyNetworkMonitorCreated(na.network, TEST_TIMEOUT_MS)
+
+        na.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
+        na.connect()
+
+        testCb.expectAvailableCallbacks(na.network, validated = false, tmt = TEST_TIMEOUT_MS)
+
+        val capportData = testCb.expectLinkPropertiesThat(na, TEST_TIMEOUT_MS) {
+            it.captivePortalData != null
+        }.lp.captivePortalData
+        assertNotNull(capportData)
+        assertTrue(capportData.isCaptive)
+        assertEquals(Uri.parse("https://login.capport.android.com"), capportData.userPortalUrl)
+        assertEquals(Uri.parse("https://venueinfo.capport.android.com"), capportData.venueInfoUrl)
+
+        val nc = testCb.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL, na, TEST_TIMEOUT_MS)
+        assertFalse(nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED))
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/integration/src/com/android/server/net/integrationtests/HttpResponse.aidl b/tests/integration/src/com/android/server/net/integrationtests/HttpResponse.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9a2bcfe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/integration/src/com/android/server/net/integrationtests/HttpResponse.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.net.integrationtests;
+
+parcelable HttpResponse;
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/integration/src/com/android/server/net/integrationtests/HttpResponse.kt b/tests/integration/src/com/android/server/net/integrationtests/HttpResponse.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e206313
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/integration/src/com/android/server/net/integrationtests/HttpResponse.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.net.integrationtests
+
+import android.os.Parcel
+import android.os.Parcelable
+
+data class HttpResponse(
+    val requestUrl: String,
+    val responseCode: Int,
+    val content: String = "",
+    val redirectUrl: String? = null
+) : Parcelable {
+    constructor(p: Parcel): this(p.readString(), p.readInt(), p.readString(), p.readString())
+    constructor(requestUrl: String, contentBody: String): this(
+            requestUrl,
+            responseCode = 200,
+            content = contentBody,
+            redirectUrl = null)
+
+    override fun writeToParcel(dest: Parcel, flags: Int) {
+        with(dest) {
+            writeString(requestUrl)
+            writeInt(responseCode)
+            writeString(content)
+            writeString(redirectUrl)
+        }
+    }
+
+    override fun describeContents() = 0
+    companion object CREATOR : Parcelable.Creator<HttpResponse> {
+        override fun createFromParcel(source: Parcel) = HttpResponse(source)
+        override fun newArray(size: Int) = arrayOfNulls<HttpResponse?>(size)
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/integration/src/com/android/server/net/integrationtests/INetworkStackInstrumentation.aidl b/tests/integration/src/com/android/server/net/integrationtests/INetworkStackInstrumentation.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..efc58ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/integration/src/com/android/server/net/integrationtests/INetworkStackInstrumentation.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.net.integrationtests;
+
+import com.android.server.net.integrationtests.HttpResponse;
+
+interface INetworkStackInstrumentation {
+    void clearAllState();
+    void addHttpResponse(in HttpResponse response);
+    List<String> getRequestUrls();
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/integration/src/com/android/server/net/integrationtests/NetworkStackInstrumentationService.kt b/tests/integration/src/com/android/server/net/integrationtests/NetworkStackInstrumentationService.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e807952
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/integration/src/com/android/server/net/integrationtests/NetworkStackInstrumentationService.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.net.integrationtests
+
+import android.app.Service
+import android.content.Intent
+import java.net.URL
+import java.util.Collections
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentLinkedQueue
+import kotlin.collections.ArrayList
+import kotlin.test.fail
+
+/**
+ * An instrumentation interface for the NetworkStack that allows controlling behavior to
+ * facilitate integration tests.
+ */
+class NetworkStackInstrumentationService : Service() {
+    override fun onBind(intent: Intent) = InstrumentationConnector.asBinder()
+
+    object InstrumentationConnector : INetworkStackInstrumentation.Stub() {
+        private val httpResponses = ConcurrentHashMap<String, ConcurrentLinkedQueue<HttpResponse>>()
+                .run {
+                    withDefault { key -> getOrPut(key) { ConcurrentLinkedQueue() } }
+                }
+        private val httpRequestUrls = Collections.synchronizedList(ArrayList<String>())
+
+        /**
+         * Called when an HTTP request is being processed by NetworkMonitor. Returns the response
+         * that should be simulated.
+         */
+        fun processRequest(url: URL): HttpResponse {
+            val strUrl = url.toString()
+            httpRequestUrls.add(strUrl)
+            return httpResponses[strUrl]?.poll()
+                    ?: fail("No mocked response for request: $strUrl. " +
+                            "Mocked URL keys are: ${httpResponses.keys}")
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Clear all state of this connector. This is intended for use between two tests, so all
+         * state should be reset as if the connector was just created.
+         */
+        override fun clearAllState() {
+            httpResponses.clear()
+            httpRequestUrls.clear()
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Add a response to a future HTTP request.
+         *
+         * <p>For any subsequent HTTP/HTTPS query, the first response with a matching URL will be
+         * used to mock the query response.
+         *
+         * <p>All requests that are expected to be sent must have a mock response: if an unexpected
+         * request is seen, the test will fail.
+         */
+        override fun addHttpResponse(response: HttpResponse) {
+            httpResponses.getValue(response.requestUrl).add(response)
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Get the ordered list of request URLs that have been sent by NetworkMonitor, and were
+         * answered based on mock responses.
+         */
+        override fun getRequestUrls(): List<String> {
+            return ArrayList(httpRequestUrls)
+        }
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/integration/src/com/android/server/net/integrationtests/TestNetworkStackService.kt b/tests/integration/src/com/android/server/net/integrationtests/TestNetworkStackService.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eff6658
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/integration/src/com/android/server/net/integrationtests/TestNetworkStackService.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.net.integrationtests
+
+import android.app.Service
+import android.content.Context
+import android.content.Intent
+import android.net.INetworkMonitorCallbacks
+import android.net.Network
+import android.net.metrics.IpConnectivityLog
+import android.net.util.SharedLog
+import android.os.IBinder
+import com.android.networkstack.netlink.TcpSocketTracker
+import com.android.server.NetworkStackService
+import com.android.server.NetworkStackService.NetworkMonitorConnector
+import com.android.server.NetworkStackService.NetworkStackConnector
+import com.android.server.connectivity.NetworkMonitor
+import com.android.server.net.integrationtests.NetworkStackInstrumentationService.InstrumentationConnector
+import org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn
+import org.mockito.Mockito.mock
+import org.mockito.Mockito.spy
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream
+import java.net.HttpURLConnection
+import java.net.URL
+import java.net.URLConnection
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets
+
+private const val TEST_NETID = 42
+
+/**
+ * Android service that can return an [android.net.INetworkStackConnector] which can be instrumented
+ * through [NetworkStackInstrumentationService].
+ * Useful in tests to create test instrumented NetworkStack components that can receive
+ * instrumentation commands through [NetworkStackInstrumentationService].
+ */
+class TestNetworkStackService : Service() {
+    override fun onBind(intent: Intent): IBinder = TestNetworkStackConnector(makeTestContext())
+
+    private fun makeTestContext() = spy(applicationContext).also {
+        doReturn(mock(IBinder::class.java)).`when`(it).getSystemService(Context.NETD_SERVICE)
+    }
+
+    private class TestPermissionChecker : NetworkStackService.PermissionChecker() {
+        override fun enforceNetworkStackCallingPermission() = Unit
+    }
+
+    private class NetworkMonitorDeps(private val privateDnsBypassNetwork: Network) :
+            NetworkMonitor.Dependencies() {
+        override fun getPrivateDnsBypassNetwork(network: Network?) = privateDnsBypassNetwork
+    }
+
+    private inner class TestNetworkStackConnector(context: Context) : NetworkStackConnector(
+            context, TestPermissionChecker(), NetworkStackService.Dependencies()) {
+
+        private val network = Network(TEST_NETID)
+        private val privateDnsBypassNetwork = TestNetwork(TEST_NETID)
+
+        private inner class TestNetwork(netId: Int) : Network(netId) {
+            override fun openConnection(url: URL): URLConnection {
+                val response = InstrumentationConnector.processRequest(url)
+                val responseBytes = response.content.toByteArray(StandardCharsets.UTF_8)
+
+                val connection = mock(HttpURLConnection::class.java)
+                doReturn(response.responseCode).`when`(connection).responseCode
+                doReturn(responseBytes.size.toLong()).`when`(connection).contentLengthLong
+                doReturn(response.redirectUrl).`when`(connection).getHeaderField("location")
+                doReturn(ByteArrayInputStream(responseBytes)).`when`(connection).inputStream
+                return connection
+            }
+        }
+
+        override fun makeNetworkMonitor(
+            network: Network,
+            name: String?,
+            cb: INetworkMonitorCallbacks
+        ) {
+            val nm = NetworkMonitor(this@TestNetworkStackService, cb,
+                    this.network,
+                    mock(IpConnectivityLog::class.java), mock(SharedLog::class.java),
+                    mock(NetworkStackService.NetworkStackServiceManager::class.java),
+                    NetworkMonitorDeps(privateDnsBypassNetwork),
+                    mock(TcpSocketTracker::class.java))
+            cb.onNetworkMonitorCreated(NetworkMonitorConnector(nm, TestPermissionChecker()))
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/integration/util/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTestUtils.kt b/tests/integration/util/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTestUtils.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..165fd37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/integration/util/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTestUtils.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License
+ */
+
+@file:JvmName("ConnectivityServiceTestUtils")
+
+package com.android.server
+
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_BLUETOOTH
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_ETHERNET
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_NONE
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_TEST
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_VPN
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_BLUETOOTH
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_ETHERNET
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_TEST
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_VPN
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI
+
+fun transportToLegacyType(transport: Int) = when (transport) {
+    TRANSPORT_BLUETOOTH -> TYPE_BLUETOOTH
+    TRANSPORT_CELLULAR -> TYPE_MOBILE
+    TRANSPORT_ETHERNET -> TYPE_ETHERNET
+    TRANSPORT_TEST -> TYPE_TEST
+    TRANSPORT_VPN -> TYPE_VPN
+    TRANSPORT_WIFI -> TYPE_WIFI
+    else -> TYPE_NONE
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/integration/util/com/android/server/NetworkAgentWrapper.java b/tests/integration/util/com/android/server/NetworkAgentWrapper.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..17db179
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/integration/util/com/android/server/NetworkAgentWrapper.java
@@ -0,0 +1,388 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server;
+
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_ETHERNET;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_VPN;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI_AWARE;
+
+import static com.android.server.ConnectivityServiceTestUtils.transportToLegacyType;
+
+import static junit.framework.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
+import android.net.LinkProperties;
+import android.net.Network;
+import android.net.NetworkAgent;
+import android.net.NetworkAgentConfig;
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
+import android.net.NetworkProvider;
+import android.net.NetworkScore;
+import android.net.NetworkSpecifier;
+import android.net.QosFilter;
+import android.net.SocketKeepalive;
+import android.os.ConditionVariable;
+import android.os.HandlerThread;
+import android.os.Message;
+import android.util.Log;
+import android.util.Range;
+
+import com.android.net.module.util.ArrayTrackRecord;
+import com.android.testutils.HandlerUtils;
+import com.android.testutils.TestableNetworkCallback;
+
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+
+public class NetworkAgentWrapper implements TestableNetworkCallback.HasNetwork {
+    private final NetworkCapabilities mNetworkCapabilities;
+    private final HandlerThread mHandlerThread;
+    private final Context mContext;
+    private final String mLogTag;
+    private final NetworkAgentConfig mNetworkAgentConfig;
+
+    private final ConditionVariable mDisconnected = new ConditionVariable();
+    private final ConditionVariable mPreventReconnectReceived = new ConditionVariable();
+    private final AtomicBoolean mConnected = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+    private NetworkScore mScore;
+    private NetworkAgent mNetworkAgent;
+    private int mStartKeepaliveError = SocketKeepalive.ERROR_UNSUPPORTED;
+    private int mStopKeepaliveError = SocketKeepalive.NO_KEEPALIVE;
+    // Controls how test network agent is going to wait before responding to keepalive
+    // start/stop. Useful when simulate KeepaliveTracker is waiting for response from modem.
+    private long mKeepaliveResponseDelay = 0L;
+    private Integer mExpectedKeepaliveSlot = null;
+    private final ArrayTrackRecord<CallbackType>.ReadHead mCallbackHistory =
+            new ArrayTrackRecord<CallbackType>().newReadHead();
+
+    public NetworkAgentWrapper(int transport, LinkProperties linkProperties,
+            NetworkCapabilities ncTemplate, Context context) throws Exception {
+        final int type = transportToLegacyType(transport);
+        final String typeName = ConnectivityManager.getNetworkTypeName(type);
+        mNetworkCapabilities = (ncTemplate != null) ? ncTemplate : new NetworkCapabilities();
+        mNetworkCapabilities.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED);
+        mNetworkCapabilities.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED);
+        mNetworkCapabilities.addTransportType(transport);
+        switch (transport) {
+            case TRANSPORT_ETHERNET:
+                mScore = new NetworkScore.Builder().setLegacyInt(70).build();
+                break;
+            case TRANSPORT_WIFI:
+                mScore = new NetworkScore.Builder().setLegacyInt(60).build();
+                break;
+            case TRANSPORT_CELLULAR:
+                mScore = new NetworkScore.Builder().setLegacyInt(50).build();
+                break;
+            case TRANSPORT_WIFI_AWARE:
+                mScore = new NetworkScore.Builder().setLegacyInt(20).build();
+                break;
+            case TRANSPORT_VPN:
+                mNetworkCapabilities.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN);
+                // VPNs deduce the SUSPENDED capability from their underlying networks and there
+                // is no public API to let VPN services set it.
+                mNetworkCapabilities.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED);
+                mScore = new NetworkScore.Builder().setLegacyInt(101).build();
+                break;
+            default:
+                throw new UnsupportedOperationException("unimplemented network type");
+        }
+        mContext = context;
+        mLogTag = "Mock-" + typeName;
+        mHandlerThread = new HandlerThread(mLogTag);
+        mHandlerThread.start();
+
+        // extraInfo is set to "" by default in NetworkAgentConfig.
+        final String extraInfo = (transport == TRANSPORT_CELLULAR) ? "internet.apn" : "";
+        mNetworkAgentConfig = new NetworkAgentConfig.Builder()
+                .setLegacyType(type)
+                .setLegacyTypeName(typeName)
+                .setLegacyExtraInfo(extraInfo)
+                .build();
+        mNetworkAgent = makeNetworkAgent(linkProperties, mNetworkAgentConfig);
+    }
+
+    protected InstrumentedNetworkAgent makeNetworkAgent(LinkProperties linkProperties,
+            final NetworkAgentConfig nac) throws Exception {
+        return new InstrumentedNetworkAgent(this, linkProperties, nac);
+    }
+
+    public static class InstrumentedNetworkAgent extends NetworkAgent {
+        private final NetworkAgentWrapper mWrapper;
+        private static final String PROVIDER_NAME = "InstrumentedNetworkAgentProvider";
+
+        public InstrumentedNetworkAgent(NetworkAgentWrapper wrapper, LinkProperties lp,
+                NetworkAgentConfig nac) {
+            super(wrapper.mContext, wrapper.mHandlerThread.getLooper(), wrapper.mLogTag,
+                    wrapper.mNetworkCapabilities, lp, wrapper.mScore, nac,
+                    new NetworkProvider(wrapper.mContext, wrapper.mHandlerThread.getLooper(),
+                            PROVIDER_NAME));
+            mWrapper = wrapper;
+            register();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void unwanted() {
+            mWrapper.mDisconnected.open();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void startSocketKeepalive(Message msg) {
+            int slot = msg.arg1;
+            if (mWrapper.mExpectedKeepaliveSlot != null) {
+                assertEquals((int) mWrapper.mExpectedKeepaliveSlot, slot);
+            }
+            mWrapper.mHandlerThread.getThreadHandler().postDelayed(
+                    () -> onSocketKeepaliveEvent(slot, mWrapper.mStartKeepaliveError),
+                    mWrapper.mKeepaliveResponseDelay);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void stopSocketKeepalive(Message msg) {
+            final int slot = msg.arg1;
+            mWrapper.mHandlerThread.getThreadHandler().postDelayed(
+                    () -> onSocketKeepaliveEvent(slot, mWrapper.mStopKeepaliveError),
+                    mWrapper.mKeepaliveResponseDelay);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onQosCallbackRegistered(final int qosCallbackId,
+                final @NonNull QosFilter filter) {
+            Log.i(mWrapper.mLogTag, "onQosCallbackRegistered");
+            mWrapper.mCallbackHistory.add(
+                    new CallbackType.OnQosCallbackRegister(qosCallbackId, filter));
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onQosCallbackUnregistered(final int qosCallbackId) {
+            Log.i(mWrapper.mLogTag, "onQosCallbackUnregistered");
+            mWrapper.mCallbackHistory.add(new CallbackType.OnQosCallbackUnregister(qosCallbackId));
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected void preventAutomaticReconnect() {
+            mWrapper.mPreventReconnectReceived.open();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected void addKeepalivePacketFilter(Message msg) {
+            Log.i(mWrapper.mLogTag, "Add keepalive packet filter.");
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected void removeKeepalivePacketFilter(Message msg) {
+            Log.i(mWrapper.mLogTag, "Remove keepalive packet filter.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void setScore(@NonNull final NetworkScore score) {
+        mScore = score;
+        mNetworkAgent.sendNetworkScore(score);
+    }
+
+    public void adjustScore(int change) {
+        final int newLegacyScore = mScore.getLegacyInt() + change;
+        final NetworkScore.Builder builder = new NetworkScore.Builder()
+                .setLegacyInt(newLegacyScore);
+        if (mNetworkCapabilities.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI) && newLegacyScore < 50) {
+            builder.setExiting(true);
+        }
+        mScore = builder.build();
+        mNetworkAgent.sendNetworkScore(mScore);
+    }
+
+    public NetworkScore getScore() {
+        return mScore;
+    }
+
+    public void explicitlySelected(boolean explicitlySelected, boolean acceptUnvalidated) {
+        mNetworkAgent.explicitlySelected(explicitlySelected, acceptUnvalidated);
+    }
+
+    public void addCapability(int capability) {
+        mNetworkCapabilities.addCapability(capability);
+        mNetworkAgent.sendNetworkCapabilities(mNetworkCapabilities);
+    }
+
+    public void removeCapability(int capability) {
+        mNetworkCapabilities.removeCapability(capability);
+        mNetworkAgent.sendNetworkCapabilities(mNetworkCapabilities);
+    }
+
+    public void setUids(Set<Range<Integer>> uids) {
+        mNetworkCapabilities.setUids(uids);
+        mNetworkAgent.sendNetworkCapabilities(mNetworkCapabilities);
+    }
+
+    public void setSignalStrength(int signalStrength) {
+        mNetworkCapabilities.setSignalStrength(signalStrength);
+        mNetworkAgent.sendNetworkCapabilities(mNetworkCapabilities);
+    }
+
+    public void setNetworkSpecifier(NetworkSpecifier networkSpecifier) {
+        mNetworkCapabilities.setNetworkSpecifier(networkSpecifier);
+        mNetworkAgent.sendNetworkCapabilities(mNetworkCapabilities);
+    }
+
+    public void setNetworkCapabilities(NetworkCapabilities nc, boolean sendToConnectivityService) {
+        mNetworkCapabilities.set(nc);
+        if (sendToConnectivityService) {
+            mNetworkAgent.sendNetworkCapabilities(mNetworkCapabilities);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void connect() {
+        if (!mConnected.compareAndSet(false /* expect */, true /* update */)) {
+            // compareAndSet returns false when the value couldn't be updated because it did not
+            // match the expected value.
+            fail("Test NetworkAgents can only be connected once");
+        }
+        mNetworkAgent.markConnected();
+    }
+
+    public void suspend() {
+        removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED);
+    }
+
+    public void resume() {
+        addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED);
+    }
+
+    public void disconnect() {
+        mNetworkAgent.unregister();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Network getNetwork() {
+        return mNetworkAgent.getNetwork();
+    }
+
+    public void expectPreventReconnectReceived(long timeoutMs) {
+        assertTrue(mPreventReconnectReceived.block(timeoutMs));
+    }
+
+    public void expectDisconnected(long timeoutMs) {
+        assertTrue(mDisconnected.block(timeoutMs));
+    }
+
+    public void sendLinkProperties(LinkProperties lp) {
+        mNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
+    }
+
+    public void setStartKeepaliveEvent(int reason) {
+        mStartKeepaliveError = reason;
+    }
+
+    public void setStopKeepaliveEvent(int reason) {
+        mStopKeepaliveError = reason;
+    }
+
+    public void setKeepaliveResponseDelay(long delay) {
+        mKeepaliveResponseDelay = delay;
+    }
+
+    public void setExpectedKeepaliveSlot(Integer slot) {
+        mExpectedKeepaliveSlot = slot;
+    }
+
+    public NetworkAgent getNetworkAgent() {
+        return mNetworkAgent;
+    }
+
+    public NetworkCapabilities getNetworkCapabilities() {
+        return mNetworkCapabilities;
+    }
+
+    public int getLegacyType() {
+        return mNetworkAgentConfig.getLegacyType();
+    }
+
+    public String getExtraInfo() {
+        return mNetworkAgentConfig.getLegacyExtraInfo();
+    }
+
+    public @NonNull ArrayTrackRecord<CallbackType>.ReadHead getCallbackHistory() {
+        return mCallbackHistory;
+    }
+
+    public void waitForIdle(long timeoutMs) {
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandlerThread, timeoutMs);
+    }
+
+    abstract static class CallbackType {
+        final int mQosCallbackId;
+
+        protected CallbackType(final int qosCallbackId) {
+            mQosCallbackId = qosCallbackId;
+        }
+
+        static class OnQosCallbackRegister extends CallbackType {
+            final QosFilter mFilter;
+            OnQosCallbackRegister(final int qosCallbackId, final QosFilter filter) {
+                super(qosCallbackId);
+                mFilter = filter;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public boolean equals(final Object o) {
+                if (this == o) return true;
+                if (o == null || getClass() != o.getClass()) return false;
+                final OnQosCallbackRegister that = (OnQosCallbackRegister) o;
+                return mQosCallbackId == that.mQosCallbackId
+                        && Objects.equals(mFilter, that.mFilter);
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public int hashCode() {
+                return Objects.hash(mQosCallbackId, mFilter);
+            }
+        }
+
+        static class OnQosCallbackUnregister extends CallbackType {
+            OnQosCallbackUnregister(final int qosCallbackId) {
+                super(qosCallbackId);
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public boolean equals(final Object o) {
+                if (this == o) return true;
+                if (o == null || getClass() != o.getClass()) return false;
+                final OnQosCallbackUnregister that = (OnQosCallbackUnregister) o;
+                return mQosCallbackId == that.mQosCallbackId;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public int hashCode() {
+                return Objects.hash(mQosCallbackId);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public boolean isBypassableVpn() {
+        return mNetworkAgentConfig.isBypassableVpn();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/integration/util/com/android/server/TestNetIdManager.kt b/tests/integration/util/com/android/server/TestNetIdManager.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..938a694
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/integration/util/com/android/server/TestNetIdManager.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License
+ */
+
+package com.android.server
+
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger
+
+/**
+ * A [NetIdManager] that generates ID starting from [NetIdManager.MAX_NET_ID] and decreasing, rather
+ * than starting from [NetIdManager.MIN_NET_ID] and increasing.
+ *
+ * Useful for testing ConnectivityService, to minimize the risk of test ConnectivityService netIDs
+ * overlapping with netIDs used by the real ConnectivityService on the device.
+ *
+ * IDs may still overlap if many networks have been used on the device (so the "real" netIDs
+ * are close to MAX_NET_ID), but this is typically not the case when running unit tests. Also, there
+ * is no way to fully solve the overlap issue without altering ID allocation in non-test code, as
+ * the real ConnectivityService could start using netIds that have been used by the test in the
+ * past.
+ */
+class TestNetIdManager : NetIdManager() {
+    private val nextId = AtomicInteger(MAX_NET_ID)
+    override fun reserveNetId() = nextId.decrementAndGet()
+    override fun releaseNetId(id: Int) = Unit
+    fun peekNextNetId() = nextId.get() - 1
+}
diff --git a/tests/smoketest/Android.bp b/tests/smoketest/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1535f3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/smoketest/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+// This test exists only because the jni_libs list for these tests is difficult to
+// maintain: the test itself only depends on libnetworkstatsfactorytestjni, but the test
+// fails to load that library unless *all* the dependencies of that library are explicitly
+// listed in jni_libs. This means that whenever any of the dependencies changes the test
+// starts failing and breaking presubmits in frameworks/base. We cannot easily put
+// FrameworksNetTests into global presubmit because they are at times flaky, but this
+// test is effectively empty beyond validating that the libraries load correctly, and
+// thus should be stable enough to put in global presubmit.
+//
+// TODO: remove this hack when there is a better solution for jni_libs that includes
+// dependent libraries.
+package {
+    // See: http://go/android-license-faq
+    // A large-scale-change added 'default_applicable_licenses' to import
+    // all of the 'license_kinds' from "frameworks_base_license"
+    // to get the below license kinds:
+    //   SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["frameworks_base_license"],
+}
+
+android_test {
+    name: "FrameworksNetSmokeTests",
+    defaults: ["FrameworksNetTests-jni-defaults"],
+    srcs: ["java/SmokeTest.java"],
+    test_suites: ["device-tests"],
+    static_libs: [
+        "androidx.test.rules",
+        "mockito-target-minus-junit4",
+        "services.core",
+    ],
+}
diff --git a/tests/smoketest/AndroidManifest.xml b/tests/smoketest/AndroidManifest.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f1b9feb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/smoketest/AndroidManifest.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!-- Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+
+     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+     You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+     limitations under the License.
+-->
+
+<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
+        package="com.android.frameworks.tests.net.smoketest">
+    <application>
+        <uses-library android:name="android.test.runner" />
+    </application>
+
+    <instrumentation
+        android:name="androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner"
+        android:targetPackage="com.android.frameworks.tests.net.smoketest"
+        android:label="Frameworks Networking Smoke Tests" />
+</manifest>
diff --git a/tests/smoketest/AndroidTest.xml b/tests/smoketest/AndroidTest.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ac366e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/smoketest/AndroidTest.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!-- Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+
+     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+     You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+     limitations under the License.
+-->
+<configuration description="Runs Frameworks Networking Smoke Tests.">
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.TestAppInstallSetup">
+        <option name="test-file-name" value="FrameworksNetSmokeTests.apk" />
+    </target_preparer>
+
+    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct" />
+    <option name="test-tag" value="FrameworksNetSmokeTests" />
+    <test class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.AndroidJUnitTest" >
+        <option name="package" value="com.android.frameworks.tests.net.smoketest" />
+        <option name="runner" value="androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner" />
+        <option name="hidden-api-checks" value="false"/>
+    </test>
+</configuration>
diff --git a/tests/smoketest/java/SmokeTest.java b/tests/smoketest/java/SmokeTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7d6655f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/smoketest/java/SmokeTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.net;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.junit.runners.JUnit4;
+
+@RunWith(JUnit4.class)
+public final class SmokeTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadJni() {
+        System.loadLibrary("networkstatsfactorytestjni");
+        assertEquals(0, 0x00);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/Android.bp b/tests/unit/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6f503ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+//########################################################################
+// Build FrameworksNetTests package
+//########################################################################
+package {
+    // See: http://go/android-license-faq
+    // A large-scale-change added 'default_applicable_licenses' to import
+    // all of the 'license_kinds' from "frameworks_base_license"
+    // to get the below license kinds:
+    //   SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["frameworks_base_license"],
+}
+
+java_defaults {
+    name: "FrameworksNetTests-jni-defaults",
+    jni_libs: [
+        "ld-android",
+        "libbacktrace",
+        "libbase",
+        "libbinder",
+        "libbpf",
+        "libbpf_android",
+        "libc++",
+        "libcgrouprc",
+        "libcrypto",
+        "libcutils",
+        "libdl_android",
+        "libhidl-gen-utils",
+        "libhidlbase",
+        "libjsoncpp",
+        "liblog",
+        "liblzma",
+        "libnativehelper",
+        "libnetdbpf",
+        "libnetdutils",
+        "libnetworkstatsfactorytestjni",
+        "libpackagelistparser",
+        "libpcre2",
+        "libprocessgroup",
+        "libselinux",
+        "libtinyxml2",
+        "libui",
+        "libunwindstack",
+        "libutils",
+        "libutilscallstack",
+        "libvndksupport",
+        "libziparchive",
+        "libz",
+        "netd_aidl_interface-V5-cpp",
+    ],
+}
+
+android_test {
+    name: "FrameworksNetTests",
+    defaults: [
+        "framework-connectivity-test-defaults",
+        "FrameworksNetTests-jni-defaults",
+    ],
+    srcs: [
+        "java/**/*.java",
+        "java/**/*.kt",
+    ],
+    test_suites: ["device-tests"],
+    certificate: "platform",
+    jarjar_rules: "jarjar-rules.txt",
+    static_libs: [
+        "androidx.test.rules",
+        "bouncycastle-repackaged-unbundled",
+        "FrameworksNetCommonTests",
+        "frameworks-base-testutils",
+        "frameworks-net-integration-testutils",
+        "framework-protos",
+        "mockito-target-minus-junit4",
+        "net-tests-utils",
+        "platform-test-annotations",
+        "service-connectivity-pre-jarjar",
+        "services.core",
+        "services.net",
+    ],
+    libs: [
+        "android.net.ipsec.ike.stubs.module_lib",
+        "android.test.runner",
+        "android.test.base",
+        "android.test.mock",
+        "ServiceConnectivityResources",
+    ],
+    jni_libs: [
+        "libservice-connectivity",
+    ],
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/AndroidManifest.xml b/tests/unit/AndroidManifest.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4c60ccf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/AndroidManifest.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!-- Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
+
+     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+     You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+     limitations under the License.
+-->
+
+<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
+        package="com.android.frameworks.tests.net">
+
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.READ_LOGS" />
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.WRITE_SETTINGS" />
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.WRITE_SECURE_SETTINGS" />
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.READ_PHONE_STATE" />
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE" />
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.BROADCAST_STICKY" />
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.WRITE_SECURE_SETTINGS" />
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS" />
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.MANAGE_APP_TOKENS" />
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.WAKE_LOCK" />
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERACT_ACROSS_USERS" />
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.REAL_GET_TASKS" />
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.GET_DETAILED_TASKS" />
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.MANAGE_NETWORK_POLICY" />
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.READ_NETWORK_USAGE_HISTORY" />
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS" />
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_WIFI_STATE" />
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.MANAGE_USERS" />
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERACT_ACROSS_USERS_FULL" />
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.MANAGE_DEVICE_ADMINS" />
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.MODIFY_PHONE_STATE" />
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET" />
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE" />
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.PACKET_KEEPALIVE_OFFLOAD" />
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.GET_INTENT_SENDER_INTENT" />
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.MANAGE_ACTIVITY_TASKS" />
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INSTALL_PACKAGES" />
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.NETWORK_STACK" />
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.OBSERVE_NETWORK_POLICY" />
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.NETWORK_FACTORY" />
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.NETWORK_STATS_PROVIDER" />
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.CONTROL_OEM_PAID_NETWORK_PREFERENCE" />
+
+    <application>
+        <uses-library android:name="android.test.runner" />
+        <uses-library android:name="android.net.ipsec.ike" />
+    </application>
+
+    <instrumentation
+        android:name="androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner"
+        android:targetPackage="com.android.frameworks.tests.net"
+        android:label="Frameworks Networking Tests" />
+</manifest>
diff --git a/tests/unit/AndroidTest.xml b/tests/unit/AndroidTest.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..939ae49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/AndroidTest.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!-- Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+
+     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+     You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+     limitations under the License.
+-->
+<configuration description="Runs Frameworks Networking Tests.">
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.TestAppInstallSetup">
+        <option name="test-file-name" value="FrameworksNetTests.apk" />
+    </target_preparer>
+
+    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct" />
+    <option name="test-tag" value="FrameworksNetTests" />
+    <test class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.AndroidJUnitTest" >
+        <option name="package" value="com.android.frameworks.tests.net" />
+        <option name="runner" value="androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner" />
+        <option name="hidden-api-checks" value="false"/>
+    </test>
+</configuration>
diff --git a/tests/unit/jarjar-rules.txt b/tests/unit/jarjar-rules.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ca88672
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/jarjar-rules.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# Module library in frameworks/libs/net
+rule com.android.net.module.util.** android.net.frameworktests.util.@1
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/app/usage/NetworkStatsManagerTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/app/usage/NetworkStatsManagerTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..899295a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/app/usage/NetworkStatsManagerTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.app.usage;
+
+import static junit.framework.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static junit.framework.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static junit.framework.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyInt;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyLong;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyString;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.argThat;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
+import android.net.INetworkStatsService;
+import android.net.INetworkStatsSession;
+import android.net.NetworkStats.Entry;
+import android.net.NetworkStatsHistory;
+import android.net.NetworkTemplate;
+import android.os.RemoteException;
+
+import androidx.test.InstrumentationRegistry;
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
+import org.mockito.invocation.InvocationOnMock;
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@SmallTest
+public class NetworkStatsManagerTest {
+
+    private @Mock INetworkStatsService mService;
+    private @Mock INetworkStatsSession mStatsSession;
+
+    private NetworkStatsManager mManager;
+
+    // TODO: change to NetworkTemplate.MATCH_MOBILE once internal constant rename is merged to aosp.
+    private static final int MATCH_MOBILE_ALL = 1;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() {
+        MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
+        mManager = new NetworkStatsManager(InstrumentationRegistry.getContext(), mService);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testQueryDetails() throws RemoteException {
+        final String subscriberId = "subid";
+        final long startTime = 1;
+        final long endTime = 100;
+        final int uid1 = 10001;
+        final int uid2 = 10002;
+        final int uid3 = 10003;
+
+        Entry uid1Entry1 = new Entry("if1", uid1,
+                android.net.NetworkStats.SET_DEFAULT, android.net.NetworkStats.TAG_NONE,
+                100, 10, 200, 20, 0);
+
+        Entry uid1Entry2 = new Entry(
+                "if2", uid1,
+                android.net.NetworkStats.SET_DEFAULT, android.net.NetworkStats.TAG_NONE,
+                100, 10, 200, 20, 0);
+
+        Entry uid2Entry1 = new Entry("if1", uid2,
+                android.net.NetworkStats.SET_DEFAULT, android.net.NetworkStats.TAG_NONE,
+                150, 10, 250, 20, 0);
+
+        Entry uid2Entry2 = new Entry(
+                "if2", uid2,
+                android.net.NetworkStats.SET_DEFAULT, android.net.NetworkStats.TAG_NONE,
+                150, 10, 250, 20, 0);
+
+        NetworkStatsHistory history1 = new NetworkStatsHistory(10, 2);
+        history1.recordData(10, 20, uid1Entry1);
+        history1.recordData(20, 30, uid1Entry2);
+
+        NetworkStatsHistory history2 = new NetworkStatsHistory(10, 2);
+        history1.recordData(30, 40, uid2Entry1);
+        history1.recordData(35, 45, uid2Entry2);
+
+
+        when(mService.openSessionForUsageStats(anyInt(), anyString())).thenReturn(mStatsSession);
+        when(mStatsSession.getRelevantUids()).thenReturn(new int[] { uid1, uid2, uid3 });
+
+        when(mStatsSession.getHistoryIntervalForUid(any(NetworkTemplate.class),
+                eq(uid1), eq(android.net.NetworkStats.SET_ALL),
+                eq(android.net.NetworkStats.TAG_NONE),
+                eq(NetworkStatsHistory.FIELD_ALL), eq(startTime), eq(endTime)))
+                .then((InvocationOnMock inv) -> {
+                    NetworkTemplate template = inv.getArgument(0);
+                    assertEquals(MATCH_MOBILE_ALL, template.getMatchRule());
+                    assertEquals(subscriberId, template.getSubscriberId());
+                    return history1;
+                });
+
+        when(mStatsSession.getHistoryIntervalForUid(any(NetworkTemplate.class),
+                eq(uid2), eq(android.net.NetworkStats.SET_ALL),
+                eq(android.net.NetworkStats.TAG_NONE),
+                eq(NetworkStatsHistory.FIELD_ALL), eq(startTime), eq(endTime)))
+                .then((InvocationOnMock inv) -> {
+                    NetworkTemplate template = inv.getArgument(0);
+                    assertEquals(MATCH_MOBILE_ALL, template.getMatchRule());
+                    assertEquals(subscriberId, template.getSubscriberId());
+                    return history2;
+                });
+
+
+        NetworkStats stats = mManager.queryDetails(
+                ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE, subscriberId, startTime, endTime);
+
+        NetworkStats.Bucket bucket = new NetworkStats.Bucket();
+
+        // First 2 buckets exactly match entry timings
+        assertTrue(stats.getNextBucket(bucket));
+        assertEquals(10, bucket.getStartTimeStamp());
+        assertEquals(20, bucket.getEndTimeStamp());
+        assertBucketMatches(uid1Entry1, bucket);
+
+        assertTrue(stats.getNextBucket(bucket));
+        assertEquals(20, bucket.getStartTimeStamp());
+        assertEquals(30, bucket.getEndTimeStamp());
+        assertBucketMatches(uid1Entry2, bucket);
+
+        // 30 -> 40: contains uid2Entry1 and half of uid2Entry2
+        assertTrue(stats.getNextBucket(bucket));
+        assertEquals(30, bucket.getStartTimeStamp());
+        assertEquals(40, bucket.getEndTimeStamp());
+        assertEquals(225, bucket.getRxBytes());
+        assertEquals(15, bucket.getRxPackets());
+        assertEquals(375, bucket.getTxBytes());
+        assertEquals(30, bucket.getTxPackets());
+
+        // 40 -> 50: contains half of uid2Entry2
+        assertTrue(stats.getNextBucket(bucket));
+        assertEquals(40, bucket.getStartTimeStamp());
+        assertEquals(50, bucket.getEndTimeStamp());
+        assertEquals(75, bucket.getRxBytes());
+        assertEquals(5, bucket.getRxPackets());
+        assertEquals(125, bucket.getTxBytes());
+        assertEquals(10, bucket.getTxPackets());
+
+        assertFalse(stats.hasNextBucket());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testQueryDetails_NoSubscriberId() throws RemoteException {
+        final long startTime = 1;
+        final long endTime = 100;
+        final int uid1 = 10001;
+        final int uid2 = 10002;
+
+        when(mService.openSessionForUsageStats(anyInt(), anyString())).thenReturn(mStatsSession);
+        when(mStatsSession.getRelevantUids()).thenReturn(new int[] { uid1, uid2 });
+
+        NetworkStats stats = mManager.queryDetails(
+                ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE, null, startTime, endTime);
+
+        when(mStatsSession.getHistoryIntervalForUid(any(NetworkTemplate.class),
+                anyInt(), anyInt(), anyInt(), anyInt(), anyLong(), anyLong()))
+                .thenReturn(new NetworkStatsHistory(10, 0));
+
+        verify(mStatsSession, times(1)).getHistoryIntervalForUid(
+                argThat((NetworkTemplate t) ->
+                        // No subscriberId: MATCH_MOBILE_WILDCARD template
+                        t.getMatchRule() == NetworkTemplate.MATCH_MOBILE_WILDCARD),
+                eq(uid1), eq(android.net.NetworkStats.SET_ALL),
+                eq(android.net.NetworkStats.TAG_NONE),
+                eq(NetworkStatsHistory.FIELD_ALL), eq(startTime), eq(endTime));
+
+        verify(mStatsSession, times(1)).getHistoryIntervalForUid(
+                argThat((NetworkTemplate t) ->
+                        // No subscriberId: MATCH_MOBILE_WILDCARD template
+                        t.getMatchRule() == NetworkTemplate.MATCH_MOBILE_WILDCARD),
+                eq(uid2), eq(android.net.NetworkStats.SET_ALL),
+                eq(android.net.NetworkStats.TAG_NONE),
+                eq(NetworkStatsHistory.FIELD_ALL), eq(startTime), eq(endTime));
+
+        assertFalse(stats.hasNextBucket());
+    }
+
+    private void assertBucketMatches(Entry expected, NetworkStats.Bucket actual) {
+        assertEquals(expected.uid, actual.getUid());
+        assertEquals(expected.rxBytes, actual.getRxBytes());
+        assertEquals(expected.rxPackets, actual.getRxPackets());
+        assertEquals(expected.txBytes, actual.getTxBytes());
+        assertEquals(expected.txPackets, actual.getTxPackets());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/ConnectivityDiagnosticsManagerTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/ConnectivityDiagnosticsManagerTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..06e9405
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/ConnectivityDiagnosticsManagerTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,384 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net;
+
+import static android.net.ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.ConnectivityDiagnosticsBinder;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.ConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.ConnectivityReport;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.DataStallReport;
+
+import static com.android.testutils.ParcelUtils.assertParcelSane;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verifyNoMoreInteractions;
+
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.os.PersistableBundle;
+
+import androidx.test.InstrumentationRegistry;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.junit.runners.JUnit4;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+
+import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
+
+@RunWith(JUnit4.class)
+public class ConnectivityDiagnosticsManagerTest {
+    private static final int NET_ID = 1;
+    private static final int DETECTION_METHOD = 2;
+    private static final long TIMESTAMP = 10L;
+    private static final String INTERFACE_NAME = "interface";
+    private static final String BUNDLE_KEY = "key";
+    private static final String BUNDLE_VALUE = "value";
+
+    private static final Executor INLINE_EXECUTOR = x -> x.run();
+
+    @Mock private IConnectivityManager mService;
+    @Mock private ConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback mCb;
+
+    private Context mContext;
+    private ConnectivityDiagnosticsBinder mBinder;
+    private ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager mManager;
+
+    private String mPackageName;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() {
+        mContext = InstrumentationRegistry.getContext();
+
+        mService = mock(IConnectivityManager.class);
+        mCb = mock(ConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback.class);
+
+        mBinder = new ConnectivityDiagnosticsBinder(mCb, INLINE_EXECUTOR);
+        mManager = new ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager(mContext, mService);
+
+        mPackageName = mContext.getOpPackageName();
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() {
+        // clear ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager callbacks map
+        ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.sCallbacks.clear();
+    }
+
+    private ConnectivityReport createSampleConnectivityReport() {
+        final LinkProperties linkProperties = new LinkProperties();
+        linkProperties.setInterfaceName(INTERFACE_NAME);
+
+        final NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        networkCapabilities.addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_IMS);
+
+        final PersistableBundle bundle = new PersistableBundle();
+        bundle.putString(BUNDLE_KEY, BUNDLE_VALUE);
+
+        return new ConnectivityReport(
+                new Network(NET_ID), TIMESTAMP, linkProperties, networkCapabilities, bundle);
+    }
+
+    private ConnectivityReport createDefaultConnectivityReport() {
+        return new ConnectivityReport(
+                new Network(0),
+                0L,
+                new LinkProperties(),
+                new NetworkCapabilities(),
+                PersistableBundle.EMPTY);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPersistableBundleEquals() {
+        assertFalse(
+                ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.persistableBundleEquals(
+                        null, PersistableBundle.EMPTY));
+        assertFalse(
+                ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.persistableBundleEquals(
+                        PersistableBundle.EMPTY, null));
+        assertTrue(
+                ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.persistableBundleEquals(
+                        PersistableBundle.EMPTY, PersistableBundle.EMPTY));
+
+        final PersistableBundle a = new PersistableBundle();
+        a.putString(BUNDLE_KEY, BUNDLE_VALUE);
+
+        final PersistableBundle b = new PersistableBundle();
+        b.putString(BUNDLE_KEY, BUNDLE_VALUE);
+
+        final PersistableBundle c = new PersistableBundle();
+        c.putString(BUNDLE_KEY, null);
+
+        assertFalse(
+                ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.persistableBundleEquals(PersistableBundle.EMPTY, a));
+        assertFalse(
+                ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.persistableBundleEquals(a, PersistableBundle.EMPTY));
+
+        assertTrue(ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.persistableBundleEquals(a, b));
+        assertTrue(ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.persistableBundleEquals(b, a));
+
+        assertFalse(ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.persistableBundleEquals(a, c));
+        assertFalse(ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.persistableBundleEquals(c, a));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConnectivityReportEquals() {
+        final ConnectivityReport defaultReport = createDefaultConnectivityReport();
+        final ConnectivityReport sampleReport = createSampleConnectivityReport();
+        assertEquals(sampleReport, createSampleConnectivityReport());
+        assertEquals(defaultReport, createDefaultConnectivityReport());
+
+        final LinkProperties linkProperties = sampleReport.getLinkProperties();
+        final NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities = sampleReport.getNetworkCapabilities();
+        final PersistableBundle bundle = sampleReport.getAdditionalInfo();
+
+        assertNotEquals(
+                createDefaultConnectivityReport(),
+                new ConnectivityReport(
+                        new Network(NET_ID),
+                        0L,
+                        new LinkProperties(),
+                        new NetworkCapabilities(),
+                        PersistableBundle.EMPTY));
+        assertNotEquals(
+                createDefaultConnectivityReport(),
+                new ConnectivityReport(
+                        new Network(0),
+                        TIMESTAMP,
+                        new LinkProperties(),
+                        new NetworkCapabilities(),
+                        PersistableBundle.EMPTY));
+        assertNotEquals(
+                createDefaultConnectivityReport(),
+                new ConnectivityReport(
+                        new Network(0),
+                        0L,
+                        linkProperties,
+                        new NetworkCapabilities(),
+                        PersistableBundle.EMPTY));
+        assertNotEquals(
+                createDefaultConnectivityReport(),
+                new ConnectivityReport(
+                        new Network(0),
+                        TIMESTAMP,
+                        new LinkProperties(),
+                        networkCapabilities,
+                        PersistableBundle.EMPTY));
+        assertNotEquals(
+                createDefaultConnectivityReport(),
+                new ConnectivityReport(
+                        new Network(0),
+                        TIMESTAMP,
+                        new LinkProperties(),
+                        new NetworkCapabilities(),
+                        bundle));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConnectivityReportParcelUnparcel() {
+        assertParcelSane(createSampleConnectivityReport(), 5);
+    }
+
+    private DataStallReport createSampleDataStallReport() {
+        final LinkProperties linkProperties = new LinkProperties();
+        linkProperties.setInterfaceName(INTERFACE_NAME);
+
+        final PersistableBundle bundle = new PersistableBundle();
+        bundle.putString(BUNDLE_KEY, BUNDLE_VALUE);
+
+        final NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        networkCapabilities.addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_IMS);
+
+        return new DataStallReport(
+                new Network(NET_ID),
+                TIMESTAMP,
+                DETECTION_METHOD,
+                linkProperties,
+                networkCapabilities,
+                bundle);
+    }
+
+    private DataStallReport createDefaultDataStallReport() {
+        return new DataStallReport(
+                new Network(0),
+                0L,
+                0,
+                new LinkProperties(),
+                new NetworkCapabilities(),
+                PersistableBundle.EMPTY);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDataStallReportEquals() {
+        final DataStallReport defaultReport = createDefaultDataStallReport();
+        final DataStallReport sampleReport = createSampleDataStallReport();
+        assertEquals(sampleReport, createSampleDataStallReport());
+        assertEquals(defaultReport, createDefaultDataStallReport());
+
+        final LinkProperties linkProperties = sampleReport.getLinkProperties();
+        final NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities = sampleReport.getNetworkCapabilities();
+        final PersistableBundle bundle = sampleReport.getStallDetails();
+
+        assertNotEquals(
+                defaultReport,
+                new DataStallReport(
+                        new Network(NET_ID),
+                        0L,
+                        0,
+                        new LinkProperties(),
+                        new NetworkCapabilities(),
+                        PersistableBundle.EMPTY));
+        assertNotEquals(
+                defaultReport,
+                new DataStallReport(
+                        new Network(0),
+                        TIMESTAMP,
+                        0,
+                        new LinkProperties(),
+                        new NetworkCapabilities(),
+                        PersistableBundle.EMPTY));
+        assertNotEquals(
+                defaultReport,
+                new DataStallReport(
+                        new Network(0),
+                        0L,
+                        DETECTION_METHOD,
+                        new LinkProperties(),
+                        new NetworkCapabilities(),
+                        PersistableBundle.EMPTY));
+        assertNotEquals(
+                defaultReport,
+                new DataStallReport(
+                        new Network(0),
+                        0L,
+                        0,
+                        linkProperties,
+                        new NetworkCapabilities(),
+                        PersistableBundle.EMPTY));
+        assertNotEquals(
+                defaultReport,
+                new DataStallReport(
+                        new Network(0),
+                        0L,
+                        0,
+                        new LinkProperties(),
+                        networkCapabilities,
+                        PersistableBundle.EMPTY));
+        assertNotEquals(
+                defaultReport,
+                new DataStallReport(
+                        new Network(0),
+                        0L,
+                        0,
+                        new LinkProperties(),
+                        new NetworkCapabilities(),
+                        bundle));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDataStallReportParcelUnparcel() {
+        assertParcelSane(createSampleDataStallReport(), 6);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConnectivityDiagnosticsCallbackOnConnectivityReportAvailable() {
+        mBinder.onConnectivityReportAvailable(createSampleConnectivityReport());
+
+        // The callback will be invoked synchronously by inline executor. Immediately check the
+        // latch without waiting.
+        verify(mCb).onConnectivityReportAvailable(eq(createSampleConnectivityReport()));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConnectivityDiagnosticsCallbackOnDataStallSuspected() {
+        mBinder.onDataStallSuspected(createSampleDataStallReport());
+
+        // The callback will be invoked synchronously by inline executor. Immediately check the
+        // latch without waiting.
+        verify(mCb).onDataStallSuspected(eq(createSampleDataStallReport()));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConnectivityDiagnosticsCallbackOnNetworkConnectivityReported() {
+        final Network n = new Network(NET_ID);
+        final boolean connectivity = true;
+
+        mBinder.onNetworkConnectivityReported(n, connectivity);
+
+        // The callback will be invoked synchronously by inline executor. Immediately check the
+        // latch without waiting.
+        verify(mCb).onNetworkConnectivityReported(eq(n), eq(connectivity));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRegisterConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback() throws Exception {
+        final NetworkRequest request = new NetworkRequest.Builder().build();
+
+        mManager.registerConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback(request, INLINE_EXECUTOR, mCb);
+
+        verify(mService).registerConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback(
+                any(ConnectivityDiagnosticsBinder.class), eq(request), eq(mPackageName));
+        assertTrue(ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.sCallbacks.containsKey(mCb));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRegisterDuplicateConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback() throws Exception {
+        final NetworkRequest request = new NetworkRequest.Builder().build();
+
+        mManager.registerConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback(request, INLINE_EXECUTOR, mCb);
+
+        try {
+            mManager.registerConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback(request, INLINE_EXECUTOR, mCb);
+            fail("Duplicate callback registration should fail");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUnregisterConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback() throws Exception {
+        final NetworkRequest request = new NetworkRequest.Builder().build();
+        mManager.registerConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback(request, INLINE_EXECUTOR, mCb);
+
+        mManager.unregisterConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback(mCb);
+
+        verify(mService).unregisterConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback(
+                any(ConnectivityDiagnosticsBinder.class));
+        assertFalse(ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.sCallbacks.containsKey(mCb));
+
+        // verify that re-registering is successful
+        mManager.registerConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback(request, INLINE_EXECUTOR, mCb);
+        verify(mService, times(2)).registerConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback(
+                any(ConnectivityDiagnosticsBinder.class), eq(request), eq(mPackageName));
+        assertTrue(ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.sCallbacks.containsKey(mCb));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUnregisterUnknownConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback() throws Exception {
+        mManager.unregisterConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback(mCb);
+
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mService);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/ConnectivityManagerTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/ConnectivityManagerTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..591e0cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/ConnectivityManagerTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,430 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net;
+
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_NONE;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_CBS;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_DUN;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_FOTA;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_IMS;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_MMS;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_SUPL;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_TRUSTED;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_WIFI_P2P;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_BLUETOOTH;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_ETHERNET;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI;
+import static android.net.NetworkRequest.Type.BACKGROUND_REQUEST;
+import static android.net.NetworkRequest.Type.REQUEST;
+import static android.net.NetworkRequest.Type.TRACK_DEFAULT;
+import static android.net.NetworkRequest.Type.TRACK_SYSTEM_DEFAULT;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyBoolean;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.nullable;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.any;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.anyInt;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.never;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.reset;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.timeout;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+import android.app.PendingIntent;
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.content.pm.ApplicationInfo;
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback;
+import android.os.Build.VERSION_CODES;
+import android.os.Bundle;
+import android.os.Handler;
+import android.os.Looper;
+import android.os.Message;
+import android.os.Messenger;
+import android.os.Process;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@SmallTest
+public class ConnectivityManagerTest {
+
+    @Mock Context mCtx;
+    @Mock IConnectivityManager mService;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() {
+        MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
+    }
+
+    static NetworkCapabilities verifyNetworkCapabilities(
+            int legacyType, int transportType, int... capabilities) {
+        final NetworkCapabilities nc = ConnectivityManager.networkCapabilitiesForType(legacyType);
+        assertNotNull(nc);
+        assertTrue(nc.hasTransport(transportType));
+        for (int capability : capabilities) {
+            assertTrue(nc.hasCapability(capability));
+        }
+
+        return nc;
+    }
+
+    static void verifyUnrestrictedNetworkCapabilities(int legacyType, int transportType) {
+        verifyNetworkCapabilities(
+                legacyType,
+                transportType,
+                NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET,
+                NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED,
+                NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN,
+                NET_CAPABILITY_TRUSTED);
+    }
+
+    static void verifyRestrictedMobileNetworkCapabilities(int legacyType, int capability) {
+        final NetworkCapabilities nc = verifyNetworkCapabilities(
+                legacyType,
+                TRANSPORT_CELLULAR,
+                capability,
+                NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN,
+                NET_CAPABILITY_TRUSTED);
+
+        assertFalse(nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET));
+        assertFalse(nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNetworkCapabilitiesForTypeMobile() {
+        verifyUnrestrictedNetworkCapabilities(
+                ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE, TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNetworkCapabilitiesForTypeMobileCbs() {
+        verifyRestrictedMobileNetworkCapabilities(
+                ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE_CBS, NET_CAPABILITY_CBS);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNetworkCapabilitiesForTypeMobileDun() {
+        verifyRestrictedMobileNetworkCapabilities(
+                ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE_DUN, NET_CAPABILITY_DUN);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNetworkCapabilitiesForTypeMobileFota() {
+        verifyRestrictedMobileNetworkCapabilities(
+                ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE_FOTA, NET_CAPABILITY_FOTA);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNetworkCapabilitiesForTypeMobileHipri() {
+        verifyUnrestrictedNetworkCapabilities(
+                ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE_HIPRI, TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNetworkCapabilitiesForTypeMobileIms() {
+        verifyRestrictedMobileNetworkCapabilities(
+                ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE_IMS, NET_CAPABILITY_IMS);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNetworkCapabilitiesForTypeMobileMms() {
+        final NetworkCapabilities nc = verifyNetworkCapabilities(
+                ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE_MMS,
+                TRANSPORT_CELLULAR,
+                NET_CAPABILITY_MMS,
+                NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN,
+                NET_CAPABILITY_TRUSTED);
+
+        assertFalse(nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNetworkCapabilitiesForTypeMobileSupl() {
+        final NetworkCapabilities nc = verifyNetworkCapabilities(
+                ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE_SUPL,
+                TRANSPORT_CELLULAR,
+                NET_CAPABILITY_SUPL,
+                NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN,
+                NET_CAPABILITY_TRUSTED);
+
+        assertFalse(nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNetworkCapabilitiesForTypeWifi() {
+        verifyUnrestrictedNetworkCapabilities(
+                ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI, TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNetworkCapabilitiesForTypeWifiP2p() {
+        final NetworkCapabilities nc = verifyNetworkCapabilities(
+                ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI_P2P,
+                TRANSPORT_WIFI,
+                NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED, NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN,
+                NET_CAPABILITY_TRUSTED, NET_CAPABILITY_WIFI_P2P);
+
+        assertFalse(nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNetworkCapabilitiesForTypeBluetooth() {
+        verifyUnrestrictedNetworkCapabilities(
+                ConnectivityManager.TYPE_BLUETOOTH, TRANSPORT_BLUETOOTH);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNetworkCapabilitiesForTypeEthernet() {
+        verifyUnrestrictedNetworkCapabilities(
+                ConnectivityManager.TYPE_ETHERNET, TRANSPORT_ETHERNET);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCallbackRelease() throws Exception {
+        ConnectivityManager manager = new ConnectivityManager(mCtx, mService);
+        NetworkRequest request = makeRequest(1);
+        NetworkCallback callback = mock(ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback.class);
+        Handler handler = new Handler(Looper.getMainLooper());
+        ArgumentCaptor<Messenger> captor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(Messenger.class);
+
+        // register callback
+        when(mService.requestNetwork(anyInt(), any(), anyInt(), captor.capture(), anyInt(), any(),
+                anyInt(), anyInt(), any(), nullable(String.class))).thenReturn(request);
+        manager.requestNetwork(request, callback, handler);
+
+        // callback triggers
+        captor.getValue().send(makeMessage(request, ConnectivityManager.CALLBACK_AVAILABLE));
+        verify(callback, timeout(500).times(1)).onAvailable(any(Network.class),
+                any(NetworkCapabilities.class), any(LinkProperties.class), anyBoolean());
+
+        // unregister callback
+        manager.unregisterNetworkCallback(callback);
+        verify(mService, times(1)).releaseNetworkRequest(request);
+
+        // callback does not trigger anymore.
+        captor.getValue().send(makeMessage(request, ConnectivityManager.CALLBACK_LOSING));
+        verify(callback, timeout(500).times(0)).onLosing(any(), anyInt());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCallbackRecycling() throws Exception {
+        ConnectivityManager manager = new ConnectivityManager(mCtx, mService);
+        NetworkRequest req1 = makeRequest(1);
+        NetworkRequest req2 = makeRequest(2);
+        NetworkCallback callback = mock(ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback.class);
+        Handler handler = new Handler(Looper.getMainLooper());
+        ArgumentCaptor<Messenger> captor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(Messenger.class);
+
+        // register callback
+        when(mService.requestNetwork(anyInt(), any(), anyInt(), captor.capture(), anyInt(), any(),
+                anyInt(), anyInt(), any(), nullable(String.class))).thenReturn(req1);
+        manager.requestNetwork(req1, callback, handler);
+
+        // callback triggers
+        captor.getValue().send(makeMessage(req1, ConnectivityManager.CALLBACK_AVAILABLE));
+        verify(callback, timeout(100).times(1)).onAvailable(any(Network.class),
+                any(NetworkCapabilities.class), any(LinkProperties.class), anyBoolean());
+
+        // unregister callback
+        manager.unregisterNetworkCallback(callback);
+        verify(mService, times(1)).releaseNetworkRequest(req1);
+
+        // callback does not trigger anymore.
+        captor.getValue().send(makeMessage(req1, ConnectivityManager.CALLBACK_LOSING));
+        verify(callback, timeout(100).times(0)).onLosing(any(), anyInt());
+
+        // callback can be registered again
+        when(mService.requestNetwork(anyInt(), any(), anyInt(), captor.capture(), anyInt(), any(),
+                anyInt(), anyInt(), any(), nullable(String.class))).thenReturn(req2);
+        manager.requestNetwork(req2, callback, handler);
+
+        // callback triggers
+        captor.getValue().send(makeMessage(req2, ConnectivityManager.CALLBACK_LOST));
+        verify(callback, timeout(100).times(1)).onLost(any());
+
+        // unregister callback
+        manager.unregisterNetworkCallback(callback);
+        verify(mService, times(1)).releaseNetworkRequest(req2);
+    }
+
+    // TODO: turn on this test when request  callback 1:1 mapping is enforced
+    //@Test
+    private void noDoubleCallbackRegistration() throws Exception {
+        ConnectivityManager manager = new ConnectivityManager(mCtx, mService);
+        NetworkRequest request = makeRequest(1);
+        NetworkCallback callback = new ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback();
+        ApplicationInfo info = new ApplicationInfo();
+        // TODO: update version when starting to enforce 1:1 mapping
+        info.targetSdkVersion = VERSION_CODES.N_MR1 + 1;
+
+        when(mCtx.getApplicationInfo()).thenReturn(info);
+        when(mService.requestNetwork(anyInt(), any(), anyInt(), any(), anyInt(), any(), anyInt(),
+                anyInt(), any(), nullable(String.class))).thenReturn(request);
+
+        Handler handler = new Handler(Looper.getMainLooper());
+        manager.requestNetwork(request, callback, handler);
+
+        // callback is already registered, reregistration should fail.
+        Class<IllegalArgumentException> wantException = IllegalArgumentException.class;
+        expectThrowable(() -> manager.requestNetwork(request, callback), wantException);
+
+        manager.unregisterNetworkCallback(callback);
+        verify(mService, times(1)).releaseNetworkRequest(request);
+
+        // unregistering the callback should make it registrable again.
+        manager.requestNetwork(request, callback);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testArgumentValidation() throws Exception {
+        ConnectivityManager manager = new ConnectivityManager(mCtx, mService);
+
+        NetworkRequest request = mock(NetworkRequest.class);
+        NetworkCallback callback = mock(NetworkCallback.class);
+        Handler handler = mock(Handler.class);
+        NetworkCallback nullCallback = null;
+        PendingIntent nullIntent = null;
+
+        mustFail(() -> { manager.requestNetwork(null, callback); });
+        mustFail(() -> { manager.requestNetwork(request, nullCallback); });
+        mustFail(() -> { manager.requestNetwork(request, callback, null); });
+        mustFail(() -> { manager.requestNetwork(request, callback, -1); });
+        mustFail(() -> { manager.requestNetwork(request, nullIntent); });
+
+        mustFail(() -> { manager.registerNetworkCallback(null, callback, handler); });
+        mustFail(() -> { manager.registerNetworkCallback(request, null, handler); });
+        mustFail(() -> { manager.registerNetworkCallback(request, callback, null); });
+        mustFail(() -> { manager.registerNetworkCallback(request, nullIntent); });
+
+        mustFail(() -> { manager.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(null, handler); });
+        mustFail(() -> { manager.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(callback, null); });
+
+        mustFail(() -> { manager.registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback(null, handler); });
+        mustFail(() -> { manager.registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback(callback, null); });
+
+        mustFail(() -> { manager.unregisterNetworkCallback(nullCallback); });
+        mustFail(() -> { manager.unregisterNetworkCallback(nullIntent); });
+        mustFail(() -> { manager.releaseNetworkRequest(nullIntent); });
+    }
+
+    static void mustFail(Runnable fn) {
+        try {
+            fn.run();
+            fail();
+        } catch (Exception expected) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRequestType() throws Exception {
+        final String testPkgName = "MyPackage";
+        final String testAttributionTag = "MyTag";
+        final ConnectivityManager manager = new ConnectivityManager(mCtx, mService);
+        when(mCtx.getOpPackageName()).thenReturn(testPkgName);
+        when(mCtx.getAttributionTag()).thenReturn(testAttributionTag);
+        final NetworkRequest request = makeRequest(1);
+        final NetworkCallback callback = new ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback();
+
+        manager.requestNetwork(request, callback);
+        verify(mService).requestNetwork(eq(Process.INVALID_UID), eq(request.networkCapabilities),
+                eq(REQUEST.ordinal()), any(), anyInt(), any(), eq(TYPE_NONE), anyInt(),
+                eq(testPkgName), eq(testAttributionTag));
+        reset(mService);
+
+        // Verify that register network callback does not calls requestNetwork at all.
+        manager.registerNetworkCallback(request, callback);
+        verify(mService, never()).requestNetwork(anyInt(), any(), anyInt(), any(), anyInt(), any(),
+                anyInt(), anyInt(), any(), any());
+        verify(mService).listenForNetwork(eq(request.networkCapabilities), any(), any(), anyInt(),
+                eq(testPkgName), eq(testAttributionTag));
+        reset(mService);
+
+        Handler handler = new Handler(ConnectivityThread.getInstanceLooper());
+
+        manager.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(callback);
+        verify(mService).requestNetwork(eq(Process.INVALID_UID), eq(null),
+                eq(TRACK_DEFAULT.ordinal()), any(), anyInt(), any(), eq(TYPE_NONE), anyInt(),
+                eq(testPkgName), eq(testAttributionTag));
+        reset(mService);
+
+        manager.registerDefaultNetworkCallbackForUid(42, callback, handler);
+        verify(mService).requestNetwork(eq(42), eq(null),
+                eq(TRACK_DEFAULT.ordinal()), any(), anyInt(), any(), eq(TYPE_NONE), anyInt(),
+                eq(testPkgName), eq(testAttributionTag));
+
+        manager.requestBackgroundNetwork(request, callback, handler);
+        verify(mService).requestNetwork(eq(Process.INVALID_UID), eq(request.networkCapabilities),
+                eq(BACKGROUND_REQUEST.ordinal()), any(), anyInt(), any(), eq(TYPE_NONE), anyInt(),
+                eq(testPkgName), eq(testAttributionTag));
+        reset(mService);
+
+        manager.registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback(callback, handler);
+        verify(mService).requestNetwork(eq(Process.INVALID_UID), eq(null),
+                eq(TRACK_SYSTEM_DEFAULT.ordinal()), any(), anyInt(), any(), eq(TYPE_NONE), anyInt(),
+                eq(testPkgName), eq(testAttributionTag));
+        reset(mService);
+    }
+
+    static Message makeMessage(NetworkRequest req, int messageType) {
+        Bundle bundle = new Bundle();
+        bundle.putParcelable(NetworkRequest.class.getSimpleName(), req);
+        // Pass default objects as we don't care which get passed here
+        bundle.putParcelable(Network.class.getSimpleName(), new Network(1));
+        bundle.putParcelable(NetworkCapabilities.class.getSimpleName(), new NetworkCapabilities());
+        bundle.putParcelable(LinkProperties.class.getSimpleName(), new LinkProperties());
+        Message msg = Message.obtain();
+        msg.what = messageType;
+        msg.setData(bundle);
+        return msg;
+    }
+
+    static NetworkRequest makeRequest(int requestId) {
+        NetworkRequest request = new NetworkRequest.Builder().clearCapabilities().build();
+        return new NetworkRequest(request.networkCapabilities, ConnectivityManager.TYPE_NONE,
+                requestId, NetworkRequest.Type.NONE);
+    }
+
+    static void expectThrowable(Runnable block, Class<? extends Throwable> throwableType) {
+        try {
+            block.run();
+        } catch (Throwable t) {
+            if (t.getClass().equals(throwableType)) {
+                return;
+            }
+            fail("expected exception of type " + throwableType + ", but was " + t.getClass());
+        }
+        fail("expected exception of type " + throwableType);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/Ikev2VpnProfileTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/Ikev2VpnProfileTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1abd39a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/Ikev2VpnProfileTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,439 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import android.test.mock.MockContext;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.android.internal.net.VpnProfile;
+import com.android.net.module.util.ProxyUtils;
+import com.android.internal.org.bouncycastle.x509.X509V1CertificateGenerator;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+import java.math.BigInteger;
+import java.security.KeyPair;
+import java.security.KeyPairGenerator;
+import java.security.PrivateKey;
+import java.security.cert.X509Certificate;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import javax.security.auth.x500.X500Principal;
+
+/** Unit tests for {@link Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder}. */
+@SmallTest
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+public class Ikev2VpnProfileTest {
+    private static final String SERVER_ADDR_STRING = "1.2.3.4";
+    private static final String IDENTITY_STRING = "Identity";
+    private static final String USERNAME_STRING = "username";
+    private static final String PASSWORD_STRING = "pa55w0rd";
+    private static final String EXCL_LIST = "exclList";
+    private static final byte[] PSK_BYTES = "preSharedKey".getBytes();
+    private static final int TEST_MTU = 1300;
+
+    private final MockContext mMockContext =
+            new MockContext() {
+                @Override
+                public String getOpPackageName() {
+                    return "fooPackage";
+                }
+            };
+    private final ProxyInfo mProxy = ProxyInfo.buildDirectProxy(
+            SERVER_ADDR_STRING, -1, ProxyUtils.exclusionStringAsList(EXCL_LIST));
+
+    private X509Certificate mUserCert;
+    private X509Certificate mServerRootCa;
+    private PrivateKey mPrivateKey;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
+        mServerRootCa = generateRandomCertAndKeyPair().cert;
+
+        final CertificateAndKey userCertKey = generateRandomCertAndKeyPair();
+        mUserCert = userCertKey.cert;
+        mPrivateKey = userCertKey.key;
+    }
+
+    private Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder getBuilderWithDefaultOptions() {
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder builder =
+                new Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder(SERVER_ADDR_STRING, IDENTITY_STRING);
+
+        builder.setBypassable(true);
+        builder.setProxy(mProxy);
+        builder.setMaxMtu(TEST_MTU);
+        builder.setMetered(true);
+
+        return builder;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBuildValidProfileWithOptions() throws Exception {
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder builder = getBuilderWithDefaultOptions();
+
+        builder.setAuthUsernamePassword(USERNAME_STRING, PASSWORD_STRING, mServerRootCa);
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile profile = builder.build();
+        assertNotNull(profile);
+
+        // Check non-auth parameters correctly stored
+        assertEquals(SERVER_ADDR_STRING, profile.getServerAddr());
+        assertEquals(IDENTITY_STRING, profile.getUserIdentity());
+        assertEquals(mProxy, profile.getProxyInfo());
+        assertTrue(profile.isBypassable());
+        assertTrue(profile.isMetered());
+        assertEquals(TEST_MTU, profile.getMaxMtu());
+        assertEquals(Ikev2VpnProfile.DEFAULT_ALGORITHMS, profile.getAllowedAlgorithms());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBuildUsernamePasswordProfile() throws Exception {
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder builder = getBuilderWithDefaultOptions();
+
+        builder.setAuthUsernamePassword(USERNAME_STRING, PASSWORD_STRING, mServerRootCa);
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile profile = builder.build();
+        assertNotNull(profile);
+
+        assertEquals(USERNAME_STRING, profile.getUsername());
+        assertEquals(PASSWORD_STRING, profile.getPassword());
+        assertEquals(mServerRootCa, profile.getServerRootCaCert());
+
+        assertNull(profile.getPresharedKey());
+        assertNull(profile.getRsaPrivateKey());
+        assertNull(profile.getUserCert());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBuildDigitalSignatureProfile() throws Exception {
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder builder = getBuilderWithDefaultOptions();
+
+        builder.setAuthDigitalSignature(mUserCert, mPrivateKey, mServerRootCa);
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile profile = builder.build();
+        assertNotNull(profile);
+
+        assertEquals(profile.getUserCert(), mUserCert);
+        assertEquals(mPrivateKey, profile.getRsaPrivateKey());
+        assertEquals(profile.getServerRootCaCert(), mServerRootCa);
+
+        assertNull(profile.getPresharedKey());
+        assertNull(profile.getUsername());
+        assertNull(profile.getPassword());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBuildPresharedKeyProfile() throws Exception {
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder builder = getBuilderWithDefaultOptions();
+
+        builder.setAuthPsk(PSK_BYTES);
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile profile = builder.build();
+        assertNotNull(profile);
+
+        assertArrayEquals(PSK_BYTES, profile.getPresharedKey());
+
+        assertNull(profile.getServerRootCaCert());
+        assertNull(profile.getUsername());
+        assertNull(profile.getPassword());
+        assertNull(profile.getRsaPrivateKey());
+        assertNull(profile.getUserCert());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBuildWithAllowedAlgorithmsAead() throws Exception {
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder builder = getBuilderWithDefaultOptions();
+        builder.setAuthPsk(PSK_BYTES);
+
+        List<String> allowedAlgorithms = Arrays.asList(IpSecAlgorithm.AUTH_CRYPT_AES_GCM);
+        builder.setAllowedAlgorithms(allowedAlgorithms);
+
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile profile = builder.build();
+        assertEquals(allowedAlgorithms, profile.getAllowedAlgorithms());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBuildWithAllowedAlgorithmsNormal() throws Exception {
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder builder = getBuilderWithDefaultOptions();
+        builder.setAuthPsk(PSK_BYTES);
+
+        List<String> allowedAlgorithms =
+                Arrays.asList(IpSecAlgorithm.AUTH_HMAC_SHA512, IpSecAlgorithm.CRYPT_AES_CBC);
+        builder.setAllowedAlgorithms(allowedAlgorithms);
+
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile profile = builder.build();
+        assertEquals(allowedAlgorithms, profile.getAllowedAlgorithms());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetAllowedAlgorithmsEmptyList() throws Exception {
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder builder = getBuilderWithDefaultOptions();
+
+        try {
+            builder.setAllowedAlgorithms(new ArrayList<>());
+            fail("Expected exception due to no valid algorithm set");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetAllowedAlgorithmsInvalidList() throws Exception {
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder builder = getBuilderWithDefaultOptions();
+        List<String> allowedAlgorithms = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        try {
+            builder.setAllowedAlgorithms(Arrays.asList(IpSecAlgorithm.AUTH_HMAC_SHA256));
+            fail("Expected exception due to missing encryption");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
+        }
+
+        try {
+            builder.setAllowedAlgorithms(Arrays.asList(IpSecAlgorithm.CRYPT_AES_CBC));
+            fail("Expected exception due to missing authentication");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetAllowedAlgorithmsInsecureAlgorithm() throws Exception {
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder builder = getBuilderWithDefaultOptions();
+        List<String> allowedAlgorithms = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        try {
+            builder.setAllowedAlgorithms(Arrays.asList(IpSecAlgorithm.AUTH_HMAC_MD5));
+            fail("Expected exception due to insecure algorithm");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
+        }
+
+        try {
+            builder.setAllowedAlgorithms(Arrays.asList(IpSecAlgorithm.AUTH_HMAC_SHA1));
+            fail("Expected exception due to insecure algorithm");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBuildNoAuthMethodSet() throws Exception {
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder builder = getBuilderWithDefaultOptions();
+
+        try {
+            builder.build();
+            fail("Expected exception due to lack of auth method");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBuildInvalidMtu() throws Exception {
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder builder = getBuilderWithDefaultOptions();
+
+        try {
+            builder.setMaxMtu(500);
+            fail("Expected exception due to too-small MTU");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void verifyVpnProfileCommon(VpnProfile profile) {
+        assertEquals(SERVER_ADDR_STRING, profile.server);
+        assertEquals(IDENTITY_STRING, profile.ipsecIdentifier);
+        assertEquals(mProxy, profile.proxy);
+        assertTrue(profile.isBypassable);
+        assertTrue(profile.isMetered);
+        assertEquals(TEST_MTU, profile.maxMtu);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPskConvertToVpnProfile() throws Exception {
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder builder = getBuilderWithDefaultOptions();
+
+        builder.setAuthPsk(PSK_BYTES);
+        final VpnProfile profile = builder.build().toVpnProfile();
+
+        verifyVpnProfileCommon(profile);
+        assertEquals(Ikev2VpnProfile.encodeForIpsecSecret(PSK_BYTES), profile.ipsecSecret);
+
+        // Check nothing else is set
+        assertEquals("", profile.username);
+        assertEquals("", profile.password);
+        assertEquals("", profile.ipsecUserCert);
+        assertEquals("", profile.ipsecCaCert);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUsernamePasswordConvertToVpnProfile() throws Exception {
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder builder = getBuilderWithDefaultOptions();
+
+        builder.setAuthUsernamePassword(USERNAME_STRING, PASSWORD_STRING, mServerRootCa);
+        final VpnProfile profile = builder.build().toVpnProfile();
+
+        verifyVpnProfileCommon(profile);
+        assertEquals(USERNAME_STRING, profile.username);
+        assertEquals(PASSWORD_STRING, profile.password);
+        assertEquals(Ikev2VpnProfile.certificateToPemString(mServerRootCa), profile.ipsecCaCert);
+
+        // Check nothing else is set
+        assertEquals("", profile.ipsecUserCert);
+        assertEquals("", profile.ipsecSecret);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRsaConvertToVpnProfile() throws Exception {
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder builder = getBuilderWithDefaultOptions();
+
+        builder.setAuthDigitalSignature(mUserCert, mPrivateKey, mServerRootCa);
+        final VpnProfile profile = builder.build().toVpnProfile();
+
+        final String expectedSecret = Ikev2VpnProfile.PREFIX_INLINE
+                + Ikev2VpnProfile.encodeForIpsecSecret(mPrivateKey.getEncoded());
+        verifyVpnProfileCommon(profile);
+        assertEquals(Ikev2VpnProfile.certificateToPemString(mUserCert), profile.ipsecUserCert);
+        assertEquals(
+                expectedSecret,
+                profile.ipsecSecret);
+        assertEquals(Ikev2VpnProfile.certificateToPemString(mServerRootCa), profile.ipsecCaCert);
+
+        // Check nothing else is set
+        assertEquals("", profile.username);
+        assertEquals("", profile.password);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPskFromVpnProfileDiscardsIrrelevantValues() throws Exception {
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder builder = getBuilderWithDefaultOptions();
+
+        builder.setAuthPsk(PSK_BYTES);
+        final VpnProfile profile = builder.build().toVpnProfile();
+        profile.username = USERNAME_STRING;
+        profile.password = PASSWORD_STRING;
+        profile.ipsecCaCert = Ikev2VpnProfile.certificateToPemString(mServerRootCa);
+        profile.ipsecUserCert = Ikev2VpnProfile.certificateToPemString(mUserCert);
+
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile result = Ikev2VpnProfile.fromVpnProfile(profile);
+        assertNull(result.getUsername());
+        assertNull(result.getPassword());
+        assertNull(result.getUserCert());
+        assertNull(result.getRsaPrivateKey());
+        assertNull(result.getServerRootCaCert());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUsernamePasswordFromVpnProfileDiscardsIrrelevantValues() throws Exception {
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder builder = getBuilderWithDefaultOptions();
+
+        builder.setAuthUsernamePassword(USERNAME_STRING, PASSWORD_STRING, mServerRootCa);
+        final VpnProfile profile = builder.build().toVpnProfile();
+        profile.ipsecSecret = new String(PSK_BYTES);
+        profile.ipsecUserCert = Ikev2VpnProfile.certificateToPemString(mUserCert);
+
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile result = Ikev2VpnProfile.fromVpnProfile(profile);
+        assertNull(result.getPresharedKey());
+        assertNull(result.getUserCert());
+        assertNull(result.getRsaPrivateKey());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRsaFromVpnProfileDiscardsIrrelevantValues() throws Exception {
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder builder = getBuilderWithDefaultOptions();
+
+        builder.setAuthDigitalSignature(mUserCert, mPrivateKey, mServerRootCa);
+        final VpnProfile profile = builder.build().toVpnProfile();
+        profile.username = USERNAME_STRING;
+        profile.password = PASSWORD_STRING;
+
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile result = Ikev2VpnProfile.fromVpnProfile(profile);
+        assertNull(result.getUsername());
+        assertNull(result.getPassword());
+        assertNull(result.getPresharedKey());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPskConversionIsLossless() throws Exception {
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder builder = getBuilderWithDefaultOptions();
+
+        builder.setAuthPsk(PSK_BYTES);
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile ikeProfile = builder.build();
+
+        assertEquals(ikeProfile, Ikev2VpnProfile.fromVpnProfile(ikeProfile.toVpnProfile()));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUsernamePasswordConversionIsLossless() throws Exception {
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder builder = getBuilderWithDefaultOptions();
+
+        builder.setAuthUsernamePassword(USERNAME_STRING, PASSWORD_STRING, mServerRootCa);
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile ikeProfile = builder.build();
+
+        assertEquals(ikeProfile, Ikev2VpnProfile.fromVpnProfile(ikeProfile.toVpnProfile()));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRsaConversionIsLossless() throws Exception {
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder builder = getBuilderWithDefaultOptions();
+
+        builder.setAuthDigitalSignature(mUserCert, mPrivateKey, mServerRootCa);
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile ikeProfile = builder.build();
+
+        assertEquals(ikeProfile, Ikev2VpnProfile.fromVpnProfile(ikeProfile.toVpnProfile()));
+    }
+
+    private static class CertificateAndKey {
+        public final X509Certificate cert;
+        public final PrivateKey key;
+
+        CertificateAndKey(X509Certificate cert, PrivateKey key) {
+            this.cert = cert;
+            this.key = key;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static CertificateAndKey generateRandomCertAndKeyPair() throws Exception {
+        final Date validityBeginDate =
+                new Date(System.currentTimeMillis() - TimeUnit.DAYS.toMillis(1L));
+        final Date validityEndDate =
+                new Date(System.currentTimeMillis() + TimeUnit.DAYS.toMillis(1L));
+
+        // Generate a keypair
+        final KeyPairGenerator keyPairGenerator = KeyPairGenerator.getInstance("RSA");
+        keyPairGenerator.initialize(512);
+        final KeyPair keyPair = keyPairGenerator.generateKeyPair();
+
+        final X500Principal dnName = new X500Principal("CN=test.android.com");
+        final X509V1CertificateGenerator certGen = new X509V1CertificateGenerator();
+        certGen.setSerialNumber(BigInteger.valueOf(System.currentTimeMillis()));
+        certGen.setSubjectDN(dnName);
+        certGen.setIssuerDN(dnName);
+        certGen.setNotBefore(validityBeginDate);
+        certGen.setNotAfter(validityEndDate);
+        certGen.setPublicKey(keyPair.getPublic());
+        certGen.setSignatureAlgorithm("SHA256WithRSAEncryption");
+
+        final X509Certificate cert = certGen.generate(keyPair.getPrivate(), "AndroidOpenSSL");
+        return new CertificateAndKey(cert, keyPair.getPrivate());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpMemoryStoreTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpMemoryStoreTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0b13800
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpMemoryStoreTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,332 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.any;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doAnswer;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doNothing;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doThrow;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.eq;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.inOrder;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.net.ipmemorystore.Blob;
+import android.net.ipmemorystore.IOnStatusListener;
+import android.net.ipmemorystore.NetworkAttributes;
+import android.net.ipmemorystore.NetworkAttributesParcelable;
+import android.net.ipmemorystore.Status;
+import android.net.networkstack.ModuleNetworkStackClient;
+import android.os.RemoteException;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;
+import org.mockito.Captor;
+import org.mockito.InOrder;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
+
+import java.net.UnknownHostException;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@SmallTest
+public class IpMemoryStoreTest {
+    private static final String TAG = IpMemoryStoreTest.class.getSimpleName();
+    private static final String TEST_CLIENT_ID = "testClientId";
+    private static final String TEST_DATA_NAME = "testData";
+    private static final String TEST_OTHER_DATA_NAME = TEST_DATA_NAME + "Other";
+    private static final byte[] TEST_BLOB_DATA = new byte[] { -3, 6, 8, -9, 12,
+            -128, 0, 89, 112, 91, -34 };
+    private static final NetworkAttributes TEST_NETWORK_ATTRIBUTES = buildTestNetworkAttributes(
+            "hint", 219);
+
+    @Mock
+    Context mMockContext;
+    @Mock
+    ModuleNetworkStackClient mModuleNetworkStackClient;
+    @Mock
+    IIpMemoryStore mMockService;
+    @Mock
+    IOnStatusListener mIOnStatusListener;
+    IpMemoryStore mStore;
+
+    @Captor
+    ArgumentCaptor<IIpMemoryStoreCallbacks> mCbCaptor;
+    @Captor
+    ArgumentCaptor<NetworkAttributesParcelable> mNapCaptor;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() {
+        MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
+    }
+
+    private void startIpMemoryStore(boolean supplyService) {
+        if (supplyService) {
+            doAnswer(invocation -> {
+                ((IIpMemoryStoreCallbacks) invocation.getArgument(0))
+                        .onIpMemoryStoreFetched(mMockService);
+                return null;
+            }).when(mModuleNetworkStackClient).fetchIpMemoryStore(any());
+        } else {
+            doNothing().when(mModuleNetworkStackClient).fetchIpMemoryStore(mCbCaptor.capture());
+        }
+        mStore = new IpMemoryStore(mMockContext) {
+            @Override
+            protected ModuleNetworkStackClient getModuleNetworkStackClient(Context ctx) {
+                return mModuleNetworkStackClient;
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    private static NetworkAttributes buildTestNetworkAttributes(String hint, int mtu) {
+        return new NetworkAttributes.Builder()
+                .setCluster(hint)
+                .setMtu(mtu)
+                .build();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNetworkAttributes() throws Exception {
+        startIpMemoryStore(true /* supplyService */);
+        final String l2Key = "fakeKey";
+
+        mStore.storeNetworkAttributes(l2Key, TEST_NETWORK_ATTRIBUTES,
+                status -> assertTrue("Store not successful : " + status.resultCode,
+                        status.isSuccess()));
+        verify(mMockService, times(1)).storeNetworkAttributes(eq(l2Key),
+                mNapCaptor.capture(), any());
+        assertEquals(TEST_NETWORK_ATTRIBUTES, new NetworkAttributes(mNapCaptor.getValue()));
+
+        mStore.retrieveNetworkAttributes(l2Key,
+                (status, key, attr) -> {
+                    assertTrue("Retrieve network attributes not successful : "
+                            + status.resultCode, status.isSuccess());
+                    assertEquals(l2Key, key);
+                    assertEquals(TEST_NETWORK_ATTRIBUTES, attr);
+                });
+
+        verify(mMockService, times(1)).retrieveNetworkAttributes(eq(l2Key), any());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPrivateData() throws RemoteException {
+        startIpMemoryStore(true /* supplyService */);
+        final Blob b = new Blob();
+        b.data = TEST_BLOB_DATA;
+        final String l2Key = "fakeKey";
+
+        mStore.storeBlob(l2Key, TEST_CLIENT_ID, TEST_DATA_NAME, b,
+                status -> {
+                    assertTrue("Store not successful : " + status.resultCode, status.isSuccess());
+                });
+        verify(mMockService, times(1)).storeBlob(eq(l2Key), eq(TEST_CLIENT_ID), eq(TEST_DATA_NAME),
+                eq(b), any());
+
+        mStore.retrieveBlob(l2Key, TEST_CLIENT_ID, TEST_OTHER_DATA_NAME,
+                (status, key, name, data) -> {
+                    assertTrue("Retrieve blob status not successful : " + status.resultCode,
+                            status.isSuccess());
+                    assertEquals(l2Key, key);
+                    assertEquals(name, TEST_DATA_NAME);
+                    assertTrue(Arrays.equals(b.data, data.data));
+                });
+        verify(mMockService, times(1)).retrieveBlob(eq(l2Key), eq(TEST_CLIENT_ID),
+                eq(TEST_OTHER_DATA_NAME), any());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFindL2Key()
+            throws UnknownHostException, RemoteException, Exception {
+        startIpMemoryStore(true /* supplyService */);
+        final String l2Key = "fakeKey";
+
+        mStore.findL2Key(TEST_NETWORK_ATTRIBUTES,
+                (status, key) -> {
+                    assertTrue("Retrieve network sameness not successful : " + status.resultCode,
+                            status.isSuccess());
+                    assertEquals(l2Key, key);
+                });
+        verify(mMockService, times(1)).findL2Key(mNapCaptor.capture(), any());
+        assertEquals(TEST_NETWORK_ATTRIBUTES, new NetworkAttributes(mNapCaptor.getValue()));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIsSameNetwork() throws UnknownHostException, RemoteException {
+        startIpMemoryStore(true /* supplyService */);
+        final String l2Key1 = "fakeKey1";
+        final String l2Key2 = "fakeKey2";
+
+        mStore.isSameNetwork(l2Key1, l2Key2,
+                (status, answer) -> {
+                    assertFalse("Retrieve network sameness suspiciously successful : "
+                            + status.resultCode, status.isSuccess());
+                    assertEquals(Status.ERROR_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT, status.resultCode);
+                    assertNull(answer);
+                });
+        verify(mMockService, times(1)).isSameNetwork(eq(l2Key1), eq(l2Key2), any());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEnqueuedIpMsRequests() throws Exception {
+        startIpMemoryStore(false /* supplyService */);
+
+        final Blob b = new Blob();
+        b.data = TEST_BLOB_DATA;
+        final String l2Key = "fakeKey";
+
+        // enqueue multiple ipms requests
+        mStore.storeNetworkAttributes(l2Key, TEST_NETWORK_ATTRIBUTES,
+                status -> assertTrue("Store not successful : " + status.resultCode,
+                        status.isSuccess()));
+        mStore.retrieveNetworkAttributes(l2Key,
+                (status, key, attr) -> {
+                    assertTrue("Retrieve network attributes not successful : "
+                            + status.resultCode, status.isSuccess());
+                    assertEquals(l2Key, key);
+                    assertEquals(TEST_NETWORK_ATTRIBUTES, attr);
+                });
+        mStore.storeBlob(l2Key, TEST_CLIENT_ID, TEST_DATA_NAME, b,
+                status -> assertTrue("Store not successful : " + status.resultCode,
+                        status.isSuccess()));
+        mStore.retrieveBlob(l2Key, TEST_CLIENT_ID, TEST_OTHER_DATA_NAME,
+                (status, key, name, data) -> {
+                    assertTrue("Retrieve blob status not successful : " + status.resultCode,
+                            status.isSuccess());
+                    assertEquals(l2Key, key);
+                    assertEquals(name, TEST_DATA_NAME);
+                    assertTrue(Arrays.equals(b.data, data.data));
+                });
+
+        // get ipms service ready
+        mCbCaptor.getValue().onIpMemoryStoreFetched(mMockService);
+
+        InOrder inOrder = inOrder(mMockService);
+
+        inOrder.verify(mMockService).storeNetworkAttributes(eq(l2Key), mNapCaptor.capture(), any());
+        inOrder.verify(mMockService).retrieveNetworkAttributes(eq(l2Key), any());
+        inOrder.verify(mMockService).storeBlob(eq(l2Key), eq(TEST_CLIENT_ID), eq(TEST_DATA_NAME),
+                eq(b), any());
+        inOrder.verify(mMockService).retrieveBlob(eq(l2Key), eq(TEST_CLIENT_ID),
+                eq(TEST_OTHER_DATA_NAME), any());
+        assertEquals(TEST_NETWORK_ATTRIBUTES, new NetworkAttributes(mNapCaptor.getValue()));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEnqueuedIpMsRequestsWithException() throws Exception {
+        startIpMemoryStore(true /* supplyService */);
+        doThrow(RemoteException.class).when(mMockService).retrieveNetworkAttributes(any(), any());
+
+        final Blob b = new Blob();
+        b.data = TEST_BLOB_DATA;
+        final String l2Key = "fakeKey";
+
+        // enqueue multiple ipms requests
+        mStore.storeNetworkAttributes(l2Key, TEST_NETWORK_ATTRIBUTES,
+                status -> assertTrue("Store not successful : " + status.resultCode,
+                        status.isSuccess()));
+        mStore.retrieveNetworkAttributes(l2Key,
+                (status, key, attr) -> {
+                    assertTrue("Retrieve network attributes not successful : "
+                            + status.resultCode, status.isSuccess());
+                    assertEquals(l2Key, key);
+                    assertEquals(TEST_NETWORK_ATTRIBUTES, attr);
+                });
+        mStore.storeBlob(l2Key, TEST_CLIENT_ID, TEST_DATA_NAME, b,
+                status -> assertTrue("Store not successful : " + status.resultCode,
+                        status.isSuccess()));
+        mStore.retrieveBlob(l2Key, TEST_CLIENT_ID, TEST_OTHER_DATA_NAME,
+                (status, key, name, data) -> {
+                    assertTrue("Retrieve blob status not successful : " + status.resultCode,
+                            status.isSuccess());
+                    assertEquals(l2Key, key);
+                    assertEquals(name, TEST_DATA_NAME);
+                    assertTrue(Arrays.equals(b.data, data.data));
+                });
+
+        // verify the rest of the queue is still processed in order even if the remote exception
+        // occurs when calling one or more requests
+        InOrder inOrder = inOrder(mMockService);
+
+        inOrder.verify(mMockService).storeNetworkAttributes(eq(l2Key), mNapCaptor.capture(), any());
+        inOrder.verify(mMockService).storeBlob(eq(l2Key), eq(TEST_CLIENT_ID), eq(TEST_DATA_NAME),
+                eq(b), any());
+        inOrder.verify(mMockService).retrieveBlob(eq(l2Key), eq(TEST_CLIENT_ID),
+                eq(TEST_OTHER_DATA_NAME), any());
+        assertEquals(TEST_NETWORK_ATTRIBUTES, new NetworkAttributes(mNapCaptor.getValue()));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEnqueuedIpMsRequestsCallbackFunctionWithException() throws Exception {
+        startIpMemoryStore(true /* supplyService */);
+
+        final Blob b = new Blob();
+        b.data = TEST_BLOB_DATA;
+        final String l2Key = "fakeKey";
+
+        // enqueue multiple ipms requests
+        mStore.storeNetworkAttributes(l2Key, TEST_NETWORK_ATTRIBUTES,
+                status -> assertTrue("Store not successful : " + status.resultCode,
+                        status.isSuccess()));
+        mStore.retrieveNetworkAttributes(l2Key,
+                (status, key, attr) -> {
+                    throw new RuntimeException("retrieveNetworkAttributes test");
+                });
+        mStore.storeBlob(l2Key, TEST_CLIENT_ID, TEST_DATA_NAME, b,
+                status -> {
+                    throw new RuntimeException("storeBlob test");
+                });
+        mStore.retrieveBlob(l2Key, TEST_CLIENT_ID, TEST_OTHER_DATA_NAME,
+                (status, key, name, data) -> {
+                    assertTrue("Retrieve blob status not successful : " + status.resultCode,
+                            status.isSuccess());
+                    assertEquals(l2Key, key);
+                    assertEquals(name, TEST_DATA_NAME);
+                    assertTrue(Arrays.equals(b.data, data.data));
+                });
+
+        // verify the rest of the queue is still processed in order even if when one or more
+        // callback throw the remote exception
+        InOrder inOrder = inOrder(mMockService);
+
+        inOrder.verify(mMockService).storeNetworkAttributes(eq(l2Key), mNapCaptor.capture(),
+                any());
+        inOrder.verify(mMockService).retrieveNetworkAttributes(eq(l2Key), any());
+        inOrder.verify(mMockService).storeBlob(eq(l2Key), eq(TEST_CLIENT_ID), eq(TEST_DATA_NAME),
+                eq(b), any());
+        inOrder.verify(mMockService).retrieveBlob(eq(l2Key), eq(TEST_CLIENT_ID),
+                eq(TEST_OTHER_DATA_NAME), any());
+        assertEquals(TEST_NETWORK_ATTRIBUTES, new NetworkAttributes(mNapCaptor.getValue()));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFactoryReset() throws RemoteException {
+        startIpMemoryStore(true /* supplyService */);
+        mStore.factoryReset();
+        verify(mMockService, times(1)).factoryReset();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecAlgorithmTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecAlgorithmTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5bd2214
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecAlgorithmTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,226 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net;
+
+import static android.net.IpSecAlgorithm.ALGO_TO_REQUIRED_FIRST_SDK;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+
+import android.content.res.Resources;
+import android.os.Build;
+import android.os.Parcel;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.android.internal.util.CollectionUtils;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+import java.util.AbstractMap.SimpleEntry;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+import java.util.Random;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+/** Unit tests for {@link IpSecAlgorithm}. */
+@SmallTest
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+public class IpSecAlgorithmTest {
+    private static final byte[] KEY_MATERIAL;
+
+    private final Resources mMockResources = mock(Resources.class);
+
+    static {
+        KEY_MATERIAL = new byte[128];
+        new Random().nextBytes(KEY_MATERIAL);
+    };
+
+    private static byte[] generateKey(int keyLenInBits) {
+        return Arrays.copyOf(KEY_MATERIAL, keyLenInBits / 8);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNoTruncLen() throws Exception {
+        Entry<String, Integer>[] authAndAeadList =
+                new Entry[] {
+                    new SimpleEntry<>(IpSecAlgorithm.AUTH_HMAC_MD5, 128),
+                    new SimpleEntry<>(IpSecAlgorithm.AUTH_HMAC_SHA1, 160),
+                    new SimpleEntry<>(IpSecAlgorithm.AUTH_HMAC_SHA256, 256),
+                    new SimpleEntry<>(IpSecAlgorithm.AUTH_HMAC_SHA384, 384),
+                    new SimpleEntry<>(IpSecAlgorithm.AUTH_HMAC_SHA512, 512),
+                    new SimpleEntry<>(IpSecAlgorithm.AUTH_CRYPT_AES_GCM, 224),
+                };
+
+        // Expect auth and aead algorithms to throw errors if trunclen is omitted.
+        for (Entry<String, Integer> algData : authAndAeadList) {
+            try {
+                new IpSecAlgorithm(
+                        algData.getKey(), Arrays.copyOf(KEY_MATERIAL, algData.getValue() / 8));
+                fail("Expected exception on unprovided auth trunclen");
+            } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Ensure crypt works with no truncation length supplied.
+        new IpSecAlgorithm(IpSecAlgorithm.CRYPT_AES_CBC, Arrays.copyOf(KEY_MATERIAL, 256 / 8));
+    }
+
+    private void checkAuthKeyAndTruncLenValidation(String algoName, int keyLen, int truncLen)
+            throws Exception {
+        new IpSecAlgorithm(algoName, generateKey(keyLen), truncLen);
+
+        try {
+            new IpSecAlgorithm(algoName, generateKey(keyLen));
+            fail("Expected exception on unprovided auth trunclen");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException pass) {
+        }
+
+        try {
+            new IpSecAlgorithm(algoName, generateKey(keyLen + 8), truncLen);
+            fail("Invalid key length not validated");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException pass) {
+        }
+
+        try {
+            new IpSecAlgorithm(algoName, generateKey(keyLen), truncLen + 1);
+            fail("Invalid truncation length not validated");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException pass) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void checkCryptKeyLenValidation(String algoName, int keyLen) throws Exception {
+        new IpSecAlgorithm(algoName, generateKey(keyLen));
+
+        try {
+            new IpSecAlgorithm(algoName, generateKey(keyLen + 8));
+            fail("Invalid key length not validated");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException pass) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testValidationForAlgosAddedInS() throws Exception {
+        if (Build.VERSION.DEVICE_INITIAL_SDK_INT <= Build.VERSION_CODES.R) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        for (int len : new int[] {160, 224, 288}) {
+            checkCryptKeyLenValidation(IpSecAlgorithm.CRYPT_AES_CTR, len);
+        }
+        checkAuthKeyAndTruncLenValidation(IpSecAlgorithm.AUTH_AES_XCBC, 128, 96);
+        checkAuthKeyAndTruncLenValidation(IpSecAlgorithm.AUTH_AES_CMAC, 128, 96);
+        checkAuthKeyAndTruncLenValidation(IpSecAlgorithm.AUTH_CRYPT_CHACHA20_POLY1305, 288, 128);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTruncLenValidation() throws Exception {
+        for (int truncLen : new int[] {256, 512}) {
+            new IpSecAlgorithm(
+                    IpSecAlgorithm.AUTH_HMAC_SHA512,
+                    Arrays.copyOf(KEY_MATERIAL, 512 / 8),
+                    truncLen);
+        }
+
+        for (int truncLen : new int[] {255, 513}) {
+            try {
+                new IpSecAlgorithm(
+                        IpSecAlgorithm.AUTH_HMAC_SHA512,
+                        Arrays.copyOf(KEY_MATERIAL, 512 / 8),
+                        truncLen);
+                fail("Invalid truncation length not validated");
+            } catch (IllegalArgumentException pass) {
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLenValidation() throws Exception {
+        for (int len : new int[] {128, 192, 256}) {
+            new IpSecAlgorithm(IpSecAlgorithm.CRYPT_AES_CBC, Arrays.copyOf(KEY_MATERIAL, len / 8));
+        }
+        try {
+            new IpSecAlgorithm(IpSecAlgorithm.CRYPT_AES_CBC, Arrays.copyOf(KEY_MATERIAL, 384 / 8));
+            fail("Invalid key length not validated");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException pass) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAlgoNameValidation() throws Exception {
+        try {
+            new IpSecAlgorithm("rot13", Arrays.copyOf(KEY_MATERIAL, 128 / 8));
+            fail("Invalid algorithm name not validated");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException pass) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParcelUnparcel() throws Exception {
+        IpSecAlgorithm init =
+                new IpSecAlgorithm(
+                        IpSecAlgorithm.AUTH_HMAC_SHA512, Arrays.copyOf(KEY_MATERIAL, 512 / 8), 256);
+
+        Parcel p = Parcel.obtain();
+        p.setDataPosition(0);
+        init.writeToParcel(p, 0);
+
+        p.setDataPosition(0);
+        IpSecAlgorithm fin = IpSecAlgorithm.CREATOR.createFromParcel(p);
+        assertTrue("Parcel/Unparcel failed!", IpSecAlgorithm.equals(init, fin));
+        p.recycle();
+    }
+
+    private static Set<String> getMandatoryAlgos() {
+        return CollectionUtils.filter(
+                ALGO_TO_REQUIRED_FIRST_SDK.keySet(),
+                i -> Build.VERSION.DEVICE_INITIAL_SDK_INT >= ALGO_TO_REQUIRED_FIRST_SDK.get(i));
+    }
+
+    private static Set<String> getOptionalAlgos() {
+        return CollectionUtils.filter(
+                ALGO_TO_REQUIRED_FIRST_SDK.keySet(),
+                i -> Build.VERSION.DEVICE_INITIAL_SDK_INT < ALGO_TO_REQUIRED_FIRST_SDK.get(i));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetSupportedAlgorithms() throws Exception {
+        assertTrue(IpSecAlgorithm.getSupportedAlgorithms().containsAll(getMandatoryAlgos()));
+        assertTrue(ALGO_TO_REQUIRED_FIRST_SDK.keySet().containsAll(
+                IpSecAlgorithm.getSupportedAlgorithms()));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadAlgos() throws Exception {
+        final Set<String> optionalAlgoSet = getOptionalAlgos();
+        final String[] optionalAlgos = optionalAlgoSet.toArray(new String[0]);
+
+        doReturn(optionalAlgos).when(mMockResources)
+                .getStringArray(com.android.internal.R.array.config_optionalIpSecAlgorithms);
+
+        final Set<String> enabledAlgos = new HashSet<>(IpSecAlgorithm.loadAlgos(mMockResources));
+        final Set<String> expectedAlgos = ALGO_TO_REQUIRED_FIRST_SDK.keySet();
+
+        assertEquals(expectedAlgos, enabledAlgos);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecConfigTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecConfigTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..25e225e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecConfigTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net;
+
+import static com.android.testutils.ParcelUtils.assertParcelSane;
+import static com.android.testutils.ParcelUtils.assertParcelingIsLossless;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotSame;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.junit.runners.JUnit4;
+
+/** Unit tests for {@link IpSecConfig}. */
+@SmallTest
+@RunWith(JUnit4.class)
+public class IpSecConfigTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDefaults() throws Exception {
+        IpSecConfig c = new IpSecConfig();
+        assertEquals(IpSecTransform.MODE_TRANSPORT, c.getMode());
+        assertEquals("", c.getSourceAddress());
+        assertEquals("", c.getDestinationAddress());
+        assertNull(c.getNetwork());
+        assertEquals(IpSecTransform.ENCAP_NONE, c.getEncapType());
+        assertEquals(IpSecManager.INVALID_RESOURCE_ID, c.getEncapSocketResourceId());
+        assertEquals(0, c.getEncapRemotePort());
+        assertEquals(0, c.getNattKeepaliveInterval());
+        assertNull(c.getEncryption());
+        assertNull(c.getAuthentication());
+        assertEquals(IpSecManager.INVALID_RESOURCE_ID, c.getSpiResourceId());
+        assertEquals(0, c.getXfrmInterfaceId());
+    }
+
+    private IpSecConfig getSampleConfig() {
+        IpSecConfig c = new IpSecConfig();
+        c.setMode(IpSecTransform.MODE_TUNNEL);
+        c.setSourceAddress("0.0.0.0");
+        c.setDestinationAddress("1.2.3.4");
+        c.setSpiResourceId(1984);
+        c.setEncryption(
+                new IpSecAlgorithm(
+                        IpSecAlgorithm.CRYPT_AES_CBC,
+                        new byte[] {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0xA, 0xB, 0xC, 0xD, 0xE, 0xF}));
+        c.setAuthentication(
+                new IpSecAlgorithm(
+                        IpSecAlgorithm.AUTH_HMAC_MD5,
+                        new byte[] {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0xA, 0xB, 0xC, 0xD, 0xE, 0xF, 0},
+                        128));
+        c.setAuthenticatedEncryption(
+                new IpSecAlgorithm(
+                        IpSecAlgorithm.AUTH_CRYPT_AES_GCM,
+                        new byte[] {
+                            1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0xA, 0xB, 0xC, 0xD, 0xE, 0xF, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
+                        },
+                        128));
+        c.setEncapType(android.system.OsConstants.UDP_ENCAP_ESPINUDP);
+        c.setEncapSocketResourceId(7);
+        c.setEncapRemotePort(22);
+        c.setNattKeepaliveInterval(42);
+        c.setMarkValue(12);
+        c.setMarkMask(23);
+        c.setXfrmInterfaceId(34);
+
+        return c;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCopyConstructor() {
+        IpSecConfig original = getSampleConfig();
+        IpSecConfig copy = new IpSecConfig(original);
+
+        assertEquals(original, copy);
+        assertNotSame(original, copy);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParcelUnparcel() {
+        assertParcelingIsLossless(new IpSecConfig());
+
+        IpSecConfig c = getSampleConfig();
+        assertParcelSane(c, 15);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecManagerTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecManagerTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..730e2d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecManagerTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,305 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net;
+
+import static android.system.OsConstants.AF_INET;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.IPPROTO_UDP;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.SOCK_DGRAM;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+import static org.mockito.Matchers.anyInt;
+import static org.mockito.Matchers.anyObject;
+import static org.mockito.Matchers.anyString;
+import static org.mockito.Matchers.eq;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+import android.system.Os;
+import android.test.mock.MockContext;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.android.server.IpSecService;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.Socket;
+import java.net.UnknownHostException;
+
+/** Unit tests for {@link IpSecManager}. */
+@SmallTest
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+public class IpSecManagerTest {
+
+    private static final int TEST_UDP_ENCAP_PORT = 34567;
+    private static final int DROID_SPI = 0xD1201D;
+    private static final int DUMMY_RESOURCE_ID = 0x1234;
+
+    private static final InetAddress GOOGLE_DNS_4;
+    private static final String VTI_INTF_NAME = "ipsec_test";
+    private static final InetAddress VTI_LOCAL_ADDRESS;
+    private static final LinkAddress VTI_INNER_ADDRESS = new LinkAddress("10.0.1.1/24");
+
+    static {
+        try {
+            // Google Public DNS Addresses;
+            GOOGLE_DNS_4 = InetAddress.getByName("8.8.8.8");
+            VTI_LOCAL_ADDRESS = InetAddress.getByName("8.8.4.4");
+        } catch (UnknownHostException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Could not resolve DNS Addresses", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private IpSecService mMockIpSecService;
+    private IpSecManager mIpSecManager;
+    private MockContext mMockContext = new MockContext() {
+        @Override
+        public String getOpPackageName() {
+            return "fooPackage";
+        }
+    };
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
+        mMockIpSecService = mock(IpSecService.class);
+        mIpSecManager = new IpSecManager(mMockContext, mMockIpSecService);
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Allocate a specific SPI
+     * Close SPIs
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testAllocSpi() throws Exception {
+        IpSecSpiResponse spiResp =
+                new IpSecSpiResponse(IpSecManager.Status.OK, DUMMY_RESOURCE_ID, DROID_SPI);
+        when(mMockIpSecService.allocateSecurityParameterIndex(
+                        eq(GOOGLE_DNS_4.getHostAddress()),
+                        eq(DROID_SPI),
+                        anyObject()))
+                .thenReturn(spiResp);
+
+        IpSecManager.SecurityParameterIndex droidSpi =
+                mIpSecManager.allocateSecurityParameterIndex(GOOGLE_DNS_4, DROID_SPI);
+        assertEquals(DROID_SPI, droidSpi.getSpi());
+
+        droidSpi.close();
+
+        verify(mMockIpSecService).releaseSecurityParameterIndex(DUMMY_RESOURCE_ID);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAllocRandomSpi() throws Exception {
+        IpSecSpiResponse spiResp =
+                new IpSecSpiResponse(IpSecManager.Status.OK, DUMMY_RESOURCE_ID, DROID_SPI);
+        when(mMockIpSecService.allocateSecurityParameterIndex(
+                        eq(GOOGLE_DNS_4.getHostAddress()),
+                        eq(IpSecManager.INVALID_SECURITY_PARAMETER_INDEX),
+                        anyObject()))
+                .thenReturn(spiResp);
+
+        IpSecManager.SecurityParameterIndex randomSpi =
+                mIpSecManager.allocateSecurityParameterIndex(GOOGLE_DNS_4);
+
+        assertEquals(DROID_SPI, randomSpi.getSpi());
+
+        randomSpi.close();
+
+        verify(mMockIpSecService).releaseSecurityParameterIndex(DUMMY_RESOURCE_ID);
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Throws resource unavailable exception
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testAllocSpiResUnavailableException() throws Exception {
+        IpSecSpiResponse spiResp =
+                new IpSecSpiResponse(IpSecManager.Status.RESOURCE_UNAVAILABLE, 0, 0);
+        when(mMockIpSecService.allocateSecurityParameterIndex(
+                        anyString(), anyInt(), anyObject()))
+                .thenReturn(spiResp);
+
+        try {
+            mIpSecManager.allocateSecurityParameterIndex(GOOGLE_DNS_4);
+            fail("ResourceUnavailableException was not thrown");
+        } catch (IpSecManager.ResourceUnavailableException e) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Throws spi unavailable exception
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testAllocSpiSpiUnavailableException() throws Exception {
+        IpSecSpiResponse spiResp = new IpSecSpiResponse(IpSecManager.Status.SPI_UNAVAILABLE, 0, 0);
+        when(mMockIpSecService.allocateSecurityParameterIndex(
+                        anyString(), anyInt(), anyObject()))
+                .thenReturn(spiResp);
+
+        try {
+            mIpSecManager.allocateSecurityParameterIndex(GOOGLE_DNS_4);
+            fail("ResourceUnavailableException was not thrown");
+        } catch (IpSecManager.ResourceUnavailableException e) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Should throw exception when request spi 0 in IpSecManager
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRequestAllocInvalidSpi() throws Exception {
+        try {
+            mIpSecManager.allocateSecurityParameterIndex(GOOGLE_DNS_4, 0);
+            fail("Able to allocate invalid spi");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testOpenEncapsulationSocket() throws Exception {
+        IpSecUdpEncapResponse udpEncapResp =
+                new IpSecUdpEncapResponse(
+                        IpSecManager.Status.OK,
+                        DUMMY_RESOURCE_ID,
+                        TEST_UDP_ENCAP_PORT,
+                        Os.socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDP));
+        when(mMockIpSecService.openUdpEncapsulationSocket(eq(TEST_UDP_ENCAP_PORT), anyObject()))
+                .thenReturn(udpEncapResp);
+
+        IpSecManager.UdpEncapsulationSocket encapSocket =
+                mIpSecManager.openUdpEncapsulationSocket(TEST_UDP_ENCAP_PORT);
+        assertNotNull(encapSocket.getFileDescriptor());
+        assertEquals(TEST_UDP_ENCAP_PORT, encapSocket.getPort());
+
+        encapSocket.close();
+
+        verify(mMockIpSecService).closeUdpEncapsulationSocket(DUMMY_RESOURCE_ID);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testApplyTransportModeTransformEnsuresSocketCreation() throws Exception {
+        Socket socket = new Socket();
+        IpSecConfig dummyConfig = new IpSecConfig();
+        IpSecTransform dummyTransform = new IpSecTransform(null, dummyConfig);
+
+        // Even if underlying SocketImpl is not initalized, this should force the init, and
+        // thereby succeed.
+        mIpSecManager.applyTransportModeTransform(
+                socket, IpSecManager.DIRECTION_IN, dummyTransform);
+
+        // Check to make sure the FileDescriptor is non-null
+        assertNotNull(socket.getFileDescriptor$());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRemoveTransportModeTransformsForcesSocketCreation() throws Exception {
+        Socket socket = new Socket();
+
+        // Even if underlying SocketImpl is not initalized, this should force the init, and
+        // thereby succeed.
+        mIpSecManager.removeTransportModeTransforms(socket);
+
+        // Check to make sure the FileDescriptor is non-null
+        assertNotNull(socket.getFileDescriptor$());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testOpenEncapsulationSocketOnRandomPort() throws Exception {
+        IpSecUdpEncapResponse udpEncapResp =
+                new IpSecUdpEncapResponse(
+                        IpSecManager.Status.OK,
+                        DUMMY_RESOURCE_ID,
+                        TEST_UDP_ENCAP_PORT,
+                        Os.socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDP));
+
+        when(mMockIpSecService.openUdpEncapsulationSocket(eq(0), anyObject()))
+                .thenReturn(udpEncapResp);
+
+        IpSecManager.UdpEncapsulationSocket encapSocket =
+                mIpSecManager.openUdpEncapsulationSocket();
+
+        assertNotNull(encapSocket.getFileDescriptor());
+        assertEquals(TEST_UDP_ENCAP_PORT, encapSocket.getPort());
+
+        encapSocket.close();
+
+        verify(mMockIpSecService).closeUdpEncapsulationSocket(DUMMY_RESOURCE_ID);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testOpenEncapsulationSocketWithInvalidPort() throws Exception {
+        try {
+            mIpSecManager.openUdpEncapsulationSocket(IpSecManager.INVALID_SECURITY_PARAMETER_INDEX);
+            fail("IllegalArgumentException was not thrown");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    // TODO: add test when applicable transform builder interface is available
+
+    private IpSecManager.IpSecTunnelInterface createAndValidateVti(int resourceId, String intfName)
+            throws Exception {
+        IpSecTunnelInterfaceResponse dummyResponse =
+                new IpSecTunnelInterfaceResponse(IpSecManager.Status.OK, resourceId, intfName);
+        when(mMockIpSecService.createTunnelInterface(
+                eq(VTI_LOCAL_ADDRESS.getHostAddress()), eq(GOOGLE_DNS_4.getHostAddress()),
+                anyObject(), anyObject(), anyString()))
+                        .thenReturn(dummyResponse);
+
+        IpSecManager.IpSecTunnelInterface tunnelIntf = mIpSecManager.createIpSecTunnelInterface(
+                VTI_LOCAL_ADDRESS, GOOGLE_DNS_4, mock(Network.class));
+
+        assertNotNull(tunnelIntf);
+        return tunnelIntf;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCreateVti() throws Exception {
+        IpSecManager.IpSecTunnelInterface tunnelIntf =
+                createAndValidateVti(DUMMY_RESOURCE_ID, VTI_INTF_NAME);
+
+        assertEquals(VTI_INTF_NAME, tunnelIntf.getInterfaceName());
+
+        tunnelIntf.close();
+        verify(mMockIpSecService).deleteTunnelInterface(eq(DUMMY_RESOURCE_ID), anyString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAddRemoveAddressesFromVti() throws Exception {
+        IpSecManager.IpSecTunnelInterface tunnelIntf =
+                createAndValidateVti(DUMMY_RESOURCE_ID, VTI_INTF_NAME);
+
+        tunnelIntf.addAddress(VTI_INNER_ADDRESS.getAddress(),
+                VTI_INNER_ADDRESS.getPrefixLength());
+        verify(mMockIpSecService)
+                .addAddressToTunnelInterface(
+                        eq(DUMMY_RESOURCE_ID), eq(VTI_INNER_ADDRESS), anyString());
+
+        tunnelIntf.removeAddress(VTI_INNER_ADDRESS.getAddress(),
+                VTI_INNER_ADDRESS.getPrefixLength());
+        verify(mMockIpSecService)
+                .addAddressToTunnelInterface(
+                        eq(DUMMY_RESOURCE_ID), eq(VTI_INNER_ADDRESS), anyString());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecTransformTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecTransformTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..424f23d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecTransformTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.junit.runners.JUnit4;
+
+/** Unit tests for {@link IpSecTransform}. */
+@SmallTest
+@RunWith(JUnit4.class)
+public class IpSecTransformTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCreateTransformCopiesConfig() {
+        // Create a config with a few parameters to make sure it's not empty
+        IpSecConfig config = new IpSecConfig();
+        config.setSourceAddress("0.0.0.0");
+        config.setDestinationAddress("1.2.3.4");
+        config.setSpiResourceId(1984);
+
+        IpSecTransform preModification = new IpSecTransform(null, config);
+
+        config.setSpiResourceId(1985);
+        IpSecTransform postModification = new IpSecTransform(null, config);
+
+        assertNotEquals(preModification, postModification);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCreateTransformsWithSameConfigEqual() {
+        // Create a config with a few parameters to make sure it's not empty
+        IpSecConfig config = new IpSecConfig();
+        config.setSourceAddress("0.0.0.0");
+        config.setDestinationAddress("1.2.3.4");
+        config.setSpiResourceId(1984);
+
+        IpSecTransform config1 = new IpSecTransform(null, config);
+        IpSecTransform config2 = new IpSecTransform(null, config);
+
+        assertEquals(config1, config2);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/KeepalivePacketDataUtilTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/KeepalivePacketDataUtilTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fc739fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/KeepalivePacketDataUtilTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net;
+
+import static com.android.testutils.ParcelUtils.assertParcelingIsLossless;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import android.net.util.KeepalivePacketDataUtil;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.junit.runners.JUnit4;
+
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+
+@RunWith(JUnit4.class)
+public final class KeepalivePacketDataUtilTest {
+    private static final byte[] IPV4_KEEPALIVE_SRC_ADDR = {10, 0, 0, 1};
+    private static final byte[] IPV4_KEEPALIVE_DST_ADDR = {10, 0, 0, 5};
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() {}
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFromTcpKeepaliveStableParcelable() throws Exception {
+        final int srcPort = 1234;
+        final int dstPort = 4321;
+        final int seq = 0x11111111;
+        final int ack = 0x22222222;
+        final int wnd = 8000;
+        final int wndScale = 2;
+        final int tos = 4;
+        final int ttl = 64;
+        TcpKeepalivePacketData resultData = null;
+        final TcpKeepalivePacketDataParcelable testInfo = new TcpKeepalivePacketDataParcelable();
+        testInfo.srcAddress = IPV4_KEEPALIVE_SRC_ADDR;
+        testInfo.srcPort = srcPort;
+        testInfo.dstAddress = IPV4_KEEPALIVE_DST_ADDR;
+        testInfo.dstPort = dstPort;
+        testInfo.seq = seq;
+        testInfo.ack = ack;
+        testInfo.rcvWnd = wnd;
+        testInfo.rcvWndScale = wndScale;
+        testInfo.tos = tos;
+        testInfo.ttl = ttl;
+        try {
+            resultData = KeepalivePacketDataUtil.fromStableParcelable(testInfo);
+        } catch (InvalidPacketException e) {
+            fail("InvalidPacketException: " + e);
+        }
+
+        assertEquals(InetAddress.getByAddress(testInfo.srcAddress), resultData.getSrcAddress());
+        assertEquals(InetAddress.getByAddress(testInfo.dstAddress), resultData.getDstAddress());
+        assertEquals(testInfo.srcPort, resultData.getSrcPort());
+        assertEquals(testInfo.dstPort, resultData.getDstPort());
+        assertEquals(testInfo.seq, resultData.tcpSeq);
+        assertEquals(testInfo.ack, resultData.tcpAck);
+        assertEquals(testInfo.rcvWnd, resultData.tcpWindow);
+        assertEquals(testInfo.rcvWndScale, resultData.tcpWindowScale);
+        assertEquals(testInfo.tos, resultData.ipTos);
+        assertEquals(testInfo.ttl, resultData.ipTtl);
+
+        assertParcelingIsLossless(resultData);
+
+        final byte[] packet = resultData.getPacket();
+        // IP version and IHL
+        assertEquals(packet[0], 0x45);
+        // TOS
+        assertEquals(packet[1], tos);
+        // TTL
+        assertEquals(packet[8], ttl);
+        // Source IP address.
+        byte[] ip = new byte[4];
+        ByteBuffer buf = ByteBuffer.wrap(packet, 12, 4);
+        buf.get(ip);
+        assertArrayEquals(ip, IPV4_KEEPALIVE_SRC_ADDR);
+        // Destination IP address.
+        buf = ByteBuffer.wrap(packet, 16, 4);
+        buf.get(ip);
+        assertArrayEquals(ip, IPV4_KEEPALIVE_DST_ADDR);
+
+        buf = ByteBuffer.wrap(packet, 20, 12);
+        // Source port.
+        assertEquals(buf.getShort(), srcPort);
+        // Destination port.
+        assertEquals(buf.getShort(), dstPort);
+        // Sequence number.
+        assertEquals(buf.getInt(), seq);
+        // Ack.
+        assertEquals(buf.getInt(), ack);
+        // Window size.
+        buf = ByteBuffer.wrap(packet, 34, 2);
+        assertEquals(buf.getShort(), wnd >> wndScale);
+    }
+
+    //TODO: add ipv6 test when ipv6 supported
+
+    @Test
+    public void testToTcpKeepaliveStableParcelable() throws Exception {
+        final int srcPort = 1234;
+        final int dstPort = 4321;
+        final int sequence = 0x11111111;
+        final int ack = 0x22222222;
+        final int wnd = 48_000;
+        final int wndScale = 2;
+        final int tos = 4;
+        final int ttl = 64;
+        final TcpKeepalivePacketDataParcelable testInfo = new TcpKeepalivePacketDataParcelable();
+        testInfo.srcAddress = IPV4_KEEPALIVE_SRC_ADDR;
+        testInfo.srcPort = srcPort;
+        testInfo.dstAddress = IPV4_KEEPALIVE_DST_ADDR;
+        testInfo.dstPort = dstPort;
+        testInfo.seq = sequence;
+        testInfo.ack = ack;
+        testInfo.rcvWnd = wnd;
+        testInfo.rcvWndScale = wndScale;
+        testInfo.tos = tos;
+        testInfo.ttl = ttl;
+        TcpKeepalivePacketData testData = null;
+        TcpKeepalivePacketDataParcelable resultData = null;
+        testData = KeepalivePacketDataUtil.fromStableParcelable(testInfo);
+        resultData = KeepalivePacketDataUtil.toStableParcelable(testData);
+        assertArrayEquals(resultData.srcAddress, IPV4_KEEPALIVE_SRC_ADDR);
+        assertArrayEquals(resultData.dstAddress, IPV4_KEEPALIVE_DST_ADDR);
+        assertEquals(resultData.srcPort, srcPort);
+        assertEquals(resultData.dstPort, dstPort);
+        assertEquals(resultData.seq, sequence);
+        assertEquals(resultData.ack, ack);
+        assertEquals(resultData.rcvWnd, wnd);
+        assertEquals(resultData.rcvWndScale, wndScale);
+        assertEquals(resultData.tos, tos);
+        assertEquals(resultData.ttl, ttl);
+
+        final String expected = ""
+                + "android.net.TcpKeepalivePacketDataParcelable{srcAddress: [10, 0, 0, 1],"
+                + " srcPort: 1234, dstAddress: [10, 0, 0, 5], dstPort: 4321, seq: 286331153,"
+                + " ack: 572662306, rcvWnd: 48000, rcvWndScale: 2, tos: 4, ttl: 64}";
+        assertEquals(expected, resultData.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParseTcpKeepalivePacketData() throws Exception {
+        final int srcPort = 1234;
+        final int dstPort = 4321;
+        final int sequence = 0x11111111;
+        final int ack = 0x22222222;
+        final int wnd = 4800;
+        final int wndScale = 2;
+        final int tos = 4;
+        final int ttl = 64;
+        final TcpKeepalivePacketDataParcelable testParcel = new TcpKeepalivePacketDataParcelable();
+        testParcel.srcAddress = IPV4_KEEPALIVE_SRC_ADDR;
+        testParcel.srcPort = srcPort;
+        testParcel.dstAddress = IPV4_KEEPALIVE_DST_ADDR;
+        testParcel.dstPort = dstPort;
+        testParcel.seq = sequence;
+        testParcel.ack = ack;
+        testParcel.rcvWnd = wnd;
+        testParcel.rcvWndScale = wndScale;
+        testParcel.tos = tos;
+        testParcel.ttl = ttl;
+
+        final KeepalivePacketData testData =
+                KeepalivePacketDataUtil.fromStableParcelable(testParcel);
+        final TcpKeepalivePacketDataParcelable parsedParcelable =
+                KeepalivePacketDataUtil.parseTcpKeepalivePacketData(testData);
+        final TcpKeepalivePacketData roundTripData =
+                KeepalivePacketDataUtil.fromStableParcelable(parsedParcelable);
+
+        // Generated packet is the same, but rcvWnd / wndScale will differ if scale is non-zero
+        assertTrue(testData.getPacket().length > 0);
+        assertArrayEquals(testData.getPacket(), roundTripData.getPacket());
+
+        testParcel.rcvWndScale = 0;
+        final KeepalivePacketData noScaleTestData =
+                KeepalivePacketDataUtil.fromStableParcelable(testParcel);
+        final TcpKeepalivePacketDataParcelable noScaleParsedParcelable =
+                KeepalivePacketDataUtil.parseTcpKeepalivePacketData(noScaleTestData);
+        final TcpKeepalivePacketData noScaleRoundTripData =
+                KeepalivePacketDataUtil.fromStableParcelable(noScaleParsedParcelable);
+        assertEquals(noScaleTestData, noScaleRoundTripData);
+        assertTrue(noScaleTestData.getPacket().length > 0);
+        assertArrayEquals(noScaleTestData.getPacket(), noScaleRoundTripData.getPacket());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/MacAddressTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/MacAddressTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6de31f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/MacAddressTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,312 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.android.net.module.util.MacAddressUtils;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+import java.net.Inet6Address;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Random;
+
+@SmallTest
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+public class MacAddressTest {
+
+    static class AddrTypeTestCase {
+        byte[] addr;
+        int expectedType;
+
+        static AddrTypeTestCase of(int expectedType, int... addr) {
+            AddrTypeTestCase t = new AddrTypeTestCase();
+            t.expectedType = expectedType;
+            t.addr = toByteArray(addr);
+            return t;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMacAddrTypes() {
+        AddrTypeTestCase[] testcases = {
+            AddrTypeTestCase.of(MacAddress.TYPE_UNKNOWN),
+            AddrTypeTestCase.of(MacAddress.TYPE_UNKNOWN, 0),
+            AddrTypeTestCase.of(MacAddress.TYPE_UNKNOWN, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5),
+            AddrTypeTestCase.of(MacAddress.TYPE_UNKNOWN, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7),
+            AddrTypeTestCase.of(MacAddress.TYPE_UNICAST, 0xa0, 0xb0, 0xc0, 0xd0, 0xe0, 0xf0),
+            AddrTypeTestCase.of(MacAddress.TYPE_BROADCAST, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff),
+            AddrTypeTestCase.of(MacAddress.TYPE_MULTICAST, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6),
+            AddrTypeTestCase.of(MacAddress.TYPE_MULTICAST, 11, 22, 33, 44, 55, 66),
+            AddrTypeTestCase.of(MacAddress.TYPE_MULTICAST, 33, 33, 0xaa, 0xbb, 0xcc, 0xdd)
+        };
+
+        for (AddrTypeTestCase t : testcases) {
+            int got = MacAddress.macAddressType(t.addr);
+            String msg = String.format("expected type of %s to be %s, but got %s",
+                    Arrays.toString(t.addr), t.expectedType, got);
+            assertEquals(msg, t.expectedType, got);
+
+            if (got != MacAddress.TYPE_UNKNOWN) {
+                assertEquals(got, MacAddress.fromBytes(t.addr).getAddressType());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testToOuiString() {
+        String[][] macs = {
+            {"07:00:d3:56:8a:c4", "07:00:d3"},
+            {"33:33:aa:bb:cc:dd", "33:33:aa"},
+            {"06:00:00:00:00:00", "06:00:00"},
+            {"07:00:d3:56:8a:c4", "07:00:d3"}
+        };
+
+        for (String[] pair : macs) {
+            String mac = pair[0];
+            String expected = pair[1];
+            assertEquals(expected, MacAddress.fromString(mac).toOuiString());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHexPaddingWhenPrinting() {
+        String[] macs = {
+            "07:00:d3:56:8a:c4",
+            "33:33:aa:bb:cc:dd",
+            "06:00:00:00:00:00",
+            "07:00:d3:56:8a:c4"
+        };
+
+        for (String mac : macs) {
+            assertEquals(mac, MacAddress.fromString(mac).toString());
+            assertEquals(mac,
+                    MacAddress.stringAddrFromByteAddr(MacAddress.byteAddrFromStringAddr(mac)));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIsMulticastAddress() {
+        MacAddress[] multicastAddresses = {
+            MacAddress.BROADCAST_ADDRESS,
+            MacAddress.fromString("07:00:d3:56:8a:c4"),
+            MacAddress.fromString("33:33:aa:bb:cc:dd"),
+        };
+        MacAddress[] unicastAddresses = {
+            MacAddress.ALL_ZEROS_ADDRESS,
+            MacAddress.fromString("00:01:44:55:66:77"),
+            MacAddress.fromString("08:00:22:33:44:55"),
+            MacAddress.fromString("06:00:00:00:00:00"),
+        };
+
+        for (MacAddress mac : multicastAddresses) {
+            String msg = mac.toString() + " expected to be a multicast address";
+            assertTrue(msg, MacAddressUtils.isMulticastAddress(mac));
+        }
+        for (MacAddress mac : unicastAddresses) {
+            String msg = mac.toString() + " expected not to be a multicast address";
+            assertFalse(msg, MacAddressUtils.isMulticastAddress(mac));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIsLocallyAssignedAddress() {
+        MacAddress[] localAddresses = {
+            MacAddress.fromString("06:00:00:00:00:00"),
+            MacAddress.fromString("07:00:d3:56:8a:c4"),
+            MacAddress.fromString("33:33:aa:bb:cc:dd"),
+        };
+        MacAddress[] universalAddresses = {
+            MacAddress.fromString("00:01:44:55:66:77"),
+            MacAddress.fromString("08:00:22:33:44:55"),
+        };
+
+        for (MacAddress mac : localAddresses) {
+            String msg = mac.toString() + " expected to be a locally assigned address";
+            assertTrue(msg, mac.isLocallyAssigned());
+        }
+        for (MacAddress mac : universalAddresses) {
+            String msg = mac.toString() + " expected not to be globally unique address";
+            assertFalse(msg, mac.isLocallyAssigned());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMacAddressConversions() {
+        final int iterations = 10000;
+        for (int i = 0; i < iterations; i++) {
+            MacAddress mac = MacAddressUtils.createRandomUnicastAddress();
+
+            String stringRepr = mac.toString();
+            byte[] bytesRepr = mac.toByteArray();
+
+            assertEquals(mac, MacAddress.fromString(stringRepr));
+            assertEquals(mac, MacAddress.fromBytes(bytesRepr));
+
+            assertEquals(mac, MacAddress.fromString(MacAddress.stringAddrFromByteAddr(bytesRepr)));
+            assertEquals(mac, MacAddress.fromBytes(MacAddress.byteAddrFromStringAddr(stringRepr)));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMacAddressRandomGeneration() {
+        final int iterations = 1000;
+        final String expectedAndroidOui = "da:a1:19";
+        for (int i = 0; i < iterations; i++) {
+            MacAddress mac = MacAddress.createRandomUnicastAddressWithGoogleBase();
+            String stringRepr = mac.toString();
+
+            assertTrue(stringRepr + " expected to be a locally assigned address",
+                    mac.isLocallyAssigned());
+            assertTrue(stringRepr + " expected to begin with " + expectedAndroidOui,
+                    stringRepr.startsWith(expectedAndroidOui));
+        }
+
+        final Random r = new Random();
+        final String anotherOui = "24:5f:78";
+        final String expectedLocalOui = "26:5f:78";
+        final MacAddress base = MacAddress.fromString(anotherOui + ":0:0:0");
+        for (int i = 0; i < iterations; i++) {
+            MacAddress mac = MacAddressUtils.createRandomUnicastAddress(base, r);
+            String stringRepr = mac.toString();
+
+            assertTrue(stringRepr + " expected to be a locally assigned address",
+                    mac.isLocallyAssigned());
+            assertEquals(MacAddress.TYPE_UNICAST, mac.getAddressType());
+            assertTrue(stringRepr + " expected to begin with " + expectedLocalOui,
+                    stringRepr.startsWith(expectedLocalOui));
+        }
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < iterations; i++) {
+            MacAddress mac = MacAddressUtils.createRandomUnicastAddress();
+            String stringRepr = mac.toString();
+
+            assertTrue(stringRepr + " expected to be a locally assigned address",
+                    mac.isLocallyAssigned());
+            assertEquals(MacAddress.TYPE_UNICAST, mac.getAddressType());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConstructorInputValidation() {
+        String[] invalidStringAddresses = {
+            "",
+            "abcd",
+            "1:2:3:4:5",
+            "1:2:3:4:5:6:7",
+            "10000:2:3:4:5:6",
+        };
+
+        for (String s : invalidStringAddresses) {
+            try {
+                MacAddress mac = MacAddress.fromString(s);
+                fail("MacAddress.fromString(" + s + ") should have failed, but returned " + mac);
+            } catch (IllegalArgumentException excepted) {
+            }
+        }
+
+        try {
+            MacAddress mac = MacAddress.fromString(null);
+            fail("MacAddress.fromString(null) should have failed, but returned " + mac);
+        } catch (NullPointerException excepted) {
+        }
+
+        byte[][] invalidBytesAddresses = {
+            {},
+            {1,2,3,4,5},
+            {1,2,3,4,5,6,7},
+        };
+
+        for (byte[] b : invalidBytesAddresses) {
+            try {
+                MacAddress mac = MacAddress.fromBytes(b);
+                fail("MacAddress.fromBytes(" + Arrays.toString(b)
+                        + ") should have failed, but returned " + mac);
+            } catch (IllegalArgumentException excepted) {
+            }
+        }
+
+        try {
+            MacAddress mac = MacAddress.fromBytes(null);
+            fail("MacAddress.fromBytes(null) should have failed, but returned " + mac);
+        } catch (NullPointerException excepted) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMatches() {
+        // match 4 bytes prefix
+        assertTrue(MacAddress.fromString("aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:11").matches(
+                MacAddress.fromString("aa:bb:cc:dd:00:00"),
+                MacAddress.fromString("ff:ff:ff:ff:00:00")));
+
+        // match bytes 0,1,2 and 5
+        assertTrue(MacAddress.fromString("aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:11").matches(
+                MacAddress.fromString("aa:bb:cc:00:00:11"),
+                MacAddress.fromString("ff:ff:ff:00:00:ff")));
+
+        // match 34 bit prefix
+        assertTrue(MacAddress.fromString("aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:11").matches(
+                MacAddress.fromString("aa:bb:cc:dd:c0:00"),
+                MacAddress.fromString("ff:ff:ff:ff:c0:00")));
+
+        // fail to match 36 bit prefix
+        assertFalse(MacAddress.fromString("aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:11").matches(
+                MacAddress.fromString("aa:bb:cc:dd:40:00"),
+                MacAddress.fromString("ff:ff:ff:ff:f0:00")));
+
+        // match all 6 bytes
+        assertTrue(MacAddress.fromString("aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:11").matches(
+                MacAddress.fromString("aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:11"),
+                MacAddress.fromString("ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff")));
+
+        // match none of 6 bytes
+        assertTrue(MacAddress.fromString("aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:11").matches(
+                MacAddress.fromString("00:00:00:00:00:00"),
+                MacAddress.fromString("00:00:00:00:00:00")));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests that link-local address generation from MAC is valid.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testLinkLocalFromMacGeneration() {
+        MacAddress mac = MacAddress.fromString("52:74:f2:b1:a8:7f");
+        byte[] inet6ll = {(byte) 0xfe, (byte) 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x50, 0x74,
+            (byte) 0xf2, (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xfe, (byte) 0xb1, (byte) 0xa8, 0x7f};
+        Inet6Address llv6 = mac.getLinkLocalIpv6FromEui48Mac();
+        assertTrue(llv6.isLinkLocalAddress());
+        assertArrayEquals(inet6ll, llv6.getAddress());
+    }
+
+    static byte[] toByteArray(int... in) {
+        byte[] out = new byte[in.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < in.length; i++) {
+            out[i] = (byte) in[i];
+        }
+        return out;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkIdentityTest.kt b/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkIdentityTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eb2b85c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkIdentityTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net
+
+import android.net.NetworkIdentity.OEM_NONE
+import android.net.NetworkIdentity.OEM_PAID
+import android.net.NetworkIdentity.OEM_PRIVATE
+import android.net.NetworkIdentity.getOemBitfield
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+import org.junit.runners.JUnit4
+import kotlin.test.assertEquals
+
+@RunWith(JUnit4::class)
+class NetworkIdentityTest {
+    @Test
+    fun testGetOemBitfield() {
+        val oemNone = NetworkCapabilities().apply {
+            setCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID, false)
+            setCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PRIVATE, false)
+        }
+        val oemPaid = NetworkCapabilities().apply {
+            setCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID, true)
+            setCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PRIVATE, false)
+        }
+        val oemPrivate = NetworkCapabilities().apply {
+            setCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID, false)
+            setCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PRIVATE, true)
+        }
+        val oemAll = NetworkCapabilities().apply {
+            setCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID, true)
+            setCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PRIVATE, true)
+        }
+
+        assertEquals(getOemBitfield(oemNone), OEM_NONE)
+        assertEquals(getOemBitfield(oemPaid), OEM_PAID)
+        assertEquals(getOemBitfield(oemPrivate), OEM_PRIVATE)
+        assertEquals(getOemBitfield(oemAll), OEM_PAID or OEM_PRIVATE)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkStatsHistoryTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkStatsHistoryTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..13558cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkStatsHistoryTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,599 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2011 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net;
+
+import static android.net.NetworkStatsHistory.DataStreamUtils.readVarLong;
+import static android.net.NetworkStatsHistory.DataStreamUtils.writeVarLong;
+import static android.net.NetworkStatsHistory.Entry.UNKNOWN;
+import static android.net.NetworkStatsHistory.FIELD_ALL;
+import static android.net.NetworkStatsHistory.FIELD_OPERATIONS;
+import static android.net.NetworkStatsHistory.FIELD_RX_BYTES;
+import static android.net.NetworkStatsHistory.FIELD_RX_PACKETS;
+import static android.net.NetworkStatsHistory.FIELD_TX_BYTES;
+import static android.net.TrafficStats.GB_IN_BYTES;
+import static android.net.TrafficStats.MB_IN_BYTES;
+import static android.text.format.DateUtils.DAY_IN_MILLIS;
+import static android.text.format.DateUtils.HOUR_IN_MILLIS;
+import static android.text.format.DateUtils.MINUTE_IN_MILLIS;
+import static android.text.format.DateUtils.SECOND_IN_MILLIS;
+import static android.text.format.DateUtils.WEEK_IN_MILLIS;
+import static android.text.format.DateUtils.YEAR_IN_MILLIS;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.util.Log;
+
+import androidx.test.InstrumentationRegistry;
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.android.frameworks.tests.net.R;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.DataInputStream;
+import java.io.DataOutputStream;
+import java.util.Random;
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@SmallTest
+public class NetworkStatsHistoryTest {
+    private static final String TAG = "NetworkStatsHistoryTest";
+
+    private static final long TEST_START = 1194220800000L;
+
+    private NetworkStatsHistory stats;
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() throws Exception {
+        if (stats != null) {
+            assertConsistent(stats);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadOriginalVersion() throws Exception {
+        final Context context = InstrumentationRegistry.getContext();
+        final DataInputStream in =
+                new DataInputStream(context.getResources().openRawResource(R.raw.history_v1));
+
+        NetworkStatsHistory.Entry entry = null;
+        try {
+            final NetworkStatsHistory history = new NetworkStatsHistory(in);
+            assertEquals(15 * SECOND_IN_MILLIS, history.getBucketDuration());
+
+            entry = history.getValues(0, entry);
+            assertEquals(29143L, entry.rxBytes);
+            assertEquals(6223L, entry.txBytes);
+
+            entry = history.getValues(history.size() - 1, entry);
+            assertEquals(1476L, entry.rxBytes);
+            assertEquals(838L, entry.txBytes);
+
+            entry = history.getValues(Long.MIN_VALUE, Long.MAX_VALUE, entry);
+            assertEquals(332401L, entry.rxBytes);
+            assertEquals(64314L, entry.txBytes);
+
+        } finally {
+            in.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRecordSingleBucket() throws Exception {
+        final long BUCKET_SIZE = HOUR_IN_MILLIS;
+        stats = new NetworkStatsHistory(BUCKET_SIZE);
+
+        // record data into narrow window to get single bucket
+        stats.recordData(TEST_START, TEST_START + SECOND_IN_MILLIS,
+                new NetworkStats.Entry(1024L, 10L, 2048L, 20L, 2L));
+
+        assertEquals(1, stats.size());
+        assertValues(stats, 0, SECOND_IN_MILLIS, 1024L, 10L, 2048L, 20L, 2L);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRecordEqualBuckets() throws Exception {
+        final long bucketDuration = HOUR_IN_MILLIS;
+        stats = new NetworkStatsHistory(bucketDuration);
+
+        // split equally across two buckets
+        final long recordStart = TEST_START + (bucketDuration / 2);
+        stats.recordData(recordStart, recordStart + bucketDuration,
+                new NetworkStats.Entry(1024L, 10L, 128L, 2L, 2L));
+
+        assertEquals(2, stats.size());
+        assertValues(stats, 0, HOUR_IN_MILLIS / 2, 512L, 5L, 64L, 1L, 1L);
+        assertValues(stats, 1, HOUR_IN_MILLIS / 2, 512L, 5L, 64L, 1L, 1L);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRecordTouchingBuckets() throws Exception {
+        final long BUCKET_SIZE = 15 * MINUTE_IN_MILLIS;
+        stats = new NetworkStatsHistory(BUCKET_SIZE);
+
+        // split almost completely into middle bucket, but with a few minutes
+        // overlap into neighboring buckets. total record is 20 minutes.
+        final long recordStart = (TEST_START + BUCKET_SIZE) - MINUTE_IN_MILLIS;
+        final long recordEnd = (TEST_START + (BUCKET_SIZE * 2)) + (MINUTE_IN_MILLIS * 4);
+        stats.recordData(recordStart, recordEnd,
+                new NetworkStats.Entry(1000L, 2000L, 5000L, 10000L, 100L));
+
+        assertEquals(3, stats.size());
+        // first bucket should have (1/20 of value)
+        assertValues(stats, 0, MINUTE_IN_MILLIS, 50L, 100L, 250L, 500L, 5L);
+        // second bucket should have (15/20 of value)
+        assertValues(stats, 1, 15 * MINUTE_IN_MILLIS, 750L, 1500L, 3750L, 7500L, 75L);
+        // final bucket should have (4/20 of value)
+        assertValues(stats, 2, 4 * MINUTE_IN_MILLIS, 200L, 400L, 1000L, 2000L, 20L);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRecordGapBuckets() throws Exception {
+        final long BUCKET_SIZE = HOUR_IN_MILLIS;
+        stats = new NetworkStatsHistory(BUCKET_SIZE);
+
+        // record some data today and next week with large gap
+        final long firstStart = TEST_START;
+        final long lastStart = TEST_START + WEEK_IN_MILLIS;
+        stats.recordData(firstStart, firstStart + SECOND_IN_MILLIS,
+                new NetworkStats.Entry(128L, 2L, 256L, 4L, 1L));
+        stats.recordData(lastStart, lastStart + SECOND_IN_MILLIS,
+                new NetworkStats.Entry(64L, 1L, 512L, 8L, 2L));
+
+        // we should have two buckets, far apart from each other
+        assertEquals(2, stats.size());
+        assertValues(stats, 0, SECOND_IN_MILLIS, 128L, 2L, 256L, 4L, 1L);
+        assertValues(stats, 1, SECOND_IN_MILLIS, 64L, 1L, 512L, 8L, 2L);
+
+        // now record something in middle, spread across two buckets
+        final long middleStart = TEST_START + DAY_IN_MILLIS;
+        final long middleEnd = middleStart + (HOUR_IN_MILLIS * 2);
+        stats.recordData(middleStart, middleEnd,
+                new NetworkStats.Entry(2048L, 4L, 2048L, 4L, 2L));
+
+        // now should have four buckets, with new record in middle two buckets
+        assertEquals(4, stats.size());
+        assertValues(stats, 0, SECOND_IN_MILLIS, 128L, 2L, 256L, 4L, 1L);
+        assertValues(stats, 1, HOUR_IN_MILLIS, 1024L, 2L, 1024L, 2L, 1L);
+        assertValues(stats, 2, HOUR_IN_MILLIS, 1024L, 2L, 1024L, 2L, 1L);
+        assertValues(stats, 3, SECOND_IN_MILLIS, 64L, 1L, 512L, 8L, 2L);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRecordOverlapBuckets() throws Exception {
+        final long BUCKET_SIZE = HOUR_IN_MILLIS;
+        stats = new NetworkStatsHistory(BUCKET_SIZE);
+
+        // record some data in one bucket, and another overlapping buckets
+        stats.recordData(TEST_START, TEST_START + SECOND_IN_MILLIS,
+                new NetworkStats.Entry(256L, 2L, 256L, 2L, 1L));
+        final long midStart = TEST_START + (HOUR_IN_MILLIS / 2);
+        stats.recordData(midStart, midStart + HOUR_IN_MILLIS,
+                new NetworkStats.Entry(1024L, 10L, 1024L, 10L, 10L));
+
+        // should have two buckets, with some data mixed together
+        assertEquals(2, stats.size());
+        assertValues(stats, 0, SECOND_IN_MILLIS + (HOUR_IN_MILLIS / 2), 768L, 7L, 768L, 7L, 6L);
+        assertValues(stats, 1, (HOUR_IN_MILLIS / 2), 512L, 5L, 512L, 5L, 5L);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRecordEntireGapIdentical() throws Exception {
+        // first, create two separate histories far apart
+        final NetworkStatsHistory stats1 = new NetworkStatsHistory(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
+        stats1.recordData(TEST_START, TEST_START + 2 * HOUR_IN_MILLIS, 2000L, 1000L);
+
+        final long TEST_START_2 = TEST_START + DAY_IN_MILLIS;
+        final NetworkStatsHistory stats2 = new NetworkStatsHistory(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
+        stats2.recordData(TEST_START_2, TEST_START_2 + 2 * HOUR_IN_MILLIS, 1000L, 500L);
+
+        // combine together with identical bucket size
+        stats = new NetworkStatsHistory(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
+        stats.recordEntireHistory(stats1);
+        stats.recordEntireHistory(stats2);
+
+        // first verify that totals match up
+        assertValues(stats, TEST_START - WEEK_IN_MILLIS, TEST_START + WEEK_IN_MILLIS, 3000L, 1500L);
+
+        // now inspect internal buckets
+        assertValues(stats, 0, 1000L, 500L);
+        assertValues(stats, 1, 1000L, 500L);
+        assertValues(stats, 2, 500L, 250L);
+        assertValues(stats, 3, 500L, 250L);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRecordEntireOverlapVaryingBuckets() throws Exception {
+        // create history just over hour bucket boundary
+        final NetworkStatsHistory stats1 = new NetworkStatsHistory(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
+        stats1.recordData(TEST_START, TEST_START + MINUTE_IN_MILLIS * 60, 600L, 600L);
+
+        final long TEST_START_2 = TEST_START + MINUTE_IN_MILLIS;
+        final NetworkStatsHistory stats2 = new NetworkStatsHistory(MINUTE_IN_MILLIS);
+        stats2.recordData(TEST_START_2, TEST_START_2 + MINUTE_IN_MILLIS * 5, 50L, 50L);
+
+        // combine together with minute bucket size
+        stats = new NetworkStatsHistory(MINUTE_IN_MILLIS);
+        stats.recordEntireHistory(stats1);
+        stats.recordEntireHistory(stats2);
+
+        // first verify that totals match up
+        assertValues(stats, TEST_START - WEEK_IN_MILLIS, TEST_START + WEEK_IN_MILLIS, 650L, 650L);
+
+        // now inspect internal buckets
+        assertValues(stats, 0, 10L, 10L);
+        assertValues(stats, 1, 20L, 20L);
+        assertValues(stats, 2, 20L, 20L);
+        assertValues(stats, 3, 20L, 20L);
+        assertValues(stats, 4, 20L, 20L);
+        assertValues(stats, 5, 20L, 20L);
+        assertValues(stats, 6, 10L, 10L);
+
+        // now combine using 15min buckets
+        stats = new NetworkStatsHistory(HOUR_IN_MILLIS / 4);
+        stats.recordEntireHistory(stats1);
+        stats.recordEntireHistory(stats2);
+
+        // first verify that totals match up
+        assertValues(stats, TEST_START - WEEK_IN_MILLIS, TEST_START + WEEK_IN_MILLIS, 650L, 650L);
+
+        // and inspect buckets
+        assertValues(stats, 0, 200L, 200L);
+        assertValues(stats, 1, 150L, 150L);
+        assertValues(stats, 2, 150L, 150L);
+        assertValues(stats, 3, 150L, 150L);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRemove() throws Exception {
+        stats = new NetworkStatsHistory(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
+
+        // record some data across 24 buckets
+        stats.recordData(TEST_START, TEST_START + DAY_IN_MILLIS, 24L, 24L);
+        assertEquals(24, stats.size());
+
+        // try removing invalid data; should be no change
+        stats.removeBucketsBefore(0 - DAY_IN_MILLIS);
+        assertEquals(24, stats.size());
+
+        // try removing far before buckets; should be no change
+        stats.removeBucketsBefore(TEST_START - YEAR_IN_MILLIS);
+        assertEquals(24, stats.size());
+
+        // try removing just moments into first bucket; should be no change
+        // since that bucket contains data beyond the cutoff
+        stats.removeBucketsBefore(TEST_START + SECOND_IN_MILLIS);
+        assertEquals(24, stats.size());
+
+        // try removing single bucket
+        stats.removeBucketsBefore(TEST_START + HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
+        assertEquals(23, stats.size());
+
+        // try removing multiple buckets
+        stats.removeBucketsBefore(TEST_START + (4 * HOUR_IN_MILLIS));
+        assertEquals(20, stats.size());
+
+        // try removing all buckets
+        stats.removeBucketsBefore(TEST_START + YEAR_IN_MILLIS);
+        assertEquals(0, stats.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTotalData() throws Exception {
+        final long BUCKET_SIZE = HOUR_IN_MILLIS;
+        stats = new NetworkStatsHistory(BUCKET_SIZE);
+
+        // record uniform data across day
+        stats.recordData(TEST_START, TEST_START + DAY_IN_MILLIS, 2400L, 4800L);
+
+        // verify that total outside range is 0
+        assertValues(stats, TEST_START - WEEK_IN_MILLIS, TEST_START - DAY_IN_MILLIS, 0L, 0L);
+
+        // verify total in first hour
+        assertValues(stats, TEST_START, TEST_START + HOUR_IN_MILLIS, 100L, 200L);
+
+        // verify total across 1.5 hours
+        assertValues(stats, TEST_START, TEST_START + (long) (1.5 * HOUR_IN_MILLIS), 150L, 300L);
+
+        // verify total beyond end
+        assertValues(stats, TEST_START + (23 * HOUR_IN_MILLIS), TEST_START + WEEK_IN_MILLIS, 100L, 200L);
+
+        // verify everything total
+        assertValues(stats, TEST_START - WEEK_IN_MILLIS, TEST_START + WEEK_IN_MILLIS, 2400L, 4800L);
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFuzzing() throws Exception {
+        try {
+            // fuzzing with random events, looking for crashes
+            final NetworkStats.Entry entry = new NetworkStats.Entry();
+            final Random r = new Random();
+            for (int i = 0; i < 500; i++) {
+                stats = new NetworkStatsHistory(r.nextLong());
+                for (int j = 0; j < 10000; j++) {
+                    if (r.nextBoolean()) {
+                        // add range
+                        final long start = r.nextLong();
+                        final long end = start + r.nextInt();
+                        entry.rxBytes = nextPositiveLong(r);
+                        entry.rxPackets = nextPositiveLong(r);
+                        entry.txBytes = nextPositiveLong(r);
+                        entry.txPackets = nextPositiveLong(r);
+                        entry.operations = nextPositiveLong(r);
+                        stats.recordData(start, end, entry);
+                    } else {
+                        // trim something
+                        stats.removeBucketsBefore(r.nextLong());
+                    }
+                }
+                assertConsistent(stats);
+            }
+        } catch (Throwable e) {
+            Log.e(TAG, String.valueOf(stats));
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static long nextPositiveLong(Random r) {
+        final long value = r.nextLong();
+        return value < 0 ? -value : value;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIgnoreFields() throws Exception {
+        final NetworkStatsHistory history = new NetworkStatsHistory(
+                MINUTE_IN_MILLIS, 0, FIELD_RX_BYTES | FIELD_TX_BYTES);
+
+        history.recordData(0, MINUTE_IN_MILLIS,
+                new NetworkStats.Entry(1024L, 10L, 2048L, 20L, 4L));
+        history.recordData(0, 2 * MINUTE_IN_MILLIS,
+                new NetworkStats.Entry(2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L));
+
+        assertFullValues(history, UNKNOWN, 1026L, UNKNOWN, 2050L, UNKNOWN, UNKNOWN);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIgnoreFieldsRecordIn() throws Exception {
+        final NetworkStatsHistory full = new NetworkStatsHistory(MINUTE_IN_MILLIS, 0, FIELD_ALL);
+        final NetworkStatsHistory partial = new NetworkStatsHistory(
+                MINUTE_IN_MILLIS, 0, FIELD_RX_PACKETS | FIELD_OPERATIONS);
+
+        full.recordData(0, MINUTE_IN_MILLIS,
+                new NetworkStats.Entry(1024L, 10L, 2048L, 20L, 4L));
+        partial.recordEntireHistory(full);
+
+        assertFullValues(partial, UNKNOWN, UNKNOWN, 10L, UNKNOWN, UNKNOWN, 4L);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIgnoreFieldsRecordOut() throws Exception {
+        final NetworkStatsHistory full = new NetworkStatsHistory(MINUTE_IN_MILLIS, 0, FIELD_ALL);
+        final NetworkStatsHistory partial = new NetworkStatsHistory(
+                MINUTE_IN_MILLIS, 0, FIELD_RX_PACKETS | FIELD_OPERATIONS);
+
+        partial.recordData(0, MINUTE_IN_MILLIS,
+                new NetworkStats.Entry(1024L, 10L, 2048L, 20L, 4L));
+        full.recordEntireHistory(partial);
+
+        assertFullValues(full, MINUTE_IN_MILLIS, 0L, 10L, 0L, 0L, 4L);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSerialize() throws Exception {
+        final NetworkStatsHistory before = new NetworkStatsHistory(MINUTE_IN_MILLIS, 40, FIELD_ALL);
+        before.recordData(0, 4 * MINUTE_IN_MILLIS,
+                new NetworkStats.Entry(1024L, 10L, 2048L, 20L, 4L));
+        before.recordData(DAY_IN_MILLIS, DAY_IN_MILLIS + MINUTE_IN_MILLIS,
+                new NetworkStats.Entry(10L, 20L, 30L, 40L, 50L));
+
+        final ByteArrayOutputStream out = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        before.writeToStream(new DataOutputStream(out));
+        out.close();
+
+        final ByteArrayInputStream in = new ByteArrayInputStream(out.toByteArray());
+        final NetworkStatsHistory after = new NetworkStatsHistory(new DataInputStream(in));
+
+        // must have identical totals before and after
+        assertFullValues(before, 5 * MINUTE_IN_MILLIS, 1034L, 30L, 2078L, 60L, 54L);
+        assertFullValues(after, 5 * MINUTE_IN_MILLIS, 1034L, 30L, 2078L, 60L, 54L);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testVarLong() throws Exception {
+        assertEquals(0L, performVarLong(0L));
+        assertEquals(-1L, performVarLong(-1L));
+        assertEquals(1024L, performVarLong(1024L));
+        assertEquals(-1024L, performVarLong(-1024L));
+        assertEquals(40 * MB_IN_BYTES, performVarLong(40 * MB_IN_BYTES));
+        assertEquals(512 * GB_IN_BYTES, performVarLong(512 * GB_IN_BYTES));
+        assertEquals(Long.MIN_VALUE, performVarLong(Long.MIN_VALUE));
+        assertEquals(Long.MAX_VALUE, performVarLong(Long.MAX_VALUE));
+        assertEquals(Long.MIN_VALUE + 40, performVarLong(Long.MIN_VALUE + 40));
+        assertEquals(Long.MAX_VALUE - 40, performVarLong(Long.MAX_VALUE - 40));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIndexBeforeAfter() throws Exception {
+        final long BUCKET_SIZE = HOUR_IN_MILLIS;
+        stats = new NetworkStatsHistory(BUCKET_SIZE);
+
+        final long FIRST_START = TEST_START;
+        final long FIRST_END = FIRST_START + (2 * HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
+        final long SECOND_START = TEST_START + WEEK_IN_MILLIS;
+        final long SECOND_END = SECOND_START + HOUR_IN_MILLIS;
+        final long THIRD_START = TEST_START + (2 * WEEK_IN_MILLIS);
+        final long THIRD_END = THIRD_START + (2 * HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
+
+        stats.recordData(FIRST_START, FIRST_END,
+                new NetworkStats.Entry(1024L, 10L, 2048L, 20L, 2L));
+        stats.recordData(SECOND_START, SECOND_END,
+                new NetworkStats.Entry(1024L, 10L, 2048L, 20L, 2L));
+        stats.recordData(THIRD_START, THIRD_END,
+                new NetworkStats.Entry(1024L, 10L, 2048L, 20L, 2L));
+
+        // should have buckets: 2+1+2
+        assertEquals(5, stats.size());
+
+        assertIndexBeforeAfter(stats, 0, 0, Long.MIN_VALUE);
+        assertIndexBeforeAfter(stats, 0, 1, FIRST_START);
+        assertIndexBeforeAfter(stats, 0, 1, FIRST_START + MINUTE_IN_MILLIS);
+        assertIndexBeforeAfter(stats, 0, 2, FIRST_START + HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
+        assertIndexBeforeAfter(stats, 1, 2, FIRST_START + HOUR_IN_MILLIS + MINUTE_IN_MILLIS);
+        assertIndexBeforeAfter(stats, 1, 2, FIRST_END - MINUTE_IN_MILLIS);
+        assertIndexBeforeAfter(stats, 1, 2, FIRST_END);
+        assertIndexBeforeAfter(stats, 1, 2, FIRST_END + MINUTE_IN_MILLIS);
+        assertIndexBeforeAfter(stats, 1, 2, SECOND_START - MINUTE_IN_MILLIS);
+        assertIndexBeforeAfter(stats, 1, 3, SECOND_START);
+        assertIndexBeforeAfter(stats, 2, 3, SECOND_END);
+        assertIndexBeforeAfter(stats, 2, 3, SECOND_END + MINUTE_IN_MILLIS);
+        assertIndexBeforeAfter(stats, 2, 3, THIRD_START - MINUTE_IN_MILLIS);
+        assertIndexBeforeAfter(stats, 2, 4, THIRD_START);
+        assertIndexBeforeAfter(stats, 3, 4, THIRD_START + MINUTE_IN_MILLIS);
+        assertIndexBeforeAfter(stats, 3, 4, THIRD_START + HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
+        assertIndexBeforeAfter(stats, 4, 4, THIRD_END);
+        assertIndexBeforeAfter(stats, 4, 4, THIRD_END + MINUTE_IN_MILLIS);
+        assertIndexBeforeAfter(stats, 4, 4, Long.MAX_VALUE);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIntersects() throws Exception {
+        final long BUCKET_SIZE = HOUR_IN_MILLIS;
+        stats = new NetworkStatsHistory(BUCKET_SIZE);
+
+        final long FIRST_START = TEST_START;
+        final long FIRST_END = FIRST_START + (2 * HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
+        final long SECOND_START = TEST_START + WEEK_IN_MILLIS;
+        final long SECOND_END = SECOND_START + HOUR_IN_MILLIS;
+        final long THIRD_START = TEST_START + (2 * WEEK_IN_MILLIS);
+        final long THIRD_END = THIRD_START + (2 * HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
+
+        stats.recordData(FIRST_START, FIRST_END,
+                new NetworkStats.Entry(1024L, 10L, 2048L, 20L, 2L));
+        stats.recordData(SECOND_START, SECOND_END,
+                new NetworkStats.Entry(1024L, 10L, 2048L, 20L, 2L));
+        stats.recordData(THIRD_START, THIRD_END,
+                new NetworkStats.Entry(1024L, 10L, 2048L, 20L, 2L));
+
+        assertFalse(stats.intersects(10, 20));
+        assertFalse(stats.intersects(TEST_START + YEAR_IN_MILLIS, TEST_START + YEAR_IN_MILLIS + 1));
+        assertFalse(stats.intersects(Long.MAX_VALUE, Long.MIN_VALUE));
+
+        assertTrue(stats.intersects(Long.MIN_VALUE, Long.MAX_VALUE));
+        assertTrue(stats.intersects(10, TEST_START + YEAR_IN_MILLIS));
+        assertTrue(stats.intersects(TEST_START, TEST_START));
+        assertTrue(stats.intersects(TEST_START + DAY_IN_MILLIS, TEST_START + DAY_IN_MILLIS + 1));
+        assertTrue(stats.intersects(TEST_START + DAY_IN_MILLIS, Long.MAX_VALUE));
+        assertTrue(stats.intersects(TEST_START + 1, Long.MAX_VALUE));
+
+        assertFalse(stats.intersects(Long.MIN_VALUE, TEST_START - 1));
+        assertTrue(stats.intersects(Long.MIN_VALUE, TEST_START));
+        assertTrue(stats.intersects(Long.MIN_VALUE, TEST_START + 1));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetValues() throws Exception {
+        stats = new NetworkStatsHistory(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
+        stats.recordData(TEST_START, TEST_START + 1,
+                new NetworkStats.Entry(1024L, 10L, 2048L, 20L, 2L));
+
+        assertEquals(1024L + 2048L, stats.getTotalBytes());
+
+        final NetworkStatsHistory.Entry entry = stats.getValues(0, null);
+        entry.rxBytes /= 2;
+        entry.txBytes *= 2;
+        stats.setValues(0, entry);
+
+        assertEquals(512L + 4096L, stats.getTotalBytes());
+    }
+
+    private static void assertIndexBeforeAfter(
+            NetworkStatsHistory stats, int before, int after, long time) {
+        assertEquals("unexpected before", before, stats.getIndexBefore(time));
+        assertEquals("unexpected after", after, stats.getIndexAfter(time));
+    }
+
+    private static long performVarLong(long before) throws Exception {
+        final ByteArrayOutputStream out = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        writeVarLong(new DataOutputStream(out), before);
+
+        final ByteArrayInputStream in = new ByteArrayInputStream(out.toByteArray());
+        return readVarLong(new DataInputStream(in));
+    }
+
+    private static void assertConsistent(NetworkStatsHistory stats) {
+        // verify timestamps are monotonic
+        long lastStart = Long.MIN_VALUE;
+        NetworkStatsHistory.Entry entry = null;
+        for (int i = 0; i < stats.size(); i++) {
+            entry = stats.getValues(i, entry);
+            assertTrue(lastStart < entry.bucketStart);
+            lastStart = entry.bucketStart;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void assertValues(
+            NetworkStatsHistory stats, int index, long rxBytes, long txBytes) {
+        final NetworkStatsHistory.Entry entry = stats.getValues(index, null);
+        assertEquals("unexpected rxBytes", rxBytes, entry.rxBytes);
+        assertEquals("unexpected txBytes", txBytes, entry.txBytes);
+    }
+
+    private static void assertValues(
+            NetworkStatsHistory stats, long start, long end, long rxBytes, long txBytes) {
+        final NetworkStatsHistory.Entry entry = stats.getValues(start, end, null);
+        assertEquals("unexpected rxBytes", rxBytes, entry.rxBytes);
+        assertEquals("unexpected txBytes", txBytes, entry.txBytes);
+    }
+
+    private static void assertValues(NetworkStatsHistory stats, int index, long activeTime,
+            long rxBytes, long rxPackets, long txBytes, long txPackets, long operations) {
+        final NetworkStatsHistory.Entry entry = stats.getValues(index, null);
+        assertEquals("unexpected activeTime", activeTime, entry.activeTime);
+        assertEquals("unexpected rxBytes", rxBytes, entry.rxBytes);
+        assertEquals("unexpected rxPackets", rxPackets, entry.rxPackets);
+        assertEquals("unexpected txBytes", txBytes, entry.txBytes);
+        assertEquals("unexpected txPackets", txPackets, entry.txPackets);
+        assertEquals("unexpected operations", operations, entry.operations);
+    }
+
+    private static void assertFullValues(NetworkStatsHistory stats, long activeTime, long rxBytes,
+            long rxPackets, long txBytes, long txPackets, long operations) {
+        assertValues(stats, Long.MIN_VALUE, Long.MAX_VALUE, activeTime, rxBytes, rxPackets, txBytes,
+                txPackets, operations);
+    }
+
+    private static void assertValues(NetworkStatsHistory stats, long start, long end,
+            long activeTime, long rxBytes, long rxPackets, long txBytes, long txPackets,
+            long operations) {
+        final NetworkStatsHistory.Entry entry = stats.getValues(start, end, null);
+        assertEquals("unexpected activeTime", activeTime, entry.activeTime);
+        assertEquals("unexpected rxBytes", rxBytes, entry.rxBytes);
+        assertEquals("unexpected rxPackets", rxPackets, entry.rxPackets);
+        assertEquals("unexpected txBytes", txBytes, entry.txBytes);
+        assertEquals("unexpected txPackets", txPackets, entry.txPackets);
+        assertEquals("unexpected operations", operations, entry.operations);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkStatsTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkStatsTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..23d5a7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkStatsTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,1024 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2011 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net;
+
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.IFACE_ALL;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.INTERFACES_ALL;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.METERED_ALL;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.METERED_NO;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.METERED_YES;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.ROAMING_ALL;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.ROAMING_NO;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.ROAMING_YES;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.SET_ALL;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.SET_DBG_VPN_IN;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.SET_DBG_VPN_OUT;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.SET_DEFAULT;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.SET_FOREGROUND;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.TAG_ALL;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.TAG_NONE;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.UID_ALL;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import android.os.Process;
+import android.util.ArrayMap;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.google.android.collect.Sets;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@SmallTest
+public class NetworkStatsTest {
+
+    private static final String TEST_IFACE = "test0";
+    private static final String TEST_IFACE2 = "test2";
+    private static final int TEST_UID = 1001;
+    private static final long TEST_START = 1194220800000L;
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFindIndex() throws Exception {
+        final NetworkStats stats = new NetworkStats(TEST_START, 5)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 1024L, 8L, 0L, 0L, 10)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 101, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 0L, 0L, 1024L, 8L, 11)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 101, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_YES, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 0L, 0L, 1024L, 8L, 11)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 102, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 1024L, 8L, 1024L, 8L, 12)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 102, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_YES, ROAMING_YES,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 1024L, 8L, 1024L, 8L, 12);
+
+        assertEquals(4, stats.findIndex(TEST_IFACE, 102, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_YES,
+                ROAMING_YES, DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES));
+        assertEquals(3, stats.findIndex(TEST_IFACE, 102, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO));
+        assertEquals(2, stats.findIndex(TEST_IFACE, 101, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_YES,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES));
+        assertEquals(1, stats.findIndex(TEST_IFACE, 101, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO));
+        assertEquals(0, stats.findIndex(TEST_IFACE, 100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES));
+        assertEquals(-1, stats.findIndex(TEST_IFACE, 6, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO));
+        assertEquals(-1, stats.findIndex(TEST_IFACE, 100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFindIndexHinted() {
+        final NetworkStats stats = new NetworkStats(TEST_START, 3)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 1024L, 8L, 0L, 0L, 10)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 101, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 0L, 0L, 1024L, 8L, 11)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 102, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 1024L, 8L, 1024L, 8L, 12)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE2, 100, SET_FOREGROUND, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 1024L, 8L, 0L, 0L, 10)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE2, 101, SET_DEFAULT, 0xF00D, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 0L, 0L, 1024L, 8L, 11)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE2, 101, SET_DEFAULT, 0xF00D, METERED_YES, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 0L, 0L, 1024L, 8L, 11)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE2, 102, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 1024L, 8L, 1024L, 8L, 12)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE2, 102, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_YES, ROAMING_YES,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 1024L, 8L, 1024L, 8L, 12);
+
+        // verify that we correctly find across regardless of hinting
+        for (int hint = 0; hint < stats.size(); hint++) {
+            assertEquals(0, stats.findIndexHinted(TEST_IFACE, 100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                    METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, hint));
+            assertEquals(1, stats.findIndexHinted(TEST_IFACE, 101, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                    METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, hint));
+            assertEquals(2, stats.findIndexHinted(TEST_IFACE, 102, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                    METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, hint));
+            assertEquals(3, stats.findIndexHinted(TEST_IFACE2, 100, SET_FOREGROUND, TAG_NONE,
+                    METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, hint));
+            assertEquals(4, stats.findIndexHinted(TEST_IFACE2, 101, SET_DEFAULT, 0xF00D,
+                    METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, hint));
+            assertEquals(5, stats.findIndexHinted(TEST_IFACE2, 101, SET_DEFAULT, 0xF00D,
+                    METERED_YES, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, hint));
+            assertEquals(6, stats.findIndexHinted(TEST_IFACE2, 102, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                    METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, hint));
+            assertEquals(7, stats.findIndexHinted(TEST_IFACE2, 102, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                    METERED_YES, ROAMING_YES, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, hint));
+            assertEquals(-1, stats.findIndexHinted(TEST_IFACE, 6, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                    METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, hint));
+            assertEquals(-1, stats.findIndexHinted(TEST_IFACE2, 102, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                    METERED_YES, ROAMING_YES, DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, hint));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAddEntryGrow() throws Exception {
+        final NetworkStats stats = new NetworkStats(TEST_START, 4);
+
+        assertEquals(0, stats.size());
+        assertEquals(4, stats.internalSize());
+
+        stats.insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, TEST_UID, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 1L, 1L, 2L, 2L, 3);
+        stats.insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, TEST_UID, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 4);
+        stats.insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, TEST_UID, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_YES,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 3L, 3L, 2L, 2L, 5);
+        stats.insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, TEST_UID, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_YES, ROAMING_YES,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 3L, 3L, 2L, 2L, 5);
+
+        assertEquals(4, stats.size());
+        assertEquals(4, stats.internalSize());
+
+        stats.insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, TEST_UID, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 4L, 40L, 4L, 40L, 7);
+        stats.insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, TEST_UID, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 5L, 50L, 4L, 40L, 8);
+        stats.insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, TEST_UID, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 6L, 60L, 5L, 50L, 10);
+        stats.insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, TEST_UID, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_YES,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 7L, 70L, 5L, 50L, 11);
+        stats.insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, TEST_UID, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_YES, ROAMING_YES,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 7L, 70L, 5L, 50L, 11);
+
+        assertEquals(9, stats.size());
+        assertTrue(stats.internalSize() >= 9);
+
+        assertValues(stats, 0, TEST_IFACE, TEST_UID, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 1L, 1L, 2L, 2L, 3);
+        assertValues(stats, 1, TEST_IFACE, TEST_UID, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 4);
+        assertValues(stats, 2, TEST_IFACE, TEST_UID, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_YES,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 3L, 3L, 2L, 2L, 5);
+        assertValues(stats, 3, TEST_IFACE, TEST_UID, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_YES,
+                ROAMING_YES, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 3L, 3L, 2L, 2L, 5);
+        assertValues(stats, 4, TEST_IFACE, TEST_UID, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 4L, 40L, 4L, 40L, 7);
+        assertValues(stats, 5, TEST_IFACE, TEST_UID, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 5L, 50L, 4L, 40L, 8);
+        assertValues(stats, 6, TEST_IFACE, TEST_UID, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 6L, 60L, 5L, 50L, 10);
+        assertValues(stats, 7, TEST_IFACE, TEST_UID, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_YES,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 7L, 70L, 5L, 50L, 11);
+        assertValues(stats, 8, TEST_IFACE, TEST_UID, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_YES,
+                ROAMING_YES, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 7L, 70L, 5L, 50L, 11);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCombineExisting() throws Exception {
+        final NetworkStats stats = new NetworkStats(TEST_START, 10);
+
+        stats.insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 1001, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 512L, 4L, 256L, 2L, 10);
+        stats.insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 1001, SET_DEFAULT, 0xff, 128L, 1L, 128L, 1L, 2);
+        stats.combineValues(TEST_IFACE, 1001, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, -128L, -1L,
+                -128L, -1L, -1);
+
+        assertValues(stats, 0, TEST_IFACE, 1001, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 384L, 3L, 128L, 1L, 9);
+        assertValues(stats, 1, TEST_IFACE, 1001, SET_DEFAULT, 0xff, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 128L, 1L, 128L, 1L, 2);
+
+        // now try combining that should create row
+        stats.combineValues(TEST_IFACE, 5005, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 128L, 1L, 128L, 1L, 3);
+        assertValues(stats, 2, TEST_IFACE, 5005, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 128L, 1L, 128L, 1L, 3);
+        stats.combineValues(TEST_IFACE, 5005, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 128L, 1L, 128L, 1L, 3);
+        assertValues(stats, 2, TEST_IFACE, 5005, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 256L, 2L, 256L, 2L, 6);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSubtractIdenticalData() throws Exception {
+        final NetworkStats before = new NetworkStats(TEST_START, 2)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 1024L, 8L, 0L, 0L, 11)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 101, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 0L, 0L, 1024L, 8L, 12);
+
+        final NetworkStats after = new NetworkStats(TEST_START, 2)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 1024L, 8L, 0L, 0L, 11)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 101, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 0L, 0L, 1024L, 8L, 12);
+
+        final NetworkStats result = after.subtract(before);
+
+        // identical data should result in zero delta
+        assertValues(result, 0, TEST_IFACE, 100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0);
+        assertValues(result, 1, TEST_IFACE, 101, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSubtractIdenticalRows() throws Exception {
+        final NetworkStats before = new NetworkStats(TEST_START, 2)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 1024L, 8L, 0L, 0L, 11)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 101, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 0L, 0L, 1024L, 8L, 12);
+
+        final NetworkStats after = new NetworkStats(TEST_START, 2)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 1025L, 9L, 2L, 1L, 15)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 101, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 3L, 1L, 1028L, 9L, 20);
+
+        final NetworkStats result = after.subtract(before);
+
+        // expect delta between measurements
+        assertValues(result, 0, TEST_IFACE, 100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 1L, 1L, 2L, 1L, 4);
+        assertValues(result, 1, TEST_IFACE, 101, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 3L, 1L, 4L, 1L, 8);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSubtractNewRows() throws Exception {
+        final NetworkStats before = new NetworkStats(TEST_START, 2)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 1024L, 8L, 0L, 0L, 11)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 101, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 0L, 0L, 1024L, 8L, 12);
+
+        final NetworkStats after = new NetworkStats(TEST_START, 3)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 1024L, 8L, 0L, 0L, 11)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 101, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 0L, 0L, 1024L, 8L, 12)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 102, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 1024L, 8L, 1024L, 8L, 20);
+
+        final NetworkStats result = after.subtract(before);
+
+        // its okay to have new rows
+        assertValues(result, 0, TEST_IFACE, 100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0);
+        assertValues(result, 1, TEST_IFACE, 101, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0);
+        assertValues(result, 2, TEST_IFACE, 102, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 1024L, 8L, 1024L, 8L, 20);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSubtractMissingRows() throws Exception {
+        final NetworkStats before = new NetworkStats(TEST_START, 2)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_ALL, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 1024L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE2, UID_ALL, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 2048L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0);
+
+        final NetworkStats after = new NetworkStats(TEST_START, 1)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE2, UID_ALL, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 2049L, 2L, 3L, 4L, 0);
+
+        final NetworkStats result = after.subtract(before);
+
+        // should silently drop omitted rows
+        assertEquals(1, result.size());
+        assertValues(result, 0, TEST_IFACE2, UID_ALL, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 1L, 2L, 3L, 4L, 0);
+        assertEquals(4L, result.getTotalBytes());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTotalBytes() throws Exception {
+        final NetworkStats iface = new NetworkStats(TEST_START, 2)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_ALL, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 128L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE2, UID_ALL, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 256L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L);
+        assertEquals(384L, iface.getTotalBytes());
+
+        final NetworkStats uidSet = new NetworkStats(TEST_START, 3)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 32L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 101, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 32L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 101, SET_FOREGROUND, TAG_NONE, 32L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L);
+        assertEquals(96L, uidSet.getTotalBytes());
+
+        final NetworkStats uidTag = new NetworkStats(TEST_START, 6)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 16L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE2, 100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 16L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE2, 100, SET_DEFAULT, 0xF00D, 8L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE2, 100, SET_FOREGROUND, TAG_NONE, 16L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 101, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 16L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 101, SET_DEFAULT, 0xF00D, 8L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L);
+        assertEquals(64L, uidTag.getTotalBytes());
+
+        final NetworkStats uidMetered = new NetworkStats(TEST_START, 3)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 32L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 101, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_YES, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 32L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 101, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_YES, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 32L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L);
+        assertEquals(96L, uidMetered.getTotalBytes());
+
+        final NetworkStats uidRoaming = new NetworkStats(TEST_START, 3)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 32L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 101, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_YES, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 32L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 101, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_YES,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 32L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L);
+        assertEquals(96L, uidRoaming.getTotalBytes());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGroupedByIfaceEmpty() throws Exception {
+        final NetworkStats uidStats = new NetworkStats(TEST_START, 3);
+        final NetworkStats grouped = uidStats.groupedByIface();
+
+        assertEquals(0, uidStats.size());
+        assertEquals(0, grouped.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGroupedByIfaceAll() throws Exception {
+        final NetworkStats uidStats = new NetworkStats(TEST_START, 3)
+                .insertEntry(IFACE_ALL, 100, SET_ALL, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 128L, 8L, 0L, 2L, 20L)
+                .insertEntry(IFACE_ALL, 101, SET_FOREGROUND, TAG_NONE, METERED_YES, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 128L, 8L, 0L, 2L, 20L)
+                .insertEntry(IFACE_ALL, 101, SET_ALL, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_YES,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 128L, 8L, 0L, 2L, 20L);
+        final NetworkStats grouped = uidStats.groupedByIface();
+
+        assertEquals(3, uidStats.size());
+        assertEquals(1, grouped.size());
+
+        assertValues(grouped, 0, IFACE_ALL, UID_ALL, SET_ALL, TAG_NONE, METERED_ALL, ROAMING_ALL,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, 384L, 24L, 0L, 6L, 0L);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGroupedByIface() throws Exception {
+        final NetworkStats uidStats = new NetworkStats(TEST_START, 7)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 128L, 8L, 0L, 2L, 20L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE2, 100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 512L, 32L, 0L, 0L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE2, 100, SET_DEFAULT, 0xF00D, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 64L, 4L, 0L, 0L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE2, 100, SET_FOREGROUND, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 512L, 32L, 0L, 0L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 101, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 128L, 8L, 0L, 0L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 101, SET_DEFAULT, 0xF00D, METERED_YES, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 128L, 8L, 0L, 0L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 101, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_YES,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 128L, 8L, 0L, 0L, 0L);
+
+        final NetworkStats grouped = uidStats.groupedByIface();
+
+        assertEquals(7, uidStats.size());
+
+        assertEquals(2, grouped.size());
+        assertValues(grouped, 0, TEST_IFACE, UID_ALL, SET_ALL, TAG_NONE, METERED_ALL, ROAMING_ALL,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, 384L, 24L, 0L, 2L, 0L);
+        assertValues(grouped, 1, TEST_IFACE2, UID_ALL, SET_ALL, TAG_NONE, METERED_ALL, ROAMING_ALL,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, 1024L, 64L, 0L, 0L, 0L);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAddAllValues() {
+        final NetworkStats first = new NetworkStats(TEST_START, 5)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_YES, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 32L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 100, SET_FOREGROUND, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 32L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 100, SET_FOREGROUND, TAG_NONE, METERED_YES, ROAMING_YES,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 32L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L);
+
+        final NetworkStats second = new NetworkStats(TEST_START, 2)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_YES, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 32L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE2, UID_ALL, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 32L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 100, SET_FOREGROUND, TAG_NONE, METERED_YES, ROAMING_YES,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 32L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L);
+
+        first.combineAllValues(second);
+
+        assertEquals(4, first.size());
+        assertValues(first, 0, TEST_IFACE, 100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_YES, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 64L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L);
+        assertValues(first, 1, TEST_IFACE, 100, SET_FOREGROUND, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 32L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L);
+        assertValues(first, 2, TEST_IFACE, 100, SET_FOREGROUND, TAG_NONE, METERED_YES, ROAMING_YES,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 64L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L);
+        assertValues(first, 3, TEST_IFACE2, UID_ALL, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 32L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetTotal() {
+        final NetworkStats stats = new NetworkStats(TEST_START, 7)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 128L, 8L, 0L, 2L, 20L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE2, 100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 512L, 32L, 0L, 0L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE2, 100, SET_DEFAULT, 0xF00D, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 64L, 4L, 0L, 0L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE2, 100, SET_FOREGROUND, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 512L,32L, 0L, 0L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 101, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_YES, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 128L, 8L, 0L, 0L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 101, SET_DEFAULT, 0xF00D, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 128L, 8L, 0L, 0L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_YES,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 128L, 8L, 0L, 0L, 0L);
+
+        assertValues(stats.getTotal(null), 1408L, 88L, 0L, 2L, 20L);
+        assertValues(stats.getTotal(null, 100), 1280L, 80L, 0L, 2L, 20L);
+        assertValues(stats.getTotal(null, 101), 128L, 8L, 0L, 0L, 0L);
+
+        final HashSet<String> ifaces = Sets.newHashSet();
+        assertValues(stats.getTotal(null, ifaces), 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L);
+
+        ifaces.add(TEST_IFACE2);
+        assertValues(stats.getTotal(null, ifaces), 1024L, 64L, 0L, 0L, 0L);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRemoveUids() throws Exception {
+        final NetworkStats before = new NetworkStats(TEST_START, 3);
+
+        // Test 0 item stats.
+        NetworkStats after = before.clone();
+        after.removeUids(new int[0]);
+        assertEquals(0, after.size());
+        after.removeUids(new int[] {100});
+        assertEquals(0, after.size());
+
+        // Test 1 item stats.
+        before.insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 99, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 1L, 128L, 0L, 2L, 20L);
+        after = before.clone();
+        after.removeUids(new int[0]);
+        assertEquals(1, after.size());
+        assertValues(after, 0, TEST_IFACE, 99, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 1L, 128L, 0L, 2L, 20L);
+        after.removeUids(new int[] {99});
+        assertEquals(0, after.size());
+
+        // Append remaining test items.
+        before.insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 2L, 64L, 0L, 2L, 20L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE2, 100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 4L, 32L, 0L, 0L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE2, 100, SET_DEFAULT, 0xF00D, 8L, 16L, 0L, 0L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE2, 100, SET_FOREGROUND, TAG_NONE, 16L, 8L, 0L, 0L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 101, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 32L, 4L, 0L, 0L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 101, SET_DEFAULT, 0xF00D, 64L, 2L, 0L, 0L, 0L);
+        assertEquals(7, before.size());
+
+        // Test remove with empty uid list.
+        after = before.clone();
+        after.removeUids(new int[0]);
+        assertValues(after.getTotalIncludingTags(null), 127L, 254L, 0L, 4L, 40L);
+
+        // Test remove uids don't exist in stats.
+        after.removeUids(new int[] {98, 0, Integer.MIN_VALUE, Integer.MAX_VALUE});
+        assertValues(after.getTotalIncludingTags(null), 127L, 254L, 0L, 4L, 40L);
+
+        // Test remove all uids.
+        after.removeUids(new int[] {99, 100, 100, 101});
+        assertEquals(0, after.size());
+
+        // Test remove in the middle.
+        after = before.clone();
+        after.removeUids(new int[] {100});
+        assertEquals(3, after.size());
+        assertValues(after, 0, TEST_IFACE, 99, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 1L, 128L, 0L, 2L, 20L);
+        assertValues(after, 1, TEST_IFACE, 101, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 32L, 4L, 0L, 0L, 0L);
+        assertValues(after, 2, TEST_IFACE, 101, SET_DEFAULT, 0xF00D, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 64L, 2L, 0L, 0L, 0L);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRemoveEmptyEntries() throws Exception {
+        // Test empty stats.
+        final NetworkStats statsEmpty = new NetworkStats(TEST_START, 3);
+        assertEquals(0, statsEmpty.removeEmptyEntries().size());
+
+        // Test stats with non-zero entry.
+        final NetworkStats statsNonZero = new NetworkStats(TEST_START, 1)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 99, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                        ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 1L, 128L, 0L, 2L, 20L);
+        assertEquals(1, statsNonZero.size());
+        final NetworkStats expectedNonZero = statsNonZero.removeEmptyEntries();
+        assertEquals(1, expectedNonZero.size());
+        assertValues(expectedNonZero, 0, TEST_IFACE, 99, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 1L, 128L, 0L, 2L, 20L);
+
+        // Test stats with empty entry.
+        final NetworkStats statsZero = new NetworkStats(TEST_START, 1)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 99, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                        ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L);
+        assertEquals(1, statsZero.size());
+        final NetworkStats expectedZero = statsZero.removeEmptyEntries();
+        assertEquals(1, statsZero.size()); // Assert immutable.
+        assertEquals(0, expectedZero.size());
+
+        // Test stats with multiple entries.
+        final NetworkStats statsMultiple = new NetworkStats(TEST_START, 0)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 2L, 64L, 0L, 2L, 20L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE2, 100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 4L, 32L, 0L, 0L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 101, SET_DEFAULT, 0xF00D, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 101, SET_DEFAULT, 0xF00D, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE2, 100, SET_DEFAULT, 0xF00D, 8L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE2, 100, SET_FOREGROUND, TAG_NONE, 0L, 8L, 0L, 0L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 101, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 0L, 0L, 4L, 0L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 101, SET_DEFAULT, 0xF00D, 0L, 0L, 0L, 2L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 101, SET_DEFAULT, 0xF00D, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 1L);
+        assertEquals(9, statsMultiple.size());
+        final NetworkStats expectedMultiple = statsMultiple.removeEmptyEntries();
+        assertEquals(9, statsMultiple.size()); // Assert immutable.
+        assertEquals(7, expectedMultiple.size());
+        assertValues(expectedMultiple.getTotalIncludingTags(null), 14L, 104L, 4L, 4L, 21L);
+
+        // Test stats with multiple empty entries.
+        assertEquals(statsMultiple.size(), statsMultiple.subtract(statsMultiple).size());
+        assertEquals(0, statsMultiple.subtract(statsMultiple).removeEmptyEntries().size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClone() throws Exception {
+        final NetworkStats original = new NetworkStats(TEST_START, 5)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 128L, 8L, 0L, 2L, 20L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE2, 100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 512L, 32L, 0L, 0L, 0L);
+
+        // make clone and mutate original
+        final NetworkStats clone = original.clone();
+        original.insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 101, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 128L, 8L, 0L, 0L, 0L);
+
+        assertEquals(3, original.size());
+        assertEquals(2, clone.size());
+
+        assertEquals(128L + 512L + 128L, original.getTotalBytes());
+        assertEquals(128L + 512L, clone.getTotalBytes());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAddWhenEmpty() throws Exception {
+        final NetworkStats red = new NetworkStats(TEST_START, -1);
+        final NetworkStats blue = new NetworkStats(TEST_START, 5)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 128L, 8L, 0L, 2L, 20L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE2, 100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 512L, 32L, 0L, 0L, 0L);
+
+        // We're mostly checking that we don't crash
+        red.combineAllValues(blue);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMigrateTun() throws Exception {
+        final int tunUid = 10030;
+        final String tunIface = "tun0";
+        final String underlyingIface = "wlan0";
+        final int testTag1 = 8888;
+        NetworkStats delta = new NetworkStats(TEST_START, 17)
+                .insertEntry(tunIface, 10100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 39605L, 46L, 12259L, 55L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(tunIface, 10100, SET_FOREGROUND, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(tunIface, 10120, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 72667L, 197L, 43909L, 241L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(tunIface, 10120, SET_FOREGROUND, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 9297L, 17L, 4128L, 21L, 0L)
+                // VPN package also uses some traffic through unprotected network.
+                .insertEntry(tunIface, tunUid, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 4983L, 10L, 1801L, 12L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(tunIface, tunUid, SET_FOREGROUND, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L)
+                // Tag entries
+                .insertEntry(tunIface, 10120, SET_DEFAULT, testTag1, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 21691L, 41L, 13820L, 51L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(tunIface, 10120, SET_FOREGROUND, testTag1, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 1281L, 2L, 665L, 2L, 0L)
+                // Irrelevant entries
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 10100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 1685L, 5L, 2070L, 6L, 0L)
+                // Underlying Iface entries
+                .insertEntry(underlyingIface, 10100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 5178L, 8L, 2139L, 11L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(underlyingIface, 10100, SET_FOREGROUND, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                        ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(underlyingIface, tunUid, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 149873L, 287L, 59217L /* smaller than sum(tun0) */,
+                        299L /* smaller than sum(tun0) */, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(underlyingIface, tunUid, SET_FOREGROUND, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                        ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L);
+
+        delta.migrateTun(tunUid, tunIface, Arrays.asList(underlyingIface));
+        assertEquals(20, delta.size());
+
+        // tunIface and TEST_IFACE entries are not changed.
+        assertValues(delta, 0, tunIface, 10100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 39605L, 46L, 12259L, 55L, 0L);
+        assertValues(delta, 1, tunIface, 10100, SET_FOREGROUND, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L);
+        assertValues(delta, 2, tunIface, 10120, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 72667L, 197L, 43909L, 241L, 0L);
+        assertValues(delta, 3, tunIface, 10120, SET_FOREGROUND, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 9297L, 17L, 4128L, 21L, 0L);
+        assertValues(delta, 4, tunIface, tunUid, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 4983L, 10L, 1801L, 12L, 0L);
+        assertValues(delta, 5, tunIface, tunUid, SET_FOREGROUND, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L);
+        assertValues(delta, 6, tunIface, 10120, SET_DEFAULT, testTag1, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 21691L, 41L, 13820L, 51L, 0L);
+        assertValues(delta, 7, tunIface, 10120, SET_FOREGROUND, testTag1, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 1281L, 2L, 665L, 2L, 0L);
+        assertValues(delta, 8, TEST_IFACE, 10100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 1685L, 5L, 2070L, 6L, 0L);
+
+        // Existing underlying Iface entries are updated
+        assertValues(delta, 9, underlyingIface, 10100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 44783L, 54L, 14178L, 62L, 0L);
+        assertValues(delta, 10, underlyingIface, 10100, SET_FOREGROUND, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L);
+
+        // VPN underlying Iface entries are updated
+        assertValues(delta, 11, underlyingIface, tunUid, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 28304L, 27L, 1L, 2L, 0L);
+        assertValues(delta, 12, underlyingIface, tunUid, SET_FOREGROUND, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L);
+
+        // New entries are added for new application's underlying Iface traffic
+        assertContains(delta, underlyingIface, 10120, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 72667L, 197L, 43123L, 227L, 0L);
+        assertContains(delta, underlyingIface, 10120, SET_FOREGROUND, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 9297L, 17L, 4054, 19L, 0L);
+        assertContains(delta, underlyingIface, 10120, SET_DEFAULT, testTag1, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 21691L, 41L, 13572L, 48L, 0L);
+        assertContains(delta, underlyingIface, 10120, SET_FOREGROUND, testTag1, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 1281L, 2L, 653L, 1L, 0L);
+
+        // New entries are added for debug purpose
+        assertContains(delta, underlyingIface, 10100, SET_DBG_VPN_IN, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 39605L, 46L, 12039, 51, 0);
+        assertContains(delta, underlyingIface, 10120, SET_DBG_VPN_IN, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 81964, 214, 47177, 246, 0);
+        assertContains(delta, underlyingIface, tunUid, SET_DBG_VPN_OUT, TAG_NONE, METERED_ALL,
+                ROAMING_ALL, DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, 121569, 260, 59216, 297, 0);
+
+    }
+
+    // Tests a case where all of the data received by the tun0 interface is echo back into the tun0
+    // interface by the vpn app before it's sent out of the underlying interface. The VPN app should
+    // not be charged for the echoed data but it should still be charged for any extra data it sends
+    // via the underlying interface.
+    @Test
+    public void testMigrateTun_VpnAsLoopback() {
+        final int tunUid = 10030;
+        final String tunIface = "tun0";
+        final String underlyingIface = "wlan0";
+        NetworkStats delta = new NetworkStats(TEST_START, 9)
+                // 2 different apps sent/receive data via tun0.
+                .insertEntry(tunIface, 10100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 50000L, 25L, 100000L, 50L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(tunIface, 20100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 500L, 2L, 200L, 5L, 0L)
+                // VPN package resends data through the tunnel (with exaggerated overhead)
+                .insertEntry(tunIface, tunUid, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 240000, 100L, 120000L, 60L, 0L)
+                // 1 app already has some traffic on the underlying interface, the other doesn't yet
+                .insertEntry(underlyingIface, 10100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 1000L, 10L, 2000L, 20L, 0L)
+                // Traffic through the underlying interface via the vpn app.
+                // This test should redistribute this data correctly.
+                .insertEntry(underlyingIface, tunUid, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 75500L, 37L, 130000L, 70L, 0L);
+
+        delta.migrateTun(tunUid, tunIface, Arrays.asList(underlyingIface));
+        assertEquals(9, delta.size());
+
+        // tunIface entries should not be changed.
+        assertValues(delta, 0, tunIface, 10100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 50000L, 25L, 100000L, 50L, 0L);
+        assertValues(delta, 1, tunIface, 20100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 500L, 2L, 200L, 5L, 0L);
+        assertValues(delta, 2, tunIface, tunUid, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 240000L, 100L, 120000L, 60L, 0L);
+
+        // Existing underlying Iface entries are updated
+        assertValues(delta, 3, underlyingIface, 10100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 51000L, 35L, 102000L, 70L, 0L);
+
+        // VPN underlying Iface entries are updated
+        assertValues(delta, 4, underlyingIface, tunUid, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 25000L, 10L, 29800L, 15L, 0L);
+
+        // New entries are added for new application's underlying Iface traffic
+        assertContains(delta, underlyingIface, 20100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 500L, 2L, 200L, 5L, 0L);
+
+        // New entries are added for debug purpose
+        assertContains(delta, underlyingIface, 10100, SET_DBG_VPN_IN, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 50000L, 25L, 100000L, 50L, 0L);
+        assertContains(delta, underlyingIface, 20100, SET_DBG_VPN_IN, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 500, 2L, 200L, 5L, 0L);
+        assertContains(delta, underlyingIface, tunUid, SET_DBG_VPN_OUT, TAG_NONE, METERED_ALL,
+                ROAMING_ALL, DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, 50500L, 27L, 100200L, 55, 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFilter_NoFilter() {
+        NetworkStats.Entry entry1 = new NetworkStats.Entry(
+                "test1", 10100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 50000L, 25L, 100000L, 50L, 0L);
+
+        NetworkStats.Entry entry2 = new NetworkStats.Entry(
+                "test2", 10101, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 50000L, 25L, 100000L, 50L, 0L);
+
+        NetworkStats.Entry entry3 = new NetworkStats.Entry(
+                "test2", 10101, SET_DEFAULT, 123, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 50000L, 25L, 100000L, 50L, 0L);
+
+        NetworkStats stats = new NetworkStats(TEST_START, 3)
+                .insertEntry(entry1)
+                .insertEntry(entry2)
+                .insertEntry(entry3);
+
+        stats.filter(UID_ALL, INTERFACES_ALL, TAG_ALL);
+        assertEquals(3, stats.size());
+        assertEquals(entry1, stats.getValues(0, null));
+        assertEquals(entry2, stats.getValues(1, null));
+        assertEquals(entry3, stats.getValues(2, null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFilter_UidFilter() {
+        final int testUid = 10101;
+        NetworkStats.Entry entry1 = new NetworkStats.Entry(
+                "test1", 10100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 50000L, 25L, 100000L, 50L, 0L);
+
+        NetworkStats.Entry entry2 = new NetworkStats.Entry(
+                "test2", testUid, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 50000L, 25L, 100000L, 50L, 0L);
+
+        NetworkStats.Entry entry3 = new NetworkStats.Entry(
+                "test2", testUid, SET_DEFAULT, 123, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 50000L, 25L, 100000L, 50L, 0L);
+
+        NetworkStats stats = new NetworkStats(TEST_START, 3)
+                .insertEntry(entry1)
+                .insertEntry(entry2)
+                .insertEntry(entry3);
+
+        stats.filter(testUid, INTERFACES_ALL, TAG_ALL);
+        assertEquals(2, stats.size());
+        assertEquals(entry2, stats.getValues(0, null));
+        assertEquals(entry3, stats.getValues(1, null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFilter_InterfaceFilter() {
+        final String testIf1 = "testif1";
+        final String testIf2 = "testif2";
+        NetworkStats.Entry entry1 = new NetworkStats.Entry(
+                testIf1, 10100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 50000L, 25L, 100000L, 50L, 0L);
+
+        NetworkStats.Entry entry2 = new NetworkStats.Entry(
+                "otherif", 10101, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 50000L, 25L, 100000L, 50L, 0L);
+
+        NetworkStats.Entry entry3 = new NetworkStats.Entry(
+                testIf1, 10101, SET_DEFAULT, 123, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 50000L, 25L, 100000L, 50L, 0L);
+
+        NetworkStats.Entry entry4 = new NetworkStats.Entry(
+                testIf2, 10101, SET_DEFAULT, 123, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 50000L, 25L, 100000L, 50L, 0L);
+
+        NetworkStats stats = new NetworkStats(TEST_START, 4)
+                .insertEntry(entry1)
+                .insertEntry(entry2)
+                .insertEntry(entry3)
+                .insertEntry(entry4);
+
+        stats.filter(UID_ALL, new String[] { testIf1, testIf2 }, TAG_ALL);
+        assertEquals(3, stats.size());
+        assertEquals(entry1, stats.getValues(0, null));
+        assertEquals(entry3, stats.getValues(1, null));
+        assertEquals(entry4, stats.getValues(2, null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFilter_EmptyInterfaceFilter() {
+        NetworkStats.Entry entry1 = new NetworkStats.Entry(
+                "if1", 10100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 50000L, 25L, 100000L, 50L, 0L);
+
+        NetworkStats.Entry entry2 = new NetworkStats.Entry(
+                "if2", 10101, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 50000L, 25L, 100000L, 50L, 0L);
+
+        NetworkStats stats = new NetworkStats(TEST_START, 3)
+                .insertEntry(entry1)
+                .insertEntry(entry2);
+
+        stats.filter(UID_ALL, new String[] { }, TAG_ALL);
+        assertEquals(0, stats.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFilter_TagFilter() {
+        final int testTag = 123;
+        final int otherTag = 456;
+        NetworkStats.Entry entry1 = new NetworkStats.Entry(
+                "test1", 10100, SET_DEFAULT, testTag, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 50000L, 25L, 100000L, 50L, 0L);
+
+        NetworkStats.Entry entry2 = new NetworkStats.Entry(
+                "test2", 10101, SET_DEFAULT, testTag, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 50000L, 25L, 100000L, 50L, 0L);
+
+        NetworkStats.Entry entry3 = new NetworkStats.Entry(
+                "test2", 10101, SET_DEFAULT, otherTag, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 50000L, 25L, 100000L, 50L, 0L);
+
+        NetworkStats stats = new NetworkStats(TEST_START, 3)
+                .insertEntry(entry1)
+                .insertEntry(entry2)
+                .insertEntry(entry3);
+
+        stats.filter(UID_ALL, INTERFACES_ALL, testTag);
+        assertEquals(2, stats.size());
+        assertEquals(entry1, stats.getValues(0, null));
+        assertEquals(entry2, stats.getValues(1, null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFilterDebugEntries() {
+        NetworkStats.Entry entry1 = new NetworkStats.Entry(
+                "test1", 10100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 50000L, 25L, 100000L, 50L, 0L);
+
+        NetworkStats.Entry entry2 = new NetworkStats.Entry(
+                "test2", 10101, SET_DBG_VPN_IN, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 50000L, 25L, 100000L, 50L, 0L);
+
+        NetworkStats.Entry entry3 = new NetworkStats.Entry(
+                "test2", 10101, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 50000L, 25L, 100000L, 50L, 0L);
+
+        NetworkStats.Entry entry4 = new NetworkStats.Entry(
+                "test2", 10101, SET_DBG_VPN_OUT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 50000L, 25L, 100000L, 50L, 0L);
+
+        NetworkStats stats = new NetworkStats(TEST_START, 4)
+                .insertEntry(entry1)
+                .insertEntry(entry2)
+                .insertEntry(entry3)
+                .insertEntry(entry4);
+
+        stats.filterDebugEntries();
+
+        assertEquals(2, stats.size());
+        assertEquals(entry1, stats.getValues(0, null));
+        assertEquals(entry3, stats.getValues(1, null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testApply464xlatAdjustments() {
+        final String v4Iface = "v4-wlan0";
+        final String baseIface = "wlan0";
+        final String otherIface = "other";
+        final int appUid = 10001;
+        final int rootUid = Process.ROOT_UID;
+        ArrayMap<String, String> stackedIface = new ArrayMap<>();
+        stackedIface.put(v4Iface, baseIface);
+
+        // Ipv4 traffic sent/received by an app on stacked interface.
+        final NetworkStats.Entry appEntry = new NetworkStats.Entry(
+                v4Iface, appUid, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                30501490  /* rxBytes */,
+                22401 /* rxPackets */,
+                876235 /* txBytes */,
+                13805 /* txPackets */,
+                0 /* operations */);
+
+        // Traffic measured for the root uid on the base interface.
+        final NetworkStats.Entry rootUidEntry = new NetworkStats.Entry(
+                baseIface, rootUid, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                163577 /* rxBytes */,
+                187 /* rxPackets */,
+                17607 /* txBytes */,
+                97 /* txPackets */,
+                0 /* operations */);
+
+        final NetworkStats.Entry otherEntry = new NetworkStats.Entry(
+                otherIface, appUid, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                2600  /* rxBytes */,
+                2 /* rxPackets */,
+                3800 /* txBytes */,
+                3 /* txPackets */,
+                0 /* operations */);
+
+        final NetworkStats stats = new NetworkStats(TEST_START, 3)
+                .insertEntry(appEntry)
+                .insertEntry(rootUidEntry)
+                .insertEntry(otherEntry);
+
+        stats.apply464xlatAdjustments(stackedIface);
+
+        assertEquals(3, stats.size());
+        final NetworkStats.Entry expectedAppUid = new NetworkStats.Entry(
+                v4Iface, appUid, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                30949510,
+                22401,
+                1152335,
+                13805,
+                0);
+        final NetworkStats.Entry expectedRootUid = new NetworkStats.Entry(
+                baseIface, 0, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                163577,
+                187,
+                17607,
+                97,
+                0);
+        assertEquals(expectedAppUid, stats.getValues(0, null));
+        assertEquals(expectedRootUid, stats.getValues(1, null));
+        assertEquals(otherEntry, stats.getValues(2, null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testApply464xlatAdjustments_noStackedIface() {
+        NetworkStats.Entry firstEntry = new NetworkStats.Entry(
+                "if1", 10002, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                2600  /* rxBytes */,
+                2 /* rxPackets */,
+                3800 /* txBytes */,
+                3 /* txPackets */,
+                0 /* operations */);
+        NetworkStats.Entry secondEntry = new NetworkStats.Entry(
+                "if2", 10002, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                5000  /* rxBytes */,
+                3 /* rxPackets */,
+                6000 /* txBytes */,
+                4 /* txPackets */,
+                0 /* operations */);
+
+        NetworkStats stats = new NetworkStats(TEST_START, 2)
+                .insertEntry(firstEntry)
+                .insertEntry(secondEntry);
+
+        // Empty map: no adjustment
+        stats.apply464xlatAdjustments(new ArrayMap<>());
+
+        assertEquals(2, stats.size());
+        assertEquals(firstEntry, stats.getValues(0, null));
+        assertEquals(secondEntry, stats.getValues(1, null));
+    }
+
+    private static void assertContains(NetworkStats stats,  String iface, int uid, int set,
+            int tag, int metered, int roaming, int defaultNetwork, long rxBytes, long rxPackets,
+            long txBytes, long txPackets, long operations) {
+        int index = stats.findIndex(iface, uid, set, tag, metered, roaming, defaultNetwork);
+        assertTrue(index != -1);
+        assertValues(stats, index, iface, uid, set, tag, metered, roaming, defaultNetwork,
+                rxBytes, rxPackets, txBytes, txPackets, operations);
+    }
+
+    private static void assertValues(NetworkStats stats, int index, String iface, int uid, int set,
+            int tag, int metered, int roaming, int defaultNetwork, long rxBytes, long rxPackets,
+            long txBytes, long txPackets, long operations) {
+        final NetworkStats.Entry entry = stats.getValues(index, null);
+        assertValues(entry, iface, uid, set, tag, metered, roaming, defaultNetwork);
+        assertValues(entry, rxBytes, rxPackets, txBytes, txPackets, operations);
+    }
+
+    private static void assertValues(
+            NetworkStats.Entry entry, String iface, int uid, int set, int tag, int metered,
+            int roaming, int defaultNetwork) {
+        assertEquals(iface, entry.iface);
+        assertEquals(uid, entry.uid);
+        assertEquals(set, entry.set);
+        assertEquals(tag, entry.tag);
+        assertEquals(metered, entry.metered);
+        assertEquals(roaming, entry.roaming);
+        assertEquals(defaultNetwork, entry.defaultNetwork);
+    }
+
+    private static void assertValues(NetworkStats.Entry entry, long rxBytes, long rxPackets,
+            long txBytes, long txPackets, long operations) {
+        assertEquals(rxBytes, entry.rxBytes);
+        assertEquals(rxPackets, entry.rxPackets);
+        assertEquals(txBytes, entry.txBytes);
+        assertEquals(txPackets, entry.txPackets);
+        assertEquals(operations, entry.operations);
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkTemplateTest.kt b/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkTemplateTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ab6b2f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkTemplateTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,351 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net
+
+import android.content.Context
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI
+import android.net.NetworkIdentity.SUBTYPE_COMBINED
+import android.net.NetworkIdentity.OEM_NONE
+import android.net.NetworkIdentity.OEM_PAID
+import android.net.NetworkIdentity.OEM_PRIVATE
+import android.net.NetworkIdentity.buildNetworkIdentity
+import android.net.NetworkStats.DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL
+import android.net.NetworkStats.METERED_ALL
+import android.net.NetworkStats.ROAMING_ALL
+import android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_MOBILE
+import android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_MOBILE_WILDCARD
+import android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_WIFI
+import android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_WIFI_WILDCARD
+import android.net.NetworkTemplate.WIFI_NETWORKID_ALL
+import android.net.NetworkTemplate.NETWORK_TYPE_5G_NSA
+import android.net.NetworkTemplate.NETWORK_TYPE_ALL
+import android.net.NetworkTemplate.OEM_MANAGED_ALL
+import android.net.NetworkTemplate.OEM_MANAGED_NO
+import android.net.NetworkTemplate.OEM_MANAGED_YES
+import android.net.NetworkTemplate.SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_EXACT
+import android.net.NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateWifi
+import android.net.NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateWifiWildcard
+import android.net.NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateCarrier
+import android.net.NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateMobileWithRatType
+import android.telephony.TelephonyManager
+import com.android.testutils.assertParcelSane
+import org.junit.Before
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+import org.junit.runners.JUnit4
+import org.mockito.Mockito.mock
+import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations
+import kotlin.test.assertEquals
+import kotlin.test.assertFalse
+import kotlin.test.assertNotEquals
+import kotlin.test.assertTrue
+
+private const val TEST_IMSI1 = "imsi1"
+private const val TEST_IMSI2 = "imsi2"
+private const val TEST_SSID1 = "ssid1"
+private const val TEST_SSID2 = "ssid2"
+
+@RunWith(JUnit4::class)
+class NetworkTemplateTest {
+    private val mockContext = mock(Context::class.java)
+
+    private fun buildMobileNetworkState(subscriberId: String): NetworkStateSnapshot =
+            buildNetworkState(TYPE_MOBILE, subscriberId = subscriberId)
+    private fun buildWifiNetworkState(subscriberId: String?, ssid: String?): NetworkStateSnapshot =
+            buildNetworkState(TYPE_WIFI, subscriberId = subscriberId, ssid = ssid)
+
+    private fun buildNetworkState(
+        type: Int,
+        subscriberId: String? = null,
+        ssid: String? = null,
+        oemManaged: Int = OEM_NONE
+    ): NetworkStateSnapshot {
+        val lp = LinkProperties()
+        val caps = NetworkCapabilities().apply {
+            setCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED, false)
+            setCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING, true)
+            setSSID(ssid)
+            setCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID,
+                    (oemManaged and OEM_PAID) == OEM_PAID)
+            setCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PRIVATE,
+                    (oemManaged and OEM_PRIVATE) == OEM_PRIVATE)
+        }
+        return NetworkStateSnapshot(mock(Network::class.java), caps, lp, subscriberId, type)
+    }
+
+    private fun NetworkTemplate.assertMatches(ident: NetworkIdentity) =
+            assertTrue(matches(ident), "$this does not match $ident")
+
+    private fun NetworkTemplate.assertDoesNotMatch(ident: NetworkIdentity) =
+            assertFalse(matches(ident), "$this should match $ident")
+
+    @Before
+    fun setup() {
+        MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testWifiWildcardMatches() {
+        val templateWifiWildcard = buildTemplateWifiWildcard()
+
+        val identMobileImsi1 = buildNetworkIdentity(mockContext,
+                buildMobileNetworkState(TEST_IMSI1),
+                false, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS)
+        val identWifiImsiNullSsid1 = buildNetworkIdentity(
+                mockContext, buildWifiNetworkState(null, TEST_SSID1), true, 0)
+        val identWifiImsi1Ssid1 = buildNetworkIdentity(
+                mockContext, buildWifiNetworkState(TEST_IMSI1, TEST_SSID1), true, 0)
+
+        templateWifiWildcard.assertDoesNotMatch(identMobileImsi1)
+        templateWifiWildcard.assertMatches(identWifiImsiNullSsid1)
+        templateWifiWildcard.assertMatches(identWifiImsi1Ssid1)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testWifiMatches() {
+        val templateWifiSsid1 = buildTemplateWifi(TEST_SSID1)
+        val templateWifiSsid1ImsiNull = buildTemplateWifi(TEST_SSID1, null)
+        val templateWifiSsid1Imsi1 = buildTemplateWifi(TEST_SSID1, TEST_IMSI1)
+        val templateWifiSsidAllImsi1 = buildTemplateWifi(WIFI_NETWORKID_ALL, TEST_IMSI1)
+
+        val identMobile1 = buildNetworkIdentity(mockContext, buildMobileNetworkState(TEST_IMSI1),
+                false, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS)
+        val identWifiImsiNullSsid1 = buildNetworkIdentity(
+                mockContext, buildWifiNetworkState(null, TEST_SSID1), true, 0)
+        val identWifiImsi1Ssid1 = buildNetworkIdentity(
+                mockContext, buildWifiNetworkState(TEST_IMSI1, TEST_SSID1), true, 0)
+        val identWifiImsi2Ssid1 = buildNetworkIdentity(
+                mockContext, buildWifiNetworkState(TEST_IMSI2, TEST_SSID1), true, 0)
+        val identWifiImsi1Ssid2 = buildNetworkIdentity(
+                mockContext, buildWifiNetworkState(TEST_IMSI1, TEST_SSID2), true, 0)
+
+        // Verify that template with SSID only matches any subscriberId and specific SSID.
+        templateWifiSsid1.assertDoesNotMatch(identMobile1)
+        templateWifiSsid1.assertMatches(identWifiImsiNullSsid1)
+        templateWifiSsid1.assertMatches(identWifiImsi1Ssid1)
+        templateWifiSsid1.assertMatches(identWifiImsi2Ssid1)
+        templateWifiSsid1.assertDoesNotMatch(identWifiImsi1Ssid2)
+
+        // Verify that template with SSID1 and null imsi matches any network with
+        // SSID1 and null imsi.
+        templateWifiSsid1ImsiNull.assertDoesNotMatch(identMobile1)
+        templateWifiSsid1ImsiNull.assertMatches(identWifiImsiNullSsid1)
+        templateWifiSsid1ImsiNull.assertDoesNotMatch(identWifiImsi1Ssid1)
+        templateWifiSsid1ImsiNull.assertDoesNotMatch(identWifiImsi2Ssid1)
+        templateWifiSsid1ImsiNull.assertDoesNotMatch(identWifiImsi1Ssid2)
+
+        // Verify that template with SSID1 and imsi1 matches any network with
+        // SSID1 and imsi1.
+        templateWifiSsid1Imsi1.assertDoesNotMatch(identMobile1)
+        templateWifiSsid1Imsi1.assertDoesNotMatch(identWifiImsiNullSsid1)
+        templateWifiSsid1Imsi1.assertMatches(identWifiImsi1Ssid1)
+        templateWifiSsid1Imsi1.assertDoesNotMatch(identWifiImsi2Ssid1)
+        templateWifiSsid1Imsi1.assertDoesNotMatch(identWifiImsi1Ssid2)
+
+        // Verify that template with SSID all and imsi1 matches any network with
+        // any SSID and imsi1.
+        templateWifiSsidAllImsi1.assertDoesNotMatch(identMobile1)
+        templateWifiSsidAllImsi1.assertDoesNotMatch(identWifiImsiNullSsid1)
+        templateWifiSsidAllImsi1.assertMatches(identWifiImsi1Ssid1)
+        templateWifiSsidAllImsi1.assertDoesNotMatch(identWifiImsi2Ssid1)
+        templateWifiSsidAllImsi1.assertMatches(identWifiImsi1Ssid2)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testCarrierMatches() {
+        val templateCarrierImsi1 = buildTemplateCarrier(TEST_IMSI1)
+
+        val identMobile1 = buildNetworkIdentity(mockContext, buildMobileNetworkState(TEST_IMSI1),
+                false, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS)
+        val identMobile2 = buildNetworkIdentity(mockContext, buildMobileNetworkState(TEST_IMSI2),
+                false, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS)
+        val identWifiSsid1 = buildNetworkIdentity(
+                mockContext, buildWifiNetworkState(null, TEST_SSID1), true, 0)
+        val identCarrierWifiImsi1 = buildNetworkIdentity(
+                mockContext, buildWifiNetworkState(TEST_IMSI1, TEST_SSID1), true, 0)
+        val identCarrierWifiImsi2 = buildNetworkIdentity(
+                mockContext, buildWifiNetworkState(TEST_IMSI2, TEST_SSID1), true, 0)
+
+        templateCarrierImsi1.assertMatches(identCarrierWifiImsi1)
+        templateCarrierImsi1.assertDoesNotMatch(identCarrierWifiImsi2)
+        templateCarrierImsi1.assertDoesNotMatch(identWifiSsid1)
+        templateCarrierImsi1.assertMatches(identMobile1)
+        templateCarrierImsi1.assertDoesNotMatch(identMobile2)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testRatTypeGroupMatches() {
+        val stateMobile = buildMobileNetworkState(TEST_IMSI1)
+        // Build UMTS template that matches mobile identities with RAT in the same
+        // group with any IMSI. See {@link NetworkTemplate#getCollapsedRatType}.
+        val templateUmts = buildTemplateMobileWithRatType(null, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS)
+        // Build normal template that matches mobile identities with any RAT and IMSI.
+        val templateAll = buildTemplateMobileWithRatType(null, NETWORK_TYPE_ALL)
+        // Build template with UNKNOWN RAT that matches mobile identities with RAT that
+        // cannot be determined.
+        val templateUnknown =
+                buildTemplateMobileWithRatType(null, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UNKNOWN)
+
+        val identUmts = buildNetworkIdentity(
+                mockContext, stateMobile, false, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS)
+        val identHsdpa = buildNetworkIdentity(
+                mockContext, stateMobile, false, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_HSDPA)
+        val identLte = buildNetworkIdentity(
+                mockContext, stateMobile, false, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_LTE)
+        val identCombined = buildNetworkIdentity(
+                mockContext, stateMobile, false, SUBTYPE_COMBINED)
+        val identImsi2 = buildNetworkIdentity(mockContext, buildMobileNetworkState(TEST_IMSI2),
+                false, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS)
+        val identWifi = buildNetworkIdentity(
+                mockContext, buildWifiNetworkState(null, TEST_SSID1), true, 0)
+
+        // Assert that identity with the same RAT matches.
+        templateUmts.assertMatches(identUmts)
+        templateAll.assertMatches(identUmts)
+        templateUnknown.assertDoesNotMatch(identUmts)
+        // Assert that identity with the RAT within the same group matches.
+        templateUmts.assertMatches(identHsdpa)
+        templateAll.assertMatches(identHsdpa)
+        templateUnknown.assertDoesNotMatch(identHsdpa)
+        // Assert that identity with the RAT out of the same group only matches template with
+        // NETWORK_TYPE_ALL.
+        templateUmts.assertDoesNotMatch(identLte)
+        templateAll.assertMatches(identLte)
+        templateUnknown.assertDoesNotMatch(identLte)
+        // Assert that identity with combined RAT only matches with template with NETWORK_TYPE_ALL
+        // and NETWORK_TYPE_UNKNOWN.
+        templateUmts.assertDoesNotMatch(identCombined)
+        templateAll.assertMatches(identCombined)
+        templateUnknown.assertMatches(identCombined)
+        // Assert that identity with different IMSI matches.
+        templateUmts.assertMatches(identImsi2)
+        templateAll.assertMatches(identImsi2)
+        templateUnknown.assertDoesNotMatch(identImsi2)
+        // Assert that wifi identity does not match.
+        templateUmts.assertDoesNotMatch(identWifi)
+        templateAll.assertDoesNotMatch(identWifi)
+        templateUnknown.assertDoesNotMatch(identWifi)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testParcelUnparcel() {
+        val templateMobile = NetworkTemplate(MATCH_MOBILE, TEST_IMSI1, null, null, METERED_ALL,
+                ROAMING_ALL, DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_LTE,
+                OEM_MANAGED_ALL, SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_EXACT)
+        val templateWifi = NetworkTemplate(MATCH_WIFI, null, null, TEST_SSID1, METERED_ALL,
+                ROAMING_ALL, DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, 0, OEM_MANAGED_ALL,
+                SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_EXACT)
+        val templateOem = NetworkTemplate(MATCH_MOBILE, null, null, null, METERED_ALL,
+                ROAMING_ALL, DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, 0, OEM_MANAGED_YES,
+                SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_EXACT)
+        assertParcelSane(templateMobile, 10)
+        assertParcelSane(templateWifi, 10)
+        assertParcelSane(templateOem, 10)
+    }
+
+    // Verify NETWORK_TYPE_* constants in NetworkTemplate do not conflict with
+    // TelephonyManager#NETWORK_TYPE_* constants.
+    @Test
+    fun testNetworkTypeConstants() {
+        for (ratType in TelephonyManager.getAllNetworkTypes()) {
+            assertNotEquals(NETWORK_TYPE_ALL, ratType)
+            assertNotEquals(NETWORK_TYPE_5G_NSA, ratType)
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testOemNetworkConstants() {
+        val constantValues = arrayOf(OEM_MANAGED_YES, OEM_MANAGED_ALL, OEM_MANAGED_NO,
+                OEM_PAID, OEM_PRIVATE, OEM_PAID or OEM_PRIVATE)
+
+        // Verify that "not OEM managed network" constants are equal.
+        assertEquals(OEM_MANAGED_NO, OEM_NONE)
+
+        // Verify the constants don't conflict.
+        assertEquals(constantValues.size, constantValues.distinct().count())
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Helper to enumerate and assert OEM managed wifi and mobile {@code NetworkTemplate}s match
+     * their the appropriate OEM managed {@code NetworkIdentity}s.
+     *
+     * @param networkType {@code TYPE_MOBILE} or {@code TYPE_WIFI}
+     * @param matchType A match rule from {@code NetworkTemplate.MATCH_*} corresponding to the
+     *         networkType.
+     * @param subscriberId To be populated with {@code TEST_IMSI*} only if networkType is
+     *         {@code TYPE_MOBILE}. May be left as null when matchType is
+     *         {@link NetworkTemplate.MATCH_MOBILE_WILDCARD}.
+     * @param templateSsid Top be populated with {@code TEST_SSID*} only if networkType is
+     *         {@code TYPE_WIFI}. May be left as null when matchType is
+     *         {@link NetworkTemplate.MATCH_WIFI_WILDCARD}.
+     * @param identSsid If networkType is {@code TYPE_WIFI}, this value must *NOT* be null. Provide
+     *         one of {@code TEST_SSID*}.
+     */
+    private fun matchOemManagedIdent(
+        networkType: Int,
+        matchType: Int,
+        subscriberId: String? = null,
+        templateSsid: String? = null,
+        identSsid: String? = null
+    ) {
+        val oemManagedStates = arrayOf(OEM_NONE, OEM_PAID, OEM_PRIVATE, OEM_PAID or OEM_PRIVATE)
+        val matchSubscriberIds = arrayOf(subscriberId)
+
+        val templateOemYes = NetworkTemplate(matchType, subscriberId, matchSubscriberIds,
+                templateSsid, METERED_ALL, ROAMING_ALL, DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, NETWORK_TYPE_ALL,
+                OEM_MANAGED_YES, SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_EXACT)
+        val templateOemAll = NetworkTemplate(matchType, subscriberId, matchSubscriberIds,
+                templateSsid, METERED_ALL, ROAMING_ALL, DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, NETWORK_TYPE_ALL,
+                OEM_MANAGED_ALL, SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_EXACT)
+
+        for (identityOemManagedState in oemManagedStates) {
+            val ident = buildNetworkIdentity(mockContext, buildNetworkState(networkType,
+                    subscriberId, identSsid, identityOemManagedState), /*defaultNetwork=*/false,
+                    /*subType=*/0)
+
+            // Create a template with each OEM managed type and match it against the NetworkIdentity
+            for (templateOemManagedState in oemManagedStates) {
+                val template = NetworkTemplate(matchType, subscriberId, matchSubscriberIds,
+                        templateSsid, METERED_ALL, ROAMING_ALL, DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL,
+                        NETWORK_TYPE_ALL, templateOemManagedState, SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_EXACT)
+                if (identityOemManagedState == templateOemManagedState) {
+                    template.assertMatches(ident)
+                } else {
+                    template.assertDoesNotMatch(ident)
+                }
+            }
+            // OEM_MANAGED_ALL ignores OEM state.
+            templateOemAll.assertMatches(ident)
+            if (identityOemManagedState == OEM_NONE) {
+                // OEM_MANAGED_YES matches everything except OEM_NONE.
+                templateOemYes.assertDoesNotMatch(ident)
+            } else {
+                templateOemYes.assertMatches(ident)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testOemManagedMatchesIdent() {
+        matchOemManagedIdent(TYPE_MOBILE, MATCH_MOBILE, subscriberId = TEST_IMSI1)
+        matchOemManagedIdent(TYPE_MOBILE, MATCH_MOBILE_WILDCARD)
+        matchOemManagedIdent(TYPE_WIFI, MATCH_WIFI, templateSsid = TEST_SSID1,
+                identSsid = TEST_SSID1)
+        matchOemManagedIdent(TYPE_WIFI, MATCH_WIFI_WILDCARD, identSsid = TEST_SSID1)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkUtilsTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkUtilsTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7748288
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkUtilsTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2015 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net;
+
+import static junit.framework.Assert.assertEquals;
+
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+import java.math.BigInteger;
+import java.util.TreeSet;
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@androidx.test.filters.SmallTest
+public class NetworkUtilsTest {
+    @Test
+    public void testRoutedIPv4AddressCount() {
+        final TreeSet<IpPrefix> set = new TreeSet<>(IpPrefix.lengthComparator());
+        // No routes routes to no addresses.
+        assertEquals(0, NetworkUtils.routedIPv4AddressCount(set));
+
+        set.add(new IpPrefix("0.0.0.0/0"));
+        assertEquals(1l << 32, NetworkUtils.routedIPv4AddressCount(set));
+
+        set.add(new IpPrefix("20.18.0.0/16"));
+        set.add(new IpPrefix("20.18.0.0/24"));
+        set.add(new IpPrefix("20.18.0.0/8"));
+        // There is a default route, still covers everything
+        assertEquals(1l << 32, NetworkUtils.routedIPv4AddressCount(set));
+
+        set.clear();
+        set.add(new IpPrefix("20.18.0.0/24"));
+        set.add(new IpPrefix("20.18.0.0/8"));
+        // The 8-length includes the 24-length prefix
+        assertEquals(1l << 24, NetworkUtils.routedIPv4AddressCount(set));
+
+        set.add(new IpPrefix("10.10.10.126/25"));
+        // The 8-length does not include this 25-length prefix
+        assertEquals((1l << 24) + (1 << 7), NetworkUtils.routedIPv4AddressCount(set));
+
+        set.clear();
+        set.add(new IpPrefix("1.2.3.4/32"));
+        set.add(new IpPrefix("1.2.3.4/32"));
+        set.add(new IpPrefix("1.2.3.4/32"));
+        set.add(new IpPrefix("1.2.3.4/32"));
+        assertEquals(1l, NetworkUtils.routedIPv4AddressCount(set));
+
+        set.add(new IpPrefix("1.2.3.5/32"));
+        set.add(new IpPrefix("1.2.3.6/32"));
+
+        set.add(new IpPrefix("1.2.3.7/32"));
+        set.add(new IpPrefix("1.2.3.8/32"));
+        set.add(new IpPrefix("1.2.3.9/32"));
+        set.add(new IpPrefix("1.2.3.0/32"));
+        assertEquals(7l, NetworkUtils.routedIPv4AddressCount(set));
+
+        // 1.2.3.4/30 eats 1.2.3.{4-7}/32
+        set.add(new IpPrefix("1.2.3.4/30"));
+        set.add(new IpPrefix("6.2.3.4/28"));
+        set.add(new IpPrefix("120.2.3.4/16"));
+        assertEquals(7l - 4 + 4 + 16 + 65536, NetworkUtils.routedIPv4AddressCount(set));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRoutedIPv6AddressCount() {
+        final TreeSet<IpPrefix> set = new TreeSet<>(IpPrefix.lengthComparator());
+        // No routes routes to no addresses.
+        assertEquals(BigInteger.ZERO, NetworkUtils.routedIPv6AddressCount(set));
+
+        set.add(new IpPrefix("::/0"));
+        assertEquals(BigInteger.ONE.shiftLeft(128), NetworkUtils.routedIPv6AddressCount(set));
+
+        set.add(new IpPrefix("1234:622a::18/64"));
+        set.add(new IpPrefix("add4:f00:80:f7:1111::6adb/96"));
+        set.add(new IpPrefix("add4:f00:80:f7:1111::6adb/8"));
+        // There is a default route, still covers everything
+        assertEquals(BigInteger.ONE.shiftLeft(128), NetworkUtils.routedIPv6AddressCount(set));
+
+        set.clear();
+        set.add(new IpPrefix("add4:f00:80:f7:1111::6adb/96"));
+        set.add(new IpPrefix("add4:f00:80:f7:1111::6adb/8"));
+        // The 8-length includes the 96-length prefix
+        assertEquals(BigInteger.ONE.shiftLeft(120), NetworkUtils.routedIPv6AddressCount(set));
+
+        set.add(new IpPrefix("10::26/64"));
+        // The 8-length does not include this 64-length prefix
+        assertEquals(BigInteger.ONE.shiftLeft(120).add(BigInteger.ONE.shiftLeft(64)),
+                NetworkUtils.routedIPv6AddressCount(set));
+
+        set.clear();
+        set.add(new IpPrefix("add4:f00:80:f7:1111::6ad4/128"));
+        set.add(new IpPrefix("add4:f00:80:f7:1111::6ad4/128"));
+        set.add(new IpPrefix("add4:f00:80:f7:1111::6ad4/128"));
+        set.add(new IpPrefix("add4:f00:80:f7:1111::6ad4/128"));
+        assertEquals(BigInteger.ONE, NetworkUtils.routedIPv6AddressCount(set));
+
+        set.add(new IpPrefix("add4:f00:80:f7:1111::6ad5/128"));
+        set.add(new IpPrefix("add4:f00:80:f7:1111::6ad6/128"));
+        set.add(new IpPrefix("add4:f00:80:f7:1111::6ad7/128"));
+        set.add(new IpPrefix("add4:f00:80:f7:1111::6ad8/128"));
+        set.add(new IpPrefix("add4:f00:80:f7:1111::6ad9/128"));
+        set.add(new IpPrefix("add4:f00:80:f7:1111::6ad0/128"));
+        assertEquals(BigInteger.valueOf(7), NetworkUtils.routedIPv6AddressCount(set));
+
+        // add4:f00:80:f7:1111::6ad4/126 eats add4:f00:8[:f7:1111::6ad{4-7}/128
+        set.add(new IpPrefix("add4:f00:80:f7:1111::6ad4/126"));
+        set.add(new IpPrefix("d00d:f00:80:f7:1111::6ade/124"));
+        set.add(new IpPrefix("f00b:a33::/112"));
+        assertEquals(BigInteger.valueOf(7l - 4 + 4 + 16 + 65536),
+                NetworkUtils.routedIPv6AddressCount(set));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/QosSocketFilterTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/QosSocketFilterTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ad58960
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/QosSocketFilterTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net;
+
+import static junit.framework.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static junit.framework.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@androidx.test.filters.SmallTest
+public class QosSocketFilterTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPortExactMatch() {
+        final InetAddress addressA = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("1.2.3.4");
+        final InetAddress addressB = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("1.2.3.4");
+        assertTrue(QosSocketFilter.matchesLocalAddress(
+                new InetSocketAddress(addressA, 10), addressB, 10, 10));
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPortLessThanStart() {
+        final InetAddress addressA = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("1.2.3.4");
+        final InetAddress addressB = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("1.2.3.4");
+        assertFalse(QosSocketFilter.matchesLocalAddress(
+                new InetSocketAddress(addressA, 8), addressB, 10, 10));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPortGreaterThanEnd() {
+        final InetAddress addressA = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("1.2.3.4");
+        final InetAddress addressB = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("1.2.3.4");
+        assertFalse(QosSocketFilter.matchesLocalAddress(
+                new InetSocketAddress(addressA, 18), addressB, 10, 10));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPortBetweenStartAndEnd() {
+        final InetAddress addressA = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("1.2.3.4");
+        final InetAddress addressB = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("1.2.3.4");
+        assertTrue(QosSocketFilter.matchesLocalAddress(
+                new InetSocketAddress(addressA, 10), addressB, 8, 18));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAddressesDontMatch() {
+        final InetAddress addressA = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("1.2.3.4");
+        final InetAddress addressB = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("1.2.3.5");
+        assertFalse(QosSocketFilter.matchesLocalAddress(
+                new InetSocketAddress(addressA, 10), addressB, 10, 10));
+    }
+}
+
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/TelephonyNetworkSpecifierTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/TelephonyNetworkSpecifierTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6714bb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/TelephonyNetworkSpecifierTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net;
+
+import static com.android.testutils.ParcelUtils.assertParcelSane;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import android.net.wifi.WifiNetworkSpecifier;
+import android.telephony.SubscriptionManager;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * Unit test for {@link android.net.TelephonyNetworkSpecifier}.
+ */
+@SmallTest
+public class TelephonyNetworkSpecifierTest {
+    private static final int TEST_SUBID = 5;
+    private static final String TEST_SSID = "Test123";
+
+    /**
+     * Validate that IllegalArgumentException will be thrown if build TelephonyNetworkSpecifier
+     * without calling {@link TelephonyNetworkSpecifier.Builder#setSubscriptionId(int)}.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testBuilderBuildWithDefault() {
+        try {
+            new TelephonyNetworkSpecifier.Builder().build();
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException iae) {
+            // expected, test pass
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Validate that no exception will be thrown even if pass invalid subscription id to
+     * {@link TelephonyNetworkSpecifier.Builder#setSubscriptionId(int)}.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testBuilderBuildWithInvalidSubId() {
+        TelephonyNetworkSpecifier specifier = new TelephonyNetworkSpecifier.Builder()
+                .setSubscriptionId(SubscriptionManager.INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID)
+                .build();
+        assertEquals(specifier.getSubscriptionId(), SubscriptionManager.INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Validate the correctness of TelephonyNetworkSpecifier when provide valid subId.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testBuilderBuildWithValidSubId() {
+        final TelephonyNetworkSpecifier specifier = new TelephonyNetworkSpecifier.Builder()
+                .setSubscriptionId(TEST_SUBID)
+                .build();
+        assertEquals(TEST_SUBID, specifier.getSubscriptionId());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Validate that parcel marshalling/unmarshalling works.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testParcel() {
+        TelephonyNetworkSpecifier specifier = new TelephonyNetworkSpecifier.Builder()
+                .setSubscriptionId(TEST_SUBID)
+                .build();
+        assertParcelSane(specifier, 1 /* fieldCount */);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Validate the behavior of method canBeSatisfiedBy().
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testCanBeSatisfiedBy() {
+        final TelephonyNetworkSpecifier tns1 = new TelephonyNetworkSpecifier.Builder()
+                .setSubscriptionId(TEST_SUBID)
+                .build();
+        final TelephonyNetworkSpecifier tns2 = new TelephonyNetworkSpecifier.Builder()
+                .setSubscriptionId(TEST_SUBID)
+                .build();
+        final WifiNetworkSpecifier wns = new WifiNetworkSpecifier.Builder()
+                .setSsid(TEST_SSID)
+                .build();
+        final MatchAllNetworkSpecifier mans = new MatchAllNetworkSpecifier();
+
+        // Test equality
+        assertEquals(tns1, tns2);
+        assertTrue(tns1.canBeSatisfiedBy(tns1));
+        assertTrue(tns1.canBeSatisfiedBy(tns2));
+
+        // Test other edge cases.
+        assertFalse(tns1.canBeSatisfiedBy(null));
+        assertFalse(tns1.canBeSatisfiedBy(wns));
+        assertTrue(tns1.canBeSatisfiedBy(mans));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/VpnManagerTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/VpnManagerTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3135062
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/VpnManagerTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.mockito.Matchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.Matchers.eq;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+import android.content.ComponentName;
+import android.content.Intent;
+import android.test.mock.MockContext;
+import android.util.SparseArray;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.android.internal.net.VpnProfile;
+import com.android.internal.util.MessageUtils;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+/** Unit tests for {@link VpnManager}. */
+@SmallTest
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+public class VpnManagerTest {
+    private static final String PKG_NAME = "fooPackage";
+
+    private static final String SESSION_NAME_STRING = "testSession";
+    private static final String SERVER_ADDR_STRING = "1.2.3.4";
+    private static final String IDENTITY_STRING = "Identity";
+    private static final byte[] PSK_BYTES = "preSharedKey".getBytes();
+
+    private IVpnManager mMockService;
+    private VpnManager mVpnManager;
+    private final MockContext mMockContext =
+            new MockContext() {
+                @Override
+                public String getOpPackageName() {
+                    return PKG_NAME;
+                }
+            };
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
+        mMockService = mock(IVpnManager.class);
+        mVpnManager = new VpnManager(mMockContext, mMockService);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testProvisionVpnProfilePreconsented() throws Exception {
+        final PlatformVpnProfile profile = getPlatformVpnProfile();
+        when(mMockService.provisionVpnProfile(any(VpnProfile.class), eq(PKG_NAME)))
+                .thenReturn(true);
+
+        // Expect there to be no intent returned, as consent has already been granted.
+        assertNull(mVpnManager.provisionVpnProfile(profile));
+        verify(mMockService).provisionVpnProfile(eq(profile.toVpnProfile()), eq(PKG_NAME));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testProvisionVpnProfileNeedsConsent() throws Exception {
+        final PlatformVpnProfile profile = getPlatformVpnProfile();
+        when(mMockService.provisionVpnProfile(any(VpnProfile.class), eq(PKG_NAME)))
+                .thenReturn(false);
+
+        // Expect intent to be returned, as consent has not already been granted.
+        final Intent intent = mVpnManager.provisionVpnProfile(profile);
+        assertNotNull(intent);
+
+        final ComponentName expectedComponentName =
+                ComponentName.unflattenFromString(
+                        "com.android.vpndialogs/com.android.vpndialogs.PlatformVpnConfirmDialog");
+        assertEquals(expectedComponentName, intent.getComponent());
+        verify(mMockService).provisionVpnProfile(eq(profile.toVpnProfile()), eq(PKG_NAME));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDeleteProvisionedVpnProfile() throws Exception {
+        mVpnManager.deleteProvisionedVpnProfile();
+        verify(mMockService).deleteVpnProfile(eq(PKG_NAME));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStartProvisionedVpnProfile() throws Exception {
+        mVpnManager.startProvisionedVpnProfile();
+        verify(mMockService).startVpnProfile(eq(PKG_NAME));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStopProvisionedVpnProfile() throws Exception {
+        mVpnManager.stopProvisionedVpnProfile();
+        verify(mMockService).stopVpnProfile(eq(PKG_NAME));
+    }
+
+    private Ikev2VpnProfile getPlatformVpnProfile() throws Exception {
+        return new Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder(SERVER_ADDR_STRING, IDENTITY_STRING)
+                .setBypassable(true)
+                .setMaxMtu(1300)
+                .setMetered(true)
+                .setAuthPsk(PSK_BYTES)
+                .build();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testVpnTypesEqual() throws Exception {
+        SparseArray<String> vmVpnTypes = MessageUtils.findMessageNames(
+                new Class[] { VpnManager.class }, new String[]{ "TYPE_VPN_" });
+        SparseArray<String> nativeVpnType = MessageUtils.findMessageNames(
+                new Class[] { NativeVpnType.class }, new String[]{ "" });
+
+        // TYPE_VPN_NONE = -1 is only defined in VpnManager.
+        assertEquals(vmVpnTypes.size() - 1, nativeVpnType.size());
+        for (int i = VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_SERVICE; i < vmVpnTypes.size(); i++) {
+            assertEquals(vmVpnTypes.get(i), "TYPE_VPN_" + nativeVpnType.get(i));
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/VpnTransportInfoTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/VpnTransportInfoTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ccaa5cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/VpnTransportInfoTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net;
+
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.REDACT_FOR_NETWORK_SETTINGS;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.REDACT_NONE;
+
+import static com.android.testutils.ParcelUtils.assertParcelSane;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@SmallTest
+public class VpnTransportInfoTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParceling() {
+        VpnTransportInfo v = new VpnTransportInfo(VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_PLATFORM, "12345");
+        assertParcelSane(v, 2 /* fieldCount */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEqualsAndHashCode() {
+        String session1 = "12345";
+        String session2 = "6789";
+        VpnTransportInfo v11 = new VpnTransportInfo(VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_PLATFORM, session1);
+        VpnTransportInfo v12 = new VpnTransportInfo(VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_SERVICE, session1);
+        VpnTransportInfo v13 = new VpnTransportInfo(VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_PLATFORM, session1);
+        VpnTransportInfo v14 = new VpnTransportInfo(VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_LEGACY, session1);
+        VpnTransportInfo v15 = new VpnTransportInfo(VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_OEM, session1);
+        VpnTransportInfo v21 = new VpnTransportInfo(VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_LEGACY, session2);
+
+        VpnTransportInfo v31 = v11.makeCopy(REDACT_FOR_NETWORK_SETTINGS);
+        VpnTransportInfo v32 = v13.makeCopy(REDACT_FOR_NETWORK_SETTINGS);
+
+        assertNotEquals(v11, v12);
+        assertNotEquals(v13, v14);
+        assertNotEquals(v14, v15);
+        assertNotEquals(v14, v21);
+
+        assertEquals(v11, v13);
+        assertEquals(v31, v32);
+        assertEquals(v11.hashCode(), v13.hashCode());
+        assertEquals(REDACT_FOR_NETWORK_SETTINGS, v32.getApplicableRedactions());
+        assertEquals(session1, v15.makeCopy(REDACT_NONE).getSessionId());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/ipmemorystore/ParcelableTests.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/ipmemorystore/ParcelableTests.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..603c875
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/ipmemorystore/ParcelableTests.java
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net.ipmemorystore;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import android.net.networkstack.aidl.quirks.IPv6ProvisioningLossQuirk;
+import android.net.networkstack.aidl.quirks.IPv6ProvisioningLossQuirkParcelable;
+import android.os.Parcel;
+import android.os.Parcelable;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.Modifier;
+import java.net.Inet4Address;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collections;
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@SmallTest
+public class ParcelableTests {
+    @Test
+    public void testNetworkAttributesParceling() throws Exception {
+        final NetworkAttributes.Builder builder = new NetworkAttributes.Builder();
+        NetworkAttributes in = builder.build();
+        assertEquals(in, new NetworkAttributes(parcelingRoundTrip(in.toParcelable())));
+
+        builder.setAssignedV4Address((Inet4Address) Inet4Address.getByName("1.2.3.4"));
+        // lease will expire in two hours
+        builder.setAssignedV4AddressExpiry(System.currentTimeMillis() + 7_200_000);
+        // cluster stays null this time around
+        builder.setDnsAddresses(Collections.emptyList());
+        builder.setMtu(18);
+        in = builder.build();
+        assertEquals(in, new NetworkAttributes(parcelingRoundTrip(in.toParcelable())));
+
+        builder.setAssignedV4Address((Inet4Address) Inet4Address.getByName("6.7.8.9"));
+        builder.setAssignedV4AddressExpiry(System.currentTimeMillis() + 3_600_000);
+        builder.setCluster("groupHint");
+        builder.setDnsAddresses(Arrays.asList(
+                InetAddress.getByName("ACA1:652B:0911:DE8F:1200:115E:913B:AA2A"),
+                InetAddress.getByName("6.7.8.9")));
+        builder.setMtu(1_000_000);
+        in = builder.build();
+        assertEquals(in, new NetworkAttributes(parcelingRoundTrip(in.toParcelable())));
+
+        builder.setMtu(null);
+        in = builder.build();
+        assertEquals(in, new NetworkAttributes(parcelingRoundTrip(in.toParcelable())));
+
+        // Verify that this test does not miss any new field added later.
+        // If any field is added to NetworkAttributes it must be tested here for parceling
+        // roundtrip.
+        assertEquals(6, Arrays.stream(NetworkAttributes.class.getDeclaredFields())
+                .filter(f -> !Modifier.isStatic(f.getModifiers())).count());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPrivateDataParceling() throws Exception {
+        final Blob in = new Blob();
+        in.data = new byte[] {89, 111, 108, 111};
+        final Blob out = parcelingRoundTrip(in);
+        // Object.equals on byte[] tests the references
+        assertEquals(in.data.length, out.data.length);
+        assertTrue(Arrays.equals(in.data, out.data));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSameL3NetworkResponseParceling() throws Exception {
+        final SameL3NetworkResponseParcelable parcelable = new SameL3NetworkResponseParcelable();
+        parcelable.l2Key1 = "key 1";
+        parcelable.l2Key2 = "key 2";
+        parcelable.confidence = 0.43f;
+
+        final SameL3NetworkResponse in = new SameL3NetworkResponse(parcelable);
+        assertEquals("key 1", in.l2Key1);
+        assertEquals("key 2", in.l2Key2);
+        assertEquals(0.43f, in.confidence, 0.01f /* delta */);
+
+        final SameL3NetworkResponse out =
+                new SameL3NetworkResponse(parcelingRoundTrip(in.toParcelable()));
+
+        assertEquals(in, out);
+        assertEquals(in.l2Key1, out.l2Key1);
+        assertEquals(in.l2Key2, out.l2Key2);
+        assertEquals(in.confidence, out.confidence, 0.01f /* delta */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIPv6ProvisioningLossQuirkParceling() throws Exception {
+        final NetworkAttributes.Builder builder = new NetworkAttributes.Builder();
+        final IPv6ProvisioningLossQuirkParcelable parcelable =
+                new IPv6ProvisioningLossQuirkParcelable();
+        final long expiry = System.currentTimeMillis() + 7_200_000;
+
+        parcelable.detectionCount = 3;
+        parcelable.quirkExpiry = expiry; // quirk info will expire in two hours
+        builder.setIpv6ProvLossQuirk(IPv6ProvisioningLossQuirk.fromStableParcelable(parcelable));
+        final NetworkAttributes in = builder.build();
+
+        final NetworkAttributes out = new NetworkAttributes(parcelingRoundTrip(in.toParcelable()));
+        assertEquals(out.ipv6ProvisioningLossQuirk, in.ipv6ProvisioningLossQuirk);
+    }
+
+    private <T extends Parcelable> T parcelingRoundTrip(final T in) throws Exception {
+        final Parcel p = Parcel.obtain();
+        in.writeToParcel(p, /* flags */ 0);
+        p.setDataPosition(0);
+        final byte[] marshalledData = p.marshall();
+        p.recycle();
+
+        final Parcel q = Parcel.obtain();
+        q.unmarshall(marshalledData, 0, marshalledData.length);
+        q.setDataPosition(0);
+
+        final Parcelable.Creator<T> creator = (Parcelable.Creator<T>)
+                in.getClass().getField("CREATOR").get(null); // static object, so null receiver
+        final T unmarshalled = (T) creator.createFromParcel(q);
+        q.recycle();
+        return unmarshalled;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/nsd/NsdManagerTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/nsd/NsdManagerTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b0a9b8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/nsd/NsdManagerTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,388 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net.nsd;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.any;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.reset;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.spy;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.timeout;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.os.Handler;
+import android.os.HandlerThread;
+import android.os.Looper;
+import android.os.Message;
+import android.os.Messenger;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.android.internal.util.AsyncChannel;
+import com.android.testutils.HandlerUtils;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@SmallTest
+public class NsdManagerTest {
+
+    static final int PROTOCOL = NsdManager.PROTOCOL_DNS_SD;
+
+    @Mock Context mContext;
+    @Mock INsdManager mService;
+    MockServiceHandler mServiceHandler;
+
+    NsdManager mManager;
+
+    long mTimeoutMs = 200; // non-final so that tests can adjust the value.
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
+        MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
+
+        mServiceHandler = spy(MockServiceHandler.create(mContext));
+        when(mService.getMessenger()).thenReturn(new Messenger(mServiceHandler));
+
+        mManager = makeManager();
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() throws Exception {
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mServiceHandler, mTimeoutMs);
+        mServiceHandler.chan.disconnect();
+        mServiceHandler.stop();
+        if (mManager != null) {
+            mManager.disconnect();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testResolveService() {
+        NsdManager manager = mManager;
+
+        NsdServiceInfo request = new NsdServiceInfo("a_name", "a_type");
+        NsdServiceInfo reply = new NsdServiceInfo("resolved_name", "resolved_type");
+        NsdManager.ResolveListener listener = mock(NsdManager.ResolveListener.class);
+
+        manager.resolveService(request, listener);
+        int key1 = verifyRequest(NsdManager.RESOLVE_SERVICE);
+        int err = 33;
+        sendResponse(NsdManager.RESOLVE_SERVICE_FAILED, err, key1, null);
+        verify(listener, timeout(mTimeoutMs).times(1)).onResolveFailed(request, err);
+
+        manager.resolveService(request, listener);
+        int key2 = verifyRequest(NsdManager.RESOLVE_SERVICE);
+        sendResponse(NsdManager.RESOLVE_SERVICE_SUCCEEDED, 0, key2, reply);
+        verify(listener, timeout(mTimeoutMs).times(1)).onServiceResolved(reply);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParallelResolveService() {
+        NsdManager manager = mManager;
+
+        NsdServiceInfo request = new NsdServiceInfo("a_name", "a_type");
+        NsdServiceInfo reply = new NsdServiceInfo("resolved_name", "resolved_type");
+
+        NsdManager.ResolveListener listener1 = mock(NsdManager.ResolveListener.class);
+        NsdManager.ResolveListener listener2 = mock(NsdManager.ResolveListener.class);
+
+        manager.resolveService(request, listener1);
+        int key1 = verifyRequest(NsdManager.RESOLVE_SERVICE);
+
+        manager.resolveService(request, listener2);
+        int key2 = verifyRequest(NsdManager.RESOLVE_SERVICE);
+
+        sendResponse(NsdManager.RESOLVE_SERVICE_SUCCEEDED, 0, key2, reply);
+        sendResponse(NsdManager.RESOLVE_SERVICE_SUCCEEDED, 0, key1, reply);
+
+        verify(listener1, timeout(mTimeoutMs).times(1)).onServiceResolved(reply);
+        verify(listener2, timeout(mTimeoutMs).times(1)).onServiceResolved(reply);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRegisterService() {
+        NsdManager manager = mManager;
+
+        NsdServiceInfo request1 = new NsdServiceInfo("a_name", "a_type");
+        NsdServiceInfo request2 = new NsdServiceInfo("another_name", "another_type");
+        request1.setPort(2201);
+        request2.setPort(2202);
+        NsdManager.RegistrationListener listener1 = mock(NsdManager.RegistrationListener.class);
+        NsdManager.RegistrationListener listener2 = mock(NsdManager.RegistrationListener.class);
+
+        // Register two services
+        manager.registerService(request1, PROTOCOL, listener1);
+        int key1 = verifyRequest(NsdManager.REGISTER_SERVICE);
+
+        manager.registerService(request2, PROTOCOL, listener2);
+        int key2 = verifyRequest(NsdManager.REGISTER_SERVICE);
+
+        // First reques fails, second request succeeds
+        sendResponse(NsdManager.REGISTER_SERVICE_SUCCEEDED, 0, key2, request2);
+        verify(listener2, timeout(mTimeoutMs).times(1)).onServiceRegistered(request2);
+
+        int err = 1;
+        sendResponse(NsdManager.REGISTER_SERVICE_FAILED, err, key1, request1);
+        verify(listener1, timeout(mTimeoutMs).times(1)).onRegistrationFailed(request1, err);
+
+        // Client retries first request, it succeeds
+        manager.registerService(request1, PROTOCOL, listener1);
+        int key3 = verifyRequest(NsdManager.REGISTER_SERVICE);
+
+        sendResponse(NsdManager.REGISTER_SERVICE_SUCCEEDED, 0, key3, request1);
+        verify(listener1, timeout(mTimeoutMs).times(1)).onServiceRegistered(request1);
+
+        // First request is unregistered, it succeeds
+        manager.unregisterService(listener1);
+        int key3again = verifyRequest(NsdManager.UNREGISTER_SERVICE);
+        assertEquals(key3, key3again);
+
+        sendResponse(NsdManager.UNREGISTER_SERVICE_SUCCEEDED, 0, key3again, null);
+        verify(listener1, timeout(mTimeoutMs).times(1)).onServiceUnregistered(request1);
+
+        // Second request is unregistered, it fails
+        manager.unregisterService(listener2);
+        int key2again = verifyRequest(NsdManager.UNREGISTER_SERVICE);
+        assertEquals(key2, key2again);
+
+        sendResponse(NsdManager.UNREGISTER_SERVICE_FAILED, err, key2again, null);
+        verify(listener2, timeout(mTimeoutMs).times(1)).onUnregistrationFailed(request2, err);
+
+        // TODO: do not unregister listener until service is unregistered
+        // Client retries unregistration of second request, it succeeds
+        //manager.unregisterService(listener2);
+        //int key2yetAgain = verifyRequest(NsdManager.UNREGISTER_SERVICE);
+        //assertEquals(key2, key2yetAgain);
+
+        //sendResponse(NsdManager.UNREGISTER_SERVICE_SUCCEEDED, 0, key2yetAgain, null);
+        //verify(listener2, timeout(mTimeoutMs).times(1)).onServiceUnregistered(request2);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDiscoverService() {
+        NsdManager manager = mManager;
+
+        NsdServiceInfo reply1 = new NsdServiceInfo("a_name", "a_type");
+        NsdServiceInfo reply2 = new NsdServiceInfo("another_name", "a_type");
+        NsdServiceInfo reply3 = new NsdServiceInfo("a_third_name", "a_type");
+
+        NsdManager.DiscoveryListener listener = mock(NsdManager.DiscoveryListener.class);
+
+        // Client registers for discovery, request fails
+        manager.discoverServices("a_type", PROTOCOL, listener);
+        int key1 = verifyRequest(NsdManager.DISCOVER_SERVICES);
+
+        int err = 1;
+        sendResponse(NsdManager.DISCOVER_SERVICES_FAILED, err, key1, null);
+        verify(listener, timeout(mTimeoutMs).times(1)).onStartDiscoveryFailed("a_type", err);
+
+        // Client retries, request succeeds
+        manager.discoverServices("a_type", PROTOCOL, listener);
+        int key2 = verifyRequest(NsdManager.DISCOVER_SERVICES);
+
+        sendResponse(NsdManager.DISCOVER_SERVICES_STARTED, 0, key2, reply1);
+        verify(listener, timeout(mTimeoutMs).times(1)).onDiscoveryStarted("a_type");
+
+
+        // mdns notifies about services
+        sendResponse(NsdManager.SERVICE_FOUND, 0, key2, reply1);
+        verify(listener, timeout(mTimeoutMs).times(1)).onServiceFound(reply1);
+
+        sendResponse(NsdManager.SERVICE_FOUND, 0, key2, reply2);
+        verify(listener, timeout(mTimeoutMs).times(1)).onServiceFound(reply2);
+
+        sendResponse(NsdManager.SERVICE_LOST, 0, key2, reply2);
+        verify(listener, timeout(mTimeoutMs).times(1)).onServiceLost(reply2);
+
+
+        // Client unregisters its listener
+        manager.stopServiceDiscovery(listener);
+        int key2again = verifyRequest(NsdManager.STOP_DISCOVERY);
+        assertEquals(key2, key2again);
+
+        // TODO: unregister listener immediately and stop notifying it about services
+        // Notifications are still passed to the client's listener
+        sendResponse(NsdManager.SERVICE_LOST, 0, key2, reply1);
+        verify(listener, timeout(mTimeoutMs).times(1)).onServiceLost(reply1);
+
+        // Client is notified of complete unregistration
+        sendResponse(NsdManager.STOP_DISCOVERY_SUCCEEDED, 0, key2again, "a_type");
+        verify(listener, timeout(mTimeoutMs).times(1)).onDiscoveryStopped("a_type");
+
+        // Notifications are not passed to the client anymore
+        sendResponse(NsdManager.SERVICE_FOUND, 0, key2, reply3);
+        verify(listener, timeout(mTimeoutMs).times(0)).onServiceLost(reply3);
+
+
+        // Client registers for service discovery
+        reset(listener);
+        manager.discoverServices("a_type", PROTOCOL, listener);
+        int key3 = verifyRequest(NsdManager.DISCOVER_SERVICES);
+
+        sendResponse(NsdManager.DISCOVER_SERVICES_STARTED, 0, key3, reply1);
+        verify(listener, timeout(mTimeoutMs).times(1)).onDiscoveryStarted("a_type");
+
+        // Client unregisters immediately, it fails
+        manager.stopServiceDiscovery(listener);
+        int key3again = verifyRequest(NsdManager.STOP_DISCOVERY);
+        assertEquals(key3, key3again);
+
+        err = 2;
+        sendResponse(NsdManager.STOP_DISCOVERY_FAILED, err, key3again, "a_type");
+        verify(listener, timeout(mTimeoutMs).times(1)).onStopDiscoveryFailed("a_type", err);
+
+        // New notifications are not passed to the client anymore
+        sendResponse(NsdManager.SERVICE_FOUND, 0, key3, reply1);
+        verify(listener, timeout(mTimeoutMs).times(0)).onServiceFound(reply1);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInvalidCalls() {
+        NsdManager manager = mManager;
+
+        NsdManager.RegistrationListener listener1 = mock(NsdManager.RegistrationListener.class);
+        NsdManager.DiscoveryListener listener2 = mock(NsdManager.DiscoveryListener.class);
+        NsdManager.ResolveListener listener3 = mock(NsdManager.ResolveListener.class);
+
+        NsdServiceInfo invalidService = new NsdServiceInfo(null, null);
+        NsdServiceInfo validService = new NsdServiceInfo("a_name", "a_type");
+        validService.setPort(2222);
+
+        // Service registration
+        //  - invalid arguments
+        mustFail(() -> { manager.unregisterService(null); });
+        mustFail(() -> { manager.registerService(null, -1, null); });
+        mustFail(() -> { manager.registerService(null, PROTOCOL, listener1); });
+        mustFail(() -> { manager.registerService(invalidService, PROTOCOL, listener1); });
+        mustFail(() -> { manager.registerService(validService, -1, listener1); });
+        mustFail(() -> { manager.registerService(validService, PROTOCOL, null); });
+        manager.registerService(validService, PROTOCOL, listener1);
+        //  - listener already registered
+        mustFail(() -> { manager.registerService(validService, PROTOCOL, listener1); });
+        manager.unregisterService(listener1);
+        // TODO: make listener immediately reusable
+        //mustFail(() -> { manager.unregisterService(listener1); });
+        //manager.registerService(validService, PROTOCOL, listener1);
+
+        // Discover service
+        //  - invalid arguments
+        mustFail(() -> { manager.stopServiceDiscovery(null); });
+        mustFail(() -> { manager.discoverServices(null, -1, null); });
+        mustFail(() -> { manager.discoverServices(null, PROTOCOL, listener2); });
+        mustFail(() -> { manager.discoverServices("a_service", -1, listener2); });
+        mustFail(() -> { manager.discoverServices("a_service", PROTOCOL, null); });
+        manager.discoverServices("a_service", PROTOCOL, listener2);
+        //  - listener already registered
+        mustFail(() -> { manager.discoverServices("another_service", PROTOCOL, listener2); });
+        manager.stopServiceDiscovery(listener2);
+        // TODO: make listener immediately reusable
+        //mustFail(() -> { manager.stopServiceDiscovery(listener2); });
+        //manager.discoverServices("another_service", PROTOCOL, listener2);
+
+        // Resolver service
+        //  - invalid arguments
+        mustFail(() -> { manager.resolveService(null, null); });
+        mustFail(() -> { manager.resolveService(null, listener3); });
+        mustFail(() -> { manager.resolveService(invalidService, listener3); });
+        mustFail(() -> { manager.resolveService(validService, null); });
+        manager.resolveService(validService, listener3);
+        //  - listener already registered:w
+        mustFail(() -> { manager.resolveService(validService, listener3); });
+    }
+
+    public void mustFail(Runnable fn) {
+        try {
+            fn.run();
+            fail();
+        } catch (Exception expected) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    NsdManager makeManager() {
+        NsdManager manager = new NsdManager(mContext, mService);
+        // Acknowledge first two messages connecting the AsyncChannel.
+        verify(mServiceHandler, timeout(mTimeoutMs).times(2)).handleMessage(any());
+        reset(mServiceHandler);
+        assertNotNull(mServiceHandler.chan);
+        return manager;
+    }
+
+    int verifyRequest(int expectedMessageType) {
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mServiceHandler, mTimeoutMs);
+        verify(mServiceHandler, timeout(mTimeoutMs)).handleMessage(any());
+        reset(mServiceHandler);
+        Message received = mServiceHandler.getLastMessage();
+        assertEquals(NsdManager.nameOf(expectedMessageType), NsdManager.nameOf(received.what));
+        return received.arg2;
+    }
+
+    void sendResponse(int replyType, int arg, int key, Object obj) {
+        mServiceHandler.chan.sendMessage(replyType, arg, key, obj);
+    }
+
+    // Implements the server side of AsyncChannel connection protocol
+    public static class MockServiceHandler extends Handler {
+        public final Context context;
+        public AsyncChannel chan;
+        public Message lastMessage;
+
+        MockServiceHandler(Looper l, Context c) {
+            super(l);
+            context = c;
+        }
+
+        synchronized Message getLastMessage() {
+            return lastMessage;
+        }
+
+        synchronized void setLastMessage(Message msg) {
+            lastMessage = obtainMessage();
+            lastMessage.copyFrom(msg);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
+            setLastMessage(msg);
+            if (msg.what == AsyncChannel.CMD_CHANNEL_FULL_CONNECTION) {
+                chan = new AsyncChannel();
+                chan.connect(context, this, msg.replyTo);
+                chan.sendMessage(AsyncChannel.CMD_CHANNEL_FULLY_CONNECTED);
+            }
+        }
+
+        void stop() {
+            getLooper().quitSafely();
+        }
+
+        static MockServiceHandler create(Context context) {
+            HandlerThread t = new HandlerThread("mock-service-handler");
+            t.start();
+            return new MockServiceHandler(t.getLooper(), context);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/nsd/NsdServiceInfoTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/nsd/NsdServiceInfoTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..94dfc75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/nsd/NsdServiceInfoTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2014 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net.nsd;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import android.os.Bundle;
+import android.os.Parcel;
+import android.os.StrictMode;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.UnknownHostException;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@SmallTest
+public class NsdServiceInfoTest {
+
+    public final static InetAddress LOCALHOST;
+    static {
+        // Because test.
+        StrictMode.ThreadPolicy policy = new StrictMode.ThreadPolicy.Builder().permitAll().build();
+        StrictMode.setThreadPolicy(policy);
+
+        InetAddress _host = null;
+        try {
+            _host = InetAddress.getLocalHost();
+        } catch (UnknownHostException e) { }
+        LOCALHOST = _host;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLimits() throws Exception {
+        NsdServiceInfo info = new NsdServiceInfo();
+
+        // Non-ASCII keys.
+        boolean exceptionThrown = false;
+        try {
+            info.setAttribute("猫", "meow");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            exceptionThrown = true;
+        }
+        assertTrue(exceptionThrown);
+        assertEmptyServiceInfo(info);
+
+        // ASCII keys with '=' character.
+        exceptionThrown = false;
+        try {
+            info.setAttribute("kitten=", "meow");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            exceptionThrown = true;
+        }
+        assertTrue(exceptionThrown);
+        assertEmptyServiceInfo(info);
+
+        // Single key + value length too long.
+        exceptionThrown = false;
+        try {
+            String longValue = "loooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo" +
+                    "oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo" +
+                    "oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo" +
+                    "ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooong";  // 248 characters.
+            info.setAttribute("longcat", longValue);  // Key + value == 255 characters.
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            exceptionThrown = true;
+        }
+        assertTrue(exceptionThrown);
+        assertEmptyServiceInfo(info);
+
+        // Total TXT record length too long.
+        exceptionThrown = false;
+        int recordsAdded = 0;
+        try {
+            for (int i = 100; i < 300; ++i) {
+                // 6 char key + 5 char value + 2 bytes overhead = 13 byte record length.
+                String key = String.format("key%d", i);
+                info.setAttribute(key, "12345");
+                recordsAdded++;
+            }
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            exceptionThrown = true;
+        }
+        assertTrue(exceptionThrown);
+        assertTrue(100 == recordsAdded);
+        assertTrue(info.getTxtRecord().length == 1300);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParcel() throws Exception {
+        NsdServiceInfo emptyInfo = new NsdServiceInfo();
+        checkParcelable(emptyInfo);
+
+        NsdServiceInfo fullInfo = new NsdServiceInfo();
+        fullInfo.setServiceName("kitten");
+        fullInfo.setServiceType("_kitten._tcp");
+        fullInfo.setPort(4242);
+        fullInfo.setHost(LOCALHOST);
+        checkParcelable(fullInfo);
+
+        NsdServiceInfo noHostInfo = new NsdServiceInfo();
+        noHostInfo.setServiceName("kitten");
+        noHostInfo.setServiceType("_kitten._tcp");
+        noHostInfo.setPort(4242);
+        checkParcelable(noHostInfo);
+
+        NsdServiceInfo attributedInfo = new NsdServiceInfo();
+        attributedInfo.setServiceName("kitten");
+        attributedInfo.setServiceType("_kitten._tcp");
+        attributedInfo.setPort(4242);
+        attributedInfo.setHost(LOCALHOST);
+        attributedInfo.setAttribute("color", "pink");
+        attributedInfo.setAttribute("sound", (new String("にゃあ")).getBytes("UTF-8"));
+        attributedInfo.setAttribute("adorable", (String) null);
+        attributedInfo.setAttribute("sticky", "yes");
+        attributedInfo.setAttribute("siblings", new byte[] {});
+        attributedInfo.setAttribute("edge cases", new byte[] {0, -1, 127, -128});
+        attributedInfo.removeAttribute("sticky");
+        checkParcelable(attributedInfo);
+
+        // Sanity check that we actually wrote attributes to attributedInfo.
+        assertTrue(attributedInfo.getAttributes().keySet().contains("adorable"));
+        String sound = new String(attributedInfo.getAttributes().get("sound"), "UTF-8");
+        assertTrue(sound.equals("にゃあ"));
+        byte[] edgeCases = attributedInfo.getAttributes().get("edge cases");
+        assertTrue(Arrays.equals(edgeCases, new byte[] {0, -1, 127, -128}));
+        assertFalse(attributedInfo.getAttributes().keySet().contains("sticky"));
+    }
+
+    public void checkParcelable(NsdServiceInfo original) {
+        // Write to parcel.
+        Parcel p = Parcel.obtain();
+        Bundle writer = new Bundle();
+        writer.putParcelable("test_info", original);
+        writer.writeToParcel(p, 0);
+
+        // Extract from parcel.
+        p.setDataPosition(0);
+        Bundle reader = p.readBundle();
+        reader.setClassLoader(NsdServiceInfo.class.getClassLoader());
+        NsdServiceInfo result = reader.getParcelable("test_info");
+
+        // Assert equality of base fields.
+        assertEquals(original.getServiceName(), result.getServiceName());
+        assertEquals(original.getServiceType(), result.getServiceType());
+        assertEquals(original.getHost(), result.getHost());
+        assertTrue(original.getPort() == result.getPort());
+
+        // Assert equality of attribute map.
+        Map<String, byte[]> originalMap = original.getAttributes();
+        Map<String, byte[]> resultMap = result.getAttributes();
+        assertEquals(originalMap.keySet(), resultMap.keySet());
+        for (String key : originalMap.keySet()) {
+            assertTrue(Arrays.equals(originalMap.get(key), resultMap.get(key)));
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void assertEmptyServiceInfo(NsdServiceInfo shouldBeEmpty) {
+        byte[] txtRecord = shouldBeEmpty.getTxtRecord();
+        if (txtRecord == null || txtRecord.length == 0) {
+            return;
+        }
+        fail("NsdServiceInfo.getTxtRecord did not return null but " + Arrays.toString(txtRecord));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/util/DnsUtilsTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/util/DnsUtilsTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b626db8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/util/DnsUtilsTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net.util;
+
+import static android.net.util.DnsUtils.IPV6_ADDR_SCOPE_GLOBAL;
+import static android.net.util.DnsUtils.IPV6_ADDR_SCOPE_LINKLOCAL;
+import static android.net.util.DnsUtils.IPV6_ADDR_SCOPE_SITELOCAL;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.net.InetAddresses;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@SmallTest
+public class DnsUtilsTest {
+    private InetAddress stringToAddress(@NonNull String addr) {
+        return InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress(addr);
+    }
+
+    private DnsUtils.SortableAddress makeSortableAddress(@NonNull String addr) {
+        return makeSortableAddress(addr, null);
+    }
+
+    private DnsUtils.SortableAddress makeSortableAddress(@NonNull String addr,
+            @Nullable String srcAddr) {
+        return new DnsUtils.SortableAddress(stringToAddress(addr),
+                srcAddr != null ? stringToAddress(srcAddr) : null);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRfc6724Comparator() {
+        final List<DnsUtils.SortableAddress> test = Arrays.asList(
+                // Ipv4
+                makeSortableAddress("216.58.200.36", "192.168.1.1"),
+                // global with different scope src
+                makeSortableAddress("2404:6800:4008:801::2004", "fe80::1111:2222"),
+                // global without src addr
+                makeSortableAddress("2404:6800:cafe:801::1"),
+                // loop back
+                makeSortableAddress("::1", "::1"),
+                // link local
+                makeSortableAddress("fe80::c46f:1cff:fe04:39b4", "fe80::1"),
+                // teredo tunneling
+                makeSortableAddress("2001::47c1", "2001::2"),
+                // 6bone without src addr
+                makeSortableAddress("3ffe::1234:5678"),
+                // IPv4-compatible
+                makeSortableAddress("::216.58.200.36", "::216.58.200.9"),
+                // 6bone
+                makeSortableAddress("3ffe::1234:5678", "3ffe::1234:1"),
+                // IPv4-mapped IPv6
+                makeSortableAddress("::ffff:192.168.95.7", "::ffff:192.168.95.1"));
+
+        final List<InetAddress> expected = Arrays.asList(
+                stringToAddress("::1"),                       // loop back
+                stringToAddress("fe80::c46f:1cff:fe04:39b4"), // link local
+                stringToAddress("216.58.200.36"),             // Ipv4
+                stringToAddress("::ffff:192.168.95.7"),       // IPv4-mapped IPv6
+                stringToAddress("2001::47c1"),                // teredo tunneling
+                stringToAddress("::216.58.200.36"),           // IPv4-compatible
+                stringToAddress("3ffe::1234:5678"),           // 6bone
+                stringToAddress("2404:6800:4008:801::2004"),  // global with different scope src
+                stringToAddress("2404:6800:cafe:801::1"),     // global without src addr
+                stringToAddress("3ffe::1234:5678"));          // 6bone without src addr
+
+        Collections.sort(test, new DnsUtils.Rfc6724Comparator());
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < test.size(); ++i) {
+            assertEquals(test.get(i).address, expected.get(i));
+        }
+
+        // TODO: add more combinations
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testV4SortableAddress() {
+        // Test V4 address
+        DnsUtils.SortableAddress test = makeSortableAddress("216.58.200.36");
+        assertEquals(test.hasSrcAddr, 0);
+        assertEquals(test.prefixMatchLen, 0);
+        assertEquals(test.address, stringToAddress("216.58.200.36"));
+        assertEquals(test.labelMatch, 0);
+        assertEquals(test.scopeMatch, 0);
+        assertEquals(test.scope, IPV6_ADDR_SCOPE_GLOBAL);
+        assertEquals(test.label, 4);
+        assertEquals(test.precedence, 35);
+
+        // Test V4 loopback address with the same source address
+        test = makeSortableAddress("127.1.2.3", "127.1.2.3");
+        assertEquals(test.hasSrcAddr, 1);
+        assertEquals(test.prefixMatchLen, 0);
+        assertEquals(test.address, stringToAddress("127.1.2.3"));
+        assertEquals(test.labelMatch, 1);
+        assertEquals(test.scopeMatch, 1);
+        assertEquals(test.scope, IPV6_ADDR_SCOPE_LINKLOCAL);
+        assertEquals(test.label, 4);
+        assertEquals(test.precedence, 35);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testV6SortableAddress() {
+        // Test global address
+        DnsUtils.SortableAddress test = makeSortableAddress("2404:6800:4008:801::2004");
+        assertEquals(test.address, stringToAddress("2404:6800:4008:801::2004"));
+        assertEquals(test.scope, IPV6_ADDR_SCOPE_GLOBAL);
+        assertEquals(test.label, 1);
+        assertEquals(test.precedence, 40);
+
+        // Test global address with global source address
+        test = makeSortableAddress("2404:6800:4008:801::2004",
+                "2401:fa00:fc:fd00:6d6c:7199:b8e7:41d6");
+        assertEquals(test.address, stringToAddress("2404:6800:4008:801::2004"));
+        assertEquals(test.hasSrcAddr, 1);
+        assertEquals(test.scope, IPV6_ADDR_SCOPE_GLOBAL);
+        assertEquals(test.labelMatch, 1);
+        assertEquals(test.scopeMatch, 1);
+        assertEquals(test.label, 1);
+        assertEquals(test.precedence, 40);
+        assertEquals(test.prefixMatchLen, 13);
+
+        // Test global address with linklocal source address
+        test = makeSortableAddress("2404:6800:4008:801::2004", "fe80::c46f:1cff:fe04:39b4");
+        assertEquals(test.hasSrcAddr, 1);
+        assertEquals(test.scope, IPV6_ADDR_SCOPE_GLOBAL);
+        assertEquals(test.labelMatch, 1);
+        assertEquals(test.scopeMatch, 0);
+        assertEquals(test.label, 1);
+        assertEquals(test.precedence, 40);
+        assertEquals(test.prefixMatchLen, 0);
+
+        // Test loopback address with the same source address
+        test = makeSortableAddress("::1", "::1");
+        assertEquals(test.hasSrcAddr, 1);
+        assertEquals(test.prefixMatchLen, 16 * 8);
+        assertEquals(test.labelMatch, 1);
+        assertEquals(test.scopeMatch, 1);
+        assertEquals(test.scope, IPV6_ADDR_SCOPE_LINKLOCAL);
+        assertEquals(test.label, 0);
+        assertEquals(test.precedence, 50);
+
+        // Test linklocal address
+        test = makeSortableAddress("fe80::c46f:1cff:fe04:39b4");
+        assertEquals(test.scope, IPV6_ADDR_SCOPE_LINKLOCAL);
+        assertEquals(test.label, 1);
+        assertEquals(test.precedence, 40);
+
+        // Test linklocal address
+        test = makeSortableAddress("fe80::");
+        assertEquals(test.scope, IPV6_ADDR_SCOPE_LINKLOCAL);
+        assertEquals(test.label, 1);
+        assertEquals(test.precedence, 40);
+
+        // Test 6to4 address
+        test = makeSortableAddress("2002:c000:0204::");
+        assertEquals(test.scope, IPV6_ADDR_SCOPE_GLOBAL);
+        assertEquals(test.label, 2);
+        assertEquals(test.precedence, 30);
+
+        // Test unique local address
+        test = makeSortableAddress("fc00::c000:13ab");
+        assertEquals(test.scope, IPV6_ADDR_SCOPE_GLOBAL);
+        assertEquals(test.label, 13);
+        assertEquals(test.precedence, 3);
+
+        // Test teredo tunneling address
+        test = makeSortableAddress("2001::47c1");
+        assertEquals(test.scope, IPV6_ADDR_SCOPE_GLOBAL);
+        assertEquals(test.label, 5);
+        assertEquals(test.precedence, 5);
+
+        // Test IPv4-compatible addresses
+        test = makeSortableAddress("::216.58.200.36");
+        assertEquals(test.scope, IPV6_ADDR_SCOPE_GLOBAL);
+        assertEquals(test.label, 3);
+        assertEquals(test.precedence, 1);
+
+        // Test site-local address
+        test = makeSortableAddress("fec0::cafe:3ab2");
+        assertEquals(test.scope, IPV6_ADDR_SCOPE_SITELOCAL);
+        assertEquals(test.label, 11);
+        assertEquals(test.precedence, 1);
+
+        // Test 6bone address
+        test = makeSortableAddress("3ffe::1234:5678");
+        assertEquals(test.scope, IPV6_ADDR_SCOPE_GLOBAL);
+        assertEquals(test.label, 12);
+        assertEquals(test.precedence, 1);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/util/KeepaliveUtilsTest.kt b/tests/unit/java/android/net/util/KeepaliveUtilsTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5006d53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/util/KeepaliveUtilsTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net.util
+
+import android.content.Context
+import android.content.res.Resources
+import android.net.ConnectivityResources
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.MAX_TRANSPORT
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_ETHERNET
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_VPN
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest
+import com.android.internal.R
+import org.junit.After
+import org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals
+import org.junit.Assert.assertEquals
+import org.junit.Assert.fail
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+import org.junit.runners.JUnit4
+import org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq
+import org.mockito.Mockito.any
+import org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn
+import org.mockito.Mockito.mock
+
+/**
+ * Tests for [KeepaliveUtils].
+ *
+ * Build, install and run with:
+ * atest android.net.util.KeepaliveUtilsTest
+ */
+@RunWith(JUnit4::class)
+@SmallTest
+class KeepaliveUtilsTest {
+
+    // Prepare mocked context with given resource strings.
+    private fun getMockedContextWithStringArrayRes(
+        id: Int,
+        name: String,
+        res: Array<out String?>?
+    ): Context {
+        val mockRes = mock(Resources::class.java)
+        doReturn(res).`when`(mockRes).getStringArray(eq(id))
+        doReturn(id).`when`(mockRes).getIdentifier(eq(name), any(), any())
+
+        return mock(Context::class.java).apply {
+            doReturn(mockRes).`when`(this).getResources()
+            ConnectivityResources.setResourcesContextForTest(this)
+        }
+    }
+
+    @After
+    fun tearDown() {
+        ConnectivityResources.setResourcesContextForTest(null)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testGetSupportedKeepalives() {
+        fun assertRunWithException(res: Array<out String?>?) {
+            try {
+                val mockContext = getMockedContextWithStringArrayRes(
+                        R.array.config_networkSupportedKeepaliveCount,
+                        "config_networkSupportedKeepaliveCount", res)
+                KeepaliveUtils.getSupportedKeepalives(mockContext)
+                fail("Expected KeepaliveDeviceConfigurationException")
+            } catch (expected: KeepaliveUtils.KeepaliveDeviceConfigurationException) {
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Check resource with various invalid format.
+        assertRunWithException(null)
+        assertRunWithException(arrayOf<String?>(null))
+        assertRunWithException(arrayOfNulls<String?>(10))
+        assertRunWithException(arrayOf(""))
+        assertRunWithException(arrayOf("3,ABC"))
+        assertRunWithException(arrayOf("6,3,3"))
+        assertRunWithException(arrayOf("5"))
+
+        // Check resource with invalid slots value.
+        assertRunWithException(arrayOf("3,-1"))
+
+        // Check resource with invalid transport type.
+        assertRunWithException(arrayOf("-1,3"))
+        assertRunWithException(arrayOf("10,3"))
+
+        // Check valid customization generates expected array.
+        val validRes = arrayOf("0,3", "1,0", "4,4")
+        val expectedValidRes = intArrayOf(3, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0)
+
+        val mockContext = getMockedContextWithStringArrayRes(
+                R.array.config_networkSupportedKeepaliveCount,
+                "config_networkSupportedKeepaliveCount", validRes)
+        val actual = KeepaliveUtils.getSupportedKeepalives(mockContext)
+        assertArrayEquals(expectedValidRes, actual)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testGetSupportedKeepalivesForNetworkCapabilities() {
+        // Mock customized supported keepalives for each transport type, and assuming:
+        //   3 for cellular,
+        //   6 for wifi,
+        //   0 for others.
+        val cust = IntArray(MAX_TRANSPORT + 1).apply {
+            this[TRANSPORT_CELLULAR] = 3
+            this[TRANSPORT_WIFI] = 6
+        }
+
+        val nc = NetworkCapabilities()
+        // Check supported keepalives with single transport type.
+        nc.transportTypes = intArrayOf(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+        assertEquals(3, KeepaliveUtils.getSupportedKeepalivesForNetworkCapabilities(cust, nc))
+
+        // Check supported keepalives with multiple transport types.
+        nc.transportTypes = intArrayOf(TRANSPORT_WIFI, TRANSPORT_VPN)
+        assertEquals(0, KeepaliveUtils.getSupportedKeepalivesForNetworkCapabilities(cust, nc))
+
+        // Check supported keepalives with non-customized transport type.
+        nc.transportTypes = intArrayOf(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET)
+        assertEquals(0, KeepaliveUtils.getSupportedKeepalivesForNetworkCapabilities(cust, nc))
+
+        // Check supported keepalives with undefined transport type.
+        nc.transportTypes = intArrayOf(MAX_TRANSPORT + 1)
+        try {
+            KeepaliveUtils.getSupportedKeepalivesForNetworkCapabilities(cust, nc)
+            fail("Expected ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException")
+        } catch (expected: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException) {
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/util/MultinetworkPolicyTrackerTest.kt b/tests/unit/java/android/net/util/MultinetworkPolicyTrackerTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..25aa626
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/util/MultinetworkPolicyTrackerTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net.util
+
+import android.content.Context
+import android.content.res.Resources
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager.MULTIPATH_PREFERENCE_HANDOVER
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager.MULTIPATH_PREFERENCE_PERFORMANCE
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager.MULTIPATH_PREFERENCE_RELIABILITY
+import android.net.ConnectivityResources
+import android.net.ConnectivitySettingsManager.NETWORK_AVOID_BAD_WIFI
+import android.net.ConnectivitySettingsManager.NETWORK_METERED_MULTIPATH_PREFERENCE
+import android.net.util.MultinetworkPolicyTracker.ActiveDataSubscriptionIdListener
+import android.provider.Settings
+import android.telephony.SubscriptionInfo
+import android.telephony.SubscriptionManager
+import android.telephony.TelephonyManager
+import android.test.mock.MockContentResolver
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4
+import com.android.connectivity.resources.R
+import com.android.internal.util.test.FakeSettingsProvider
+import org.junit.After
+import org.junit.Assert.assertEquals
+import org.junit.Assert.assertFalse
+import org.junit.Assert.assertTrue
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor
+import org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyInt
+import org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.argThat
+import org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq
+import org.mockito.Mockito.any
+import org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn
+import org.mockito.Mockito.mock
+import org.mockito.Mockito.times
+import org.mockito.Mockito.verify
+
+/**
+ * Tests for [MultinetworkPolicyTracker].
+ *
+ * Build, install and run with:
+ * atest android.net.util.MultinetworkPolicyTrackerTest
+ */
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4::class)
+@SmallTest
+class MultinetworkPolicyTrackerTest {
+    private val resources = mock(Resources::class.java).also {
+        doReturn(R.integer.config_networkAvoidBadWifi).`when`(it).getIdentifier(
+                eq("config_networkAvoidBadWifi"), eq("integer"), any())
+        doReturn(0).`when`(it).getInteger(R.integer.config_networkAvoidBadWifi)
+    }
+    private val telephonyManager = mock(TelephonyManager::class.java)
+    private val subscriptionManager = mock(SubscriptionManager::class.java).also {
+        doReturn(null).`when`(it).getActiveSubscriptionInfo(anyInt())
+    }
+    private val resolver = MockContentResolver().apply {
+        addProvider(Settings.AUTHORITY, FakeSettingsProvider()) }
+    private val context = mock(Context::class.java).also {
+        doReturn(Context.TELEPHONY_SERVICE).`when`(it)
+                .getSystemServiceName(TelephonyManager::class.java)
+        doReturn(telephonyManager).`when`(it).getSystemService(Context.TELEPHONY_SERVICE)
+        doReturn(subscriptionManager).`when`(it)
+                .getSystemService(Context.TELEPHONY_SUBSCRIPTION_SERVICE)
+        doReturn(resolver).`when`(it).contentResolver
+        doReturn(resources).`when`(it).resources
+        doReturn(it).`when`(it).createConfigurationContext(any())
+        Settings.Global.putString(resolver, NETWORK_AVOID_BAD_WIFI, "1")
+        ConnectivityResources.setResourcesContextForTest(it)
+    }
+    private val tracker = MultinetworkPolicyTracker(context, null /* handler */)
+
+    private fun assertMultipathPreference(preference: Int) {
+        Settings.Global.putString(resolver, NETWORK_METERED_MULTIPATH_PREFERENCE,
+                preference.toString())
+        tracker.updateMeteredMultipathPreference()
+        assertEquals(preference, tracker.meteredMultipathPreference)
+    }
+
+    @After
+    fun tearDown() {
+        ConnectivityResources.setResourcesContextForTest(null)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testUpdateMeteredMultipathPreference() {
+        assertMultipathPreference(MULTIPATH_PREFERENCE_HANDOVER)
+        assertMultipathPreference(MULTIPATH_PREFERENCE_RELIABILITY)
+        assertMultipathPreference(MULTIPATH_PREFERENCE_PERFORMANCE)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testUpdateAvoidBadWifi() {
+        Settings.Global.putString(resolver, NETWORK_AVOID_BAD_WIFI, "0")
+        assertTrue(tracker.updateAvoidBadWifi())
+        assertFalse(tracker.avoidBadWifi)
+
+        doReturn(1).`when`(resources).getInteger(R.integer.config_networkAvoidBadWifi)
+        assertTrue(tracker.updateAvoidBadWifi())
+        assertTrue(tracker.avoidBadWifi)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testOnActiveDataSubscriptionIdChanged() {
+        val testSubId = 1000
+        val subscriptionInfo = SubscriptionInfo(testSubId, ""/* iccId */, 1/* iccId */,
+                "TMO"/* displayName */, "TMO"/* carrierName */, 1/* nameSource */, 1/* iconTint */,
+                "123"/* number */, 1/* roaming */, null/* icon */, "310"/* mcc */, "210"/* mnc */,
+                ""/* countryIso */, false/* isEmbedded */, null/* nativeAccessRules */,
+                "1"/* cardString */)
+        doReturn(subscriptionInfo).`when`(subscriptionManager).getActiveSubscriptionInfo(testSubId)
+
+        // Modify avoidBadWifi and meteredMultipathPreference settings value and local variables in
+        // MultinetworkPolicyTracker should be also updated after subId changed.
+        Settings.Global.putString(resolver, NETWORK_AVOID_BAD_WIFI, "0")
+        Settings.Global.putString(resolver, NETWORK_METERED_MULTIPATH_PREFERENCE,
+                MULTIPATH_PREFERENCE_PERFORMANCE.toString())
+
+        val listenerCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(
+                ActiveDataSubscriptionIdListener::class.java)
+        verify(telephonyManager, times(1))
+                .registerTelephonyCallback(any(), listenerCaptor.capture())
+        val listener = listenerCaptor.value
+        listener.onActiveDataSubscriptionIdChanged(testSubId)
+
+        // Check it get resource value with test sub id.
+        verify(subscriptionManager, times(1)).getActiveSubscriptionInfo(testSubId)
+        verify(context).createConfigurationContext(argThat { it.mcc == 310 && it.mnc == 210 })
+
+        // Check if avoidBadWifi and meteredMultipathPreference values have been updated.
+        assertFalse(tracker.avoidBadWifi)
+        assertEquals(MULTIPATH_PREFERENCE_PERFORMANCE, tracker.meteredMultipathPreference)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/internal/net/NetworkUtilsInternalTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/internal/net/NetworkUtilsInternalTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3cfecd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/internal/net/NetworkUtilsInternalTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2015 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.internal.net;
+
+import static android.system.OsConstants.AF_INET;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.AF_INET6;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.AF_UNIX;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.EPERM;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.SOCK_DGRAM;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.SOCK_STREAM;
+
+import static junit.framework.Assert.assertEquals;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import android.system.ErrnoException;
+import android.system.Os;
+
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import libcore.io.IoUtils;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@androidx.test.filters.SmallTest
+public class NetworkUtilsInternalTest {
+
+    private static void expectSocketSuccess(String msg, int domain, int type) {
+        try {
+            IoUtils.closeQuietly(Os.socket(domain, type, 0));
+        } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+            fail(msg + e.getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void expectSocketPemissionError(String msg, int domain, int type) {
+        try {
+            IoUtils.closeQuietly(Os.socket(domain, type, 0));
+            fail(msg);
+        } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+            assertEquals(msg, e.errno, EPERM);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void expectHasNetworking() {
+        expectSocketSuccess("Creating a UNIX socket should not have thrown ErrnoException",
+                AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM);
+        expectSocketSuccess("Creating a AF_INET socket shouldn't have thrown ErrnoException",
+                AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM);
+        expectSocketSuccess("Creating a AF_INET6 socket shouldn't have thrown ErrnoException",
+                AF_INET6, SOCK_DGRAM);
+    }
+
+    private static void expectNoNetworking() {
+        expectSocketSuccess("Creating a UNIX socket should not have thrown ErrnoException",
+                AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM);
+        expectSocketPemissionError(
+                "Creating a AF_INET socket should have thrown ErrnoException(EPERM)",
+                AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM);
+        expectSocketPemissionError(
+                "Creating a AF_INET6 socket should have thrown ErrnoException(EPERM)",
+                AF_INET6, SOCK_DGRAM);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetAllowNetworkingForProcess() {
+        expectHasNetworking();
+        NetworkUtilsInternal.setAllowNetworkingForProcess(false);
+        expectNoNetworking();
+        NetworkUtilsInternal.setAllowNetworkingForProcess(true);
+        expectHasNetworking();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/internal/net/VpnProfileTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/internal/net/VpnProfileTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..46597d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/internal/net/VpnProfileTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.internal.net;
+
+import static com.android.testutils.ParcelUtils.assertParcelSane;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import android.net.IpSecAlgorithm;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.junit.runners.JUnit4;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/** Unit tests for {@link VpnProfile}. */
+@SmallTest
+@RunWith(JUnit4.class)
+public class VpnProfileTest {
+    private static final String DUMMY_PROFILE_KEY = "Test";
+
+    private static final int ENCODED_INDEX_AUTH_PARAMS_INLINE = 23;
+    private static final int ENCODED_INDEX_RESTRICTED_TO_TEST_NETWORKS = 24;
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDefaults() throws Exception {
+        final VpnProfile p = new VpnProfile(DUMMY_PROFILE_KEY);
+
+        assertEquals(DUMMY_PROFILE_KEY, p.key);
+        assertEquals("", p.name);
+        assertEquals(VpnProfile.TYPE_PPTP, p.type);
+        assertEquals("", p.server);
+        assertEquals("", p.username);
+        assertEquals("", p.password);
+        assertEquals("", p.dnsServers);
+        assertEquals("", p.searchDomains);
+        assertEquals("", p.routes);
+        assertTrue(p.mppe);
+        assertEquals("", p.l2tpSecret);
+        assertEquals("", p.ipsecIdentifier);
+        assertEquals("", p.ipsecSecret);
+        assertEquals("", p.ipsecUserCert);
+        assertEquals("", p.ipsecCaCert);
+        assertEquals("", p.ipsecServerCert);
+        assertEquals(null, p.proxy);
+        assertTrue(p.getAllowedAlgorithms() != null && p.getAllowedAlgorithms().isEmpty());
+        assertFalse(p.isBypassable);
+        assertFalse(p.isMetered);
+        assertEquals(1360, p.maxMtu);
+        assertFalse(p.areAuthParamsInline);
+        assertFalse(p.isRestrictedToTestNetworks);
+    }
+
+    private VpnProfile getSampleIkev2Profile(String key) {
+        final VpnProfile p = new VpnProfile(key, true /* isRestrictedToTestNetworks */);
+
+        p.name = "foo";
+        p.type = VpnProfile.TYPE_IKEV2_IPSEC_USER_PASS;
+        p.server = "bar";
+        p.username = "baz";
+        p.password = "qux";
+        p.dnsServers = "8.8.8.8";
+        p.searchDomains = "";
+        p.routes = "0.0.0.0/0";
+        p.mppe = false;
+        p.l2tpSecret = "";
+        p.ipsecIdentifier = "quux";
+        p.ipsecSecret = "quuz";
+        p.ipsecUserCert = "corge";
+        p.ipsecCaCert = "grault";
+        p.ipsecServerCert = "garply";
+        p.proxy = null;
+        p.setAllowedAlgorithms(
+                Arrays.asList(
+                        IpSecAlgorithm.AUTH_CRYPT_AES_GCM,
+                        IpSecAlgorithm.AUTH_HMAC_SHA512,
+                        IpSecAlgorithm.CRYPT_AES_CBC));
+        p.isBypassable = true;
+        p.isMetered = true;
+        p.maxMtu = 1350;
+        p.areAuthParamsInline = true;
+
+        // Not saved, but also not compared.
+        p.saveLogin = true;
+
+        return p;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEquals() {
+        assertEquals(
+                getSampleIkev2Profile(DUMMY_PROFILE_KEY), getSampleIkev2Profile(DUMMY_PROFILE_KEY));
+
+        final VpnProfile modified = getSampleIkev2Profile(DUMMY_PROFILE_KEY);
+        modified.maxMtu--;
+        assertNotEquals(getSampleIkev2Profile(DUMMY_PROFILE_KEY), modified);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParcelUnparcel() {
+        assertParcelSane(getSampleIkev2Profile(DUMMY_PROFILE_KEY), 23);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetInvalidAlgorithmValueDelimiter() {
+        final VpnProfile profile = getSampleIkev2Profile(DUMMY_PROFILE_KEY);
+
+        try {
+            profile.setAllowedAlgorithms(
+                    Arrays.asList("test" + VpnProfile.VALUE_DELIMITER + "test"));
+            fail("Expected failure due to value separator in algorithm name");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetInvalidAlgorithmListDelimiter() {
+        final VpnProfile profile = getSampleIkev2Profile(DUMMY_PROFILE_KEY);
+
+        try {
+            profile.setAllowedAlgorithms(
+                    Arrays.asList("test" + VpnProfile.LIST_DELIMITER + "test"));
+            fail("Expected failure due to value separator in algorithm name");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEncodeDecode() {
+        final VpnProfile profile = getSampleIkev2Profile(DUMMY_PROFILE_KEY);
+        final VpnProfile decoded = VpnProfile.decode(DUMMY_PROFILE_KEY, profile.encode());
+        assertEquals(profile, decoded);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEncodeDecodeTooManyValues() {
+        final VpnProfile profile = getSampleIkev2Profile(DUMMY_PROFILE_KEY);
+        final byte[] tooManyValues =
+                (new String(profile.encode()) + VpnProfile.VALUE_DELIMITER + "invalid").getBytes();
+
+        assertNull(VpnProfile.decode(DUMMY_PROFILE_KEY, tooManyValues));
+    }
+
+    private String getEncodedDecodedIkev2ProfileMissingValues(int... missingIndices) {
+        // Sort to ensure when we remove, we can do it from greatest first.
+        Arrays.sort(missingIndices);
+
+        final String encoded = new String(getSampleIkev2Profile(DUMMY_PROFILE_KEY).encode());
+        final List<String> parts =
+                new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList(encoded.split(VpnProfile.VALUE_DELIMITER)));
+
+        // Remove from back first to ensure indexing is consistent.
+        for (int i = missingIndices.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+            parts.remove(missingIndices[i]);
+        }
+
+        return String.join(VpnProfile.VALUE_DELIMITER, parts.toArray(new String[0]));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEncodeDecodeInvalidNumberOfValues() {
+        final String tooFewValues =
+                getEncodedDecodedIkev2ProfileMissingValues(
+                        ENCODED_INDEX_AUTH_PARAMS_INLINE,
+                        ENCODED_INDEX_RESTRICTED_TO_TEST_NETWORKS /* missingIndices */);
+
+        assertNull(VpnProfile.decode(DUMMY_PROFILE_KEY, tooFewValues.getBytes()));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEncodeDecodeMissingIsRestrictedToTestNetworks() {
+        final String tooFewValues =
+                getEncodedDecodedIkev2ProfileMissingValues(
+                        ENCODED_INDEX_RESTRICTED_TO_TEST_NETWORKS /* missingIndices */);
+
+        // Verify decoding without isRestrictedToTestNetworks defaults to false
+        final VpnProfile decoded = VpnProfile.decode(DUMMY_PROFILE_KEY, tooFewValues.getBytes());
+        assertFalse(decoded.isRestrictedToTestNetworks);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEncodeDecodeLoginsNotSaved() {
+        final VpnProfile profile = getSampleIkev2Profile(DUMMY_PROFILE_KEY);
+        profile.saveLogin = false;
+
+        final VpnProfile decoded = VpnProfile.decode(DUMMY_PROFILE_KEY, profile.encode());
+        assertNotEquals(profile, decoded);
+
+        // Add the username/password back, everything else must be equal.
+        decoded.username = profile.username;
+        decoded.password = profile.password;
+        assertEquals(profile, decoded);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/internal/util/BitUtilsTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/internal/util/BitUtilsTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d2fbdce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/internal/util/BitUtilsTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.internal.util;
+
+import static com.android.internal.util.BitUtils.bytesToBEInt;
+import static com.android.internal.util.BitUtils.bytesToLEInt;
+import static com.android.internal.util.BitUtils.getUint16;
+import static com.android.internal.util.BitUtils.getUint32;
+import static com.android.internal.util.BitUtils.getUint8;
+import static com.android.internal.util.BitUtils.packBits;
+import static com.android.internal.util.BitUtils.uint16;
+import static com.android.internal.util.BitUtils.uint32;
+import static com.android.internal.util.BitUtils.uint8;
+import static com.android.internal.util.BitUtils.unpackBits;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Random;
+
+@SmallTest
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+public class BitUtilsTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUnsignedByteWideningConversions() {
+        byte b0 = 0;
+        byte b1 = 1;
+        byte bm1 = -1;
+        assertEquals(0, uint8(b0));
+        assertEquals(1, uint8(b1));
+        assertEquals(127, uint8(Byte.MAX_VALUE));
+        assertEquals(128, uint8(Byte.MIN_VALUE));
+        assertEquals(255, uint8(bm1));
+        assertEquals(255, uint8((byte)255));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUnsignedShortWideningConversions() {
+        short s0 = 0;
+        short s1 = 1;
+        short sm1 = -1;
+        assertEquals(0, uint16(s0));
+        assertEquals(1, uint16(s1));
+        assertEquals(32767, uint16(Short.MAX_VALUE));
+        assertEquals(32768, uint16(Short.MIN_VALUE));
+        assertEquals(65535, uint16(sm1));
+        assertEquals(65535, uint16((short)65535));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUnsignedShortComposition() {
+        byte b0 = 0;
+        byte b1 = 1;
+        byte b2 = 2;
+        byte b10 = 10;
+        byte b16 = 16;
+        byte b128 = -128;
+        byte b224 = -32;
+        byte b255 = -1;
+        assertEquals(0x0000, uint16(b0, b0));
+        assertEquals(0xffff, uint16(b255, b255));
+        assertEquals(0x0a01, uint16(b10, b1));
+        assertEquals(0x8002, uint16(b128, b2));
+        assertEquals(0x01ff, uint16(b1, b255));
+        assertEquals(0x80ff, uint16(b128, b255));
+        assertEquals(0xe010, uint16(b224, b16));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUnsignedIntWideningConversions() {
+        assertEquals(0, uint32(0));
+        assertEquals(1, uint32(1));
+        assertEquals(2147483647L, uint32(Integer.MAX_VALUE));
+        assertEquals(2147483648L, uint32(Integer.MIN_VALUE));
+        assertEquals(4294967295L, uint32(-1));
+        assertEquals(4294967295L, uint32((int)4294967295L));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBytesToInt() {
+        assertEquals(0x00000000, bytesToBEInt(bytes(0, 0, 0, 0)));
+        assertEquals(0xffffffff, bytesToBEInt(bytes(255, 255, 255, 255)));
+        assertEquals(0x0a000001, bytesToBEInt(bytes(10, 0, 0, 1)));
+        assertEquals(0x0a000002, bytesToBEInt(bytes(10, 0, 0, 2)));
+        assertEquals(0x0a001fff, bytesToBEInt(bytes(10, 0, 31, 255)));
+        assertEquals(0xe0000001, bytesToBEInt(bytes(224, 0, 0, 1)));
+
+        assertEquals(0x00000000, bytesToLEInt(bytes(0, 0, 0, 0)));
+        assertEquals(0x01020304, bytesToLEInt(bytes(4, 3, 2, 1)));
+        assertEquals(0xffff0000, bytesToLEInt(bytes(0, 0, 255, 255)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUnsignedGetters() {
+        ByteBuffer b = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+        b.putInt(0xffff);
+
+        assertEquals(0x0, getUint8(b, 0));
+        assertEquals(0x0, getUint8(b, 1));
+        assertEquals(0xff, getUint8(b, 2));
+        assertEquals(0xff, getUint8(b, 3));
+
+        assertEquals(0x0, getUint16(b, 0));
+        assertEquals(0xffff, getUint16(b, 2));
+
+        b.rewind();
+        b.putInt(0xffffffff);
+        assertEquals(0xffffffffL, getUint32(b, 0));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBitsPacking() {
+        BitPackingTestCase[] testCases = {
+            new BitPackingTestCase(0, ints()),
+            new BitPackingTestCase(1, ints(0)),
+            new BitPackingTestCase(2, ints(1)),
+            new BitPackingTestCase(3, ints(0, 1)),
+            new BitPackingTestCase(4, ints(2)),
+            new BitPackingTestCase(6, ints(1, 2)),
+            new BitPackingTestCase(9, ints(0, 3)),
+            new BitPackingTestCase(~Long.MAX_VALUE, ints(63)),
+            new BitPackingTestCase(~Long.MAX_VALUE + 1, ints(0, 63)),
+            new BitPackingTestCase(~Long.MAX_VALUE + 2, ints(1, 63)),
+        };
+        for (BitPackingTestCase tc : testCases) {
+            int[] got = unpackBits(tc.packedBits);
+            assertTrue(
+                    "unpackBits("
+                            + tc.packedBits
+                            + "): expected "
+                            + Arrays.toString(tc.bits)
+                            + " but got "
+                            + Arrays.toString(got),
+                    Arrays.equals(tc.bits, got));
+        }
+        for (BitPackingTestCase tc : testCases) {
+            long got = packBits(tc.bits);
+            assertEquals(
+                    "packBits("
+                            + Arrays.toString(tc.bits)
+                            + "): expected "
+                            + tc.packedBits
+                            + " but got "
+                            + got,
+                    tc.packedBits,
+                    got);
+        }
+
+        long[] moreTestCases = {
+            0, 1, -1, 23895, -908235, Long.MAX_VALUE, Long.MIN_VALUE, new Random().nextLong(),
+        };
+        for (long l : moreTestCases) {
+            assertEquals(l, packBits(unpackBits(l)));
+        }
+    }
+
+    static byte[] bytes(int b1, int b2, int b3, int b4) {
+        return new byte[] {b(b1), b(b2), b(b3), b(b4)};
+    }
+
+    static byte b(int i) {
+        return (byte) i;
+    }
+
+    static int[] ints(int... array) {
+        return array;
+    }
+
+    static class BitPackingTestCase {
+        final int[] bits;
+        final long packedBits;
+
+        BitPackingTestCase(long packedBits, int[] bits) {
+            this.bits = bits;
+            this.packedBits = packedBits;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/internal/util/RingBufferTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/internal/util/RingBufferTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d06095a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/internal/util/RingBufferTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.internal.util;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+@SmallTest
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+public class RingBufferTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyRingBuffer() {
+        RingBuffer<String> buffer = new RingBuffer<>(String.class, 100);
+
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[0], buffer.toArray());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIncorrectConstructorArguments() {
+        try {
+            RingBuffer<String> buffer = new RingBuffer<>(String.class, -10);
+            fail("Should not be able to create a negative capacity RingBuffer");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
+        }
+
+        try {
+            RingBuffer<String> buffer = new RingBuffer<>(String.class, 0);
+            fail("Should not be able to create a 0 capacity RingBuffer");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRingBufferWithNoWrapping() {
+        RingBuffer<String> buffer = new RingBuffer<>(String.class, 100);
+
+        buffer.append("a");
+        buffer.append("b");
+        buffer.append("c");
+        buffer.append("d");
+        buffer.append("e");
+
+        String[] expected = {"a", "b", "c", "d", "e"};
+        assertArrayEquals(expected, buffer.toArray());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRingBufferWithCapacity1() {
+        RingBuffer<String> buffer = new RingBuffer<>(String.class, 1);
+
+        buffer.append("a");
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"a"}, buffer.toArray());
+
+        buffer.append("b");
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"b"}, buffer.toArray());
+
+        buffer.append("c");
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"c"}, buffer.toArray());
+
+        buffer.append("d");
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"d"}, buffer.toArray());
+
+        buffer.append("e");
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"e"}, buffer.toArray());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRingBufferWithWrapping() {
+        int capacity = 100;
+        RingBuffer<String> buffer = new RingBuffer<>(String.class, capacity);
+
+        buffer.append("a");
+        buffer.append("b");
+        buffer.append("c");
+        buffer.append("d");
+        buffer.append("e");
+
+        String[] expected1 = {"a", "b", "c", "d", "e"};
+        assertArrayEquals(expected1, buffer.toArray());
+
+        String[] expected2 = new String[capacity];
+        int firstIndex = 0;
+        int lastIndex = capacity - 1;
+
+        expected2[firstIndex] = "e";
+        for (int i = 1; i < capacity; i++) {
+            buffer.append("x");
+            expected2[i] = "x";
+        }
+        assertArrayEquals(expected2, buffer.toArray());
+
+        buffer.append("x");
+        expected2[firstIndex] = "x";
+        assertArrayEquals(expected2, buffer.toArray());
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+            for (String s : expected2) {
+                buffer.append(s);
+            }
+        }
+        assertArrayEquals(expected2, buffer.toArray());
+
+        buffer.append("a");
+        expected2[lastIndex] = "a";
+        assertArrayEquals(expected2, buffer.toArray());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetNextSlot() {
+        int capacity = 100;
+        RingBuffer<DummyClass1> buffer = new RingBuffer<>(DummyClass1.class, capacity);
+
+        final DummyClass1[] actual = new DummyClass1[capacity];
+        final DummyClass1[] expected = new DummyClass1[capacity];
+        for (int i = 0; i < capacity; ++i) {
+            final DummyClass1 obj = buffer.getNextSlot();
+            obj.x = capacity * i;
+            actual[i] = obj;
+            expected[i] = new DummyClass1();
+            expected[i].x = capacity * i;
+        }
+        assertArrayEquals(expected, buffer.toArray());
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < capacity; ++i) {
+            if (actual[i] != buffer.getNextSlot()) {
+                fail("getNextSlot() should re-use objects if available");
+            }
+        }
+
+        RingBuffer<DummyClass2> buffer2 = new RingBuffer<>(DummyClass2.class, capacity);
+        assertNull("getNextSlot() should return null if the object can't be initiated "
+                + "(No nullary constructor)", buffer2.getNextSlot());
+
+        RingBuffer<DummyClass3> buffer3 = new RingBuffer<>(DummyClass3.class, capacity);
+        assertNull("getNextSlot() should return null if the object can't be initiated "
+                + "(Inaccessible class)", buffer3.getNextSlot());
+    }
+
+    public static final class DummyClass1 {
+        int x;
+
+        public boolean equals(Object o) {
+            if (o instanceof DummyClass1) {
+                final DummyClass1 other = (DummyClass1) o;
+                return other.x == this.x;
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static final class DummyClass2 {
+        public DummyClass2(int x) {}
+    }
+
+    private static final class DummyClass3 {}
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..63501d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,12792 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2012 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server;
+
+import static android.Manifest.permission.CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE;
+import static android.Manifest.permission.CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS;
+import static android.Manifest.permission.DUMP;
+import static android.Manifest.permission.LOCAL_MAC_ADDRESS;
+import static android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_FACTORY;
+import static android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS;
+import static android.app.PendingIntent.FLAG_IMMUTABLE;
+import static android.content.Intent.ACTION_PACKAGE_ADDED;
+import static android.content.Intent.ACTION_PACKAGE_REMOVED;
+import static android.content.Intent.ACTION_PACKAGE_REPLACED;
+import static android.content.Intent.ACTION_USER_ADDED;
+import static android.content.Intent.ACTION_USER_REMOVED;
+import static android.content.Intent.ACTION_USER_UNLOCKED;
+import static android.content.pm.PackageInfo.REQUESTED_PERMISSION_GRANTED;
+import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.FEATURE_WIFI;
+import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.FEATURE_WIFI_DIRECT;
+import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.GET_PERMISSIONS;
+import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.MATCH_ANY_USER;
+import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.PERMISSION_DENIED;
+import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.ACTION_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_SIGN_IN;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.BLOCKED_METERED_REASON_DATA_SAVER;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.BLOCKED_METERED_REASON_MASK;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.BLOCKED_METERED_REASON_USER_RESTRICTED;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.BLOCKED_REASON_BATTERY_SAVER;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.BLOCKED_REASON_NONE;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.CONNECTIVITY_ACTION;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.EXTRA_NETWORK_INFO;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.EXTRA_NETWORK_TYPE;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_DEFAULT;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_ENTERPRISE;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_ETHERNET;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE_FOTA;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE_MMS;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE_SUPL;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_PROXY;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_VPN;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI;
+import static android.net.ConnectivitySettingsManager.PRIVATE_DNS_MODE_OFF;
+import static android.net.ConnectivitySettingsManager.PRIVATE_DNS_MODE_OPPORTUNISTIC;
+import static android.net.ConnectivitySettingsManager.PRIVATE_DNS_MODE_PROVIDER_HOSTNAME;
+import static android.net.INetworkMonitor.NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_DNS;
+import static android.net.INetworkMonitor.NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_FALLBACK;
+import static android.net.INetworkMonitor.NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_HTTP;
+import static android.net.INetworkMonitor.NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_HTTPS;
+import static android.net.INetworkMonitor.NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_PRIVDNS;
+import static android.net.INetworkMonitor.NETWORK_VALIDATION_RESULT_PARTIAL;
+import static android.net.INetworkMonitor.NETWORK_VALIDATION_RESULT_VALID;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_BIP;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_CBS;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_DUN;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_EIMS;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_ENTERPRISE;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_FOREGROUND;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_FOTA;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_IA;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_IMS;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_MMS;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PRIVATE;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_RCS;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_SUPL;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_TRUSTED;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_VSIM;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_WIFI_P2P;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_XCAP;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.REDACT_FOR_ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.REDACT_FOR_LOCAL_MAC_ADDRESS;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.REDACT_FOR_NETWORK_SETTINGS;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.REDACT_NONE;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_ETHERNET;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_VPN;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI_AWARE;
+import static android.net.NetworkScore.KEEP_CONNECTED_FOR_HANDOVER;
+import static android.net.OemNetworkPreferences.OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID;
+import static android.net.OemNetworkPreferences.OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID_NO_FALLBACK;
+import static android.net.OemNetworkPreferences.OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID_ONLY;
+import static android.net.OemNetworkPreferences.OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PRIVATE_ONLY;
+import static android.net.OemNetworkPreferences.OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_UNINITIALIZED;
+import static android.net.RouteInfo.RTN_UNREACHABLE;
+import static android.net.resolv.aidl.IDnsResolverUnsolicitedEventListener.PREFIX_OPERATION_ADDED;
+import static android.net.resolv.aidl.IDnsResolverUnsolicitedEventListener.PREFIX_OPERATION_REMOVED;
+import static android.net.resolv.aidl.IDnsResolverUnsolicitedEventListener.VALIDATION_RESULT_FAILURE;
+import static android.net.resolv.aidl.IDnsResolverUnsolicitedEventListener.VALIDATION_RESULT_SUCCESS;
+import static android.os.Process.INVALID_UID;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.IPPROTO_TCP;
+
+import static com.android.server.ConnectivityServiceTestUtils.transportToLegacyType;
+import static com.android.testutils.ConcurrentUtils.await;
+import static com.android.testutils.ConcurrentUtils.durationOf;
+import static com.android.testutils.ExceptionUtils.ignoreExceptions;
+import static com.android.testutils.HandlerUtils.waitForIdleSerialExecutor;
+import static com.android.testutils.MiscAsserts.assertContainsAll;
+import static com.android.testutils.MiscAsserts.assertContainsExactly;
+import static com.android.testutils.MiscAsserts.assertEmpty;
+import static com.android.testutils.MiscAsserts.assertLength;
+import static com.android.testutils.MiscAsserts.assertRunsInAtMost;
+import static com.android.testutils.MiscAsserts.assertThrows;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+import static org.mockito.AdditionalMatchers.aryEq;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyBoolean;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyLong;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyString;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.argThat;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.isNull;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.startsWith;
+import static org.mockito.Matchers.anyInt;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.any;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.atLeastOnce;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doAnswer;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doNothing;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doThrow;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.inOrder;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.never;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.reset;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.spy;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.timeout;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verifyNoMoreInteractions;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+import android.Manifest;
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.app.AlarmManager;
+import android.app.AppOpsManager;
+import android.app.NotificationManager;
+import android.app.PendingIntent;
+import android.app.usage.NetworkStatsManager;
+import android.content.BroadcastReceiver;
+import android.content.ComponentName;
+import android.content.ContentProvider;
+import android.content.ContentResolver;
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.content.Intent;
+import android.content.IntentFilter;
+import android.content.pm.ApplicationInfo;
+import android.content.pm.PackageInfo;
+import android.content.pm.PackageManager;
+import android.content.pm.ResolveInfo;
+import android.content.pm.ServiceInfo;
+import android.content.pm.UserInfo;
+import android.content.res.Resources;
+import android.location.LocationManager;
+import android.net.CaptivePortalData;
+import android.net.ConnectionInfo;
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback;
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager.PacketKeepalive;
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager.PacketKeepaliveCallback;
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager.TooManyRequestsException;
+import android.net.ConnectivityResources;
+import android.net.ConnectivitySettingsManager;
+import android.net.ConnectivityThread;
+import android.net.DataStallReportParcelable;
+import android.net.EthernetManager;
+import android.net.IConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback;
+import android.net.IDnsResolver;
+import android.net.INetd;
+import android.net.INetworkMonitor;
+import android.net.INetworkMonitorCallbacks;
+import android.net.IOnCompleteListener;
+import android.net.IQosCallback;
+import android.net.InetAddresses;
+import android.net.InterfaceConfigurationParcel;
+import android.net.IpPrefix;
+import android.net.IpSecManager;
+import android.net.IpSecManager.UdpEncapsulationSocket;
+import android.net.LinkAddress;
+import android.net.LinkProperties;
+import android.net.MatchAllNetworkSpecifier;
+import android.net.NativeNetworkConfig;
+import android.net.NativeNetworkType;
+import android.net.Network;
+import android.net.NetworkAgent;
+import android.net.NetworkAgentConfig;
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
+import android.net.NetworkFactory;
+import android.net.NetworkInfo;
+import android.net.NetworkInfo.DetailedState;
+import android.net.NetworkPolicyManager;
+import android.net.NetworkPolicyManager.NetworkPolicyCallback;
+import android.net.NetworkRequest;
+import android.net.NetworkScore;
+import android.net.NetworkSpecifier;
+import android.net.NetworkStack;
+import android.net.NetworkStateSnapshot;
+import android.net.NetworkTestResultParcelable;
+import android.net.OemNetworkPreferences;
+import android.net.ProxyInfo;
+import android.net.QosCallbackException;
+import android.net.QosFilter;
+import android.net.QosSession;
+import android.net.ResolverParamsParcel;
+import android.net.RouteInfo;
+import android.net.RouteInfoParcel;
+import android.net.SocketKeepalive;
+import android.net.TransportInfo;
+import android.net.UidRange;
+import android.net.UidRangeParcel;
+import android.net.UnderlyingNetworkInfo;
+import android.net.Uri;
+import android.net.VpnManager;
+import android.net.VpnTransportInfo;
+import android.net.metrics.IpConnectivityLog;
+import android.net.networkstack.NetworkStackClientBase;
+import android.net.resolv.aidl.Nat64PrefixEventParcel;
+import android.net.resolv.aidl.PrivateDnsValidationEventParcel;
+import android.net.shared.NetworkMonitorUtils;
+import android.net.shared.PrivateDnsConfig;
+import android.net.util.MultinetworkPolicyTracker;
+import android.os.BadParcelableException;
+import android.os.Binder;
+import android.os.Build;
+import android.os.Bundle;
+import android.os.ConditionVariable;
+import android.os.Handler;
+import android.os.HandlerThread;
+import android.os.IBinder;
+import android.os.INetworkManagementService;
+import android.os.Looper;
+import android.os.Parcel;
+import android.os.ParcelFileDescriptor;
+import android.os.Parcelable;
+import android.os.Process;
+import android.os.RemoteException;
+import android.os.ServiceSpecificException;
+import android.os.SystemClock;
+import android.os.SystemConfigManager;
+import android.os.UserHandle;
+import android.os.UserManager;
+import android.provider.Settings;
+import android.security.Credentials;
+import android.system.Os;
+import android.telephony.TelephonyManager;
+import android.telephony.data.EpsBearerQosSessionAttributes;
+import android.telephony.data.NrQosSessionAttributes;
+import android.test.mock.MockContentResolver;
+import android.text.TextUtils;
+import android.util.ArraySet;
+import android.util.Log;
+import android.util.Pair;
+import android.util.Range;
+import android.util.SparseArray;
+
+import androidx.test.InstrumentationRegistry;
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.android.connectivity.resources.R;
+import com.android.internal.net.VpnConfig;
+import com.android.internal.net.VpnProfile;
+import com.android.internal.util.ArrayUtils;
+import com.android.internal.util.WakeupMessage;
+import com.android.internal.util.test.BroadcastInterceptingContext;
+import com.android.internal.util.test.FakeSettingsProvider;
+import com.android.net.module.util.ArrayTrackRecord;
+import com.android.server.ConnectivityService.ConnectivityDiagnosticsCallbackInfo;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.MockableSystemProperties;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.Nat464Xlat;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.NetworkAgentInfo;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.NetworkNotificationManager.NotificationType;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.ProxyTracker;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.QosCallbackTracker;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.Vpn;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.VpnProfileStore;
+import com.android.server.net.NetworkPinner;
+import com.android.testutils.ExceptionUtils;
+import com.android.testutils.HandlerUtils;
+import com.android.testutils.RecorderCallback.CallbackEntry;
+import com.android.testutils.TestableNetworkCallback;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.mockito.AdditionalAnswers;
+import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;
+import org.mockito.InOrder;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
+import org.mockito.Spy;
+import org.mockito.stubbing.Answer;
+
+import java.io.FileDescriptor;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.PrintWriter;
+import java.io.StringWriter;
+import java.net.DatagramSocket;
+import java.net.Inet4Address;
+import java.net.Inet6Address;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.net.Socket;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingQueue;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
+import java.util.function.Predicate;
+import java.util.function.Supplier;
+import java.util.regex.Matcher;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+
+import kotlin.reflect.KClass;
+
+/**
+ * Tests for {@link ConnectivityService}.
+ *
+ * Build, install and run with:
+ *  runtest frameworks-net -c com.android.server.ConnectivityServiceTest
+ */
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@SmallTest
+public class ConnectivityServiceTest {
+    private static final String TAG = "ConnectivityServiceTest";
+
+    private static final int TIMEOUT_MS = 500;
+    // Broadcasts can take a long time to be delivered. The test will not wait for that long unless
+    // there is a failure, so use a long timeout.
+    private static final int BROADCAST_TIMEOUT_MS = 30_000;
+    private static final int TEST_LINGER_DELAY_MS = 400;
+    private static final int TEST_NASCENT_DELAY_MS = 300;
+    // Chosen to be less than the linger and nascent timeout. This ensures that we can distinguish
+    // between a LOST callback that arrives immediately and a LOST callback that arrives after
+    // the linger/nascent timeout. For this, our assertions should run fast enough to leave
+    // less than (mService.mLingerDelayMs - TEST_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS) between the time callbacks are
+    // supposedly fired, and the time we call expectCallback.
+    private static final int TEST_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS = 250;
+    // Chosen to be less than TEST_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS. This ensures that requests have time to
+    // complete before callbacks are verified.
+    private static final int TEST_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS = 150;
+
+    private static final int UNREASONABLY_LONG_ALARM_WAIT_MS = 1000;
+
+    private static final long TIMESTAMP = 1234L;
+
+    private static final int NET_ID = 110;
+    private static final int OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID = -1;
+    // Set a non-zero value to verify the flow to set tcp init rwnd value.
+    private static final int TEST_TCP_INIT_RWND = 60;
+
+    // Used for testing the per-work-profile default network.
+    private static final int TEST_APP_ID = 103;
+    private static final int TEST_WORK_PROFILE_USER_ID = 2;
+    private static final int TEST_WORK_PROFILE_APP_UID =
+            UserHandle.getUid(TEST_WORK_PROFILE_USER_ID, TEST_APP_ID);
+    private static final String CLAT_PREFIX = "v4-";
+    private static final String MOBILE_IFNAME = "test_rmnet_data0";
+    private static final String WIFI_IFNAME = "test_wlan0";
+    private static final String WIFI_WOL_IFNAME = "test_wlan_wol";
+    private static final String VPN_IFNAME = "tun10042";
+    private static final String TEST_PACKAGE_NAME = "com.android.test.package";
+    private static final int TEST_PACKAGE_UID = 123;
+    private static final String ALWAYS_ON_PACKAGE = "com.android.test.alwaysonvpn";
+
+    private static final String INTERFACE_NAME = "interface";
+
+    private static final String TEST_VENUE_URL_NA_PASSPOINT = "https://android.com/";
+    private static final String TEST_VENUE_URL_NA_OTHER = "https://example.com/";
+    private static final String TEST_TERMS_AND_CONDITIONS_URL_NA_PASSPOINT =
+            "https://android.com/terms/";
+    private static final String TEST_TERMS_AND_CONDITIONS_URL_NA_OTHER =
+            "https://example.com/terms/";
+    private static final String TEST_VENUE_URL_CAPPORT = "https://android.com/capport/";
+    private static final String TEST_USER_PORTAL_API_URL_CAPPORT =
+            "https://android.com/user/api/capport/";
+    private static final String TEST_FRIENDLY_NAME = "Network friendly name";
+    private static final String TEST_REDIRECT_URL = "http://example.com/firstPath";
+
+    private MockContext mServiceContext;
+    private HandlerThread mCsHandlerThread;
+    private HandlerThread mVMSHandlerThread;
+    private ConnectivityService.Dependencies mDeps;
+    private ConnectivityService mService;
+    private WrappedConnectivityManager mCm;
+    private TestNetworkAgentWrapper mWiFiNetworkAgent;
+    private TestNetworkAgentWrapper mCellNetworkAgent;
+    private TestNetworkAgentWrapper mEthernetNetworkAgent;
+    private MockVpn mMockVpn;
+    private Context mContext;
+    private NetworkPolicyCallback mPolicyCallback;
+    private WrappedMultinetworkPolicyTracker mPolicyTracker;
+    private HandlerThread mAlarmManagerThread;
+    private TestNetIdManager mNetIdManager;
+    private QosCallbackMockHelper mQosCallbackMockHelper;
+    private QosCallbackTracker mQosCallbackTracker;
+    private VpnManagerService mVpnManagerService;
+    private TestNetworkCallback mDefaultNetworkCallback;
+    private TestNetworkCallback mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback;
+    private TestNetworkCallback mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback;
+
+    // State variables required to emulate NetworkPolicyManagerService behaviour.
+    private int mBlockedReasons = BLOCKED_REASON_NONE;
+
+    @Mock DeviceIdleInternal mDeviceIdleInternal;
+    @Mock INetworkManagementService mNetworkManagementService;
+    @Mock NetworkStatsManager mStatsManager;
+    @Mock IDnsResolver mMockDnsResolver;
+    @Mock INetd mMockNetd;
+    @Mock NetworkStackClientBase mNetworkStack;
+    @Mock PackageManager mPackageManager;
+    @Mock UserManager mUserManager;
+    @Mock NotificationManager mNotificationManager;
+    @Mock AlarmManager mAlarmManager;
+    @Mock IConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback mConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback;
+    @Mock IBinder mIBinder;
+    @Mock LocationManager mLocationManager;
+    @Mock AppOpsManager mAppOpsManager;
+    @Mock TelephonyManager mTelephonyManager;
+    @Mock MockableSystemProperties mSystemProperties;
+    @Mock EthernetManager mEthernetManager;
+    @Mock NetworkPolicyManager mNetworkPolicyManager;
+    @Mock VpnProfileStore mVpnProfileStore;
+    @Mock SystemConfigManager mSystemConfigManager;
+    @Mock Resources mResources;
+
+    private ArgumentCaptor<ResolverParamsParcel> mResolverParamsParcelCaptor =
+            ArgumentCaptor.forClass(ResolverParamsParcel.class);
+
+    // This class exists to test bindProcessToNetwork and getBoundNetworkForProcess. These methods
+    // do not go through ConnectivityService but talk to netd directly, so they don't automatically
+    // reflect the state of our test ConnectivityService.
+    private class WrappedConnectivityManager extends ConnectivityManager {
+        private Network mFakeBoundNetwork;
+
+        public synchronized boolean bindProcessToNetwork(Network network) {
+            mFakeBoundNetwork = network;
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        public synchronized Network getBoundNetworkForProcess() {
+            return mFakeBoundNetwork;
+        }
+
+        public WrappedConnectivityManager(Context context, ConnectivityService service) {
+            super(context, service);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private class MockContext extends BroadcastInterceptingContext {
+        private final MockContentResolver mContentResolver;
+
+        @Spy private Resources mInternalResources;
+        private final LinkedBlockingQueue<Intent> mStartedActivities = new LinkedBlockingQueue<>();
+
+        // Map of permission name -> PermissionManager.Permission_{GRANTED|DENIED} constant
+        private final HashMap<String, Integer> mMockedPermissions = new HashMap<>();
+
+        MockContext(Context base, ContentProvider settingsProvider) {
+            super(base);
+
+            mInternalResources = spy(base.getResources());
+            when(mInternalResources.getStringArray(com.android.internal.R.array.networkAttributes))
+                    .thenReturn(new String[] {
+                            "wifi,1,1,1,-1,true",
+                            "mobile,0,0,0,-1,true",
+                            "mobile_mms,2,0,2,60000,true",
+                            "mobile_supl,3,0,2,60000,true",
+                    });
+
+            mContentResolver = new MockContentResolver();
+            mContentResolver.addProvider(Settings.AUTHORITY, settingsProvider);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void startActivityAsUser(Intent intent, UserHandle handle) {
+            mStartedActivities.offer(intent);
+        }
+
+        public Intent expectStartActivityIntent(int timeoutMs) {
+            Intent intent = null;
+            try {
+                intent = mStartedActivities.poll(timeoutMs, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+            } catch (InterruptedException e) {}
+            assertNotNull("Did not receive sign-in intent after " + timeoutMs + "ms", intent);
+            return intent;
+        }
+
+        public void expectNoStartActivityIntent(int timeoutMs) {
+            try {
+                assertNull("Received unexpected Intent to start activity",
+                        mStartedActivities.poll(timeoutMs, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
+            } catch (InterruptedException e) {}
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public ComponentName startService(Intent service) {
+            final String action = service.getAction();
+            if (!VpnConfig.SERVICE_INTERFACE.equals(action)) {
+                fail("Attempt to start unknown service, action=" + action);
+            }
+            return new ComponentName(service.getPackage(), "com.android.test.Service");
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Object getSystemService(String name) {
+            if (Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE.equals(name)) return mCm;
+            if (Context.NOTIFICATION_SERVICE.equals(name)) return mNotificationManager;
+            if (Context.USER_SERVICE.equals(name)) return mUserManager;
+            if (Context.ALARM_SERVICE.equals(name)) return mAlarmManager;
+            if (Context.LOCATION_SERVICE.equals(name)) return mLocationManager;
+            if (Context.APP_OPS_SERVICE.equals(name)) return mAppOpsManager;
+            if (Context.TELEPHONY_SERVICE.equals(name)) return mTelephonyManager;
+            if (Context.ETHERNET_SERVICE.equals(name)) return mEthernetManager;
+            if (Context.NETWORK_POLICY_SERVICE.equals(name)) return mNetworkPolicyManager;
+            if (Context.SYSTEM_CONFIG_SERVICE.equals(name)) return mSystemConfigManager;
+            if (Context.NETWORK_STATS_SERVICE.equals(name)) return mStatsManager;
+            return super.getSystemService(name);
+        }
+
+        final HashMap<UserHandle, UserManager> mUserManagers = new HashMap<>();
+        @Override
+        public Context createContextAsUser(UserHandle user, int flags) {
+            final Context asUser = mock(Context.class, AdditionalAnswers.delegatesTo(this));
+            doReturn(user).when(asUser).getUser();
+            doAnswer((inv) -> {
+                final UserManager um = mUserManagers.computeIfAbsent(user,
+                        u -> mock(UserManager.class, AdditionalAnswers.delegatesTo(mUserManager)));
+                return um;
+            }).when(asUser).getSystemService(Context.USER_SERVICE);
+            return asUser;
+        }
+
+        public void setWorkProfile(@NonNull final UserHandle userHandle, boolean value) {
+            // This relies on all contexts for a given user returning the same UM mock
+            final UserManager umMock = createContextAsUser(userHandle, 0 /* flags */)
+                    .getSystemService(UserManager.class);
+            doReturn(value).when(umMock).isManagedProfile();
+            doReturn(value).when(mUserManager).isManagedProfile(eq(userHandle.getIdentifier()));
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public ContentResolver getContentResolver() {
+            return mContentResolver;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Resources getResources() {
+            return mInternalResources;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public PackageManager getPackageManager() {
+            return mPackageManager;
+        }
+
+        private int checkMockedPermission(String permission, Supplier<Integer> ifAbsent) {
+            final Integer granted = mMockedPermissions.get(permission);
+            return granted != null ? granted : ifAbsent.get();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int checkPermission(String permission, int pid, int uid) {
+            return checkMockedPermission(
+                    permission, () -> super.checkPermission(permission, pid, uid));
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int checkCallingOrSelfPermission(String permission) {
+            return checkMockedPermission(
+                    permission, () -> super.checkCallingOrSelfPermission(permission));
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void enforceCallingOrSelfPermission(String permission, String message) {
+            final Integer granted = mMockedPermissions.get(permission);
+            if (granted == null) {
+                super.enforceCallingOrSelfPermission(permission, message);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (!granted.equals(PERMISSION_GRANTED)) {
+                throw new SecurityException("[Test] permission denied: " + permission);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Mock checks for the specified permission, and have them behave as per {@code granted}.
+         *
+         * <p>Passing null reverts to default behavior, which does a real permission check on the
+         * test package.
+         * @param granted One of {@link PackageManager#PERMISSION_GRANTED} or
+         *                {@link PackageManager#PERMISSION_DENIED}.
+         */
+        public void setPermission(String permission, Integer granted) {
+            mMockedPermissions.put(permission, granted);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void waitForIdle() {
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mCsHandlerThread, TIMEOUT_MS);
+        waitForIdle(mCellNetworkAgent, TIMEOUT_MS);
+        waitForIdle(mWiFiNetworkAgent, TIMEOUT_MS);
+        waitForIdle(mEthernetNetworkAgent, TIMEOUT_MS);
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mCsHandlerThread, TIMEOUT_MS);
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(ConnectivityThread.get(), TIMEOUT_MS);
+    }
+
+    private void waitForIdle(TestNetworkAgentWrapper agent, long timeoutMs) {
+        if (agent == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        agent.waitForIdle(timeoutMs);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testWaitForIdle() throws Exception {
+        final int attempts = 50;  // Causes the test to take about 200ms on bullhead-eng.
+
+        // Tests that waitForIdle returns immediately if the service is already idle.
+        for (int i = 0; i < attempts; i++) {
+            waitForIdle();
+        }
+
+        // Bring up a network that we can use to send messages to ConnectivityService.
+        ExpectedBroadcast b = expectConnectivityAction(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        b.expectBroadcast();
+        Network n = mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork();
+        assertNotNull(n);
+
+        // Tests that calling waitForIdle waits for messages to be processed.
+        for (int i = 0; i < attempts; i++) {
+            mWiFiNetworkAgent.setSignalStrength(i);
+            waitForIdle();
+            assertEquals(i, mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(n).getSignalStrength());
+        }
+    }
+
+    // This test has an inherent race condition in it, and cannot be enabled for continuous testing
+    // or presubmit tests. It is kept for manual runs and documentation purposes.
+    @Ignore
+    public void verifyThatNotWaitingForIdleCausesRaceConditions() throws Exception {
+        // Bring up a network that we can use to send messages to ConnectivityService.
+        ExpectedBroadcast b = expectConnectivityAction(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        b.expectBroadcast();
+        Network n = mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork();
+        assertNotNull(n);
+
+        // Ensure that not calling waitForIdle causes a race condition.
+        final int attempts = 50;  // Causes the test to take about 200ms on bullhead-eng.
+        for (int i = 0; i < attempts; i++) {
+            mWiFiNetworkAgent.setSignalStrength(i);
+            if (i != mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(n).getSignalStrength()) {
+                // We hit a race condition, as expected. Pass the test.
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // No race? There is a bug in this test.
+        fail("expected race condition at least once in " + attempts + " attempts");
+    }
+
+    private class TestNetworkAgentWrapper extends NetworkAgentWrapper {
+        private static final int VALIDATION_RESULT_INVALID = 0;
+
+        private static final long DATA_STALL_TIMESTAMP = 10L;
+        private static final int DATA_STALL_DETECTION_METHOD = 1;
+
+        private INetworkMonitor mNetworkMonitor;
+        private INetworkMonitorCallbacks mNmCallbacks;
+        private int mNmValidationResult = VALIDATION_RESULT_INVALID;
+        private int mProbesCompleted;
+        private int mProbesSucceeded;
+        private String mNmValidationRedirectUrl = null;
+        private boolean mNmProvNotificationRequested = false;
+        private Runnable mCreatedCallback;
+        private Runnable mUnwantedCallback;
+        private Runnable mDisconnectedCallback;
+
+        private final ConditionVariable mNetworkStatusReceived = new ConditionVariable();
+        // Contains the redirectUrl from networkStatus(). Before reading, wait for
+        // mNetworkStatusReceived.
+        private String mRedirectUrl;
+
+        TestNetworkAgentWrapper(int transport) throws Exception {
+            this(transport, new LinkProperties(), null);
+        }
+
+        TestNetworkAgentWrapper(int transport, LinkProperties linkProperties)
+                throws Exception {
+            this(transport, linkProperties, null);
+        }
+
+        private TestNetworkAgentWrapper(int transport, LinkProperties linkProperties,
+                NetworkCapabilities ncTemplate) throws Exception {
+            super(transport, linkProperties, ncTemplate, mServiceContext);
+
+            // Waits for the NetworkAgent to be registered, which includes the creation of the
+            // NetworkMonitor.
+            waitForIdle(TIMEOUT_MS);
+            HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mCsHandlerThread, TIMEOUT_MS);
+            HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(ConnectivityThread.get(), TIMEOUT_MS);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected InstrumentedNetworkAgent makeNetworkAgent(LinkProperties linkProperties,
+                NetworkAgentConfig nac) throws Exception {
+            mNetworkMonitor = mock(INetworkMonitor.class);
+
+            final Answer validateAnswer = inv -> {
+                new Thread(ignoreExceptions(this::onValidationRequested)).start();
+                return null;
+            };
+
+            doAnswer(validateAnswer).when(mNetworkMonitor).notifyNetworkConnected(any(), any());
+            doAnswer(validateAnswer).when(mNetworkMonitor).forceReevaluation(anyInt());
+
+            final ArgumentCaptor<Network> nmNetworkCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(Network.class);
+            final ArgumentCaptor<INetworkMonitorCallbacks> nmCbCaptor =
+                    ArgumentCaptor.forClass(INetworkMonitorCallbacks.class);
+            doNothing().when(mNetworkStack).makeNetworkMonitor(
+                    nmNetworkCaptor.capture(),
+                    any() /* name */,
+                    nmCbCaptor.capture());
+
+            final InstrumentedNetworkAgent na =
+                    new InstrumentedNetworkAgent(this, linkProperties, nac) {
+                @Override
+                public void networkStatus(int status, String redirectUrl) {
+                    mRedirectUrl = redirectUrl;
+                    mNetworkStatusReceived.open();
+                }
+
+                @Override
+                public void onNetworkCreated() {
+                    super.onNetworkCreated();
+                    if (mCreatedCallback != null) mCreatedCallback.run();
+                }
+
+                @Override
+                public void onNetworkUnwanted() {
+                    super.onNetworkUnwanted();
+                    if (mUnwantedCallback != null) mUnwantedCallback.run();
+                }
+
+                @Override
+                public void onNetworkDestroyed() {
+                    super.onNetworkDestroyed();
+                    if (mDisconnectedCallback != null) mDisconnectedCallback.run();
+                }
+            };
+
+            assertEquals(na.getNetwork().netId, nmNetworkCaptor.getValue().netId);
+            mNmCallbacks = nmCbCaptor.getValue();
+
+            mNmCallbacks.onNetworkMonitorCreated(mNetworkMonitor);
+
+            return na;
+        }
+
+        private void onValidationRequested() throws Exception {
+            if (mNmProvNotificationRequested
+                    && ((mNmValidationResult & NETWORK_VALIDATION_RESULT_VALID) != 0)) {
+                mNmCallbacks.hideProvisioningNotification();
+                mNmProvNotificationRequested = false;
+            }
+
+            mNmCallbacks.notifyProbeStatusChanged(mProbesCompleted, mProbesSucceeded);
+            final NetworkTestResultParcelable p = new NetworkTestResultParcelable();
+            p.result = mNmValidationResult;
+            p.probesAttempted = mProbesCompleted;
+            p.probesSucceeded = mProbesSucceeded;
+            p.redirectUrl = mNmValidationRedirectUrl;
+            p.timestampMillis = TIMESTAMP;
+            mNmCallbacks.notifyNetworkTestedWithExtras(p);
+
+            if (mNmValidationRedirectUrl != null) {
+                mNmCallbacks.showProvisioningNotification(
+                        "test_provisioning_notif_action", TEST_PACKAGE_NAME);
+                mNmProvNotificationRequested = true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Connect without adding any internet capability.
+         */
+        public void connectWithoutInternet() {
+            super.connect();
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Transition this NetworkAgent to CONNECTED state with NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET.
+         * @param validated Indicate if network should pretend to be validated.
+         */
+        public void connect(boolean validated) {
+            connect(validated, true, false /* isStrictMode */);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Transition this NetworkAgent to CONNECTED state.
+         * @param validated Indicate if network should pretend to be validated.
+         * @param hasInternet Indicate if network should pretend to have NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET.
+         */
+        public void connect(boolean validated, boolean hasInternet, boolean isStrictMode) {
+            assertFalse(getNetworkCapabilities().hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET));
+
+            ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback callback = null;
+            final ConditionVariable validatedCv = new ConditionVariable();
+            if (validated) {
+                setNetworkValid(isStrictMode);
+                NetworkRequest request = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                        .addTransportType(getNetworkCapabilities().getTransportTypes()[0])
+                        .clearCapabilities()
+                        .build();
+                callback = new ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback() {
+                    public void onCapabilitiesChanged(Network network,
+                            NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities) {
+                        if (network.equals(getNetwork()) &&
+                                networkCapabilities.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED)) {
+                            validatedCv.open();
+                        }
+                    }
+                };
+                mCm.registerNetworkCallback(request, callback);
+            }
+            if (hasInternet) {
+                addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET);
+            }
+
+            connectWithoutInternet();
+
+            if (validated) {
+                // Wait for network to validate.
+                waitFor(validatedCv);
+                setNetworkInvalid(isStrictMode);
+            }
+
+            if (callback != null) mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(callback);
+        }
+
+        public void connectWithCaptivePortal(String redirectUrl, boolean isStrictMode) {
+            setNetworkPortal(redirectUrl, isStrictMode);
+            connect(false, true /* hasInternet */, isStrictMode);
+        }
+
+        public void connectWithPartialConnectivity() {
+            setNetworkPartial();
+            connect(false);
+        }
+
+        public void connectWithPartialValidConnectivity(boolean isStrictMode) {
+            setNetworkPartialValid(isStrictMode);
+            connect(false, true /* hasInternet */, isStrictMode);
+        }
+
+        void setNetworkValid(boolean isStrictMode) {
+            mNmValidationResult = NETWORK_VALIDATION_RESULT_VALID;
+            mNmValidationRedirectUrl = null;
+            int probesSucceeded = NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_DNS | NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_HTTPS;
+            if (isStrictMode) {
+                probesSucceeded |= NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_PRIVDNS;
+            }
+            // The probesCompleted equals to probesSucceeded for the case of valid network, so put
+            // the same value into two different parameter of the method.
+            setProbesStatus(probesSucceeded, probesSucceeded);
+        }
+
+        void setNetworkInvalid(boolean isStrictMode) {
+            mNmValidationResult = VALIDATION_RESULT_INVALID;
+            mNmValidationRedirectUrl = null;
+            int probesCompleted = NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_DNS | NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_HTTPS
+                    | NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_HTTP;
+            int probesSucceeded = 0;
+            // If the isStrictMode is true, it means the network is invalid when NetworkMonitor
+            // tried to validate the private DNS but failed.
+            if (isStrictMode) {
+                probesCompleted &= ~NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_HTTP;
+                probesSucceeded = probesCompleted;
+                probesCompleted |= NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_PRIVDNS;
+            }
+            setProbesStatus(probesCompleted, probesSucceeded);
+        }
+
+        void setNetworkPortal(String redirectUrl, boolean isStrictMode) {
+            setNetworkInvalid(isStrictMode);
+            mNmValidationRedirectUrl = redirectUrl;
+            // Suppose the portal is found when NetworkMonitor probes NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_HTTP
+            // in the beginning, so the NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_HTTPS hasn't probed yet.
+            int probesCompleted = NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_DNS | NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_HTTP;
+            int probesSucceeded = VALIDATION_RESULT_INVALID;
+            if (isStrictMode) {
+                probesCompleted |= NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_PRIVDNS;
+            }
+            setProbesStatus(probesCompleted, probesSucceeded);
+        }
+
+        void setNetworkPartial() {
+            mNmValidationResult = NETWORK_VALIDATION_RESULT_PARTIAL;
+            mNmValidationRedirectUrl = null;
+            int probesCompleted = NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_DNS | NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_HTTPS
+                    | NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_FALLBACK;
+            int probesSucceeded = NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_DNS | NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_FALLBACK;
+            setProbesStatus(probesCompleted, probesSucceeded);
+        }
+
+        void setNetworkPartialValid(boolean isStrictMode) {
+            setNetworkPartial();
+            mNmValidationResult |= NETWORK_VALIDATION_RESULT_VALID;
+            int probesCompleted = NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_DNS | NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_HTTPS
+                    | NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_HTTP;
+            int probesSucceeded = NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_DNS | NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_HTTP;
+            // Suppose the partial network cannot pass the private DNS validation as well, so only
+            // add NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_DNS in probesCompleted but not probesSucceeded.
+            if (isStrictMode) {
+                probesCompleted |= NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_PRIVDNS;
+            }
+            setProbesStatus(probesCompleted, probesSucceeded);
+        }
+
+        void setProbesStatus(int probesCompleted, int probesSucceeded) {
+            mProbesCompleted = probesCompleted;
+            mProbesSucceeded = probesSucceeded;
+        }
+
+        void notifyCapportApiDataChanged(CaptivePortalData data) {
+            try {
+                mNmCallbacks.notifyCaptivePortalDataChanged(data);
+            } catch (RemoteException e) {
+                throw new AssertionError("This cannot happen", e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public String waitForRedirectUrl() {
+            assertTrue(mNetworkStatusReceived.block(TIMEOUT_MS));
+            return mRedirectUrl;
+        }
+
+        public void expectDisconnected() {
+            expectDisconnected(TIMEOUT_MS);
+        }
+
+        public void expectPreventReconnectReceived() {
+            expectPreventReconnectReceived(TIMEOUT_MS);
+        }
+
+        void notifyDataStallSuspected() throws Exception {
+            final DataStallReportParcelable p = new DataStallReportParcelable();
+            p.detectionMethod = DATA_STALL_DETECTION_METHOD;
+            p.timestampMillis = DATA_STALL_TIMESTAMP;
+            mNmCallbacks.notifyDataStallSuspected(p);
+        }
+
+        public void setCreatedCallback(Runnable r) {
+            mCreatedCallback = r;
+        }
+
+        public void setUnwantedCallback(Runnable r) {
+            mUnwantedCallback = r;
+        }
+
+        public void setDisconnectedCallback(Runnable r) {
+            mDisconnectedCallback = r;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A NetworkFactory that allows to wait until any in-flight NetworkRequest add or remove
+     * operations have been processed and test for them.
+     */
+    private static class MockNetworkFactory extends NetworkFactory {
+        private final AtomicBoolean mNetworkStarted = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+
+        static class RequestEntry {
+            @NonNull
+            public final NetworkRequest request;
+
+            RequestEntry(@NonNull final NetworkRequest request) {
+                this.request = request;
+            }
+
+            static final class Add extends RequestEntry {
+                Add(@NonNull final NetworkRequest request) {
+                    super(request);
+                }
+            }
+
+            static final class Remove extends RequestEntry {
+                Remove(@NonNull final NetworkRequest request) {
+                    super(request);
+                }
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public String toString() {
+                return "RequestEntry [ " + getClass().getName() + " : " + request + " ]";
+            }
+        }
+
+        // History of received requests adds and removes.
+        private final ArrayTrackRecord<RequestEntry>.ReadHead mRequestHistory =
+                new ArrayTrackRecord<RequestEntry>().newReadHead();
+
+        private static <T> T failIfNull(@Nullable final T obj, @Nullable final String message) {
+            if (null == obj) fail(null != message ? message : "Must not be null");
+            return obj;
+        }
+
+        public RequestEntry.Add expectRequestAdd() {
+            return failIfNull((RequestEntry.Add) mRequestHistory.poll(TIMEOUT_MS,
+                    it -> it instanceof RequestEntry.Add), "Expected request add");
+        }
+
+        public void expectRequestAdds(final int count) {
+            for (int i = count; i > 0; --i) {
+                expectRequestAdd();
+            }
+        }
+
+        public RequestEntry.Remove expectRequestRemove() {
+            return failIfNull((RequestEntry.Remove) mRequestHistory.poll(TIMEOUT_MS,
+                    it -> it instanceof RequestEntry.Remove), "Expected request remove");
+        }
+
+        public void expectRequestRemoves(final int count) {
+            for (int i = count; i > 0; --i) {
+                expectRequestRemove();
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Used to collect the networks requests managed by this factory. This is a duplicate of
+        // the internal information stored in the NetworkFactory (which is private).
+        private SparseArray<NetworkRequest> mNetworkRequests = new SparseArray<>();
+        private final HandlerThread mHandlerSendingRequests;
+
+        public MockNetworkFactory(Looper looper, Context context, String logTag,
+                NetworkCapabilities filter, HandlerThread threadSendingRequests) {
+            super(looper, context, logTag, filter);
+            mHandlerSendingRequests = threadSendingRequests;
+        }
+
+        public int getMyRequestCount() {
+            return getRequestCount();
+        }
+
+        protected void startNetwork() {
+            mNetworkStarted.set(true);
+        }
+
+        protected void stopNetwork() {
+            mNetworkStarted.set(false);
+        }
+
+        public boolean getMyStartRequested() {
+            return mNetworkStarted.get();
+        }
+
+
+        @Override
+        protected void needNetworkFor(NetworkRequest request) {
+            mNetworkRequests.put(request.requestId, request);
+            super.needNetworkFor(request);
+            mRequestHistory.add(new RequestEntry.Add(request));
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected void releaseNetworkFor(NetworkRequest request) {
+            mNetworkRequests.remove(request.requestId);
+            super.releaseNetworkFor(request);
+            mRequestHistory.add(new RequestEntry.Remove(request));
+        }
+
+        public void assertRequestCountEquals(final int count) {
+            assertEquals(count, getMyRequestCount());
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void terminate() {
+            super.terminate();
+            // Make sure there are no remaining requests unaccounted for.
+            HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandlerSendingRequests, TIMEOUT_MS);
+            assertNull(mRequestHistory.poll(0, r -> true));
+        }
+
+        // Trigger releasing the request as unfulfillable
+        public void triggerUnfulfillable(NetworkRequest r) {
+            super.releaseRequestAsUnfulfillableByAnyFactory(r);
+        }
+
+        public void assertNoRequestChanged() {
+            assertNull(mRequestHistory.poll(0, r -> true));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Set<UidRange> uidRangesForUids(int... uids) {
+        final ArraySet<UidRange> ranges = new ArraySet<>();
+        for (final int uid : uids) {
+            ranges.add(new UidRange(uid, uid));
+        }
+        return ranges;
+    }
+
+    private static Looper startHandlerThreadAndReturnLooper() {
+        final HandlerThread handlerThread = new HandlerThread("MockVpnThread");
+        handlerThread.start();
+        return handlerThread.getLooper();
+    }
+
+    private class MockVpn extends Vpn implements TestableNetworkCallback.HasNetwork {
+        // Careful ! This is different from mNetworkAgent, because MockNetworkAgent does
+        // not inherit from NetworkAgent.
+        private TestNetworkAgentWrapper mMockNetworkAgent;
+        private boolean mAgentRegistered = false;
+
+        private int mVpnType = VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_SERVICE;
+        private UnderlyingNetworkInfo mUnderlyingNetworkInfo;
+
+        // These ConditionVariables allow tests to wait for LegacyVpnRunner to be stopped/started.
+        // TODO: this scheme is ad-hoc and error-prone because it does not fail if, for example, the
+        // test expects two starts in a row, or even if the production code calls start twice in a
+        // row. find a better solution. Simply putting a method to create a LegacyVpnRunner into
+        // Vpn.Dependencies doesn't work because LegacyVpnRunner is not a static class and has
+        // extensive access into the internals of Vpn.
+        private ConditionVariable mStartLegacyVpnCv = new ConditionVariable();
+        private ConditionVariable mStopVpnRunnerCv = new ConditionVariable();
+
+        public MockVpn(int userId) {
+            super(startHandlerThreadAndReturnLooper(), mServiceContext,
+                    new Dependencies() {
+                        @Override
+                        public boolean isCallerSystem() {
+                            return true;
+                        }
+
+                        @Override
+                        public DeviceIdleInternal getDeviceIdleInternal() {
+                            return mDeviceIdleInternal;
+                        }
+                    },
+                    mNetworkManagementService, mMockNetd, userId, mVpnProfileStore);
+        }
+
+        public void setUids(Set<UidRange> uids) {
+            mNetworkCapabilities.setUids(UidRange.toIntRanges(uids));
+            if (mAgentRegistered) {
+                mMockNetworkAgent.setNetworkCapabilities(mNetworkCapabilities, true);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void setVpnType(int vpnType) {
+            mVpnType = vpnType;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Network getNetwork() {
+            return (mMockNetworkAgent == null) ? null : mMockNetworkAgent.getNetwork();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int getActiveVpnType() {
+            return mVpnType;
+        }
+
+        private LinkProperties makeLinkProperties() {
+            final LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+            lp.setInterfaceName(VPN_IFNAME);
+            return lp;
+        }
+
+        private void registerAgent(boolean isAlwaysMetered, Set<UidRange> uids, LinkProperties lp)
+                throws Exception {
+            if (mAgentRegistered) throw new IllegalStateException("already registered");
+            updateState(NetworkInfo.DetailedState.CONNECTING, "registerAgent");
+            mConfig = new VpnConfig();
+            mConfig.session = "MySession12345";
+            setUids(uids);
+            if (!isAlwaysMetered) mNetworkCapabilities.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+            mInterface = VPN_IFNAME;
+            mNetworkCapabilities.setTransportInfo(new VpnTransportInfo(getActiveVpnType(),
+                    mConfig.session));
+            mMockNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_VPN, lp,
+                    mNetworkCapabilities);
+            mMockNetworkAgent.waitForIdle(TIMEOUT_MS);
+
+            verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).networkAddUidRanges(eq(mMockVpn.getNetwork().getNetId()),
+                    eq(toUidRangeStableParcels(uids)));
+            verify(mMockNetd, never())
+                    .networkRemoveUidRanges(eq(mMockVpn.getNetwork().getNetId()), any());
+            mAgentRegistered = true;
+            verify(mMockNetd).networkCreate(nativeNetworkConfigVpn(getNetwork().netId,
+                    !mMockNetworkAgent.isBypassableVpn(), mVpnType));
+            updateState(NetworkInfo.DetailedState.CONNECTED, "registerAgent");
+            mNetworkCapabilities.set(mMockNetworkAgent.getNetworkCapabilities());
+            mNetworkAgent = mMockNetworkAgent.getNetworkAgent();
+        }
+
+        private void registerAgent(Set<UidRange> uids) throws Exception {
+            registerAgent(false /* isAlwaysMetered */, uids, makeLinkProperties());
+        }
+
+        private void connect(boolean validated, boolean hasInternet, boolean isStrictMode) {
+            mMockNetworkAgent.connect(validated, hasInternet, isStrictMode);
+        }
+
+        private void connect(boolean validated) {
+            mMockNetworkAgent.connect(validated);
+        }
+
+        private TestNetworkAgentWrapper getAgent() {
+            return mMockNetworkAgent;
+        }
+
+        public void establish(LinkProperties lp, int uid, Set<UidRange> ranges, boolean validated,
+                boolean hasInternet, boolean isStrictMode) throws Exception {
+            mNetworkCapabilities.setOwnerUid(uid);
+            mNetworkCapabilities.setAdministratorUids(new int[]{uid});
+            registerAgent(false, ranges, lp);
+            connect(validated, hasInternet, isStrictMode);
+            waitForIdle();
+        }
+
+        public void establish(LinkProperties lp, int uid, Set<UidRange> ranges) throws Exception {
+            establish(lp, uid, ranges, true, true, false);
+        }
+
+        public void establishForMyUid(LinkProperties lp) throws Exception {
+            final int uid = Process.myUid();
+            establish(lp, uid, uidRangesForUids(uid), true, true, false);
+        }
+
+        public void establishForMyUid(boolean validated, boolean hasInternet, boolean isStrictMode)
+                throws Exception {
+            final int uid = Process.myUid();
+            establish(makeLinkProperties(), uid, uidRangesForUids(uid), validated, hasInternet,
+                    isStrictMode);
+        }
+
+        public void establishForMyUid() throws Exception {
+            establishForMyUid(makeLinkProperties());
+        }
+
+        public void sendLinkProperties(LinkProperties lp) {
+            mMockNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
+        }
+
+        public void disconnect() {
+            if (mMockNetworkAgent != null) {
+                mMockNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+                updateState(NetworkInfo.DetailedState.DISCONNECTED, "disconnect");
+            }
+            mAgentRegistered = false;
+            setUids(null);
+            // Remove NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET or MockNetworkAgent will refuse to connect later on.
+            mNetworkCapabilities.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET);
+            mInterface = null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void startLegacyVpnRunner() {
+            mStartLegacyVpnCv.open();
+        }
+
+        public void expectStartLegacyVpnRunner() {
+            assertTrue("startLegacyVpnRunner not called after " + TIMEOUT_MS + " ms",
+                    mStartLegacyVpnCv.block(TIMEOUT_MS));
+
+            // startLegacyVpn calls stopVpnRunnerPrivileged, which will open mStopVpnRunnerCv, just
+            // before calling startLegacyVpnRunner. Restore mStopVpnRunnerCv, so the test can expect
+            // that the VpnRunner is stopped and immediately restarted by calling
+            // expectStartLegacyVpnRunner() and expectStopVpnRunnerPrivileged() back-to-back.
+            mStopVpnRunnerCv = new ConditionVariable();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void stopVpnRunnerPrivileged() {
+            if (mVpnRunner != null) {
+                super.stopVpnRunnerPrivileged();
+                disconnect();
+                mStartLegacyVpnCv = new ConditionVariable();
+            }
+            mVpnRunner = null;
+            mStopVpnRunnerCv.open();
+        }
+
+        public void expectStopVpnRunnerPrivileged() {
+            assertTrue("stopVpnRunnerPrivileged not called after " + TIMEOUT_MS + " ms",
+                    mStopVpnRunnerCv.block(TIMEOUT_MS));
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public synchronized UnderlyingNetworkInfo getUnderlyingNetworkInfo() {
+            if (mUnderlyingNetworkInfo != null) return mUnderlyingNetworkInfo;
+
+            return super.getUnderlyingNetworkInfo();
+        }
+
+        private synchronized void setUnderlyingNetworkInfo(
+                UnderlyingNetworkInfo underlyingNetworkInfo) {
+            mUnderlyingNetworkInfo = underlyingNetworkInfo;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private UidRangeParcel[] toUidRangeStableParcels(final @NonNull Set<UidRange> ranges) {
+        return ranges.stream().map(
+                r -> new UidRangeParcel(r.start, r.stop)).toArray(UidRangeParcel[]::new);
+    }
+
+    private VpnManagerService makeVpnManagerService() {
+        final VpnManagerService.Dependencies deps = new VpnManagerService.Dependencies() {
+            public int getCallingUid() {
+                return mDeps.getCallingUid();
+            }
+
+            public HandlerThread makeHandlerThread() {
+                return mVMSHandlerThread;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public VpnProfileStore getVpnProfileStore() {
+                return mVpnProfileStore;
+            }
+
+            public INetd getNetd() {
+                return mMockNetd;
+            }
+
+            public INetworkManagementService getINetworkManagementService() {
+                return mNetworkManagementService;
+            }
+        };
+        return new VpnManagerService(mServiceContext, deps);
+    }
+
+    private void assertVpnTransportInfo(NetworkCapabilities nc, int type) {
+        assertNotNull(nc);
+        final TransportInfo ti = nc.getTransportInfo();
+        assertTrue("VPN TransportInfo is not a VpnTransportInfo: " + ti,
+                ti instanceof VpnTransportInfo);
+        assertEquals(type, ((VpnTransportInfo) ti).getType());
+
+    }
+
+    private void processBroadcast(Intent intent) {
+        mServiceContext.sendBroadcast(intent);
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mVMSHandlerThread, TIMEOUT_MS);
+        waitForIdle();
+    }
+
+    private void mockVpn(int uid) {
+        synchronized (mVpnManagerService.mVpns) {
+            int userId = UserHandle.getUserId(uid);
+            mMockVpn = new MockVpn(userId);
+            // Every running user always has a Vpn in the mVpns array, even if no VPN is running.
+            mVpnManagerService.mVpns.put(userId, mMockVpn);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void mockUidNetworkingBlocked() {
+        doAnswer(i -> isUidBlocked(mBlockedReasons, i.getArgument(1))
+        ).when(mNetworkPolicyManager).isUidNetworkingBlocked(anyInt(), anyBoolean());
+    }
+
+    private boolean isUidBlocked(int blockedReasons, boolean meteredNetwork) {
+        final int blockedOnAllNetworksReason = (blockedReasons & ~BLOCKED_METERED_REASON_MASK);
+        if (blockedOnAllNetworksReason != BLOCKED_REASON_NONE) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        if (meteredNetwork) {
+            return blockedReasons != BLOCKED_REASON_NONE;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private void setBlockedReasonChanged(int blockedReasons) {
+        mBlockedReasons = blockedReasons;
+        mPolicyCallback.onUidBlockedReasonChanged(Process.myUid(), blockedReasons);
+    }
+
+    private Nat464Xlat getNat464Xlat(NetworkAgentWrapper mna) {
+        return mService.getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(mna.getNetwork()).clatd;
+    }
+
+    private static class WrappedMultinetworkPolicyTracker extends MultinetworkPolicyTracker {
+        volatile boolean mConfigRestrictsAvoidBadWifi;
+        volatile int mConfigMeteredMultipathPreference;
+
+        WrappedMultinetworkPolicyTracker(Context c, Handler h, Runnable r) {
+            super(c, h, r);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean configRestrictsAvoidBadWifi() {
+            return mConfigRestrictsAvoidBadWifi;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int configMeteredMultipathPreference() {
+            return mConfigMeteredMultipathPreference;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Wait up to TIMEOUT_MS for {@code conditionVariable} to open.
+     * Fails if TIMEOUT_MS goes by before {@code conditionVariable} opens.
+     */
+    static private void waitFor(ConditionVariable conditionVariable) {
+        if (conditionVariable.block(TIMEOUT_MS)) {
+            return;
+        }
+        fail("ConditionVariable was blocked for more than " + TIMEOUT_MS + "ms");
+    }
+
+    private <T> T doAsUid(final int uid, @NonNull final Supplier<T> what) {
+        when(mDeps.getCallingUid()).thenReturn(uid);
+        try {
+            return what.get();
+        } finally {
+            returnRealCallingUid();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void doAsUid(final int uid, @NonNull final Runnable what) {
+        doAsUid(uid, () -> {
+            what.run(); return Void.TYPE;
+        });
+    }
+
+    private void registerNetworkCallbackAsUid(NetworkRequest request, NetworkCallback callback,
+            int uid) {
+        doAsUid(uid, () -> {
+            mCm.registerNetworkCallback(request, callback);
+        });
+    }
+
+    private void registerDefaultNetworkCallbackAsUid(@NonNull final NetworkCallback callback,
+            final int uid) {
+        doAsUid(uid, () -> {
+            mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(callback);
+            waitForIdle();
+        });
+    }
+
+    private interface ExceptionalRunnable {
+        void run() throws Exception;
+    }
+
+    private void withPermission(String permission, ExceptionalRunnable r) throws Exception {
+        if (mServiceContext.checkCallingOrSelfPermission(permission) == PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
+            r.run();
+            return;
+        }
+        try {
+            mServiceContext.setPermission(permission, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
+            r.run();
+        } finally {
+            mServiceContext.setPermission(permission, PERMISSION_DENIED);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static final int PRIMARY_USER = 0;
+    private static final UidRange PRIMARY_UIDRANGE =
+            UidRange.createForUser(UserHandle.of(PRIMARY_USER));
+    private static final int APP1_UID = UserHandle.getUid(PRIMARY_USER, 10100);
+    private static final int APP2_UID = UserHandle.getUid(PRIMARY_USER, 10101);
+    private static final int VPN_UID = UserHandle.getUid(PRIMARY_USER, 10043);
+    private static final UserInfo PRIMARY_USER_INFO = new UserInfo(PRIMARY_USER, "",
+            UserInfo.FLAG_PRIMARY);
+    private static final UserHandle PRIMARY_USER_HANDLE = new UserHandle(PRIMARY_USER);
+
+    private static final int RESTRICTED_USER = 1;
+    private static final UserInfo RESTRICTED_USER_INFO = new UserInfo(RESTRICTED_USER, "",
+            UserInfo.FLAG_RESTRICTED);
+    static {
+        RESTRICTED_USER_INFO.restrictedProfileParentId = PRIMARY_USER;
+    }
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
+        mNetIdManager = new TestNetIdManager();
+
+        mContext = InstrumentationRegistry.getContext();
+
+        MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
+
+        when(mUserManager.getAliveUsers()).thenReturn(Arrays.asList(PRIMARY_USER_INFO));
+        when(mUserManager.getUserHandles(anyBoolean())).thenReturn(
+                Arrays.asList(PRIMARY_USER_HANDLE));
+        when(mUserManager.getUserInfo(PRIMARY_USER)).thenReturn(PRIMARY_USER_INFO);
+        // canHaveRestrictedProfile does not take a userId. It applies to the userId of the context
+        // it was started from, i.e., PRIMARY_USER.
+        when(mUserManager.canHaveRestrictedProfile()).thenReturn(true);
+        when(mUserManager.getUserInfo(RESTRICTED_USER)).thenReturn(RESTRICTED_USER_INFO);
+
+        final ApplicationInfo applicationInfo = new ApplicationInfo();
+        applicationInfo.targetSdkVersion = Build.VERSION_CODES.Q;
+        when(mPackageManager.getApplicationInfoAsUser(anyString(), anyInt(), any()))
+                .thenReturn(applicationInfo);
+        when(mPackageManager.getTargetSdkVersion(anyString()))
+                .thenReturn(applicationInfo.targetSdkVersion);
+        when(mSystemConfigManager.getSystemPermissionUids(anyString())).thenReturn(new int[0]);
+
+        // InstrumentationTestRunner prepares a looper, but AndroidJUnitRunner does not.
+        // http://b/25897652 .
+        if (Looper.myLooper() == null) {
+            Looper.prepare();
+        }
+        mockDefaultPackages();
+        mockHasSystemFeature(FEATURE_WIFI, true);
+        mockHasSystemFeature(FEATURE_WIFI_DIRECT, true);
+        doReturn(true).when(mTelephonyManager).isDataCapable();
+
+        FakeSettingsProvider.clearSettingsProvider();
+        mServiceContext = new MockContext(InstrumentationRegistry.getContext(),
+                new FakeSettingsProvider());
+        mServiceContext.setUseRegisteredHandlers(true);
+
+        mAlarmManagerThread = new HandlerThread("TestAlarmManager");
+        mAlarmManagerThread.start();
+        initAlarmManager(mAlarmManager, mAlarmManagerThread.getThreadHandler());
+
+        mCsHandlerThread = new HandlerThread("TestConnectivityService");
+        mVMSHandlerThread = new HandlerThread("TestVpnManagerService");
+        mDeps = makeDependencies();
+        returnRealCallingUid();
+        mService = new ConnectivityService(mServiceContext,
+                mMockDnsResolver,
+                mock(IpConnectivityLog.class),
+                mMockNetd,
+                mDeps);
+        mService.mLingerDelayMs = TEST_LINGER_DELAY_MS;
+        mService.mNascentDelayMs = TEST_NASCENT_DELAY_MS;
+        verify(mDeps).makeMultinetworkPolicyTracker(any(), any(), any());
+
+        final ArgumentCaptor<NetworkPolicyCallback> policyCallbackCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(NetworkPolicyCallback.class);
+        verify(mNetworkPolicyManager).registerNetworkPolicyCallback(any(),
+                policyCallbackCaptor.capture());
+        mPolicyCallback = policyCallbackCaptor.getValue();
+
+        // Create local CM before sending system ready so that we can answer
+        // getSystemService() correctly.
+        mCm = new WrappedConnectivityManager(InstrumentationRegistry.getContext(), mService);
+        mService.systemReadyInternal();
+        mVpnManagerService = makeVpnManagerService();
+        mVpnManagerService.systemReady();
+        mockVpn(Process.myUid());
+        mCm.bindProcessToNetwork(null);
+        mQosCallbackTracker = mock(QosCallbackTracker.class);
+
+        // Ensure that the default setting for Captive Portals is used for most tests
+        setCaptivePortalMode(ConnectivitySettingsManager.CAPTIVE_PORTAL_MODE_PROMPT);
+        setAlwaysOnNetworks(false);
+        setPrivateDnsSettings(PRIVATE_DNS_MODE_OFF, "ignored.example.com");
+    }
+
+    private void returnRealCallingUid() {
+        doAnswer((invocationOnMock) -> Binder.getCallingUid()).when(mDeps).getCallingUid();
+    }
+
+    private ConnectivityService.Dependencies makeDependencies() {
+        doReturn(false).when(mSystemProperties).getBoolean("ro.radio.noril", false);
+        final ConnectivityService.Dependencies deps = mock(ConnectivityService.Dependencies.class);
+        doReturn(mCsHandlerThread).when(deps).makeHandlerThread();
+        doReturn(mNetIdManager).when(deps).makeNetIdManager();
+        doReturn(mNetworkStack).when(deps).getNetworkStack();
+        doReturn(mSystemProperties).when(deps).getSystemProperties();
+        doReturn(mock(ProxyTracker.class)).when(deps).makeProxyTracker(any(), any());
+        doReturn(true).when(deps).queryUserAccess(anyInt(), any(), any());
+        doAnswer(inv -> {
+            mPolicyTracker = new WrappedMultinetworkPolicyTracker(
+                    inv.getArgument(0), inv.getArgument(1), inv.getArgument(2));
+            return mPolicyTracker;
+        }).when(deps).makeMultinetworkPolicyTracker(any(), any(), any());
+        doReturn(true).when(deps).getCellular464XlatEnabled();
+
+        doReturn(60000).when(mResources).getInteger(R.integer.config_networkTransitionTimeout);
+        doReturn("").when(mResources).getString(R.string.config_networkCaptivePortalServerUrl);
+        doReturn(new String[]{ WIFI_WOL_IFNAME }).when(mResources).getStringArray(
+                R.array.config_wakeonlan_supported_interfaces);
+        doReturn(new String[] { "0,1", "1,3" }).when(mResources).getStringArray(
+                R.array.config_networkSupportedKeepaliveCount);
+        doReturn(new String[0]).when(mResources).getStringArray(
+                R.array.config_networkNotifySwitches);
+        doReturn(new int[]{10, 11, 12, 14, 15}).when(mResources).getIntArray(
+                R.array.config_protectedNetworks);
+        // We don't test the actual notification value strings, so just return an empty array.
+        // It doesn't matter what the values are as long as it's not null.
+        doReturn(new String[0]).when(mResources).getStringArray(R.array.network_switch_type_name);
+
+        doReturn(R.array.config_networkSupportedKeepaliveCount).when(mResources)
+                .getIdentifier(eq("config_networkSupportedKeepaliveCount"), eq("array"), any());
+        doReturn(R.array.network_switch_type_name).when(mResources)
+                .getIdentifier(eq("network_switch_type_name"), eq("array"), any());
+
+
+        final ConnectivityResources connRes = mock(ConnectivityResources.class);
+        doReturn(mResources).when(connRes).get();
+        doReturn(connRes).when(deps).getResources(any());
+
+        final Context mockResContext = mock(Context.class);
+        doReturn(mResources).when(mockResContext).getResources();
+        ConnectivityResources.setResourcesContextForTest(mockResContext);
+
+        return deps;
+    }
+
+    private static void initAlarmManager(final AlarmManager am, final Handler alarmHandler) {
+        doAnswer(inv -> {
+            final long when = inv.getArgument(1);
+            final WakeupMessage wakeupMsg = inv.getArgument(3);
+            final Handler handler = inv.getArgument(4);
+
+            long delayMs = when - SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
+            if (delayMs < 0) delayMs = 0;
+            if (delayMs > UNREASONABLY_LONG_ALARM_WAIT_MS) {
+                fail("Attempting to send msg more than " + UNREASONABLY_LONG_ALARM_WAIT_MS
+                        + "ms into the future: " + delayMs);
+            }
+            alarmHandler.postDelayed(() -> handler.post(wakeupMsg::onAlarm), wakeupMsg /* token */,
+                    delayMs);
+
+            return null;
+        }).when(am).setExact(eq(AlarmManager.ELAPSED_REALTIME_WAKEUP), anyLong(), anyString(),
+                any(WakeupMessage.class), any());
+
+        doAnswer(inv -> {
+            final WakeupMessage wakeupMsg = inv.getArgument(0);
+            alarmHandler.removeCallbacksAndMessages(wakeupMsg /* token */);
+            return null;
+        }).when(am).cancel(any(WakeupMessage.class));
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() throws Exception {
+        unregisterDefaultNetworkCallbacks();
+        maybeTearDownEnterpriseNetwork();
+        setAlwaysOnNetworks(false);
+        if (mCellNetworkAgent != null) {
+            mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+            mCellNetworkAgent = null;
+        }
+        if (mWiFiNetworkAgent != null) {
+            mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+            mWiFiNetworkAgent = null;
+        }
+        if (mEthernetNetworkAgent != null) {
+            mEthernetNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+            mEthernetNetworkAgent = null;
+        }
+
+        if (mQosCallbackMockHelper != null) {
+            mQosCallbackMockHelper.tearDown();
+            mQosCallbackMockHelper = null;
+        }
+        mMockVpn.disconnect();
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        FakeSettingsProvider.clearSettingsProvider();
+        ConnectivityResources.setResourcesContextForTest(null);
+
+        mCsHandlerThread.quitSafely();
+        mAlarmManagerThread.quitSafely();
+    }
+
+    private void mockDefaultPackages() throws Exception {
+        final String myPackageName = mContext.getPackageName();
+        final PackageInfo myPackageInfo = mContext.getPackageManager().getPackageInfo(
+                myPackageName, PackageManager.GET_PERMISSIONS);
+        when(mPackageManager.getPackagesForUid(Binder.getCallingUid())).thenReturn(
+                new String[] {myPackageName});
+        when(mPackageManager.getPackageInfoAsUser(eq(myPackageName), anyInt(),
+                eq(UserHandle.getCallingUserId()))).thenReturn(myPackageInfo);
+
+        when(mPackageManager.getInstalledPackages(eq(GET_PERMISSIONS | MATCH_ANY_USER))).thenReturn(
+                Arrays.asList(new PackageInfo[] {
+                        buildPackageInfo(/* SYSTEM */ false, APP1_UID),
+                        buildPackageInfo(/* SYSTEM */ false, APP2_UID),
+                        buildPackageInfo(/* SYSTEM */ false, VPN_UID)
+                }));
+
+        // Create a fake always-on VPN package.
+        final int userId = UserHandle.getCallingUserId();
+        final ApplicationInfo applicationInfo = new ApplicationInfo();
+        applicationInfo.targetSdkVersion = Build.VERSION_CODES.R;  // Always-on supported in N+.
+        when(mPackageManager.getApplicationInfoAsUser(eq(ALWAYS_ON_PACKAGE), anyInt(),
+                eq(userId))).thenReturn(applicationInfo);
+
+        // Minimal mocking to keep Vpn#isAlwaysOnPackageSupported happy.
+        ResolveInfo rInfo = new ResolveInfo();
+        rInfo.serviceInfo = new ServiceInfo();
+        rInfo.serviceInfo.metaData = new Bundle();
+        final List<ResolveInfo> services = Arrays.asList(new ResolveInfo[]{rInfo});
+        when(mPackageManager.queryIntentServicesAsUser(any(), eq(PackageManager.GET_META_DATA),
+                eq(userId))).thenReturn(services);
+        when(mPackageManager.getPackageUidAsUser(TEST_PACKAGE_NAME, userId))
+                .thenReturn(Process.myUid());
+        when(mPackageManager.getPackageUidAsUser(ALWAYS_ON_PACKAGE, userId))
+                .thenReturn(VPN_UID);
+    }
+
+    private void verifyActiveNetwork(int transport) {
+        // Test getActiveNetworkInfo()
+        assertNotNull(mCm.getActiveNetworkInfo());
+        assertEquals(transportToLegacyType(transport), mCm.getActiveNetworkInfo().getType());
+        // Test getActiveNetwork()
+        assertNotNull(mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertEquals(mCm.getActiveNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(Process.myUid()));
+        if (!NetworkCapabilities.isValidTransport(transport)) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Unknown transport " + transport);
+        }
+        switch (transport) {
+            case TRANSPORT_WIFI:
+                assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+                break;
+            case TRANSPORT_CELLULAR:
+                assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+                break;
+            case TRANSPORT_ETHERNET:
+                assertEquals(mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+                break;
+            default:
+                break;
+        }
+        // Test getNetworkInfo(Network)
+        assertNotNull(mCm.getNetworkInfo(mCm.getActiveNetwork()));
+        assertEquals(transportToLegacyType(transport),
+                mCm.getNetworkInfo(mCm.getActiveNetwork()).getType());
+        assertNotNull(mCm.getActiveNetworkInfoForUid(Process.myUid()));
+        // Test getNetworkCapabilities(Network)
+        assertNotNull(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mCm.getActiveNetwork()));
+        assertTrue(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mCm.getActiveNetwork()).hasTransport(transport));
+    }
+
+    private void verifyNoNetwork() {
+        waitForIdle();
+        // Test getActiveNetworkInfo()
+        assertNull(mCm.getActiveNetworkInfo());
+        // Test getActiveNetwork()
+        assertNull(mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertNull(mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(Process.myUid()));
+        // Test getAllNetworks()
+        assertEmpty(mCm.getAllNetworks());
+        assertEmpty(mCm.getAllNetworkStateSnapshots());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Class to simplify expecting broadcasts using BroadcastInterceptingContext.
+     * Ensures that the receiver is unregistered after the expected broadcast is received. This
+     * cannot be done in the BroadcastReceiver itself because BroadcastInterceptingContext runs
+     * the receivers' receive method while iterating over the list of receivers, and unregistering
+     * the receiver during iteration throws ConcurrentModificationException.
+     */
+    private class ExpectedBroadcast extends CompletableFuture<Intent>  {
+        private final BroadcastReceiver mReceiver;
+
+        ExpectedBroadcast(BroadcastReceiver receiver) {
+            mReceiver = receiver;
+        }
+
+        public Intent expectBroadcast(int timeoutMs) throws Exception {
+            try {
+                return get(timeoutMs, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+            } catch (TimeoutException e) {
+                fail("Expected broadcast not received after " + timeoutMs + " ms");
+                return null;
+            } finally {
+                mServiceContext.unregisterReceiver(mReceiver);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public Intent expectBroadcast() throws Exception {
+            return expectBroadcast(BROADCAST_TIMEOUT_MS);
+        }
+
+        public void expectNoBroadcast(int timeoutMs) throws Exception {
+            waitForIdle();
+            try {
+                final Intent intent = get(timeoutMs, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+                fail("Unexpected broadcast: " + intent.getAction() + " " + intent.getExtras());
+            } catch (TimeoutException expected) {
+            } finally {
+                mServiceContext.unregisterReceiver(mReceiver);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Expects that {@code count} CONNECTIVITY_ACTION broadcasts are received. */
+    private ExpectedBroadcast registerConnectivityBroadcast(final int count) {
+        return registerConnectivityBroadcastThat(count, intent -> true);
+    }
+
+    private ExpectedBroadcast registerConnectivityBroadcastThat(final int count,
+            @NonNull final Predicate<Intent> filter) {
+        final IntentFilter intentFilter = new IntentFilter(CONNECTIVITY_ACTION);
+        // AtomicReference allows receiver to access expected even though it is constructed later.
+        final AtomicReference<ExpectedBroadcast> expectedRef = new AtomicReference<>();
+        final BroadcastReceiver receiver = new BroadcastReceiver() {
+            private int mRemaining = count;
+            public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {
+                final int type = intent.getIntExtra(EXTRA_NETWORK_TYPE, -1);
+                final NetworkInfo ni = intent.getParcelableExtra(EXTRA_NETWORK_INFO);
+                Log.d(TAG, "Received CONNECTIVITY_ACTION type=" + type + " ni=" + ni);
+                if (!filter.test(intent)) return;
+                if (--mRemaining == 0) {
+                    expectedRef.get().complete(intent);
+                }
+            }
+        };
+        final ExpectedBroadcast expected = new ExpectedBroadcast(receiver);
+        expectedRef.set(expected);
+        mServiceContext.registerReceiver(receiver, intentFilter);
+        return expected;
+    }
+
+    private boolean extraInfoInBroadcastHasExpectedNullness(NetworkInfo ni) {
+        final DetailedState state = ni.getDetailedState();
+        if (state == DetailedState.CONNECTED && ni.getExtraInfo() == null) return false;
+        // Expect a null extraInfo if the network is CONNECTING, because a CONNECTIVITY_ACTION
+        // broadcast with a state of CONNECTING only happens due to legacy VPN lockdown, which also
+        // nulls out extraInfo.
+        if (state == DetailedState.CONNECTING && ni.getExtraInfo() != null) return false;
+        // Can't make any assertions about DISCONNECTED broadcasts. When a network actually
+        // disconnects, disconnectAndDestroyNetwork sets its state to DISCONNECTED and its extraInfo
+        // to null. But if the DISCONNECTED broadcast is just simulated by LegacyTypeTracker due to
+        // a network switch, extraInfo will likely be populated.
+        // This is likely a bug in CS, but likely not one we can fix without impacting apps.
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private ExpectedBroadcast expectConnectivityAction(int type, NetworkInfo.DetailedState state) {
+        return registerConnectivityBroadcastThat(1, intent -> {
+            final int actualType = intent.getIntExtra(EXTRA_NETWORK_TYPE, -1);
+            final NetworkInfo ni = intent.getParcelableExtra(EXTRA_NETWORK_INFO);
+            return type == actualType
+                    && state == ni.getDetailedState()
+                    && extraInfoInBroadcastHasExpectedNullness(ni);
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNetworkTypes() {
+        // Ensure that our mocks for the networkAttributes config variable work as expected. If they
+        // don't, then tests that depend on CONNECTIVITY_ACTION broadcasts for these network types
+        // will fail. Failing here is much easier to debug.
+        assertTrue(mCm.isNetworkSupported(TYPE_WIFI));
+        assertTrue(mCm.isNetworkSupported(TYPE_MOBILE));
+        assertTrue(mCm.isNetworkSupported(TYPE_MOBILE_MMS));
+        assertTrue(mCm.isNetworkSupported(TYPE_MOBILE_FOTA));
+        assertFalse(mCm.isNetworkSupported(TYPE_PROXY));
+
+        // Check that TYPE_ETHERNET is supported. Unlike the asserts above, which only validate our
+        // mocks, this assert exercises the ConnectivityService code path that ensures that
+        // TYPE_ETHERNET is supported if the ethernet service is running.
+        assertTrue(mCm.isNetworkSupported(TYPE_ETHERNET));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNetworkFeature() throws Exception {
+        // Connect the cell agent and wait for the connected broadcast.
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_SUPL);
+        ExpectedBroadcast b = expectConnectivityAction(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        b.expectBroadcast();
+
+        // Build legacy request for SUPL.
+        final NetworkCapabilities legacyCaps = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        legacyCaps.addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        legacyCaps.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_SUPL);
+        final NetworkRequest legacyRequest = new NetworkRequest(legacyCaps, TYPE_MOBILE_SUPL,
+                ConnectivityManager.REQUEST_ID_UNSET, NetworkRequest.Type.REQUEST);
+
+        // File request, withdraw it and make sure no broadcast is sent
+        b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(1);
+        final TestNetworkCallback callback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.requestNetwork(legacyRequest, callback);
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.AVAILABLE, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(callback);
+        b.expectNoBroadcast(800);  // 800ms long enough to at least flake if this is sent
+
+        // Disconnect the network and expect mobile disconnected broadcast.
+        b = expectConnectivityAction(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.DISCONNECTED);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        b.expectBroadcast();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLingering() throws Exception {
+        verifyNoNetwork();
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        assertNull(mCm.getActiveNetworkInfo());
+        assertNull(mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        // Test bringing up validated cellular.
+        ExpectedBroadcast b = expectConnectivityAction(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        b.expectBroadcast();
+        verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        assertLength(2, mCm.getAllNetworks());
+        assertTrue(mCm.getAllNetworks()[0].equals(mCm.getActiveNetwork()) ||
+                mCm.getAllNetworks()[1].equals(mCm.getActiveNetwork()));
+        assertTrue(mCm.getAllNetworks()[0].equals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork()) ||
+                mCm.getAllNetworks()[1].equals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork()));
+        // Test bringing up validated WiFi.
+        b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(2);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        b.expectBroadcast();
+        verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        assertLength(2, mCm.getAllNetworks());
+        assertTrue(mCm.getAllNetworks()[0].equals(mCm.getActiveNetwork()) ||
+                mCm.getAllNetworks()[1].equals(mCm.getActiveNetwork()));
+        assertTrue(mCm.getAllNetworks()[0].equals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork()) ||
+                mCm.getAllNetworks()[1].equals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork()));
+        // Test cellular linger timeout.
+        mCellNetworkAgent.expectDisconnected();
+        waitForIdle();
+        assertLength(1, mCm.getAllNetworks());
+        verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        assertLength(1, mCm.getAllNetworks());
+        assertEquals(mCm.getAllNetworks()[0], mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        // Test WiFi disconnect.
+        b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(1);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        b.expectBroadcast();
+        verifyNoNetwork();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Verify a newly created network will be inactive instead of torn down even if no one is
+     * requesting.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testNewNetworkInactive() throws Exception {
+        // Create a callback that monitoring the testing network.
+        final TestNetworkCallback listenCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(new NetworkRequest.Builder().build(), listenCallback);
+
+        // 1. Create a network that is not requested by anyone, and does not satisfy any of the
+        // default requests. Verify that the network will be inactive instead of torn down.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connectWithoutInternet();
+        listenCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        listenCallback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        // Verify that the network will be torn down after nascent expiry. A small period of time
+        // is added in case of flakiness.
+        final int nascentTimeoutMs =
+                mService.mNascentDelayMs + mService.mNascentDelayMs / 4;
+        listenCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent, nascentTimeoutMs);
+
+        // 2. Create a network that is satisfied by a request comes later.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connectWithoutInternet();
+        listenCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        final NetworkRequest wifiRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI).build();
+        final TestNetworkCallback wifiCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.requestNetwork(wifiRequest, wifiCallback);
+        wifiCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+
+        // Verify that the network will be kept since the request is still satisfied. And is able
+        // to get disconnected as usual if the request is released after the nascent timer expires.
+        listenCallback.assertNoCallback(nascentTimeoutMs);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(wifiCallback);
+        listenCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+
+        // 3. Create a network that is satisfied by a request comes later.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connectWithoutInternet();
+        listenCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mCm.requestNetwork(wifiRequest, wifiCallback);
+        wifiCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+
+        // Verify that the network will still be torn down after the request gets removed.
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(wifiCallback);
+        listenCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+
+        // There is no need to ensure that LOSING is never sent in the common case that the
+        // network immediately satisfies a request that was already present, because it is already
+        // verified anywhere whenever {@code TestNetworkCallback#expectAvailable*} is called.
+
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(listenCallback);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Verify a newly created network will be inactive and switch to background if only background
+     * request is satisfied.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testNewNetworkInactive_bgNetwork() throws Exception {
+        // Create a callback that monitoring the wifi network.
+        final TestNetworkCallback wifiListenCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI).build(), wifiListenCallback);
+
+        // Create callbacks that can monitor background and foreground mobile networks.
+        // This is done by granting using background networks permission before registration. Thus,
+        // the service will not add {@code NET_CAPABILITY_FOREGROUND} by default.
+        grantUsingBackgroundNetworksPermissionForUid(Binder.getCallingUid());
+        final TestNetworkCallback bgMobileListenCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final TestNetworkCallback fgMobileListenCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR).build(), bgMobileListenCallback);
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_FOREGROUND).build(), fgMobileListenCallback);
+
+        // Connect wifi, which satisfies default request.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        wifiListenCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+
+        // Connect a cellular network, verify that satisfies only the background callback.
+        setAlwaysOnNetworks(true);
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        bgMobileListenCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        fgMobileListenCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        assertFalse(isForegroundNetwork(mCellNetworkAgent));
+
+        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        bgMobileListenCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        fgMobileListenCallback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(wifiListenCallback);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(bgMobileListenCallback);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(fgMobileListenCallback);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testValidatedCellularOutscoresUnvalidatedWiFi() throws Exception {
+        // Test bringing up unvalidated WiFi
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        ExpectedBroadcast b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(1);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        b.expectBroadcast();
+        verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        // Test bringing up unvalidated cellular
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        waitForIdle();
+        verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        // Test cellular disconnect.
+        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        waitForIdle();
+        verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        // Test bringing up validated cellular
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(2);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        b.expectBroadcast();
+        verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        // Test cellular disconnect.
+        b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(2);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        b.expectBroadcast();
+        verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        // Test WiFi disconnect.
+        b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(1);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        b.expectBroadcast();
+        verifyNoNetwork();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUnvalidatedWifiOutscoresUnvalidatedCellular() throws Exception {
+        // Test bringing up unvalidated cellular.
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        ExpectedBroadcast b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(1);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        b.expectBroadcast();
+        verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        // Test bringing up unvalidated WiFi.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(2);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        b.expectBroadcast();
+        verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        // Test WiFi disconnect.
+        b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(2);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        b.expectBroadcast();
+        verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        // Test cellular disconnect.
+        b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(1);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        b.expectBroadcast();
+        verifyNoNetwork();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUnlingeringDoesNotValidate() throws Exception {
+        // Test bringing up unvalidated WiFi.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        ExpectedBroadcast b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(1);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        b.expectBroadcast();
+        verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        assertFalse(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork()).hasCapability(
+                NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
+        // Test bringing up validated cellular.
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(2);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        b.expectBroadcast();
+        verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        assertFalse(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork()).hasCapability(
+                NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
+        // Test cellular disconnect.
+        b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(2);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        b.expectBroadcast();
+        verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        // Unlingering a network should not cause it to be marked as validated.
+        assertFalse(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork()).hasCapability(
+                NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCellularOutscoresWeakWifi() throws Exception {
+        // Test bringing up validated cellular.
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        ExpectedBroadcast b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(1);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        b.expectBroadcast();
+        verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        // Test bringing up validated WiFi.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(2);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        b.expectBroadcast();
+        verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        // Test WiFi getting really weak.
+        b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(2);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.adjustScore(-11);
+        b.expectBroadcast();
+        verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        // Test WiFi restoring signal strength.
+        b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(2);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.adjustScore(11);
+        b.expectBroadcast();
+        verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReapingNetwork() throws Exception {
+        // Test bringing up WiFi without NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET.
+        // Expect it to be torn down immediately because it satisfies no requests.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connectWithoutInternet();
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.expectDisconnected();
+        // Test bringing up cellular without NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET.
+        // Expect it to be torn down immediately because it satisfies no requests.
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connectWithoutInternet();
+        mCellNetworkAgent.expectDisconnected();
+        // Test bringing up validated WiFi.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        final ExpectedBroadcast b = expectConnectivityAction(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        b.expectBroadcast();
+        verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        // Test bringing up unvalidated cellular.
+        // Expect it to be torn down because it could never be the highest scoring network
+        // satisfying the default request even if it validated.
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.expectDisconnected();
+        verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.expectDisconnected();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCellularFallback() throws Exception {
+        // Test bringing up validated cellular.
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        ExpectedBroadcast b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(1);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        b.expectBroadcast();
+        verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        // Test bringing up validated WiFi.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(2);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        b.expectBroadcast();
+        verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        // Reevaluate WiFi (it'll instantly fail DNS).
+        b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(2);
+        assertTrue(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork()).hasCapability(
+                NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
+        mCm.reportBadNetwork(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+        // Should quickly fall back to Cellular.
+        b.expectBroadcast();
+        assertFalse(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork()).hasCapability(
+                NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
+        verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        // Reevaluate cellular (it'll instantly fail DNS).
+        b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(2);
+        assertTrue(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork()).hasCapability(
+                NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
+        mCm.reportBadNetwork(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+        // Should quickly fall back to WiFi.
+        b.expectBroadcast();
+        assertFalse(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork()).hasCapability(
+                NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
+        assertFalse(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork()).hasCapability(
+                NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
+        verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testWiFiFallback() throws Exception {
+        // Test bringing up unvalidated WiFi.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        ExpectedBroadcast b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(1);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        b.expectBroadcast();
+        verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        // Test bringing up validated cellular.
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(2);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        b.expectBroadcast();
+        verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        // Reevaluate cellular (it'll instantly fail DNS).
+        b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(2);
+        assertTrue(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork()).hasCapability(
+                NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
+        mCm.reportBadNetwork(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+        // Should quickly fall back to WiFi.
+        b.expectBroadcast();
+        assertFalse(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork()).hasCapability(
+                NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
+        verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRequiresValidation() {
+        assertTrue(NetworkMonitorUtils.isValidationRequired(
+                mCm.getDefaultRequest().networkCapabilities));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Utility NetworkCallback for testing. The caller must explicitly test for all the callbacks
+     * this class receives, by calling expectCallback() exactly once each time a callback is
+     * received. assertNoCallback may be called at any time.
+     */
+    private class TestNetworkCallback extends TestableNetworkCallback {
+        TestNetworkCallback() {
+            super(TEST_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void assertNoCallback() {
+            // TODO: better support this use case in TestableNetworkCallback
+            waitForIdle();
+            assertNoCallback(0 /* timeout */);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public <T extends CallbackEntry> T expectCallback(final KClass<T> type, final HasNetwork n,
+                final long timeoutMs) {
+            final T callback = super.expectCallback(type, n, timeoutMs);
+            if (callback instanceof CallbackEntry.Losing) {
+                // TODO : move this to the specific test(s) needing this rather than here.
+                final CallbackEntry.Losing losing = (CallbackEntry.Losing) callback;
+                final int maxMsToLive = losing.getMaxMsToLive();
+                String msg = String.format(
+                        "Invalid linger time value %d, must be between %d and %d",
+                        maxMsToLive, 0, mService.mLingerDelayMs);
+                assertTrue(msg, 0 <= maxMsToLive && maxMsToLive <= mService.mLingerDelayMs);
+            }
+            return callback;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Can't be part of TestNetworkCallback because "cannot be declared static; static methods can
+    // only be declared in a static or top level type".
+    static void assertNoCallbacks(TestNetworkCallback ... callbacks) {
+        for (TestNetworkCallback c : callbacks) {
+            c.assertNoCallback();
+        }
+    }
+
+    static void expectOnLost(TestNetworkAgentWrapper network, TestNetworkCallback ... callbacks) {
+        for (TestNetworkCallback c : callbacks) {
+            c.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, network);
+        }
+    }
+
+    static void expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidatedWithSpecifier(TestNetworkAgentWrapper network,
+            NetworkSpecifier specifier, TestNetworkCallback ... callbacks) {
+        for (TestNetworkCallback c : callbacks) {
+            c.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.AVAILABLE, network);
+            c.expectCapabilitiesThat(network, (nc) ->
+                    !nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED)
+                            && Objects.equals(specifier, nc.getNetworkSpecifier()));
+            c.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, network);
+            c.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.BLOCKED_STATUS, network);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStateChangeNetworkCallbacks() throws Exception {
+        final TestNetworkCallback genericNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final TestNetworkCallback wifiNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final TestNetworkCallback cellNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final NetworkRequest genericRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .clearCapabilities().build();
+        final NetworkRequest wifiRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI).build();
+        final NetworkRequest cellRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR).build();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(genericRequest, genericNetworkCallback);
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(wifiRequest, wifiNetworkCallback);
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(cellRequest, cellNetworkCallback);
+
+        // Test unvalidated networks
+        ExpectedBroadcast b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(1);
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        genericNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        b.expectBroadcast();
+        assertNoCallbacks(genericNetworkCallback, wifiNetworkCallback, cellNetworkCallback);
+
+        // This should not trigger spurious onAvailable() callbacks, b/21762680.
+        mCellNetworkAgent.adjustScore(-1);
+        waitForIdle();
+        assertNoCallbacks(genericNetworkCallback, wifiNetworkCallback, cellNetworkCallback);
+        assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+
+        b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(2);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        genericNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        wifiNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        b.expectBroadcast();
+        assertNoCallbacks(genericNetworkCallback, wifiNetworkCallback, cellNetworkCallback);
+
+        b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(2);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        genericNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        wifiNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        b.expectBroadcast();
+        assertNoCallbacks(genericNetworkCallback, wifiNetworkCallback, cellNetworkCallback);
+
+        b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(1);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        genericNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        b.expectBroadcast();
+        assertNoCallbacks(genericNetworkCallback, wifiNetworkCallback, cellNetworkCallback);
+
+        // Test validated networks
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        genericNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertNoCallbacks(genericNetworkCallback, wifiNetworkCallback, cellNetworkCallback);
+
+        // This should not trigger spurious onAvailable() callbacks, b/21762680.
+        mCellNetworkAgent.adjustScore(-1);
+        waitForIdle();
+        assertNoCallbacks(genericNetworkCallback, wifiNetworkCallback, cellNetworkCallback);
+        assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        genericNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        genericNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOSING, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        genericNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        wifiNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOSING, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertNoCallbacks(genericNetworkCallback, wifiNetworkCallback, cellNetworkCallback);
+
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        genericNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        wifiNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        assertNoCallbacks(genericNetworkCallback, wifiNetworkCallback, cellNetworkCallback);
+
+        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        genericNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        assertNoCallbacks(genericNetworkCallback, wifiNetworkCallback, cellNetworkCallback);
+    }
+
+    private void doNetworkCallbacksSanitizationTest(boolean sanitized) throws Exception {
+        final TestNetworkCallback callback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final TestNetworkCallback defaultCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final NetworkRequest wifiRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI).build();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(wifiRequest, callback);
+        mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(defaultCallback);
+
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+
+        final LinkProperties newLp = new LinkProperties();
+        final Uri capportUrl = Uri.parse("https://capport.example.com/api");
+        final CaptivePortalData capportData = new CaptivePortalData.Builder()
+                .setCaptive(true).build();
+
+        final Uri expectedCapportUrl = sanitized ? null : capportUrl;
+        newLp.setCaptivePortalApiUrl(capportUrl);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(newLp);
+        callback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(mWiFiNetworkAgent, lp ->
+                Objects.equals(expectedCapportUrl, lp.getCaptivePortalApiUrl()));
+        defaultCallback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(mWiFiNetworkAgent, lp ->
+                Objects.equals(expectedCapportUrl, lp.getCaptivePortalApiUrl()));
+
+        final CaptivePortalData expectedCapportData = sanitized ? null : capportData;
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.notifyCapportApiDataChanged(capportData);
+        callback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(mWiFiNetworkAgent, lp ->
+                Objects.equals(expectedCapportData, lp.getCaptivePortalData()));
+        defaultCallback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(mWiFiNetworkAgent, lp ->
+                Objects.equals(expectedCapportData, lp.getCaptivePortalData()));
+
+        final LinkProperties lp = mCm.getLinkProperties(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+        assertEquals(expectedCapportUrl, lp.getCaptivePortalApiUrl());
+        assertEquals(expectedCapportData, lp.getCaptivePortalData());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void networkCallbacksSanitizationTest_Sanitize() throws Exception {
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK,
+                PERMISSION_DENIED);
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(NETWORK_SETTINGS, PERMISSION_DENIED);
+        doNetworkCallbacksSanitizationTest(true /* sanitized */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void networkCallbacksSanitizationTest_NoSanitize_NetworkStack() throws Exception {
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK,
+                PERMISSION_GRANTED);
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(NETWORK_SETTINGS, PERMISSION_DENIED);
+        doNetworkCallbacksSanitizationTest(false /* sanitized */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void networkCallbacksSanitizationTest_NoSanitize_Settings() throws Exception {
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK,
+                PERMISSION_DENIED);
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(NETWORK_SETTINGS, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
+        doNetworkCallbacksSanitizationTest(false /* sanitized */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testOwnerUidCannotChange() throws Exception {
+        final NetworkCapabilities ncTemplate = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        final int originalOwnerUid = Process.myUid();
+        ncTemplate.setOwnerUid(originalOwnerUid);
+
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI, new LinkProperties(),
+                ncTemplate);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        // Send ConnectivityService an update to the mWiFiNetworkAgent's capabilities that changes
+        // the owner UID and an unrelated capability.
+        NetworkCapabilities agentCapabilities = mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetworkCapabilities();
+        assertEquals(originalOwnerUid, agentCapabilities.getOwnerUid());
+        agentCapabilities.setOwnerUid(42);
+        assertFalse(agentCapabilities.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED));
+        agentCapabilities.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setNetworkCapabilities(agentCapabilities, true);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        // Owner UIDs are not visible without location permission.
+        setupLocationPermissions(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q, true, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_FINE_LOCATION,
+                Manifest.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION);
+
+        // Check that the capability change has been applied but the owner UID is not modified.
+        NetworkCapabilities nc = mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+        assertEquals(originalOwnerUid, nc.getOwnerUid());
+        assertTrue(nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultipleLingering() throws Exception {
+        // This test would be flaky with the default 120ms timer: that is short enough that
+        // lingered networks are torn down before assertions can be run. We don't want to mock the
+        // lingering timer to keep the WakeupMessage logic realistic: this has already proven useful
+        // in detecting races.
+        mService.mLingerDelayMs = 300;
+
+        NetworkRequest request = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .clearCapabilities().addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
+                .build();
+        TestNetworkCallback callback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(request, callback);
+
+        TestNetworkCallback defaultCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(defaultCallback);
+
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mEthernetNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET);
+
+        mCellNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        mEthernetNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        callback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertEquals(defaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        // We get AVAILABLE on wifi when wifi connects and satisfies our unmetered request.
+        // We then get LOSING when wifi validates and cell is outscored.
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        // TODO: Investigate sending validated before losing.
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOSING, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        callback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertEquals(defaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+
+        mEthernetNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mEthernetNetworkAgent);
+        // TODO: Investigate sending validated before losing.
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOSING, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        callback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED, mEthernetNetworkAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mEthernetNetworkAgent);
+        assertEquals(mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertEquals(defaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+
+        mEthernetNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mEthernetNetworkAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mEthernetNetworkAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        assertEquals(defaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+            TestNetworkAgentWrapper oldNetwork, newNetwork;
+            if (i % 2 == 0) {
+                mWiFiNetworkAgent.adjustScore(-15);
+                oldNetwork = mWiFiNetworkAgent;
+                newNetwork = mCellNetworkAgent;
+            } else {
+                mWiFiNetworkAgent.adjustScore(15);
+                oldNetwork = mCellNetworkAgent;
+                newNetwork = mWiFiNetworkAgent;
+
+            }
+            callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOSING, oldNetwork);
+            // TODO: should we send an AVAILABLE callback to newNetwork, to indicate that it is no
+            // longer lingering?
+            defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(newNetwork);
+            assertEquals(newNetwork.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        }
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+
+        // Verify that if a network no longer satisfies a request, we send LOST and not LOSING, even
+        // if the network is still up.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        // We expect a notification about the capabilities change, and nothing else.
+        defaultCallback.expectCapabilitiesWithout(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        defaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        assertEquals(defaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+
+        // Wifi no longer satisfies our listen, which is for an unmetered network.
+        // But because its score is 55, it's still up (and the default network).
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+
+        // Disconnect our test networks.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        defaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        assertEquals(defaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        defaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        waitForIdle();
+        assertEquals(null, mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(callback);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        // Check that a network is only lingered or torn down if it would not satisfy a request even
+        // if it validated.
+        request = new NetworkRequest.Builder().clearCapabilities().build();
+        callback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(request, callback);
+
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(false);   // Score: 10
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertEquals(defaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+
+        // Bring up wifi with a score of 20.
+        // Cell stays up because it would satisfy the default request if it validated.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);   // Score: 20
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertEquals(defaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertEquals(defaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+
+        // Bring up wifi, then validate it. Previous versions would immediately tear down cell, but
+        // it's arguably correct to linger it, since it was the default network before it validated.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        // TODO: Investigate sending validated before losing.
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOSING, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        callback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertEquals(defaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        waitForIdle();
+        assertEquals(null, mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+
+        // If a network is lingering, and we add and remove a request from it, resume lingering.
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        callback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        assertEquals(defaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        // TODO: Investigate sending validated before losing.
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOSING, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        callback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        assertEquals(defaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+
+        NetworkRequest cellRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR).build();
+        NetworkCallback noopCallback = new NetworkCallback();
+        mCm.requestNetwork(cellRequest, noopCallback);
+        // TODO: should this cause an AVAILABLE callback, to indicate that the network is no longer
+        // lingering?
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(noopCallback);
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOSING, mCellNetworkAgent);
+
+        // Similar to the above: lingering can start even after the lingered request is removed.
+        // Disconnect wifi and switch to cell.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        assertEquals(defaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+
+        // Cell is now the default network. Pin it with a cell-specific request.
+        noopCallback = new NetworkCallback();  // Can't reuse NetworkCallbacks. http://b/20701525
+        mCm.requestNetwork(cellRequest, noopCallback);
+
+        // Now connect wifi, and expect it to become the default network.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        callback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        assertEquals(defaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        // The default request is lingering on cell, but nothing happens to cell, and we send no
+        // callbacks for it, because it's kept up by cellRequest.
+        callback.assertNoCallback();
+        // Now unregister cellRequest and expect cell to start lingering.
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(noopCallback);
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOSING, mCellNetworkAgent);
+
+        // Let linger run its course.
+        callback.assertNoCallback();
+        final int lingerTimeoutMs = mService.mLingerDelayMs + mService.mLingerDelayMs / 4;
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent, lingerTimeoutMs);
+
+        // Register a TRACK_DEFAULT request and check that it does not affect lingering.
+        TestNetworkCallback trackDefaultCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(trackDefaultCallback);
+        trackDefaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mEthernetNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET);
+        mEthernetNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mEthernetNetworkAgent);
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOSING, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        callback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED, mEthernetNetworkAgent);
+        trackDefaultCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mEthernetNetworkAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mEthernetNetworkAgent);
+        assertEquals(defaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+
+        // Let linger run its course.
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent, lingerTimeoutMs);
+
+        // Clean up.
+        mEthernetNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mEthernetNetworkAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mEthernetNetworkAgent);
+        trackDefaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mEthernetNetworkAgent);
+
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(callback);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(defaultCallback);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(trackDefaultCallback);
+    }
+
+    private void grantUsingBackgroundNetworksPermissionForUid(final int uid) throws Exception {
+        grantUsingBackgroundNetworksPermissionForUid(uid, mContext.getPackageName());
+    }
+
+    private void grantUsingBackgroundNetworksPermissionForUid(
+            final int uid, final String packageName) throws Exception {
+        when(mPackageManager.getPackageInfo(
+                eq(packageName), eq(GET_PERMISSIONS | MATCH_ANY_USER)))
+                .thenReturn(buildPackageInfo(true /* hasSystemPermission */, uid));
+        mService.mPermissionMonitor.onPackageAdded(packageName, uid);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNetworkGoesIntoBackgroundAfterLinger() throws Exception {
+        setAlwaysOnNetworks(true);
+        grantUsingBackgroundNetworksPermissionForUid(Binder.getCallingUid());
+        NetworkRequest request = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .clearCapabilities()
+                .build();
+        TestNetworkCallback callback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(request, callback);
+
+        TestNetworkCallback defaultCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(defaultCallback);
+
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        callback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+
+        // Wifi comes up and cell lingers.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOSING, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        callback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+
+        // File a request for cellular, then release it.
+        NetworkRequest cellRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR).build();
+        NetworkCallback noopCallback = new NetworkCallback();
+        mCm.requestNetwork(cellRequest, noopCallback);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(noopCallback);
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOSING, mCellNetworkAgent);
+
+        // Let linger run its course.
+        callback.assertNoCallback();
+        final int lingerTimeoutMs = TEST_LINGER_DELAY_MS + TEST_LINGER_DELAY_MS / 4;
+        callback.expectCapabilitiesWithout(NET_CAPABILITY_FOREGROUND, mCellNetworkAgent,
+                lingerTimeoutMs);
+
+        // Clean up.
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(defaultCallback);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(callback);
+    }
+
+    private NativeNetworkConfig nativeNetworkConfigPhysical(int netId, int permission) {
+        return new NativeNetworkConfig(netId, NativeNetworkType.PHYSICAL, permission,
+                /*secure=*/ false, VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_NONE);
+    }
+
+    private NativeNetworkConfig nativeNetworkConfigVpn(int netId, boolean secure, int vpnType) {
+        return new NativeNetworkConfig(netId, NativeNetworkType.VIRTUAL, INetd.PERMISSION_NONE,
+                secure, vpnType);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNetworkAgentCallbacks() throws Exception {
+        // Keeps track of the order of events that happen in this test.
+        final LinkedBlockingQueue<String> eventOrder = new LinkedBlockingQueue<>();
+
+        final NetworkRequest request = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI).build();
+        final TestNetworkCallback callback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final AtomicReference<Network> wifiNetwork = new AtomicReference<>();
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+
+        // Expectations for state when various callbacks fire. These expectations run on the handler
+        // thread and not on the test thread because they need to prevent the handler thread from
+        // advancing while they examine state.
+
+        // 1. When onCreated fires, netd has been told to create the network.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setCreatedCallback(() -> {
+            eventOrder.offer("onNetworkCreated");
+            wifiNetwork.set(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+            assertNotNull(wifiNetwork.get());
+            try {
+                verify(mMockNetd).networkCreate(nativeNetworkConfigPhysical(
+                        wifiNetwork.get().getNetId(), INetd.PERMISSION_NONE));
+            } catch (RemoteException impossible) {
+                fail();
+            }
+        });
+
+        // 2. onNetworkUnwanted isn't precisely ordered with respect to any particular events. Just
+        //    check that it is fired at some point after disconnect.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setUnwantedCallback(() -> eventOrder.offer("onNetworkUnwanted"));
+
+        // 3. While the teardown timer is running, connectivity APIs report the network is gone, but
+        //    netd has not yet been told to destroy it.
+        final Runnable duringTeardown = () -> {
+            eventOrder.offer("timePasses");
+            assertNull(mCm.getLinkProperties(wifiNetwork.get()));
+            try {
+                verify(mMockNetd, never()).networkDestroy(wifiNetwork.get().getNetId());
+            } catch (RemoteException impossible) {
+                fail();
+            }
+        };
+
+        // 4. After onNetworkDisconnected is called, connectivity APIs report the network is gone,
+        // and netd has been told to destroy it.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setDisconnectedCallback(() -> {
+            eventOrder.offer("onNetworkDisconnected");
+            assertNull(mCm.getLinkProperties(wifiNetwork.get()));
+            try {
+                verify(mMockNetd).networkDestroy(wifiNetwork.get().getNetId());
+            } catch (RemoteException impossible) {
+                fail();
+            }
+        });
+
+        // Connect a network, and file a request for it after it has come up, to ensure the nascent
+        // timer is cleared and the test does not have to wait for it. Filing the request after the
+        // network has come up is necessary because ConnectivityService does not appear to clear the
+        // nascent timer if the first request satisfied by the network was filed before the network
+        // connected.
+        // TODO: fix this bug, file the request before connecting, and remove the waitForIdle.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connectWithoutInternet();
+        waitForIdle();
+        mCm.requestNetwork(request, callback);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+
+        // Set teardown delay and make sure CS has processed it.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetworkAgent().setTeardownDelayMillis(300);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        // Post the duringTeardown lambda to the handler so it fires while teardown is in progress.
+        // The delay must be long enough it will run after the unregisterNetworkCallback has torn
+        // down the network and started the teardown timer, and short enough that the lambda is
+        // scheduled to run before the teardown timer.
+        final Handler h = new Handler(mCsHandlerThread.getLooper());
+        h.postDelayed(duringTeardown, 150);
+
+        // Disconnect the network and check that events happened in the right order.
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(callback);
+        assertEquals("onNetworkCreated", eventOrder.poll(TIMEOUT_MS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
+        assertEquals("onNetworkUnwanted", eventOrder.poll(TIMEOUT_MS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
+        assertEquals("timePasses", eventOrder.poll(TIMEOUT_MS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
+        assertEquals("onNetworkDisconnected", eventOrder.poll(TIMEOUT_MS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
+
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(callback);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExplicitlySelected() throws Exception {
+        NetworkRequest request = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .clearCapabilities().addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
+                .build();
+        TestNetworkCallback callback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(request, callback);
+
+        // Bring up validated cell.
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        callback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+
+        // Bring up unvalidated wifi with explicitlySelected=true.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.explicitlySelected(true, false);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+
+        // Cell Remains the default.
+        assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+
+        // Lower wifi's score to below than cell, and check that it doesn't disconnect because
+        // it's explicitly selected.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.adjustScore(-40);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.adjustScore(40);
+        callback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        // If the user chooses yes on the "No Internet access, stay connected?" dialog, we switch to
+        // wifi even though it's unvalidated.
+        mCm.setAcceptUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), true, false);
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOSING, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+
+        // Disconnect wifi, and then reconnect, again with explicitlySelected=true.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.explicitlySelected(true, false);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+
+        // If the user chooses no on the "No Internet access, stay connected?" dialog, we ask the
+        // network to disconnect.
+        mCm.setAcceptUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), false, false);
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+
+        // Reconnect, again with explicitlySelected=true, but this time validate.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.explicitlySelected(true, false);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOSING, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        callback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+
+        mEthernetNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET);
+        mEthernetNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mEthernetNetworkAgent);
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOSING, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        callback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED, mEthernetNetworkAgent);
+        assertEquals(mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        callback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        // Disconnect wifi, and then reconnect as if the user had selected "yes, don't ask again"
+        // (i.e., with explicitlySelected=true and acceptUnvalidated=true). Expect to switch to
+        // wifi immediately.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.explicitlySelected(true, true);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOSING, mEthernetNetworkAgent);
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        mEthernetNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mEthernetNetworkAgent);
+
+        // Disconnect and reconnect with explicitlySelected=false and acceptUnvalidated=true.
+        // Check that the network is not scored specially and that the device prefers cell data.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.explicitlySelected(false, true);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+
+        // Clean up.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+    }
+
+    private void tryNetworkFactoryRequests(int capability) throws Exception {
+        // Verify NOT_RESTRICTED is set appropriately
+        final NetworkCapabilities nc = new NetworkRequest.Builder().addCapability(capability)
+                .build().networkCapabilities;
+        if (capability == NET_CAPABILITY_CBS || capability == NET_CAPABILITY_DUN
+                || capability == NET_CAPABILITY_EIMS || capability == NET_CAPABILITY_FOTA
+                || capability == NET_CAPABILITY_IA || capability == NET_CAPABILITY_IMS
+                || capability == NET_CAPABILITY_RCS || capability == NET_CAPABILITY_XCAP
+                || capability == NET_CAPABILITY_VSIM || capability == NET_CAPABILITY_BIP
+                || capability == NET_CAPABILITY_ENTERPRISE) {
+            assertFalse(nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED));
+        } else {
+            assertTrue(nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED));
+        }
+
+        NetworkCapabilities filter = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        filter.addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        filter.addCapability(capability);
+        // Add NOT_VCN_MANAGED capability into filter unconditionally since some requests will add
+        // NOT_VCN_MANAGED automatically but not for NetworkCapabilities,
+        // see {@code NetworkCapabilities#deduceNotVcnManagedCapability} for more details.
+        filter.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED);
+        final HandlerThread handlerThread = new HandlerThread("testNetworkFactoryRequests");
+        handlerThread.start();
+        final MockNetworkFactory testFactory = new MockNetworkFactory(handlerThread.getLooper(),
+                mServiceContext, "testFactory", filter, mCsHandlerThread);
+        testFactory.setScoreFilter(45);
+        testFactory.register();
+
+        final NetworkCallback networkCallback;
+        if (capability != NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET) {
+            // If the capability passed in argument is part of the default request, then the
+            // factory will see the default request. Otherwise the filter will prevent the
+            // factory from seeing it. In that case, add a request so it can be tested.
+            assertFalse(testFactory.getMyStartRequested());
+            NetworkRequest request = new NetworkRequest.Builder().addCapability(capability).build();
+            networkCallback = new NetworkCallback();
+            mCm.requestNetwork(request, networkCallback);
+        } else {
+            networkCallback = null;
+        }
+        testFactory.expectRequestAdd();
+        testFactory.assertRequestCountEquals(1);
+        assertTrue(testFactory.getMyStartRequested());
+
+        // Now bring in a higher scored network.
+        TestNetworkAgentWrapper testAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        // When testAgent connects, because of its score (50 legacy int / cell transport)
+        // it will beat or equal the testFactory's offer, so the request will be removed.
+        // Note the agent as validated only if the capability is INTERNET, as it's the only case
+        // where it makes sense.
+        testAgent.connect(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET == capability /* validated */);
+        testAgent.addCapability(capability);
+        testFactory.expectRequestRemove();
+        testFactory.assertRequestCountEquals(0);
+        assertFalse(testFactory.getMyStartRequested());
+
+        // Add a request and make sure it's not sent to the factory, because the agent
+        // is satisfying it better.
+        final NetworkCallback cb = new ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback();
+        mCm.requestNetwork(new NetworkRequest.Builder().addCapability(capability).build(), cb);
+        expectNoRequestChanged(testFactory);
+        testFactory.assertRequestCountEquals(0);
+        assertFalse(testFactory.getMyStartRequested());
+
+        // If using legacy scores, make the test agent weak enough to have the exact same score as
+        // the factory (50 for cell - 5 adjustment). Make sure the factory doesn't see the request.
+        // If not using legacy score, this is a no-op and the "same score removes request" behavior
+        // has already been tested above.
+        testAgent.adjustScore(-5);
+        expectNoRequestChanged(testFactory);
+        assertFalse(testFactory.getMyStartRequested());
+
+        // Make the test agent weak enough that the factory will see the two requests (the one that
+        // was just sent, and either the default one or the one sent at the top of this test if
+        // the default won't be seen).
+        testAgent.setScore(new NetworkScore.Builder().setLegacyInt(2).setExiting(true).build());
+        testFactory.expectRequestAdds(2);
+        testFactory.assertRequestCountEquals(2);
+        assertTrue(testFactory.getMyStartRequested());
+
+        // Now unregister and make sure the request is removed.
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(cb);
+        testFactory.expectRequestRemove();
+
+        // Bring in a bunch of requests.
+        assertEquals(1, testFactory.getMyRequestCount());
+        ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback[] networkCallbacks =
+                new ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback[10];
+        for (int i = 0; i< networkCallbacks.length; i++) {
+            networkCallbacks[i] = new ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback();
+            NetworkRequest.Builder builder = new NetworkRequest.Builder();
+            builder.addCapability(capability);
+            mCm.requestNetwork(builder.build(), networkCallbacks[i]);
+        }
+        testFactory.expectRequestAdds(10);
+        testFactory.assertRequestCountEquals(11); // +1 for the default/test specific request
+        assertTrue(testFactory.getMyStartRequested());
+
+        // Remove the requests.
+        for (int i = 0; i < networkCallbacks.length; i++) {
+            mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(networkCallbacks[i]);
+        }
+        testFactory.expectRequestRemoves(10);
+        testFactory.assertRequestCountEquals(1);
+        assertTrue(testFactory.getMyStartRequested());
+
+        // Adjust the agent score up again. Expect the request to be withdrawn.
+        testAgent.setScore(new NetworkScore.Builder().setLegacyInt(50).build());
+        testFactory.expectRequestRemove();
+        testFactory.assertRequestCountEquals(0);
+        assertFalse(testFactory.getMyStartRequested());
+
+        // Drop the higher scored network.
+        testAgent.disconnect();
+        testFactory.expectRequestAdd();
+        testFactory.assertRequestCountEquals(1);
+        assertEquals(1, testFactory.getMyRequestCount());
+        assertTrue(testFactory.getMyStartRequested());
+
+        testFactory.terminate();
+        if (networkCallback != null) mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(networkCallback);
+        handlerThread.quit();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNetworkFactoryRequests() throws Exception {
+        tryNetworkFactoryRequests(NET_CAPABILITY_MMS);
+        tryNetworkFactoryRequests(NET_CAPABILITY_SUPL);
+        tryNetworkFactoryRequests(NET_CAPABILITY_DUN);
+        tryNetworkFactoryRequests(NET_CAPABILITY_FOTA);
+        tryNetworkFactoryRequests(NET_CAPABILITY_IMS);
+        tryNetworkFactoryRequests(NET_CAPABILITY_CBS);
+        tryNetworkFactoryRequests(NET_CAPABILITY_WIFI_P2P);
+        tryNetworkFactoryRequests(NET_CAPABILITY_IA);
+        tryNetworkFactoryRequests(NET_CAPABILITY_RCS);
+        tryNetworkFactoryRequests(NET_CAPABILITY_XCAP);
+        tryNetworkFactoryRequests(NET_CAPABILITY_ENTERPRISE);
+        tryNetworkFactoryRequests(NET_CAPABILITY_EIMS);
+        tryNetworkFactoryRequests(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        tryNetworkFactoryRequests(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET);
+        tryNetworkFactoryRequests(NET_CAPABILITY_TRUSTED);
+        tryNetworkFactoryRequests(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN);
+        tryNetworkFactoryRequests(NET_CAPABILITY_VSIM);
+        tryNetworkFactoryRequests(NET_CAPABILITY_BIP);
+        // Skipping VALIDATED and CAPTIVE_PORTAL as they're disallowed.
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRegisterIgnoringScore() throws Exception {
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setScore(new NetworkScore.Builder().setLegacyInt(90).build());
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true /* validated */);
+
+        // Make sure the factory sees the default network
+        final NetworkCapabilities filter = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        filter.addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        filter.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET);
+        filter.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED);
+        final HandlerThread handlerThread = new HandlerThread("testNetworkFactoryRequests");
+        handlerThread.start();
+        final MockNetworkFactory testFactory = new MockNetworkFactory(handlerThread.getLooper(),
+                mServiceContext, "testFactory", filter, mCsHandlerThread);
+        testFactory.register();
+
+        final MockNetworkFactory testFactoryAll = new MockNetworkFactory(handlerThread.getLooper(),
+                mServiceContext, "testFactoryAll", filter, mCsHandlerThread);
+        testFactoryAll.registerIgnoringScore();
+
+        // The regular test factory should not see the request, because WiFi is stronger than cell.
+        expectNoRequestChanged(testFactory);
+        // With ignoringScore though the request is seen.
+        testFactoryAll.expectRequestAdd();
+
+        // The legacy int will be ignored anyway, set the only other knob to true
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setScore(new NetworkScore.Builder().setLegacyInt(110)
+                .setTransportPrimary(true).build());
+
+        expectNoRequestChanged(testFactory); // still not seeing the request
+        expectNoRequestChanged(testFactoryAll); // still seeing the request
+
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNetworkFactoryUnregister() throws Exception {
+        // Make sure the factory sees the default network
+        final NetworkCapabilities filter = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        filter.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET);
+        filter.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED);
+
+        final HandlerThread handlerThread = new HandlerThread("testNetworkFactoryRequests");
+        handlerThread.start();
+
+        // Checks that calling setScoreFilter on a NetworkFactory immediately before closing it
+        // does not crash.
+        for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
+            final MockNetworkFactory testFactory = new MockNetworkFactory(handlerThread.getLooper(),
+                    mServiceContext, "testFactory", filter, mCsHandlerThread);
+            // Register the factory and don't be surprised when the default request arrives.
+            testFactory.register();
+            testFactory.expectRequestAdd();
+
+            testFactory.setScoreFilter(42);
+            testFactory.terminate();
+
+            if (i % 2 == 0) {
+                try {
+                    testFactory.register();
+                    fail("Re-registering terminated NetworkFactory should throw");
+                } catch (IllegalStateException expected) {
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        handlerThread.quit();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNoMutableNetworkRequests() throws Exception {
+        final PendingIntent pendingIntent = PendingIntent.getBroadcast(
+                mContext, 0 /* requestCode */, new Intent("a"), FLAG_IMMUTABLE);
+        NetworkRequest request1 = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED)
+                .build();
+        NetworkRequest request2 = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL)
+                .build();
+
+        Class<IllegalArgumentException> expected = IllegalArgumentException.class;
+        assertThrows(expected, () -> mCm.requestNetwork(request1, new NetworkCallback()));
+        assertThrows(expected, () -> mCm.requestNetwork(request1, pendingIntent));
+        assertThrows(expected, () -> mCm.requestNetwork(request2, new NetworkCallback()));
+        assertThrows(expected, () -> mCm.requestNetwork(request2, pendingIntent));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMMSonWiFi() throws Exception {
+        // Test bringing up cellular without MMS NetworkRequest gets reaped
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_MMS);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connectWithoutInternet();
+        mCellNetworkAgent.expectDisconnected();
+        waitForIdle();
+        assertEmpty(mCm.getAllNetworks());
+        verifyNoNetwork();
+
+        // Test bringing up validated WiFi.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        final ExpectedBroadcast b = expectConnectivityAction(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        b.expectBroadcast();
+        verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+
+        // Register MMS NetworkRequest
+        NetworkRequest.Builder builder = new NetworkRequest.Builder();
+        builder.addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_MMS);
+        final TestNetworkCallback networkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.requestNetwork(builder.build(), networkCallback);
+
+        // Test bringing up unvalidated cellular with MMS
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_MMS);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connectWithoutInternet();
+        networkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+
+        // Test releasing NetworkRequest disconnects cellular with MMS
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(networkCallback);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.expectDisconnected();
+        verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMMSonCell() throws Exception {
+        // Test bringing up cellular without MMS
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        ExpectedBroadcast b = expectConnectivityAction(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        b.expectBroadcast();
+        verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+
+        // Register MMS NetworkRequest
+        NetworkRequest.Builder builder = new NetworkRequest.Builder();
+        builder.addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_MMS);
+        final TestNetworkCallback networkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.requestNetwork(builder.build(), networkCallback);
+
+        // Test bringing up MMS cellular network
+        TestNetworkAgentWrapper
+                mmsNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mmsNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_MMS);
+        mmsNetworkAgent.connectWithoutInternet();
+        networkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mmsNetworkAgent);
+        verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+
+        // Test releasing MMS NetworkRequest does not disconnect main cellular NetworkAgent
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(networkCallback);
+        mmsNetworkAgent.expectDisconnected();
+        verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPartialConnectivity() throws Exception {
+        // Register network callback.
+        NetworkRequest request = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .clearCapabilities().addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
+                .build();
+        TestNetworkCallback callback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(request, callback);
+
+        // Bring up validated mobile data.
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        callback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+
+        // Bring up wifi with partial connectivity.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connectWithPartialConnectivity();
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        callback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+
+        // Mobile data should be the default network.
+        assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        callback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        // With HTTPS probe disabled, NetworkMonitor should pass the network validation with http
+        // probe.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setNetworkPartialValid(false /* isStrictMode */);
+        // If the user chooses yes to use this partial connectivity wifi, switch the default
+        // network to wifi and check if wifi becomes valid or not.
+        mCm.setAcceptPartialConnectivity(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), true /* accept */,
+                false /* always */);
+        // If user accepts partial connectivity network,
+        // NetworkMonitor#setAcceptPartialConnectivity() should be called too.
+        waitForIdle();
+        verify(mWiFiNetworkAgent.mNetworkMonitor, times(1)).setAcceptPartialConnectivity();
+
+        // Need a trigger point to let NetworkMonitor tell ConnectivityService that network is
+        // validated.
+        mCm.reportNetworkConnectivity(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), true);
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOSING, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        NetworkCapabilities nc = callback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED,
+                mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        assertTrue(nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY));
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+
+        // Disconnect and reconnect wifi with partial connectivity again.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connectWithPartialConnectivity();
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        callback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+
+        // Mobile data should be the default network.
+        assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+
+        // If the user chooses no, disconnect wifi immediately.
+        mCm.setAcceptPartialConnectivity(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), false/* accept */,
+                false /* always */);
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+
+        // If user accepted partial connectivity before, and device reconnects to that network
+        // again, but now the network has full connectivity. The network shouldn't contain
+        // NET_CAPABILITY_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        // acceptUnvalidated is also used as setting for accepting partial networks.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.explicitlySelected(true /* explicitlySelected */,
+                true /* acceptUnvalidated */);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+
+        // If user accepted partial connectivity network before,
+        // NetworkMonitor#setAcceptPartialConnectivity() will be called in
+        // ConnectivityService#updateNetworkInfo().
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        verify(mWiFiNetworkAgent.mNetworkMonitor, times(1)).setAcceptPartialConnectivity();
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOSING, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        nc = callback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        assertFalse(nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY));
+
+        // Wifi should be the default network.
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+
+        // The user accepted partial connectivity and selected "don't ask again". Now the user
+        // reconnects to the partial connectivity network. Switch to wifi as soon as partial
+        // connectivity is detected.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.explicitlySelected(true /* explicitlySelected */,
+                true /* acceptUnvalidated */);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connectWithPartialConnectivity();
+        // If user accepted partial connectivity network before,
+        // NetworkMonitor#setAcceptPartialConnectivity() will be called in
+        // ConnectivityService#updateNetworkInfo().
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        verify(mWiFiNetworkAgent.mNetworkMonitor, times(1)).setAcceptPartialConnectivity();
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOSING, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        callback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setNetworkValid(false /* isStrictMode */);
+
+        // Need a trigger point to let NetworkMonitor tell ConnectivityService that network is
+        // validated.
+        mCm.reportNetworkConnectivity(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), true);
+        callback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+
+        // If the user accepted partial connectivity, and the device auto-reconnects to the partial
+        // connectivity network, it should contain both PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY and VALIDATED.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.explicitlySelected(false /* explicitlySelected */,
+                true /* acceptUnvalidated */);
+
+        // NetworkMonitor will immediately (once the HTTPS probe fails...) report the network as
+        // valid, because ConnectivityService calls setAcceptPartialConnectivity before it calls
+        // notifyNetworkConnected.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connectWithPartialValidConnectivity(false /* isStrictMode */);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        verify(mWiFiNetworkAgent.mNetworkMonitor, times(1)).setAcceptPartialConnectivity();
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOSING, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        callback.expectCapabilitiesWith(
+                NET_CAPABILITY_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY | NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCaptivePortalOnPartialConnectivity() throws Exception {
+        final TestNetworkCallback captivePortalCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final NetworkRequest captivePortalRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL).build();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(captivePortalRequest, captivePortalCallback);
+
+        final TestNetworkCallback validatedCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final NetworkRequest validatedRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED).build();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(validatedRequest, validatedCallback);
+
+        // Bring up a network with a captive portal.
+        // Expect onAvailable callback of listen for NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        String redirectUrl = "http://android.com/path";
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connectWithCaptivePortal(redirectUrl, false /* isStrictMode */);
+        captivePortalCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.waitForRedirectUrl(), redirectUrl);
+
+        // Check that startCaptivePortalApp sends the expected command to NetworkMonitor.
+        mCm.startCaptivePortalApp(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+        verify(mWiFiNetworkAgent.mNetworkMonitor, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS).times(1))
+                .launchCaptivePortalApp();
+
+        // Report that the captive portal is dismissed with partial connectivity, and check that
+        // callbacks are fired.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setNetworkPartial();
+        mCm.reportNetworkConnectivity(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), true);
+        waitForIdle();
+        captivePortalCallback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY,
+                mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+
+        // Report partial connectivity is accepted.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setNetworkPartialValid(false /* isStrictMode */);
+        mCm.setAcceptPartialConnectivity(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), true /* accept */,
+                false /* always */);
+        waitForIdle();
+        mCm.reportNetworkConnectivity(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), true);
+        captivePortalCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        validatedCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        NetworkCapabilities nc =
+                validatedCallback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY,
+                mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(captivePortalCallback);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(validatedCallback);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCaptivePortal() throws Exception {
+        final TestNetworkCallback captivePortalCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final NetworkRequest captivePortalRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL).build();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(captivePortalRequest, captivePortalCallback);
+
+        final TestNetworkCallback validatedCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final NetworkRequest validatedRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED).build();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(validatedRequest, validatedCallback);
+
+        // Bring up a network with a captive portal.
+        // Expect onAvailable callback of listen for NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        String firstRedirectUrl = "http://example.com/firstPath";
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connectWithCaptivePortal(firstRedirectUrl, false /* isStrictMode */);
+        captivePortalCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.waitForRedirectUrl(), firstRedirectUrl);
+
+        // Take down network.
+        // Expect onLost callback.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        captivePortalCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+
+        // Bring up a network with a captive portal.
+        // Expect onAvailable callback of listen for NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        String secondRedirectUrl = "http://example.com/secondPath";
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connectWithCaptivePortal(secondRedirectUrl, false /* isStrictMode */);
+        captivePortalCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.waitForRedirectUrl(), secondRedirectUrl);
+
+        // Make captive portal disappear then revalidate.
+        // Expect onLost callback because network no longer provides NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setNetworkValid(false /* isStrictMode */);
+        mCm.reportNetworkConnectivity(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), true);
+        captivePortalCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+
+        // Expect NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED onAvailable callback.
+        validatedCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+
+        // Break network connectivity.
+        // Expect NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED onLost callback.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setNetworkInvalid(false /* isStrictMode */);
+        mCm.reportNetworkConnectivity(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), false);
+        validatedCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCaptivePortalApp() throws Exception {
+        final TestNetworkCallback captivePortalCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final NetworkRequest captivePortalRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL).build();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(captivePortalRequest, captivePortalCallback);
+
+        final TestNetworkCallback validatedCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final NetworkRequest validatedRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED).build();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(validatedRequest, validatedCallback);
+
+        // Bring up wifi.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        validatedCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        Network wifiNetwork = mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork();
+
+        // Check that calling startCaptivePortalApp does nothing.
+        final int fastTimeoutMs = 100;
+        mCm.startCaptivePortalApp(wifiNetwork);
+        waitForIdle();
+        verify(mWiFiNetworkAgent.mNetworkMonitor, never()).launchCaptivePortalApp();
+        mServiceContext.expectNoStartActivityIntent(fastTimeoutMs);
+
+        // Turn into a captive portal.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setNetworkPortal("http://example.com", false /* isStrictMode */);
+        mCm.reportNetworkConnectivity(wifiNetwork, false);
+        captivePortalCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        validatedCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+
+        // Check that startCaptivePortalApp sends the expected command to NetworkMonitor.
+        mCm.startCaptivePortalApp(wifiNetwork);
+        waitForIdle();
+        verify(mWiFiNetworkAgent.mNetworkMonitor).launchCaptivePortalApp();
+
+        // NetworkMonitor uses startCaptivePortal(Network, Bundle) (startCaptivePortalAppInternal)
+        final Bundle testBundle = new Bundle();
+        final String testKey = "testkey";
+        final String testValue = "testvalue";
+        testBundle.putString(testKey, testValue);
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK,
+                PERMISSION_GRANTED);
+        mCm.startCaptivePortalApp(wifiNetwork, testBundle);
+        final Intent signInIntent = mServiceContext.expectStartActivityIntent(TIMEOUT_MS);
+        assertEquals(ACTION_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_SIGN_IN, signInIntent.getAction());
+        assertEquals(testValue, signInIntent.getStringExtra(testKey));
+
+        // Report that the captive portal is dismissed, and check that callbacks are fired
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setNetworkValid(false /* isStrictMode */);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.mNetworkMonitor.forceReevaluation(Process.myUid());
+        validatedCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        captivePortalCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(validatedCallback);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(captivePortalCallback);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAvoidOrIgnoreCaptivePortals() throws Exception {
+        final TestNetworkCallback captivePortalCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final NetworkRequest captivePortalRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL).build();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(captivePortalRequest, captivePortalCallback);
+
+        final TestNetworkCallback validatedCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final NetworkRequest validatedRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED).build();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(validatedRequest, validatedCallback);
+
+        setCaptivePortalMode(ConnectivitySettingsManager.CAPTIVE_PORTAL_MODE_AVOID);
+        // Bring up a network with a captive portal.
+        // Expect it to fail to connect and not result in any callbacks.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        String firstRedirectUrl = "http://example.com/firstPath";
+
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connectWithCaptivePortal(firstRedirectUrl, false /* isStrictMode */);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.expectDisconnected();
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.expectPreventReconnectReceived();
+
+        assertNoCallbacks(captivePortalCallback, validatedCallback);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCaptivePortalApi() throws Exception {
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(NETWORK_SETTINGS, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
+
+        final TestNetworkCallback captivePortalCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final NetworkRequest captivePortalRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL).build();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(captivePortalRequest, captivePortalCallback);
+
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        final String redirectUrl = "http://example.com/firstPath";
+
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connectWithCaptivePortal(redirectUrl, false /* isStrictMode */);
+        captivePortalCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+
+        final CaptivePortalData testData = new CaptivePortalData.Builder()
+                .setUserPortalUrl(Uri.parse(redirectUrl))
+                .setBytesRemaining(12345L)
+                .build();
+
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.notifyCapportApiDataChanged(testData);
+
+        captivePortalCallback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(mWiFiNetworkAgent,
+                lp -> testData.equals(lp.getCaptivePortalData()));
+
+        final LinkProperties newLps = new LinkProperties();
+        newLps.setMtu(1234);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(newLps);
+        // CaptivePortalData is not lost and unchanged when LPs are received from the NetworkAgent
+        captivePortalCallback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(mWiFiNetworkAgent,
+                lp -> testData.equals(lp.getCaptivePortalData()) && lp.getMtu() == 1234);
+    }
+
+    private TestNetworkCallback setupNetworkCallbackAndConnectToWifi() throws Exception {
+        // Grant NETWORK_SETTINGS permission to be able to receive LinkProperties change callbacks
+        // with sensitive (captive portal) data
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(NETWORK_SETTINGS, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
+
+        final TestNetworkCallback captivePortalCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final NetworkRequest captivePortalRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL).build();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(captivePortalRequest, captivePortalCallback);
+
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connectWithCaptivePortal(TEST_REDIRECT_URL, false /* isStrictMode */);
+        captivePortalCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        return captivePortalCallback;
+    }
+
+    private class CaptivePortalTestData {
+        CaptivePortalTestData(CaptivePortalData naPasspointData, CaptivePortalData capportData,
+                CaptivePortalData naOtherData, CaptivePortalData expectedMergedPasspointData,
+                CaptivePortalData expectedMergedOtherData) {
+            mNaPasspointData = naPasspointData;
+            mCapportData = capportData;
+            mNaOtherData = naOtherData;
+            mExpectedMergedPasspointData = expectedMergedPasspointData;
+            mExpectedMergedOtherData = expectedMergedOtherData;
+        }
+
+        public final CaptivePortalData mNaPasspointData;
+        public final CaptivePortalData mCapportData;
+        public final CaptivePortalData mNaOtherData;
+        public final CaptivePortalData mExpectedMergedPasspointData;
+        public final CaptivePortalData mExpectedMergedOtherData;
+
+    }
+
+    private CaptivePortalTestData setupCaptivePortalData() {
+        final CaptivePortalData capportData = new CaptivePortalData.Builder()
+                .setUserPortalUrl(Uri.parse(TEST_REDIRECT_URL))
+                .setVenueInfoUrl(Uri.parse(TEST_VENUE_URL_CAPPORT))
+                .setUserPortalUrl(Uri.parse(TEST_USER_PORTAL_API_URL_CAPPORT))
+                .setExpiryTime(1000000L)
+                .setBytesRemaining(12345L)
+                .build();
+
+        final CaptivePortalData naPasspointData = new CaptivePortalData.Builder()
+                .setBytesRemaining(80802L)
+                .setVenueInfoUrl(Uri.parse(TEST_VENUE_URL_NA_PASSPOINT),
+                        CaptivePortalData.CAPTIVE_PORTAL_DATA_SOURCE_PASSPOINT)
+                .setUserPortalUrl(Uri.parse(TEST_TERMS_AND_CONDITIONS_URL_NA_PASSPOINT),
+                        CaptivePortalData.CAPTIVE_PORTAL_DATA_SOURCE_PASSPOINT)
+                .setVenueFriendlyName(TEST_FRIENDLY_NAME).build();
+
+        final CaptivePortalData naOtherData = new CaptivePortalData.Builder()
+                .setBytesRemaining(80802L)
+                .setVenueInfoUrl(Uri.parse(TEST_VENUE_URL_NA_OTHER),
+                        CaptivePortalData.CAPTIVE_PORTAL_DATA_SOURCE_OTHER)
+                .setUserPortalUrl(Uri.parse(TEST_TERMS_AND_CONDITIONS_URL_NA_OTHER),
+                        CaptivePortalData.CAPTIVE_PORTAL_DATA_SOURCE_OTHER)
+                .setVenueFriendlyName(TEST_FRIENDLY_NAME).build();
+
+        final CaptivePortalData expectedMergedPasspointData = new CaptivePortalData.Builder()
+                .setUserPortalUrl(Uri.parse(TEST_REDIRECT_URL))
+                .setBytesRemaining(12345L)
+                .setExpiryTime(1000000L)
+                .setVenueInfoUrl(Uri.parse(TEST_VENUE_URL_NA_PASSPOINT),
+                        CaptivePortalData.CAPTIVE_PORTAL_DATA_SOURCE_PASSPOINT)
+                .setUserPortalUrl(Uri.parse(TEST_TERMS_AND_CONDITIONS_URL_NA_PASSPOINT),
+                        CaptivePortalData.CAPTIVE_PORTAL_DATA_SOURCE_PASSPOINT)
+                .setVenueFriendlyName(TEST_FRIENDLY_NAME).build();
+
+        final CaptivePortalData expectedMergedOtherData = new CaptivePortalData.Builder()
+                .setUserPortalUrl(Uri.parse(TEST_REDIRECT_URL))
+                .setBytesRemaining(12345L)
+                .setExpiryTime(1000000L)
+                .setVenueInfoUrl(Uri.parse(TEST_VENUE_URL_CAPPORT))
+                .setUserPortalUrl(Uri.parse(TEST_USER_PORTAL_API_URL_CAPPORT))
+                .setVenueFriendlyName(TEST_FRIENDLY_NAME).build();
+        return new CaptivePortalTestData(naPasspointData, capportData, naOtherData,
+                expectedMergedPasspointData, expectedMergedOtherData);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMergeCaptivePortalApiWithFriendlyNameAndVenueUrl() throws Exception {
+        final TestNetworkCallback captivePortalCallback = setupNetworkCallbackAndConnectToWifi();
+        final CaptivePortalTestData captivePortalTestData = setupCaptivePortalData();
+
+        // Baseline capport data
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.notifyCapportApiDataChanged(captivePortalTestData.mCapportData);
+
+        captivePortalCallback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(mWiFiNetworkAgent,
+                lp -> captivePortalTestData.mCapportData.equals(lp.getCaptivePortalData()));
+
+        // Venue URL, T&C URL and friendly name from Network agent with Passpoint source, confirm
+        // that API data gets precedence on the bytes remaining.
+        final LinkProperties linkProperties = new LinkProperties();
+        linkProperties.setCaptivePortalData(captivePortalTestData.mNaPasspointData);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(linkProperties);
+
+        // Make sure that the capport data is merged
+        captivePortalCallback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(mWiFiNetworkAgent,
+                lp -> captivePortalTestData.mExpectedMergedPasspointData
+                        .equals(lp.getCaptivePortalData()));
+
+        // Now send this information from non-Passpoint source, confirm that Capport data takes
+        // precedence
+        linkProperties.setCaptivePortalData(captivePortalTestData.mNaOtherData);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(linkProperties);
+
+        // Make sure that the capport data is merged
+        captivePortalCallback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(mWiFiNetworkAgent,
+                lp -> captivePortalTestData.mExpectedMergedOtherData
+                        .equals(lp.getCaptivePortalData()));
+
+        // Create a new LP with no Network agent capport data
+        final LinkProperties newLps = new LinkProperties();
+        newLps.setMtu(1234);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(newLps);
+        // CaptivePortalData is not lost and has the original values when LPs are received from the
+        // NetworkAgent
+        captivePortalCallback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(mWiFiNetworkAgent,
+                lp -> captivePortalTestData.mCapportData.equals(lp.getCaptivePortalData())
+                        && lp.getMtu() == 1234);
+
+        // Now send capport data only from the Network agent
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.notifyCapportApiDataChanged(null);
+        captivePortalCallback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(mWiFiNetworkAgent,
+                lp -> lp.getCaptivePortalData() == null);
+
+        newLps.setCaptivePortalData(captivePortalTestData.mNaPasspointData);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(newLps);
+
+        // Make sure that only the network agent capport data is available
+        captivePortalCallback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(mWiFiNetworkAgent,
+                lp -> captivePortalTestData.mNaPasspointData.equals(lp.getCaptivePortalData()));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMergeCaptivePortalDataFromNetworkAgentFirstThenCapport() throws Exception {
+        final TestNetworkCallback captivePortalCallback = setupNetworkCallbackAndConnectToWifi();
+        final CaptivePortalTestData captivePortalTestData = setupCaptivePortalData();
+
+        // Venue URL and friendly name from Network agent, confirm that API data gets precedence
+        // on the bytes remaining.
+        final LinkProperties linkProperties = new LinkProperties();
+        linkProperties.setCaptivePortalData(captivePortalTestData.mNaPasspointData);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(linkProperties);
+
+        // Make sure that the data is saved correctly
+        captivePortalCallback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(mWiFiNetworkAgent,
+                lp -> captivePortalTestData.mNaPasspointData.equals(lp.getCaptivePortalData()));
+
+        // Expected merged data: Network agent data is preferred, and values that are not used by
+        // it are merged from capport data
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.notifyCapportApiDataChanged(captivePortalTestData.mCapportData);
+
+        // Make sure that the Capport data is merged correctly
+        captivePortalCallback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(mWiFiNetworkAgent,
+                lp -> captivePortalTestData.mExpectedMergedPasspointData.equals(
+                        lp.getCaptivePortalData()));
+
+        // Now set the naData to null
+        linkProperties.setCaptivePortalData(null);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(linkProperties);
+
+        // Make sure that the Capport data is retained correctly
+        captivePortalCallback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(mWiFiNetworkAgent,
+                lp -> captivePortalTestData.mCapportData.equals(lp.getCaptivePortalData()));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMergeCaptivePortalDataFromNetworkAgentOtherSourceFirstThenCapport()
+            throws Exception {
+        final TestNetworkCallback captivePortalCallback = setupNetworkCallbackAndConnectToWifi();
+        final CaptivePortalTestData captivePortalTestData = setupCaptivePortalData();
+
+        // Venue URL and friendly name from Network agent, confirm that API data gets precedence
+        // on the bytes remaining.
+        final LinkProperties linkProperties = new LinkProperties();
+        linkProperties.setCaptivePortalData(captivePortalTestData.mNaOtherData);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(linkProperties);
+
+        // Make sure that the data is saved correctly
+        captivePortalCallback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(mWiFiNetworkAgent,
+                lp -> captivePortalTestData.mNaOtherData.equals(lp.getCaptivePortalData()));
+
+        // Expected merged data: Network agent data is preferred, and values that are not used by
+        // it are merged from capport data
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.notifyCapportApiDataChanged(captivePortalTestData.mCapportData);
+
+        // Make sure that the Capport data is merged correctly
+        captivePortalCallback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(mWiFiNetworkAgent,
+                lp -> captivePortalTestData.mExpectedMergedOtherData.equals(
+                        lp.getCaptivePortalData()));
+    }
+
+    private NetworkRequest.Builder newWifiRequestBuilder() {
+        return new NetworkRequest.Builder().addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Verify request matching behavior with network specifiers.
+     *
+     * This test does not check updating the specifier on a live network because the specifier is
+     * immutable and this triggers a WTF in
+     * {@link ConnectivityService#mixInCapabilities(NetworkAgentInfo, NetworkCapabilities)}.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testNetworkSpecifier() throws Exception {
+        // A NetworkSpecifier subclass that matches all networks but must not be visible to apps.
+        class ConfidentialMatchAllNetworkSpecifier extends NetworkSpecifier implements
+                Parcelable {
+            @Override
+            public boolean canBeSatisfiedBy(NetworkSpecifier other) {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public int describeContents() {
+                return 0;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public void writeToParcel(Parcel dest, int flags) {}
+
+            @Override
+            public NetworkSpecifier redact() {
+                return null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // A network specifier that matches either another LocalNetworkSpecifier with the same
+        // string or a ConfidentialMatchAllNetworkSpecifier, and can be passed to apps as is.
+        class LocalStringNetworkSpecifier extends NetworkSpecifier implements Parcelable {
+            private String mString;
+
+            LocalStringNetworkSpecifier(String string) {
+                mString = string;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public boolean canBeSatisfiedBy(NetworkSpecifier other) {
+                if (other instanceof LocalStringNetworkSpecifier) {
+                    return TextUtils.equals(mString,
+                            ((LocalStringNetworkSpecifier) other).mString);
+                }
+                if (other instanceof ConfidentialMatchAllNetworkSpecifier) return true;
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public int describeContents() {
+                return 0;
+            }
+            @Override
+            public void writeToParcel(Parcel dest, int flags) {}
+        }
+
+
+        NetworkRequest rEmpty1 = newWifiRequestBuilder().build();
+        NetworkRequest rEmpty2 = newWifiRequestBuilder().setNetworkSpecifier((String) null).build();
+        NetworkRequest rEmpty3 = newWifiRequestBuilder().setNetworkSpecifier("").build();
+        NetworkRequest rEmpty4 = newWifiRequestBuilder().setNetworkSpecifier(
+            (NetworkSpecifier) null).build();
+        NetworkRequest rFoo = newWifiRequestBuilder().setNetworkSpecifier(
+                new LocalStringNetworkSpecifier("foo")).build();
+        NetworkRequest rBar = newWifiRequestBuilder().setNetworkSpecifier(
+                new LocalStringNetworkSpecifier("bar")).build();
+
+        TestNetworkCallback cEmpty1 = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        TestNetworkCallback cEmpty2 = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        TestNetworkCallback cEmpty3 = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        TestNetworkCallback cEmpty4 = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        TestNetworkCallback cFoo = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        TestNetworkCallback cBar = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        TestNetworkCallback[] emptyCallbacks = new TestNetworkCallback[] {
+                cEmpty1, cEmpty2, cEmpty3, cEmpty4 };
+
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(rEmpty1, cEmpty1);
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(rEmpty2, cEmpty2);
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(rEmpty3, cEmpty3);
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(rEmpty4, cEmpty4);
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(rFoo, cFoo);
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(rBar, cBar);
+
+        LocalStringNetworkSpecifier nsFoo = new LocalStringNetworkSpecifier("foo");
+        LocalStringNetworkSpecifier nsBar = new LocalStringNetworkSpecifier("bar");
+
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidatedWithSpecifier(mWiFiNetworkAgent, null /* specifier */,
+                cEmpty1, cEmpty2, cEmpty3, cEmpty4);
+        assertNoCallbacks(cFoo, cBar);
+
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        expectOnLost(mWiFiNetworkAgent, cEmpty1, cEmpty2, cEmpty3, cEmpty4);
+
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setNetworkSpecifier(nsFoo);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidatedWithSpecifier(mWiFiNetworkAgent, nsFoo,
+                cEmpty1, cEmpty2, cEmpty3, cEmpty4, cFoo);
+        cBar.assertNoCallback();
+        assertEquals(nsFoo,
+                mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork()).getNetworkSpecifier());
+        assertNoCallbacks(cEmpty1, cEmpty2, cEmpty3, cEmpty4, cFoo);
+
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        expectOnLost(mWiFiNetworkAgent, cEmpty1, cEmpty2, cEmpty3, cEmpty4, cFoo);
+
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setNetworkSpecifier(nsBar);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidatedWithSpecifier(mWiFiNetworkAgent, nsBar,
+                cEmpty1, cEmpty2, cEmpty3, cEmpty4, cBar);
+        cFoo.assertNoCallback();
+        assertEquals(nsBar,
+                mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork()).getNetworkSpecifier());
+
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        expectOnLost(mWiFiNetworkAgent, cEmpty1, cEmpty2, cEmpty3, cEmpty4, cBar);
+        cFoo.assertNoCallback();
+
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setNetworkSpecifier(new ConfidentialMatchAllNetworkSpecifier());
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidatedWithSpecifier(mWiFiNetworkAgent, null /* specifier */,
+                cEmpty1, cEmpty2, cEmpty3, cEmpty4, cFoo, cBar);
+        assertNull(
+                mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork()).getNetworkSpecifier());
+
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        expectOnLost(mWiFiNetworkAgent, cEmpty1, cEmpty2, cEmpty3, cEmpty4, cFoo, cBar);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return the context's attribution tag
+     */
+    private String getAttributionTag() {
+        return mContext.getAttributionTag();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInvalidNetworkSpecifier() {
+        assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> {
+            NetworkRequest.Builder builder = new NetworkRequest.Builder();
+            builder.setNetworkSpecifier(new MatchAllNetworkSpecifier());
+        });
+
+        assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> {
+            NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities = new NetworkCapabilities();
+            networkCapabilities.addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+                    .setNetworkSpecifier(new MatchAllNetworkSpecifier());
+            mService.requestNetwork(Process.INVALID_UID, networkCapabilities,
+                    NetworkRequest.Type.REQUEST.ordinal(), null, 0, null,
+                    ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI, NetworkCallback.FLAG_NONE,
+                    mContext.getPackageName(), getAttributionTag());
+        });
+
+        class NonParcelableSpecifier extends NetworkSpecifier {
+            @Override
+            public boolean canBeSatisfiedBy(NetworkSpecifier other) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        };
+        class ParcelableSpecifier extends NonParcelableSpecifier implements Parcelable {
+            @Override public int describeContents() { return 0; }
+            @Override public void writeToParcel(Parcel p, int flags) {}
+        }
+
+        final NetworkRequest.Builder builder =
+                new NetworkRequest.Builder().addTransportType(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET);
+        assertThrows(ClassCastException.class, () -> {
+            builder.setNetworkSpecifier(new NonParcelableSpecifier());
+            Parcel parcelW = Parcel.obtain();
+            builder.build().writeToParcel(parcelW, 0);
+        });
+
+        final NetworkRequest nr =
+                new NetworkRequest.Builder().addTransportType(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET)
+                .setNetworkSpecifier(new ParcelableSpecifier())
+                .build();
+        assertNotNull(nr);
+
+        assertThrows(BadParcelableException.class, () -> {
+            Parcel parcelW = Parcel.obtain();
+            nr.writeToParcel(parcelW, 0);
+            byte[] bytes = parcelW.marshall();
+            parcelW.recycle();
+
+            Parcel parcelR = Parcel.obtain();
+            parcelR.unmarshall(bytes, 0, bytes.length);
+            parcelR.setDataPosition(0);
+            NetworkRequest rereadNr = NetworkRequest.CREATOR.createFromParcel(parcelR);
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNetworkRequestUidSpoofSecurityException() throws Exception {
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        NetworkRequest networkRequest = newWifiRequestBuilder().build();
+        TestNetworkCallback networkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        doThrow(new SecurityException()).when(mAppOpsManager).checkPackage(anyInt(), anyString());
+        assertThrows(SecurityException.class, () -> {
+            mCm.requestNetwork(networkRequest, networkCallback);
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInvalidSignalStrength() {
+        NetworkRequest r = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+                .setSignalStrength(-75)
+                .build();
+        // Registering a NetworkCallback with signal strength but w/o NETWORK_SIGNAL_STRENGTH_WAKEUP
+        // permission should get SecurityException.
+        assertThrows(SecurityException.class, () ->
+                mCm.registerNetworkCallback(r, new NetworkCallback()));
+
+        assertThrows(SecurityException.class, () ->
+                mCm.registerNetworkCallback(r, PendingIntent.getService(
+                        mServiceContext, 0 /* requestCode */, new Intent(), FLAG_IMMUTABLE)));
+
+        // Requesting a Network with signal strength should get IllegalArgumentException.
+        assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () ->
+                mCm.requestNetwork(r, new NetworkCallback()));
+
+        assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () ->
+                mCm.requestNetwork(r, PendingIntent.getService(
+                        mServiceContext, 0 /* requestCode */, new Intent(), FLAG_IMMUTABLE)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRegisterDefaultNetworkCallback() throws Exception {
+        // NETWORK_SETTINGS is necessary to call registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback.
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(NETWORK_SETTINGS, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
+
+        final TestNetworkCallback defaultNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(defaultNetworkCallback);
+        defaultNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        final Handler handler = new Handler(ConnectivityThread.getInstanceLooper());
+        final TestNetworkCallback systemDefaultCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback(systemDefaultCallback, handler);
+        systemDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        // Create a TRANSPORT_CELLULAR request to keep the mobile interface up
+        // whenever Wi-Fi is up. Without this, the mobile network agent is
+        // reaped before any other activity can take place.
+        final TestNetworkCallback cellNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final NetworkRequest cellRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR).build();
+        mCm.requestNetwork(cellRequest, cellNetworkCallback);
+        cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        // Bring up cell and expect CALLBACK_AVAILABLE.
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        defaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        systemDefaultCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        assertEquals(defaultNetworkCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertEquals(systemDefaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+
+        // Bring up wifi and expect CALLBACK_AVAILABLE.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        defaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        systemDefaultCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        assertEquals(defaultNetworkCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertEquals(systemDefaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+
+        // Bring down cell. Expect no default network callback, since it wasn't the default.
+        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        defaultNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        systemDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        assertEquals(defaultNetworkCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertEquals(systemDefaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+
+        // Bring up cell. Expect no default network callback, since it won't be the default.
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        defaultNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        systemDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        assertEquals(defaultNetworkCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertEquals(systemDefaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+
+        // Bring down wifi. Expect the default network callback to notified of LOST wifi
+        // followed by AVAILABLE cell.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        defaultNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        defaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        systemDefaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        systemDefaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        defaultNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        systemDefaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        waitForIdle();
+        assertEquals(null, mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+
+        mMockVpn.establishForMyUid();
+        assertUidRangesUpdatedForMyUid(true);
+        defaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mMockVpn);
+        systemDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        assertEquals(defaultNetworkCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertEquals(null, systemDefaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork());
+
+        mMockVpn.disconnect();
+        defaultNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mMockVpn);
+        systemDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        waitForIdle();
+        assertEquals(null, mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAdditionalStateCallbacks() throws Exception {
+        // File a network request for mobile.
+        final TestNetworkCallback cellNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final NetworkRequest cellRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR).build();
+        mCm.requestNetwork(cellRequest, cellNetworkCallback);
+
+        // Bring up the mobile network.
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+
+        // We should get onAvailable(), onCapabilitiesChanged(), and
+        // onLinkPropertiesChanged() in rapid succession. Additionally, we
+        // should get onCapabilitiesChanged() when the mobile network validates.
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        // Update LinkProperties.
+        final LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+        lp.setInterfaceName("foonet_data0");
+        mCellNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
+        // We should get onLinkPropertiesChanged().
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED,
+                mCellNetworkAgent);
+        cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        // Suspend the network.
+        mCellNetworkAgent.suspend();
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesWithout(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED,
+                mCellNetworkAgent);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.SUSPENDED, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        assertEquals(NetworkInfo.State.SUSPENDED, mCm.getActiveNetworkInfo().getState());
+
+        // Register a garden variety default network request.
+        TestNetworkCallback dfltNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(dfltNetworkCallback);
+        // We should get onAvailable(), onCapabilitiesChanged(), onLinkPropertiesChanged(),
+        // as well as onNetworkSuspended() in rapid succession.
+        dfltNetworkCallback.expectAvailableAndSuspendedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent, true);
+        dfltNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(dfltNetworkCallback);
+
+        mCellNetworkAgent.resume();
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED,
+                mCellNetworkAgent);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.RESUMED, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        assertEquals(NetworkInfo.State.CONNECTED, mCm.getActiveNetworkInfo().getState());
+
+        dfltNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(dfltNetworkCallback);
+        // This time onNetworkSuspended should not be called.
+        dfltNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        dfltNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(dfltNetworkCallback);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(cellNetworkCallback);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRegisterPrivilegedDefaultCallbacksRequireNetworkSettings() throws Exception {
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
+
+        final Handler handler = new Handler(ConnectivityThread.getInstanceLooper());
+        final TestNetworkCallback callback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        assertThrows(SecurityException.class,
+                () -> mCm.registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback(callback, handler));
+        callback.assertNoCallback();
+        assertThrows(SecurityException.class,
+                () -> mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallbackForUid(APP1_UID, callback, handler));
+        callback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(NETWORK_SETTINGS, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
+        mCm.registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback(callback, handler);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(callback);
+
+        mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallbackForUid(APP1_UID, callback, handler);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(callback);
+    }
+
+    private void setCaptivePortalMode(int mode) {
+        ContentResolver cr = mServiceContext.getContentResolver();
+        Settings.Global.putInt(cr, ConnectivitySettingsManager.CAPTIVE_PORTAL_MODE, mode);
+    }
+
+    private void setAlwaysOnNetworks(boolean enable) {
+        ContentResolver cr = mServiceContext.getContentResolver();
+        Settings.Global.putInt(cr, ConnectivitySettingsManager.MOBILE_DATA_ALWAYS_ON,
+                enable ? 1 : 0);
+        mService.updateAlwaysOnNetworks();
+        waitForIdle();
+    }
+
+    private void setPrivateDnsSettings(int mode, String specifier) {
+        ConnectivitySettingsManager.setPrivateDnsMode(mServiceContext, mode);
+        ConnectivitySettingsManager.setPrivateDnsHostname(mServiceContext, specifier);
+        mService.updatePrivateDnsSettings();
+        waitForIdle();
+    }
+
+    private boolean isForegroundNetwork(TestNetworkAgentWrapper network) {
+        NetworkCapabilities nc = mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(network.getNetwork());
+        assertNotNull(nc);
+        return nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_FOREGROUND);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBackgroundNetworks() throws Exception {
+        // Create a cellular background request.
+        grantUsingBackgroundNetworksPermissionForUid(Binder.getCallingUid());
+        final TestNetworkCallback cellBgCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.requestBackgroundNetwork(new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR).build(),
+                cellBgCallback, mCsHandlerThread.getThreadHandler());
+
+        // Make callbacks for monitoring.
+        final NetworkRequest request = new NetworkRequest.Builder().build();
+        final NetworkRequest fgRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_FOREGROUND).build();
+        final TestNetworkCallback callback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final TestNetworkCallback fgCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(request, callback);
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(fgRequest, fgCallback);
+
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        callback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        fgCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        assertTrue(isForegroundNetwork(mCellNetworkAgent));
+
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+
+        // When wifi connects, cell lingers.
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOSING, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        callback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        fgCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        fgCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOSING, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        fgCallback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        assertTrue(isForegroundNetwork(mCellNetworkAgent));
+        assertTrue(isForegroundNetwork(mWiFiNetworkAgent));
+
+        // When lingering is complete, cell is still there but is now in the background.
+        waitForIdle();
+        int timeoutMs = TEST_LINGER_DELAY_MS + TEST_LINGER_DELAY_MS / 4;
+        fgCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent, timeoutMs);
+        // Expect a network capabilities update sans FOREGROUND.
+        callback.expectCapabilitiesWithout(NET_CAPABILITY_FOREGROUND, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        assertFalse(isForegroundNetwork(mCellNetworkAgent));
+        assertTrue(isForegroundNetwork(mWiFiNetworkAgent));
+
+        // File a cell request and check that cell comes into the foreground.
+        final NetworkRequest cellRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR).build();
+        final TestNetworkCallback cellCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.requestNetwork(cellRequest, cellCallback);
+        cellCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        fgCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        // Expect a network capabilities update with FOREGROUND, because the most recent
+        // request causes its state to change.
+        cellCallback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_FOREGROUND, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        callback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_FOREGROUND, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        assertTrue(isForegroundNetwork(mCellNetworkAgent));
+        assertTrue(isForegroundNetwork(mWiFiNetworkAgent));
+
+        // Release the request. The network immediately goes into the background, since it was not
+        // lingering.
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(cellCallback);
+        fgCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        // Expect a network capabilities update sans FOREGROUND.
+        callback.expectCapabilitiesWithout(NET_CAPABILITY_FOREGROUND, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        assertFalse(isForegroundNetwork(mCellNetworkAgent));
+        assertTrue(isForegroundNetwork(mWiFiNetworkAgent));
+
+        // Disconnect wifi and check that cell is foreground again.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        fgCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        fgCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        assertTrue(isForegroundNetwork(mCellNetworkAgent));
+
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(callback);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(fgCallback);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(cellBgCallback);
+    }
+
+    @Ignore // This test has instrinsic chances of spurious failures: ignore for continuous testing.
+    public void benchmarkRequestRegistrationAndCallbackDispatch() throws Exception {
+        // TODO: turn this unit test into a real benchmarking test.
+        // Benchmarks connecting and switching performance in the presence of a large number of
+        // NetworkRequests.
+        // 1. File NUM_REQUESTS requests.
+        // 2. Have a network connect. Wait for NUM_REQUESTS onAvailable callbacks to fire.
+        // 3. Have a new network connect and outscore the previous. Wait for NUM_REQUESTS onLosing
+        //    and NUM_REQUESTS onAvailable callbacks to fire.
+        // See how long it took.
+        final int NUM_REQUESTS = 90;
+        final int REGISTER_TIME_LIMIT_MS = 200;
+        final int CONNECT_TIME_LIMIT_MS = 60;
+        final int SWITCH_TIME_LIMIT_MS = 60;
+        final int UNREGISTER_TIME_LIMIT_MS = 20;
+
+        final NetworkRequest request = new NetworkRequest.Builder().clearCapabilities().build();
+        final NetworkCallback[] callbacks = new NetworkCallback[NUM_REQUESTS];
+        final CountDownLatch availableLatch = new CountDownLatch(NUM_REQUESTS);
+        final CountDownLatch losingLatch = new CountDownLatch(NUM_REQUESTS);
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < NUM_REQUESTS; i++) {
+            callbacks[i] = new NetworkCallback() {
+                @Override public void onAvailable(Network n) { availableLatch.countDown(); }
+                @Override public void onLosing(Network n, int t) { losingLatch.countDown(); }
+            };
+        }
+
+        assertRunsInAtMost("Registering callbacks", REGISTER_TIME_LIMIT_MS, () -> {
+            for (NetworkCallback cb : callbacks) {
+                mCm.registerNetworkCallback(request, cb);
+            }
+        });
+
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        // Don't request that the network validate, because otherwise connect() will block until
+        // the network gets NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED, after all the callbacks below have fired,
+        // and we won't actually measure anything.
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+
+        long onAvailableDispatchingDuration = durationOf(() -> {
+            await(availableLatch, 10 * CONNECT_TIME_LIMIT_MS);
+        });
+        Log.d(TAG, String.format("Dispatched %d of %d onAvailable callbacks in %dms",
+                NUM_REQUESTS - availableLatch.getCount(), NUM_REQUESTS,
+                onAvailableDispatchingDuration));
+        assertTrue(String.format("Dispatching %d onAvailable callbacks in %dms, expected %dms",
+                NUM_REQUESTS, onAvailableDispatchingDuration, CONNECT_TIME_LIMIT_MS),
+                onAvailableDispatchingDuration <= CONNECT_TIME_LIMIT_MS);
+
+        // Give wifi a high enough score that we'll linger cell when wifi comes up.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.adjustScore(40);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+
+        long onLostDispatchingDuration = durationOf(() -> {
+            await(losingLatch, 10 * SWITCH_TIME_LIMIT_MS);
+        });
+        Log.d(TAG, String.format("Dispatched %d of %d onLosing callbacks in %dms",
+                NUM_REQUESTS - losingLatch.getCount(), NUM_REQUESTS, onLostDispatchingDuration));
+        assertTrue(String.format("Dispatching %d onLosing callbacks in %dms, expected %dms",
+                NUM_REQUESTS, onLostDispatchingDuration, SWITCH_TIME_LIMIT_MS),
+                onLostDispatchingDuration <= SWITCH_TIME_LIMIT_MS);
+
+        assertRunsInAtMost("Unregistering callbacks", UNREGISTER_TIME_LIMIT_MS, () -> {
+            for (NetworkCallback cb : callbacks) {
+                mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(cb);
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMobileDataAlwaysOn() throws Exception {
+        grantUsingBackgroundNetworksPermissionForUid(Binder.getCallingUid());
+        final TestNetworkCallback cellNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final NetworkRequest cellRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR).build();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(cellRequest, cellNetworkCallback);
+
+        final HandlerThread handlerThread = new HandlerThread("MobileDataAlwaysOnFactory");
+        handlerThread.start();
+        NetworkCapabilities filter = new NetworkCapabilities()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET);
+        final MockNetworkFactory testFactory = new MockNetworkFactory(handlerThread.getLooper(),
+                mServiceContext, "testFactory", filter, mCsHandlerThread);
+        testFactory.setScoreFilter(40);
+
+        // Register the factory and expect it to start looking for a network.
+        testFactory.register();
+
+        try {
+            // Expect the factory to receive the default network request.
+            testFactory.expectRequestAdd();
+            testFactory.assertRequestCountEquals(1);
+            assertTrue(testFactory.getMyStartRequested());
+
+            // Bring up wifi. The factory stops looking for a network.
+            mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+            // Score 60 - 40 penalty for not validated yet, then 60 when it validates
+            mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+            // The network connects with a low score, so the offer can still beat it and
+            // nothing happens. Then the network validates, and the offer with its filter score
+            // of 40 can no longer beat it and the request is removed.
+            testFactory.expectRequestRemove();
+            testFactory.assertRequestCountEquals(0);
+
+            assertFalse(testFactory.getMyStartRequested());
+
+            // Turn on mobile data always on. This request will not match the wifi request, so
+            // it will be sent to the test factory whose filters allow to see it.
+            setAlwaysOnNetworks(true);
+            testFactory.expectRequestAdd();
+            testFactory.assertRequestCountEquals(1);
+
+            assertTrue(testFactory.getMyStartRequested());
+
+            // Bring up cell data and check that the factory stops looking.
+            assertLength(1, mCm.getAllNetworks());
+            mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+            mCellNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+            cellNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent, false, false, false,
+                    TEST_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS);
+            // When cell connects, it will satisfy the "mobile always on request" right away
+            // by virtue of being the only network that can satisfy the request. However, its
+            // score is low (50 - 40 = 10) so the test factory can still hope to beat it.
+            expectNoRequestChanged(testFactory);
+
+            // Next, cell validates. This gives it a score of 50 and the test factory can't
+            // hope to beat that according to its filters. It will see the message that its
+            // offer is now unnecessary.
+            mCellNetworkAgent.setNetworkValid(true);
+            // Need a trigger point to let NetworkMonitor tell ConnectivityService that network is
+            // validated – see testPartialConnectivity.
+            mCm.reportNetworkConnectivity(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), true);
+            cellNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED, mCellNetworkAgent);
+            testFactory.expectRequestRemove();
+            testFactory.assertRequestCountEquals(0);
+            // Accordingly, the factory shouldn't be started.
+            assertFalse(testFactory.getMyStartRequested());
+
+            // Check that cell data stays up.
+            waitForIdle();
+            verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+            assertLength(2, mCm.getAllNetworks());
+
+            // Cell disconnects. There is still the "mobile data always on" request outstanding,
+            // and the test factory should see it now that it isn't hopelessly outscored.
+            mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+            cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+            assertLength(1, mCm.getAllNetworks());
+            testFactory.expectRequestAdd();
+            testFactory.assertRequestCountEquals(1);
+
+            // Reconnect cell validated, see the request disappear again. Then withdraw the
+            // mobile always on request. This will tear down cell, and there shouldn't be a
+            // blip where the test factory briefly sees the request or anything.
+            mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+            mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+            cellNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+            assertLength(2, mCm.getAllNetworks());
+            testFactory.expectRequestRemove();
+            testFactory.assertRequestCountEquals(0);
+            setAlwaysOnNetworks(false);
+            expectNoRequestChanged(testFactory);
+            testFactory.assertRequestCountEquals(0);
+            assertFalse(testFactory.getMyStartRequested());
+            // ...  and cell data to be torn down immediately since it is no longer nascent.
+            cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+            waitForIdle();
+            assertLength(1, mCm.getAllNetworks());
+        } finally {
+            testFactory.terminate();
+            mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(cellNetworkCallback);
+            handlerThread.quit();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAvoidBadWifiSetting() throws Exception {
+        final ContentResolver cr = mServiceContext.getContentResolver();
+        final String settingName = ConnectivitySettingsManager.NETWORK_AVOID_BAD_WIFI;
+
+        mPolicyTracker.mConfigRestrictsAvoidBadWifi = false;
+        String[] values = new String[] {null, "0", "1"};
+        for (int i = 0; i < values.length; i++) {
+            Settings.Global.putInt(cr, settingName, 1);
+            mPolicyTracker.reevaluate();
+            waitForIdle();
+            String msg = String.format("config=false, setting=%s", values[i]);
+            assertTrue(mService.avoidBadWifi());
+            assertFalse(msg, mPolicyTracker.shouldNotifyWifiUnvalidated());
+        }
+
+        mPolicyTracker.mConfigRestrictsAvoidBadWifi = true;
+
+        Settings.Global.putInt(cr, settingName, 0);
+        mPolicyTracker.reevaluate();
+        waitForIdle();
+        assertFalse(mService.avoidBadWifi());
+        assertFalse(mPolicyTracker.shouldNotifyWifiUnvalidated());
+
+        Settings.Global.putInt(cr, settingName, 1);
+        mPolicyTracker.reevaluate();
+        waitForIdle();
+        assertTrue(mService.avoidBadWifi());
+        assertFalse(mPolicyTracker.shouldNotifyWifiUnvalidated());
+
+        Settings.Global.putString(cr, settingName, null);
+        mPolicyTracker.reevaluate();
+        waitForIdle();
+        assertFalse(mService.avoidBadWifi());
+        assertTrue(mPolicyTracker.shouldNotifyWifiUnvalidated());
+    }
+
+    @Ignore("Refactoring in progress b/178071397")
+    @Test
+    public void testAvoidBadWifi() throws Exception {
+        final ContentResolver cr = mServiceContext.getContentResolver();
+
+        // Pretend we're on a carrier that restricts switching away from bad wifi.
+        mPolicyTracker.mConfigRestrictsAvoidBadWifi = true;
+
+        // File a request for cell to ensure it doesn't go down.
+        final TestNetworkCallback cellNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final NetworkRequest cellRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR).build();
+        mCm.requestNetwork(cellRequest, cellNetworkCallback);
+
+        TestNetworkCallback defaultCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(defaultCallback);
+
+        NetworkRequest validatedWifiRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED)
+                .build();
+        TestNetworkCallback validatedWifiCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(validatedWifiRequest, validatedWifiCallback);
+
+        Settings.Global.putInt(cr, ConnectivitySettingsManager.NETWORK_AVOID_BAD_WIFI, 0);
+        mPolicyTracker.reevaluate();
+
+        // Bring up validated cell.
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        Network cellNetwork = mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork();
+
+        // Bring up validated wifi.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        validatedWifiCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        Network wifiNetwork = mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork();
+
+        // Fail validation on wifi.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setNetworkInvalid(false /* isStrictMode */);
+        mCm.reportNetworkConnectivity(wifiNetwork, false);
+        defaultCallback.expectCapabilitiesWithout(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        validatedWifiCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+
+        // Because avoid bad wifi is off, we don't switch to cellular.
+        defaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        assertFalse(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(wifiNetwork).hasCapability(
+                NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
+        assertTrue(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(cellNetwork).hasCapability(
+                NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
+        assertEquals(mCm.getActiveNetwork(), wifiNetwork);
+
+        // Simulate switching to a carrier that does not restrict avoiding bad wifi, and expect
+        // that we switch back to cell.
+        mPolicyTracker.mConfigRestrictsAvoidBadWifi = false;
+        mPolicyTracker.reevaluate();
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        assertEquals(mCm.getActiveNetwork(), cellNetwork);
+
+        // Switch back to a restrictive carrier.
+        mPolicyTracker.mConfigRestrictsAvoidBadWifi = true;
+        mPolicyTracker.reevaluate();
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        assertEquals(mCm.getActiveNetwork(), wifiNetwork);
+
+        // Simulate the user selecting "switch" on the dialog, and check that we switch to cell.
+        mCm.setAvoidUnvalidated(wifiNetwork);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        assertFalse(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(wifiNetwork).hasCapability(
+                NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
+        assertTrue(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(cellNetwork).hasCapability(
+                NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
+        assertEquals(mCm.getActiveNetwork(), cellNetwork);
+
+        // Disconnect and reconnect wifi to clear the one-time switch above.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        validatedWifiCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        wifiNetwork = mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork();
+
+        // Fail validation on wifi and expect the dialog to appear.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setNetworkInvalid(false /* isStrictMode */);
+        mCm.reportNetworkConnectivity(wifiNetwork, false);
+        defaultCallback.expectCapabilitiesWithout(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        validatedWifiCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+
+        // Simulate the user selecting "switch" and checking the don't ask again checkbox.
+        Settings.Global.putInt(cr, ConnectivitySettingsManager.NETWORK_AVOID_BAD_WIFI, 1);
+        mPolicyTracker.reevaluate();
+
+        // We now switch to cell.
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        assertFalse(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(wifiNetwork).hasCapability(
+                NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
+        assertTrue(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(cellNetwork).hasCapability(
+                NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
+        assertEquals(mCm.getActiveNetwork(), cellNetwork);
+
+        // Simulate the user turning the cellular fallback setting off and then on.
+        // We switch to wifi and then to cell.
+        Settings.Global.putString(cr, ConnectivitySettingsManager.NETWORK_AVOID_BAD_WIFI, null);
+        mPolicyTracker.reevaluate();
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        assertEquals(mCm.getActiveNetwork(), wifiNetwork);
+        Settings.Global.putInt(cr, ConnectivitySettingsManager.NETWORK_AVOID_BAD_WIFI, 1);
+        mPolicyTracker.reevaluate();
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        assertEquals(mCm.getActiveNetwork(), cellNetwork);
+
+        // If cell goes down, we switch to wifi.
+        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        defaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        validatedWifiCallback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(cellNetworkCallback);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(validatedWifiCallback);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(defaultCallback);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMeteredMultipathPreferenceSetting() throws Exception {
+        final ContentResolver cr = mServiceContext.getContentResolver();
+        final String settingName = ConnectivitySettingsManager.NETWORK_METERED_MULTIPATH_PREFERENCE;
+
+        for (int config : Arrays.asList(0, 3, 2)) {
+            for (String setting: Arrays.asList(null, "0", "2", "1")) {
+                mPolicyTracker.mConfigMeteredMultipathPreference = config;
+                Settings.Global.putString(cr, settingName, setting);
+                mPolicyTracker.reevaluate();
+                waitForIdle();
+
+                final int expected = (setting != null) ? Integer.parseInt(setting) : config;
+                String msg = String.format("config=%d, setting=%s", config, setting);
+                assertEquals(msg, expected, mCm.getMultipathPreference(null));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Validate that a satisfied network request does not trigger onUnavailable() once the
+     * time-out period expires.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSatisfiedNetworkRequestDoesNotTriggerOnUnavailable() throws Exception {
+        NetworkRequest nr = new NetworkRequest.Builder().addTransportType(
+                NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI).build();
+        final TestNetworkCallback networkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.requestNetwork(nr, networkCallback, TEST_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS);
+
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        networkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent, false, false, false,
+                TEST_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS);
+
+        // pass timeout and validate that UNAVAILABLE is not called
+        networkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Validate that a satisfied network request followed by a disconnected (lost) network does
+     * not trigger onUnavailable() once the time-out period expires.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSatisfiedThenLostNetworkRequestDoesNotTriggerOnUnavailable() throws Exception {
+        NetworkRequest nr = new NetworkRequest.Builder().addTransportType(
+                NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI).build();
+        final TestNetworkCallback networkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.requestNetwork(nr, networkCallback, TEST_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS);
+
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        networkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent, false, false, false,
+                TEST_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        networkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+
+        // Validate that UNAVAILABLE is not called
+        networkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Validate that when a time-out is specified for a network request the onUnavailable()
+     * callback is called when time-out expires. Then validate that if network request is
+     * (somehow) satisfied - the callback isn't called later.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testTimedoutNetworkRequest() throws Exception {
+        NetworkRequest nr = new NetworkRequest.Builder().addTransportType(
+                NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI).build();
+        final TestNetworkCallback networkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final int timeoutMs = 10;
+        mCm.requestNetwork(nr, networkCallback, timeoutMs);
+
+        // pass timeout and validate that UNAVAILABLE is called
+        networkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.UNAVAILABLE, (Network) null);
+
+        // create a network satisfying request - validate that request not triggered
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        networkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Validate that when a network request is unregistered (cancelled), no posterior event can
+     * trigger the callback.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testNoCallbackAfterUnregisteredNetworkRequest() throws Exception {
+        NetworkRequest nr = new NetworkRequest.Builder().addTransportType(
+                NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI).build();
+        final TestNetworkCallback networkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final int timeoutMs = 10;
+
+        mCm.requestNetwork(nr, networkCallback, timeoutMs);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(networkCallback);
+        // Regardless of the timeout, unregistering the callback in ConnectivityManager ensures
+        // that this callback will not be called.
+        networkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        // create a network satisfying request - validate that request not triggered
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        networkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUnfulfillableNetworkRequest() throws Exception {
+        runUnfulfillableNetworkRequest(false);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUnfulfillableNetworkRequestAfterUnregister() throws Exception {
+        runUnfulfillableNetworkRequest(true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Validate the callback flow for a factory releasing a request as unfulfillable.
+     */
+    private void runUnfulfillableNetworkRequest(boolean preUnregister) throws Exception {
+        NetworkRequest nr = new NetworkRequest.Builder().addTransportType(
+                NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI).build();
+        final TestNetworkCallback networkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+
+        final HandlerThread handlerThread = new HandlerThread("testUnfulfillableNetworkRequest");
+        handlerThread.start();
+        NetworkCapabilities filter = new NetworkCapabilities()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED);
+        final MockNetworkFactory testFactory = new MockNetworkFactory(handlerThread.getLooper(),
+                mServiceContext, "testFactory", filter, mCsHandlerThread);
+        testFactory.setScoreFilter(40);
+
+        // Register the factory and expect it to receive the default request.
+        testFactory.register();
+        testFactory.expectRequestAdd();
+
+        try {
+            // Now file the test request and expect it.
+            mCm.requestNetwork(nr, networkCallback);
+            final NetworkRequest newRequest = testFactory.expectRequestAdd().request;
+
+            if (preUnregister) {
+                mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(networkCallback);
+
+                // The request has been released : the factory should see it removed
+                // immediately.
+                testFactory.expectRequestRemove();
+
+                // Simulate the factory releasing the request as unfulfillable: no-op since
+                // the callback has already been unregistered (but a test that no exceptions are
+                // thrown).
+                testFactory.triggerUnfulfillable(newRequest);
+            } else {
+                // Simulate the factory releasing the request as unfulfillable and expect
+                // onUnavailable!
+                testFactory.triggerUnfulfillable(newRequest);
+
+                networkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.UNAVAILABLE, (Network) null);
+
+                // Declaring a request unfulfillable releases it automatically.
+                testFactory.expectRequestRemove();
+
+                // unregister network callback - a no-op (since already freed by the
+                // on-unavailable), but should not fail or throw exceptions.
+                mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(networkCallback);
+
+                // The factory should not see any further removal, as this request has
+                // already been removed.
+            }
+        } finally {
+            testFactory.terminate();
+            handlerThread.quit();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static class TestKeepaliveCallback extends PacketKeepaliveCallback {
+
+        public enum CallbackType { ON_STARTED, ON_STOPPED, ON_ERROR }
+
+        private class CallbackValue {
+            public CallbackType callbackType;
+            public int error;
+
+            public CallbackValue(CallbackType type) {
+                this.callbackType = type;
+                this.error = PacketKeepalive.SUCCESS;
+                assertTrue("onError callback must have error", type != CallbackType.ON_ERROR);
+            }
+
+            public CallbackValue(CallbackType type, int error) {
+                this.callbackType = type;
+                this.error = error;
+                assertEquals("error can only be set for onError", type, CallbackType.ON_ERROR);
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public boolean equals(Object o) {
+                return o instanceof CallbackValue &&
+                        this.callbackType == ((CallbackValue) o).callbackType &&
+                        this.error == ((CallbackValue) o).error;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public String toString() {
+                return String.format("%s(%s, %d)", getClass().getSimpleName(), callbackType, error);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private final LinkedBlockingQueue<CallbackValue> mCallbacks = new LinkedBlockingQueue<>();
+
+        @Override
+        public void onStarted() {
+            mCallbacks.add(new CallbackValue(CallbackType.ON_STARTED));
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onStopped() {
+            mCallbacks.add(new CallbackValue(CallbackType.ON_STOPPED));
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onError(int error) {
+            mCallbacks.add(new CallbackValue(CallbackType.ON_ERROR, error));
+        }
+
+        private void expectCallback(CallbackValue callbackValue) throws InterruptedException {
+            assertEquals(callbackValue, mCallbacks.poll(TIMEOUT_MS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
+        }
+
+        public void expectStarted() throws Exception {
+            expectCallback(new CallbackValue(CallbackType.ON_STARTED));
+        }
+
+        public void expectStopped() throws Exception {
+            expectCallback(new CallbackValue(CallbackType.ON_STOPPED));
+        }
+
+        public void expectError(int error) throws Exception {
+            expectCallback(new CallbackValue(CallbackType.ON_ERROR, error));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static class TestSocketKeepaliveCallback extends SocketKeepalive.Callback {
+
+        public enum CallbackType { ON_STARTED, ON_STOPPED, ON_ERROR };
+
+        private class CallbackValue {
+            public CallbackType callbackType;
+            public int error;
+
+            CallbackValue(CallbackType type) {
+                this.callbackType = type;
+                this.error = SocketKeepalive.SUCCESS;
+                assertTrue("onError callback must have error", type != CallbackType.ON_ERROR);
+            }
+
+            CallbackValue(CallbackType type, int error) {
+                this.callbackType = type;
+                this.error = error;
+                assertEquals("error can only be set for onError", type, CallbackType.ON_ERROR);
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public boolean equals(Object o) {
+                return o instanceof CallbackValue
+                        && this.callbackType == ((CallbackValue) o).callbackType
+                        && this.error == ((CallbackValue) o).error;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public String toString() {
+                return String.format("%s(%s, %d)", getClass().getSimpleName(), callbackType,
+                        error);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private LinkedBlockingQueue<CallbackValue> mCallbacks = new LinkedBlockingQueue<>();
+        private final Executor mExecutor;
+
+        TestSocketKeepaliveCallback(@NonNull Executor executor) {
+            mExecutor = executor;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onStarted() {
+            mCallbacks.add(new CallbackValue(CallbackType.ON_STARTED));
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onStopped() {
+            mCallbacks.add(new CallbackValue(CallbackType.ON_STOPPED));
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onError(int error) {
+            mCallbacks.add(new CallbackValue(CallbackType.ON_ERROR, error));
+        }
+
+        private void expectCallback(CallbackValue callbackValue) throws InterruptedException {
+            assertEquals(callbackValue, mCallbacks.poll(TIMEOUT_MS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
+
+        }
+
+        public void expectStarted() throws InterruptedException {
+            expectCallback(new CallbackValue(CallbackType.ON_STARTED));
+        }
+
+        public void expectStopped() throws InterruptedException {
+            expectCallback(new CallbackValue(CallbackType.ON_STOPPED));
+        }
+
+        public void expectError(int error) throws InterruptedException {
+            expectCallback(new CallbackValue(CallbackType.ON_ERROR, error));
+        }
+
+        public void assertNoCallback() {
+            waitForIdleSerialExecutor(mExecutor, TIMEOUT_MS);
+            CallbackValue cv = mCallbacks.peek();
+            assertNull("Unexpected callback: " + cv, cv);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Network connectKeepaliveNetwork(LinkProperties lp) throws Exception {
+        // Ensure the network is disconnected before anything else occurs
+        if (mWiFiNetworkAgent != null) {
+            assertNull(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork()));
+        }
+
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        ExpectedBroadcast b = expectConnectivityAction(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        b.expectBroadcast();
+        verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
+        waitForIdle();
+        return mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPacketKeepalives() throws Exception {
+        InetAddress myIPv4 = InetAddress.getByName("192.0.2.129");
+        InetAddress notMyIPv4 = InetAddress.getByName("192.0.2.35");
+        InetAddress myIPv6 = InetAddress.getByName("2001:db8::1");
+        InetAddress dstIPv4 = InetAddress.getByName("8.8.8.8");
+        InetAddress dstIPv6 = InetAddress.getByName("2001:4860:4860::8888");
+
+        final int validKaInterval = 15;
+        final int invalidKaInterval = 9;
+
+        LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+        lp.setInterfaceName("wlan12");
+        lp.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress(myIPv6, 64));
+        lp.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress(myIPv4, 25));
+        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(InetAddress.getByName("fe80::1234")));
+        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(InetAddress.getByName("192.0.2.254")));
+
+        Network notMyNet = new Network(61234);
+        Network myNet = connectKeepaliveNetwork(lp);
+
+        TestKeepaliveCallback callback = new TestKeepaliveCallback();
+        PacketKeepalive ka;
+
+        // Attempt to start keepalives with invalid parameters and check for errors.
+        ka = mCm.startNattKeepalive(notMyNet, validKaInterval, callback, myIPv4, 1234, dstIPv4);
+        callback.expectError(PacketKeepalive.ERROR_INVALID_NETWORK);
+
+        ka = mCm.startNattKeepalive(myNet, invalidKaInterval, callback, myIPv4, 1234, dstIPv4);
+        callback.expectError(PacketKeepalive.ERROR_INVALID_INTERVAL);
+
+        ka = mCm.startNattKeepalive(myNet, validKaInterval, callback, myIPv4, 1234, dstIPv6);
+        callback.expectError(PacketKeepalive.ERROR_INVALID_IP_ADDRESS);
+
+        ka = mCm.startNattKeepalive(myNet, validKaInterval, callback, myIPv6, 1234, dstIPv4);
+        callback.expectError(PacketKeepalive.ERROR_INVALID_IP_ADDRESS);
+
+        // NAT-T is only supported for IPv4.
+        ka = mCm.startNattKeepalive(myNet, validKaInterval, callback, myIPv6, 1234, dstIPv6);
+        callback.expectError(PacketKeepalive.ERROR_INVALID_IP_ADDRESS);
+
+        ka = mCm.startNattKeepalive(myNet, validKaInterval, callback, myIPv4, 123456, dstIPv4);
+        callback.expectError(PacketKeepalive.ERROR_INVALID_PORT);
+
+        ka = mCm.startNattKeepalive(myNet, validKaInterval, callback, myIPv4, 123456, dstIPv4);
+        callback.expectError(PacketKeepalive.ERROR_INVALID_PORT);
+
+        ka = mCm.startNattKeepalive(myNet, validKaInterval, callback, myIPv4, 12345, dstIPv4);
+        callback.expectError(PacketKeepalive.ERROR_HARDWARE_UNSUPPORTED);
+
+        ka = mCm.startNattKeepalive(myNet, validKaInterval, callback, myIPv4, 12345, dstIPv4);
+        callback.expectError(PacketKeepalive.ERROR_HARDWARE_UNSUPPORTED);
+
+        // Check that a started keepalive can be stopped.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setStartKeepaliveEvent(PacketKeepalive.SUCCESS);
+        ka = mCm.startNattKeepalive(myNet, validKaInterval, callback, myIPv4, 12345, dstIPv4);
+        callback.expectStarted();
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setStopKeepaliveEvent(PacketKeepalive.SUCCESS);
+        ka.stop();
+        callback.expectStopped();
+
+        // Check that deleting the IP address stops the keepalive.
+        LinkProperties bogusLp = new LinkProperties(lp);
+        ka = mCm.startNattKeepalive(myNet, validKaInterval, callback, myIPv4, 12345, dstIPv4);
+        callback.expectStarted();
+        bogusLp.removeLinkAddress(new LinkAddress(myIPv4, 25));
+        bogusLp.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress(notMyIPv4, 25));
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(bogusLp);
+        callback.expectError(PacketKeepalive.ERROR_INVALID_IP_ADDRESS);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
+
+        // Check that a started keepalive is stopped correctly when the network disconnects.
+        ka = mCm.startNattKeepalive(myNet, validKaInterval, callback, myIPv4, 12345, dstIPv4);
+        callback.expectStarted();
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.expectDisconnected();
+        callback.expectError(PacketKeepalive.ERROR_INVALID_NETWORK);
+
+        // ... and that stopping it after that has no adverse effects.
+        waitForIdle();
+        final Network myNetAlias = myNet;
+        assertNull(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(myNetAlias));
+        ka.stop();
+
+        // Reconnect.
+        myNet = connectKeepaliveNetwork(lp);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setStartKeepaliveEvent(PacketKeepalive.SUCCESS);
+
+        // Check that keepalive slots start from 1 and increment. The first one gets slot 1.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setExpectedKeepaliveSlot(1);
+        ka = mCm.startNattKeepalive(myNet, validKaInterval, callback, myIPv4, 12345, dstIPv4);
+        callback.expectStarted();
+
+        // The second one gets slot 2.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setExpectedKeepaliveSlot(2);
+        TestKeepaliveCallback callback2 = new TestKeepaliveCallback();
+        PacketKeepalive ka2 = mCm.startNattKeepalive(
+                myNet, validKaInterval, callback2, myIPv4, 6789, dstIPv4);
+        callback2.expectStarted();
+
+        // Now stop the first one and create a third. This also gets slot 1.
+        ka.stop();
+        callback.expectStopped();
+
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setExpectedKeepaliveSlot(1);
+        TestKeepaliveCallback callback3 = new TestKeepaliveCallback();
+        PacketKeepalive ka3 = mCm.startNattKeepalive(
+                myNet, validKaInterval, callback3, myIPv4, 9876, dstIPv4);
+        callback3.expectStarted();
+
+        ka2.stop();
+        callback2.expectStopped();
+
+        ka3.stop();
+        callback3.expectStopped();
+    }
+
+    // Helper method to prepare the executor and run test
+    private void runTestWithSerialExecutors(ExceptionUtils.ThrowingConsumer<Executor> functor)
+            throws Exception {
+        final ExecutorService executorSingleThread = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
+        final Executor executorInline = (Runnable r) -> r.run();
+        functor.accept(executorSingleThread);
+        executorSingleThread.shutdown();
+        functor.accept(executorInline);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNattSocketKeepalives() throws Exception {
+        runTestWithSerialExecutors(executor -> doTestNattSocketKeepalivesWithExecutor(executor));
+        runTestWithSerialExecutors(executor -> doTestNattSocketKeepalivesFdWithExecutor(executor));
+    }
+
+    private void doTestNattSocketKeepalivesWithExecutor(Executor executor) throws Exception {
+        // TODO: 1. Move this outside of ConnectivityServiceTest.
+        //       2. Make test to verify that Nat-T keepalive socket is created by IpSecService.
+        //       3. Mock ipsec service.
+        final InetAddress myIPv4 = InetAddress.getByName("192.0.2.129");
+        final InetAddress notMyIPv4 = InetAddress.getByName("192.0.2.35");
+        final InetAddress myIPv6 = InetAddress.getByName("2001:db8::1");
+        final InetAddress dstIPv4 = InetAddress.getByName("8.8.8.8");
+        final InetAddress dstIPv6 = InetAddress.getByName("2001:4860:4860::8888");
+
+        final int validKaInterval = 15;
+        final int invalidKaInterval = 9;
+
+        final IpSecManager mIpSec = (IpSecManager) mContext.getSystemService(Context.IPSEC_SERVICE);
+        final UdpEncapsulationSocket testSocket = mIpSec.openUdpEncapsulationSocket();
+        final int srcPort = testSocket.getPort();
+
+        LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+        lp.setInterfaceName("wlan12");
+        lp.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress(myIPv6, 64));
+        lp.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress(myIPv4, 25));
+        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(InetAddress.getByName("fe80::1234")));
+        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(InetAddress.getByName("192.0.2.254")));
+
+        Network notMyNet = new Network(61234);
+        Network myNet = connectKeepaliveNetwork(lp);
+
+        TestSocketKeepaliveCallback callback = new TestSocketKeepaliveCallback(executor);
+
+        // Attempt to start keepalives with invalid parameters and check for errors.
+        // Invalid network.
+        try (SocketKeepalive ka = mCm.createSocketKeepalive(
+                notMyNet, testSocket, myIPv4, dstIPv4, executor, callback)) {
+            ka.start(validKaInterval);
+            callback.expectError(SocketKeepalive.ERROR_INVALID_NETWORK);
+        }
+
+        // Invalid interval.
+        try (SocketKeepalive ka = mCm.createSocketKeepalive(
+                myNet, testSocket, myIPv4, dstIPv4, executor, callback)) {
+            ka.start(invalidKaInterval);
+            callback.expectError(SocketKeepalive.ERROR_INVALID_INTERVAL);
+        }
+
+        // Invalid destination.
+        try (SocketKeepalive ka = mCm.createSocketKeepalive(
+                myNet, testSocket, myIPv4, dstIPv6, executor, callback)) {
+            ka.start(validKaInterval);
+            callback.expectError(SocketKeepalive.ERROR_INVALID_IP_ADDRESS);
+        }
+
+        // Invalid source;
+        try (SocketKeepalive ka = mCm.createSocketKeepalive(
+                myNet, testSocket, myIPv6, dstIPv4, executor, callback)) {
+            ka.start(validKaInterval);
+            callback.expectError(SocketKeepalive.ERROR_INVALID_IP_ADDRESS);
+        }
+
+        // NAT-T is only supported for IPv4.
+        try (SocketKeepalive ka = mCm.createSocketKeepalive(
+                myNet, testSocket, myIPv6, dstIPv6, executor, callback)) {
+            ka.start(validKaInterval);
+            callback.expectError(SocketKeepalive.ERROR_INVALID_IP_ADDRESS);
+        }
+
+        // Basic check before testing started keepalive.
+        try (SocketKeepalive ka = mCm.createSocketKeepalive(
+                myNet, testSocket, myIPv4, dstIPv4, executor, callback)) {
+            ka.start(validKaInterval);
+            callback.expectError(SocketKeepalive.ERROR_UNSUPPORTED);
+        }
+
+        // Check that a started keepalive can be stopped.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setStartKeepaliveEvent(SocketKeepalive.SUCCESS);
+        try (SocketKeepalive ka = mCm.createSocketKeepalive(
+                myNet, testSocket, myIPv4, dstIPv4, executor, callback)) {
+            ka.start(validKaInterval);
+            callback.expectStarted();
+            mWiFiNetworkAgent.setStopKeepaliveEvent(SocketKeepalive.SUCCESS);
+            ka.stop();
+            callback.expectStopped();
+
+            // Check that keepalive could be restarted.
+            ka.start(validKaInterval);
+            callback.expectStarted();
+            ka.stop();
+            callback.expectStopped();
+
+            // Check that keepalive can be restarted without waiting for callback.
+            ka.start(validKaInterval);
+            callback.expectStarted();
+            ka.stop();
+            ka.start(validKaInterval);
+            callback.expectStopped();
+            callback.expectStarted();
+            ka.stop();
+            callback.expectStopped();
+        }
+
+        // Check that deleting the IP address stops the keepalive.
+        LinkProperties bogusLp = new LinkProperties(lp);
+        try (SocketKeepalive ka = mCm.createSocketKeepalive(
+                myNet, testSocket, myIPv4, dstIPv4, executor, callback)) {
+            ka.start(validKaInterval);
+            callback.expectStarted();
+            bogusLp.removeLinkAddress(new LinkAddress(myIPv4, 25));
+            bogusLp.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress(notMyIPv4, 25));
+            mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(bogusLp);
+            callback.expectError(SocketKeepalive.ERROR_INVALID_IP_ADDRESS);
+            mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
+        }
+
+        // Check that a started keepalive is stopped correctly when the network disconnects.
+        try (SocketKeepalive ka = mCm.createSocketKeepalive(
+                myNet, testSocket, myIPv4, dstIPv4, executor, callback)) {
+            ka.start(validKaInterval);
+            callback.expectStarted();
+            mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+            mWiFiNetworkAgent.expectDisconnected();
+            callback.expectError(SocketKeepalive.ERROR_INVALID_NETWORK);
+
+            // ... and that stopping it after that has no adverse effects.
+            waitForIdle();
+            final Network myNetAlias = myNet;
+            assertNull(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(myNetAlias));
+            ka.stop();
+            callback.assertNoCallback();
+        }
+
+        // Reconnect.
+        myNet = connectKeepaliveNetwork(lp);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setStartKeepaliveEvent(SocketKeepalive.SUCCESS);
+
+        // Check that a stop followed by network disconnects does not result in crash.
+        try (SocketKeepalive ka = mCm.createSocketKeepalive(
+                myNet, testSocket, myIPv4, dstIPv4, executor, callback)) {
+            ka.start(validKaInterval);
+            callback.expectStarted();
+            // Delay the response of keepalive events in networkAgent long enough to make sure
+            // the follow-up network disconnection will be processed first.
+            mWiFiNetworkAgent.setKeepaliveResponseDelay(3 * TIMEOUT_MS);
+            ka.stop();
+
+            // Make sure the stop has been processed. Wait for executor idle is needed to prevent
+            // flaky since the actual stop call to the service is delegated to executor thread.
+            waitForIdleSerialExecutor(executor, TIMEOUT_MS);
+            waitForIdle();
+
+            mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+            mWiFiNetworkAgent.expectDisconnected();
+            callback.expectStopped();
+            callback.assertNoCallback();
+        }
+
+        // Reconnect.
+        waitForIdle();
+        myNet = connectKeepaliveNetwork(lp);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setStartKeepaliveEvent(SocketKeepalive.SUCCESS);
+
+        // Check that keepalive slots start from 1 and increment. The first one gets slot 1.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setExpectedKeepaliveSlot(1);
+        int srcPort2 = 0;
+        try (SocketKeepalive ka = mCm.createSocketKeepalive(
+                myNet, testSocket, myIPv4, dstIPv4, executor, callback)) {
+            ka.start(validKaInterval);
+            callback.expectStarted();
+
+            // The second one gets slot 2.
+            mWiFiNetworkAgent.setExpectedKeepaliveSlot(2);
+            final UdpEncapsulationSocket testSocket2 = mIpSec.openUdpEncapsulationSocket();
+            srcPort2 = testSocket2.getPort();
+            TestSocketKeepaliveCallback callback2 = new TestSocketKeepaliveCallback(executor);
+            try (SocketKeepalive ka2 = mCm.createSocketKeepalive(
+                    myNet, testSocket2, myIPv4, dstIPv4, executor, callback2)) {
+                ka2.start(validKaInterval);
+                callback2.expectStarted();
+
+                ka.stop();
+                callback.expectStopped();
+
+                ka2.stop();
+                callback2.expectStopped();
+
+                testSocket.close();
+                testSocket2.close();
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Check that there is no port leaked after all keepalives and sockets are closed.
+        // TODO: enable this check after ensuring a valid free port. See b/129512753#comment7.
+        // assertFalse(isUdpPortInUse(srcPort));
+        // assertFalse(isUdpPortInUse(srcPort2));
+
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.expectDisconnected();
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = null;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTcpSocketKeepalives() throws Exception {
+        runTestWithSerialExecutors(executor -> doTestTcpSocketKeepalivesWithExecutor(executor));
+    }
+
+    private void doTestTcpSocketKeepalivesWithExecutor(Executor executor) throws Exception {
+        final int srcPortV4 = 12345;
+        final int srcPortV6 = 23456;
+        final InetAddress myIPv4 = InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1");
+        final InetAddress myIPv6 = InetAddress.getByName("::1");
+
+        final int validKaInterval = 15;
+
+        final LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+        lp.setInterfaceName("wlan12");
+        lp.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress(myIPv6, 64));
+        lp.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress(myIPv4, 25));
+        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(InetAddress.getByName("fe80::1234")));
+        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.254")));
+
+        final Network notMyNet = new Network(61234);
+        final Network myNet = connectKeepaliveNetwork(lp);
+
+        final Socket testSocketV4 = new Socket();
+        final Socket testSocketV6 = new Socket();
+
+        TestSocketKeepaliveCallback callback = new TestSocketKeepaliveCallback(executor);
+
+        // Attempt to start Tcp keepalives with invalid parameters and check for errors.
+        // Invalid network.
+        try (SocketKeepalive ka = mCm.createSocketKeepalive(
+            notMyNet, testSocketV4, executor, callback)) {
+            ka.start(validKaInterval);
+            callback.expectError(SocketKeepalive.ERROR_INVALID_NETWORK);
+        }
+
+        // Invalid Socket (socket is not bound with IPv4 address).
+        try (SocketKeepalive ka = mCm.createSocketKeepalive(
+            myNet, testSocketV4, executor, callback)) {
+            ka.start(validKaInterval);
+            callback.expectError(SocketKeepalive.ERROR_INVALID_SOCKET);
+        }
+
+        // Invalid Socket (socket is not bound with IPv6 address).
+        try (SocketKeepalive ka = mCm.createSocketKeepalive(
+            myNet, testSocketV6, executor, callback)) {
+            ka.start(validKaInterval);
+            callback.expectError(SocketKeepalive.ERROR_INVALID_SOCKET);
+        }
+
+        // Bind the socket address
+        testSocketV4.bind(new InetSocketAddress(myIPv4, srcPortV4));
+        testSocketV6.bind(new InetSocketAddress(myIPv6, srcPortV6));
+
+        // Invalid Socket (socket is bound with IPv4 address).
+        try (SocketKeepalive ka = mCm.createSocketKeepalive(
+            myNet, testSocketV4, executor, callback)) {
+            ka.start(validKaInterval);
+            callback.expectError(SocketKeepalive.ERROR_INVALID_SOCKET);
+        }
+
+        // Invalid Socket (socket is bound with IPv6 address).
+        try (SocketKeepalive ka = mCm.createSocketKeepalive(
+            myNet, testSocketV6, executor, callback)) {
+            ka.start(validKaInterval);
+            callback.expectError(SocketKeepalive.ERROR_INVALID_SOCKET);
+        }
+
+        testSocketV4.close();
+        testSocketV6.close();
+
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.expectDisconnected();
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = null;
+    }
+
+    private void doTestNattSocketKeepalivesFdWithExecutor(Executor executor) throws Exception {
+        final InetAddress myIPv4 = InetAddress.getByName("192.0.2.129");
+        final InetAddress anyIPv4 = InetAddress.getByName("0.0.0.0");
+        final InetAddress dstIPv4 = InetAddress.getByName("8.8.8.8");
+        final int validKaInterval = 15;
+
+        // Prepare the target network.
+        LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+        lp.setInterfaceName("wlan12");
+        lp.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress(myIPv4, 25));
+        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(InetAddress.getByName("192.0.2.254")));
+        Network myNet = connectKeepaliveNetwork(lp);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setStartKeepaliveEvent(SocketKeepalive.SUCCESS);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setStopKeepaliveEvent(SocketKeepalive.SUCCESS);
+
+        TestSocketKeepaliveCallback callback = new TestSocketKeepaliveCallback(executor);
+
+        // Prepare the target file descriptor, keep only one instance.
+        final IpSecManager mIpSec = (IpSecManager) mContext.getSystemService(Context.IPSEC_SERVICE);
+        final UdpEncapsulationSocket testSocket = mIpSec.openUdpEncapsulationSocket();
+        final int srcPort = testSocket.getPort();
+        final ParcelFileDescriptor testPfd =
+                ParcelFileDescriptor.dup(testSocket.getFileDescriptor());
+        testSocket.close();
+        assertTrue(isUdpPortInUse(srcPort));
+
+        // Start keepalive and explicit make the variable goes out of scope with try-with-resources
+        // block.
+        try (SocketKeepalive ka = mCm.createNattKeepalive(
+                myNet, testPfd, myIPv4, dstIPv4, executor, callback)) {
+            ka.start(validKaInterval);
+            callback.expectStarted();
+            ka.stop();
+            callback.expectStopped();
+        }
+
+        // Check that the ParcelFileDescriptor is still valid after keepalive stopped,
+        // ErrnoException with EBADF will be thrown if the socket is closed when checking local
+        // address.
+        assertTrue(isUdpPortInUse(srcPort));
+        final InetSocketAddress sa =
+                (InetSocketAddress) Os.getsockname(testPfd.getFileDescriptor());
+        assertEquals(anyIPv4, sa.getAddress());
+
+        testPfd.close();
+        // TODO: enable this check after ensuring a valid free port. See b/129512753#comment7.
+        // assertFalse(isUdpPortInUse(srcPort));
+
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.expectDisconnected();
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = null;
+    }
+
+    private static boolean isUdpPortInUse(int port) {
+        try (DatagramSocket ignored = new DatagramSocket(port)) {
+            return false;
+        } catch (IOException alreadyInUse) {
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetCaptivePortalServerUrl() throws Exception {
+        String url = mCm.getCaptivePortalServerUrl();
+        assertEquals("http://connectivitycheck.gstatic.com/generate_204", url);
+    }
+
+    private static class TestNetworkPinner extends NetworkPinner {
+        public static boolean awaitPin(int timeoutMs) throws InterruptedException {
+            synchronized(sLock) {
+                if (sNetwork == null) {
+                    sLock.wait(timeoutMs);
+                }
+                return sNetwork != null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static boolean awaitUnpin(int timeoutMs) throws InterruptedException {
+            synchronized(sLock) {
+                if (sNetwork != null) {
+                    sLock.wait(timeoutMs);
+                }
+                return sNetwork == null;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void assertPinnedToWifiWithCellDefault() {
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getBoundNetworkForProcess());
+        assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+    }
+
+    private void assertPinnedToWifiWithWifiDefault() {
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getBoundNetworkForProcess());
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+    }
+
+    private void assertNotPinnedToWifi() {
+        assertNull(mCm.getBoundNetworkForProcess());
+        assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNetworkPinner() throws Exception {
+        NetworkRequest wifiRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+                .build();
+        assertNull(mCm.getBoundNetworkForProcess());
+
+        TestNetworkPinner.pin(mServiceContext, wifiRequest);
+        assertNull(mCm.getBoundNetworkForProcess());
+
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+
+        // When wi-fi connects, expect to be pinned.
+        assertTrue(TestNetworkPinner.awaitPin(100));
+        assertPinnedToWifiWithCellDefault();
+
+        // Disconnect and expect the pin to drop.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        assertTrue(TestNetworkPinner.awaitUnpin(100));
+        assertNotPinnedToWifi();
+
+        // Reconnecting does not cause the pin to come back.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        assertFalse(TestNetworkPinner.awaitPin(100));
+        assertNotPinnedToWifi();
+
+        // Pinning while connected causes the pin to take effect immediately.
+        TestNetworkPinner.pin(mServiceContext, wifiRequest);
+        assertTrue(TestNetworkPinner.awaitPin(100));
+        assertPinnedToWifiWithCellDefault();
+
+        // Explicitly unpin and expect to use the default network again.
+        TestNetworkPinner.unpin();
+        assertNotPinnedToWifi();
+
+        // Disconnect cell and wifi.
+        ExpectedBroadcast b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(3);  // cell down, wifi up, wifi down.
+        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        b.expectBroadcast();
+
+        // Pinning takes effect even if the pinned network is the default when the pin is set...
+        TestNetworkPinner.pin(mServiceContext, wifiRequest);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        assertTrue(TestNetworkPinner.awaitPin(100));
+        assertPinnedToWifiWithWifiDefault();
+
+        // ... and is maintained even when that network is no longer the default.
+        b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(1);
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        b.expectBroadcast();
+        assertPinnedToWifiWithCellDefault();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNetworkCallbackMaximum() throws Exception {
+        final int MAX_REQUESTS = 100;
+        final int CALLBACKS = 89;
+        final int INTENTS = 11;
+        final int SYSTEM_ONLY_MAX_REQUESTS = 250;
+        assertEquals(MAX_REQUESTS, CALLBACKS + INTENTS);
+
+        NetworkRequest networkRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder().build();
+        ArrayList<Object> registered = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        int j = 0;
+        while (j++ < CALLBACKS / 2) {
+            NetworkCallback cb = new NetworkCallback();
+            mCm.requestNetwork(networkRequest, cb);
+            registered.add(cb);
+        }
+        while (j++ < CALLBACKS) {
+            NetworkCallback cb = new NetworkCallback();
+            mCm.registerNetworkCallback(networkRequest, cb);
+            registered.add(cb);
+        }
+        j = 0;
+        while (j++ < INTENTS / 2) {
+            final PendingIntent pi = PendingIntent.getBroadcast(mContext, 0 /* requestCode */,
+                    new Intent("a" + j), FLAG_IMMUTABLE);
+            mCm.requestNetwork(networkRequest, pi);
+            registered.add(pi);
+        }
+        while (j++ < INTENTS) {
+            final PendingIntent pi = PendingIntent.getBroadcast(mContext, 0 /* requestCode */,
+                    new Intent("b" + j), FLAG_IMMUTABLE);
+            mCm.registerNetworkCallback(networkRequest, pi);
+            registered.add(pi);
+        }
+
+        // Test that the limit is enforced when MAX_REQUESTS simultaneous requests are added.
+        assertThrows(TooManyRequestsException.class, () ->
+                mCm.requestNetwork(networkRequest, new NetworkCallback())
+        );
+        assertThrows(TooManyRequestsException.class, () ->
+                mCm.registerNetworkCallback(networkRequest, new NetworkCallback())
+        );
+        assertThrows(TooManyRequestsException.class, () ->
+                mCm.requestNetwork(networkRequest,
+                        PendingIntent.getBroadcast(mContext, 0 /* requestCode */,
+                                new Intent("c"), FLAG_IMMUTABLE))
+        );
+        assertThrows(TooManyRequestsException.class, () ->
+                mCm.registerNetworkCallback(networkRequest,
+                        PendingIntent.getBroadcast(mContext, 0 /* requestCode */,
+                                new Intent("d"), FLAG_IMMUTABLE))
+        );
+
+        // The system gets another SYSTEM_ONLY_MAX_REQUESTS slots.
+        final Handler handler = new Handler(ConnectivityThread.getInstanceLooper());
+        withPermission(NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK, () -> {
+            ArrayList<NetworkCallback> systemRegistered = new ArrayList<>();
+            for (int i = 0; i < SYSTEM_ONLY_MAX_REQUESTS - 1; i++) {
+                NetworkCallback cb = new NetworkCallback();
+                if (i % 2 == 0) {
+                    mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallbackForUid(1000000 + i, cb, handler);
+                } else {
+                    mCm.registerNetworkCallback(networkRequest, cb);
+                }
+                systemRegistered.add(cb);
+            }
+            waitForIdle();
+
+            assertThrows(TooManyRequestsException.class, () ->
+                    mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallbackForUid(1001042, new NetworkCallback(),
+                            handler));
+            assertThrows(TooManyRequestsException.class, () ->
+                    mCm.registerNetworkCallback(networkRequest, new NetworkCallback()));
+
+            for (NetworkCallback callback : systemRegistered) {
+                mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(callback);
+            }
+            waitForIdle();  // Wait for requests to be unregistered before giving up the permission.
+        });
+
+        for (Object o : registered) {
+            if (o instanceof NetworkCallback) {
+                mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback((NetworkCallback)o);
+            }
+            if (o instanceof PendingIntent) {
+                mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback((PendingIntent)o);
+            }
+        }
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        // Test that the limit is not hit when MAX_REQUESTS requests are added and removed.
+        for (int i = 0; i < MAX_REQUESTS; i++) {
+            NetworkCallback networkCallback = new NetworkCallback();
+            mCm.requestNetwork(networkRequest, networkCallback);
+            mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(networkCallback);
+        }
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < MAX_REQUESTS; i++) {
+            NetworkCallback networkCallback = new NetworkCallback();
+            mCm.registerNetworkCallback(networkRequest, networkCallback);
+            mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(networkCallback);
+        }
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < MAX_REQUESTS; i++) {
+            NetworkCallback networkCallback = new NetworkCallback();
+            mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(networkCallback);
+            mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(networkCallback);
+        }
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < MAX_REQUESTS; i++) {
+            NetworkCallback networkCallback = new NetworkCallback();
+            mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(networkCallback);
+            mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(networkCallback);
+        }
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        withPermission(NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK, () -> {
+            for (int i = 0; i < MAX_REQUESTS; i++) {
+                NetworkCallback networkCallback = new NetworkCallback();
+                mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallbackForUid(1000000 + i, networkCallback,
+                        new Handler(ConnectivityThread.getInstanceLooper()));
+                mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(networkCallback);
+            }
+        });
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < MAX_REQUESTS; i++) {
+            final PendingIntent pendingIntent = PendingIntent.getBroadcast(
+                    mContext, 0 /* requestCode */, new Intent("e" + i), FLAG_IMMUTABLE);
+            mCm.requestNetwork(networkRequest, pendingIntent);
+            mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(pendingIntent);
+        }
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < MAX_REQUESTS; i++) {
+            final PendingIntent pendingIntent = PendingIntent.getBroadcast(
+                    mContext, 0 /* requestCode */, new Intent("f" + i), FLAG_IMMUTABLE);
+            mCm.registerNetworkCallback(networkRequest, pendingIntent);
+            mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(pendingIntent);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNetworkInfoOfTypeNone() throws Exception {
+        ExpectedBroadcast b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(1);
+
+        verifyNoNetwork();
+        TestNetworkAgentWrapper wifiAware = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI_AWARE);
+        assertNull(mCm.getActiveNetworkInfo());
+
+        Network[] allNetworks = mCm.getAllNetworks();
+        assertLength(1, allNetworks);
+        Network network = allNetworks[0];
+        NetworkCapabilities capabilities = mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(network);
+        assertTrue(capabilities.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI_AWARE));
+
+        final NetworkRequest request =
+                new NetworkRequest.Builder().addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI_AWARE).build();
+        final TestNetworkCallback callback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(request, callback);
+
+        // Bring up wifi aware network.
+        wifiAware.connect(false, false, false /* isStrictMode */);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(wifiAware);
+
+        assertNull(mCm.getActiveNetworkInfo());
+        assertNull(mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        // TODO: getAllNetworkInfo is dirty and returns a non-empty array right from the start
+        // of this test. Fix it and uncomment the assert below.
+        //assertEmpty(mCm.getAllNetworkInfo());
+
+        // Disconnect wifi aware network.
+        wifiAware.disconnect();
+        callback.expectCallbackThat(TIMEOUT_MS, (info) -> info instanceof CallbackEntry.Lost);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(callback);
+
+        verifyNoNetwork();
+        b.expectNoBroadcast(10);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDeprecatedAndUnsupportedOperations() throws Exception {
+        final int TYPE_NONE = ConnectivityManager.TYPE_NONE;
+        assertNull(mCm.getNetworkInfo(TYPE_NONE));
+        assertNull(mCm.getNetworkForType(TYPE_NONE));
+        assertNull(mCm.getLinkProperties(TYPE_NONE));
+        assertFalse(mCm.isNetworkSupported(TYPE_NONE));
+
+        assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class,
+                () -> mCm.networkCapabilitiesForType(TYPE_NONE));
+
+        Class<UnsupportedOperationException> unsupported = UnsupportedOperationException.class;
+        assertThrows(unsupported, () -> mCm.startUsingNetworkFeature(TYPE_WIFI, ""));
+        assertThrows(unsupported, () -> mCm.stopUsingNetworkFeature(TYPE_WIFI, ""));
+        // TODO: let test context have configuration application target sdk version
+        // and test that pre-M requesting for TYPE_NONE sends back APN_REQUEST_FAILED
+        assertThrows(unsupported, () -> mCm.startUsingNetworkFeature(TYPE_NONE, ""));
+        assertThrows(unsupported, () -> mCm.stopUsingNetworkFeature(TYPE_NONE, ""));
+        assertThrows(unsupported, () -> mCm.requestRouteToHostAddress(TYPE_NONE, null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLinkPropertiesEnsuresDirectlyConnectedRoutes() throws Exception {
+        final NetworkRequest networkRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI).build();
+        final TestNetworkCallback networkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(networkRequest, networkCallback);
+
+        LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+        lp.setInterfaceName(WIFI_IFNAME);
+        LinkAddress myIpv4Address = new LinkAddress("192.168.12.3/24");
+        RouteInfo myIpv4DefaultRoute = new RouteInfo((IpPrefix) null,
+                InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("192.168.12.1"), lp.getInterfaceName());
+        lp.addLinkAddress(myIpv4Address);
+        lp.addRoute(myIpv4DefaultRoute);
+
+        // Verify direct routes are added when network agent is first registered in
+        // ConnectivityService.
+        TestNetworkAgentWrapper networkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI, lp);
+        networkAgent.connect(true);
+        networkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.AVAILABLE, networkAgent);
+        networkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.NETWORK_CAPS_UPDATED, networkAgent);
+        CallbackEntry.LinkPropertiesChanged cbi =
+                networkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED,
+                networkAgent);
+        networkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.BLOCKED_STATUS, networkAgent);
+        networkCallback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED, networkAgent);
+        networkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        checkDirectlyConnectedRoutes(cbi.getLp(), Arrays.asList(myIpv4Address),
+                Arrays.asList(myIpv4DefaultRoute));
+        checkDirectlyConnectedRoutes(mCm.getLinkProperties(networkAgent.getNetwork()),
+                Arrays.asList(myIpv4Address), Arrays.asList(myIpv4DefaultRoute));
+
+        // Verify direct routes are added during subsequent link properties updates.
+        LinkProperties newLp = new LinkProperties(lp);
+        LinkAddress myIpv6Address1 = new LinkAddress("fe80::cafe/64");
+        LinkAddress myIpv6Address2 = new LinkAddress("2001:db8::2/64");
+        newLp.addLinkAddress(myIpv6Address1);
+        newLp.addLinkAddress(myIpv6Address2);
+        networkAgent.sendLinkProperties(newLp);
+        cbi = networkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, networkAgent);
+        networkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        checkDirectlyConnectedRoutes(cbi.getLp(),
+                Arrays.asList(myIpv4Address, myIpv6Address1, myIpv6Address2),
+                Arrays.asList(myIpv4DefaultRoute));
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(networkCallback);
+    }
+
+    private <T> void assertSameElementsNoDuplicates(T[] expected, T[] actual) {
+        // Easier to implement than a proper "assertSameElements" method that also correctly deals
+        // with duplicates.
+        final String msg = Arrays.toString(expected) + " != " + Arrays.toString(actual);
+        assertEquals(msg, expected.length, actual.length);
+        Set expectedSet = new ArraySet<>(Arrays.asList(expected));
+        assertEquals("expected contains duplicates", expectedSet.size(), expected.length);
+        // actual cannot have duplicates because it's the same length and has the same elements.
+        Set actualSet = new ArraySet<>(Arrays.asList(actual));
+        assertEquals(expectedSet, actualSet);
+    }
+
+    private void expectNetworkStatus(Network[] networks, String defaultIface,
+            Integer vpnUid, String vpnIfname, String[] underlyingIfaces) throws Exception {
+        ArgumentCaptor<List<Network>> networksCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(List.class);
+        ArgumentCaptor<List<UnderlyingNetworkInfo>> vpnInfosCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(List.class);
+
+        verify(mStatsManager, atLeastOnce()).notifyNetworkStatus(networksCaptor.capture(),
+                any(List.class), eq(defaultIface), vpnInfosCaptor.capture());
+
+        assertSameElementsNoDuplicates(networksCaptor.getValue().toArray(), networks);
+
+        UnderlyingNetworkInfo[] infos =
+                vpnInfosCaptor.getValue().toArray(new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0]);
+        if (vpnUid != null) {
+            assertEquals("Should have exactly one VPN:", 1, infos.length);
+            UnderlyingNetworkInfo info = infos[0];
+            assertEquals("Unexpected VPN owner:", (int) vpnUid, info.getOwnerUid());
+            assertEquals("Unexpected VPN interface:", vpnIfname, info.getInterface());
+            assertSameElementsNoDuplicates(underlyingIfaces,
+                    info.getUnderlyingInterfaces().toArray(new String[0]));
+        } else {
+            assertEquals(0, infos.length);
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void expectNetworkStatus(
+            Network[] networks, String defaultIface) throws Exception {
+        expectNetworkStatus(networks, defaultIface, null, null, new String[0]);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStatsIfacesChanged() throws Exception {
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+
+        final Network[] onlyCell = new Network[] {mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork()};
+        final Network[] onlyWifi = new Network[] {mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork()};
+
+        LinkProperties cellLp = new LinkProperties();
+        cellLp.setInterfaceName(MOBILE_IFNAME);
+        LinkProperties wifiLp = new LinkProperties();
+        wifiLp.setInterfaceName(WIFI_IFNAME);
+
+        // Simple connection should have updated ifaces
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(cellLp);
+        waitForIdle();
+        expectNetworkStatus(onlyCell, MOBILE_IFNAME);
+        reset(mStatsManager);
+
+        // Default network switch should update ifaces.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(wifiLp);
+        waitForIdle();
+        assertEquals(wifiLp, mService.getActiveLinkProperties());
+        expectNetworkStatus(onlyWifi, WIFI_IFNAME);
+        reset(mStatsManager);
+
+        // Disconnect should update ifaces.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        waitForIdle();
+        expectNetworkStatus(onlyCell, MOBILE_IFNAME);
+        reset(mStatsManager);
+
+        // Metered change should update ifaces
+        mCellNetworkAgent.addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        waitForIdle();
+        expectNetworkStatus(onlyCell, MOBILE_IFNAME);
+        reset(mStatsManager);
+
+        mCellNetworkAgent.removeCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        waitForIdle();
+        expectNetworkStatus(onlyCell, MOBILE_IFNAME);
+        reset(mStatsManager);
+
+        // Temp metered change shouldn't update ifaces
+        mCellNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED);
+        waitForIdle();
+        verify(mStatsManager, never()).notifyNetworkStatus(eq(Arrays.asList(onlyCell)),
+                any(List.class), eq(MOBILE_IFNAME), any(List.class));
+        reset(mStatsManager);
+
+        // Roaming change should update ifaces
+        mCellNetworkAgent.addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING);
+        waitForIdle();
+        expectNetworkStatus(onlyCell, MOBILE_IFNAME);
+        reset(mStatsManager);
+
+        // Test VPNs.
+        final LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+        lp.setInterfaceName(VPN_IFNAME);
+
+        mMockVpn.establishForMyUid(lp);
+        assertUidRangesUpdatedForMyUid(true);
+
+        final Network[] cellAndVpn = new Network[] {
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mMockVpn.getNetwork()};
+
+        // A VPN with default (null) underlying networks sets the underlying network's interfaces...
+        expectNetworkStatus(cellAndVpn, MOBILE_IFNAME, Process.myUid(), VPN_IFNAME,
+                new String[]{MOBILE_IFNAME});
+
+        // ...and updates them as the default network switches.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(wifiLp);
+        final Network[] onlyNull = new Network[]{null};
+        final Network[] wifiAndVpn = new Network[] {
+                mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mMockVpn.getNetwork()};
+        final Network[] cellAndWifi = new Network[] {
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork()};
+        final Network[] cellNullAndWifi = new Network[] {
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), null, mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork()};
+
+        waitForIdle();
+        assertEquals(wifiLp, mService.getActiveLinkProperties());
+        expectNetworkStatus(wifiAndVpn, WIFI_IFNAME, Process.myUid(), VPN_IFNAME,
+                new String[]{WIFI_IFNAME});
+        reset(mStatsManager);
+
+        // A VPN that sets its underlying networks passes the underlying interfaces, and influences
+        // the default interface sent to NetworkStatsService by virtue of applying to the system
+        // server UID (or, in this test, to the test's UID). This is the reason for sending
+        // MOBILE_IFNAME even though the default network is wifi.
+        // TODO: fix this to pass in the actual default network interface. Whether or not the VPN
+        // applies to the system server UID should not have any bearing on network stats.
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(onlyCell);
+        waitForIdle();
+        expectNetworkStatus(wifiAndVpn, MOBILE_IFNAME, Process.myUid(), VPN_IFNAME,
+                new String[]{MOBILE_IFNAME});
+        reset(mStatsManager);
+
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(cellAndWifi);
+        waitForIdle();
+        expectNetworkStatus(wifiAndVpn, MOBILE_IFNAME, Process.myUid(), VPN_IFNAME,
+                new String[]{MOBILE_IFNAME, WIFI_IFNAME});
+        reset(mStatsManager);
+
+        // Null underlying networks are ignored.
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(cellNullAndWifi);
+        waitForIdle();
+        expectNetworkStatus(wifiAndVpn, MOBILE_IFNAME, Process.myUid(), VPN_IFNAME,
+                new String[]{MOBILE_IFNAME, WIFI_IFNAME});
+        reset(mStatsManager);
+
+        // If an underlying network disconnects, that interface should no longer be underlying.
+        // This doesn't actually work because disconnectAndDestroyNetwork only notifies
+        // NetworkStatsService before the underlying network is actually removed. So the underlying
+        // network will only be removed if notifyIfacesChangedForNetworkStats is called again. This
+        // could result in incorrect data usage measurements if the interface used by the
+        // disconnected network is reused by a system component that does not register an agent for
+        // it (e.g., tethering).
+        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        waitForIdle();
+        assertNull(mService.getLinkProperties(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork()));
+        expectNetworkStatus(wifiAndVpn, MOBILE_IFNAME, Process.myUid(), VPN_IFNAME,
+                new String[]{MOBILE_IFNAME, WIFI_IFNAME});
+
+        // Confirm that we never tell NetworkStatsService that cell is no longer the underlying
+        // network for the VPN...
+        verify(mStatsManager, never()).notifyNetworkStatus(any(List.class),
+                any(List.class), any() /* anyString() doesn't match null */,
+                argThat(infos -> infos.get(0).getUnderlyingInterfaces().size() == 1
+                        && WIFI_IFNAME.equals(infos.get(0).getUnderlyingInterfaces().get(0))));
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mStatsManager);
+        reset(mStatsManager);
+
+        // ... but if something else happens that causes notifyIfacesChangedForNetworkStats to be
+        // called again, it does. For example, connect Ethernet, but with a low score, such that it
+        // does not become the default network.
+        mEthernetNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET);
+        mEthernetNetworkAgent.setScore(
+                new NetworkScore.Builder().setLegacyInt(30).setExiting(true).build());
+        mEthernetNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        waitForIdle();
+        verify(mStatsManager).notifyNetworkStatus(any(List.class),
+                any(List.class), any() /* anyString() doesn't match null */,
+                argThat(vpnInfos -> vpnInfos.get(0).getUnderlyingInterfaces().size() == 1
+                        && WIFI_IFNAME.equals(vpnInfos.get(0).getUnderlyingInterfaces().get(0))));
+        mEthernetNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        waitForIdle();
+        reset(mStatsManager);
+
+        // When a VPN declares no underlying networks (i.e., no connectivity), getAllVpnInfo
+        // does not return the VPN, so CS does not pass it to NetworkStatsService. This causes
+        // NetworkStatsFactory#adjustForTunAnd464Xlat not to attempt any VPN data migration, which
+        // is probably a performance improvement (though it's very unlikely that a VPN would declare
+        // no underlying networks).
+        // Also, for the same reason as above, the active interface passed in is null.
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(new Network[0]);
+        waitForIdle();
+        expectNetworkStatus(wifiAndVpn, null);
+        reset(mStatsManager);
+
+        // Specifying only a null underlying network is the same as no networks.
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(onlyNull);
+        waitForIdle();
+        expectNetworkStatus(wifiAndVpn, null);
+        reset(mStatsManager);
+
+        // Specifying networks that are all disconnected is the same as specifying no networks.
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(onlyCell);
+        waitForIdle();
+        expectNetworkStatus(wifiAndVpn, null);
+        reset(mStatsManager);
+
+        // Passing in null again means follow the default network again.
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(null);
+        waitForIdle();
+        expectNetworkStatus(wifiAndVpn, WIFI_IFNAME, Process.myUid(), VPN_IFNAME,
+                new String[]{WIFI_IFNAME});
+        reset(mStatsManager);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBasicDnsConfigurationPushed() throws Exception {
+        setPrivateDnsSettings(PRIVATE_DNS_MODE_OPPORTUNISTIC, "ignored.example.com");
+
+        // Clear any interactions that occur as a result of CS starting up.
+        reset(mMockDnsResolver);
+
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        waitForIdle();
+        verify(mMockDnsResolver, never()).setResolverConfiguration(any());
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mMockDnsResolver);
+
+        final LinkProperties cellLp = new LinkProperties();
+        cellLp.setInterfaceName(MOBILE_IFNAME);
+        // Add IPv4 and IPv6 default routes, because DNS-over-TLS code does
+        // "is-reachable" testing in order to not program netd with unreachable
+        // nameservers that it might try repeated to validate.
+        cellLp.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress("192.0.2.4/24"));
+        cellLp.addRoute(new RouteInfo((IpPrefix) null, InetAddress.getByName("192.0.2.4"),
+                MOBILE_IFNAME));
+        cellLp.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress("2001:db8:1::1/64"));
+        cellLp.addRoute(new RouteInfo((IpPrefix) null, InetAddress.getByName("2001:db8:1::1"),
+                MOBILE_IFNAME));
+        mCellNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(cellLp);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        verify(mMockDnsResolver, times(1)).createNetworkCache(
+                eq(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId));
+        // CS tells dnsresolver about the empty DNS config for this network.
+        verify(mMockDnsResolver, atLeastOnce()).setResolverConfiguration(any());
+        reset(mMockDnsResolver);
+
+        cellLp.addDnsServer(InetAddress.getByName("2001:db8::1"));
+        mCellNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(cellLp);
+        waitForIdle();
+        verify(mMockDnsResolver, atLeastOnce()).setResolverConfiguration(
+                mResolverParamsParcelCaptor.capture());
+        ResolverParamsParcel resolvrParams = mResolverParamsParcelCaptor.getValue();
+        assertEquals(1, resolvrParams.servers.length);
+        assertTrue(ArrayUtils.contains(resolvrParams.servers, "2001:db8::1"));
+        // Opportunistic mode.
+        assertTrue(ArrayUtils.contains(resolvrParams.tlsServers, "2001:db8::1"));
+        reset(mMockDnsResolver);
+
+        cellLp.addDnsServer(InetAddress.getByName("192.0.2.1"));
+        mCellNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(cellLp);
+        waitForIdle();
+        verify(mMockDnsResolver, atLeastOnce()).setResolverConfiguration(
+                mResolverParamsParcelCaptor.capture());
+        resolvrParams = mResolverParamsParcelCaptor.getValue();
+        assertEquals(2, resolvrParams.servers.length);
+        assertTrue(ArrayUtils.containsAll(resolvrParams.servers,
+                new String[]{"2001:db8::1", "192.0.2.1"}));
+        // Opportunistic mode.
+        assertEquals(2, resolvrParams.tlsServers.length);
+        assertTrue(ArrayUtils.containsAll(resolvrParams.tlsServers,
+                new String[]{"2001:db8::1", "192.0.2.1"}));
+        reset(mMockDnsResolver);
+
+        final String TLS_SPECIFIER = "tls.example.com";
+        final String TLS_SERVER6 = "2001:db8:53::53";
+        final InetAddress[] TLS_IPS = new InetAddress[]{ InetAddress.getByName(TLS_SERVER6) };
+        final String[] TLS_SERVERS = new String[]{ TLS_SERVER6 };
+        mCellNetworkAgent.mNmCallbacks.notifyPrivateDnsConfigResolved(
+                new PrivateDnsConfig(TLS_SPECIFIER, TLS_IPS).toParcel());
+
+        waitForIdle();
+        verify(mMockDnsResolver, atLeastOnce()).setResolverConfiguration(
+                mResolverParamsParcelCaptor.capture());
+        resolvrParams = mResolverParamsParcelCaptor.getValue();
+        assertEquals(2, resolvrParams.servers.length);
+        assertTrue(ArrayUtils.containsAll(resolvrParams.servers,
+                new String[]{"2001:db8::1", "192.0.2.1"}));
+        reset(mMockDnsResolver);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDnsConfigurationTransTypesPushed() throws Exception {
+        // Clear any interactions that occur as a result of CS starting up.
+        reset(mMockDnsResolver);
+
+        final NetworkRequest request = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .clearCapabilities().addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
+                .build();
+        final TestNetworkCallback callback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(request, callback);
+
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        verify(mMockDnsResolver, times(1)).createNetworkCache(
+                eq(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId));
+        verify(mMockDnsResolver, times(2)).setResolverConfiguration(
+                mResolverParamsParcelCaptor.capture());
+        final ResolverParamsParcel resolverParams = mResolverParamsParcelCaptor.getValue();
+        assertContainsExactly(resolverParams.transportTypes, TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        reset(mMockDnsResolver);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPrivateDnsNotification() throws Exception {
+        NetworkRequest request = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .clearCapabilities().addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
+                .build();
+        TestNetworkCallback callback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(request, callback);
+        // Bring up wifi.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        // Private DNS resolution failed, checking if the notification will be shown or not.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setNetworkInvalid(true /* isStrictMode */);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.mNetworkMonitor.forceReevaluation(Process.myUid());
+        waitForIdle();
+        // If network validation failed, NetworkMonitor will re-evaluate the network.
+        // ConnectivityService should filter the redundant notification. This part is trying to
+        // simulate that situation and check if ConnectivityService could filter that case.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.mNetworkMonitor.forceReevaluation(Process.myUid());
+        waitForIdle();
+        verify(mNotificationManager, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS).times(1)).notify(anyString(),
+                eq(NotificationType.PRIVATE_DNS_BROKEN.eventId), any());
+        // If private DNS resolution successful, the PRIVATE_DNS_BROKEN notification shouldn't be
+        // shown.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setNetworkValid(true /* isStrictMode */);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.mNetworkMonitor.forceReevaluation(Process.myUid());
+        waitForIdle();
+        verify(mNotificationManager, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS).times(1)).cancel(anyString(),
+                eq(NotificationType.PRIVATE_DNS_BROKEN.eventId));
+        // If private DNS resolution failed again, the PRIVATE_DNS_BROKEN notification should be
+        // shown again.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setNetworkInvalid(true /* isStrictMode */);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.mNetworkMonitor.forceReevaluation(Process.myUid());
+        waitForIdle();
+        verify(mNotificationManager, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS).times(2)).notify(anyString(),
+                eq(NotificationType.PRIVATE_DNS_BROKEN.eventId), any());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPrivateDnsSettingsChange() throws Exception {
+        // Clear any interactions that occur as a result of CS starting up.
+        reset(mMockDnsResolver);
+
+        // The default on Android is opportunistic mode ("Automatic").
+        setPrivateDnsSettings(PRIVATE_DNS_MODE_OPPORTUNISTIC, "ignored.example.com");
+
+        final TestNetworkCallback cellNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final NetworkRequest cellRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR).build();
+        mCm.requestNetwork(cellRequest, cellNetworkCallback);
+
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        waitForIdle();
+        // CS tells netd about the empty DNS config for this network.
+        verify(mMockDnsResolver, never()).setResolverConfiguration(any());
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mMockDnsResolver);
+
+        final LinkProperties cellLp = new LinkProperties();
+        cellLp.setInterfaceName(MOBILE_IFNAME);
+        // Add IPv4 and IPv6 default routes, because DNS-over-TLS code does
+        // "is-reachable" testing in order to not program netd with unreachable
+        // nameservers that it might try repeated to validate.
+        cellLp.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress("192.0.2.4/24"));
+        cellLp.addRoute(new RouteInfo((IpPrefix) null, InetAddress.getByName("192.0.2.4"),
+                MOBILE_IFNAME));
+        cellLp.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress("2001:db8:1::1/64"));
+        cellLp.addRoute(new RouteInfo((IpPrefix) null, InetAddress.getByName("2001:db8:1::1"),
+                MOBILE_IFNAME));
+        cellLp.addDnsServer(InetAddress.getByName("2001:db8::1"));
+        cellLp.addDnsServer(InetAddress.getByName("192.0.2.1"));
+
+        mCellNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(cellLp);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        waitForIdle();
+        verify(mMockDnsResolver, times(1)).createNetworkCache(
+                eq(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId));
+        verify(mMockDnsResolver, atLeastOnce()).setResolverConfiguration(
+                mResolverParamsParcelCaptor.capture());
+        ResolverParamsParcel resolvrParams = mResolverParamsParcelCaptor.getValue();
+        assertEquals(2, resolvrParams.tlsServers.length);
+        assertTrue(ArrayUtils.containsAll(resolvrParams.tlsServers,
+                new String[] { "2001:db8::1", "192.0.2.1" }));
+        // Opportunistic mode.
+        assertEquals(2, resolvrParams.tlsServers.length);
+        assertTrue(ArrayUtils.containsAll(resolvrParams.tlsServers,
+                new String[] { "2001:db8::1", "192.0.2.1" }));
+        reset(mMockDnsResolver);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.AVAILABLE, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.NETWORK_CAPS_UPDATED,
+                mCellNetworkAgent);
+        CallbackEntry.LinkPropertiesChanged cbi = cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(
+                CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.BLOCKED_STATUS, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        assertFalse(cbi.getLp().isPrivateDnsActive());
+        assertNull(cbi.getLp().getPrivateDnsServerName());
+
+        setPrivateDnsSettings(PRIVATE_DNS_MODE_OFF, "ignored.example.com");
+        verify(mMockDnsResolver, times(1)).setResolverConfiguration(
+                mResolverParamsParcelCaptor.capture());
+        resolvrParams = mResolverParamsParcelCaptor.getValue();
+        assertEquals(2, resolvrParams.servers.length);
+        assertTrue(ArrayUtils.containsAll(resolvrParams.servers,
+                new String[] { "2001:db8::1", "192.0.2.1" }));
+        reset(mMockDnsResolver);
+        cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        setPrivateDnsSettings(PRIVATE_DNS_MODE_OPPORTUNISTIC, "ignored.example.com");
+        verify(mMockDnsResolver, atLeastOnce()).setResolverConfiguration(
+                mResolverParamsParcelCaptor.capture());
+        resolvrParams = mResolverParamsParcelCaptor.getValue();
+        assertEquals(2, resolvrParams.servers.length);
+        assertTrue(ArrayUtils.containsAll(resolvrParams.servers,
+                new String[] { "2001:db8::1", "192.0.2.1" }));
+        assertEquals(2, resolvrParams.tlsServers.length);
+        assertTrue(ArrayUtils.containsAll(resolvrParams.tlsServers,
+                new String[] { "2001:db8::1", "192.0.2.1" }));
+        reset(mMockDnsResolver);
+        cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        setPrivateDnsSettings(PRIVATE_DNS_MODE_PROVIDER_HOSTNAME, "strict.example.com");
+        // Can't test dns configuration for strict mode without properly mocking
+        // out the DNS lookups, but can test that LinkProperties is updated.
+        cbi = cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED,
+                mCellNetworkAgent);
+        cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        assertTrue(cbi.getLp().isPrivateDnsActive());
+        assertEquals("strict.example.com", cbi.getLp().getPrivateDnsServerName());
+    }
+
+    private PrivateDnsValidationEventParcel makePrivateDnsValidationEvent(
+            final int netId, final String ipAddress, final String hostname, final int validation) {
+        final PrivateDnsValidationEventParcel event = new PrivateDnsValidationEventParcel();
+        event.netId = netId;
+        event.ipAddress = ipAddress;
+        event.hostname = hostname;
+        event.validation = validation;
+        return event;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLinkPropertiesWithPrivateDnsValidationEvents() throws Exception {
+        // The default on Android is opportunistic mode ("Automatic").
+        setPrivateDnsSettings(PRIVATE_DNS_MODE_OPPORTUNISTIC, "ignored.example.com");
+
+        final TestNetworkCallback cellNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final NetworkRequest cellRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR).build();
+        mCm.requestNetwork(cellRequest, cellNetworkCallback);
+
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        waitForIdle();
+        LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+        mCellNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        waitForIdle();
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.AVAILABLE, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.NETWORK_CAPS_UPDATED,
+                mCellNetworkAgent);
+        CallbackEntry.LinkPropertiesChanged cbi = cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(
+                CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.BLOCKED_STATUS, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        assertFalse(cbi.getLp().isPrivateDnsActive());
+        assertNull(cbi.getLp().getPrivateDnsServerName());
+        Set<InetAddress> dnsServers = new HashSet<>();
+        checkDnsServers(cbi.getLp(), dnsServers);
+
+        // Send a validation event for a server that is not part of the current
+        // resolver config. The validation event should be ignored.
+        mService.mResolverUnsolEventCallback.onPrivateDnsValidationEvent(
+                makePrivateDnsValidationEvent(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, "",
+                        "145.100.185.18", VALIDATION_RESULT_SUCCESS));
+        cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        // Add a dns server to the LinkProperties.
+        LinkProperties lp2 = new LinkProperties(lp);
+        lp2.addDnsServer(InetAddress.getByName("145.100.185.16"));
+        mCellNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp2);
+        cbi = cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED,
+                mCellNetworkAgent);
+        cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        assertFalse(cbi.getLp().isPrivateDnsActive());
+        assertNull(cbi.getLp().getPrivateDnsServerName());
+        dnsServers.add(InetAddress.getByName("145.100.185.16"));
+        checkDnsServers(cbi.getLp(), dnsServers);
+
+        // Send a validation event containing a hostname that is not part of
+        // the current resolver config. The validation event should be ignored.
+        mService.mResolverUnsolEventCallback.onPrivateDnsValidationEvent(
+                makePrivateDnsValidationEvent(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId,
+                        "145.100.185.16", "hostname", VALIDATION_RESULT_SUCCESS));
+        cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        // Send a validation event where validation failed.
+        mService.mResolverUnsolEventCallback.onPrivateDnsValidationEvent(
+                makePrivateDnsValidationEvent(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId,
+                        "145.100.185.16", "", VALIDATION_RESULT_FAILURE));
+        cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        // Send a validation event where validation succeeded for a server in
+        // the current resolver config. A LinkProperties callback with updated
+        // private dns fields should be sent.
+        mService.mResolverUnsolEventCallback.onPrivateDnsValidationEvent(
+                makePrivateDnsValidationEvent(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId,
+                        "145.100.185.16", "", VALIDATION_RESULT_SUCCESS));
+        cbi = cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED,
+                mCellNetworkAgent);
+        cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        assertTrue(cbi.getLp().isPrivateDnsActive());
+        assertNull(cbi.getLp().getPrivateDnsServerName());
+        checkDnsServers(cbi.getLp(), dnsServers);
+
+        // The private dns fields in LinkProperties should be preserved when
+        // the network agent sends unrelated changes.
+        LinkProperties lp3 = new LinkProperties(lp2);
+        lp3.setMtu(1300);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp3);
+        cbi = cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED,
+                mCellNetworkAgent);
+        cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        assertTrue(cbi.getLp().isPrivateDnsActive());
+        assertNull(cbi.getLp().getPrivateDnsServerName());
+        checkDnsServers(cbi.getLp(), dnsServers);
+        assertEquals(1300, cbi.getLp().getMtu());
+
+        // Removing the only validated server should affect the private dns
+        // fields in LinkProperties.
+        LinkProperties lp4 = new LinkProperties(lp3);
+        lp4.removeDnsServer(InetAddress.getByName("145.100.185.16"));
+        mCellNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp4);
+        cbi = cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED,
+                mCellNetworkAgent);
+        cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        assertFalse(cbi.getLp().isPrivateDnsActive());
+        assertNull(cbi.getLp().getPrivateDnsServerName());
+        dnsServers.remove(InetAddress.getByName("145.100.185.16"));
+        checkDnsServers(cbi.getLp(), dnsServers);
+        assertEquals(1300, cbi.getLp().getMtu());
+    }
+
+    private void checkDirectlyConnectedRoutes(Object callbackObj,
+            Collection<LinkAddress> linkAddresses, Collection<RouteInfo> otherRoutes) {
+        assertTrue(callbackObj instanceof LinkProperties);
+        LinkProperties lp = (LinkProperties) callbackObj;
+
+        Set<RouteInfo> expectedRoutes = new ArraySet<>();
+        expectedRoutes.addAll(otherRoutes);
+        for (LinkAddress address : linkAddresses) {
+            RouteInfo localRoute = new RouteInfo(address, null, lp.getInterfaceName());
+            // Duplicates in linkAddresses are considered failures
+            assertTrue(expectedRoutes.add(localRoute));
+        }
+        List<RouteInfo> observedRoutes = lp.getRoutes();
+        assertEquals(expectedRoutes.size(), observedRoutes.size());
+        assertTrue(observedRoutes.containsAll(expectedRoutes));
+    }
+
+    private static void checkDnsServers(Object callbackObj, Set<InetAddress> dnsServers) {
+        assertTrue(callbackObj instanceof LinkProperties);
+        LinkProperties lp = (LinkProperties) callbackObj;
+        assertEquals(dnsServers.size(), lp.getDnsServers().size());
+        assertTrue(lp.getDnsServers().containsAll(dnsServers));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testApplyUnderlyingCapabilities() throws Exception {
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
+
+        final NetworkCapabilities cellNc = new NetworkCapabilities()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED)
+                .setLinkDownstreamBandwidthKbps(10);
+        final NetworkCapabilities wifiNc = new NetworkCapabilities()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED)
+                .setLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps(20);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.setNetworkCapabilities(cellNc, true /* sendToConnectivityService */);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setNetworkCapabilities(wifiNc, true /* sendToConnectivityService */);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        final Network mobile = mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork();
+        final Network wifi = mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork();
+
+        final NetworkCapabilities initialCaps = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        initialCaps.addTransportType(TRANSPORT_VPN);
+        initialCaps.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET);
+        initialCaps.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN);
+
+        final NetworkCapabilities withNoUnderlying = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        withNoUnderlying.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET);
+        withNoUnderlying.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED);
+        withNoUnderlying.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING);
+        withNoUnderlying.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED);
+        withNoUnderlying.addTransportType(TRANSPORT_VPN);
+        withNoUnderlying.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN);
+
+        final NetworkCapabilities withMobileUnderlying = new NetworkCapabilities(withNoUnderlying);
+        withMobileUnderlying.addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        withMobileUnderlying.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING);
+        withMobileUnderlying.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED);
+        withMobileUnderlying.setLinkDownstreamBandwidthKbps(10);
+
+        final NetworkCapabilities withWifiUnderlying = new NetworkCapabilities(withNoUnderlying);
+        withWifiUnderlying.addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        withWifiUnderlying.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        withWifiUnderlying.setLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps(20);
+
+        final NetworkCapabilities withWifiAndMobileUnderlying =
+                new NetworkCapabilities(withNoUnderlying);
+        withWifiAndMobileUnderlying.addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        withWifiAndMobileUnderlying.addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        withWifiAndMobileUnderlying.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        withWifiAndMobileUnderlying.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING);
+        withWifiAndMobileUnderlying.setLinkDownstreamBandwidthKbps(10);
+        withWifiAndMobileUnderlying.setLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps(20);
+
+        final NetworkCapabilities initialCapsNotMetered = new NetworkCapabilities(initialCaps);
+        initialCapsNotMetered.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+
+        NetworkCapabilities caps = new NetworkCapabilities(initialCaps);
+        mService.applyUnderlyingCapabilities(new Network[]{}, initialCapsNotMetered, caps);
+        assertEquals(withNoUnderlying, caps);
+
+        caps = new NetworkCapabilities(initialCaps);
+        mService.applyUnderlyingCapabilities(new Network[]{null}, initialCapsNotMetered, caps);
+        assertEquals(withNoUnderlying, caps);
+
+        caps = new NetworkCapabilities(initialCaps);
+        mService.applyUnderlyingCapabilities(new Network[]{mobile}, initialCapsNotMetered, caps);
+        assertEquals(withMobileUnderlying, caps);
+
+        mService.applyUnderlyingCapabilities(new Network[]{wifi}, initialCapsNotMetered, caps);
+        assertEquals(withWifiUnderlying, caps);
+
+        withWifiUnderlying.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        caps = new NetworkCapabilities(initialCaps);
+        mService.applyUnderlyingCapabilities(new Network[]{wifi}, initialCaps, caps);
+        assertEquals(withWifiUnderlying, caps);
+
+        caps = new NetworkCapabilities(initialCaps);
+        mService.applyUnderlyingCapabilities(new Network[]{mobile, wifi}, initialCaps, caps);
+        assertEquals(withWifiAndMobileUnderlying, caps);
+
+        withWifiUnderlying.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        caps = new NetworkCapabilities(initialCaps);
+        mService.applyUnderlyingCapabilities(new Network[]{null, mobile, null, wifi},
+                initialCapsNotMetered, caps);
+        assertEquals(withWifiAndMobileUnderlying, caps);
+
+        caps = new NetworkCapabilities(initialCaps);
+        mService.applyUnderlyingCapabilities(new Network[]{null, mobile, null, wifi},
+                initialCapsNotMetered, caps);
+        assertEquals(withWifiAndMobileUnderlying, caps);
+
+        mService.applyUnderlyingCapabilities(null, initialCapsNotMetered, caps);
+        assertEquals(withWifiUnderlying, caps);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testVpnConnectDisconnectUnderlyingNetwork() throws Exception {
+        final TestNetworkCallback callback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final NetworkRequest request = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN).build();
+
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(request, callback);
+
+        // Bring up a VPN that specifies an underlying network that does not exist yet.
+        // Note: it's sort of meaningless for a VPN app to declare a network that doesn't exist yet,
+        // (and doing so is difficult without using reflection) but it's good to test that the code
+        // behaves approximately correctly.
+        mMockVpn.establishForMyUid(false, true, false);
+        assertUidRangesUpdatedForMyUid(true);
+        final Network wifiNetwork = new Network(mNetIdManager.peekNextNetId());
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(new Network[]{wifiNetwork});
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mMockVpn);
+        assertTrue(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mMockVpn.getNetwork())
+                .hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN));
+        assertFalse(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mMockVpn.getNetwork())
+                .hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
+
+        // Make that underlying network connect, and expect to see its capabilities immediately
+        // reflected in the VPN's capabilities.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        assertEquals(wifiNetwork, mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        // TODO: the callback for the VPN happens before any callbacks are called for the wifi
+        // network that has just connected. There appear to be two issues here:
+        // 1. The VPN code will accept an underlying network as soon as getNetworkCapabilities() for
+        //    it returns non-null (which happens very early, during handleRegisterNetworkAgent).
+        //    This is not correct because that that point the network is not connected and cannot
+        //    pass any traffic.
+        // 2. When a network connects, updateNetworkInfo propagates underlying network capabilities
+        //    before rematching networks.
+        // Given that this scenario can't really happen, this is probably fine for now.
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.NETWORK_CAPS_UPDATED, mMockVpn);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        assertTrue(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mMockVpn.getNetwork())
+                .hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN));
+        assertTrue(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mMockVpn.getNetwork())
+                .hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
+
+        // Disconnect the network, and expect to see the VPN capabilities change accordingly.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        callback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn, (nc) ->
+                nc.getTransportTypes().length == 1 && nc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN));
+
+        mMockVpn.disconnect();
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(callback);
+    }
+
+    private void assertGetNetworkInfoOfGetActiveNetworkIsConnected(boolean expectedConnectivity) {
+        // What Chromium used to do before https://chromium-review.googlesource.com/2605304
+        assertEquals("Unexpected result for getActiveNetworkInfo(getActiveNetwork())",
+                expectedConnectivity, mCm.getNetworkInfo(mCm.getActiveNetwork()).isConnected());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testVpnUnderlyingNetworkSuspended() throws Exception {
+        final TestNetworkCallback callback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(callback);
+
+        // Connect a VPN.
+        mMockVpn.establishForMyUid(false /* validated */, true /* hasInternet */,
+                false /* isStrictMode */);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mMockVpn);
+
+        // Connect cellular data.
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
+        callback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn,
+                nc -> nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED)
+                        && nc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR));
+        callback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        assertTrue(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mMockVpn.getNetwork())
+                .hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.DISCONNECTED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_VPN, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        assertGetNetworkInfoOfGetActiveNetworkIsConnected(true);
+
+        // Suspend the cellular network and expect the VPN to be suspended.
+        mCellNetworkAgent.suspend();
+        callback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn,
+                nc -> !nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED)
+                        && nc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR));
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.SUSPENDED, mMockVpn);
+        callback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        assertFalse(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mMockVpn.getNetwork())
+                .hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.SUSPENDED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.DISCONNECTED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_VPN, DetailedState.SUSPENDED);
+        assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.SUSPENDED);
+        // VPN's main underlying network is suspended, so no connectivity.
+        assertGetNetworkInfoOfGetActiveNetworkIsConnected(false);
+
+        // Switch to another network. The VPN should no longer be suspended.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
+        callback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn,
+                nc -> nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED)
+                        && nc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.RESUMED, mMockVpn);
+        callback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        assertTrue(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mMockVpn.getNetwork())
+                .hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.DISCONNECTED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_VPN, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        assertGetNetworkInfoOfGetActiveNetworkIsConnected(true);
+
+        // Unsuspend cellular and then switch back to it. The VPN remains not suspended.
+        mCellNetworkAgent.resume();
+        callback.assertNoCallback();
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        callback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn,
+                nc -> nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED)
+                        && nc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR));
+        // Spurious double callback?
+        callback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn,
+                nc -> nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED)
+                        && nc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR));
+        callback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        assertTrue(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mMockVpn.getNetwork())
+                .hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.DISCONNECTED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_VPN, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        assertGetNetworkInfoOfGetActiveNetworkIsConnected(true);
+
+        // Suspend cellular and expect no connectivity.
+        mCellNetworkAgent.suspend();
+        callback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn,
+                nc -> !nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED)
+                        && nc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR));
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.SUSPENDED, mMockVpn);
+        callback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        assertFalse(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mMockVpn.getNetwork())
+                .hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.SUSPENDED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.DISCONNECTED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_VPN, DetailedState.SUSPENDED);
+        assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.SUSPENDED);
+        assertGetNetworkInfoOfGetActiveNetworkIsConnected(false);
+
+        // Resume cellular and expect that connectivity comes back.
+        mCellNetworkAgent.resume();
+        callback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn,
+                nc -> nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED)
+                        && nc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR));
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.RESUMED, mMockVpn);
+        callback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        assertTrue(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mMockVpn.getNetwork())
+                .hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.DISCONNECTED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_VPN, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        assertGetNetworkInfoOfGetActiveNetworkIsConnected(true);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testVpnNetworkActive() throws Exception {
+        // NETWORK_SETTINGS is necessary to call registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback.
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(NETWORK_SETTINGS, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
+
+        final int uid = Process.myUid();
+
+        final TestNetworkCallback genericNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final TestNetworkCallback genericNotVpnNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final TestNetworkCallback wifiNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final TestNetworkCallback vpnNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final TestNetworkCallback defaultCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final TestNetworkCallback systemDefaultCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final NetworkRequest genericNotVpnRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder().build();
+        final NetworkRequest genericRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN).build();
+        final NetworkRequest wifiRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI).build();
+        final NetworkRequest vpnNetworkRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN)
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_VPN).build();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(genericRequest, genericNetworkCallback);
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(genericNotVpnRequest, genericNotVpnNetworkCallback);
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(wifiRequest, wifiNetworkCallback);
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(vpnNetworkRequest, vpnNetworkCallback);
+        mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(defaultCallback);
+        mCm.registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback(systemDefaultCallback,
+                new Handler(ConnectivityThread.getInstanceLooper()));
+        defaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+
+        genericNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        genericNotVpnNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        wifiNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        systemDefaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        vpnNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        assertEquals(defaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+
+        final Set<UidRange> ranges = uidRangesForUids(uid);
+        mMockVpn.registerAgent(ranges);
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(new Network[0]);
+
+        // VPN networks do not satisfy the default request and are automatically validated
+        // by NetworkMonitor
+        assertFalse(NetworkMonitorUtils.isValidationRequired(
+                mMockVpn.getAgent().getNetworkCapabilities()));
+        mMockVpn.getAgent().setNetworkValid(false /* isStrictMode */);
+
+        mMockVpn.connect(false);
+
+        genericNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mMockVpn);
+        genericNotVpnNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        wifiNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        vpnNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mMockVpn);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mMockVpn);
+        systemDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        assertEquals(defaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
+                systemDefaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork());
+
+        ranges.clear();
+        mMockVpn.setUids(ranges);
+
+        genericNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mMockVpn);
+        genericNotVpnNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        wifiNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mMockVpn);
+
+        // TODO : The default network callback should actually get a LOST call here (also see the
+        // comment below for AVAILABLE). This is because ConnectivityService does not look at UID
+        // ranges at all when determining whether a network should be rematched. In practice, VPNs
+        // can't currently update their UIDs without disconnecting, so this does not matter too
+        // much, but that is the reason the test here has to check for an update to the
+        // capabilities instead of the expected LOST then AVAILABLE.
+        defaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.NETWORK_CAPS_UPDATED, mMockVpn);
+        systemDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        ranges.add(new UidRange(uid, uid));
+        mMockVpn.setUids(ranges);
+
+        genericNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mMockVpn);
+        genericNotVpnNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        wifiNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        vpnNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mMockVpn);
+        // TODO : Here like above, AVAILABLE would be correct, but because this can't actually
+        // happen outside of the test, ConnectivityService does not rematch callbacks.
+        defaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.NETWORK_CAPS_UPDATED, mMockVpn);
+        systemDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+
+        genericNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        genericNotVpnNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        wifiNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        vpnNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        defaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        systemDefaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+
+        mMockVpn.disconnect();
+
+        genericNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mMockVpn);
+        genericNotVpnNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        wifiNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mMockVpn);
+        defaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mMockVpn);
+        systemDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        assertEquals(null, mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(genericNetworkCallback);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(wifiNetworkCallback);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(vpnNetworkCallback);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(defaultCallback);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(systemDefaultCallback);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testVpnWithoutInternet() throws Exception {
+        final int uid = Process.myUid();
+
+        final TestNetworkCallback defaultCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(defaultCallback);
+
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        assertEquals(defaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+
+        mMockVpn.establishForMyUid(true /* validated */, false /* hasInternet */,
+                false /* isStrictMode */);
+        assertUidRangesUpdatedForMyUid(true);
+
+        defaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        assertEquals(defaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+
+        mMockVpn.disconnect();
+        defaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(defaultCallback);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testVpnWithInternet() throws Exception {
+        final int uid = Process.myUid();
+
+        final TestNetworkCallback defaultCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(defaultCallback);
+
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        assertEquals(defaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+
+        mMockVpn.establishForMyUid(true /* validated */, true /* hasInternet */,
+                false /* isStrictMode */);
+        assertUidRangesUpdatedForMyUid(true);
+
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mMockVpn);
+        assertEquals(defaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+
+        mMockVpn.disconnect();
+        defaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mMockVpn);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(defaultCallback);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testVpnUnvalidated() throws Exception {
+        final TestNetworkCallback callback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(callback);
+
+        // Bring up Ethernet.
+        mEthernetNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET);
+        mEthernetNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        callback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mEthernetNetworkAgent);
+        callback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        // Bring up a VPN that has the INTERNET capability, initially unvalidated.
+        mMockVpn.establishForMyUid(false /* validated */, true /* hasInternet */,
+                false /* isStrictMode */);
+        assertUidRangesUpdatedForMyUid(true);
+
+        // Even though the VPN is unvalidated, it becomes the default network for our app.
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mMockVpn);
+        callback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        assertEquals(mMockVpn.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+
+        NetworkCapabilities nc = mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mMockVpn.getNetwork());
+        assertFalse(nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
+        assertTrue(nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET));
+
+        assertFalse(NetworkMonitorUtils.isValidationRequired(
+                mMockVpn.getAgent().getNetworkCapabilities()));
+        assertTrue(NetworkMonitorUtils.isPrivateDnsValidationRequired(
+                mMockVpn.getAgent().getNetworkCapabilities()));
+
+        // Pretend that the VPN network validates.
+        mMockVpn.getAgent().setNetworkValid(false /* isStrictMode */);
+        mMockVpn.getAgent().mNetworkMonitor.forceReevaluation(Process.myUid());
+        // Expect to see the validated capability, but no other changes, because the VPN is already
+        // the default network for the app.
+        callback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED, mMockVpn);
+        callback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        mMockVpn.disconnect();
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mMockVpn);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mEthernetNetworkAgent);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testVpnStartsWithUnderlyingCaps() throws Exception {
+        final int uid = Process.myUid();
+
+        final TestNetworkCallback vpnNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final NetworkRequest vpnNetworkRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN)
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_VPN)
+                .build();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(vpnNetworkRequest, vpnNetworkCallback);
+        vpnNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        // Connect cell. It will become the default network, and in the absence of setting
+        // underlying networks explicitly it will become the sole underlying network for the vpn.
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+
+        mMockVpn.establishForMyUid(true /* validated */, false /* hasInternet */,
+                false /* isStrictMode */);
+        assertUidRangesUpdatedForMyUid(true);
+
+        vpnNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacks(mMockVpn.getNetwork(),
+                false /* suspended */, false /* validated */, false /* blocked */, TIMEOUT_MS);
+        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn.getNetwork(), TIMEOUT_MS,
+                nc -> nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
+
+        final NetworkCapabilities nc = mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mMockVpn.getNetwork());
+        assertTrue(nc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN));
+        assertTrue(nc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR));
+        assertFalse(nc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
+        assertTrue(nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
+        assertFalse(nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED));
+        assertTrue(nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
+
+        assertVpnTransportInfo(nc, VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_SERVICE);
+    }
+
+    private void assertDefaultNetworkCapabilities(int userId, NetworkAgentWrapper... networks) {
+        final NetworkCapabilities[] defaultCaps = mService.getDefaultNetworkCapabilitiesForUser(
+                userId, "com.android.calling.package", "com.test");
+        final String defaultCapsString = Arrays.toString(defaultCaps);
+        assertEquals(defaultCapsString, defaultCaps.length, networks.length);
+        final Set<NetworkCapabilities> defaultCapsSet = new ArraySet<>(defaultCaps);
+        for (NetworkAgentWrapper network : networks) {
+            final NetworkCapabilities nc = mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(network.getNetwork());
+            final String msg = "Did not find " + nc + " in " + Arrays.toString(defaultCaps);
+            assertTrue(msg, defaultCapsSet.contains(nc));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testVpnSetUnderlyingNetworks() throws Exception {
+        final TestNetworkCallback vpnNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final NetworkRequest vpnNetworkRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN)
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_VPN)
+                .build();
+        NetworkCapabilities nc;
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(vpnNetworkRequest, vpnNetworkCallback);
+        vpnNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        mMockVpn.establishForMyUid(true /* validated */, false /* hasInternet */,
+                false /* isStrictMode */);
+        assertUidRangesUpdatedForMyUid(true);
+
+        vpnNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mMockVpn);
+        nc = mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mMockVpn.getNetwork());
+        assertTrue(nc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN));
+        assertFalse(nc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR));
+        assertFalse(nc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
+        // For safety reasons a VPN without underlying networks is considered metered.
+        assertFalse(nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED));
+        // A VPN without underlying networks is not suspended.
+        assertTrue(nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
+        assertVpnTransportInfo(nc, VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_SERVICE);
+
+        final int userId = UserHandle.getUserId(Process.myUid());
+        assertDefaultNetworkCapabilities(userId /* no networks */);
+
+        // Connect cell and use it as an underlying network.
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(
+                new Network[] { mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork() });
+
+        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn,
+                (caps) -> caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
+                && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR) && !caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+                && !caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
+                && caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
+        assertDefaultNetworkCapabilities(userId, mCellNetworkAgent);
+
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(
+                new Network[] { mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork() });
+
+        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn,
+                (caps) -> caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
+                && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR) && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+                && !caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
+                && caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
+        assertDefaultNetworkCapabilities(userId, mCellNetworkAgent, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+
+        // Don't disconnect, but note the VPN is not using wifi any more.
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(
+                new Network[] { mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork() });
+
+        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn,
+                (caps) -> caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
+                && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR) && !caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+                && !caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
+                && caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
+        // The return value of getDefaultNetworkCapabilitiesForUser always includes the default
+        // network (wifi) as well as the underlying networks (cell).
+        assertDefaultNetworkCapabilities(userId, mCellNetworkAgent, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+
+        // Remove NOT_SUSPENDED from the only network and observe VPN is now suspended.
+        mCellNetworkAgent.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED);
+        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn,
+                (caps) -> caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
+                && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR) && !caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+                && !caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
+                && !caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
+        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.SUSPENDED, mMockVpn);
+
+        // Add NOT_SUSPENDED again and observe VPN is no longer suspended.
+        mCellNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED);
+        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn,
+                (caps) -> caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
+                && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR) && !caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+                && !caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
+                && caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
+        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.RESUMED, mMockVpn);
+
+        // Use Wifi but not cell. Note the VPN is now unmetered and not suspended.
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(
+                new Network[] { mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork() });
+
+        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn,
+                (caps) -> caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
+                && !caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR) && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+                && caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
+                && caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
+        assertDefaultNetworkCapabilities(userId, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+
+        // Use both again.
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(
+                new Network[] { mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork() });
+
+        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn,
+                (caps) -> caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
+                && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR) && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+                && !caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
+                && caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
+        assertDefaultNetworkCapabilities(userId, mCellNetworkAgent, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+
+        // Cell is suspended again. As WiFi is not, this should not cause a callback.
+        mCellNetworkAgent.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED);
+        vpnNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        // Stop using WiFi. The VPN is suspended again.
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(
+                new Network[] { mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork() });
+        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn,
+                (caps) -> caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
+                && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+                && !caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
+                && !caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
+        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.SUSPENDED, mMockVpn);
+        assertDefaultNetworkCapabilities(userId, mCellNetworkAgent, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+
+        // Use both again.
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(
+                new Network[] { mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork() });
+
+        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn,
+                (caps) -> caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
+                && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR) && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+                && !caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
+                && caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
+        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.RESUMED, mMockVpn);
+        assertDefaultNetworkCapabilities(userId, mCellNetworkAgent, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+
+        // Disconnect cell. Receive update without even removing the dead network from the
+        // underlying networks – it's dead anyway. Not metered any more.
+        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn,
+                (caps) -> caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
+                && !caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR) && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+                && caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED));
+        assertDefaultNetworkCapabilities(userId, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+
+        // Disconnect wifi too. No underlying networks means this is now metered.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn,
+                (caps) -> caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
+                && !caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR) && !caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+                && !caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED));
+        // When a network disconnects, the callbacks are fired before all state is updated, so for a
+        // short time, synchronous calls will behave as if the network is still connected. Wait for
+        // things to settle.
+        waitForIdle();
+        assertDefaultNetworkCapabilities(userId /* no networks */);
+
+        mMockVpn.disconnect();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNullUnderlyingNetworks() throws Exception {
+        final int uid = Process.myUid();
+
+        final TestNetworkCallback vpnNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final NetworkRequest vpnNetworkRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN)
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_VPN)
+                .build();
+        NetworkCapabilities nc;
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(vpnNetworkRequest, vpnNetworkCallback);
+        vpnNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        mMockVpn.establishForMyUid(true /* validated */, false /* hasInternet */,
+                false /* isStrictMode */);
+        assertUidRangesUpdatedForMyUid(true);
+
+        vpnNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mMockVpn);
+        nc = mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mMockVpn.getNetwork());
+        assertTrue(nc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN));
+        assertFalse(nc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR));
+        assertFalse(nc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
+        // By default, VPN is set to track default network (i.e. its underlying networks is null).
+        // In case of no default network, VPN is considered metered.
+        assertFalse(nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED));
+        assertVpnTransportInfo(nc, VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_SERVICE);
+
+        // Connect to Cell; Cell is the default network.
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+
+        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn,
+                (caps) -> caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
+                && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR) && !caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+                && !caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED));
+
+        // Connect to WiFi; WiFi is the new default.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+
+        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn,
+                (caps) -> caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
+                && !caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR) && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+                && caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED));
+
+        // Disconnect Cell. The default network did not change, so there shouldn't be any changes in
+        // the capabilities.
+        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+
+        // Disconnect wifi too. Now we have no default network.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+
+        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn,
+                (caps) -> caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
+                && !caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR) && !caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+                && !caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED));
+
+        mMockVpn.disconnect();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRestrictedProfileAffectsVpnUidRanges() throws Exception {
+        // NETWORK_SETTINGS is necessary to see the UID ranges in NetworkCapabilities.
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(NETWORK_SETTINGS, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
+
+        final NetworkRequest request = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN)
+                .build();
+        final TestNetworkCallback callback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(request, callback);
+
+        // Bring up a VPN
+        mMockVpn.establishForMyUid();
+        assertUidRangesUpdatedForMyUid(true);
+        callback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mMockVpn);
+        callback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        final int uid = Process.myUid();
+        NetworkCapabilities nc = mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mMockVpn.getNetwork());
+        assertNotNull("nc=" + nc, nc.getUids());
+        assertEquals(nc.getUids(), UidRange.toIntRanges(uidRangesForUids(uid)));
+        assertVpnTransportInfo(nc, VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_SERVICE);
+
+        // Set an underlying network and expect to see the VPN transports change.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        callback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn, (caps)
+                -> caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
+                && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
+        callback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mWiFiNetworkAgent, (caps)
+                -> caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
+
+        when(mPackageManager.getPackageUidAsUser(ALWAYS_ON_PACKAGE, RESTRICTED_USER))
+                .thenReturn(UserHandle.getUid(RESTRICTED_USER, VPN_UID));
+
+        final Intent addedIntent = new Intent(ACTION_USER_ADDED);
+        addedIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_USER, UserHandle.of(RESTRICTED_USER));
+        addedIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_USER_HANDLE, RESTRICTED_USER);
+
+        // Send a USER_ADDED broadcast for it.
+        processBroadcast(addedIntent);
+
+        // Expect that the VPN UID ranges contain both |uid| and the UID range for the newly-added
+        // restricted user.
+        final UidRange rRange = UidRange.createForUser(UserHandle.of(RESTRICTED_USER));
+        final Range<Integer> restrictUidRange = new Range<Integer>(rRange.start, rRange.stop);
+        final Range<Integer> singleUidRange = new Range<Integer>(uid, uid);
+        callback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn, (caps)
+                -> caps.getUids().size() == 2
+                && caps.getUids().contains(singleUidRange)
+                && caps.getUids().contains(restrictUidRange)
+                && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
+                && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
+
+        // Change the VPN's capabilities somehow (specifically, disconnect wifi).
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        callback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn, (caps)
+                -> caps.getUids().size() == 2
+                && caps.getUids().contains(singleUidRange)
+                && caps.getUids().contains(restrictUidRange)
+                && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
+                && !caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
+
+        // Send a USER_REMOVED broadcast and expect to lose the UID range for the restricted user.
+        final Intent removedIntent = new Intent(ACTION_USER_REMOVED);
+        removedIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_USER, UserHandle.of(RESTRICTED_USER));
+        removedIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_USER_HANDLE, RESTRICTED_USER);
+        processBroadcast(removedIntent);
+
+        // Expect that the VPN gains the UID range for the restricted user, and that the capability
+        // change made just before that (i.e., loss of TRANSPORT_WIFI) is preserved.
+        callback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn, (caps)
+                -> caps.getUids().size() == 1
+                && caps.getUids().contains(singleUidRange)
+                && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
+                && !caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLockdownVpnWithRestrictedProfiles() throws Exception {
+        // For ConnectivityService#setAlwaysOnVpnPackage.
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(
+                Manifest.permission.CONTROL_ALWAYS_ON_VPN, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
+        // For call Vpn#setAlwaysOnPackage.
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(
+                Manifest.permission.CONTROL_VPN, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
+        // Necessary to see the UID ranges in NetworkCapabilities.
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(NETWORK_SETTINGS, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
+
+        final NetworkRequest request = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN)
+                .build();
+        final TestNetworkCallback callback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(request, callback);
+
+        final int uid = Process.myUid();
+
+        // Connect wifi and check that UIDs in the main and restricted profiles have network access.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true /* validated */);
+        final int restrictedUid = UserHandle.getUid(RESTRICTED_USER, 42 /* appId */);
+        assertNotNull(mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(uid));
+        assertNotNull(mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(restrictedUid));
+
+        // Enable always-on VPN lockdown. The main user loses network access because no VPN is up.
+        final ArrayList<String> allowList = new ArrayList<>();
+        mVpnManagerService.setAlwaysOnVpnPackage(PRIMARY_USER, ALWAYS_ON_PACKAGE,
+                true /* lockdown */, allowList);
+        waitForIdle();
+        assertNull(mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(uid));
+        // This is arguably overspecified: a UID that is not running doesn't have an active network.
+        // But it's useful to check that non-default users do not lose network access, and to prove
+        // that the loss of connectivity below is indeed due to the restricted profile coming up.
+        assertNotNull(mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(restrictedUid));
+
+        // Start the restricted profile, and check that the UID within it loses network access.
+        when(mPackageManager.getPackageUidAsUser(ALWAYS_ON_PACKAGE, RESTRICTED_USER))
+                .thenReturn(UserHandle.getUid(RESTRICTED_USER, VPN_UID));
+        when(mUserManager.getAliveUsers()).thenReturn(Arrays.asList(PRIMARY_USER_INFO,
+                RESTRICTED_USER_INFO));
+        // TODO: check that VPN app within restricted profile still has access, etc.
+        final Intent addedIntent = new Intent(ACTION_USER_ADDED);
+        addedIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_USER, UserHandle.of(RESTRICTED_USER));
+        addedIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_USER_HANDLE, RESTRICTED_USER);
+        processBroadcast(addedIntent);
+        assertNull(mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(uid));
+        assertNull(mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(restrictedUid));
+
+        // Stop the restricted profile, and check that the UID within it has network access again.
+        when(mUserManager.getAliveUsers()).thenReturn(Arrays.asList(PRIMARY_USER_INFO));
+
+        // Send a USER_REMOVED broadcast and expect to lose the UID range for the restricted user.
+        final Intent removedIntent = new Intent(ACTION_USER_REMOVED);
+        removedIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_USER, UserHandle.of(RESTRICTED_USER));
+        removedIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_USER_HANDLE, RESTRICTED_USER);
+        processBroadcast(removedIntent);
+        assertNull(mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(uid));
+        assertNotNull(mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(restrictedUid));
+
+        mVpnManagerService.setAlwaysOnVpnPackage(PRIMARY_USER, null, false /* lockdown */,
+                allowList);
+        waitForIdle();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIsActiveNetworkMeteredOverWifi() throws Exception {
+        // Returns true by default when no network is available.
+        assertTrue(mCm.isActiveNetworkMetered());
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        assertFalse(mCm.isActiveNetworkMetered());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIsActiveNetworkMeteredOverCell() throws Exception {
+        // Returns true by default when no network is available.
+        assertTrue(mCm.isActiveNetworkMetered());
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        assertTrue(mCm.isActiveNetworkMetered());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIsActiveNetworkMeteredOverVpnTrackingPlatformDefault() throws Exception {
+        // Returns true by default when no network is available.
+        assertTrue(mCm.isActiveNetworkMetered());
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        waitForIdle();
+        assertTrue(mCm.isActiveNetworkMetered());
+
+        // Connect VPN network. By default it is using current default network (Cell).
+        mMockVpn.establishForMyUid();
+        assertUidRangesUpdatedForMyUid(true);
+
+        // Ensure VPN is now the active network.
+        assertEquals(mMockVpn.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+
+        // Expect VPN to be metered.
+        assertTrue(mCm.isActiveNetworkMetered());
+
+        // Connect WiFi.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        waitForIdle();
+        // VPN should still be the active network.
+        assertEquals(mMockVpn.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+
+        // Expect VPN to be unmetered as it should now be using WiFi (new default).
+        assertFalse(mCm.isActiveNetworkMetered());
+
+        // Disconnecting Cell should not affect VPN's meteredness.
+        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        assertFalse(mCm.isActiveNetworkMetered());
+
+        // Disconnect WiFi; Now there is no platform default network.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        // VPN without any underlying networks is treated as metered.
+        assertTrue(mCm.isActiveNetworkMetered());
+
+        mMockVpn.disconnect();
+    }
+
+   @Test
+   public void testIsActiveNetworkMeteredOverVpnSpecifyingUnderlyingNetworks() throws Exception {
+        // Returns true by default when no network is available.
+        assertTrue(mCm.isActiveNetworkMetered());
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        waitForIdle();
+        assertTrue(mCm.isActiveNetworkMetered());
+
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        waitForIdle();
+        assertFalse(mCm.isActiveNetworkMetered());
+
+        // Connect VPN network.
+        mMockVpn.establishForMyUid();
+        assertUidRangesUpdatedForMyUid(true);
+
+        // Ensure VPN is now the active network.
+        assertEquals(mMockVpn.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        // VPN is using Cell
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(
+                new Network[] { mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork() });
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        // Expect VPN to be metered.
+        assertTrue(mCm.isActiveNetworkMetered());
+
+        // VPN is now using WiFi
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(
+                new Network[] { mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork() });
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        // Expect VPN to be unmetered
+        assertFalse(mCm.isActiveNetworkMetered());
+
+        // VPN is using Cell | WiFi.
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(
+                new Network[] { mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork() });
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        // Expect VPN to be metered.
+        assertTrue(mCm.isActiveNetworkMetered());
+
+        // VPN is using WiFi | Cell.
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(
+                new Network[] { mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork() });
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        // Order should not matter and VPN should still be metered.
+        assertTrue(mCm.isActiveNetworkMetered());
+
+        // VPN is not using any underlying networks.
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(new Network[0]);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        // VPN without underlying networks is treated as metered.
+        assertTrue(mCm.isActiveNetworkMetered());
+
+        mMockVpn.disconnect();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIsActiveNetworkMeteredOverAlwaysMeteredVpn() throws Exception {
+        // Returns true by default when no network is available.
+        assertTrue(mCm.isActiveNetworkMetered());
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        waitForIdle();
+        assertFalse(mCm.isActiveNetworkMetered());
+
+        // Connect VPN network.
+        mMockVpn.registerAgent(true /* isAlwaysMetered */, uidRangesForUids(Process.myUid()),
+                new LinkProperties());
+        mMockVpn.connect(true);
+        waitForIdle();
+        assertEquals(mMockVpn.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+
+        // VPN is tracking current platform default (WiFi).
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(null);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        // Despite VPN using WiFi (which is unmetered), VPN itself is marked as always metered.
+        assertTrue(mCm.isActiveNetworkMetered());
+
+
+        // VPN explicitly declares WiFi as its underlying network.
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(
+                new Network[] { mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork() });
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        // Doesn't really matter whether VPN declares its underlying networks explicitly.
+        assertTrue(mCm.isActiveNetworkMetered());
+
+        // With WiFi lost, VPN is basically without any underlying networks. And in that case it is
+        // anyways suppose to be metered.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        assertTrue(mCm.isActiveNetworkMetered());
+
+        mMockVpn.disconnect();
+    }
+
+    private class DetailedBlockedStatusCallback extends TestNetworkCallback {
+        public void expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(HasNetwork n, int blockedStatus) {
+            super.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(n.getNetwork(), blockedStatus, TIMEOUT_MS);
+        }
+        public void expectBlockedStatusCallback(HasNetwork n, int blockedStatus) {
+            // This doesn't work:
+            // super.expectBlockedStatusCallback(blockedStatus, n.getNetwork());
+            super.expectBlockedStatusCallback(blockedStatus, n.getNetwork(), TIMEOUT_MS);
+        }
+        public void onBlockedStatusChanged(Network network, int blockedReasons) {
+            getHistory().add(new CallbackEntry.BlockedStatusInt(network, blockedReasons));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNetworkBlockedStatus() throws Exception {
+        final TestNetworkCallback cellNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final NetworkRequest cellRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+                .build();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(cellRequest, cellNetworkCallback);
+        final DetailedBlockedStatusCallback detailedCallback = new DetailedBlockedStatusCallback();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(cellRequest, detailedCallback);
+
+        mockUidNetworkingBlocked();
+
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        detailedCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent,
+                BLOCKED_REASON_NONE);
+        assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        assertExtraInfoFromCmPresent(mCellNetworkAgent);
+
+        setBlockedReasonChanged(BLOCKED_REASON_BATTERY_SAVER);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(true, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        detailedCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(mCellNetworkAgent,
+                BLOCKED_REASON_BATTERY_SAVER);
+        assertNull(mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
+        assertExtraInfoFromCmBlocked(mCellNetworkAgent);
+
+        // If blocked state does not change but blocked reason does, the boolean callback is called.
+        // TODO: investigate de-duplicating.
+        setBlockedReasonChanged(BLOCKED_METERED_REASON_USER_RESTRICTED);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(true, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        detailedCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(mCellNetworkAgent,
+                BLOCKED_METERED_REASON_USER_RESTRICTED);
+
+        setBlockedReasonChanged(BLOCKED_REASON_NONE);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(false, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        detailedCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(mCellNetworkAgent, BLOCKED_REASON_NONE);
+        assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        assertExtraInfoFromCmPresent(mCellNetworkAgent);
+
+        setBlockedReasonChanged(BLOCKED_METERED_REASON_DATA_SAVER);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(true, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        detailedCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(mCellNetworkAgent,
+                BLOCKED_METERED_REASON_DATA_SAVER);
+        assertNull(mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
+        assertExtraInfoFromCmBlocked(mCellNetworkAgent);
+
+        // Restrict the network based on UID rule and NOT_METERED capability change.
+        mCellNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(false, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        detailedCallback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        detailedCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(mCellNetworkAgent, BLOCKED_REASON_NONE);
+        assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        assertExtraInfoFromCmPresent(mCellNetworkAgent);
+
+        mCellNetworkAgent.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesWithout(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED,
+                mCellNetworkAgent);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(true, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        detailedCallback.expectCapabilitiesWithout(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED,
+                mCellNetworkAgent);
+        detailedCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(mCellNetworkAgent,
+                BLOCKED_METERED_REASON_DATA_SAVER);
+        assertNull(mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
+        assertExtraInfoFromCmBlocked(mCellNetworkAgent);
+
+        setBlockedReasonChanged(BLOCKED_REASON_NONE);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(false, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        detailedCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(mCellNetworkAgent, BLOCKED_REASON_NONE);
+        assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        assertExtraInfoFromCmPresent(mCellNetworkAgent);
+
+        setBlockedReasonChanged(BLOCKED_REASON_NONE);
+        cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        detailedCallback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        // Restrict background data. Networking is not blocked because the network is unmetered.
+        setBlockedReasonChanged(BLOCKED_METERED_REASON_DATA_SAVER);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(true, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        detailedCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(mCellNetworkAgent,
+                BLOCKED_METERED_REASON_DATA_SAVER);
+        assertNull(mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
+        assertExtraInfoFromCmBlocked(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        setBlockedReasonChanged(BLOCKED_METERED_REASON_DATA_SAVER);
+        cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        setBlockedReasonChanged(BLOCKED_REASON_NONE);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(false, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        detailedCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(mCellNetworkAgent, BLOCKED_REASON_NONE);
+        assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        assertExtraInfoFromCmPresent(mCellNetworkAgent);
+
+        setBlockedReasonChanged(BLOCKED_REASON_NONE);
+        cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        detailedCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        assertExtraInfoFromCmPresent(mCellNetworkAgent);
+
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(cellNetworkCallback);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNetworkBlockedStatusBeforeAndAfterConnect() throws Exception {
+        final TestNetworkCallback defaultCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(defaultCallback);
+        mockUidNetworkingBlocked();
+
+        // No Networkcallbacks invoked before any network is active.
+        setBlockedReasonChanged(BLOCKED_REASON_BATTERY_SAVER);
+        setBlockedReasonChanged(BLOCKED_REASON_NONE);
+        setBlockedReasonChanged(BLOCKED_METERED_REASON_DATA_SAVER);
+        defaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidatedAndBlocked(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED, mCellNetworkAgent);
+
+        // Allow to use the network after switching to NOT_METERED network.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+
+        // Switch to METERED network. Restrict the use of the network.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        defaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidatedAndBlocked(mCellNetworkAgent);
+
+        // Network becomes NOT_METERED.
+        mCellNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        defaultCallback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(false, mCellNetworkAgent);
+
+        // Verify there's no Networkcallbacks invoked after data saver on/off.
+        setBlockedReasonChanged(BLOCKED_METERED_REASON_DATA_SAVER);
+        setBlockedReasonChanged(BLOCKED_REASON_NONE);
+        defaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        defaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        defaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(defaultCallback);
+    }
+
+    private void expectNetworkRejectNonSecureVpn(InOrder inOrder, boolean add,
+            UidRangeParcel... expected) throws Exception {
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(eq(add), aryEq(expected));
+    }
+
+    private void checkNetworkInfo(NetworkInfo ni, int type, DetailedState state) {
+        assertNotNull(ni);
+        assertEquals(type, ni.getType());
+        assertEquals(ConnectivityManager.getNetworkTypeName(type), state, ni.getDetailedState());
+        if (state == DetailedState.CONNECTED || state == DetailedState.SUSPENDED) {
+            assertNotNull(ni.getExtraInfo());
+        } else {
+            // Technically speaking, a network that's in CONNECTING state will generally have a
+            // non-null extraInfo. This doesn't actually happen in this test because it never calls
+            // a legacy API while a network is connecting. When a network is in CONNECTING state
+            // because of legacy lockdown VPN, its extraInfo is always null.
+            assertNull(ni.getExtraInfo());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void assertActiveNetworkInfo(int type, DetailedState state) {
+        checkNetworkInfo(mCm.getActiveNetworkInfo(), type, state);
+    }
+    private void assertNetworkInfo(int type, DetailedState state) {
+        checkNetworkInfo(mCm.getNetworkInfo(type), type, state);
+    }
+
+    private void assertExtraInfoFromCm(TestNetworkAgentWrapper network, boolean present) {
+        final NetworkInfo niForNetwork = mCm.getNetworkInfo(network.getNetwork());
+        final NetworkInfo niForType = mCm.getNetworkInfo(network.getLegacyType());
+        if (present) {
+            assertEquals(network.getExtraInfo(), niForNetwork.getExtraInfo());
+            assertEquals(network.getExtraInfo(), niForType.getExtraInfo());
+        } else {
+            assertNull(niForNetwork.getExtraInfo());
+            assertNull(niForType.getExtraInfo());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void assertExtraInfoFromCmBlocked(TestNetworkAgentWrapper network) {
+        assertExtraInfoFromCm(network, false);
+    }
+
+    private void assertExtraInfoFromCmPresent(TestNetworkAgentWrapper network) {
+        assertExtraInfoFromCm(network, true);
+    }
+
+    // Checks that each of the |agents| receive a blocked status change callback with the specified
+    // |blocked| value, in any order. This is needed because when an event affects multiple
+    // networks, ConnectivityService does not guarantee the order in which callbacks are fired.
+    private void assertBlockedCallbackInAnyOrder(TestNetworkCallback callback, boolean blocked,
+            TestNetworkAgentWrapper... agents) {
+        final List<Network> expectedNetworks = Arrays.asList(agents).stream()
+                .map((agent) -> agent.getNetwork())
+                .collect(Collectors.toList());
+
+        // Expect exactly one blocked callback for each agent.
+        for (int i = 0; i < agents.length; i++) {
+            CallbackEntry e = callback.expectCallbackThat(TIMEOUT_MS, (c) ->
+                    c instanceof CallbackEntry.BlockedStatus
+                            && ((CallbackEntry.BlockedStatus) c).getBlocked() == blocked);
+            Network network = e.getNetwork();
+            assertTrue("Received unexpected blocked callback for network " + network,
+                    expectedNetworks.remove(network));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNetworkBlockedStatusAlwaysOnVpn() throws Exception {
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(
+                Manifest.permission.CONTROL_ALWAYS_ON_VPN, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(
+                Manifest.permission.CONTROL_VPN, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(NETWORK_SETTINGS, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
+
+        final TestNetworkCallback callback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final NetworkRequest request = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN)
+                .build();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(request, callback);
+
+        final TestNetworkCallback defaultCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(defaultCallback);
+
+        final TestNetworkCallback vpnUidCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final NetworkRequest vpnUidRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder().build();
+        registerNetworkCallbackAsUid(vpnUidRequest, vpnUidCallback, VPN_UID);
+
+        final TestNetworkCallback vpnUidDefaultCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        registerDefaultNetworkCallbackAsUid(vpnUidDefaultCallback, VPN_UID);
+
+        final TestNetworkCallback vpnDefaultCallbackAsUid = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallbackForUid(VPN_UID, vpnDefaultCallbackAsUid,
+                new Handler(ConnectivityThread.getInstanceLooper()));
+
+        final int uid = Process.myUid();
+        final int userId = UserHandle.getUserId(uid);
+        final ArrayList<String> allowList = new ArrayList<>();
+        mVpnManagerService.setAlwaysOnVpnPackage(userId, ALWAYS_ON_PACKAGE, true /* lockdown */,
+                allowList);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        UidRangeParcel firstHalf = new UidRangeParcel(1, VPN_UID - 1);
+        UidRangeParcel secondHalf = new UidRangeParcel(VPN_UID + 1, 99999);
+        InOrder inOrder = inOrder(mMockNetd);
+        expectNetworkRejectNonSecureVpn(inOrder, true, firstHalf, secondHalf);
+
+        // Connect a network when lockdown is active, expect to see it blocked.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidatedAndBlocked(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidatedAndBlocked(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        vpnUidCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        vpnUidDefaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        vpnDefaultCallbackAsUid.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(VPN_UID));
+        assertNull(mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
+        // Mobile is BLOCKED even though it's not actually connected.
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
+
+        // Disable lockdown, expect to see the network unblocked.
+        mVpnManagerService.setAlwaysOnVpnPackage(userId, null, false /* lockdown */, allowList);
+        callback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(false, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(false, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        vpnUidCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        vpnUidDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        vpnDefaultCallbackAsUid.assertNoCallback();
+        expectNetworkRejectNonSecureVpn(inOrder, false, firstHalf, secondHalf);
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(VPN_UID));
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.DISCONNECTED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+
+        // Add our UID to the allowlist and re-enable lockdown, expect network is not blocked.
+        allowList.add(TEST_PACKAGE_NAME);
+        mVpnManagerService.setAlwaysOnVpnPackage(userId, ALWAYS_ON_PACKAGE, true /* lockdown */,
+                allowList);
+        callback.assertNoCallback();
+        defaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        vpnUidCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        vpnUidDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        vpnDefaultCallbackAsUid.assertNoCallback();
+
+        // The following requires that the UID of this test package is greater than VPN_UID. This
+        // is always true in practice because a plain AOSP build with no apps installed has almost
+        // 200 packages installed.
+        final UidRangeParcel piece1 = new UidRangeParcel(1, VPN_UID - 1);
+        final UidRangeParcel piece2 = new UidRangeParcel(VPN_UID + 1, uid - 1);
+        final UidRangeParcel piece3 = new UidRangeParcel(uid + 1, 99999);
+        expectNetworkRejectNonSecureVpn(inOrder, true, piece1, piece2, piece3);
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(VPN_UID));
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.DISCONNECTED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+
+        // Connect a new network, expect it to be unblocked.
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        defaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        vpnUidCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        vpnUidDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        vpnDefaultCallbackAsUid.assertNoCallback();
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(VPN_UID));
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        // Cellular is DISCONNECTED because it's not the default and there are no requests for it.
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.DISCONNECTED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+
+        // Disable lockdown, remove our UID from the allowlist, and re-enable lockdown.
+        // Everything should now be blocked.
+        mVpnManagerService.setAlwaysOnVpnPackage(userId, null, false /* lockdown */, allowList);
+        waitForIdle();
+        expectNetworkRejectNonSecureVpn(inOrder, false, piece1, piece2, piece3);
+        allowList.clear();
+        mVpnManagerService.setAlwaysOnVpnPackage(userId, ALWAYS_ON_PACKAGE, true /* lockdown */,
+                allowList);
+        waitForIdle();
+        expectNetworkRejectNonSecureVpn(inOrder, true, firstHalf, secondHalf);
+        defaultCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(true, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        assertBlockedCallbackInAnyOrder(callback, true, mWiFiNetworkAgent, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        vpnUidCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        vpnUidDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        vpnDefaultCallbackAsUid.assertNoCallback();
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(VPN_UID));
+        assertNull(mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
+
+        // Disable lockdown. Everything is unblocked.
+        mVpnManagerService.setAlwaysOnVpnPackage(userId, null, false /* lockdown */, allowList);
+        defaultCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(false, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        assertBlockedCallbackInAnyOrder(callback, false, mWiFiNetworkAgent, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        vpnUidCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        vpnUidDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        vpnDefaultCallbackAsUid.assertNoCallback();
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(VPN_UID));
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.DISCONNECTED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+
+        // Enable and disable an always-on VPN package without lockdown. Expect no changes.
+        reset(mMockNetd);
+        mVpnManagerService.setAlwaysOnVpnPackage(userId, ALWAYS_ON_PACKAGE, false /* lockdown */,
+                allowList);
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd, never()).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(anyBoolean(), any());
+        callback.assertNoCallback();
+        defaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        vpnUidCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        vpnUidDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        vpnDefaultCallbackAsUid.assertNoCallback();
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(VPN_UID));
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.DISCONNECTED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+
+        mVpnManagerService.setAlwaysOnVpnPackage(userId, null, false /* lockdown */, allowList);
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd, never()).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(anyBoolean(), any());
+        callback.assertNoCallback();
+        defaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        vpnUidCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        vpnUidDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        vpnDefaultCallbackAsUid.assertNoCallback();
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(VPN_UID));
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.DISCONNECTED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+
+        // Enable lockdown and connect a VPN. The VPN is not blocked.
+        mVpnManagerService.setAlwaysOnVpnPackage(userId, ALWAYS_ON_PACKAGE, true /* lockdown */,
+                allowList);
+        defaultCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(true, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        assertBlockedCallbackInAnyOrder(callback, true, mWiFiNetworkAgent, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        vpnUidCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        vpnUidDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        vpnDefaultCallbackAsUid.assertNoCallback();
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(VPN_UID));
+        assertNull(mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
+
+        mMockVpn.establishForMyUid();
+        assertUidRangesUpdatedForMyUid(true);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mMockVpn);
+        vpnUidCallback.assertNoCallback();  // vpnUidCallback has NOT_VPN capability.
+        vpnUidDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();  // VPN does not apply to VPN_UID
+        vpnDefaultCallbackAsUid.assertNoCallback();
+        assertEquals(mMockVpn.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(VPN_UID));
+        assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.DISCONNECTED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_VPN, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+
+        mMockVpn.disconnect();
+        defaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mMockVpn);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidatedAndBlocked(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        vpnUidCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        vpnUidDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        vpnDefaultCallbackAsUid.assertNoCallback();
+        assertNull(mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(callback);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(defaultCallback);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(vpnUidCallback);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(vpnUidDefaultCallback);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(vpnDefaultCallbackAsUid);
+    }
+
+    private void setupLegacyLockdownVpn() {
+        final String profileName = "testVpnProfile";
+        final byte[] profileTag = profileName.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+        when(mVpnProfileStore.get(Credentials.LOCKDOWN_VPN)).thenReturn(profileTag);
+
+        final VpnProfile profile = new VpnProfile(profileName);
+        profile.name = "My VPN";
+        profile.server = "192.0.2.1";
+        profile.dnsServers = "8.8.8.8";
+        profile.type = VpnProfile.TYPE_IPSEC_XAUTH_PSK;
+        final byte[] encodedProfile = profile.encode();
+        when(mVpnProfileStore.get(Credentials.VPN + profileName)).thenReturn(encodedProfile);
+    }
+
+    private void establishLegacyLockdownVpn(Network underlying) throws Exception {
+        // The legacy lockdown VPN only supports userId 0, and must have an underlying network.
+        assertNotNull(underlying);
+        mMockVpn.setVpnType(VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_LEGACY);
+        // The legacy lockdown VPN only supports userId 0.
+        final Set<UidRange> ranges = Collections.singleton(PRIMARY_UIDRANGE);
+        mMockVpn.registerAgent(ranges);
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(new Network[]{underlying});
+        mMockVpn.connect(true);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLegacyLockdownVpn() throws Exception {
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(
+                Manifest.permission.CONTROL_VPN, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
+        // For LockdownVpnTracker to call registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback.
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(NETWORK_SETTINGS, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
+
+        final NetworkRequest request = new NetworkRequest.Builder().clearCapabilities().build();
+        final TestNetworkCallback callback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(request, callback);
+
+        final TestNetworkCallback defaultCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(defaultCallback);
+
+        final TestNetworkCallback systemDefaultCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback(systemDefaultCallback,
+                new Handler(ConnectivityThread.getInstanceLooper()));
+
+        // Pretend lockdown VPN was configured.
+        setupLegacyLockdownVpn();
+
+        // LockdownVpnTracker disables the Vpn teardown code and enables lockdown.
+        // Check the VPN's state before it does so.
+        assertTrue(mMockVpn.getEnableTeardown());
+        assertFalse(mMockVpn.getLockdown());
+
+        // Send a USER_UNLOCKED broadcast so CS starts LockdownVpnTracker.
+        final int userId = UserHandle.getUserId(Process.myUid());
+        final Intent addedIntent = new Intent(ACTION_USER_UNLOCKED);
+        addedIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_USER, UserHandle.of(userId));
+        addedIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_USER_HANDLE, userId);
+        processBroadcast(addedIntent);
+
+        // Lockdown VPN disables teardown and enables lockdown.
+        assertFalse(mMockVpn.getEnableTeardown());
+        assertTrue(mMockVpn.getLockdown());
+
+        // Bring up a network.
+        // Expect nothing to happen because the network does not have an IPv4 default route: legacy
+        // VPN only supports IPv4.
+        final LinkProperties cellLp = new LinkProperties();
+        cellLp.setInterfaceName("rmnet0");
+        cellLp.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress("2001:db8::1/64"));
+        cellLp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix("::/0"), null, "rmnet0"));
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, cellLp);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidatedAndBlocked(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidatedAndBlocked(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        systemDefaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidatedAndBlocked(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        waitForIdle();
+        assertNull(mMockVpn.getAgent());
+
+        // Add an IPv4 address. Ideally the VPN should start, but it doesn't because nothing calls
+        // LockdownVpnTracker#handleStateChangedLocked. This is a bug.
+        // TODO: consider fixing this.
+        cellLp.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress("192.0.2.2/25"));
+        cellLp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix("0.0.0.0/0"), null, "rmnet0"));
+        mCellNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(cellLp);
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        systemDefaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED,
+                mCellNetworkAgent);
+        waitForIdle();
+        assertNull(mMockVpn.getAgent());
+
+        // Disconnect, then try again with a network that supports IPv4 at connection time.
+        // Expect lockdown VPN to come up.
+        ExpectedBroadcast b1 = expectConnectivityAction(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.DISCONNECTED);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        systemDefaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        b1.expectBroadcast();
+
+        // When lockdown VPN is active, the NetworkInfo state in CONNECTIVITY_ACTION is overwritten
+        // with the state of the VPN network. So expect a CONNECTING broadcast.
+        b1 = expectConnectivityAction(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.CONNECTING);
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, cellLp);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidatedAndBlocked(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidatedAndBlocked(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        systemDefaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidatedAndBlocked(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        b1.expectBroadcast();
+        assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_VPN, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
+        assertExtraInfoFromCmBlocked(mCellNetworkAgent);
+
+        // TODO: it would be nice if we could simply rely on the production code here, and have
+        // LockdownVpnTracker start the VPN, have the VPN code register its NetworkAgent with
+        // ConnectivityService, etc. That would require duplicating a fair bit of code from the
+        // Vpn tests around how to mock out LegacyVpnRunner. But even if we did that, this does not
+        // work for at least two reasons:
+        // 1. In this test, calling registerNetworkAgent does not actually result in an agent being
+        //    registered. This is because nothing calls onNetworkMonitorCreated, which is what
+        //    actually ends up causing handleRegisterNetworkAgent to be called. Code in this test
+        //    that wants to register an agent must use TestNetworkAgentWrapper.
+        // 2. Even if we exposed Vpn#agentConnect to the test, and made MockVpn#agentConnect call
+        //    the TestNetworkAgentWrapper code, this would deadlock because the
+        //    TestNetworkAgentWrapper code cannot be called on the handler thread since it calls
+        //    waitForIdle().
+        mMockVpn.expectStartLegacyVpnRunner();
+        b1 = expectConnectivityAction(TYPE_VPN, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        ExpectedBroadcast b2 = expectConnectivityAction(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        establishLegacyLockdownVpn(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+        callback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mMockVpn);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mMockVpn);
+        systemDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        NetworkCapabilities vpnNc = mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mMockVpn.getNetwork());
+        b1.expectBroadcast();
+        b2.expectBroadcast();
+        assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.DISCONNECTED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_VPN, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        assertExtraInfoFromCmPresent(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        assertTrue(vpnNc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN));
+        assertTrue(vpnNc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR));
+        assertFalse(vpnNc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
+        assertFalse(vpnNc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED));
+        assertVpnTransportInfo(vpnNc, VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_LEGACY);
+
+        // Switch default network from cell to wifi. Expect VPN to disconnect and reconnect.
+        final LinkProperties wifiLp = new LinkProperties();
+        wifiLp.setInterfaceName("wlan0");
+        wifiLp.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress("192.0.2.163/25"));
+        wifiLp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix("0.0.0.0/0"), null, "wlan0"));
+        final NetworkCapabilities wifiNc = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        wifiNc.addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        wifiNc.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI, wifiLp, wifiNc);
+
+        b1 = expectConnectivityAction(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.DISCONNECTED);
+        // Wifi is CONNECTING because the VPN isn't up yet.
+        b2 = expectConnectivityAction(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTING);
+        ExpectedBroadcast b3 = expectConnectivityAction(TYPE_VPN, DetailedState.DISCONNECTED);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
+        b1.expectBroadcast();
+        b2.expectBroadcast();
+        b3.expectBroadcast();
+        mMockVpn.expectStopVpnRunnerPrivileged();
+        mMockVpn.expectStartLegacyVpnRunner();
+
+        // TODO: why is wifi not blocked? Is it because when this callback is sent, the VPN is still
+        // connected, so the network is not considered blocked by the lockdown UID ranges? But the
+        // fact that a VPN is connected should only result in the VPN itself being unblocked, not
+        // any other network. Bug in isUidBlockedByVpn?
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mMockVpn);
+        defaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mMockVpn);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidatedAndBlocked(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        systemDefaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+
+        // While the VPN is reconnecting on the new network, everything is blocked.
+        assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_VPN, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
+        assertExtraInfoFromCmBlocked(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+
+        // The VPN comes up again on wifi.
+        b1 = expectConnectivityAction(TYPE_VPN, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        b2 = expectConnectivityAction(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        establishLegacyLockdownVpn(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+        callback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mMockVpn);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mMockVpn);
+        systemDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        b1.expectBroadcast();
+        b2.expectBroadcast();
+        assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.DISCONNECTED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_VPN, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        assertExtraInfoFromCmPresent(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        vpnNc = mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mMockVpn.getNetwork());
+        assertTrue(vpnNc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN));
+        assertTrue(vpnNc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
+        assertFalse(vpnNc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR));
+        assertTrue(vpnNc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED));
+
+        // Disconnect cell. Nothing much happens since it's not the default network.
+        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        defaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        systemDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.DISCONNECTED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_VPN, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        assertExtraInfoFromCmPresent(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+
+        b1 = expectConnectivityAction(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.DISCONNECTED);
+        b2 = expectConnectivityAction(TYPE_VPN, DetailedState.DISCONNECTED);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        systemDefaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        b1.expectBroadcast();
+        callback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn, nc -> !nc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
+        mMockVpn.expectStopVpnRunnerPrivileged();
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mMockVpn);
+        b2.expectBroadcast();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test mutable and requestable network capabilities such as
+     * {@link NetworkCapabilities#NET_CAPABILITY_TRUSTED} and
+     * {@link NetworkCapabilities#NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED}. Verify that the
+     * {@code ConnectivityService} re-assign the networks accordingly.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public final void testLoseMutableAndRequestableCaps() throws Exception {
+        final int[] testCaps = new int [] {
+                NET_CAPABILITY_TRUSTED,
+                NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED
+        };
+        for (final int testCap : testCaps) {
+            // Create requests with and without the testing capability.
+            final TestNetworkCallback callbackWithCap = new TestNetworkCallback();
+            final TestNetworkCallback callbackWithoutCap = new TestNetworkCallback();
+            mCm.requestNetwork(new NetworkRequest.Builder().addCapability(testCap).build(),
+                    callbackWithCap);
+            mCm.requestNetwork(new NetworkRequest.Builder().removeCapability(testCap).build(),
+                    callbackWithoutCap);
+
+            // Setup networks with testing capability and verify the default network changes.
+            mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+            mCellNetworkAgent.addCapability(testCap);
+            mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+            callbackWithCap.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+            callbackWithoutCap.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+            verify(mMockNetd).networkSetDefault(eq(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId));
+            reset(mMockNetd);
+
+            mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+            mWiFiNetworkAgent.addCapability(testCap);
+            mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+            callbackWithCap.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+            callbackWithoutCap.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+            verify(mMockNetd).networkSetDefault(eq(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId));
+            reset(mMockNetd);
+
+            // Remove the testing capability on wifi, verify the callback and default network
+            // changes back to cellular.
+            mWiFiNetworkAgent.removeCapability(testCap);
+            callbackWithCap.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+            callbackWithoutCap.expectCapabilitiesWithout(testCap, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+            verify(mMockNetd).networkSetDefault(eq(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId));
+            reset(mMockNetd);
+
+            mCellNetworkAgent.removeCapability(testCap);
+            callbackWithCap.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+            callbackWithoutCap.assertNoCallback();
+            verify(mMockNetd).networkClearDefault();
+
+            mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(callbackWithCap);
+            mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(callbackWithoutCap);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public final void testBatteryStatsNetworkType() throws Exception {
+        final LinkProperties cellLp = new LinkProperties();
+        cellLp.setInterfaceName("cell0");
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, cellLp);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        waitForIdle();
+        verify(mDeps).reportNetworkInterfaceForTransports(mServiceContext,
+                cellLp.getInterfaceName(),
+                new int[] { TRANSPORT_CELLULAR });
+
+        final LinkProperties wifiLp = new LinkProperties();
+        wifiLp.setInterfaceName("wifi0");
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI, wifiLp);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        waitForIdle();
+        verify(mDeps).reportNetworkInterfaceForTransports(mServiceContext,
+                wifiLp.getInterfaceName(),
+                new int[] { TRANSPORT_WIFI });
+
+        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+
+        cellLp.setInterfaceName("wifi0");
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, cellLp);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        waitForIdle();
+        verify(mDeps).reportNetworkInterfaceForTransports(mServiceContext,
+                cellLp.getInterfaceName(),
+                new int[] { TRANSPORT_CELLULAR });
+        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Make simulated InterfaceConfigParcel for Nat464Xlat to query clat lower layer info.
+     */
+    private InterfaceConfigurationParcel getClatInterfaceConfigParcel(LinkAddress la) {
+        final InterfaceConfigurationParcel cfg = new InterfaceConfigurationParcel();
+        cfg.hwAddr = "11:22:33:44:55:66";
+        cfg.ipv4Addr = la.getAddress().getHostAddress();
+        cfg.prefixLength = la.getPrefixLength();
+        return cfg;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Make expected stack link properties, copied from Nat464Xlat.
+     */
+    private LinkProperties makeClatLinkProperties(LinkAddress la) {
+        LinkAddress clatAddress = la;
+        LinkProperties stacked = new LinkProperties();
+        stacked.setInterfaceName(CLAT_PREFIX + MOBILE_IFNAME);
+        RouteInfo ipv4Default = new RouteInfo(
+                new LinkAddress(Inet4Address.ANY, 0),
+                clatAddress.getAddress(), CLAT_PREFIX + MOBILE_IFNAME);
+        stacked.addRoute(ipv4Default);
+        stacked.addLinkAddress(clatAddress);
+        return stacked;
+    }
+
+    private Nat64PrefixEventParcel makeNat64PrefixEvent(final int netId, final int prefixOperation,
+            final String prefixAddress, final int prefixLength) {
+        final Nat64PrefixEventParcel event = new Nat64PrefixEventParcel();
+        event.netId = netId;
+        event.prefixOperation = prefixOperation;
+        event.prefixAddress = prefixAddress;
+        event.prefixLength = prefixLength;
+        return event;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStackedLinkProperties() throws Exception {
+        final LinkAddress myIpv4 = new LinkAddress("1.2.3.4/24");
+        final LinkAddress myIpv6 = new LinkAddress("2001:db8:1::1/64");
+        final String kNat64PrefixString = "2001:db8:64:64:64:64::";
+        final IpPrefix kNat64Prefix = new IpPrefix(InetAddress.getByName(kNat64PrefixString), 96);
+        final String kOtherNat64PrefixString = "64:ff9b::";
+        final IpPrefix kOtherNat64Prefix = new IpPrefix(
+                InetAddress.getByName(kOtherNat64PrefixString), 96);
+        final RouteInfo defaultRoute = new RouteInfo((IpPrefix) null, myIpv6.getAddress(),
+                                                     MOBILE_IFNAME);
+        final RouteInfo ipv6Subnet = new RouteInfo(myIpv6, null, MOBILE_IFNAME);
+        final RouteInfo ipv4Subnet = new RouteInfo(myIpv4, null, MOBILE_IFNAME);
+        final RouteInfo stackedDefault = new RouteInfo((IpPrefix) null, myIpv4.getAddress(),
+                                                       CLAT_PREFIX + MOBILE_IFNAME);
+
+        final NetworkRequest networkRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
+                .build();
+        final TestNetworkCallback networkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(networkRequest, networkCallback);
+
+        // Prepare ipv6 only link properties.
+        final LinkProperties cellLp = new LinkProperties();
+        cellLp.setInterfaceName(MOBILE_IFNAME);
+        cellLp.addLinkAddress(myIpv6);
+        cellLp.addRoute(defaultRoute);
+        cellLp.addRoute(ipv6Subnet);
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, cellLp);
+        reset(mMockDnsResolver);
+        reset(mMockNetd);
+
+        // Connect with ipv6 link properties. Expect prefix discovery to be started.
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        final int cellNetId = mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId;
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).networkCreate(nativeNetworkConfigPhysical(cellNetId,
+                INetd.PERMISSION_NONE));
+        assertRoutesAdded(cellNetId, ipv6Subnet, defaultRoute);
+        verify(mMockDnsResolver, times(1)).createNetworkCache(eq(cellNetId));
+        verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).networkAddInterface(cellNetId, MOBILE_IFNAME);
+        verify(mDeps).reportNetworkInterfaceForTransports(mServiceContext,
+                cellLp.getInterfaceName(),
+                new int[] { TRANSPORT_CELLULAR });
+
+        networkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        verify(mMockDnsResolver, times(1)).startPrefix64Discovery(cellNetId);
+
+        // Switching default network updates TCP buffer sizes.
+        verifyTcpBufferSizeChange(ConnectivityService.DEFAULT_TCP_BUFFER_SIZES);
+        // Add an IPv4 address. Expect prefix discovery to be stopped. Netd doesn't tell us that
+        // the NAT64 prefix was removed because one was never discovered.
+        cellLp.addLinkAddress(myIpv4);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(cellLp);
+        networkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        assertRoutesAdded(cellNetId, ipv4Subnet);
+        verify(mMockDnsResolver, times(1)).stopPrefix64Discovery(cellNetId);
+        verify(mMockDnsResolver, atLeastOnce()).setResolverConfiguration(any());
+
+        // Make sure BatteryStats was not told about any v4- interfaces, as none should have
+        // come online yet.
+        waitForIdle();
+        verify(mDeps, never())
+                .reportNetworkInterfaceForTransports(eq(mServiceContext), startsWith("v4-"), any());
+
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mMockNetd);
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mMockDnsResolver);
+        reset(mMockNetd);
+        reset(mMockDnsResolver);
+        when(mMockNetd.interfaceGetCfg(CLAT_PREFIX + MOBILE_IFNAME))
+                .thenReturn(getClatInterfaceConfigParcel(myIpv4));
+
+        // Remove IPv4 address. Expect prefix discovery to be started again.
+        cellLp.removeLinkAddress(myIpv4);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(cellLp);
+        networkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        verify(mMockDnsResolver, times(1)).startPrefix64Discovery(cellNetId);
+        assertRoutesRemoved(cellNetId, ipv4Subnet);
+
+        // When NAT64 prefix discovery succeeds, LinkProperties are updated and clatd is started.
+        Nat464Xlat clat = getNat464Xlat(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        assertNull(mCm.getLinkProperties(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork()).getNat64Prefix());
+        mService.mResolverUnsolEventCallback.onNat64PrefixEvent(
+                makeNat64PrefixEvent(cellNetId, PREFIX_OPERATION_ADDED, kNat64PrefixString, 96));
+        LinkProperties lpBeforeClat = networkCallback.expectCallback(
+                CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellNetworkAgent).getLp();
+        assertEquals(0, lpBeforeClat.getStackedLinks().size());
+        assertEquals(kNat64Prefix, lpBeforeClat.getNat64Prefix());
+        verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).clatdStart(MOBILE_IFNAME, kNat64Prefix.toString());
+
+        // Clat iface comes up. Expect stacked link to be added.
+        clat.interfaceLinkStateChanged(CLAT_PREFIX + MOBILE_IFNAME, true);
+        networkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        List<LinkProperties> stackedLps = mCm.getLinkProperties(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork())
+                .getStackedLinks();
+        assertEquals(makeClatLinkProperties(myIpv4), stackedLps.get(0));
+        assertRoutesAdded(cellNetId, stackedDefault);
+        verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).networkAddInterface(cellNetId, CLAT_PREFIX + MOBILE_IFNAME);
+        // Change trivial linkproperties and see if stacked link is preserved.
+        cellLp.addDnsServer(InetAddress.getByName("8.8.8.8"));
+        mCellNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(cellLp);
+        networkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellNetworkAgent);
+
+        List<LinkProperties> stackedLpsAfterChange =
+                mCm.getLinkProperties(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork()).getStackedLinks();
+        assertNotEquals(stackedLpsAfterChange, Collections.EMPTY_LIST);
+        assertEquals(makeClatLinkProperties(myIpv4), stackedLpsAfterChange.get(0));
+
+        verify(mMockDnsResolver, times(1)).setResolverConfiguration(
+                mResolverParamsParcelCaptor.capture());
+        ResolverParamsParcel resolvrParams = mResolverParamsParcelCaptor.getValue();
+        assertEquals(1, resolvrParams.servers.length);
+        assertTrue(ArrayUtils.contains(resolvrParams.servers, "8.8.8.8"));
+
+        for (final LinkProperties stackedLp : stackedLpsAfterChange) {
+            verify(mDeps).reportNetworkInterfaceForTransports(
+                    mServiceContext, stackedLp.getInterfaceName(),
+                    new int[] { TRANSPORT_CELLULAR });
+        }
+        reset(mMockNetd);
+        when(mMockNetd.interfaceGetCfg(CLAT_PREFIX + MOBILE_IFNAME))
+                .thenReturn(getClatInterfaceConfigParcel(myIpv4));
+        // Change the NAT64 prefix without first removing it.
+        // Expect clatd to be stopped and started with the new prefix.
+        mService.mResolverUnsolEventCallback.onNat64PrefixEvent(makeNat64PrefixEvent(
+                cellNetId, PREFIX_OPERATION_ADDED, kOtherNat64PrefixString, 96));
+        networkCallback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(mCellNetworkAgent,
+                (lp) -> lp.getStackedLinks().size() == 0);
+        verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).clatdStop(MOBILE_IFNAME);
+        assertRoutesRemoved(cellNetId, stackedDefault);
+        verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).networkRemoveInterface(cellNetId, CLAT_PREFIX + MOBILE_IFNAME);
+
+        verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).clatdStart(MOBILE_IFNAME, kOtherNat64Prefix.toString());
+        networkCallback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(mCellNetworkAgent,
+                (lp) -> lp.getNat64Prefix().equals(kOtherNat64Prefix));
+        clat.interfaceLinkStateChanged(CLAT_PREFIX + MOBILE_IFNAME, true);
+        networkCallback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(mCellNetworkAgent,
+                (lp) -> lp.getStackedLinks().size() == 1);
+        assertRoutesAdded(cellNetId, stackedDefault);
+        verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).networkAddInterface(cellNetId, CLAT_PREFIX + MOBILE_IFNAME);
+        reset(mMockNetd);
+
+        // Add ipv4 address, expect that clatd and prefix discovery are stopped and stacked
+        // linkproperties are cleaned up.
+        cellLp.addLinkAddress(myIpv4);
+        cellLp.addRoute(ipv4Subnet);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(cellLp);
+        networkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        assertRoutesAdded(cellNetId, ipv4Subnet);
+        verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).clatdStop(MOBILE_IFNAME);
+        verify(mMockDnsResolver, times(1)).stopPrefix64Discovery(cellNetId);
+
+        // As soon as stop is called, the linkproperties lose the stacked interface.
+        networkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        LinkProperties actualLpAfterIpv4 = mCm.getLinkProperties(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+        LinkProperties expected = new LinkProperties(cellLp);
+        expected.setNat64Prefix(kOtherNat64Prefix);
+        assertEquals(expected, actualLpAfterIpv4);
+        assertEquals(0, actualLpAfterIpv4.getStackedLinks().size());
+        assertRoutesRemoved(cellNetId, stackedDefault);
+
+        // The interface removed callback happens but has no effect after stop is called.
+        clat.interfaceRemoved(CLAT_PREFIX + MOBILE_IFNAME);
+        networkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).networkRemoveInterface(cellNetId, CLAT_PREFIX + MOBILE_IFNAME);
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mMockNetd);
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mMockDnsResolver);
+        reset(mMockNetd);
+        reset(mMockDnsResolver);
+        when(mMockNetd.interfaceGetCfg(CLAT_PREFIX + MOBILE_IFNAME))
+                .thenReturn(getClatInterfaceConfigParcel(myIpv4));
+
+        // Stopping prefix discovery causes netd to tell us that the NAT64 prefix is gone.
+        mService.mResolverUnsolEventCallback.onNat64PrefixEvent(makeNat64PrefixEvent(
+                cellNetId, PREFIX_OPERATION_REMOVED, kOtherNat64PrefixString, 96));
+        networkCallback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(mCellNetworkAgent,
+                (lp) -> lp.getNat64Prefix() == null);
+
+        // Remove IPv4 address and expect prefix discovery and clatd to be started again.
+        cellLp.removeLinkAddress(myIpv4);
+        cellLp.removeRoute(new RouteInfo(myIpv4, null, MOBILE_IFNAME));
+        cellLp.removeDnsServer(InetAddress.getByName("8.8.8.8"));
+        mCellNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(cellLp);
+        networkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        assertRoutesRemoved(cellNetId, ipv4Subnet);  // Directly-connected routes auto-added.
+        verify(mMockDnsResolver, times(1)).startPrefix64Discovery(cellNetId);
+        mService.mResolverUnsolEventCallback.onNat64PrefixEvent(makeNat64PrefixEvent(
+                cellNetId, PREFIX_OPERATION_ADDED, kNat64PrefixString, 96));
+        networkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).clatdStart(MOBILE_IFNAME, kNat64Prefix.toString());
+
+        // Clat iface comes up. Expect stacked link to be added.
+        clat.interfaceLinkStateChanged(CLAT_PREFIX + MOBILE_IFNAME, true);
+        networkCallback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(mCellNetworkAgent,
+                (lp) -> lp.getStackedLinks().size() == 1 && lp.getNat64Prefix() != null);
+        assertRoutesAdded(cellNetId, stackedDefault);
+        verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).networkAddInterface(cellNetId, CLAT_PREFIX + MOBILE_IFNAME);
+
+        // NAT64 prefix is removed. Expect that clat is stopped.
+        mService.mResolverUnsolEventCallback.onNat64PrefixEvent(makeNat64PrefixEvent(
+                cellNetId, PREFIX_OPERATION_REMOVED, kNat64PrefixString, 96));
+        networkCallback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(mCellNetworkAgent,
+                (lp) -> lp.getStackedLinks().size() == 0 && lp.getNat64Prefix() == null);
+        assertRoutesRemoved(cellNetId, ipv4Subnet, stackedDefault);
+
+        // Stop has no effect because clat is already stopped.
+        verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).clatdStop(MOBILE_IFNAME);
+        networkCallback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(mCellNetworkAgent,
+                (lp) -> lp.getStackedLinks().size() == 0);
+        verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).networkRemoveInterface(cellNetId, CLAT_PREFIX + MOBILE_IFNAME);
+        verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).interfaceGetCfg(CLAT_PREFIX + MOBILE_IFNAME);
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mMockNetd);
+        // Clean up.
+        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        networkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        networkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(networkCallback);
+    }
+
+    private void expectNat64PrefixChange(TestableNetworkCallback callback,
+            TestNetworkAgentWrapper agent, IpPrefix prefix) {
+        callback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(agent, x -> Objects.equals(x.getNat64Prefix(), prefix));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNat64PrefixMultipleSources() throws Exception {
+        final String iface = "wlan0";
+        final String pref64FromRaStr = "64:ff9b::";
+        final String pref64FromDnsStr = "2001:db8:64::";
+        final IpPrefix pref64FromRa = new IpPrefix(InetAddress.getByName(pref64FromRaStr), 96);
+        final IpPrefix pref64FromDns = new IpPrefix(InetAddress.getByName(pref64FromDnsStr), 96);
+        final IpPrefix newPref64FromRa = new IpPrefix("2001:db8:64:64:64:64::/96");
+
+        final NetworkRequest request = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
+                .build();
+        final TestNetworkCallback callback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(request, callback);
+
+        final LinkProperties baseLp = new LinkProperties();
+        baseLp.setInterfaceName(iface);
+        baseLp.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress("2001:db8:1::1/64"));
+        baseLp.addDnsServer(InetAddress.getByName("2001:4860:4860::6464"));
+
+        reset(mMockNetd, mMockDnsResolver);
+        InOrder inOrder = inOrder(mMockNetd, mMockDnsResolver);
+
+        // If a network already has a NAT64 prefix on connect, clatd is started immediately and
+        // prefix discovery is never started.
+        LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties(baseLp);
+        lp.setNat64Prefix(pref64FromRa);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI, lp);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        final Network network = mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork();
+        int netId = network.getNetId();
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).clatdStart(iface, pref64FromRa.toString());
+        inOrder.verify(mMockDnsResolver).setPrefix64(netId, pref64FromRa.toString());
+        inOrder.verify(mMockDnsResolver, never()).startPrefix64Discovery(netId);
+        callback.assertNoCallback();
+        assertEquals(pref64FromRa, mCm.getLinkProperties(network).getNat64Prefix());
+
+        // If the RA prefix is withdrawn, clatd is stopped and prefix discovery is started.
+        lp.setNat64Prefix(null);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
+        expectNat64PrefixChange(callback, mWiFiNetworkAgent, null);
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).clatdStop(iface);
+        inOrder.verify(mMockDnsResolver).setPrefix64(netId, "");
+        inOrder.verify(mMockDnsResolver).startPrefix64Discovery(netId);
+
+        // If the RA prefix appears while DNS discovery is in progress, discovery is stopped and
+        // clatd is started with the prefix from the RA.
+        lp.setNat64Prefix(pref64FromRa);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
+        expectNat64PrefixChange(callback, mWiFiNetworkAgent, pref64FromRa);
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).clatdStart(iface, pref64FromRa.toString());
+        inOrder.verify(mMockDnsResolver).stopPrefix64Discovery(netId);
+        inOrder.verify(mMockDnsResolver).setPrefix64(netId, pref64FromRa.toString());
+
+        // Withdraw the RA prefix so we can test the case where an RA prefix appears after DNS
+        // discovery has succeeded.
+        lp.setNat64Prefix(null);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
+        expectNat64PrefixChange(callback, mWiFiNetworkAgent, null);
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).clatdStop(iface);
+        inOrder.verify(mMockDnsResolver).setPrefix64(netId, "");
+        inOrder.verify(mMockDnsResolver).startPrefix64Discovery(netId);
+
+        mService.mResolverUnsolEventCallback.onNat64PrefixEvent(
+                makeNat64PrefixEvent(netId, PREFIX_OPERATION_ADDED, pref64FromDnsStr, 96));
+        expectNat64PrefixChange(callback, mWiFiNetworkAgent, pref64FromDns);
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).clatdStart(iface, pref64FromDns.toString());
+
+        // If an RA advertises the same prefix that was discovered by DNS, nothing happens: prefix
+        // discovery is not stopped, and there are no callbacks.
+        lp.setNat64Prefix(pref64FromDns);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
+        callback.assertNoCallback();
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd, never()).clatdStop(iface);
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd, never()).clatdStart(eq(iface), anyString());
+        inOrder.verify(mMockDnsResolver, never()).stopPrefix64Discovery(netId);
+        inOrder.verify(mMockDnsResolver, never()).startPrefix64Discovery(netId);
+        inOrder.verify(mMockDnsResolver, never()).setPrefix64(eq(netId), anyString());
+
+        // If the RA is later withdrawn, nothing happens again.
+        lp.setNat64Prefix(null);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
+        callback.assertNoCallback();
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd, never()).clatdStop(iface);
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd, never()).clatdStart(eq(iface), anyString());
+        inOrder.verify(mMockDnsResolver, never()).stopPrefix64Discovery(netId);
+        inOrder.verify(mMockDnsResolver, never()).startPrefix64Discovery(netId);
+        inOrder.verify(mMockDnsResolver, never()).setPrefix64(eq(netId), anyString());
+
+        // If the RA prefix changes, clatd is restarted and prefix discovery is stopped.
+        lp.setNat64Prefix(pref64FromRa);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
+        expectNat64PrefixChange(callback, mWiFiNetworkAgent, pref64FromRa);
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).clatdStop(iface);
+        inOrder.verify(mMockDnsResolver).stopPrefix64Discovery(netId);
+
+        // Stopping prefix discovery results in a prefix removed notification.
+        mService.mResolverUnsolEventCallback.onNat64PrefixEvent(
+                makeNat64PrefixEvent(netId, PREFIX_OPERATION_REMOVED, pref64FromDnsStr, 96));
+
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).clatdStart(iface, pref64FromRa.toString());
+        inOrder.verify(mMockDnsResolver).setPrefix64(netId, pref64FromRa.toString());
+        inOrder.verify(mMockDnsResolver, never()).startPrefix64Discovery(netId);
+
+        // If the RA prefix changes, clatd is restarted and prefix discovery is not started.
+        lp.setNat64Prefix(newPref64FromRa);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
+        expectNat64PrefixChange(callback, mWiFiNetworkAgent, newPref64FromRa);
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).clatdStop(iface);
+        inOrder.verify(mMockDnsResolver).setPrefix64(netId, "");
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).clatdStart(iface, newPref64FromRa.toString());
+        inOrder.verify(mMockDnsResolver).setPrefix64(netId, newPref64FromRa.toString());
+        inOrder.verify(mMockDnsResolver, never()).stopPrefix64Discovery(netId);
+        inOrder.verify(mMockDnsResolver, never()).startPrefix64Discovery(netId);
+
+        // If the RA prefix changes to the same value, nothing happens.
+        lp.setNat64Prefix(newPref64FromRa);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
+        callback.assertNoCallback();
+        assertEquals(newPref64FromRa, mCm.getLinkProperties(network).getNat64Prefix());
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd, never()).clatdStop(iface);
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd, never()).clatdStart(eq(iface), anyString());
+        inOrder.verify(mMockDnsResolver, never()).stopPrefix64Discovery(netId);
+        inOrder.verify(mMockDnsResolver, never()).startPrefix64Discovery(netId);
+        inOrder.verify(mMockDnsResolver, never()).setPrefix64(eq(netId), anyString());
+
+        // The transition between no prefix and DNS prefix is tested in testStackedLinkProperties.
+
+        // If the same prefix is learned first by DNS and then by RA, and clat is later stopped,
+        // (e.g., because the network disconnects) setPrefix64(netid, "") is never called.
+        lp.setNat64Prefix(null);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
+        expectNat64PrefixChange(callback, mWiFiNetworkAgent, null);
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).clatdStop(iface);
+        inOrder.verify(mMockDnsResolver).setPrefix64(netId, "");
+        inOrder.verify(mMockDnsResolver).startPrefix64Discovery(netId);
+        mService.mResolverUnsolEventCallback.onNat64PrefixEvent(
+                makeNat64PrefixEvent(netId, PREFIX_OPERATION_ADDED, pref64FromDnsStr, 96));
+        expectNat64PrefixChange(callback, mWiFiNetworkAgent, pref64FromDns);
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).clatdStart(iface, pref64FromDns.toString());
+        inOrder.verify(mMockDnsResolver, never()).setPrefix64(eq(netId), any());
+
+        lp.setNat64Prefix(pref64FromDns);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
+        callback.assertNoCallback();
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd, never()).clatdStop(iface);
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd, never()).clatdStart(eq(iface), anyString());
+        inOrder.verify(mMockDnsResolver, never()).stopPrefix64Discovery(netId);
+        inOrder.verify(mMockDnsResolver, never()).startPrefix64Discovery(netId);
+        inOrder.verify(mMockDnsResolver, never()).setPrefix64(eq(netId), anyString());
+
+        // When tearing down a network, clat state is only updated after CALLBACK_LOST is fired, but
+        // before CONNECTIVITY_ACTION is sent. Wait for CONNECTIVITY_ACTION before verifying that
+        // clat has been stopped, or the test will be flaky.
+        ExpectedBroadcast b = expectConnectivityAction(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.DISCONNECTED);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        b.expectBroadcast();
+
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).clatdStop(iface);
+        inOrder.verify(mMockDnsResolver).stopPrefix64Discovery(netId);
+        inOrder.verify(mMockDnsResolver, never()).setPrefix64(eq(netId), anyString());
+
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(callback);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testWith464XlatDisable() throws Exception {
+        doReturn(false).when(mDeps).getCellular464XlatEnabled();
+
+        final TestNetworkCallback callback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final TestNetworkCallback defaultCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final NetworkRequest networkRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
+                .build();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(networkRequest, callback);
+        mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(defaultCallback);
+
+        // Bring up validated cell.
+        final LinkProperties cellLp = new LinkProperties();
+        cellLp.setInterfaceName(MOBILE_IFNAME);
+        cellLp.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress("2001:db8:1::1/64"));
+        cellLp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix("::/0"), null, MOBILE_IFNAME));
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+
+        mCellNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(cellLp);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        callback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        final int cellNetId = mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId;
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        verify(mMockDnsResolver, never()).startPrefix64Discovery(cellNetId);
+        Nat464Xlat clat = getNat464Xlat(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        assertTrue("Nat464Xlat was not IDLE", !clat.isStarted());
+
+        // This cannot happen because prefix discovery cannot succeed if it is never started.
+        mService.mResolverUnsolEventCallback.onNat64PrefixEvent(
+                makeNat64PrefixEvent(cellNetId, PREFIX_OPERATION_ADDED, "64:ff9b::", 96));
+
+        // ... but still, check that even if it did, clatd would not be started.
+        verify(mMockNetd, never()).clatdStart(anyString(), anyString());
+        assertTrue("Nat464Xlat was not IDLE", !clat.isStarted());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDataActivityTracking() throws Exception {
+        final TestNetworkCallback networkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final NetworkRequest networkRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
+                .build();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(networkRequest, networkCallback);
+
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        final LinkProperties cellLp = new LinkProperties();
+        cellLp.setInterfaceName(MOBILE_IFNAME);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(cellLp);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        networkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).idletimerAddInterface(eq(MOBILE_IFNAME), anyInt(),
+                eq(Integer.toString(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)));
+
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        final LinkProperties wifiLp = new LinkProperties();
+        wifiLp.setInterfaceName(WIFI_IFNAME);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(wifiLp);
+
+        // Network switch
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        networkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        networkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOSING, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        networkCallback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).idletimerAddInterface(eq(WIFI_IFNAME), anyInt(),
+                eq(Integer.toString(TRANSPORT_WIFI)));
+        verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).idletimerRemoveInterface(eq(MOBILE_IFNAME), anyInt(),
+                eq(Integer.toString(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)));
+
+        // Disconnect wifi and switch back to cell
+        reset(mMockNetd);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        networkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        assertNoCallbacks(networkCallback);
+        verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).idletimerRemoveInterface(eq(WIFI_IFNAME), anyInt(),
+                eq(Integer.toString(TRANSPORT_WIFI)));
+        verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).idletimerAddInterface(eq(MOBILE_IFNAME), anyInt(),
+                eq(Integer.toString(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)));
+
+        // reconnect wifi
+        reset(mMockNetd);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        wifiLp.setInterfaceName(WIFI_IFNAME);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(wifiLp);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        networkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        networkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOSING, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        networkCallback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).idletimerAddInterface(eq(WIFI_IFNAME), anyInt(),
+                eq(Integer.toString(TRANSPORT_WIFI)));
+        verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).idletimerRemoveInterface(eq(MOBILE_IFNAME), anyInt(),
+                eq(Integer.toString(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)));
+
+        // Disconnect cell
+        reset(mMockNetd);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        networkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        // LOST callback is triggered earlier than removing idle timer. Broadcast should also be
+        // sent as network being switched. Ensure rule removal for cell will not be triggered
+        // unexpectedly before network being removed.
+        waitForIdle();
+        verify(mMockNetd, times(0)).idletimerRemoveInterface(eq(MOBILE_IFNAME), anyInt(),
+                eq(Integer.toString(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)));
+        verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).networkDestroy(eq(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId));
+        verify(mMockDnsResolver, times(1))
+                .destroyNetworkCache(eq(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId));
+
+        // Disconnect wifi
+        ExpectedBroadcast b = expectConnectivityAction(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.DISCONNECTED);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        b.expectBroadcast();
+        verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).idletimerRemoveInterface(eq(WIFI_IFNAME), anyInt(),
+                eq(Integer.toString(TRANSPORT_WIFI)));
+
+        // Clean up
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(networkCallback);
+    }
+
+    private void verifyTcpBufferSizeChange(String tcpBufferSizes) throws Exception {
+        String[] values = tcpBufferSizes.split(",");
+        String rmemValues = String.join(" ", values[0], values[1], values[2]);
+        String wmemValues = String.join(" ", values[3], values[4], values[5]);
+        verify(mMockNetd, atLeastOnce()).setTcpRWmemorySize(rmemValues, wmemValues);
+        reset(mMockNetd);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTcpBufferReset() throws Exception {
+        final String testTcpBufferSizes = "1,2,3,4,5,6";
+        final NetworkRequest networkRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
+                .build();
+        final TestNetworkCallback networkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(networkRequest, networkCallback);
+
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        reset(mMockNetd);
+        // Switching default network updates TCP buffer sizes.
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        networkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        verifyTcpBufferSizeChange(ConnectivityService.DEFAULT_TCP_BUFFER_SIZES);
+        // Change link Properties should have updated tcp buffer size.
+        LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+        lp.setTcpBufferSizes(testTcpBufferSizes);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
+        networkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        verifyTcpBufferSizeChange(testTcpBufferSizes);
+        // Clean up.
+        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        networkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        networkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(networkCallback);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetGlobalProxyForNetwork() throws Exception {
+        final ProxyInfo testProxyInfo = ProxyInfo.buildDirectProxy("test", 8888);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        final Network wifiNetwork = mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork();
+        when(mService.mProxyTracker.getGlobalProxy()).thenReturn(testProxyInfo);
+        assertEquals(testProxyInfo, mService.getProxyForNetwork(wifiNetwork));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetProxyForActiveNetwork() throws Exception {
+        final ProxyInfo testProxyInfo = ProxyInfo.buildDirectProxy("test", 8888);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        waitForIdle();
+        assertNull(mService.getProxyForNetwork(null));
+
+        final LinkProperties testLinkProperties = new LinkProperties();
+        testLinkProperties.setHttpProxy(testProxyInfo);
+
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(testLinkProperties);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        assertEquals(testProxyInfo, mService.getProxyForNetwork(null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetProxyForVPN() throws Exception {
+        final ProxyInfo testProxyInfo = ProxyInfo.buildDirectProxy("test", 8888);
+
+        // Set up a WiFi network with no proxy
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        waitForIdle();
+        assertNull(mService.getProxyForNetwork(null));
+
+        // Connect a VPN network with a proxy.
+        LinkProperties testLinkProperties = new LinkProperties();
+        testLinkProperties.setHttpProxy(testProxyInfo);
+        mMockVpn.establishForMyUid(testLinkProperties);
+        assertUidRangesUpdatedForMyUid(true);
+
+        // Test that the VPN network returns a proxy, and the WiFi does not.
+        assertEquals(testProxyInfo, mService.getProxyForNetwork(mMockVpn.getNetwork()));
+        assertEquals(testProxyInfo, mService.getProxyForNetwork(null));
+        assertNull(mService.getProxyForNetwork(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork()));
+
+        // Test that the VPN network returns no proxy when it is set to null.
+        testLinkProperties.setHttpProxy(null);
+        mMockVpn.sendLinkProperties(testLinkProperties);
+        waitForIdle();
+        assertNull(mService.getProxyForNetwork(mMockVpn.getNetwork()));
+        assertNull(mService.getProxyForNetwork(null));
+
+        // Set WiFi proxy and check that the vpn proxy is still null.
+        testLinkProperties.setHttpProxy(testProxyInfo);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(testLinkProperties);
+        waitForIdle();
+        assertNull(mService.getProxyForNetwork(null));
+
+        // Disconnect from VPN and check that the active network, which is now the WiFi, has the
+        // correct proxy setting.
+        mMockVpn.disconnect();
+        waitForIdle();
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertEquals(testProxyInfo, mService.getProxyForNetwork(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork()));
+        assertEquals(testProxyInfo, mService.getProxyForNetwork(null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFullyRoutedVpnResultsInInterfaceFilteringRules() throws Exception {
+        LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+        lp.setInterfaceName("tun0");
+        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(Inet4Address.ANY, 0), null));
+        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(Inet6Address.ANY, 0), RTN_UNREACHABLE));
+        // The uid range needs to cover the test app so the network is visible to it.
+        final Set<UidRange> vpnRange = Collections.singleton(PRIMARY_UIDRANGE);
+        mMockVpn.establish(lp, VPN_UID, vpnRange);
+        assertVpnUidRangesUpdated(true, vpnRange, VPN_UID);
+
+        // A connected VPN should have interface rules set up. There are two expected invocations,
+        // one during the VPN initial connection, one during the VPN LinkProperties update.
+        ArgumentCaptor<int[]> uidCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(int[].class);
+        verify(mMockNetd, times(2)).firewallAddUidInterfaceRules(eq("tun0"), uidCaptor.capture());
+        assertContainsExactly(uidCaptor.getAllValues().get(0), APP1_UID, APP2_UID);
+        assertContainsExactly(uidCaptor.getAllValues().get(1), APP1_UID, APP2_UID);
+        assertTrue(mService.mPermissionMonitor.getVpnUidRanges("tun0").equals(vpnRange));
+
+        mMockVpn.disconnect();
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        // Disconnected VPN should have interface rules removed
+        verify(mMockNetd).firewallRemoveUidInterfaceRules(uidCaptor.capture());
+        assertContainsExactly(uidCaptor.getValue(), APP1_UID, APP2_UID);
+        assertNull(mService.mPermissionMonitor.getVpnUidRanges("tun0"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLegacyVpnDoesNotResultInInterfaceFilteringRule() throws Exception {
+        LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+        lp.setInterfaceName("tun0");
+        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(Inet6Address.ANY, 0), null));
+        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(Inet4Address.ANY, 0), null));
+        // The uid range needs to cover the test app so the network is visible to it.
+        final Set<UidRange> vpnRange = Collections.singleton(PRIMARY_UIDRANGE);
+        mMockVpn.establish(lp, Process.SYSTEM_UID, vpnRange);
+        assertVpnUidRangesUpdated(true, vpnRange, Process.SYSTEM_UID);
+
+        // Legacy VPN should not have interface rules set up
+        verify(mMockNetd, never()).firewallAddUidInterfaceRules(any(), any());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLocalIpv4OnlyVpnDoesNotResultInInterfaceFilteringRule()
+            throws Exception {
+        LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+        lp.setInterfaceName("tun0");
+        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix("192.0.2.0/24"), null, "tun0"));
+        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(Inet6Address.ANY, 0), RTN_UNREACHABLE));
+        // The uid range needs to cover the test app so the network is visible to it.
+        final Set<UidRange> vpnRange = Collections.singleton(PRIMARY_UIDRANGE);
+        mMockVpn.establish(lp, Process.SYSTEM_UID, vpnRange);
+        assertVpnUidRangesUpdated(true, vpnRange, Process.SYSTEM_UID);
+
+        // IPv6 unreachable route should not be misinterpreted as a default route
+        verify(mMockNetd, never()).firewallAddUidInterfaceRules(any(), any());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testVpnHandoverChangesInterfaceFilteringRule() throws Exception {
+        LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+        lp.setInterfaceName("tun0");
+        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(Inet4Address.ANY, 0), null));
+        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(Inet6Address.ANY, 0), null));
+        // The uid range needs to cover the test app so the network is visible to it.
+        final Set<UidRange> vpnRange = Collections.singleton(PRIMARY_UIDRANGE);
+        mMockVpn.establish(lp, VPN_UID, vpnRange);
+        assertVpnUidRangesUpdated(true, vpnRange, VPN_UID);
+
+        // Connected VPN should have interface rules set up. There are two expected invocations,
+        // one during VPN uid update, one during VPN LinkProperties update
+        ArgumentCaptor<int[]> uidCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(int[].class);
+        verify(mMockNetd, times(2)).firewallAddUidInterfaceRules(eq("tun0"), uidCaptor.capture());
+        assertContainsExactly(uidCaptor.getAllValues().get(0), APP1_UID, APP2_UID);
+        assertContainsExactly(uidCaptor.getAllValues().get(1), APP1_UID, APP2_UID);
+
+        reset(mMockNetd);
+        InOrder inOrder = inOrder(mMockNetd);
+        lp.setInterfaceName("tun1");
+        mMockVpn.sendLinkProperties(lp);
+        waitForIdle();
+        // VPN handover (switch to a new interface) should result in rules being updated (old rules
+        // removed first, then new rules added)
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).firewallRemoveUidInterfaceRules(uidCaptor.capture());
+        assertContainsExactly(uidCaptor.getValue(), APP1_UID, APP2_UID);
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).firewallAddUidInterfaceRules(eq("tun1"), uidCaptor.capture());
+        assertContainsExactly(uidCaptor.getValue(), APP1_UID, APP2_UID);
+
+        reset(mMockNetd);
+        lp = new LinkProperties();
+        lp.setInterfaceName("tun1");
+        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix("192.0.2.0/24"), null, "tun1"));
+        mMockVpn.sendLinkProperties(lp);
+        waitForIdle();
+        // VPN not routing everything should no longer have interface filtering rules
+        verify(mMockNetd).firewallRemoveUidInterfaceRules(uidCaptor.capture());
+        assertContainsExactly(uidCaptor.getValue(), APP1_UID, APP2_UID);
+
+        reset(mMockNetd);
+        lp = new LinkProperties();
+        lp.setInterfaceName("tun1");
+        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(Inet4Address.ANY, 0), RTN_UNREACHABLE));
+        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(Inet6Address.ANY, 0), null));
+        mMockVpn.sendLinkProperties(lp);
+        waitForIdle();
+        // Back to routing all IPv6 traffic should have filtering rules
+        verify(mMockNetd).firewallAddUidInterfaceRules(eq("tun1"), uidCaptor.capture());
+        assertContainsExactly(uidCaptor.getValue(), APP1_UID, APP2_UID);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUidUpdateChangesInterfaceFilteringRule() throws Exception {
+        LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+        lp.setInterfaceName("tun0");
+        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(Inet4Address.ANY, 0), RTN_UNREACHABLE));
+        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(Inet6Address.ANY, 0), null));
+        // The uid range needs to cover the test app so the network is visible to it.
+        final UidRange vpnRange = PRIMARY_UIDRANGE;
+        final Set<UidRange> vpnRanges = Collections.singleton(vpnRange);
+        mMockVpn.establish(lp, VPN_UID, vpnRanges);
+        assertVpnUidRangesUpdated(true, vpnRanges, VPN_UID);
+
+        reset(mMockNetd);
+        InOrder inOrder = inOrder(mMockNetd);
+
+        // Update to new range which is old range minus APP1, i.e. only APP2
+        final Set<UidRange> newRanges = new HashSet<>(Arrays.asList(
+                new UidRange(vpnRange.start, APP1_UID - 1),
+                new UidRange(APP1_UID + 1, vpnRange.stop)));
+        mMockVpn.setUids(newRanges);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        ArgumentCaptor<int[]> uidCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(int[].class);
+        // Verify old rules are removed before new rules are added
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).firewallRemoveUidInterfaceRules(uidCaptor.capture());
+        assertContainsExactly(uidCaptor.getValue(), APP1_UID, APP2_UID);
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).firewallAddUidInterfaceRules(eq("tun0"), uidCaptor.capture());
+        assertContainsExactly(uidCaptor.getValue(), APP2_UID);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLinkPropertiesWithWakeOnLanForActiveNetwork() throws Exception {
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+
+        LinkProperties wifiLp = new LinkProperties();
+        wifiLp.setInterfaceName(WIFI_WOL_IFNAME);
+        wifiLp.setWakeOnLanSupported(false);
+
+        // Default network switch should update ifaces.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(wifiLp);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        // ConnectivityService should have changed the WakeOnLanSupported to true
+        wifiLp.setWakeOnLanSupported(true);
+        assertEquals(wifiLp, mService.getActiveLinkProperties());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLegacyExtraInfoSentToNetworkMonitor() throws Exception {
+        class TestNetworkAgent extends NetworkAgent {
+            TestNetworkAgent(Context context, Looper looper, NetworkAgentConfig config) {
+                super(context, looper, "MockAgent", new NetworkCapabilities(),
+                        new LinkProperties(), 40 , config, null /* provider */);
+            }
+        }
+        final NetworkAgent naNoExtraInfo = new TestNetworkAgent(
+                mServiceContext, mCsHandlerThread.getLooper(), new NetworkAgentConfig());
+        naNoExtraInfo.register();
+        verify(mNetworkStack).makeNetworkMonitor(any(), isNull(String.class), any());
+        naNoExtraInfo.unregister();
+
+        reset(mNetworkStack);
+        final NetworkAgentConfig config =
+                new NetworkAgentConfig.Builder().setLegacyExtraInfo("legacyinfo").build();
+        final NetworkAgent naExtraInfo = new TestNetworkAgent(
+                mServiceContext, mCsHandlerThread.getLooper(), config);
+        naExtraInfo.register();
+        verify(mNetworkStack).makeNetworkMonitor(any(), eq("legacyinfo"), any());
+        naExtraInfo.unregister();
+    }
+
+    // To avoid granting location permission bypass.
+    private void denyAllLocationPrivilegedPermissions() {
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK,
+                PERMISSION_DENIED);
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(NETWORK_SETTINGS, PERMISSION_DENIED);
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK,
+                PERMISSION_DENIED);
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETUP_WIZARD,
+                PERMISSION_DENIED);
+    }
+
+    private void setupLocationPermissions(
+            int targetSdk, boolean locationToggle, String op, String perm) throws Exception {
+        denyAllLocationPrivilegedPermissions();
+
+        final ApplicationInfo applicationInfo = new ApplicationInfo();
+        applicationInfo.targetSdkVersion = targetSdk;
+        when(mPackageManager.getApplicationInfoAsUser(anyString(), anyInt(), any()))
+                .thenReturn(applicationInfo);
+        when(mPackageManager.getTargetSdkVersion(any())).thenReturn(targetSdk);
+
+        when(mLocationManager.isLocationEnabledForUser(any())).thenReturn(locationToggle);
+
+        if (op != null) {
+            when(mAppOpsManager.noteOp(eq(op), eq(Process.myUid()),
+                    eq(mContext.getPackageName()), eq(getAttributionTag()), anyString()))
+                .thenReturn(AppOpsManager.MODE_ALLOWED);
+        }
+
+        if (perm != null) {
+            mServiceContext.setPermission(perm, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private int getOwnerUidNetCapsPermission(int ownerUid, int callerUid,
+            boolean includeLocationSensitiveInfo) {
+        final NetworkCapabilities netCap = new NetworkCapabilities().setOwnerUid(ownerUid);
+
+        return mService.createWithLocationInfoSanitizedIfNecessaryWhenParceled(
+                netCap, includeLocationSensitiveInfo, Process.myUid(), callerUid,
+                mContext.getPackageName(), getAttributionTag())
+                .getOwnerUid();
+    }
+
+    private void verifyTransportInfoCopyNetCapsPermission(
+            int callerUid, boolean includeLocationSensitiveInfo,
+            boolean shouldMakeCopyWithLocationSensitiveFieldsParcelable) {
+        final TransportInfo transportInfo = mock(TransportInfo.class);
+        when(transportInfo.getApplicableRedactions()).thenReturn(REDACT_FOR_ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION);
+        final NetworkCapabilities netCap =
+                new NetworkCapabilities().setTransportInfo(transportInfo);
+
+        mService.createWithLocationInfoSanitizedIfNecessaryWhenParceled(
+                netCap, includeLocationSensitiveInfo, Process.myPid(), callerUid,
+                mContext.getPackageName(), getAttributionTag());
+        if (shouldMakeCopyWithLocationSensitiveFieldsParcelable) {
+            verify(transportInfo).makeCopy(REDACT_NONE);
+        } else {
+            verify(transportInfo).makeCopy(REDACT_FOR_ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void verifyOwnerUidAndTransportInfoNetCapsPermission(
+            boolean shouldInclLocationSensitiveOwnerUidWithoutIncludeFlag,
+            boolean shouldInclLocationSensitiveOwnerUidWithIncludeFlag,
+            boolean shouldInclLocationSensitiveTransportInfoWithoutIncludeFlag,
+            boolean shouldInclLocationSensitiveTransportInfoWithIncludeFlag) {
+        final int myUid = Process.myUid();
+
+        final int expectedOwnerUidWithoutIncludeFlag =
+                shouldInclLocationSensitiveOwnerUidWithoutIncludeFlag
+                        ? myUid : INVALID_UID;
+        assertEquals(expectedOwnerUidWithoutIncludeFlag, getOwnerUidNetCapsPermission(
+                myUid, myUid, false /* includeLocationSensitiveInfo */));
+
+        final int expectedOwnerUidWithIncludeFlag =
+                shouldInclLocationSensitiveOwnerUidWithIncludeFlag ? myUid : INVALID_UID;
+        assertEquals(expectedOwnerUidWithIncludeFlag, getOwnerUidNetCapsPermission(
+                myUid, myUid, true /* includeLocationSensitiveInfo */));
+
+        verifyTransportInfoCopyNetCapsPermission(myUid,
+                false, /* includeLocationSensitiveInfo */
+                shouldInclLocationSensitiveTransportInfoWithoutIncludeFlag);
+
+        verifyTransportInfoCopyNetCapsPermission(myUid,
+                true, /* includeLocationSensitiveInfo */
+                shouldInclLocationSensitiveTransportInfoWithIncludeFlag);
+
+    }
+
+    private void verifyOwnerUidAndTransportInfoNetCapsPermissionPreS() {
+        verifyOwnerUidAndTransportInfoNetCapsPermission(
+                // Ensure that owner uid is included even if the request asks to remove it (which is
+                // the default) since the app has necessary permissions and targetSdk < S.
+                true, /* shouldInclLocationSensitiveOwnerUidWithoutIncludeFlag */
+                true, /* shouldInclLocationSensitiveOwnerUidWithIncludeFlag */
+                // Ensure that location info is removed if the request asks to remove it even if the
+                // app has necessary permissions.
+                false, /* shouldInclLocationSensitiveTransportInfoWithoutIncludeFlag */
+                true /* shouldInclLocationSensitiveTransportInfoWithIncludeFlag */
+        );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCreateWithLocationInfoSanitizedWithFineLocationAfterQPreS()
+            throws Exception {
+        setupLocationPermissions(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q, true, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_FINE_LOCATION,
+                Manifest.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION);
+
+        verifyOwnerUidAndTransportInfoNetCapsPermissionPreS();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCreateWithLocationInfoSanitizedWithFineLocationPreSWithAndWithoutCallbackFlag()
+            throws Exception {
+        setupLocationPermissions(Build.VERSION_CODES.R, true, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_FINE_LOCATION,
+                Manifest.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION);
+
+        verifyOwnerUidAndTransportInfoNetCapsPermissionPreS();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void
+            testCreateWithLocationInfoSanitizedWithFineLocationAfterSWithAndWithoutCallbackFlag()
+            throws Exception {
+        setupLocationPermissions(Build.VERSION_CODES.S, true, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_FINE_LOCATION,
+                Manifest.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION);
+
+        verifyOwnerUidAndTransportInfoNetCapsPermission(
+                // Ensure that the owner UID is removed if the request asks us to remove it even
+                // if the app has necessary permissions since targetSdk >= S.
+                false, /* shouldInclLocationSensitiveOwnerUidWithoutIncludeFlag */
+                true, /* shouldInclLocationSensitiveOwnerUidWithIncludeFlag */
+                // Ensure that location info is removed if the request asks to remove it even if the
+                // app has necessary permissions.
+                false, /* shouldInclLocationSensitiveTransportInfoWithoutIncludeFlag */
+                true /* shouldInclLocationSensitiveTransportInfoWithIncludeFlag */
+        );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCreateWithLocationInfoSanitizedWithCoarseLocationPreQ()
+            throws Exception {
+        setupLocationPermissions(Build.VERSION_CODES.P, true, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_COARSE_LOCATION,
+                Manifest.permission.ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION);
+
+        verifyOwnerUidAndTransportInfoNetCapsPermissionPreS();
+    }
+
+    private void verifyOwnerUidAndTransportInfoNetCapsNotIncluded() {
+        verifyOwnerUidAndTransportInfoNetCapsPermission(
+                false, /* shouldInclLocationSensitiveOwnerUidWithoutIncludeFlag */
+                false, /* shouldInclLocationSensitiveOwnerUidWithIncludeFlag */
+                false, /* shouldInclLocationSensitiveTransportInfoWithoutIncludeFlag */
+                false /* shouldInclLocationSensitiveTransportInfoWithIncludeFlag */
+        );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCreateWithLocationInfoSanitizedLocationOff() throws Exception {
+        // Test that even with fine location permission, and UIDs matching, the UID is sanitized.
+        setupLocationPermissions(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q, false, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_FINE_LOCATION,
+                Manifest.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION);
+
+        verifyOwnerUidAndTransportInfoNetCapsNotIncluded();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCreateWithLocationInfoSanitizedWrongUid() throws Exception {
+        // Test that even with fine location permission, not being the owner leads to sanitization.
+        setupLocationPermissions(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q, true, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_FINE_LOCATION,
+                Manifest.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION);
+
+        final int myUid = Process.myUid();
+        assertEquals(Process.INVALID_UID,
+                getOwnerUidNetCapsPermission(myUid + 1, myUid,
+                        true /* includeLocationSensitiveInfo */));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCreateWithLocationInfoSanitizedWithCoarseLocationAfterQ()
+            throws Exception {
+        // Test that not having fine location permission leads to sanitization.
+        setupLocationPermissions(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q, true, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_COARSE_LOCATION,
+                Manifest.permission.ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION);
+
+        verifyOwnerUidAndTransportInfoNetCapsNotIncluded();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCreateWithLocationInfoSanitizedWithCoarseLocationAfterS()
+            throws Exception {
+        // Test that not having fine location permission leads to sanitization.
+        setupLocationPermissions(Build.VERSION_CODES.S, true, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_COARSE_LOCATION,
+                Manifest.permission.ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION);
+
+        verifyOwnerUidAndTransportInfoNetCapsNotIncluded();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCreateForCallerWithLocalMacAddressSanitizedWithLocalMacAddressPermission()
+            throws Exception {
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(Manifest.permission.LOCAL_MAC_ADDRESS, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
+
+        final TransportInfo transportInfo = mock(TransportInfo.class);
+        when(transportInfo.getApplicableRedactions())
+                .thenReturn(REDACT_FOR_ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION | REDACT_FOR_LOCAL_MAC_ADDRESS);
+        final NetworkCapabilities netCap =
+                new NetworkCapabilities().setTransportInfo(transportInfo);
+
+        mService.createWithLocationInfoSanitizedIfNecessaryWhenParceled(
+                netCap, false /* includeLocationSensitiveInfoInTransportInfo */,
+                Process.myPid(), Process.myUid(),
+                mContext.getPackageName(), getAttributionTag());
+        // don't redact MAC_ADDRESS fields, only location sensitive fields.
+        verify(transportInfo).makeCopy(REDACT_FOR_ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCreateForCallerWithLocalMacAddressSanitizedWithoutLocalMacAddressPermission()
+            throws Exception {
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(Manifest.permission.LOCAL_MAC_ADDRESS, PERMISSION_DENIED);
+
+        final TransportInfo transportInfo = mock(TransportInfo.class);
+        when(transportInfo.getApplicableRedactions())
+                .thenReturn(REDACT_FOR_ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION | REDACT_FOR_LOCAL_MAC_ADDRESS);
+        final NetworkCapabilities netCap =
+                new NetworkCapabilities().setTransportInfo(transportInfo);
+
+        mService.createWithLocationInfoSanitizedIfNecessaryWhenParceled(
+                netCap, false /* includeLocationSensitiveInfoInTransportInfo */,
+                Process.myPid(), Process.myUid(),
+                mContext.getPackageName(), getAttributionTag());
+        // redact both MAC_ADDRESS & location sensitive fields.
+        verify(transportInfo).makeCopy(REDACT_FOR_ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION
+                | REDACT_FOR_LOCAL_MAC_ADDRESS);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCreateForCallerWithLocalMacAddressSanitizedWithSettingsPermission()
+            throws Exception {
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(NETWORK_SETTINGS, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
+
+        final TransportInfo transportInfo = mock(TransportInfo.class);
+        when(transportInfo.getApplicableRedactions())
+                .thenReturn(REDACT_FOR_ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION | REDACT_FOR_NETWORK_SETTINGS);
+        final NetworkCapabilities netCap =
+                new NetworkCapabilities().setTransportInfo(transportInfo);
+
+        mService.createWithLocationInfoSanitizedIfNecessaryWhenParceled(
+                netCap, false /* includeLocationSensitiveInfoInTransportInfo */,
+                Process.myPid(), Process.myUid(),
+                mContext.getPackageName(), getAttributionTag());
+        // don't redact NETWORK_SETTINGS fields, only location sensitive fields.
+        verify(transportInfo).makeCopy(REDACT_FOR_ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCreateForCallerWithLocalMacAddressSanitizedWithoutSettingsPermission()
+            throws Exception {
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(Manifest.permission.LOCAL_MAC_ADDRESS, PERMISSION_DENIED);
+
+        final TransportInfo transportInfo = mock(TransportInfo.class);
+        when(transportInfo.getApplicableRedactions())
+                .thenReturn(REDACT_FOR_ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION | REDACT_FOR_NETWORK_SETTINGS);
+        final NetworkCapabilities netCap =
+                new NetworkCapabilities().setTransportInfo(transportInfo);
+
+        mService.createWithLocationInfoSanitizedIfNecessaryWhenParceled(
+                netCap, false /* includeLocationSensitiveInfoInTransportInfo */,
+                Process.myPid(), Process.myUid(),
+                mContext.getPackageName(), getAttributionTag());
+        // redact both NETWORK_SETTINGS & location sensitive fields.
+        verify(transportInfo).makeCopy(
+                REDACT_FOR_ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION | REDACT_FOR_NETWORK_SETTINGS);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test TransportInfo to verify redaction mechanism.
+     */
+    private static class TestTransportInfo implements TransportInfo {
+        public final boolean locationRedacted;
+        public final boolean localMacAddressRedacted;
+        public final boolean settingsRedacted;
+
+        TestTransportInfo() {
+            locationRedacted = false;
+            localMacAddressRedacted = false;
+            settingsRedacted = false;
+        }
+
+        TestTransportInfo(boolean locationRedacted, boolean localMacAddressRedacted,
+                boolean settingsRedacted) {
+            this.locationRedacted = locationRedacted;
+            this.localMacAddressRedacted =
+                    localMacAddressRedacted;
+            this.settingsRedacted = settingsRedacted;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public TransportInfo makeCopy(@NetworkCapabilities.RedactionType long redactions) {
+            return new TestTransportInfo(
+                    locationRedacted | (redactions & REDACT_FOR_ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION) != 0,
+                    localMacAddressRedacted | (redactions & REDACT_FOR_LOCAL_MAC_ADDRESS) != 0,
+                    settingsRedacted | (redactions & REDACT_FOR_NETWORK_SETTINGS) != 0
+            );
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public @NetworkCapabilities.RedactionType long getApplicableRedactions() {
+            return REDACT_FOR_ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION | REDACT_FOR_LOCAL_MAC_ADDRESS
+                    | REDACT_FOR_NETWORK_SETTINGS;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean equals(Object other) {
+            if (!(other instanceof TestTransportInfo)) return false;
+            TestTransportInfo that = (TestTransportInfo) other;
+            return that.locationRedacted == this.locationRedacted
+                    && that.localMacAddressRedacted == this.localMacAddressRedacted
+                    && that.settingsRedacted == this.settingsRedacted;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int hashCode() {
+            return Objects.hash(locationRedacted, localMacAddressRedacted, settingsRedacted);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+            return String.format(
+                    "TestTransportInfo{locationRedacted=%s macRedacted=%s settingsRedacted=%s}",
+                    locationRedacted, localMacAddressRedacted, settingsRedacted);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private TestTransportInfo getTestTransportInfo(NetworkCapabilities nc) {
+        return (TestTransportInfo) nc.getTransportInfo();
+    }
+
+    private TestTransportInfo getTestTransportInfo(TestNetworkAgentWrapper n) {
+        final NetworkCapabilities nc = mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(n.getNetwork());
+        assertNotNull(nc);
+        return getTestTransportInfo(nc);
+    }
+
+
+    private void verifyNetworkCallbackLocationDataInclusionUsingTransportInfoAndOwnerUidInNetCaps(
+            @NonNull TestNetworkCallback wifiNetworkCallback, int actualOwnerUid,
+            @NonNull TransportInfo actualTransportInfo, int expectedOwnerUid,
+            @NonNull TransportInfo expectedTransportInfo) throws Exception {
+        when(mPackageManager.getTargetSdkVersion(anyString())).thenReturn(Build.VERSION_CODES.S);
+        final NetworkCapabilities ncTemplate =
+                new NetworkCapabilities()
+                        .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+                        .setOwnerUid(actualOwnerUid);
+
+        final NetworkRequest wifiRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI).build();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(wifiRequest, wifiNetworkCallback);
+
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI, new LinkProperties(),
+                ncTemplate);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+
+        wifiNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+
+        // Send network capabilities update with TransportInfo to trigger capabilities changed
+        // callback.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setNetworkCapabilities(
+                ncTemplate.setTransportInfo(actualTransportInfo), true);
+
+        wifiNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mWiFiNetworkAgent,
+                nc -> Objects.equals(expectedOwnerUid, nc.getOwnerUid())
+                        && Objects.equals(expectedTransportInfo, nc.getTransportInfo()));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testVerifyLocationDataIsNotIncludedWhenInclFlagNotSet() throws Exception {
+        final TestNetworkCallback wifiNetworkCallack = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final int ownerUid = Process.myUid();
+        final TransportInfo transportInfo = new TestTransportInfo();
+        // Even though the test uid holds privileged permissions, mask location fields since
+        // the callback did not explicitly opt-in to get location data.
+        final TransportInfo sanitizedTransportInfo = new TestTransportInfo(
+                true, /* locationRedacted */
+                true, /* localMacAddressRedacted */
+                true /* settingsRedacted */
+        );
+        // Should not expect location data since the callback does not set the flag for including
+        // location data.
+        verifyNetworkCallbackLocationDataInclusionUsingTransportInfoAndOwnerUidInNetCaps(
+                wifiNetworkCallack, ownerUid, transportInfo, INVALID_UID, sanitizedTransportInfo);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTransportInfoRedactionInSynchronousCalls() throws Exception {
+        final NetworkCapabilities ncTemplate = new NetworkCapabilities()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+                .setTransportInfo(new TestTransportInfo());
+
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI, new LinkProperties(),
+                ncTemplate);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true /* validated; waits for callback */);
+
+        // NETWORK_SETTINGS redaction is controlled by the NETWORK_SETTINGS permission
+        assertTrue(getTestTransportInfo(mWiFiNetworkAgent).settingsRedacted);
+        withPermission(NETWORK_SETTINGS, () -> {
+            assertFalse(getTestTransportInfo(mWiFiNetworkAgent).settingsRedacted);
+        });
+        assertTrue(getTestTransportInfo(mWiFiNetworkAgent).settingsRedacted);
+
+        // LOCAL_MAC_ADDRESS redaction is controlled by the LOCAL_MAC_ADDRESS permission
+        assertTrue(getTestTransportInfo(mWiFiNetworkAgent).localMacAddressRedacted);
+        withPermission(LOCAL_MAC_ADDRESS, () -> {
+            assertFalse(getTestTransportInfo(mWiFiNetworkAgent).localMacAddressRedacted);
+        });
+        assertTrue(getTestTransportInfo(mWiFiNetworkAgent).localMacAddressRedacted);
+
+        // Synchronous getNetworkCapabilities calls never return unredacted location-sensitive
+        // information.
+        assertTrue(getTestTransportInfo(mWiFiNetworkAgent).locationRedacted);
+        setupLocationPermissions(Build.VERSION_CODES.S, true, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_FINE_LOCATION,
+                Manifest.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION);
+        assertTrue(getTestTransportInfo(mWiFiNetworkAgent).locationRedacted);
+        denyAllLocationPrivilegedPermissions();
+        assertTrue(getTestTransportInfo(mWiFiNetworkAgent).locationRedacted);
+    }
+
+    private void setupConnectionOwnerUid(int vpnOwnerUid, @VpnManager.VpnType int vpnType)
+            throws Exception {
+        final Set<UidRange> vpnRange = Collections.singleton(PRIMARY_UIDRANGE);
+        mMockVpn.setVpnType(vpnType);
+        mMockVpn.establish(new LinkProperties(), vpnOwnerUid, vpnRange);
+        assertVpnUidRangesUpdated(true, vpnRange, vpnOwnerUid);
+
+        final UnderlyingNetworkInfo underlyingNetworkInfo =
+                new UnderlyingNetworkInfo(vpnOwnerUid, VPN_IFNAME, new ArrayList<String>());
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworkInfo(underlyingNetworkInfo);
+        when(mDeps.getConnectionOwnerUid(anyInt(), any(), any())).thenReturn(42);
+    }
+
+    private void setupConnectionOwnerUidAsVpnApp(int vpnOwnerUid, @VpnManager.VpnType int vpnType)
+            throws Exception {
+        setupConnectionOwnerUid(vpnOwnerUid, vpnType);
+
+        // Test as VPN app
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK, PERMISSION_DENIED);
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(
+                NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK, PERMISSION_DENIED);
+    }
+
+    private ConnectionInfo getTestConnectionInfo() throws Exception {
+        return new ConnectionInfo(
+                IPPROTO_TCP,
+                new InetSocketAddress(InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("1.2.3.4"), 1234),
+                new InetSocketAddress(InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("2.3.4.5"), 2345));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetConnectionOwnerUidPlatformVpn() throws Exception {
+        final int myUid = Process.myUid();
+        setupConnectionOwnerUidAsVpnApp(myUid, VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_PLATFORM);
+
+        assertEquals(INVALID_UID, mService.getConnectionOwnerUid(getTestConnectionInfo()));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetConnectionOwnerUidVpnServiceWrongUser() throws Exception {
+        final int myUid = Process.myUid();
+        setupConnectionOwnerUidAsVpnApp(myUid + 1, VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_SERVICE);
+
+        assertEquals(INVALID_UID, mService.getConnectionOwnerUid(getTestConnectionInfo()));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetConnectionOwnerUidVpnServiceDoesNotThrow() throws Exception {
+        final int myUid = Process.myUid();
+        setupConnectionOwnerUidAsVpnApp(myUid, VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_SERVICE);
+
+        assertEquals(42, mService.getConnectionOwnerUid(getTestConnectionInfo()));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetConnectionOwnerUidVpnServiceNetworkStackDoesNotThrow() throws Exception {
+        final int myUid = Process.myUid();
+        setupConnectionOwnerUid(myUid, VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_SERVICE);
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(
+                android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
+
+        assertEquals(42, mService.getConnectionOwnerUid(getTestConnectionInfo()));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetConnectionOwnerUidVpnServiceMainlineNetworkStackDoesNotThrow()
+            throws Exception {
+        final int myUid = Process.myUid();
+        setupConnectionOwnerUid(myUid, VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_SERVICE);
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(
+                NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
+
+        assertEquals(42, mService.getConnectionOwnerUid(getTestConnectionInfo()));
+    }
+
+    private static PackageInfo buildPackageInfo(boolean hasSystemPermission, int uid) {
+        final PackageInfo packageInfo = new PackageInfo();
+        if (hasSystemPermission) {
+            packageInfo.requestedPermissions = new String[] {
+                    CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE, CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS };
+            packageInfo.requestedPermissionsFlags = new int[] {
+                    REQUESTED_PERMISSION_GRANTED, REQUESTED_PERMISSION_GRANTED };
+        } else {
+            packageInfo.requestedPermissions = new String[0];
+        }
+        packageInfo.applicationInfo = new ApplicationInfo();
+        packageInfo.applicationInfo.privateFlags = 0;
+        packageInfo.applicationInfo.uid = UserHandle.getUid(UserHandle.USER_SYSTEM,
+                UserHandle.getAppId(uid));
+        return packageInfo;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRegisterConnectivityDiagnosticsCallbackInvalidRequest() throws Exception {
+        final NetworkRequest request =
+                new NetworkRequest(
+                        new NetworkCapabilities(), TYPE_ETHERNET, 0, NetworkRequest.Type.NONE);
+        try {
+            mService.registerConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback(
+                    mConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback, request, mContext.getPackageName());
+            fail("registerConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback should throw on invalid NetworkRequest");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void assertRouteInfoParcelMatches(RouteInfo route, RouteInfoParcel parcel) {
+        assertEquals(route.getDestination().toString(), parcel.destination);
+        assertEquals(route.getInterface(), parcel.ifName);
+        assertEquals(route.getMtu(), parcel.mtu);
+
+        switch (route.getType()) {
+            case RouteInfo.RTN_UNICAST:
+                if (route.hasGateway()) {
+                    assertEquals(route.getGateway().getHostAddress(), parcel.nextHop);
+                } else {
+                    assertEquals(INetd.NEXTHOP_NONE, parcel.nextHop);
+                }
+                break;
+            case RouteInfo.RTN_UNREACHABLE:
+                assertEquals(INetd.NEXTHOP_UNREACHABLE, parcel.nextHop);
+                break;
+            case RouteInfo.RTN_THROW:
+                assertEquals(INetd.NEXTHOP_THROW, parcel.nextHop);
+                break;
+            default:
+                assertEquals(INetd.NEXTHOP_NONE, parcel.nextHop);
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void assertRoutesAdded(int netId, RouteInfo... routes) throws Exception {
+        ArgumentCaptor<RouteInfoParcel> captor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(RouteInfoParcel.class);
+        verify(mMockNetd, times(routes.length)).networkAddRouteParcel(eq(netId), captor.capture());
+        for (int i = 0; i < routes.length; i++) {
+            assertRouteInfoParcelMatches(routes[i], captor.getAllValues().get(i));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void assertRoutesRemoved(int netId, RouteInfo... routes) throws Exception {
+        ArgumentCaptor<RouteInfoParcel> captor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(RouteInfoParcel.class);
+        verify(mMockNetd, times(routes.length)).networkRemoveRouteParcel(eq(netId),
+                captor.capture());
+        for (int i = 0; i < routes.length; i++) {
+            assertRouteInfoParcelMatches(routes[i], captor.getAllValues().get(i));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRegisterUnregisterConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback() throws Exception {
+        final NetworkRequest wifiRequest =
+                new NetworkRequest.Builder().addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI).build();
+        when(mConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback.asBinder()).thenReturn(mIBinder);
+
+        mService.registerConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback(
+                mConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback, wifiRequest, mContext.getPackageName());
+
+        // Block until all other events are done processing.
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mCsHandlerThread, TIMEOUT_MS);
+
+        verify(mIBinder).linkToDeath(any(ConnectivityDiagnosticsCallbackInfo.class), anyInt());
+        verify(mConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback).asBinder();
+        assertTrue(mService.mConnectivityDiagnosticsCallbacks.containsKey(mIBinder));
+
+        mService.unregisterConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback(mConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback);
+        verify(mIBinder, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS))
+                .unlinkToDeath(any(ConnectivityDiagnosticsCallbackInfo.class), anyInt());
+        assertFalse(mService.mConnectivityDiagnosticsCallbacks.containsKey(mIBinder));
+        verify(mConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback, atLeastOnce()).asBinder();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRegisterDuplicateConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback() throws Exception {
+        final NetworkRequest wifiRequest =
+                new NetworkRequest.Builder().addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI).build();
+        when(mConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback.asBinder()).thenReturn(mIBinder);
+
+        mService.registerConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback(
+                mConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback, wifiRequest, mContext.getPackageName());
+
+        // Block until all other events are done processing.
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mCsHandlerThread, TIMEOUT_MS);
+
+        verify(mIBinder).linkToDeath(any(ConnectivityDiagnosticsCallbackInfo.class), anyInt());
+        verify(mConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback).asBinder();
+        assertTrue(mService.mConnectivityDiagnosticsCallbacks.containsKey(mIBinder));
+
+        // Register the same callback again
+        mService.registerConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback(
+                mConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback, wifiRequest, mContext.getPackageName());
+
+        // Block until all other events are done processing.
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mCsHandlerThread, TIMEOUT_MS);
+
+        assertTrue(mService.mConnectivityDiagnosticsCallbacks.containsKey(mIBinder));
+    }
+
+    public NetworkAgentInfo fakeMobileNai(NetworkCapabilities nc) {
+        final NetworkInfo info = new NetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_LTE,
+                ConnectivityManager.getNetworkTypeName(TYPE_MOBILE),
+                TelephonyManager.getNetworkTypeName(TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_LTE));
+        return new NetworkAgentInfo(null, new Network(NET_ID), info, new LinkProperties(),
+                nc, new NetworkScore.Builder().setLegacyInt(0).build(),
+                mServiceContext, null, new NetworkAgentConfig(), mService, null, null, 0,
+                INVALID_UID, TEST_LINGER_DELAY_MS, mQosCallbackTracker,
+                new ConnectivityService.Dependencies());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCheckConnectivityDiagnosticsPermissionsNetworkStack() throws Exception {
+        final NetworkAgentInfo naiWithoutUid = fakeMobileNai(new NetworkCapabilities());
+
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(
+                android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
+        assertTrue(
+                "NetworkStack permission not applied",
+                mService.checkConnectivityDiagnosticsPermissions(
+                        Process.myPid(), Process.myUid(), naiWithoutUid,
+                        mContext.getOpPackageName()));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCheckConnectivityDiagnosticsPermissionsWrongUidPackageName() throws Exception {
+        final NetworkAgentInfo naiWithoutUid = fakeMobileNai(new NetworkCapabilities());
+
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK, PERMISSION_DENIED);
+
+        assertFalse(
+                "Mismatched uid/package name should not pass the location permission check",
+                mService.checkConnectivityDiagnosticsPermissions(
+                        Process.myPid() + 1, Process.myUid() + 1, naiWithoutUid,
+                        mContext.getOpPackageName()));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCheckConnectivityDiagnosticsPermissionsNoLocationPermission() throws Exception {
+        final NetworkAgentInfo naiWithoutUid = fakeMobileNai(new NetworkCapabilities());
+
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK, PERMISSION_DENIED);
+
+        assertFalse(
+                "ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION permission necessary for Connectivity Diagnostics",
+                mService.checkConnectivityDiagnosticsPermissions(
+                        Process.myPid(), Process.myUid(), naiWithoutUid,
+                        mContext.getOpPackageName()));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCheckConnectivityDiagnosticsPermissionsActiveVpn() throws Exception {
+        final NetworkAgentInfo naiWithoutUid = fakeMobileNai(new NetworkCapabilities());
+
+        mMockVpn.establishForMyUid();
+        assertUidRangesUpdatedForMyUid(true);
+
+        // Wait for networks to connect and broadcasts to be sent before removing permissions.
+        waitForIdle();
+        setupLocationPermissions(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q, true, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_FINE_LOCATION,
+                Manifest.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION);
+
+        assertTrue(mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(new Network[] {naiWithoutUid.network}));
+        waitForIdle();
+        assertTrue(
+                "Active VPN permission not applied",
+                mService.checkConnectivityDiagnosticsPermissions(
+                        Process.myPid(), Process.myUid(), naiWithoutUid,
+                        mContext.getOpPackageName()));
+
+        assertTrue(mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(null));
+        waitForIdle();
+        assertFalse(
+                "VPN shouldn't receive callback on non-underlying network",
+                mService.checkConnectivityDiagnosticsPermissions(
+                        Process.myPid(), Process.myUid(), naiWithoutUid,
+                        mContext.getOpPackageName()));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCheckConnectivityDiagnosticsPermissionsNetworkAdministrator() throws Exception {
+        final NetworkCapabilities nc = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        nc.setAdministratorUids(new int[] {Process.myUid()});
+        final NetworkAgentInfo naiWithUid = fakeMobileNai(nc);
+
+        setupLocationPermissions(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q, true, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_FINE_LOCATION,
+                Manifest.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION);
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK, PERMISSION_DENIED);
+
+        assertTrue(
+                "NetworkCapabilities administrator uid permission not applied",
+                mService.checkConnectivityDiagnosticsPermissions(
+                        Process.myPid(), Process.myUid(), naiWithUid, mContext.getOpPackageName()));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCheckConnectivityDiagnosticsPermissionsFails() throws Exception {
+        final NetworkCapabilities nc = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        nc.setOwnerUid(Process.myUid());
+        nc.setAdministratorUids(new int[] {Process.myUid()});
+        final NetworkAgentInfo naiWithUid = fakeMobileNai(nc);
+
+        setupLocationPermissions(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q, true, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_FINE_LOCATION,
+                Manifest.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION);
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK, PERMISSION_DENIED);
+
+        // Use wrong pid and uid
+        assertFalse(
+                "Permissions allowed when they shouldn't be granted",
+                mService.checkConnectivityDiagnosticsPermissions(
+                        Process.myPid() + 1, Process.myUid() + 1, naiWithUid,
+                        mContext.getOpPackageName()));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRegisterConnectivityDiagnosticsCallbackCallsOnConnectivityReport()
+            throws Exception {
+        // Set up the Network, which leads to a ConnectivityReport being cached for the network.
+        final TestNetworkCallback callback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(callback);
+        final LinkProperties linkProperties = new LinkProperties();
+        linkProperties.setInterfaceName(INTERFACE_NAME);
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, linkProperties);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        callback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        callback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        final NetworkRequest request = new NetworkRequest.Builder().build();
+        when(mConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback.asBinder()).thenReturn(mIBinder);
+
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(
+                android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
+
+        mService.registerConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback(
+                mConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback, request, mContext.getPackageName());
+
+        // Block until all other events are done processing.
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mCsHandlerThread, TIMEOUT_MS);
+
+        verify(mConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback)
+                .onConnectivityReportAvailable(argThat(report -> {
+                    return INTERFACE_NAME.equals(report.getLinkProperties().getInterfaceName())
+                            && report.getNetworkCapabilities().hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+                }));
+    }
+
+    private void setUpConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback() throws Exception {
+        final NetworkRequest request = new NetworkRequest.Builder().build();
+        when(mConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback.asBinder()).thenReturn(mIBinder);
+
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(
+                android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
+
+        mService.registerConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback(
+                mConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback, request, mContext.getPackageName());
+
+        // Block until all other events are done processing.
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mCsHandlerThread, TIMEOUT_MS);
+
+        // Connect the cell agent verify that it notifies TestNetworkCallback that it is available
+        final TestNetworkCallback callback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(callback);
+
+        final NetworkCapabilities ncTemplate = new NetworkCapabilities()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+                .setTransportInfo(new TestTransportInfo());
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, new LinkProperties(),
+                ncTemplate);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        callback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        callback.assertNoCallback();
+    }
+
+    private boolean areConnDiagCapsRedacted(NetworkCapabilities nc) {
+        TestTransportInfo ti = (TestTransportInfo) nc.getTransportInfo();
+        return nc.getUids() == null
+                && nc.getAdministratorUids().length == 0
+                && nc.getOwnerUid() == Process.INVALID_UID
+                && getTestTransportInfo(nc).locationRedacted
+                && getTestTransportInfo(nc).localMacAddressRedacted
+                && getTestTransportInfo(nc).settingsRedacted;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConnectivityDiagnosticsCallbackOnConnectivityReportAvailable()
+            throws Exception {
+        setUpConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback();
+
+        // Block until all other events are done processing.
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mCsHandlerThread, TIMEOUT_MS);
+
+        // Verify onConnectivityReport fired
+        verify(mConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback).onConnectivityReportAvailable(
+                argThat(report -> areConnDiagCapsRedacted(report.getNetworkCapabilities())));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConnectivityDiagnosticsCallbackOnDataStallSuspected() throws Exception {
+        setUpConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback();
+
+        // Trigger notifyDataStallSuspected() on the INetworkMonitorCallbacks instance in the
+        // cellular network agent
+        mCellNetworkAgent.notifyDataStallSuspected();
+
+        // Block until all other events are done processing.
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mCsHandlerThread, TIMEOUT_MS);
+
+        // Verify onDataStallSuspected fired
+        verify(mConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback).onDataStallSuspected(
+                argThat(report -> areConnDiagCapsRedacted(report.getNetworkCapabilities())));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConnectivityDiagnosticsCallbackOnConnectivityReported() throws Exception {
+        setUpConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback();
+
+        final Network n = mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork();
+        final boolean hasConnectivity = true;
+        mService.reportNetworkConnectivity(n, hasConnectivity);
+
+        // Block until all other events are done processing.
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mCsHandlerThread, TIMEOUT_MS);
+
+        // Verify onNetworkConnectivityReported fired
+        verify(mConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback)
+                .onNetworkConnectivityReported(eq(n), eq(hasConnectivity));
+
+        final boolean noConnectivity = false;
+        mService.reportNetworkConnectivity(n, noConnectivity);
+
+        // Block until all other events are done processing.
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mCsHandlerThread, TIMEOUT_MS);
+
+        // Wait for onNetworkConnectivityReported to fire
+        verify(mConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback)
+                .onNetworkConnectivityReported(eq(n), eq(noConnectivity));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRouteAddDeleteUpdate() throws Exception {
+        final NetworkRequest request = new NetworkRequest.Builder().build();
+        final TestNetworkCallback networkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(request, networkCallback);
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        reset(mMockNetd);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        networkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        final int netId = mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId;
+
+        final String iface = "rmnet_data0";
+        final InetAddress gateway = InetAddress.getByName("fe80::5678");
+        RouteInfo direct = RouteInfo.makeHostRoute(gateway, iface);
+        RouteInfo rio1 = new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix("2001:db8:1::/48"), gateway, iface);
+        RouteInfo rio2 = new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix("2001:db8:2::/48"), gateway, iface);
+        RouteInfo defaultRoute = new RouteInfo((IpPrefix) null, gateway, iface);
+        RouteInfo defaultWithMtu = new RouteInfo(null, gateway, iface, RouteInfo.RTN_UNICAST,
+                                                 1280 /* mtu */);
+
+        // Send LinkProperties and check that we ask netd to add routes.
+        LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+        lp.setInterfaceName(iface);
+        lp.addRoute(direct);
+        lp.addRoute(rio1);
+        lp.addRoute(defaultRoute);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
+        networkCallback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(mCellNetworkAgent, x -> x.getRoutes().size() == 3);
+
+        assertRoutesAdded(netId, direct, rio1, defaultRoute);
+        reset(mMockNetd);
+
+        // Send updated LinkProperties and check that we ask netd to add, remove, update routes.
+        assertTrue(lp.getRoutes().contains(defaultRoute));
+        lp.removeRoute(rio1);
+        lp.addRoute(rio2);
+        lp.addRoute(defaultWithMtu);
+        // Ensure adding the same route with a different MTU replaces the previous route.
+        assertFalse(lp.getRoutes().contains(defaultRoute));
+        assertTrue(lp.getRoutes().contains(defaultWithMtu));
+
+        mCellNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
+        networkCallback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(mCellNetworkAgent,
+                x -> x.getRoutes().contains(rio2));
+
+        assertRoutesRemoved(netId, rio1);
+        assertRoutesAdded(netId, rio2);
+
+        ArgumentCaptor<RouteInfoParcel> captor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(RouteInfoParcel.class);
+        verify(mMockNetd).networkUpdateRouteParcel(eq(netId), captor.capture());
+        assertRouteInfoParcelMatches(defaultWithMtu, captor.getValue());
+
+
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(networkCallback);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDumpDoesNotCrash() {
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(DUMP, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
+        // Filing a couple requests prior to testing the dump.
+        final TestNetworkCallback genericNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final TestNetworkCallback wifiNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final NetworkRequest genericRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .clearCapabilities().build();
+        final NetworkRequest wifiRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI).build();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(genericRequest, genericNetworkCallback);
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(wifiRequest, wifiNetworkCallback);
+        final StringWriter stringWriter = new StringWriter();
+
+        mService.dump(new FileDescriptor(), new PrintWriter(stringWriter), new String[0]);
+
+        assertFalse(stringWriter.toString().isEmpty());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRequestsSortedByIdSortsCorrectly() {
+        final TestNetworkCallback genericNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final TestNetworkCallback wifiNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final TestNetworkCallback cellNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final NetworkRequest genericRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .clearCapabilities().build();
+        final NetworkRequest wifiRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI).build();
+        final NetworkRequest cellRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR).build();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(genericRequest, genericNetworkCallback);
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(wifiRequest, wifiNetworkCallback);
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(cellRequest, cellNetworkCallback);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        final ConnectivityService.NetworkRequestInfo[] nriOutput = mService.requestsSortedById();
+
+        assertTrue(nriOutput.length > 1);
+        for (int i = 0; i < nriOutput.length - 1; i++) {
+            final boolean isRequestIdInOrder =
+                    nriOutput[i].mRequests.get(0).requestId
+                            < nriOutput[i + 1].mRequests.get(0).requestId;
+            assertTrue(isRequestIdInOrder);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void assertUidRangesUpdatedForMyUid(boolean add) throws Exception {
+        final int uid = Process.myUid();
+        assertVpnUidRangesUpdated(add, uidRangesForUids(uid), uid);
+    }
+
+    private void assertVpnUidRangesUpdated(boolean add, Set<UidRange> vpnRanges, int exemptUid)
+            throws Exception {
+        InOrder inOrder = inOrder(mMockNetd);
+        ArgumentCaptor<int[]> exemptUidCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(int[].class);
+
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).socketDestroy(eq(toUidRangeStableParcels(vpnRanges)),
+                exemptUidCaptor.capture());
+        assertContainsExactly(exemptUidCaptor.getValue(), Process.VPN_UID, exemptUid);
+
+        if (add) {
+            inOrder.verify(mMockNetd, times(1))
+                    .networkAddUidRanges(eq(mMockVpn.getNetwork().getNetId()),
+                    eq(toUidRangeStableParcels(vpnRanges)));
+        } else {
+            inOrder.verify(mMockNetd, times(1))
+                    .networkRemoveUidRanges(eq(mMockVpn.getNetwork().getNetId()),
+                    eq(toUidRangeStableParcels(vpnRanges)));
+        }
+
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).socketDestroy(eq(toUidRangeStableParcels(vpnRanges)),
+                exemptUidCaptor.capture());
+        assertContainsExactly(exemptUidCaptor.getValue(), Process.VPN_UID, exemptUid);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testVpnUidRangesUpdate() throws Exception {
+        LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+        lp.setInterfaceName("tun0");
+        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(Inet4Address.ANY, 0), null));
+        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(Inet6Address.ANY, 0), null));
+        final UidRange vpnRange = PRIMARY_UIDRANGE;
+        Set<UidRange> vpnRanges = Collections.singleton(vpnRange);
+        mMockVpn.establish(lp, VPN_UID, vpnRanges);
+        assertVpnUidRangesUpdated(true, vpnRanges, VPN_UID);
+
+        reset(mMockNetd);
+        // Update to new range which is old range minus APP1, i.e. only APP2
+        final Set<UidRange> newRanges = new HashSet<>(Arrays.asList(
+                new UidRange(vpnRange.start, APP1_UID - 1),
+                new UidRange(APP1_UID + 1, vpnRange.stop)));
+        mMockVpn.setUids(newRanges);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        assertVpnUidRangesUpdated(true, newRanges, VPN_UID);
+        assertVpnUidRangesUpdated(false, vpnRanges, VPN_UID);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInvalidRequestTypes() {
+        final int[] invalidReqTypeInts = new int[]{-1, NetworkRequest.Type.NONE.ordinal(),
+                NetworkRequest.Type.LISTEN.ordinal(), NetworkRequest.Type.values().length};
+        final NetworkCapabilities nc = new NetworkCapabilities().addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+
+        for (int reqTypeInt : invalidReqTypeInts) {
+            assertThrows("Expect throws for invalid request type " + reqTypeInt,
+                    IllegalArgumentException.class,
+                    () -> mService.requestNetwork(Process.INVALID_UID, nc, reqTypeInt, null, 0,
+                            null, ConnectivityManager.TYPE_NONE, NetworkCallback.FLAG_NONE,
+                            mContext.getPackageName(), getAttributionTag())
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testKeepConnected() throws Exception {
+        setAlwaysOnNetworks(false);
+        registerDefaultNetworkCallbacks();
+        final TestNetworkCallback allNetworksCb = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final NetworkRequest allNetworksRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder().clearCapabilities()
+                .build();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(allNetworksRequest, allNetworksCb);
+
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true /* validated */);
+
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        allNetworksCb.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true /* validated */);
+
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        // While the default callback doesn't see the network before it's validated, the listen
+        // sees the network come up and validate later
+        allNetworksCb.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        allNetworksCb.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOSING, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        allNetworksCb.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        allNetworksCb.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent,
+                TEST_LINGER_DELAY_MS * 2);
+
+        // The cell network has disconnected (see LOST above) because it was outscored and
+        // had no requests (see setAlwaysOnNetworks(false) above)
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        final NetworkScore score = new NetworkScore.Builder().setLegacyInt(30).build();
+        mCellNetworkAgent.setScore(score);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
+
+        // The cell network gets torn down right away.
+        allNetworksCb.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        allNetworksCb.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent,
+                TEST_NASCENT_DELAY_MS * 2);
+        allNetworksCb.assertNoCallback();
+
+        // Now create a cell network with KEEP_CONNECTED_FOR_HANDOVER and make sure it's
+        // not disconnected immediately when outscored.
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        final NetworkScore scoreKeepup = new NetworkScore.Builder().setLegacyInt(30)
+                .setKeepConnectedReason(KEEP_CONNECTED_FOR_HANDOVER).build();
+        mCellNetworkAgent.setScore(scoreKeepup);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true /* validated */);
+
+        allNetworksCb.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+
+        allNetworksCb.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+
+        // Reconnect a WiFi network and make sure the cell network is still not torn down.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true /* validated */);
+
+        allNetworksCb.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+
+        // Now remove the reason to keep connected and make sure the network lingers and is
+        // torn down.
+        mCellNetworkAgent.setScore(new NetworkScore.Builder().setLegacyInt(30).build());
+        allNetworksCb.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOSING, mCellNetworkAgent,
+                TEST_NASCENT_DELAY_MS * 2);
+        allNetworksCb.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent,
+                TEST_LINGER_DELAY_MS * 2);
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(allNetworksCb);
+        // mDefaultNetworkCallback will be unregistered by tearDown()
+    }
+
+    private class QosCallbackMockHelper {
+        @NonNull public final QosFilter mFilter;
+        @NonNull public final IQosCallback mCallback;
+        @NonNull public final TestNetworkAgentWrapper mAgentWrapper;
+        @NonNull private final List<IQosCallback> mCallbacks = new ArrayList();
+
+        QosCallbackMockHelper() throws Exception {
+            Log.d(TAG, "QosCallbackMockHelper: ");
+            mFilter = mock(QosFilter.class);
+
+            // Ensure the network is disconnected before anything else occurs
+            assertNull(mCellNetworkAgent);
+
+            mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+            mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+
+            verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+            waitForIdle();
+            final Network network = mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork();
+
+            final Pair<IQosCallback, IBinder> pair = createQosCallback();
+            mCallback = pair.first;
+
+            when(mFilter.getNetwork()).thenReturn(network);
+            when(mFilter.validate()).thenReturn(QosCallbackException.EX_TYPE_FILTER_NONE);
+            mAgentWrapper = mCellNetworkAgent;
+        }
+
+        void registerQosCallback(@NonNull final QosFilter filter,
+                @NonNull final IQosCallback callback) {
+            mCallbacks.add(callback);
+            final NetworkAgentInfo nai =
+                    mService.getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(filter.getNetwork());
+            mService.registerQosCallbackInternal(filter, callback, nai);
+        }
+
+        void tearDown() {
+            for (int i = 0; i < mCallbacks.size(); i++) {
+                mService.unregisterQosCallback(mCallbacks.get(i));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Pair<IQosCallback, IBinder> createQosCallback() {
+        final IQosCallback callback = mock(IQosCallback.class);
+        final IBinder binder = mock(Binder.class);
+        when(callback.asBinder()).thenReturn(binder);
+        when(binder.isBinderAlive()).thenReturn(true);
+        return new Pair<>(callback, binder);
+    }
+
+
+    @Test
+    public void testQosCallbackRegistration() throws Exception {
+        mQosCallbackMockHelper = new QosCallbackMockHelper();
+        final NetworkAgentWrapper wrapper = mQosCallbackMockHelper.mAgentWrapper;
+
+        when(mQosCallbackMockHelper.mFilter.validate())
+                .thenReturn(QosCallbackException.EX_TYPE_FILTER_NONE);
+        mQosCallbackMockHelper.registerQosCallback(
+                mQosCallbackMockHelper.mFilter, mQosCallbackMockHelper.mCallback);
+
+        final NetworkAgentWrapper.CallbackType.OnQosCallbackRegister cbRegister1 =
+                (NetworkAgentWrapper.CallbackType.OnQosCallbackRegister)
+                        wrapper.getCallbackHistory().poll(1000, x -> true);
+        assertNotNull(cbRegister1);
+
+        final int registerCallbackId = cbRegister1.mQosCallbackId;
+        mService.unregisterQosCallback(mQosCallbackMockHelper.mCallback);
+        final NetworkAgentWrapper.CallbackType.OnQosCallbackUnregister cbUnregister;
+        cbUnregister = (NetworkAgentWrapper.CallbackType.OnQosCallbackUnregister)
+                wrapper.getCallbackHistory().poll(1000, x -> true);
+        assertNotNull(cbUnregister);
+        assertEquals(registerCallbackId, cbUnregister.mQosCallbackId);
+        assertNull(wrapper.getCallbackHistory().poll(200, x -> true));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testQosCallbackNoRegistrationOnValidationError() throws Exception {
+        mQosCallbackMockHelper = new QosCallbackMockHelper();
+
+        when(mQosCallbackMockHelper.mFilter.validate())
+                .thenReturn(QosCallbackException.EX_TYPE_FILTER_NETWORK_RELEASED);
+        mQosCallbackMockHelper.registerQosCallback(
+                mQosCallbackMockHelper.mFilter, mQosCallbackMockHelper.mCallback);
+        waitForIdle();
+        verify(mQosCallbackMockHelper.mCallback)
+                .onError(eq(QosCallbackException.EX_TYPE_FILTER_NETWORK_RELEASED));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testQosCallbackAvailableAndLost() throws Exception {
+        mQosCallbackMockHelper = new QosCallbackMockHelper();
+        final int sessionId = 10;
+        final int qosCallbackId = 1;
+
+        when(mQosCallbackMockHelper.mFilter.validate())
+                .thenReturn(QosCallbackException.EX_TYPE_FILTER_NONE);
+        mQosCallbackMockHelper.registerQosCallback(
+                mQosCallbackMockHelper.mFilter, mQosCallbackMockHelper.mCallback);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        final EpsBearerQosSessionAttributes attributes = new EpsBearerQosSessionAttributes(
+                1, 2, 3, 4, 5, new ArrayList<>());
+        mQosCallbackMockHelper.mAgentWrapper.getNetworkAgent()
+                .sendQosSessionAvailable(qosCallbackId, sessionId, attributes);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        verify(mQosCallbackMockHelper.mCallback).onQosEpsBearerSessionAvailable(argThat(session ->
+                session.getSessionId() == sessionId
+                        && session.getSessionType() == QosSession.TYPE_EPS_BEARER), eq(attributes));
+
+        mQosCallbackMockHelper.mAgentWrapper.getNetworkAgent()
+                .sendQosSessionLost(qosCallbackId, sessionId, QosSession.TYPE_EPS_BEARER);
+        waitForIdle();
+        verify(mQosCallbackMockHelper.mCallback).onQosSessionLost(argThat(session ->
+                session.getSessionId() == sessionId
+                        && session.getSessionType() == QosSession.TYPE_EPS_BEARER));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNrQosCallbackAvailableAndLost() throws Exception {
+        mQosCallbackMockHelper = new QosCallbackMockHelper();
+        final int sessionId = 10;
+        final int qosCallbackId = 1;
+
+        when(mQosCallbackMockHelper.mFilter.validate())
+                .thenReturn(QosCallbackException.EX_TYPE_FILTER_NONE);
+        mQosCallbackMockHelper.registerQosCallback(
+                mQosCallbackMockHelper.mFilter, mQosCallbackMockHelper.mCallback);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        final NrQosSessionAttributes attributes = new NrQosSessionAttributes(
+                1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, new ArrayList<>());
+        mQosCallbackMockHelper.mAgentWrapper.getNetworkAgent()
+                .sendQosSessionAvailable(qosCallbackId, sessionId, attributes);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        verify(mQosCallbackMockHelper.mCallback).onNrQosSessionAvailable(argThat(session ->
+                session.getSessionId() == sessionId
+                        && session.getSessionType() == QosSession.TYPE_NR_BEARER), eq(attributes));
+
+        mQosCallbackMockHelper.mAgentWrapper.getNetworkAgent()
+                .sendQosSessionLost(qosCallbackId, sessionId, QosSession.TYPE_NR_BEARER);
+        waitForIdle();
+        verify(mQosCallbackMockHelper.mCallback).onQosSessionLost(argThat(session ->
+                session.getSessionId() == sessionId
+                        && session.getSessionType() == QosSession.TYPE_NR_BEARER));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testQosCallbackTooManyRequests() throws Exception {
+        mQosCallbackMockHelper = new QosCallbackMockHelper();
+
+        when(mQosCallbackMockHelper.mFilter.validate())
+                .thenReturn(QosCallbackException.EX_TYPE_FILTER_NONE);
+        for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
+            final Pair<IQosCallback, IBinder> pair = createQosCallback();
+
+            try {
+                mQosCallbackMockHelper.registerQosCallback(
+                        mQosCallbackMockHelper.mFilter, pair.first);
+            } catch (ServiceSpecificException e) {
+                assertEquals(e.errorCode, ConnectivityManager.Errors.TOO_MANY_REQUESTS);
+                if (i < 50) {
+                    fail("TOO_MANY_REQUESTS thrown too early, the count is " + i);
+                }
+
+                // As long as there is at least 50 requests, it is safe to assume it works.
+                // Note: The count isn't being tested precisely against 100 because the counter
+                // is shared with request network.
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+        fail("TOO_MANY_REQUESTS never thrown");
+    }
+
+    private UidRange createUidRange(int userId) {
+        return UidRange.createForUser(UserHandle.of(userId));
+    }
+
+    private void mockGetApplicationInfo(@NonNull final String packageName, @NonNull final int uid) {
+        final ApplicationInfo applicationInfo = new ApplicationInfo();
+        applicationInfo.uid = uid;
+        try {
+            when(mPackageManager.getApplicationInfo(eq(packageName), anyInt()))
+                    .thenReturn(applicationInfo);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            fail(e.getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void mockGetApplicationInfoThrowsNameNotFound(@NonNull final String packageName)
+            throws Exception {
+        when(mPackageManager.getApplicationInfo(eq(packageName), anyInt()))
+                .thenThrow(new PackageManager.NameNotFoundException(packageName));
+    }
+
+    private void mockHasSystemFeature(@NonNull final String featureName,
+            @NonNull final boolean hasFeature) {
+        when(mPackageManager.hasSystemFeature(eq(featureName)))
+                .thenReturn(hasFeature);
+    }
+
+    private Range<Integer> getNriFirstUidRange(
+            @NonNull final ConnectivityService.NetworkRequestInfo nri) {
+        return nri.mRequests.get(0).networkCapabilities.getUids().iterator().next();
+    }
+
+    private OemNetworkPreferences createDefaultOemNetworkPreferences(
+            @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int preference) {
+        // Arrange PackageManager mocks
+        mockGetApplicationInfo(TEST_PACKAGE_NAME, TEST_PACKAGE_UID);
+
+        // Build OemNetworkPreferences object
+        return new OemNetworkPreferences.Builder()
+                .addNetworkPreference(TEST_PACKAGE_NAME, preference)
+                .build();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testOemNetworkRequestFactoryPreferenceUninitializedThrowsError()
+            throws PackageManager.NameNotFoundException {
+        @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int prefToTest =
+                OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_UNINITIALIZED;
+
+        // Act on OemNetworkRequestFactory.createNrisFromOemNetworkPreferences()
+        assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class,
+                () -> mService.new OemNetworkRequestFactory()
+                        .createNrisFromOemNetworkPreferences(
+                                createDefaultOemNetworkPreferences(prefToTest)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testOemNetworkRequestFactoryPreferenceOemPaid()
+            throws Exception {
+        // Expectations
+        final int expectedNumOfNris = 1;
+        final int expectedNumOfRequests = 3;
+
+        @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int prefToTest =
+                OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID;
+
+        // Act on OemNetworkRequestFactory.createNrisFromOemNetworkPreferences()
+        final ArraySet<ConnectivityService.NetworkRequestInfo> nris =
+                mService.new OemNetworkRequestFactory()
+                        .createNrisFromOemNetworkPreferences(
+                                createDefaultOemNetworkPreferences(prefToTest));
+
+        final List<NetworkRequest> mRequests = nris.iterator().next().mRequests;
+        assertEquals(expectedNumOfNris, nris.size());
+        assertEquals(expectedNumOfRequests, mRequests.size());
+        assertTrue(mRequests.get(0).isListen());
+        assertTrue(mRequests.get(0).hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED));
+        assertTrue(mRequests.get(0).hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
+        assertTrue(mRequests.get(1).isRequest());
+        assertTrue(mRequests.get(1).hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID));
+        assertEquals(NetworkRequest.Type.TRACK_DEFAULT, mRequests.get(2).type);
+        assertTrue(mService.getDefaultRequest().networkCapabilities.equalsNetCapabilities(
+                mRequests.get(2).networkCapabilities));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testOemNetworkRequestFactoryPreferenceOemPaidNoFallback()
+            throws Exception {
+        // Expectations
+        final int expectedNumOfNris = 1;
+        final int expectedNumOfRequests = 2;
+
+        @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int prefToTest =
+                OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID_NO_FALLBACK;
+
+        // Act on OemNetworkRequestFactory.createNrisFromOemNetworkPreferences()
+        final ArraySet<ConnectivityService.NetworkRequestInfo> nris =
+                mService.new OemNetworkRequestFactory()
+                        .createNrisFromOemNetworkPreferences(
+                                createDefaultOemNetworkPreferences(prefToTest));
+
+        final List<NetworkRequest> mRequests = nris.iterator().next().mRequests;
+        assertEquals(expectedNumOfNris, nris.size());
+        assertEquals(expectedNumOfRequests, mRequests.size());
+        assertTrue(mRequests.get(0).isListen());
+        assertTrue(mRequests.get(0).hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED));
+        assertTrue(mRequests.get(0).hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
+        assertTrue(mRequests.get(1).isRequest());
+        assertTrue(mRequests.get(1).hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testOemNetworkRequestFactoryPreferenceOemPaidOnly()
+            throws Exception {
+        // Expectations
+        final int expectedNumOfNris = 1;
+        final int expectedNumOfRequests = 1;
+
+        @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int prefToTest =
+                OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID_ONLY;
+
+        // Act on OemNetworkRequestFactory.createNrisFromOemNetworkPreferences()
+        final ArraySet<ConnectivityService.NetworkRequestInfo> nris =
+                mService.new OemNetworkRequestFactory()
+                        .createNrisFromOemNetworkPreferences(
+                                createDefaultOemNetworkPreferences(prefToTest));
+
+        final List<NetworkRequest> mRequests = nris.iterator().next().mRequests;
+        assertEquals(expectedNumOfNris, nris.size());
+        assertEquals(expectedNumOfRequests, mRequests.size());
+        assertTrue(mRequests.get(0).isRequest());
+        assertTrue(mRequests.get(0).hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testOemNetworkRequestFactoryPreferenceOemPrivateOnly()
+            throws Exception {
+        // Expectations
+        final int expectedNumOfNris = 1;
+        final int expectedNumOfRequests = 1;
+
+        @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int prefToTest =
+                OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PRIVATE_ONLY;
+
+        // Act on OemNetworkRequestFactory.createNrisFromOemNetworkPreferences()
+        final ArraySet<ConnectivityService.NetworkRequestInfo> nris =
+                mService.new OemNetworkRequestFactory()
+                        .createNrisFromOemNetworkPreferences(
+                                createDefaultOemNetworkPreferences(prefToTest));
+
+        final List<NetworkRequest> mRequests = nris.iterator().next().mRequests;
+        assertEquals(expectedNumOfNris, nris.size());
+        assertEquals(expectedNumOfRequests, mRequests.size());
+        assertTrue(mRequests.get(0).isRequest());
+        assertTrue(mRequests.get(0).hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PRIVATE));
+        assertFalse(mRequests.get(0).hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testOemNetworkRequestFactoryCreatesCorrectNumOfNris()
+            throws Exception {
+        // Expectations
+        final int expectedNumOfNris = 2;
+
+        // Arrange PackageManager mocks
+        final String testPackageName2 = "com.google.apps.dialer";
+        mockGetApplicationInfo(TEST_PACKAGE_NAME, TEST_PACKAGE_UID);
+        mockGetApplicationInfo(testPackageName2, TEST_PACKAGE_UID);
+
+        // Build OemNetworkPreferences object
+        final int testOemPref = OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID;
+        final int testOemPref2 = OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID_NO_FALLBACK;
+        final OemNetworkPreferences pref = new OemNetworkPreferences.Builder()
+                .addNetworkPreference(TEST_PACKAGE_NAME, testOemPref)
+                .addNetworkPreference(testPackageName2, testOemPref2)
+                .build();
+
+        // Act on OemNetworkRequestFactory.createNrisFromOemNetworkPreferences()
+        final ArraySet<ConnectivityService.NetworkRequestInfo> nris =
+                mService.new OemNetworkRequestFactory().createNrisFromOemNetworkPreferences(pref);
+
+        assertNotNull(nris);
+        assertEquals(expectedNumOfNris, nris.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testOemNetworkRequestFactoryMultiplePrefsCorrectlySetsUids()
+            throws Exception {
+        // Arrange PackageManager mocks
+        final String testPackageName2 = "com.google.apps.dialer";
+        final int testPackageNameUid2 = 456;
+        mockGetApplicationInfo(TEST_PACKAGE_NAME, TEST_PACKAGE_UID);
+        mockGetApplicationInfo(testPackageName2, testPackageNameUid2);
+
+        // Build OemNetworkPreferences object
+        final int testOemPref = OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID;
+        final int testOemPref2 = OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID_NO_FALLBACK;
+        final OemNetworkPreferences pref = new OemNetworkPreferences.Builder()
+                .addNetworkPreference(TEST_PACKAGE_NAME, testOemPref)
+                .addNetworkPreference(testPackageName2, testOemPref2)
+                .build();
+
+        // Act on OemNetworkRequestFactory.createNrisFromOemNetworkPreferences()
+        final List<ConnectivityService.NetworkRequestInfo> nris =
+                new ArrayList<>(
+                        mService.new OemNetworkRequestFactory().createNrisFromOemNetworkPreferences(
+                                pref));
+
+        // Sort by uid to access nris by index
+        nris.sort(Comparator.comparingInt(nri -> getNriFirstUidRange(nri).getLower()));
+        assertEquals(TEST_PACKAGE_UID, (int) getNriFirstUidRange(nris.get(0)).getLower());
+        assertEquals(TEST_PACKAGE_UID, (int) getNriFirstUidRange(nris.get(0)).getUpper());
+        assertEquals(testPackageNameUid2, (int) getNriFirstUidRange(nris.get(1)).getLower());
+        assertEquals(testPackageNameUid2, (int) getNriFirstUidRange(nris.get(1)).getUpper());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testOemNetworkRequestFactoryMultipleUsersCorrectlySetsUids()
+            throws Exception {
+        // Arrange users
+        final int secondUser = 10;
+        final UserHandle secondUserHandle = new UserHandle(secondUser);
+        when(mUserManager.getUserHandles(anyBoolean())).thenReturn(
+                Arrays.asList(PRIMARY_USER_HANDLE, secondUserHandle));
+
+        // Arrange PackageManager mocks
+        mockGetApplicationInfo(TEST_PACKAGE_NAME, TEST_PACKAGE_UID);
+
+        // Build OemNetworkPreferences object
+        final int testOemPref = OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID;
+        final OemNetworkPreferences pref = new OemNetworkPreferences.Builder()
+                .addNetworkPreference(TEST_PACKAGE_NAME, testOemPref)
+                .build();
+
+        // Act on OemNetworkRequestFactory.createNrisFromOemNetworkPreferences()
+        final List<ConnectivityService.NetworkRequestInfo> nris =
+                new ArrayList<>(
+                        mService.new OemNetworkRequestFactory().createNrisFromOemNetworkPreferences(
+                                pref));
+
+        // UIDs for all users and all managed packages should be present.
+        // Two users each with two packages.
+        final int expectedUidSize = 2;
+        final List<Range<Integer>> uids =
+                new ArrayList<>(nris.get(0).mRequests.get(0).networkCapabilities.getUids());
+        assertEquals(expectedUidSize, uids.size());
+
+        // Sort by uid to access nris by index
+        uids.sort(Comparator.comparingInt(uid -> uid.getLower()));
+        final int secondUserTestPackageUid = UserHandle.getUid(secondUser, TEST_PACKAGE_UID);
+        assertEquals(TEST_PACKAGE_UID, (int) uids.get(0).getLower());
+        assertEquals(TEST_PACKAGE_UID, (int) uids.get(0).getUpper());
+        assertEquals(secondUserTestPackageUid, (int) uids.get(1).getLower());
+        assertEquals(secondUserTestPackageUid, (int) uids.get(1).getUpper());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testOemNetworkRequestFactoryAddsPackagesToCorrectPreference()
+            throws Exception {
+        // Expectations
+        final int expectedNumOfNris = 1;
+        final int expectedNumOfAppUids = 2;
+
+        // Arrange PackageManager mocks
+        final String testPackageName2 = "com.google.apps.dialer";
+        final int testPackageNameUid2 = 456;
+        mockGetApplicationInfo(TEST_PACKAGE_NAME, TEST_PACKAGE_UID);
+        mockGetApplicationInfo(testPackageName2, testPackageNameUid2);
+
+        // Build OemNetworkPreferences object
+        final int testOemPref = OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID;
+        final OemNetworkPreferences pref = new OemNetworkPreferences.Builder()
+                .addNetworkPreference(TEST_PACKAGE_NAME, testOemPref)
+                .addNetworkPreference(testPackageName2, testOemPref)
+                .build();
+
+        // Act on OemNetworkRequestFactory.createNrisFromOemNetworkPreferences()
+        final ArraySet<ConnectivityService.NetworkRequestInfo> nris =
+                mService.new OemNetworkRequestFactory().createNrisFromOemNetworkPreferences(pref);
+
+        assertEquals(expectedNumOfNris, nris.size());
+        assertEquals(expectedNumOfAppUids,
+                nris.iterator().next().mRequests.get(0).networkCapabilities.getUids().size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetOemNetworkPreferenceNullListenerAndPrefParamThrowsNpe() {
+        mockHasSystemFeature(PackageManager.FEATURE_AUTOMOTIVE, true);
+
+        // Act on ConnectivityService.setOemNetworkPreference()
+        assertThrows(NullPointerException.class,
+                () -> mService.setOemNetworkPreference(
+                        null,
+                        null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetOemNetworkPreferenceFailsForNonAutomotive()
+            throws Exception {
+        mockHasSystemFeature(PackageManager.FEATURE_AUTOMOTIVE, false);
+        @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int networkPref =
+                OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PRIVATE_ONLY;
+
+        // Act on ConnectivityService.setOemNetworkPreference()
+        assertThrows(UnsupportedOperationException.class,
+                () -> mService.setOemNetworkPreference(
+                        createDefaultOemNetworkPreferences(networkPref),
+                        new TestOemListenerCallback()));
+    }
+
+    private void setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(final int transportType,
+            final boolean connectAgent) throws Exception {
+        switch(transportType) {
+            // Corresponds to a metered cellular network. Will be used for the default network.
+            case TRANSPORT_CELLULAR:
+                if (!connectAgent) {
+                    mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+                    break;
+                }
+                mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+                mCellNetworkAgent.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+                mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+                break;
+            // Corresponds to a restricted ethernet network with OEM_PAID/OEM_PRIVATE.
+            case TRANSPORT_ETHERNET:
+                if (!connectAgent) {
+                    stopOemManagedNetwork();
+                    break;
+                }
+                startOemManagedNetwork(true);
+                break;
+            // Corresponds to unmetered Wi-Fi.
+            case TRANSPORT_WIFI:
+                if (!connectAgent) {
+                    mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+                    break;
+                }
+                mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+                mWiFiNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+                mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+                break;
+            default:
+                throw new AssertionError("Unsupported transport type passed in.");
+
+        }
+        waitForIdle();
+    }
+
+    private void startOemManagedNetwork(final boolean isOemPaid) throws Exception {
+        mEthernetNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET);
+        mEthernetNetworkAgent.addCapability(
+                isOemPaid ? NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID : NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PRIVATE);
+        mEthernetNetworkAgent.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED);
+        mEthernetNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+    }
+
+    private void stopOemManagedNetwork() {
+        mEthernetNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        waitForIdle();
+    }
+
+    private void verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(
+            final int expectedOemRequestsSize,
+            @NonNull final Network expectedDefaultNetwork,
+            @NonNull final Network expectedPerAppNetwork) {
+        // The current test setup assumes two tracked default network requests; one for the default
+        // network and the other for the OEM network preference being tested. This will be validated
+        // each time to confirm it doesn't change under test.
+        final int expectedDefaultNetworkRequestsSize = 2;
+        assertEquals(expectedDefaultNetworkRequestsSize, mService.mDefaultNetworkRequests.size());
+        for (final ConnectivityService.NetworkRequestInfo defaultRequest
+                : mService.mDefaultNetworkRequests) {
+            final Network defaultNetwork = defaultRequest.getSatisfier() == null
+                    ? null : defaultRequest.getSatisfier().network();
+            // If this is the default request.
+            if (defaultRequest == mService.mDefaultRequest) {
+                assertEquals(
+                        expectedDefaultNetwork,
+                        defaultNetwork);
+                // Make sure this value doesn't change.
+                assertEquals(1, defaultRequest.mRequests.size());
+                continue;
+            }
+            assertEquals(expectedPerAppNetwork, defaultNetwork);
+            assertEquals(expectedOemRequestsSize, defaultRequest.mRequests.size());
+        }
+        verifyMultipleDefaultCallbacks(expectedDefaultNetwork, expectedPerAppNetwork);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Verify default callbacks for 'available' fire as expected. This will only run if
+     * registerDefaultNetworkCallbacks() was executed prior and will only be different if the
+     * setOemNetworkPreference() per-app API was used for the current process.
+     * @param expectedSystemDefault the expected network for the system default.
+     * @param expectedPerAppDefault the expected network for the current process's default.
+     */
+    private void verifyMultipleDefaultCallbacks(
+            @NonNull final Network expectedSystemDefault,
+            @NonNull final Network expectedPerAppDefault) {
+        if (null != mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback && null != expectedSystemDefault
+                && mService.mNoServiceNetwork.network() != expectedSystemDefault) {
+            // getLastAvailableNetwork() is used as this method can be called successively with
+            // the same network to validate therefore expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks
+            // can't be used.
+            assertEquals(mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(),
+                    expectedSystemDefault);
+        }
+        if (null != mDefaultNetworkCallback && null != expectedPerAppDefault
+                && mService.mNoServiceNetwork.network() != expectedPerAppDefault) {
+            assertEquals(mDefaultNetworkCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(),
+                    expectedPerAppDefault);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void registerDefaultNetworkCallbacks() {
+        // Using Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS for registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback()
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(NETWORK_SETTINGS, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
+        mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback(mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback,
+                new Handler(ConnectivityThread.getInstanceLooper()));
+        mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(mDefaultNetworkCallback);
+        registerDefaultNetworkCallbackAsUid(mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback,
+                TEST_WORK_PROFILE_APP_UID);
+        // TODO: test using ConnectivityManager#registerDefaultNetworkCallbackAsUid as well.
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(NETWORK_SETTINGS, PERMISSION_DENIED);
+    }
+
+    private void unregisterDefaultNetworkCallbacks() {
+        if (null != mDefaultNetworkCallback) {
+            mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(mDefaultNetworkCallback);
+        }
+        if (null != mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback) {
+            mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback);
+        }
+        if (null != mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback) {
+            mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void setupMultipleDefaultNetworksForOemNetworkPreferenceNotCurrentUidTest(
+            @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int networkPrefToSetup)
+            throws Exception {
+        final int testPackageNameUid = TEST_PACKAGE_UID;
+        final String testPackageName = "per.app.defaults.package";
+        setupMultipleDefaultNetworksForOemNetworkPreferenceTest(
+                networkPrefToSetup, testPackageNameUid, testPackageName);
+    }
+
+    private void setupMultipleDefaultNetworksForOemNetworkPreferenceCurrentUidTest(
+            @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int networkPrefToSetup)
+            throws Exception {
+        final int testPackageNameUid = Process.myUid();
+        final String testPackageName = "per.app.defaults.package";
+        setupMultipleDefaultNetworksForOemNetworkPreferenceTest(
+                networkPrefToSetup, testPackageNameUid, testPackageName);
+    }
+
+    private void setupMultipleDefaultNetworksForOemNetworkPreferenceTest(
+            @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int networkPrefToSetup,
+            final int testPackageUid, @NonNull final String testPackageName) throws Exception {
+        // Only the default request should be included at start.
+        assertEquals(1, mService.mDefaultNetworkRequests.size());
+
+        final UidRangeParcel[] uidRanges =
+                toUidRangeStableParcels(uidRangesForUids(testPackageUid));
+        setupSetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreferenceTest(
+                networkPrefToSetup, uidRanges, testPackageName);
+    }
+
+    private void setupSetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreferenceTest(
+            @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int networkPrefToSetup,
+            @NonNull final UidRangeParcel[] uidRanges,
+            @NonNull final String testPackageName)
+            throws Exception {
+        // These tests work off a single UID therefore using 'start' is valid.
+        mockGetApplicationInfo(testPackageName, uidRanges[0].start);
+
+        setOemNetworkPreference(networkPrefToSetup, testPackageName);
+    }
+
+    private void setOemNetworkPreference(final int networkPrefToSetup,
+            @NonNull final String... testPackageNames)
+            throws Exception {
+        mockHasSystemFeature(PackageManager.FEATURE_AUTOMOTIVE, true);
+
+        // Build OemNetworkPreferences object
+        final OemNetworkPreferences.Builder builder = new OemNetworkPreferences.Builder();
+        for (final String packageName : testPackageNames) {
+            builder.addNetworkPreference(packageName, networkPrefToSetup);
+        }
+        final OemNetworkPreferences pref = builder.build();
+
+        // Act on ConnectivityService.setOemNetworkPreference()
+        final TestOemListenerCallback oemPrefListener = new TestOemListenerCallback();
+        mService.setOemNetworkPreference(pref, oemPrefListener);
+
+        // Verify call returned successfully
+        oemPrefListener.expectOnComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static class TestOemListenerCallback implements IOnCompleteListener {
+        final CompletableFuture<Object> mDone = new CompletableFuture<>();
+
+        @Override
+        public void onComplete() {
+            mDone.complete(new Object());
+        }
+
+        void expectOnComplete() {
+            try {
+                mDone.get(TIMEOUT_MS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+            } catch (TimeoutException e) {
+                fail("Expected onComplete() not received after " + TIMEOUT_MS + " ms");
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                fail(e.getMessage());
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public IBinder asBinder() {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultiDefaultGetActiveNetworkIsCorrect() throws Exception {
+        @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int networkPref =
+                OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID_ONLY;
+        final int expectedOemPrefRequestSize = 1;
+        registerDefaultNetworkCallbacks();
+
+        // Setup the test process to use networkPref for their default network.
+        setupMultipleDefaultNetworksForOemNetworkPreferenceCurrentUidTest(networkPref);
+
+        // Bring up ethernet with OEM_PAID. This will satisfy NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID.
+        // The active network for the default should be null at this point as this is a retricted
+        // network.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, true);
+        verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
+                null,
+                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+
+        // Verify that the active network is correct
+        verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET);
+        // default NCs will be unregistered in tearDown
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultiDefaultIsActiveNetworkMeteredIsCorrect() throws Exception {
+        @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int networkPref =
+                OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID_ONLY;
+        final int expectedOemPrefRequestSize = 1;
+        registerDefaultNetworkCallbacks();
+
+        // Setup the test process to use networkPref for their default network.
+        setupMultipleDefaultNetworksForOemNetworkPreferenceCurrentUidTest(networkPref);
+
+        // Returns true by default when no network is available.
+        assertTrue(mCm.isActiveNetworkMetered());
+
+        // Connect to an unmetered restricted network that will only be available to the OEM pref.
+        mEthernetNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET);
+        mEthernetNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID);
+        mEthernetNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        mEthernetNetworkAgent.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED);
+        mEthernetNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
+                null,
+                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+
+        assertFalse(mCm.isActiveNetworkMetered());
+        // default NCs will be unregistered in tearDown
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPerAppDefaultRegisterDefaultNetworkCallback() throws Exception {
+        @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int networkPref =
+                OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID_ONLY;
+        final int expectedOemPrefRequestSize = 1;
+        final TestNetworkCallback defaultNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+
+        // Register the default network callback before the pref is already set. This means that
+        // the policy will be applied to the callback on setOemNetworkPreference().
+        mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(defaultNetworkCallback);
+        defaultNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        final TestNetworkCallback otherUidDefaultCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        withPermission(NETWORK_SETTINGS, () ->
+                mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallbackForUid(TEST_PACKAGE_UID, otherUidDefaultCallback,
+                        new Handler(ConnectivityThread.getInstanceLooper())));
+
+        // Setup the test process to use networkPref for their default network.
+        setupMultipleDefaultNetworksForOemNetworkPreferenceCurrentUidTest(networkPref);
+
+        // Bring up ethernet with OEM_PAID. This will satisfy NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID.
+        // The active nai for the default is null at this point as this is a restricted network.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, true);
+        verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
+                null,
+                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+
+        // At this point with a restricted network used, the available callback should trigger.
+        defaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mEthernetNetworkAgent);
+        assertEquals(defaultNetworkCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(),
+                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+        otherUidDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        // Now bring down the default network which should trigger a LOST callback.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, false);
+
+        // At this point, with no network is available, the lost callback should trigger
+        defaultNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mEthernetNetworkAgent);
+        otherUidDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        // Confirm we can unregister without issues.
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(defaultNetworkCallback);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(otherUidDefaultCallback);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPerAppDefaultRegisterDefaultNetworkCallbackAfterPrefSet() throws Exception {
+        @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int networkPref =
+                OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID_ONLY;
+        final int expectedOemPrefRequestSize = 1;
+        final TestNetworkCallback defaultNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+
+        // Setup the test process to use networkPref for their default network.
+        setupMultipleDefaultNetworksForOemNetworkPreferenceCurrentUidTest(networkPref);
+
+        // Register the default network callback after the pref is already set. This means that
+        // the policy will be applied to the callback on requestNetwork().
+        mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(defaultNetworkCallback);
+        defaultNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        final TestNetworkCallback otherUidDefaultCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        withPermission(NETWORK_SETTINGS, () ->
+                mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallbackForUid(TEST_PACKAGE_UID, otherUidDefaultCallback,
+                        new Handler(ConnectivityThread.getInstanceLooper())));
+
+        // Bring up ethernet with OEM_PAID. This will satisfy NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID.
+        // The active nai for the default is null at this point as this is a restricted network.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, true);
+        verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
+                null,
+                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+
+        // At this point with a restricted network used, the available callback should trigger
+        defaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mEthernetNetworkAgent);
+        assertEquals(defaultNetworkCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(),
+                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+        otherUidDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        // Now bring down the default network which should trigger a LOST callback.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, false);
+        otherUidDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        // At this point, with no network is available, the lost callback should trigger
+        defaultNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mEthernetNetworkAgent);
+        otherUidDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        // Confirm we can unregister without issues.
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(defaultNetworkCallback);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(otherUidDefaultCallback);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPerAppDefaultRegisterDefaultNetworkCallbackDoesNotFire() throws Exception {
+        @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int networkPref =
+                OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID_ONLY;
+        final int expectedOemPrefRequestSize = 1;
+        final TestNetworkCallback defaultNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final int userId = UserHandle.getUserId(Process.myUid());
+
+        mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(defaultNetworkCallback);
+        defaultNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        final TestNetworkCallback otherUidDefaultCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        withPermission(NETWORK_SETTINGS, () ->
+                mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallbackForUid(TEST_PACKAGE_UID, otherUidDefaultCallback,
+                        new Handler(ConnectivityThread.getInstanceLooper())));
+
+        // Setup a process different than the test process to use the default network. This means
+        // that the defaultNetworkCallback won't be tracked by the per-app policy.
+        setupMultipleDefaultNetworksForOemNetworkPreferenceNotCurrentUidTest(networkPref);
+
+        // Bring up ethernet with OEM_PAID. This will satisfy NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID.
+        // The active nai for the default is null at this point as this is a restricted network.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, true);
+        verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
+                null,
+                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+
+        // As this callback does not have access to the OEM_PAID network, it will not fire.
+        defaultNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        assertDefaultNetworkCapabilities(userId /* no networks */);
+
+        // The other UID does have access, and gets a callback.
+        otherUidDefaultCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mEthernetNetworkAgent);
+
+        // Bring up unrestricted cellular. This should now satisfy the default network.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, true);
+        verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+
+        // At this point with an unrestricted network used, the available callback should trigger
+        // The other UID is unaffected and remains on the paid network.
+        defaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        assertEquals(defaultNetworkCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(),
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+        assertDefaultNetworkCapabilities(userId, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        otherUidDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        // Now bring down the per-app network.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, false);
+
+        // Since the callback didn't use the per-app network, only the other UID gets a callback.
+        // Because the preference specifies no fallback, it does not switch to cellular.
+        defaultNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        otherUidDefaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mEthernetNetworkAgent);
+
+        // Now bring down the default network.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, false);
+
+        // As this callback was tracking the default, this should now trigger.
+        defaultNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        otherUidDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        // Confirm we can unregister without issues.
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(defaultNetworkCallback);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(otherUidDefaultCallback);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method assumes that the same uidRanges input will be used to verify that dependencies
+     * are called as expected.
+     */
+    private void verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(
+            @NonNull final UidRangeParcel[] uidRanges,
+            final int addUidRangesNetId,
+            final int addUidRangesTimes,
+            final int removeUidRangesNetId,
+            final int removeUidRangesTimes,
+            final boolean shouldDestroyNetwork) throws RemoteException {
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges, uidRanges,
+                addUidRangesNetId, addUidRangesTimes, removeUidRangesNetId, removeUidRangesTimes,
+                shouldDestroyNetwork);
+    }
+
+    private void verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(
+            @NonNull final UidRangeParcel[] addedUidRanges,
+            @NonNull final UidRangeParcel[] removedUidRanges,
+            final int addUidRangesNetId,
+            final int addUidRangesTimes,
+            final int removeUidRangesNetId,
+            final int removeUidRangesTimes,
+            final boolean shouldDestroyNetwork) throws RemoteException {
+        final boolean useAnyIdForAdd = OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID == addUidRangesNetId;
+        final boolean useAnyIdForRemove = OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID == removeUidRangesNetId;
+
+        // Validate netd.
+        verify(mMockNetd, times(addUidRangesTimes))
+                .networkAddUidRanges(
+                        (useAnyIdForAdd ? anyInt() : eq(addUidRangesNetId)), eq(addedUidRanges));
+        verify(mMockNetd, times(removeUidRangesTimes))
+                .networkRemoveUidRanges(
+                        (useAnyIdForRemove ? anyInt() : eq(removeUidRangesNetId)),
+                        eq(removedUidRanges));
+        if (shouldDestroyNetwork) {
+            verify(mMockNetd, times(1))
+                    .networkDestroy((useAnyIdForRemove ? anyInt() : eq(removeUidRangesNetId)));
+        }
+        reset(mMockNetd);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test the tracked default requests clear previous OEM requests on setOemNetworkPreference().
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSetOemNetworkPreferenceClearPreviousOemValues() throws Exception {
+        @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference int networkPref =
+                OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID;
+        final int testPackageUid = 123;
+        final String testPackageName = "com.google.apps.contacts";
+        final UidRangeParcel[] uidRanges =
+                toUidRangeStableParcels(uidRangesForUids(testPackageUid));
+
+        // Validate the starting requests only includes the fallback request.
+        assertEquals(1, mService.mDefaultNetworkRequests.size());
+
+        // Add an OEM default network request to track.
+        setupSetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreferenceTest(networkPref, uidRanges, testPackageName);
+
+        // Two requests should exist, one for the fallback and one for the pref.
+        assertEquals(2, mService.mDefaultNetworkRequests.size());
+
+        networkPref = OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PRIVATE_ONLY;
+        setupSetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreferenceTest(networkPref, uidRanges, testPackageName);
+
+        // Two requests should still exist validating the previous per-app request was replaced.
+        assertEquals(2, mService.mDefaultNetworkRequests.size());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test network priority for preference OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID in the following order:
+     * NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED -> NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID -> fallback
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testMultilayerForPreferenceOemPaidEvaluatesCorrectly()
+            throws Exception {
+        @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int networkPref =
+                OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID;
+
+        // Arrange PackageManager mocks
+        final UidRangeParcel[] uidRanges =
+                toUidRangeStableParcels(uidRangesForUids(TEST_PACKAGE_UID));
+        setupSetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreferenceTest(networkPref, uidRanges, TEST_PACKAGE_NAME);
+
+        // Verify the starting state. No networks should be connected.
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
+                OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID, 0 /* times */,
+                OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID, 0 /* times */,
+                false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+
+        // Test lowest to highest priority requests.
+        // Bring up metered cellular. This will satisfy the fallback network.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, true);
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID, 0 /* times */,
+                false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+
+        // Bring up ethernet with OEM_PAID. This will satisfy NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, true);
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
+                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+
+        // Bring up unmetered Wi-Fi. This will satisfy NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_WIFI, true);
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
+                mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+
+        // Disconnecting OEM_PAID should have no effect as it is lower in priority then unmetered.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, false);
+        // netd should not be called as default networks haven't changed.
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
+                OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID, 0 /* times */,
+                OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID, 0 /* times */,
+                false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+
+        // Disconnecting unmetered should put PANS on lowest priority fallback request.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_WIFI, false);
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 0 /* times */,
+                true /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+
+        // Disconnecting the fallback network should result in no connectivity.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, false);
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
+                OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID, 0 /* times */,
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 0 /* times */,
+                true /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test network priority for OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID_NO_FALLBACK in the following order:
+     * NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED -> NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testMultilayerForPreferenceOemPaidNoFallbackEvaluatesCorrectly()
+            throws Exception {
+        @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int networkPref =
+                OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID_NO_FALLBACK;
+
+        // Arrange PackageManager mocks
+        final UidRangeParcel[] uidRanges =
+                toUidRangeStableParcels(uidRangesForUids(TEST_PACKAGE_UID));
+        setupSetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreferenceTest(networkPref, uidRanges, TEST_PACKAGE_NAME);
+
+        // Verify the starting state. This preference doesn't support using the fallback network
+        // therefore should be on the disconnected network as it has no networks to connect to.
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
+                mService.mNoServiceNetwork.network.getNetId(), 1 /* times */,
+                OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID, 0 /* times */,
+                false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+
+        // Test lowest to highest priority requests.
+        // Bring up metered cellular. This will satisfy the fallback network.
+        // This preference should not use this network as it doesn't support fallback usage.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, true);
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
+                OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID, 0 /* times */,
+                OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID, 0 /* times */,
+                false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+
+        // Bring up ethernet with OEM_PAID. This will satisfy NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, true);
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
+                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                mService.mNoServiceNetwork.network.getNetId(), 1 /* times */,
+                false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+
+        // Bring up unmetered Wi-Fi. This will satisfy NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_WIFI, true);
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
+                mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+
+        // Disconnecting unmetered should put PANS on OEM_PAID.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_WIFI, false);
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
+                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 0 /* times */,
+                true /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+
+        // Disconnecting OEM_PAID should result in no connectivity.
+        // OEM_PAID_NO_FALLBACK not supporting a fallback now uses the disconnected network.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, false);
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
+                mService.mNoServiceNetwork.network.getNetId(), 1 /* times */,
+                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 0 /* times */,
+                true /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test network priority for OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID_ONLY in the following order:
+     * NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID
+     * This preference should only apply to OEM_PAID networks.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testMultilayerForPreferenceOemPaidOnlyEvaluatesCorrectly()
+            throws Exception {
+        @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int networkPref =
+                OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID_ONLY;
+
+        // Arrange PackageManager mocks
+        final UidRangeParcel[] uidRanges =
+                toUidRangeStableParcels(uidRangesForUids(TEST_PACKAGE_UID));
+        setupSetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreferenceTest(networkPref, uidRanges, TEST_PACKAGE_NAME);
+
+        // Verify the starting state. This preference doesn't support using the fallback network
+        // therefore should be on the disconnected network as it has no networks to connect to.
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
+                mService.mNoServiceNetwork.network.getNetId(), 1 /* times */,
+                OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID, 0 /* times */,
+                false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+
+        // Bring up metered cellular. This should not apply to this preference.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, true);
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
+                OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID, 0 /* times */,
+                OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID, 0 /* times */,
+                false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+
+        // Bring up unmetered Wi-Fi. This should not apply to this preference.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_WIFI, true);
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
+                OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID, 0 /* times */,
+                OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID, 0 /* times */,
+                false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+
+        // Bring up ethernet with OEM_PAID. This will satisfy NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, true);
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
+                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                mService.mNoServiceNetwork.network.getNetId(), 1 /* times */,
+                false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+
+        // Disconnecting OEM_PAID should result in no connectivity.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, false);
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
+                mService.mNoServiceNetwork.network.getNetId(), 1 /* times */,
+                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 0 /* times */,
+                true /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test network priority for OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PRIVATE_ONLY in the following order:
+     * NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PRIVATE
+     * This preference should only apply to OEM_PRIVATE networks.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testMultilayerForPreferenceOemPrivateOnlyEvaluatesCorrectly()
+            throws Exception {
+        @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int networkPref =
+                OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PRIVATE_ONLY;
+
+        // Arrange PackageManager mocks
+        final UidRangeParcel[] uidRanges =
+                toUidRangeStableParcels(uidRangesForUids(TEST_PACKAGE_UID));
+        setupSetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreferenceTest(networkPref, uidRanges, TEST_PACKAGE_NAME);
+
+        // Verify the starting state. This preference doesn't support using the fallback network
+        // therefore should be on the disconnected network as it has no networks to connect to.
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
+                mService.mNoServiceNetwork.network.getNetId(), 1 /* times */,
+                OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID, 0 /* times */,
+                false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+
+        // Bring up metered cellular. This should not apply to this preference.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, true);
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
+                OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID, 0 /* times */,
+                OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID, 0 /* times */,
+                false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+
+        // Bring up unmetered Wi-Fi. This should not apply to this preference.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_WIFI, true);
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
+                OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID, 0 /* times */,
+                OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID, 0 /* times */,
+                false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+
+        // Bring up ethernet with OEM_PRIVATE. This will satisfy NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PRIVATE.
+        startOemManagedNetwork(false);
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
+                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                mService.mNoServiceNetwork.network.getNetId(), 1 /* times */,
+                false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+
+        // Disconnecting OEM_PRIVATE should result in no connectivity.
+        stopOemManagedNetwork();
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
+                mService.mNoServiceNetwork.network.getNetId(), 1 /* times */,
+                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 0 /* times */,
+                true /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultilayerForMultipleUsersEvaluatesCorrectly()
+            throws Exception {
+        @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int networkPref =
+                OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID;
+
+        // Arrange users
+        final int secondUser = 10;
+        final UserHandle secondUserHandle = new UserHandle(secondUser);
+        when(mUserManager.getUserHandles(anyBoolean())).thenReturn(
+                Arrays.asList(PRIMARY_USER_HANDLE, secondUserHandle));
+
+        // Arrange PackageManager mocks
+        final int secondUserTestPackageUid = UserHandle.getUid(secondUser, TEST_PACKAGE_UID);
+        final UidRangeParcel[] uidRanges =
+                toUidRangeStableParcels(
+                        uidRangesForUids(TEST_PACKAGE_UID, secondUserTestPackageUid));
+        setupSetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreferenceTest(networkPref, uidRanges, TEST_PACKAGE_NAME);
+
+        // Verify the starting state. No networks should be connected.
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
+                OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID, 0 /* times */,
+                OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID, 0 /* times */,
+                false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+
+        // Test that we correctly add the expected values for multiple users.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, true);
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID, 0 /* times */,
+                false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+
+        // Test that we correctly remove the expected values for multiple users.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, false);
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
+                OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID, 0 /* times */,
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 0 /* times */,
+                true /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultilayerForBroadcastedUsersEvaluatesCorrectly()
+            throws Exception {
+        @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int networkPref =
+                OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID;
+
+        // Arrange users
+        final int secondUser = 10;
+        final UserHandle secondUserHandle = new UserHandle(secondUser);
+        when(mUserManager.getUserHandles(anyBoolean())).thenReturn(
+                Arrays.asList(PRIMARY_USER_HANDLE));
+
+        // Arrange PackageManager mocks
+        final int secondUserTestPackageUid = UserHandle.getUid(secondUser, TEST_PACKAGE_UID);
+        final UidRangeParcel[] uidRangesSingleUser =
+                toUidRangeStableParcels(uidRangesForUids(TEST_PACKAGE_UID));
+        final UidRangeParcel[] uidRangesBothUsers =
+                toUidRangeStableParcels(
+                        uidRangesForUids(TEST_PACKAGE_UID, secondUserTestPackageUid));
+        setupSetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreferenceTest(
+                networkPref, uidRangesSingleUser, TEST_PACKAGE_NAME);
+
+        // Verify the starting state. No networks should be connected.
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRangesSingleUser,
+                OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID, 0 /* times */,
+                OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID, 0 /* times */,
+                false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+
+        // Test that we correctly add the expected values for multiple users.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, true);
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRangesSingleUser,
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID, 0 /* times */,
+                false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+
+        // Send a broadcast indicating a user was added.
+        when(mUserManager.getUserHandles(anyBoolean())).thenReturn(
+                Arrays.asList(PRIMARY_USER_HANDLE, secondUserHandle));
+        final Intent addedIntent = new Intent(ACTION_USER_ADDED);
+        addedIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_USER, UserHandle.of(secondUser));
+        processBroadcast(addedIntent);
+
+        // Test that we correctly add values for all users and remove for the single user.
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRangesBothUsers, uidRangesSingleUser,
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+
+        // Send a broadcast indicating a user was removed.
+        when(mUserManager.getUserHandles(anyBoolean())).thenReturn(
+                Arrays.asList(PRIMARY_USER_HANDLE));
+        final Intent removedIntent = new Intent(ACTION_USER_REMOVED);
+        removedIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_USER, UserHandle.of(secondUser));
+        processBroadcast(removedIntent);
+
+        // Test that we correctly add values for the single user and remove for the all users.
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRangesSingleUser, uidRangesBothUsers,
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultilayerForPackageChangesEvaluatesCorrectly()
+            throws Exception {
+        @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int networkPref =
+                OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID;
+        final String packageScheme = "package:";
+
+        // Arrange PackageManager mocks
+        final String packageToInstall = "package.to.install";
+        final int packageToInstallUid = 81387;
+        final UidRangeParcel[] uidRangesSinglePackage =
+                toUidRangeStableParcels(uidRangesForUids(TEST_PACKAGE_UID));
+        mockGetApplicationInfo(TEST_PACKAGE_NAME, TEST_PACKAGE_UID);
+        mockGetApplicationInfoThrowsNameNotFound(packageToInstall);
+        setOemNetworkPreference(networkPref, TEST_PACKAGE_NAME, packageToInstall);
+        grantUsingBackgroundNetworksPermissionForUid(Binder.getCallingUid(), packageToInstall);
+
+        // Verify the starting state. No networks should be connected.
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRangesSinglePackage,
+                OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID, 0 /* times */,
+                OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID, 0 /* times */,
+                false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+
+        // Test that we correctly add the expected values for installed packages.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, true);
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRangesSinglePackage,
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID, 0 /* times */,
+                false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+
+        // Set the system to recognize the package to be installed
+        mockGetApplicationInfo(packageToInstall, packageToInstallUid);
+        final UidRangeParcel[] uidRangesAllPackages =
+                toUidRangeStableParcels(uidRangesForUids(TEST_PACKAGE_UID, packageToInstallUid));
+
+        // Send a broadcast indicating a package was installed.
+        final Intent addedIntent = new Intent(ACTION_PACKAGE_ADDED);
+        addedIntent.setData(Uri.parse(packageScheme + packageToInstall));
+        processBroadcast(addedIntent);
+
+        // Test the single package is removed and the combined packages are added.
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRangesAllPackages, uidRangesSinglePackage,
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+
+        // Set the system to no longer recognize the package to be installed
+        mockGetApplicationInfoThrowsNameNotFound(packageToInstall);
+
+        // Send a broadcast indicating a package was removed.
+        final Intent removedIntent = new Intent(ACTION_PACKAGE_REMOVED);
+        removedIntent.setData(Uri.parse(packageScheme + packageToInstall));
+        processBroadcast(removedIntent);
+
+        // Test the combined packages are removed and the single package is added.
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRangesSinglePackage, uidRangesAllPackages,
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+
+        // Set the system to change the installed package's uid
+        final int replacedTestPackageUid = TEST_PACKAGE_UID + 1;
+        mockGetApplicationInfo(TEST_PACKAGE_NAME, replacedTestPackageUid);
+        final UidRangeParcel[] uidRangesReplacedPackage =
+                toUidRangeStableParcels(uidRangesForUids(replacedTestPackageUid));
+
+        // Send a broadcast indicating a package was replaced.
+        final Intent replacedIntent = new Intent(ACTION_PACKAGE_REPLACED);
+        replacedIntent.setData(Uri.parse(packageScheme + TEST_PACKAGE_NAME));
+        processBroadcast(replacedIntent);
+
+        // Test the original uid is removed and is replaced with the new uid.
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRangesReplacedPackage, uidRangesSinglePackage,
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test network priority for preference OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID in the following order:
+     * NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED -> NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID -> fallback
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksOemNetworkPreferenceOemPaidCorrectly()
+            throws Exception {
+        @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int networkPref =
+                OemNetworkPreferences.OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID;
+        setupMultipleDefaultNetworksForOemNetworkPreferenceCurrentUidTest(networkPref);
+        final int expectedDefaultRequestSize = 2;
+        final int expectedOemPrefRequestSize = 3;
+        registerDefaultNetworkCallbacks();
+
+        // The fallback as well as the OEM preference should now be tracked.
+        assertEquals(expectedDefaultRequestSize, mService.mDefaultNetworkRequests.size());
+
+        // Test lowest to highest priority requests.
+        // Bring up metered cellular. This will satisfy the fallback network.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, true);
+        verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+
+        // Bring up ethernet with OEM_PAID. This will satisfy NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, true);
+        verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+
+        // Bring up unmetered Wi-Fi. This will satisfy NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_WIFI, true);
+        verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
+                mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+
+        // Disconnecting unmetered Wi-Fi will put the pref on OEM_PAID and fallback on cellular.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_WIFI, false);
+        verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+
+        // Disconnecting cellular should keep OEM network on OEM_PAID and fallback will be null.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, false);
+        verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
+                null,
+                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+
+        // Disconnecting OEM_PAID will put both on null as it is the last network.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, false);
+        verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
+                null,
+                null);
+
+        // default callbacks will be unregistered in tearDown
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNetworkFactoryRequestsWithMultilayerRequest()
+            throws Exception {
+        // First use OEM_PAID preference to create a multi-layer request : 1. listen for
+        // unmetered, 2. request network with cap OEM_PAID, 3, request the default network for
+        // fallback.
+        @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int networkPref =
+                OemNetworkPreferences.OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID;
+        setupMultipleDefaultNetworksForOemNetworkPreferenceCurrentUidTest(networkPref);
+
+        final HandlerThread handlerThread = new HandlerThread("MockFactory");
+        handlerThread.start();
+        NetworkCapabilities internetFilter = new NetworkCapabilities()
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED);
+        final MockNetworkFactory internetFactory = new MockNetworkFactory(handlerThread.getLooper(),
+                mServiceContext, "internetFactory", internetFilter, mCsHandlerThread);
+        internetFactory.setScoreFilter(40);
+        internetFactory.register();
+        // Default internet request only. The unmetered request is never sent to factories (it's a
+        // LISTEN, not requestable). The 3rd (fallback) request in OEM_PAID NRI is TRACK_DEFAULT
+        // which is also not sent to factories. Finally, the OEM_PAID request doesn't match the
+        // internetFactory filter.
+        internetFactory.expectRequestAdds(1);
+        internetFactory.assertRequestCountEquals(1);
+
+        NetworkCapabilities oemPaidFilter = new NetworkCapabilities()
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED)
+                .removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED);
+        final MockNetworkFactory oemPaidFactory = new MockNetworkFactory(handlerThread.getLooper(),
+                mServiceContext, "oemPaidFactory", oemPaidFilter, mCsHandlerThread);
+        oemPaidFactory.setScoreFilter(40);
+        oemPaidFactory.register();
+        oemPaidFactory.expectRequestAdd(); // Because nobody satisfies the request
+
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+
+        // A network connected that satisfies the default internet request. For the OEM_PAID
+        // preference, this is not as good as an OEM_PAID network, so even if the score of
+        // the network is better than the factory announced, it still should try to bring up
+        // the network.
+        expectNoRequestChanged(oemPaidFactory);
+        oemPaidFactory.assertRequestCountEquals(1);
+        // The internet factory however is outscored, and should lose its requests.
+        internetFactory.expectRequestRemove();
+        internetFactory.assertRequestCountEquals(0);
+
+        final NetworkCapabilities oemPaidNc = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        oemPaidNc.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID);
+        oemPaidNc.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED);
+        final TestNetworkAgentWrapper oemPaidAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR,
+                new LinkProperties(), oemPaidNc);
+        oemPaidAgent.connect(true);
+
+        // The oemPaidAgent has score 50/cell transport, so it beats what the oemPaidFactory can
+        // provide, therefore it loses the request.
+        oemPaidFactory.expectRequestRemove();
+        oemPaidFactory.assertRequestCountEquals(0);
+        expectNoRequestChanged(internetFactory);
+        internetFactory.assertRequestCountEquals(0);
+
+        oemPaidAgent.setScore(new NetworkScore.Builder().setLegacyInt(20).setExiting(true).build());
+        // Now the that the agent is weak, the oemPaidFactory can beat the existing network for the
+        // OEM_PAID request. The internet factory however can't beat a network that has OEM_PAID
+        // for the preference request, so it doesn't see the request.
+        oemPaidFactory.expectRequestAdd();
+        oemPaidFactory.assertRequestCountEquals(1);
+        expectNoRequestChanged(internetFactory);
+        internetFactory.assertRequestCountEquals(0);
+
+        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        // The network satisfying the default internet request has disconnected, so the
+        // internetFactory sees the default request again. However there is a network with OEM_PAID
+        // connected, so the 2nd OEM_PAID req is already satisfied, so the oemPaidFactory doesn't
+        // care about networks that don't have OEM_PAID.
+        expectNoRequestChanged(oemPaidFactory);
+        oemPaidFactory.assertRequestCountEquals(1);
+        internetFactory.expectRequestAdd();
+        internetFactory.assertRequestCountEquals(1);
+
+        // Cell connects again, still with score 50. Back to the previous state.
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        expectNoRequestChanged(oemPaidFactory);
+        oemPaidFactory.assertRequestCountEquals(1);
+        internetFactory.expectRequestRemove();
+        internetFactory.assertRequestCountEquals(0);
+
+        // Create a request that holds the upcoming wifi network.
+        final TestNetworkCallback wifiCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.requestNetwork(new NetworkRequest.Builder().addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI).build(),
+                wifiCallback);
+
+        // Now WiFi connects and it's unmetered, but it's weaker than cell.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setScore(new NetworkScore.Builder().setLegacyInt(30).setExiting(true)
+                .build()); // Not the best Internet network, but unmetered
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+
+        // The OEM_PAID preference prefers an unmetered network to an OEM_PAID network, so
+        // the oemPaidFactory can't beat wifi no matter how high its score.
+        oemPaidFactory.expectRequestRemove();
+        expectNoRequestChanged(internetFactory);
+
+        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        // Now that the best internet network (cell, with its 50 score compared to 30 for WiFi
+        // at this point), the default internet request is satisfied by a network worse than
+        // the internetFactory announced, so it gets the request. However, there is still an
+        // unmetered network, so the oemPaidNetworkFactory still can't beat this.
+        expectNoRequestChanged(oemPaidFactory);
+        internetFactory.expectRequestAdd();
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(wifiCallback);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test network priority for OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID_NO_FALLBACK in the following order:
+     * NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED -> NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksOemNetworkPreferenceOemPaidNoFallbackCorrectly()
+            throws Exception {
+        @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int networkPref =
+                OemNetworkPreferences.OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID_NO_FALLBACK;
+        setupMultipleDefaultNetworksForOemNetworkPreferenceCurrentUidTest(networkPref);
+        final int expectedDefaultRequestSize = 2;
+        final int expectedOemPrefRequestSize = 2;
+        registerDefaultNetworkCallbacks();
+
+        // The fallback as well as the OEM preference should now be tracked.
+        assertEquals(expectedDefaultRequestSize, mService.mDefaultNetworkRequests.size());
+
+        // Test lowest to highest priority requests.
+        // Bring up metered cellular. This will satisfy the fallback network but not the pref.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, true);
+        verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mService.mNoServiceNetwork.network());
+
+        // Bring up ethernet with OEM_PAID. This will satisfy NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, true);
+        verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+
+        // Bring up unmetered Wi-Fi. This will satisfy NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_WIFI, true);
+        verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
+                mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+
+        // Disconnecting unmetered Wi-Fi will put the OEM pref on OEM_PAID and fallback on cellular.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_WIFI, false);
+        verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+
+        // Disconnecting cellular should keep OEM network on OEM_PAID and fallback will be null.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, false);
+        verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
+                null,
+                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+
+        // Disconnecting OEM_PAID puts the fallback on null and the pref on the disconnected net.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, false);
+        verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
+                null,
+                mService.mNoServiceNetwork.network());
+
+        // default callbacks will be unregistered in tearDown
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test network priority for OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID_ONLY in the following order:
+     * NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID
+     * This preference should only apply to OEM_PAID networks.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksOemNetworkPreferenceOemPaidOnlyCorrectly()
+            throws Exception {
+        @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int networkPref =
+                OemNetworkPreferences.OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID_ONLY;
+        setupMultipleDefaultNetworksForOemNetworkPreferenceCurrentUidTest(networkPref);
+        final int expectedDefaultRequestSize = 2;
+        final int expectedOemPrefRequestSize = 1;
+        registerDefaultNetworkCallbacks();
+
+        // The fallback as well as the OEM preference should now be tracked.
+        assertEquals(expectedDefaultRequestSize, mService.mDefaultNetworkRequests.size());
+
+        // Test lowest to highest priority requests.
+        // Bring up metered cellular. This will satisfy the fallback network.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, true);
+        verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mService.mNoServiceNetwork.network());
+
+        // Bring up ethernet with OEM_PAID. This will satisfy NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, true);
+        verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+
+        // Bring up unmetered Wi-Fi. The OEM network shouldn't change, the fallback will take Wi-Fi.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_WIFI, true);
+        verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
+                mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+
+        // Disconnecting unmetered Wi-Fi shouldn't change the OEM network with fallback on cellular.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_WIFI, false);
+        verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+
+        // Disconnecting OEM_PAID will keep the fallback on cellular and nothing for OEM_PAID.
+        // OEM_PAID_ONLY not supporting a fallback now uses the disconnected network.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, false);
+        verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mService.mNoServiceNetwork.network());
+
+        // Disconnecting cellular will put the fallback on null and the pref on disconnected.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, false);
+        verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
+                null,
+                mService.mNoServiceNetwork.network());
+
+        // default callbacks will be unregistered in tearDown
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test network priority for OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PRIVATE_ONLY in the following order:
+     * NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PRIVATE
+     * This preference should only apply to OEM_PRIVATE networks.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksOemNetworkPreferenceOemPrivateOnlyCorrectly()
+            throws Exception {
+        @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int networkPref =
+                OemNetworkPreferences.OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PRIVATE_ONLY;
+        setupMultipleDefaultNetworksForOemNetworkPreferenceCurrentUidTest(networkPref);
+        final int expectedDefaultRequestSize = 2;
+        final int expectedOemPrefRequestSize = 1;
+        registerDefaultNetworkCallbacks();
+
+        // The fallback as well as the OEM preference should now be tracked.
+        assertEquals(expectedDefaultRequestSize, mService.mDefaultNetworkRequests.size());
+
+        // Test lowest to highest priority requests.
+        // Bring up metered cellular. This will satisfy the fallback network.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, true);
+        verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mService.mNoServiceNetwork.network());
+
+        // Bring up ethernet with OEM_PRIVATE. This will satisfy NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PRIVATE.
+        startOemManagedNetwork(false);
+        verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+
+        // Bring up unmetered Wi-Fi. The OEM network shouldn't change, the fallback will take Wi-Fi.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_WIFI, true);
+        verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
+                mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+
+        // Disconnecting unmetered Wi-Fi shouldn't change the OEM network with fallback on cellular.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_WIFI, false);
+        verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+
+        // Disconnecting OEM_PRIVATE will keep the fallback on cellular.
+        // OEM_PRIVATE_ONLY not supporting a fallback now uses to the disconnected network.
+        stopOemManagedNetwork();
+        verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mService.mNoServiceNetwork.network());
+
+        // Disconnecting cellular will put the fallback on null and pref on disconnected.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, false);
+        verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
+                null,
+                mService.mNoServiceNetwork.network());
+
+        // default callbacks will be unregistered in tearDown
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCapabilityWithOemNetworkPreference() throws Exception {
+        @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int networkPref =
+                OemNetworkPreferences.OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PRIVATE_ONLY;
+        setupMultipleDefaultNetworksForOemNetworkPreferenceNotCurrentUidTest(networkPref);
+        registerDefaultNetworkCallbacks();
+
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, true);
+
+        mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+
+        mCellNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED);
+        mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mCellNetworkAgent, nc ->
+                nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED));
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mCellNetworkAgent, nc ->
+                nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED));
+
+        // default callbacks will be unregistered in tearDown
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetOemNetworkPreferenceLogsRequest() throws Exception {
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(DUMP, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
+        @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int networkPref =
+                OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID;
+        final StringWriter stringWriter = new StringWriter();
+        final String logIdentifier = "UPDATE INITIATED: OemNetworkPreferences";
+        final Pattern pattern = Pattern.compile(logIdentifier);
+
+        final int expectedNumLogs = 2;
+        final UidRangeParcel[] uidRanges =
+                toUidRangeStableParcels(uidRangesForUids(TEST_PACKAGE_UID));
+
+        // Call twice to generate two logs.
+        setupSetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreferenceTest(networkPref, uidRanges, TEST_PACKAGE_NAME);
+        setupSetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreferenceTest(networkPref, uidRanges, TEST_PACKAGE_NAME);
+        mService.dump(new FileDescriptor(), new PrintWriter(stringWriter), new String[0]);
+
+        final String dumpOutput = stringWriter.toString();
+        final Matcher matcher = pattern.matcher(dumpOutput);
+        int count = 0;
+        while (matcher.find()) {
+            count++;
+        }
+        assertEquals(expectedNumLogs, count);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetAllNetworkStateSnapshots() throws Exception {
+        verifyNoNetwork();
+
+        // Setup test cellular network with specified LinkProperties and NetworkCapabilities,
+        // verify the content of the snapshot matches.
+        final LinkProperties cellLp = new LinkProperties();
+        final LinkAddress myIpv4Addr = new LinkAddress(InetAddress.getByName("192.0.2.129"), 25);
+        final LinkAddress myIpv6Addr = new LinkAddress(InetAddress.getByName("2001:db8::1"), 64);
+        cellLp.setInterfaceName("test01");
+        cellLp.addLinkAddress(myIpv4Addr);
+        cellLp.addLinkAddress(myIpv6Addr);
+        cellLp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(InetAddress.getByName("fe80::1234")));
+        cellLp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(InetAddress.getByName("192.0.2.254")));
+        cellLp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(myIpv4Addr, null));
+        cellLp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(myIpv6Addr, null));
+        final NetworkCapabilities cellNcTemplate = new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR).addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_MMS).build();
+
+        final TestNetworkCallback cellCb = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.requestNetwork(new NetworkRequest.Builder().addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_MMS).build(),
+                cellCb);
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, cellLp, cellNcTemplate);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        cellCb.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        List<NetworkStateSnapshot> snapshots = mCm.getAllNetworkStateSnapshots();
+        assertLength(1, snapshots);
+
+        // Compose the expected cellular snapshot for verification.
+        final NetworkCapabilities cellNc =
+                mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+        final NetworkStateSnapshot cellSnapshot = new NetworkStateSnapshot(
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), cellNc, cellLp,
+                null, ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE);
+        assertEquals(cellSnapshot, snapshots.get(0));
+
+        // Connect wifi and verify the snapshots.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        waitForIdle();
+        // Compose the expected wifi snapshot for verification.
+        final NetworkCapabilities wifiNc =
+                mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+        final NetworkStateSnapshot wifiSnapshot = new NetworkStateSnapshot(
+                mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), wifiNc, new LinkProperties(), null,
+                ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI);
+
+        snapshots = mCm.getAllNetworkStateSnapshots();
+        assertLength(2, snapshots);
+        assertContainsAll(snapshots, cellSnapshot, wifiSnapshot);
+
+        // Set cellular as suspended, verify the snapshots will not contain suspended networks.
+        // TODO: Consider include SUSPENDED networks, which should be considered as
+        //  temporary shortage of connectivity of a connected network.
+        mCellNetworkAgent.suspend();
+        waitForIdle();
+        snapshots = mCm.getAllNetworkStateSnapshots();
+        assertLength(1, snapshots);
+        assertEquals(wifiSnapshot, snapshots.get(0));
+
+        // Disconnect wifi, verify the snapshots contain nothing.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        waitForIdle();
+        snapshots = mCm.getAllNetworkStateSnapshots();
+        assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertLength(0, snapshots);
+
+        mCellNetworkAgent.resume();
+        waitForIdle();
+        snapshots = mCm.getAllNetworkStateSnapshots();
+        assertLength(1, snapshots);
+        assertEquals(cellSnapshot, snapshots.get(0));
+
+        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        waitForIdle();
+        verifyNoNetwork();
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(cellCb);
+    }
+
+    // Cannot be part of MockNetworkFactory since it requires method of the test.
+    private void expectNoRequestChanged(@NonNull MockNetworkFactory factory) {
+        waitForIdle();
+        factory.assertNoRequestChanged();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRegisterBestMatchingNetworkCallback_noIssueToFactory() throws Exception {
+        // Prepare mock mms factory.
+        final HandlerThread handlerThread = new HandlerThread("MockCellularFactory");
+        handlerThread.start();
+        NetworkCapabilities filter = new NetworkCapabilities()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_MMS);
+        final MockNetworkFactory testFactory = new MockNetworkFactory(handlerThread.getLooper(),
+                mServiceContext, "testFactory", filter, mCsHandlerThread);
+        testFactory.setScoreFilter(40);
+
+        try {
+            // Register the factory. It doesn't see the default request because its filter does
+            // not include INTERNET.
+            testFactory.register();
+            expectNoRequestChanged(testFactory);
+            testFactory.assertRequestCountEquals(0);
+            // The factory won't try to start the network since the default request doesn't
+            // match the filter (no INTERNET capability).
+            assertFalse(testFactory.getMyStartRequested());
+
+            // Register callback for listening best matching network. Verify that the request won't
+            // be sent to factory.
+            final TestNetworkCallback bestMatchingCb = new TestNetworkCallback();
+            mCm.registerBestMatchingNetworkCallback(
+                    new NetworkRequest.Builder().addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_MMS).build(),
+                    bestMatchingCb, mCsHandlerThread.getThreadHandler());
+            bestMatchingCb.assertNoCallback();
+            expectNoRequestChanged(testFactory);
+            testFactory.assertRequestCountEquals(0);
+            assertFalse(testFactory.getMyStartRequested());
+
+            // Fire a normal mms request, verify the factory will only see the request.
+            final TestNetworkCallback mmsNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+            final NetworkRequest mmsRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                    .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_MMS).build();
+            mCm.requestNetwork(mmsRequest, mmsNetworkCallback);
+            testFactory.expectRequestAdd();
+            testFactory.assertRequestCountEquals(1);
+            assertTrue(testFactory.getMyStartRequested());
+
+            // Unregister best matching callback, verify factory see no change.
+            mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(bestMatchingCb);
+            expectNoRequestChanged(testFactory);
+            testFactory.assertRequestCountEquals(1);
+            assertTrue(testFactory.getMyStartRequested());
+        } finally {
+            testFactory.terminate();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRegisterBestMatchingNetworkCallback_trackBestNetwork() throws Exception {
+        final TestNetworkCallback bestMatchingCb = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.registerBestMatchingNetworkCallback(
+                new NetworkRequest.Builder().addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TRUSTED).build(),
+                bestMatchingCb, mCsHandlerThread.getThreadHandler());
+
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        bestMatchingCb.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        bestMatchingCb.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+
+        // Change something on cellular to trigger capabilities changed, since the callback
+        // only cares about the best network, verify it received nothing from cellular.
+        mCellNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED);
+        bestMatchingCb.assertNoCallback();
+
+        // Make cellular the best network again, verify the callback now tracks cellular.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.adjustScore(-50);
+        bestMatchingCb.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+
+        // Make cellular temporary non-trusted, which will not satisfying the request.
+        // Verify the callback switch from/to the other network accordingly.
+        mCellNetworkAgent.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TRUSTED);
+        bestMatchingCb.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TRUSTED);
+        bestMatchingCb.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+
+        // Verify the callback doesn't care about wifi disconnect.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        bestMatchingCb.assertNoCallback();
+        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        bestMatchingCb.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+    }
+
+    private UidRangeParcel[] uidRangeFor(final UserHandle handle) {
+        UidRange range = UidRange.createForUser(handle);
+        return new UidRangeParcel[] { new UidRangeParcel(range.start, range.stop) };
+    }
+
+    private static class TestOnCompleteListener implements Runnable {
+        final class OnComplete {}
+        final ArrayTrackRecord<OnComplete>.ReadHead mHistory =
+                new ArrayTrackRecord<OnComplete>().newReadHead();
+
+        @Override
+        public void run() {
+            mHistory.add(new OnComplete());
+        }
+
+        public void expectOnComplete() {
+            assertNotNull(mHistory.poll(TIMEOUT_MS, it -> true));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private TestNetworkAgentWrapper makeEnterpriseNetworkAgent() throws Exception {
+        final NetworkCapabilities workNc = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        workNc.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_ENTERPRISE);
+        workNc.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED);
+        return new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, new LinkProperties(), workNc);
+    }
+
+    private TestNetworkCallback mEnterpriseCallback;
+    private UserHandle setupEnterpriseNetwork() {
+        final UserHandle userHandle = UserHandle.of(TEST_WORK_PROFILE_USER_ID);
+        mServiceContext.setWorkProfile(userHandle, true);
+
+        // File a request to avoid the enterprise network being disconnected as soon as the default
+        // request goes away – it would make impossible to test that networkRemoveUidRanges
+        // is called, as the network would disconnect first for lack of a request.
+        mEnterpriseCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final NetworkRequest keepUpRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_ENTERPRISE)
+                .build();
+        mCm.requestNetwork(keepUpRequest, mEnterpriseCallback);
+        return userHandle;
+    }
+
+    private void maybeTearDownEnterpriseNetwork() {
+        if (null != mEnterpriseCallback) {
+            mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(mEnterpriseCallback);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Make sure per-profile networking preference behaves as expected when the enterprise network
+     * goes up and down while the preference is active. Make sure they behave as expected whether
+     * there is a general default network or not.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testPreferenceForUserNetworkUpDown() throws Exception {
+        final InOrder inOrder = inOrder(mMockNetd);
+        final UserHandle testHandle = setupEnterpriseNetwork();
+        registerDefaultNetworkCallbacks();
+
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+
+        mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).networkCreate(nativeNetworkConfigPhysical(
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, INetd.PERMISSION_NONE));
+
+
+        final TestOnCompleteListener listener = new TestOnCompleteListener();
+        mCm.setProfileNetworkPreference(testHandle, PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_ENTERPRISE,
+                r -> r.run(), listener);
+        listener.expectOnComplete();
+
+        // Setting a network preference for this user will create a new set of routing rules for
+        // the UID range that corresponds to this user, so as to define the default network
+        // for these apps separately. This is true because the multi-layer request relevant to
+        // this UID range contains a TRACK_DEFAULT, so the range will be moved through UID-specific
+        // rules to the correct network – in this case the system default network. The case where
+        // the default network for the profile happens to be the same as the system default
+        // is not handled specially, the rules are always active as long as a preference is set.
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).networkAddUidRanges(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId,
+                uidRangeFor(testHandle));
+
+        // The enterprise network is not ready yet.
+        assertNoCallbacks(mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback, mDefaultNetworkCallback,
+                mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback);
+
+        final TestNetworkAgentWrapper workAgent = makeEnterpriseNetworkAgent();
+        workAgent.connect(false);
+
+        mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(workAgent);
+        mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).networkCreate(
+                nativeNetworkConfigPhysical(workAgent.getNetwork().netId, INetd.PERMISSION_SYSTEM));
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).networkAddUidRanges(workAgent.getNetwork().netId,
+                uidRangeFor(testHandle));
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).networkRemoveUidRanges(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId,
+                uidRangeFor(testHandle));
+
+        // Make sure changes to the work agent send callbacks to the app in the work profile, but
+        // not to the other apps.
+        workAgent.setNetworkValid(true /* isStrictMode */);
+        workAgent.mNetworkMonitor.forceReevaluation(Process.myUid());
+        mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(workAgent,
+                nc -> nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED)
+                        && nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_ENTERPRISE));
+        assertNoCallbacks(mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback, mDefaultNetworkCallback);
+
+        workAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED);
+        mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(workAgent, nc ->
+                nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED));
+        assertNoCallbacks(mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback, mDefaultNetworkCallback);
+
+        // Conversely, change a capability on the system-wide default network and make sure
+        // that only the apps outside of the work profile receive the callbacks.
+        mCellNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED);
+        mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mCellNetworkAgent, nc ->
+                nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED));
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mCellNetworkAgent, nc ->
+                nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED));
+        mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        // Disconnect and reconnect the system-wide default network and make sure that the
+        // apps on this network see the appropriate callbacks, and the app on the work profile
+        // doesn't because it continues to use the enterprise network.
+        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).networkDestroy(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId);
+
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).networkCreate(nativeNetworkConfigPhysical(
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, INetd.PERMISSION_NONE));
+
+        // When the agent disconnects, test that the app on the work profile falls back to the
+        // default network.
+        workAgent.disconnect();
+        mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, workAgent);
+        mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        assertNoCallbacks(mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback, mDefaultNetworkCallback);
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).networkAddUidRanges(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId,
+                uidRangeFor(testHandle));
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).networkDestroy(workAgent.getNetwork().netId);
+
+        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+
+        // Waiting for the handler to be idle before checking for networkDestroy is necessary
+        // here because ConnectivityService calls onLost before the network is fully torn down.
+        waitForIdle();
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).networkDestroy(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId);
+
+        // If the control comes here, callbacks seem to behave correctly in the presence of
+        // a default network when the enterprise network goes up and down. Now, make sure they
+        // also behave correctly in the absence of a system-wide default network.
+        final TestNetworkAgentWrapper workAgent2 = makeEnterpriseNetworkAgent();
+        workAgent2.connect(false);
+
+        mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(workAgent2);
+        assertNoCallbacks(mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback, mDefaultNetworkCallback);
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).networkCreate(nativeNetworkConfigPhysical(
+                workAgent2.getNetwork().netId, INetd.PERMISSION_SYSTEM));
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).networkAddUidRanges(workAgent2.getNetwork().netId,
+                uidRangeFor(testHandle));
+
+        workAgent2.setNetworkValid(true /* isStrictMode */);
+        workAgent2.mNetworkMonitor.forceReevaluation(Process.myUid());
+        mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(workAgent2,
+                nc -> nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_ENTERPRISE)
+                        && !nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED));
+        assertNoCallbacks(mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback, mDefaultNetworkCallback);
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd, never()).networkAddUidRanges(anyInt(), any());
+
+        // When the agent disconnects, test that the app on the work profile falls back to the
+        // default network.
+        workAgent2.disconnect();
+        mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, workAgent2);
+        assertNoCallbacks(mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback, mDefaultNetworkCallback);
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).networkDestroy(workAgent2.getNetwork().netId);
+
+        assertNoCallbacks(mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback, mDefaultNetworkCallback,
+                mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback);
+
+        // Callbacks will be unregistered by tearDown()
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test that, in a given networking context, calling setPreferenceForUser to set per-profile
+     * defaults on then off works as expected.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSetPreferenceForUserOnOff() throws Exception {
+        final InOrder inOrder = inOrder(mMockNetd);
+        final UserHandle testHandle = setupEnterpriseNetwork();
+
+        // Connect both a regular cell agent and an enterprise network first.
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+
+        final TestNetworkAgentWrapper workAgent = makeEnterpriseNetworkAgent();
+        workAgent.connect(true);
+
+        final TestOnCompleteListener listener = new TestOnCompleteListener();
+        mCm.setProfileNetworkPreference(testHandle, PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_ENTERPRISE,
+                r -> r.run(), listener);
+        listener.expectOnComplete();
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).networkCreate(nativeNetworkConfigPhysical(
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, INetd.PERMISSION_NONE));
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).networkAddUidRanges(workAgent.getNetwork().netId,
+                uidRangeFor(testHandle));
+
+        registerDefaultNetworkCallbacks();
+
+        mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(workAgent);
+
+        mCm.setProfileNetworkPreference(testHandle, PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_DEFAULT,
+                r -> r.run(), listener);
+        listener.expectOnComplete();
+
+        mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        assertNoCallbacks(mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback, mDefaultNetworkCallback);
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).networkRemoveUidRanges(workAgent.getNetwork().netId,
+                uidRangeFor(testHandle));
+
+        workAgent.disconnect();
+        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+
+        // Callbacks will be unregistered by tearDown()
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test per-profile default networks for two different profiles concurrently.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSetPreferenceForTwoProfiles() throws Exception {
+        final InOrder inOrder = inOrder(mMockNetd);
+        final UserHandle testHandle2 = setupEnterpriseNetwork();
+        final UserHandle testHandle4 = UserHandle.of(TEST_WORK_PROFILE_USER_ID + 2);
+        mServiceContext.setWorkProfile(testHandle4, true);
+        registerDefaultNetworkCallbacks();
+
+        final TestNetworkCallback app4Cb = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final int testWorkProfileAppUid4 =
+                UserHandle.getUid(testHandle4.getIdentifier(), TEST_APP_ID);
+        registerDefaultNetworkCallbackAsUid(app4Cb, testWorkProfileAppUid4);
+
+        // Connect both a regular cell agent and an enterprise network first.
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+
+        final TestNetworkAgentWrapper workAgent = makeEnterpriseNetworkAgent();
+        workAgent.connect(true);
+
+        mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        app4Cb.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).networkCreate(nativeNetworkConfigPhysical(
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, INetd.PERMISSION_NONE));
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).networkCreate(nativeNetworkConfigPhysical(
+                workAgent.getNetwork().netId, INetd.PERMISSION_SYSTEM));
+
+        final TestOnCompleteListener listener = new TestOnCompleteListener();
+        mCm.setProfileNetworkPreference(testHandle2, PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_ENTERPRISE,
+                r -> r.run(), listener);
+        listener.expectOnComplete();
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).networkAddUidRanges(workAgent.getNetwork().netId,
+                uidRangeFor(testHandle2));
+
+        mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(workAgent);
+        assertNoCallbacks(mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback, mDefaultNetworkCallback,
+                app4Cb);
+
+        mCm.setProfileNetworkPreference(testHandle4, PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_ENTERPRISE,
+                r -> r.run(), listener);
+        listener.expectOnComplete();
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).networkAddUidRanges(workAgent.getNetwork().netId,
+                uidRangeFor(testHandle4));
+
+        app4Cb.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(workAgent);
+        assertNoCallbacks(mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback, mDefaultNetworkCallback,
+                mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback);
+
+        mCm.setProfileNetworkPreference(testHandle2, PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_DEFAULT,
+                r -> r.run(), listener);
+        listener.expectOnComplete();
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).networkRemoveUidRanges(workAgent.getNetwork().netId,
+                uidRangeFor(testHandle2));
+
+        mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        assertNoCallbacks(mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback, mDefaultNetworkCallback,
+                app4Cb);
+
+        workAgent.disconnect();
+        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(app4Cb);
+        // Other callbacks will be unregistered by tearDown()
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testProfilePreferenceRemovedUponUserRemoved() throws Exception {
+        final InOrder inOrder = inOrder(mMockNetd);
+        final UserHandle testHandle = setupEnterpriseNetwork();
+
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+
+        final TestOnCompleteListener listener = new TestOnCompleteListener();
+        mCm.setProfileNetworkPreference(testHandle, PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_ENTERPRISE,
+                r -> r.run(), listener);
+        listener.expectOnComplete();
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).networkCreate(nativeNetworkConfigPhysical(
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, INetd.PERMISSION_NONE));
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).networkAddUidRanges(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId,
+                uidRangeFor(testHandle));
+
+        final Intent removedIntent = new Intent(ACTION_USER_REMOVED);
+        removedIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_USER, testHandle);
+        processBroadcast(removedIntent);
+
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).networkRemoveUidRanges(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId,
+                uidRangeFor(testHandle));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Make sure that OEM preference and per-profile preference can't be used at the same
+     * time and throw ISE if tried
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testOemPreferenceAndProfilePreferenceExclusive() throws Exception {
+        final UserHandle testHandle = UserHandle.of(TEST_WORK_PROFILE_USER_ID);
+        mServiceContext.setWorkProfile(testHandle, true);
+        final TestOnCompleteListener listener = new TestOnCompleteListener();
+
+        setupMultipleDefaultNetworksForOemNetworkPreferenceNotCurrentUidTest(
+                OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID_ONLY);
+        assertThrows("Should not be able to set per-profile pref while OEM prefs present",
+                IllegalStateException.class, () ->
+                        mCm.setProfileNetworkPreference(testHandle,
+                                PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_ENTERPRISE,
+                                r -> r.run(), listener));
+
+        // Empty the OEM prefs
+        final TestOemListenerCallback oemPrefListener = new TestOemListenerCallback();
+        final OemNetworkPreferences emptyOemPref = new OemNetworkPreferences.Builder().build();
+        mService.setOemNetworkPreference(emptyOemPref, oemPrefListener);
+        oemPrefListener.expectOnComplete();
+
+        mCm.setProfileNetworkPreference(testHandle, PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_ENTERPRISE,
+                r -> r.run(), listener);
+        listener.expectOnComplete();
+        assertThrows("Should not be able to set OEM prefs while per-profile pref is on",
+                IllegalStateException.class , () ->
+                        mService.setOemNetworkPreference(emptyOemPref, oemPrefListener));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Make sure wrong preferences for per-profile default networking are rejected.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testProfileNetworkPrefWrongPreference() throws Exception {
+        final UserHandle testHandle = UserHandle.of(TEST_WORK_PROFILE_USER_ID);
+        mServiceContext.setWorkProfile(testHandle, true);
+        assertThrows("Should not be able to set an illegal preference",
+                IllegalArgumentException.class,
+                () -> mCm.setProfileNetworkPreference(testHandle,
+                        PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_ENTERPRISE + 1, null, null));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Make sure requests for per-profile default networking for a non-work profile are
+     * rejected
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testProfileNetworkPrefWrongProfile() throws Exception {
+        final UserHandle testHandle = UserHandle.of(TEST_WORK_PROFILE_USER_ID);
+        mServiceContext.setWorkProfile(testHandle, false);
+        assertThrows("Should not be able to set a user pref for a non-work profile",
+                IllegalArgumentException.class , () ->
+                        mCm.setProfileNetworkPreference(testHandle,
+                                PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_ENTERPRISE, null, null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSubIdsClearedWithoutNetworkFactoryPermission() throws Exception {
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(NETWORK_FACTORY, PERMISSION_DENIED);
+        final NetworkCapabilities nc = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        nc.setSubscriptionIds(Collections.singleton(Process.myUid()));
+
+        final NetworkCapabilities result =
+                mService.networkCapabilitiesRestrictedForCallerPermissions(
+                        nc, Process.myPid(), Process.myUid());
+        assertTrue(result.getSubscriptionIds().isEmpty());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSubIdsExistWithNetworkFactoryPermission() throws Exception {
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(NETWORK_FACTORY, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
+
+        final Set<Integer> subIds = Collections.singleton(Process.myUid());
+        final NetworkCapabilities nc = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        nc.setSubscriptionIds(subIds);
+
+        final NetworkCapabilities result =
+                mService.networkCapabilitiesRestrictedForCallerPermissions(
+                        nc, Process.myPid(), Process.myUid());
+        assertEquals(subIds, result.getSubscriptionIds());
+    }
+
+    private NetworkRequest getRequestWithSubIds() {
+        return new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .setSubscriptionIds(Collections.singleton(Process.myUid()))
+                .build();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNetworkRequestWithSubIdsWithNetworkFactoryPermission() throws Exception {
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(NETWORK_FACTORY, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
+        final PendingIntent pendingIntent = PendingIntent.getBroadcast(
+                mContext, 0 /* requestCode */, new Intent("a"), FLAG_IMMUTABLE);
+        final NetworkCallback networkCallback1 = new NetworkCallback();
+        final NetworkCallback networkCallback2 = new NetworkCallback();
+
+        mCm.requestNetwork(getRequestWithSubIds(), networkCallback1);
+        mCm.requestNetwork(getRequestWithSubIds(), pendingIntent);
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(getRequestWithSubIds(), networkCallback2);
+
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(networkCallback1);
+        mCm.releaseNetworkRequest(pendingIntent);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(networkCallback2);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNetworkRequestWithSubIdsWithoutNetworkFactoryPermission() throws Exception {
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(NETWORK_FACTORY, PERMISSION_DENIED);
+        final PendingIntent pendingIntent = PendingIntent.getBroadcast(
+                mContext, 0 /* requestCode */, new Intent("a"), FLAG_IMMUTABLE);
+
+        final Class<SecurityException> expected = SecurityException.class;
+        assertThrows(
+                expected, () -> mCm.requestNetwork(getRequestWithSubIds(), new NetworkCallback()));
+        assertThrows(expected, () -> mCm.requestNetwork(getRequestWithSubIds(), pendingIntent));
+        assertThrows(
+                expected,
+                () -> mCm.registerNetworkCallback(getRequestWithSubIds(), new NetworkCallback()));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Validate request counts are counted accurately on setProfileNetworkPreference on set/replace.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testProfileNetworkPrefCountsRequestsCorrectlyOnSet() throws Exception {
+        final UserHandle testHandle = setupEnterpriseNetwork();
+        testRequestCountLimits(() -> {
+            // Set initially to test the limit prior to having existing requests.
+            final TestOnCompleteListener listener = new TestOnCompleteListener();
+            mCm.setProfileNetworkPreference(testHandle, PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_ENTERPRISE,
+                    Runnable::run, listener);
+            listener.expectOnComplete();
+
+            // re-set so as to test the limit as part of replacing existing requests.
+            mCm.setProfileNetworkPreference(testHandle, PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_ENTERPRISE,
+                    Runnable::run, listener);
+            listener.expectOnComplete();
+        });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Validate request counts are counted accurately on setOemNetworkPreference on set/replace.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSetOemNetworkPreferenceCountsRequestsCorrectlyOnSet() throws Exception {
+        mockHasSystemFeature(PackageManager.FEATURE_AUTOMOTIVE, true);
+        @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int networkPref =
+                OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PRIVATE_ONLY;
+        testRequestCountLimits(() -> {
+            // Set initially to test the limit prior to having existing requests.
+            final TestOemListenerCallback listener = new TestOemListenerCallback();
+            mService.setOemNetworkPreference(
+                    createDefaultOemNetworkPreferences(networkPref), listener);
+            listener.expectOnComplete();
+
+            // re-set so as to test the limit as part of replacing existing requests.
+            mService.setOemNetworkPreference(
+                    createDefaultOemNetworkPreferences(networkPref), listener);
+            listener.expectOnComplete();
+        });
+    }
+
+    private void testRequestCountLimits(@NonNull final Runnable r) throws Exception {
+        final ArraySet<TestNetworkCallback> callbacks = new ArraySet<>();
+        try {
+            final int requestCount = mService.mSystemNetworkRequestCounter
+                    .mUidToNetworkRequestCount.get(Process.myUid());
+            // The limit is hit when total requests <= limit.
+            final int maxCount =
+                    ConnectivityService.MAX_NETWORK_REQUESTS_PER_SYSTEM_UID - requestCount;
+            // Need permission so registerDefaultNetworkCallback uses mSystemNetworkRequestCounter
+            withPermission(NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK, () -> {
+                for (int i = 1; i < maxCount - 1; i++) {
+                    final TestNetworkCallback cb = new TestNetworkCallback();
+                    mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(cb);
+                    callbacks.add(cb);
+                }
+
+                // Code to run to check if it triggers a max request count limit error.
+                r.run();
+            });
+        } finally {
+            for (final TestNetworkCallback cb : callbacks) {
+                mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(cb);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceParameterizedTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceParameterizedTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cf2c9c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceParameterizedTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,1004 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server;
+
+import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.PERMISSION_DENIED;
+import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED;
+import static android.net.INetd.IF_STATE_DOWN;
+import static android.net.INetd.IF_STATE_UP;
+import static android.net.IpSecManager.DIRECTION_FWD;
+import static android.net.IpSecManager.DIRECTION_IN;
+import static android.net.IpSecManager.DIRECTION_OUT;
+import static android.net.NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.AF_INET;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.AF_INET6;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.argThat;
+import static org.mockito.Matchers.anyInt;
+import static org.mockito.Matchers.anyString;
+import static org.mockito.Matchers.eq;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+import android.app.AppOpsManager;
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.content.pm.PackageManager;
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
+import android.net.INetd;
+import android.net.InetAddresses;
+import android.net.InterfaceConfigurationParcel;
+import android.net.IpSecAlgorithm;
+import android.net.IpSecConfig;
+import android.net.IpSecManager;
+import android.net.IpSecSpiResponse;
+import android.net.IpSecTransform;
+import android.net.IpSecTransformResponse;
+import android.net.IpSecTunnelInterfaceResponse;
+import android.net.IpSecUdpEncapResponse;
+import android.net.LinkAddress;
+import android.net.LinkProperties;
+import android.net.Network;
+import android.os.Binder;
+import android.os.ParcelFileDescriptor;
+import android.system.Os;
+import android.test.mock.MockContext;
+import android.util.ArraySet;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+
+import com.android.server.IpSecService.TunnelInterfaceRecord;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.junit.runners.Parameterized;
+
+import java.net.Inet4Address;
+import java.net.Socket;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+/** Unit tests for {@link IpSecService}. */
+@SmallTest
+@RunWith(Parameterized.class)
+public class IpSecServiceParameterizedTest {
+
+    private static final int TEST_SPI = 0xD1201D;
+
+    private final String mSourceAddr;
+    private final String mDestinationAddr;
+    private final LinkAddress mLocalInnerAddress;
+    private final int mFamily;
+
+    private static final int[] ADDRESS_FAMILIES =
+            new int[] {AF_INET, AF_INET6};
+
+    @Parameterized.Parameters
+    public static Collection ipSecConfigs() {
+        return Arrays.asList(
+                new Object[][] {
+                {"1.2.3.4", "8.8.4.4", "10.0.1.1/24", AF_INET},
+                {"2601::2", "2601::10", "2001:db8::1/64", AF_INET6}
+        });
+    }
+
+    private static final byte[] AEAD_KEY = {
+        0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07,
+        0x08, 0x09, 0x0A, 0x0B, 0x0C, 0x0D, 0x0E, 0x0F,
+        0x10, 0x11, 0x12, 0x13, 0x14, 0x15, 0x16, 0x17,
+        0x18, 0x19, 0x1A, 0x1B, 0x1C, 0x1D, 0x1E, 0x1F,
+        0x73, 0x61, 0x6C, 0x74
+    };
+    private static final byte[] CRYPT_KEY = {
+        0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07,
+        0x08, 0x09, 0x0A, 0x0B, 0x0C, 0x0D, 0x0E, 0x0F,
+        0x10, 0x11, 0x12, 0x13, 0x14, 0x15, 0x16, 0x17,
+        0x18, 0x19, 0x1A, 0x1B, 0x1C, 0x1D, 0x1E, 0x1F
+    };
+    private static final byte[] AUTH_KEY = {
+        0x7A, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7F,
+        0x7A, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7F
+    };
+
+    AppOpsManager mMockAppOps = mock(AppOpsManager.class);
+    ConnectivityManager mMockConnectivityMgr = mock(ConnectivityManager.class);
+
+    TestContext mTestContext = new TestContext();
+
+    private class TestContext extends MockContext {
+        private Set<String> mAllowedPermissions = new ArraySet<>(Arrays.asList(
+                android.Manifest.permission.MANAGE_IPSEC_TUNNELS,
+                android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK,
+                PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK));
+
+        private void setAllowedPermissions(String... permissions) {
+            mAllowedPermissions = new ArraySet<>(permissions);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Object getSystemService(String name) {
+            switch(name) {
+                case Context.APP_OPS_SERVICE:
+                    return mMockAppOps;
+                case Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE:
+                    return mMockConnectivityMgr;
+                default:
+                    return null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String getSystemServiceName(Class<?> serviceClass) {
+            if (ConnectivityManager.class == serviceClass) {
+                return Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE;
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public PackageManager getPackageManager() {
+            return mMockPkgMgr;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void enforceCallingOrSelfPermission(String permission, String message) {
+            if (mAllowedPermissions.contains(permission)) {
+                return;
+            } else {
+                throw new SecurityException("Unavailable permission requested");
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int checkCallingOrSelfPermission(String permission) {
+            if (mAllowedPermissions.contains(permission)) {
+                return PERMISSION_GRANTED;
+            } else {
+                return PERMISSION_DENIED;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    INetd mMockNetd;
+    PackageManager mMockPkgMgr;
+    IpSecService.IpSecServiceConfiguration mMockIpSecSrvConfig;
+    IpSecService mIpSecService;
+    Network fakeNetwork = new Network(0xAB);
+    int mUid = Os.getuid();
+
+    private static final IpSecAlgorithm AUTH_ALGO =
+            new IpSecAlgorithm(IpSecAlgorithm.AUTH_HMAC_SHA256, AUTH_KEY, AUTH_KEY.length * 4);
+    private static final IpSecAlgorithm CRYPT_ALGO =
+            new IpSecAlgorithm(IpSecAlgorithm.CRYPT_AES_CBC, CRYPT_KEY);
+    private static final IpSecAlgorithm AEAD_ALGO =
+            new IpSecAlgorithm(IpSecAlgorithm.AUTH_CRYPT_AES_GCM, AEAD_KEY, 128);
+    private static final int REMOTE_ENCAP_PORT = 4500;
+
+    private static final String BLESSED_PACKAGE = "blessedPackage";
+    private static final String SYSTEM_PACKAGE = "systemPackage";
+    private static final String BAD_PACKAGE = "badPackage";
+
+    public IpSecServiceParameterizedTest(
+            String sourceAddr, String destAddr, String localInnerAddr, int family) {
+        mSourceAddr = sourceAddr;
+        mDestinationAddr = destAddr;
+        mLocalInnerAddress = new LinkAddress(localInnerAddr);
+        mFamily = family;
+    }
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
+        mMockNetd = mock(INetd.class);
+        mMockPkgMgr = mock(PackageManager.class);
+        mMockIpSecSrvConfig = mock(IpSecService.IpSecServiceConfiguration.class);
+        mIpSecService = new IpSecService(mTestContext, mMockIpSecSrvConfig);
+
+        // Injecting mock netd
+        when(mMockIpSecSrvConfig.getNetdInstance()).thenReturn(mMockNetd);
+
+        // PackageManager should always return true (feature flag tests in IpSecServiceTest)
+        when(mMockPkgMgr.hasSystemFeature(anyString())).thenReturn(true);
+
+        // A package granted the AppOp for MANAGE_IPSEC_TUNNELS will be MODE_ALLOWED.
+        when(mMockAppOps.noteOp(anyInt(), anyInt(), eq(BLESSED_PACKAGE)))
+                .thenReturn(AppOpsManager.MODE_ALLOWED);
+        // A system package will not be granted the app op, so this should fall back to
+        // a permissions check, which should pass.
+        when(mMockAppOps.noteOp(anyInt(), anyInt(), eq(SYSTEM_PACKAGE)))
+                .thenReturn(AppOpsManager.MODE_DEFAULT);
+        // A mismatch between the package name and the UID will return MODE_IGNORED.
+        when(mMockAppOps.noteOp(anyInt(), anyInt(), eq(BAD_PACKAGE)))
+                .thenReturn(AppOpsManager.MODE_IGNORED);
+    }
+
+    //TODO: Add a test to verify SPI.
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIpSecServiceReserveSpi() throws Exception {
+        when(mMockNetd.ipSecAllocateSpi(anyInt(), anyString(), eq(mDestinationAddr), eq(TEST_SPI)))
+                .thenReturn(TEST_SPI);
+
+        IpSecSpiResponse spiResp =
+                mIpSecService.allocateSecurityParameterIndex(
+                        mDestinationAddr, TEST_SPI, new Binder());
+        assertEquals(IpSecManager.Status.OK, spiResp.status);
+        assertEquals(TEST_SPI, spiResp.spi);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReleaseSecurityParameterIndex() throws Exception {
+        when(mMockNetd.ipSecAllocateSpi(anyInt(), anyString(), eq(mDestinationAddr), eq(TEST_SPI)))
+                .thenReturn(TEST_SPI);
+
+        IpSecSpiResponse spiResp =
+                mIpSecService.allocateSecurityParameterIndex(
+                        mDestinationAddr, TEST_SPI, new Binder());
+
+        mIpSecService.releaseSecurityParameterIndex(spiResp.resourceId);
+
+        verify(mMockNetd)
+                .ipSecDeleteSecurityAssociation(
+                        eq(mUid),
+                        anyString(),
+                        anyString(),
+                        eq(TEST_SPI),
+                        anyInt(),
+                        anyInt(),
+                        anyInt());
+
+        // Verify quota and RefcountedResource objects cleaned up
+        IpSecService.UserRecord userRecord = mIpSecService.mUserResourceTracker.getUserRecord(mUid);
+        assertEquals(0, userRecord.mSpiQuotaTracker.mCurrent);
+        try {
+            userRecord.mSpiRecords.getRefcountedResourceOrThrow(spiResp.resourceId);
+            fail("Expected IllegalArgumentException on attempt to access deleted resource");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
+
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSecurityParameterIndexBinderDeath() throws Exception {
+        when(mMockNetd.ipSecAllocateSpi(anyInt(), anyString(), eq(mDestinationAddr), eq(TEST_SPI)))
+                .thenReturn(TEST_SPI);
+
+        IpSecSpiResponse spiResp =
+                mIpSecService.allocateSecurityParameterIndex(
+                        mDestinationAddr, TEST_SPI, new Binder());
+
+        IpSecService.UserRecord userRecord = mIpSecService.mUserResourceTracker.getUserRecord(mUid);
+        IpSecService.RefcountedResource refcountedRecord =
+                userRecord.mSpiRecords.getRefcountedResourceOrThrow(spiResp.resourceId);
+
+        refcountedRecord.binderDied();
+
+        verify(mMockNetd)
+                .ipSecDeleteSecurityAssociation(
+                        eq(mUid),
+                        anyString(),
+                        anyString(),
+                        eq(TEST_SPI),
+                        anyInt(),
+                        anyInt(),
+                        anyInt());
+
+        // Verify quota and RefcountedResource objects cleaned up
+        assertEquals(0, userRecord.mSpiQuotaTracker.mCurrent);
+        try {
+            userRecord.mSpiRecords.getRefcountedResourceOrThrow(spiResp.resourceId);
+            fail("Expected IllegalArgumentException on attempt to access deleted resource");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
+
+        }
+    }
+
+    private int getNewSpiResourceId(String remoteAddress, int returnSpi) throws Exception {
+        when(mMockNetd.ipSecAllocateSpi(anyInt(), anyString(), anyString(), anyInt()))
+                .thenReturn(returnSpi);
+
+        IpSecSpiResponse spi =
+                mIpSecService.allocateSecurityParameterIndex(
+                        InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress(remoteAddress).getHostAddress(),
+                        IpSecManager.INVALID_SECURITY_PARAMETER_INDEX,
+                        new Binder());
+        return spi.resourceId;
+    }
+
+    private void addDefaultSpisAndRemoteAddrToIpSecConfig(IpSecConfig config) throws Exception {
+        config.setSpiResourceId(getNewSpiResourceId(mDestinationAddr, TEST_SPI));
+        config.setSourceAddress(mSourceAddr);
+        config.setDestinationAddress(mDestinationAddr);
+    }
+
+    private void addAuthAndCryptToIpSecConfig(IpSecConfig config) throws Exception {
+        config.setEncryption(CRYPT_ALGO);
+        config.setAuthentication(AUTH_ALGO);
+    }
+
+    private void addEncapSocketToIpSecConfig(int resourceId, IpSecConfig config) throws Exception {
+        config.setEncapType(IpSecTransform.ENCAP_ESPINUDP);
+        config.setEncapSocketResourceId(resourceId);
+        config.setEncapRemotePort(REMOTE_ENCAP_PORT);
+    }
+
+    private void verifyTransformNetdCalledForCreatingSA(
+            IpSecConfig config, IpSecTransformResponse resp) throws Exception {
+        verifyTransformNetdCalledForCreatingSA(config, resp, 0);
+    }
+
+    private void verifyTransformNetdCalledForCreatingSA(
+            IpSecConfig config, IpSecTransformResponse resp, int encapSocketPort) throws Exception {
+        IpSecAlgorithm auth = config.getAuthentication();
+        IpSecAlgorithm crypt = config.getEncryption();
+        IpSecAlgorithm authCrypt = config.getAuthenticatedEncryption();
+
+        verify(mMockNetd, times(1))
+                .ipSecAddSecurityAssociation(
+                        eq(mUid),
+                        eq(config.getMode()),
+                        eq(config.getSourceAddress()),
+                        eq(config.getDestinationAddress()),
+                        eq((config.getNetwork() != null) ? config.getNetwork().netId : 0),
+                        eq(TEST_SPI),
+                        eq(0),
+                        eq(0),
+                        eq((auth != null) ? auth.getName() : ""),
+                        eq((auth != null) ? auth.getKey() : new byte[] {}),
+                        eq((auth != null) ? auth.getTruncationLengthBits() : 0),
+                        eq((crypt != null) ? crypt.getName() : ""),
+                        eq((crypt != null) ? crypt.getKey() : new byte[] {}),
+                        eq((crypt != null) ? crypt.getTruncationLengthBits() : 0),
+                        eq((authCrypt != null) ? authCrypt.getName() : ""),
+                        eq((authCrypt != null) ? authCrypt.getKey() : new byte[] {}),
+                        eq((authCrypt != null) ? authCrypt.getTruncationLengthBits() : 0),
+                        eq(config.getEncapType()),
+                        eq(encapSocketPort),
+                        eq(config.getEncapRemotePort()),
+                        eq(config.getXfrmInterfaceId()));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCreateTransform() throws Exception {
+        IpSecConfig ipSecConfig = new IpSecConfig();
+        addDefaultSpisAndRemoteAddrToIpSecConfig(ipSecConfig);
+        addAuthAndCryptToIpSecConfig(ipSecConfig);
+
+        IpSecTransformResponse createTransformResp =
+                mIpSecService.createTransform(ipSecConfig, new Binder(), BLESSED_PACKAGE);
+        assertEquals(IpSecManager.Status.OK, createTransformResp.status);
+
+        verifyTransformNetdCalledForCreatingSA(ipSecConfig, createTransformResp);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCreateTransformAead() throws Exception {
+        IpSecConfig ipSecConfig = new IpSecConfig();
+        addDefaultSpisAndRemoteAddrToIpSecConfig(ipSecConfig);
+
+        ipSecConfig.setAuthenticatedEncryption(AEAD_ALGO);
+
+        IpSecTransformResponse createTransformResp =
+                mIpSecService.createTransform(ipSecConfig, new Binder(), BLESSED_PACKAGE);
+        assertEquals(IpSecManager.Status.OK, createTransformResp.status);
+
+        verifyTransformNetdCalledForCreatingSA(ipSecConfig, createTransformResp);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCreateTransportModeTransformWithEncap() throws Exception {
+        IpSecUdpEncapResponse udpSock = mIpSecService.openUdpEncapsulationSocket(0, new Binder());
+
+        IpSecConfig ipSecConfig = new IpSecConfig();
+        ipSecConfig.setMode(IpSecTransform.MODE_TRANSPORT);
+        addDefaultSpisAndRemoteAddrToIpSecConfig(ipSecConfig);
+        addAuthAndCryptToIpSecConfig(ipSecConfig);
+        addEncapSocketToIpSecConfig(udpSock.resourceId, ipSecConfig);
+
+        if (mFamily == AF_INET) {
+            IpSecTransformResponse createTransformResp =
+                    mIpSecService.createTransform(ipSecConfig, new Binder(), BLESSED_PACKAGE);
+            assertEquals(IpSecManager.Status.OK, createTransformResp.status);
+
+            verifyTransformNetdCalledForCreatingSA(ipSecConfig, createTransformResp, udpSock.port);
+        } else {
+            try {
+                IpSecTransformResponse createTransformResp =
+                        mIpSecService.createTransform(ipSecConfig, new Binder(), BLESSED_PACKAGE);
+                fail("Expected IllegalArgumentException on attempt to use UDP Encap in IPv6");
+            } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCreateTunnelModeTransformWithEncap() throws Exception {
+        IpSecUdpEncapResponse udpSock = mIpSecService.openUdpEncapsulationSocket(0, new Binder());
+
+        IpSecConfig ipSecConfig = new IpSecConfig();
+        ipSecConfig.setMode(IpSecTransform.MODE_TUNNEL);
+        addDefaultSpisAndRemoteAddrToIpSecConfig(ipSecConfig);
+        addAuthAndCryptToIpSecConfig(ipSecConfig);
+        addEncapSocketToIpSecConfig(udpSock.resourceId, ipSecConfig);
+
+        if (mFamily == AF_INET) {
+            IpSecTransformResponse createTransformResp =
+                    mIpSecService.createTransform(ipSecConfig, new Binder(), BLESSED_PACKAGE);
+            assertEquals(IpSecManager.Status.OK, createTransformResp.status);
+
+            verifyTransformNetdCalledForCreatingSA(ipSecConfig, createTransformResp, udpSock.port);
+        } else {
+            try {
+                IpSecTransformResponse createTransformResp =
+                        mIpSecService.createTransform(ipSecConfig, new Binder(), BLESSED_PACKAGE);
+                fail("Expected IllegalArgumentException on attempt to use UDP Encap in IPv6");
+            } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCreateTwoTransformsWithSameSpis() throws Exception {
+        IpSecConfig ipSecConfig = new IpSecConfig();
+        addDefaultSpisAndRemoteAddrToIpSecConfig(ipSecConfig);
+        addAuthAndCryptToIpSecConfig(ipSecConfig);
+
+        IpSecTransformResponse createTransformResp =
+                mIpSecService.createTransform(ipSecConfig, new Binder(), BLESSED_PACKAGE);
+        assertEquals(IpSecManager.Status.OK, createTransformResp.status);
+
+        // Attempting to create transform a second time with the same SPIs should throw an error...
+        try {
+            mIpSecService.createTransform(ipSecConfig, new Binder(), BLESSED_PACKAGE);
+                fail("IpSecService should have thrown an error for reuse of SPI");
+        } catch (IllegalStateException expected) {
+        }
+
+        // ... even if the transform is deleted
+        mIpSecService.deleteTransform(createTransformResp.resourceId);
+        try {
+            mIpSecService.createTransform(ipSecConfig, new Binder(), BLESSED_PACKAGE);
+                fail("IpSecService should have thrown an error for reuse of SPI");
+        } catch (IllegalStateException expected) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReleaseOwnedSpi() throws Exception {
+        IpSecConfig ipSecConfig = new IpSecConfig();
+        addDefaultSpisAndRemoteAddrToIpSecConfig(ipSecConfig);
+        addAuthAndCryptToIpSecConfig(ipSecConfig);
+
+        IpSecTransformResponse createTransformResp =
+                mIpSecService.createTransform(ipSecConfig, new Binder(), BLESSED_PACKAGE);
+        IpSecService.UserRecord userRecord = mIpSecService.mUserResourceTracker.getUserRecord(mUid);
+        assertEquals(1, userRecord.mSpiQuotaTracker.mCurrent);
+        mIpSecService.releaseSecurityParameterIndex(ipSecConfig.getSpiResourceId());
+        verify(mMockNetd, times(0))
+                .ipSecDeleteSecurityAssociation(
+                        eq(mUid),
+                        anyString(),
+                        anyString(),
+                        eq(TEST_SPI),
+                        anyInt(),
+                        anyInt(),
+                        anyInt());
+        // quota is not released until the SPI is released by the Transform
+        assertEquals(1, userRecord.mSpiQuotaTracker.mCurrent);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDeleteTransform() throws Exception {
+        IpSecConfig ipSecConfig = new IpSecConfig();
+        addDefaultSpisAndRemoteAddrToIpSecConfig(ipSecConfig);
+        addAuthAndCryptToIpSecConfig(ipSecConfig);
+
+        IpSecTransformResponse createTransformResp =
+                mIpSecService.createTransform(ipSecConfig, new Binder(), BLESSED_PACKAGE);
+        mIpSecService.deleteTransform(createTransformResp.resourceId);
+
+        verify(mMockNetd, times(1))
+                .ipSecDeleteSecurityAssociation(
+                        eq(mUid),
+                        anyString(),
+                        anyString(),
+                        eq(TEST_SPI),
+                        anyInt(),
+                        anyInt(),
+                        anyInt());
+
+        // Verify quota and RefcountedResource objects cleaned up
+        IpSecService.UserRecord userRecord = mIpSecService.mUserResourceTracker.getUserRecord(mUid);
+        assertEquals(0, userRecord.mTransformQuotaTracker.mCurrent);
+        assertEquals(1, userRecord.mSpiQuotaTracker.mCurrent);
+
+        mIpSecService.releaseSecurityParameterIndex(ipSecConfig.getSpiResourceId());
+        // Verify that ipSecDeleteSa was not called when the SPI was released because the
+        // ownedByTransform property should prevent it; (note, the called count is cumulative).
+        verify(mMockNetd, times(1))
+                .ipSecDeleteSecurityAssociation(
+                        anyInt(),
+                        anyString(),
+                        anyString(),
+                        anyInt(),
+                        anyInt(),
+                        anyInt(),
+                        anyInt());
+        assertEquals(0, userRecord.mSpiQuotaTracker.mCurrent);
+
+        try {
+            userRecord.mTransformRecords.getRefcountedResourceOrThrow(
+                    createTransformResp.resourceId);
+            fail("Expected IllegalArgumentException on attempt to access deleted resource");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
+
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTransportModeTransformBinderDeath() throws Exception {
+        IpSecConfig ipSecConfig = new IpSecConfig();
+        addDefaultSpisAndRemoteAddrToIpSecConfig(ipSecConfig);
+        addAuthAndCryptToIpSecConfig(ipSecConfig);
+
+        IpSecTransformResponse createTransformResp =
+                mIpSecService.createTransform(ipSecConfig, new Binder(), BLESSED_PACKAGE);
+
+        IpSecService.UserRecord userRecord = mIpSecService.mUserResourceTracker.getUserRecord(mUid);
+        IpSecService.RefcountedResource refcountedRecord =
+                userRecord.mTransformRecords.getRefcountedResourceOrThrow(
+                        createTransformResp.resourceId);
+
+        refcountedRecord.binderDied();
+
+        verify(mMockNetd)
+                .ipSecDeleteSecurityAssociation(
+                        eq(mUid),
+                        anyString(),
+                        anyString(),
+                        eq(TEST_SPI),
+                        anyInt(),
+                        anyInt(),
+                        anyInt());
+
+        // Verify quota and RefcountedResource objects cleaned up
+        assertEquals(0, userRecord.mTransformQuotaTracker.mCurrent);
+        try {
+            userRecord.mTransformRecords.getRefcountedResourceOrThrow(
+                    createTransformResp.resourceId);
+            fail("Expected IllegalArgumentException on attempt to access deleted resource");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
+
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testApplyTransportModeTransform() throws Exception {
+        verifyApplyTransportModeTransformCommon(false);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testApplyTransportModeTransformReleasedSpi() throws Exception {
+        verifyApplyTransportModeTransformCommon(true);
+    }
+
+    public void verifyApplyTransportModeTransformCommon(
+                boolean closeSpiBeforeApply) throws Exception {
+        IpSecConfig ipSecConfig = new IpSecConfig();
+        addDefaultSpisAndRemoteAddrToIpSecConfig(ipSecConfig);
+        addAuthAndCryptToIpSecConfig(ipSecConfig);
+
+        IpSecTransformResponse createTransformResp =
+                mIpSecService.createTransform(ipSecConfig, new Binder(), BLESSED_PACKAGE);
+
+        if (closeSpiBeforeApply) {
+            mIpSecService.releaseSecurityParameterIndex(ipSecConfig.getSpiResourceId());
+        }
+
+        Socket socket = new Socket();
+        socket.bind(null);
+        ParcelFileDescriptor pfd = ParcelFileDescriptor.fromSocket(socket);
+
+        int resourceId = createTransformResp.resourceId;
+        mIpSecService.applyTransportModeTransform(pfd, IpSecManager.DIRECTION_OUT, resourceId);
+
+        verify(mMockNetd)
+                .ipSecApplyTransportModeTransform(
+                        eq(pfd),
+                        eq(mUid),
+                        eq(IpSecManager.DIRECTION_OUT),
+                        anyString(),
+                        anyString(),
+                        eq(TEST_SPI));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testApplyTransportModeTransformWithClosedSpi() throws Exception {
+        IpSecConfig ipSecConfig = new IpSecConfig();
+        addDefaultSpisAndRemoteAddrToIpSecConfig(ipSecConfig);
+        addAuthAndCryptToIpSecConfig(ipSecConfig);
+
+        IpSecTransformResponse createTransformResp =
+                mIpSecService.createTransform(ipSecConfig, new Binder(), BLESSED_PACKAGE);
+
+        // Close SPI record
+        mIpSecService.releaseSecurityParameterIndex(ipSecConfig.getSpiResourceId());
+
+        Socket socket = new Socket();
+        socket.bind(null);
+        ParcelFileDescriptor pfd = ParcelFileDescriptor.fromSocket(socket);
+
+        int resourceId = createTransformResp.resourceId;
+        mIpSecService.applyTransportModeTransform(pfd, IpSecManager.DIRECTION_OUT, resourceId);
+
+        verify(mMockNetd)
+                .ipSecApplyTransportModeTransform(
+                        eq(pfd),
+                        eq(mUid),
+                        eq(IpSecManager.DIRECTION_OUT),
+                        anyString(),
+                        anyString(),
+                        eq(TEST_SPI));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRemoveTransportModeTransform() throws Exception {
+        Socket socket = new Socket();
+        socket.bind(null);
+        ParcelFileDescriptor pfd = ParcelFileDescriptor.fromSocket(socket);
+        mIpSecService.removeTransportModeTransforms(pfd);
+
+        verify(mMockNetd).ipSecRemoveTransportModeTransform(pfd);
+    }
+
+    private IpSecTunnelInterfaceResponse createAndValidateTunnel(
+            String localAddr, String remoteAddr, String pkgName) throws Exception {
+        final InterfaceConfigurationParcel config = new InterfaceConfigurationParcel();
+        config.flags = new String[] {IF_STATE_DOWN};
+        when(mMockNetd.interfaceGetCfg(anyString())).thenReturn(config);
+        IpSecTunnelInterfaceResponse createTunnelResp =
+                mIpSecService.createTunnelInterface(
+                        mSourceAddr, mDestinationAddr, fakeNetwork, new Binder(), pkgName);
+
+        assertNotNull(createTunnelResp);
+        assertEquals(IpSecManager.Status.OK, createTunnelResp.status);
+        for (int direction : new int[] {DIRECTION_IN, DIRECTION_OUT, DIRECTION_FWD}) {
+            for (int selAddrFamily : ADDRESS_FAMILIES) {
+                verify(mMockNetd).ipSecAddSecurityPolicy(
+                        eq(mUid),
+                        eq(selAddrFamily),
+                        eq(direction),
+                        anyString(),
+                        anyString(),
+                        eq(0),
+                        anyInt(), // iKey/oKey
+                        anyInt(), // mask
+                        eq(createTunnelResp.resourceId));
+            }
+        }
+
+        return createTunnelResp;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCreateTunnelInterface() throws Exception {
+        IpSecTunnelInterfaceResponse createTunnelResp =
+                createAndValidateTunnel(mSourceAddr, mDestinationAddr, BLESSED_PACKAGE);
+
+        // Check that we have stored the tracking object, and retrieve it
+        IpSecService.UserRecord userRecord = mIpSecService.mUserResourceTracker.getUserRecord(mUid);
+        IpSecService.RefcountedResource refcountedRecord =
+                userRecord.mTunnelInterfaceRecords.getRefcountedResourceOrThrow(
+                        createTunnelResp.resourceId);
+
+        assertEquals(1, userRecord.mTunnelQuotaTracker.mCurrent);
+        verify(mMockNetd)
+                .ipSecAddTunnelInterface(
+                        eq(createTunnelResp.interfaceName),
+                        eq(mSourceAddr),
+                        eq(mDestinationAddr),
+                        anyInt(),
+                        anyInt(),
+                        anyInt());
+        verify(mMockNetd).interfaceSetCfg(argThat(
+                config -> Arrays.asList(config.flags).contains(IF_STATE_UP)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDeleteTunnelInterface() throws Exception {
+        IpSecTunnelInterfaceResponse createTunnelResp =
+                createAndValidateTunnel(mSourceAddr, mDestinationAddr, BLESSED_PACKAGE);
+
+        IpSecService.UserRecord userRecord = mIpSecService.mUserResourceTracker.getUserRecord(mUid);
+
+        mIpSecService.deleteTunnelInterface(createTunnelResp.resourceId, BLESSED_PACKAGE);
+
+        // Verify quota and RefcountedResource objects cleaned up
+        assertEquals(0, userRecord.mTunnelQuotaTracker.mCurrent);
+        verify(mMockNetd).ipSecRemoveTunnelInterface(eq(createTunnelResp.interfaceName));
+        try {
+            userRecord.mTunnelInterfaceRecords.getRefcountedResourceOrThrow(
+                    createTunnelResp.resourceId);
+            fail("Expected IllegalArgumentException on attempt to access deleted resource");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Network createFakeUnderlyingNetwork(String interfaceName) {
+        final Network fakeNetwork = new Network(1000);
+        final LinkProperties fakeLp = new LinkProperties();
+        fakeLp.setInterfaceName(interfaceName);
+        when(mMockConnectivityMgr.getLinkProperties(eq(fakeNetwork))).thenReturn(fakeLp);
+        return fakeNetwork;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetNetworkForTunnelInterface() throws Exception {
+        final IpSecTunnelInterfaceResponse createTunnelResp =
+                createAndValidateTunnel(mSourceAddr, mDestinationAddr, BLESSED_PACKAGE);
+        final Network newFakeNetwork = createFakeUnderlyingNetwork("newFakeNetworkInterface");
+        final int tunnelIfaceResourceId = createTunnelResp.resourceId;
+        mIpSecService.setNetworkForTunnelInterface(
+                tunnelIfaceResourceId, newFakeNetwork, BLESSED_PACKAGE);
+
+        final IpSecService.UserRecord userRecord =
+                mIpSecService.mUserResourceTracker.getUserRecord(mUid);
+        assertEquals(1, userRecord.mTunnelQuotaTracker.mCurrent);
+
+        final TunnelInterfaceRecord tunnelInterfaceInfo =
+                userRecord.mTunnelInterfaceRecords.getResourceOrThrow(tunnelIfaceResourceId);
+        assertEquals(newFakeNetwork, tunnelInterfaceInfo.getUnderlyingNetwork());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetNetworkForTunnelInterfaceFailsForInvalidResourceId() throws Exception {
+        final IpSecTunnelInterfaceResponse createTunnelResp =
+                createAndValidateTunnel(mSourceAddr, mDestinationAddr, BLESSED_PACKAGE);
+        final Network newFakeNetwork = new Network(1000);
+
+        try {
+            mIpSecService.setNetworkForTunnelInterface(
+                    IpSecManager.INVALID_RESOURCE_ID, newFakeNetwork, BLESSED_PACKAGE);
+            fail("Expected an IllegalArgumentException for invalid resource ID.");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetNetworkForTunnelInterfaceFailsWhenSettingTunnelNetwork() throws Exception {
+        final IpSecTunnelInterfaceResponse createTunnelResp =
+                createAndValidateTunnel(mSourceAddr, mDestinationAddr, BLESSED_PACKAGE);
+        final int tunnelIfaceResourceId = createTunnelResp.resourceId;
+        final IpSecService.UserRecord userRecord =
+                mIpSecService.mUserResourceTracker.getUserRecord(mUid);
+        final TunnelInterfaceRecord tunnelInterfaceInfo =
+                userRecord.mTunnelInterfaceRecords.getResourceOrThrow(tunnelIfaceResourceId);
+
+        final Network newFakeNetwork =
+                createFakeUnderlyingNetwork(tunnelInterfaceInfo.getInterfaceName());
+
+        try {
+            mIpSecService.setNetworkForTunnelInterface(
+                    tunnelIfaceResourceId, newFakeNetwork, BLESSED_PACKAGE);
+            fail(
+                    "Expected an IllegalArgumentException because the underlying network is the"
+                            + " network being exposed by this tunnel.");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTunnelInterfaceBinderDeath() throws Exception {
+        IpSecTunnelInterfaceResponse createTunnelResp =
+                createAndValidateTunnel(mSourceAddr, mDestinationAddr, BLESSED_PACKAGE);
+
+        IpSecService.UserRecord userRecord = mIpSecService.mUserResourceTracker.getUserRecord(mUid);
+        IpSecService.RefcountedResource refcountedRecord =
+                userRecord.mTunnelInterfaceRecords.getRefcountedResourceOrThrow(
+                        createTunnelResp.resourceId);
+
+        refcountedRecord.binderDied();
+
+        // Verify quota and RefcountedResource objects cleaned up
+        assertEquals(0, userRecord.mTunnelQuotaTracker.mCurrent);
+        verify(mMockNetd).ipSecRemoveTunnelInterface(eq(createTunnelResp.interfaceName));
+        try {
+            userRecord.mTunnelInterfaceRecords.getRefcountedResourceOrThrow(
+                    createTunnelResp.resourceId);
+            fail("Expected IllegalArgumentException on attempt to access deleted resource");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testApplyTunnelModeTransformOutbound() throws Exception {
+        verifyApplyTunnelModeTransformCommon(false /* closeSpiBeforeApply */, DIRECTION_OUT);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testApplyTunnelModeTransformOutboundNonNetworkStack() throws Exception {
+        mTestContext.setAllowedPermissions(android.Manifest.permission.MANAGE_IPSEC_TUNNELS);
+        verifyApplyTunnelModeTransformCommon(false /* closeSpiBeforeApply */, DIRECTION_OUT);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testApplyTunnelModeTransformOutboundReleasedSpi() throws Exception {
+        verifyApplyTunnelModeTransformCommon(true /* closeSpiBeforeApply */, DIRECTION_OUT);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testApplyTunnelModeTransformInbound() throws Exception {
+        verifyApplyTunnelModeTransformCommon(true /* closeSpiBeforeApply */, DIRECTION_IN);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testApplyTunnelModeTransformInboundNonNetworkStack() throws Exception {
+        mTestContext.setAllowedPermissions(android.Manifest.permission.MANAGE_IPSEC_TUNNELS);
+        verifyApplyTunnelModeTransformCommon(true /* closeSpiBeforeApply */, DIRECTION_IN);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testApplyTunnelModeTransformForward() throws Exception {
+        verifyApplyTunnelModeTransformCommon(true /* closeSpiBeforeApply */, DIRECTION_FWD);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testApplyTunnelModeTransformForwardNonNetworkStack() throws Exception {
+        mTestContext.setAllowedPermissions(android.Manifest.permission.MANAGE_IPSEC_TUNNELS);
+
+        try {
+            verifyApplyTunnelModeTransformCommon(true /* closeSpiBeforeApply */, DIRECTION_FWD);
+            fail("Expected security exception due to use of forward policies without NETWORK_STACK"
+                     + " or MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK permission");
+        } catch (SecurityException expected) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void verifyApplyTunnelModeTransformCommon(boolean closeSpiBeforeApply, int direction)
+            throws Exception {
+        IpSecConfig ipSecConfig = new IpSecConfig();
+        ipSecConfig.setMode(IpSecTransform.MODE_TUNNEL);
+        addDefaultSpisAndRemoteAddrToIpSecConfig(ipSecConfig);
+        addAuthAndCryptToIpSecConfig(ipSecConfig);
+
+        IpSecTransformResponse createTransformResp =
+                mIpSecService.createTransform(ipSecConfig, new Binder(), BLESSED_PACKAGE);
+        IpSecTunnelInterfaceResponse createTunnelResp =
+                createAndValidateTunnel(mSourceAddr, mDestinationAddr, BLESSED_PACKAGE);
+
+        if (closeSpiBeforeApply) {
+            mIpSecService.releaseSecurityParameterIndex(ipSecConfig.getSpiResourceId());
+        }
+
+        int transformResourceId = createTransformResp.resourceId;
+        int tunnelResourceId = createTunnelResp.resourceId;
+        mIpSecService.applyTunnelModeTransform(
+                tunnelResourceId, direction, transformResourceId, BLESSED_PACKAGE);
+
+        for (int selAddrFamily : ADDRESS_FAMILIES) {
+            verify(mMockNetd)
+                    .ipSecUpdateSecurityPolicy(
+                            eq(mUid),
+                            eq(selAddrFamily),
+                            eq(direction),
+                            anyString(),
+                            anyString(),
+                            eq(direction == DIRECTION_OUT ? TEST_SPI : 0),
+                            anyInt(), // iKey/oKey
+                            anyInt(), // mask
+                            eq(tunnelResourceId));
+        }
+
+        ipSecConfig.setXfrmInterfaceId(tunnelResourceId);
+        verifyTransformNetdCalledForCreatingSA(ipSecConfig, createTransformResp);
+    }
+
+
+    @Test
+    public void testApplyTunnelModeTransformWithClosedSpi() throws Exception {
+        IpSecConfig ipSecConfig = new IpSecConfig();
+        ipSecConfig.setMode(IpSecTransform.MODE_TUNNEL);
+        addDefaultSpisAndRemoteAddrToIpSecConfig(ipSecConfig);
+        addAuthAndCryptToIpSecConfig(ipSecConfig);
+
+        IpSecTransformResponse createTransformResp =
+                mIpSecService.createTransform(ipSecConfig, new Binder(), BLESSED_PACKAGE);
+        IpSecTunnelInterfaceResponse createTunnelResp =
+                createAndValidateTunnel(mSourceAddr, mDestinationAddr, BLESSED_PACKAGE);
+
+        // Close SPI record
+        mIpSecService.releaseSecurityParameterIndex(ipSecConfig.getSpiResourceId());
+
+        int transformResourceId = createTransformResp.resourceId;
+        int tunnelResourceId = createTunnelResp.resourceId;
+        mIpSecService.applyTunnelModeTransform(
+                tunnelResourceId, IpSecManager.DIRECTION_OUT, transformResourceId, BLESSED_PACKAGE);
+
+        for (int selAddrFamily : ADDRESS_FAMILIES) {
+            verify(mMockNetd)
+                    .ipSecUpdateSecurityPolicy(
+                            eq(mUid),
+                            eq(selAddrFamily),
+                            eq(IpSecManager.DIRECTION_OUT),
+                            anyString(),
+                            anyString(),
+                            eq(TEST_SPI),
+                            anyInt(), // iKey/oKey
+                            anyInt(), // mask
+                            eq(tunnelResourceId));
+        }
+
+        ipSecConfig.setXfrmInterfaceId(tunnelResourceId);
+        verifyTransformNetdCalledForCreatingSA(ipSecConfig, createTransformResp);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAddRemoveAddressFromTunnelInterface() throws Exception {
+        for (String pkgName : new String[] {BLESSED_PACKAGE, SYSTEM_PACKAGE}) {
+            IpSecTunnelInterfaceResponse createTunnelResp =
+                    createAndValidateTunnel(mSourceAddr, mDestinationAddr, pkgName);
+            mIpSecService.addAddressToTunnelInterface(
+                    createTunnelResp.resourceId, mLocalInnerAddress, pkgName);
+            verify(mMockNetd, times(1))
+                    .interfaceAddAddress(
+                            eq(createTunnelResp.interfaceName),
+                            eq(mLocalInnerAddress.getAddress().getHostAddress()),
+                            eq(mLocalInnerAddress.getPrefixLength()));
+            mIpSecService.removeAddressFromTunnelInterface(
+                    createTunnelResp.resourceId, mLocalInnerAddress, pkgName);
+            verify(mMockNetd, times(1))
+                    .interfaceDelAddress(
+                            eq(createTunnelResp.interfaceName),
+                            eq(mLocalInnerAddress.getAddress().getHostAddress()),
+                            eq(mLocalInnerAddress.getPrefixLength()));
+            mIpSecService.deleteTunnelInterface(createTunnelResp.resourceId, pkgName);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Ignore
+    @Test
+    public void testAddTunnelFailsForBadPackageName() throws Exception {
+        try {
+            IpSecTunnelInterfaceResponse createTunnelResp =
+                    createAndValidateTunnel(mSourceAddr, mDestinationAddr, BAD_PACKAGE);
+            fail("Expected a SecurityException for badPackage.");
+        } catch (SecurityException expected) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFeatureFlagVerification() throws Exception {
+        when(mMockPkgMgr.hasSystemFeature(eq(PackageManager.FEATURE_IPSEC_TUNNELS)))
+                .thenReturn(false);
+
+        try {
+            String addr = Inet4Address.getLoopbackAddress().getHostAddress();
+            mIpSecService.createTunnelInterface(
+                    addr, addr, new Network(0), new Binder(), BLESSED_PACKAGE);
+            fail("Expected UnsupportedOperationException for disabled feature");
+        } catch (UnsupportedOperationException expected) {
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceRefcountedResourceTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceRefcountedResourceTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..22a2c94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceRefcountedResourceTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,358 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+import static org.mockito.Matchers.anyInt;
+import static org.mockito.Matchers.anyObject;
+import static org.mockito.Matchers.eq;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doThrow;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.spy;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.os.Binder;
+import android.os.IBinder;
+import android.os.RemoteException;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.android.server.IpSecService.IResource;
+import com.android.server.IpSecService.RefcountedResource;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.ThreadLocalRandom;
+
+/** Unit tests for {@link IpSecService.RefcountedResource}. */
+@SmallTest
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+public class IpSecServiceRefcountedResourceTest {
+    Context mMockContext;
+    IpSecService.IpSecServiceConfiguration mMockIpSecSrvConfig;
+    IpSecService mIpSecService;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
+        mMockContext = mock(Context.class);
+        mMockIpSecSrvConfig = mock(IpSecService.IpSecServiceConfiguration.class);
+        mIpSecService = new IpSecService(mMockContext, mMockIpSecSrvConfig);
+    }
+
+    private void assertResourceState(
+            RefcountedResource<IResource> resource,
+            int refCount,
+            int userReleaseCallCount,
+            int releaseReferenceCallCount,
+            int invalidateCallCount,
+            int freeUnderlyingResourcesCallCount)
+            throws RemoteException {
+        // Check refcount on RefcountedResource
+        assertEquals(refCount, resource.mRefCount);
+
+        // Check call count of RefcountedResource
+        verify(resource, times(userReleaseCallCount)).userRelease();
+        verify(resource, times(releaseReferenceCallCount)).releaseReference();
+
+        // Check call count of IResource
+        verify(resource.getResource(), times(invalidateCallCount)).invalidate();
+        verify(resource.getResource(), times(freeUnderlyingResourcesCallCount))
+                .freeUnderlyingResources();
+    }
+
+    /** Adds mockito instrumentation */
+    private RefcountedResource<IResource> getTestRefcountedResource(
+            RefcountedResource... children) {
+        return getTestRefcountedResource(new Binder(), children);
+    }
+
+    /** Adds mockito instrumentation with provided binder */
+    private RefcountedResource<IResource> getTestRefcountedResource(
+            IBinder binder, RefcountedResource... children) {
+        return spy(
+                mIpSecService
+                .new RefcountedResource<IResource>(mock(IResource.class), binder, children));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConstructor() throws RemoteException {
+        IBinder binderMock = mock(IBinder.class);
+        RefcountedResource<IResource> resource = getTestRefcountedResource(binderMock);
+
+        // Verify resource's refcount starts at 1 (for user-reference)
+        assertResourceState(resource, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0);
+
+        // Verify linking to binder death
+        verify(binderMock).linkToDeath(anyObject(), anyInt());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConstructorWithChildren() throws RemoteException {
+        IBinder binderMockChild = mock(IBinder.class);
+        IBinder binderMockParent = mock(IBinder.class);
+        RefcountedResource<IResource> childResource = getTestRefcountedResource(binderMockChild);
+        RefcountedResource<IResource> parentResource =
+                getTestRefcountedResource(binderMockParent, childResource);
+
+        // Verify parent's refcount starts at 1 (for user-reference)
+        assertResourceState(parentResource, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0);
+
+        // Verify child's refcounts were incremented
+        assertResourceState(childResource, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0);
+
+        // Verify linking to binder death
+        verify(binderMockChild).linkToDeath(anyObject(), anyInt());
+        verify(binderMockParent).linkToDeath(anyObject(), anyInt());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFailLinkToDeath() throws RemoteException {
+        IBinder binderMock = mock(IBinder.class);
+        doThrow(new RemoteException()).when(binderMock).linkToDeath(anyObject(), anyInt());
+
+        try {
+            getTestRefcountedResource(binderMock);
+            fail("Expected exception to propogate when binder fails to link to death");
+        } catch (RuntimeException expected) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCleanupAndRelease() throws RemoteException {
+        IBinder binderMock = mock(IBinder.class);
+        RefcountedResource<IResource> refcountedResource = getTestRefcountedResource(binderMock);
+
+        // Verify user-initiated cleanup path decrements refcount and calls full cleanup flow
+        refcountedResource.userRelease();
+        assertResourceState(refcountedResource, -1, 1, 1, 1, 1);
+
+        // Verify user-initated cleanup path unlinks from binder
+        verify(binderMock).unlinkToDeath(eq(refcountedResource), eq(0));
+        assertNull(refcountedResource.mBinder);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultipleCallsToCleanupAndRelease() throws RemoteException {
+        RefcountedResource<IResource> refcountedResource = getTestRefcountedResource();
+
+        // Verify calling userRelease multiple times does not trigger any other cleanup
+        // methods
+        refcountedResource.userRelease();
+        assertResourceState(refcountedResource, -1, 1, 1, 1, 1);
+
+        refcountedResource.userRelease();
+        refcountedResource.userRelease();
+        assertResourceState(refcountedResource, -1, 3, 1, 1, 1);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBinderDeathAfterCleanupAndReleaseDoesNothing() throws RemoteException {
+        RefcountedResource<IResource> refcountedResource = getTestRefcountedResource();
+
+        refcountedResource.userRelease();
+        assertResourceState(refcountedResource, -1, 1, 1, 1, 1);
+
+        // Verify binder death call does not trigger any other cleanup methods if called after
+        // userRelease()
+        refcountedResource.binderDied();
+        assertResourceState(refcountedResource, -1, 2, 1, 1, 1);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBinderDeath() throws RemoteException {
+        RefcountedResource<IResource> refcountedResource = getTestRefcountedResource();
+
+        // Verify binder death caused cleanup
+        refcountedResource.binderDied();
+        verify(refcountedResource, times(1)).binderDied();
+        assertResourceState(refcountedResource, -1, 1, 1, 1, 1);
+        assertNull(refcountedResource.mBinder);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCleanupParentDecrementsChildRefcount() throws RemoteException {
+        RefcountedResource<IResource> childResource = getTestRefcountedResource();
+        RefcountedResource<IResource> parentResource = getTestRefcountedResource(childResource);
+
+        parentResource.userRelease();
+
+        // Verify parent gets cleaned up properly, and triggers releaseReference on
+        // child
+        assertResourceState(childResource, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0);
+        assertResourceState(parentResource, -1, 1, 1, 1, 1);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCleanupReferencedChildDoesNotTriggerRelease() throws RemoteException {
+        RefcountedResource<IResource> childResource = getTestRefcountedResource();
+        RefcountedResource<IResource> parentResource = getTestRefcountedResource(childResource);
+
+        childResource.userRelease();
+
+        // Verify that child does not clean up kernel resources and quota.
+        assertResourceState(childResource, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0);
+        assertResourceState(parentResource, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTwoParents() throws RemoteException {
+        RefcountedResource<IResource> childResource = getTestRefcountedResource();
+        RefcountedResource<IResource> parentResource1 = getTestRefcountedResource(childResource);
+        RefcountedResource<IResource> parentResource2 = getTestRefcountedResource(childResource);
+
+        // Verify that child does not cleanup kernel resources and quota until all references
+        // have been released. Assumption: parents release correctly based on
+        // testCleanupParentDecrementsChildRefcount()
+        childResource.userRelease();
+        assertResourceState(childResource, 2, 1, 1, 1, 0);
+
+        parentResource1.userRelease();
+        assertResourceState(childResource, 1, 1, 2, 1, 0);
+
+        parentResource2.userRelease();
+        assertResourceState(childResource, -1, 1, 3, 1, 1);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTwoChildren() throws RemoteException {
+        RefcountedResource<IResource> childResource1 = getTestRefcountedResource();
+        RefcountedResource<IResource> childResource2 = getTestRefcountedResource();
+        RefcountedResource<IResource> parentResource =
+                getTestRefcountedResource(childResource1, childResource2);
+
+        childResource1.userRelease();
+        assertResourceState(childResource1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0);
+        assertResourceState(childResource2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0);
+
+        parentResource.userRelease();
+        assertResourceState(childResource1, -1, 1, 2, 1, 1);
+        assertResourceState(childResource2, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0);
+
+        childResource2.userRelease();
+        assertResourceState(childResource1, -1, 1, 2, 1, 1);
+        assertResourceState(childResource2, -1, 1, 2, 1, 1);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSampleUdpEncapTranform() throws RemoteException {
+        RefcountedResource<IResource> spi1 = getTestRefcountedResource();
+        RefcountedResource<IResource> spi2 = getTestRefcountedResource();
+        RefcountedResource<IResource> udpEncapSocket = getTestRefcountedResource();
+        RefcountedResource<IResource> transform =
+                getTestRefcountedResource(spi1, spi2, udpEncapSocket);
+
+        // Pretend one SPI goes out of reference (releaseManagedResource -> userRelease)
+        spi1.userRelease();
+
+        // User called releaseManagedResource on udpEncap socket
+        udpEncapSocket.userRelease();
+
+        // User dies, and binder kills the rest
+        spi2.binderDied();
+        transform.binderDied();
+
+        // Check resource states
+        assertResourceState(spi1, -1, 1, 2, 1, 1);
+        assertResourceState(spi2, -1, 1, 2, 1, 1);
+        assertResourceState(udpEncapSocket, -1, 1, 2, 1, 1);
+        assertResourceState(transform, -1, 1, 1, 1, 1);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSampleDualTransformEncapSocket() throws RemoteException {
+        RefcountedResource<IResource> spi1 = getTestRefcountedResource();
+        RefcountedResource<IResource> spi2 = getTestRefcountedResource();
+        RefcountedResource<IResource> spi3 = getTestRefcountedResource();
+        RefcountedResource<IResource> spi4 = getTestRefcountedResource();
+        RefcountedResource<IResource> udpEncapSocket = getTestRefcountedResource();
+        RefcountedResource<IResource> transform1 =
+                getTestRefcountedResource(spi1, spi2, udpEncapSocket);
+        RefcountedResource<IResource> transform2 =
+                getTestRefcountedResource(spi3, spi4, udpEncapSocket);
+
+        // Pretend one SPIs goes out of reference (releaseManagedResource -> userRelease)
+        spi1.userRelease();
+
+        // User called releaseManagedResource on udpEncap socket and spi4
+        udpEncapSocket.userRelease();
+        spi4.userRelease();
+
+        // User dies, and binder kills the rest
+        spi2.binderDied();
+        spi3.binderDied();
+        transform2.binderDied();
+        transform1.binderDied();
+
+        // Check resource states
+        assertResourceState(spi1, -1, 1, 2, 1, 1);
+        assertResourceState(spi2, -1, 1, 2, 1, 1);
+        assertResourceState(spi3, -1, 1, 2, 1, 1);
+        assertResourceState(spi4, -1, 1, 2, 1, 1);
+        assertResourceState(udpEncapSocket, -1, 1, 3, 1, 1);
+        assertResourceState(transform1, -1, 1, 1, 1, 1);
+        assertResourceState(transform2, -1, 1, 1, 1, 1);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void fuzzTest() throws RemoteException {
+        List<RefcountedResource<IResource>> resources = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        // Build a tree of resources
+        for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
+            // Choose a random number of children from the existing list
+            int numChildren = ThreadLocalRandom.current().nextInt(0, resources.size() + 1);
+
+            // Build a (random) list of children
+            Set<RefcountedResource<IResource>> children = new HashSet<>();
+            for (int j = 0; j < numChildren; j++) {
+                int childIndex = ThreadLocalRandom.current().nextInt(0, resources.size());
+                children.add(resources.get(childIndex));
+            }
+
+            RefcountedResource<IResource> newRefcountedResource =
+                    getTestRefcountedResource(
+                            children.toArray(new RefcountedResource[children.size()]));
+            resources.add(newRefcountedResource);
+        }
+
+        // Cleanup all resources in a random order
+        List<RefcountedResource<IResource>> clonedResources =
+                new ArrayList<>(resources); // shallow copy
+        while (!clonedResources.isEmpty()) {
+            int index = ThreadLocalRandom.current().nextInt(0, clonedResources.size());
+            RefcountedResource<IResource> refcountedResource = clonedResources.get(index);
+            refcountedResource.userRelease();
+            clonedResources.remove(index);
+        }
+
+        // Verify all resources were cleaned up properly
+        for (RefcountedResource<IResource> refcountedResource : resources) {
+            assertEquals(-1, refcountedResource.mRefCount);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6232423
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,670 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server;
+
+import static android.system.OsConstants.AF_INET;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.EADDRINUSE;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.IPPROTO_UDP;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.SOCK_DGRAM;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+import static org.mockito.Matchers.anyInt;
+import static org.mockito.Matchers.anyString;
+import static org.mockito.Matchers.argThat;
+import static org.mockito.Matchers.eq;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
+import android.net.INetd;
+import android.net.IpSecAlgorithm;
+import android.net.IpSecConfig;
+import android.net.IpSecManager;
+import android.net.IpSecSpiResponse;
+import android.net.IpSecUdpEncapResponse;
+import android.os.Binder;
+import android.os.ParcelFileDescriptor;
+import android.os.Process;
+import android.system.ErrnoException;
+import android.system.Os;
+import android.system.StructStat;
+import android.util.Range;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import dalvik.system.SocketTagger;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.mockito.ArgumentMatcher;
+
+import java.io.FileDescriptor;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.ServerSocket;
+import java.net.Socket;
+import java.net.UnknownHostException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/** Unit tests for {@link IpSecService}. */
+@SmallTest
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+public class IpSecServiceTest {
+
+    private static final int DROID_SPI = 0xD1201D;
+    private static final int MAX_NUM_ENCAP_SOCKETS = 100;
+    private static final int MAX_NUM_SPIS = 100;
+    private static final int TEST_UDP_ENCAP_INVALID_PORT = 100;
+    private static final int TEST_UDP_ENCAP_PORT_OUT_RANGE = 100000;
+
+    private static final InetAddress INADDR_ANY;
+
+    private static final byte[] AEAD_KEY = {
+        0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07,
+        0x08, 0x09, 0x0A, 0x0B, 0x0C, 0x0D, 0x0E, 0x0F,
+        0x10, 0x11, 0x12, 0x13, 0x14, 0x15, 0x16, 0x17,
+        0x18, 0x19, 0x1A, 0x1B, 0x1C, 0x1D, 0x1E, 0x1F,
+        0x73, 0x61, 0x6C, 0x74
+    };
+    private static final byte[] CRYPT_KEY = {
+        0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07,
+        0x08, 0x09, 0x0A, 0x0B, 0x0C, 0x0D, 0x0E, 0x0F,
+        0x10, 0x11, 0x12, 0x13, 0x14, 0x15, 0x16, 0x17,
+        0x18, 0x19, 0x1A, 0x1B, 0x1C, 0x1D, 0x1E, 0x1F
+    };
+    private static final byte[] AUTH_KEY = {
+        0x7A, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7F,
+        0x7A, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7F
+    };
+
+    private static final IpSecAlgorithm AUTH_ALGO =
+            new IpSecAlgorithm(IpSecAlgorithm.AUTH_HMAC_SHA256, AUTH_KEY, AUTH_KEY.length * 4);
+    private static final IpSecAlgorithm CRYPT_ALGO =
+            new IpSecAlgorithm(IpSecAlgorithm.CRYPT_AES_CBC, CRYPT_KEY);
+    private static final IpSecAlgorithm AEAD_ALGO =
+            new IpSecAlgorithm(IpSecAlgorithm.AUTH_CRYPT_AES_GCM, AEAD_KEY, 128);
+
+    static {
+        try {
+            INADDR_ANY = InetAddress.getByAddress(new byte[] {0, 0, 0, 0});
+        } catch (UnknownHostException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    Context mMockContext;
+    INetd mMockNetd;
+    IpSecService.IpSecServiceConfiguration mMockIpSecSrvConfig;
+    IpSecService mIpSecService;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
+        mMockContext = mock(Context.class);
+        mMockNetd = mock(INetd.class);
+        mMockIpSecSrvConfig = mock(IpSecService.IpSecServiceConfiguration.class);
+        mIpSecService = new IpSecService(mMockContext, mMockIpSecSrvConfig);
+
+        // Injecting mock netd
+        when(mMockIpSecSrvConfig.getNetdInstance()).thenReturn(mMockNetd);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIpSecServiceCreate() throws InterruptedException {
+        IpSecService ipSecSrv = IpSecService.create(mMockContext);
+        assertNotNull(ipSecSrv);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReleaseInvalidSecurityParameterIndex() throws Exception {
+        try {
+            mIpSecService.releaseSecurityParameterIndex(1);
+            fail("IllegalArgumentException not thrown");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** This function finds an available port */
+    int findUnusedPort() throws Exception {
+        // Get an available port.
+        ServerSocket s = new ServerSocket(0);
+        int port = s.getLocalPort();
+        s.close();
+        return port;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testOpenAndCloseUdpEncapsulationSocket() throws Exception {
+        int localport = -1;
+        IpSecUdpEncapResponse udpEncapResp = null;
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < IpSecService.MAX_PORT_BIND_ATTEMPTS; i++) {
+            localport = findUnusedPort();
+
+            udpEncapResp = mIpSecService.openUdpEncapsulationSocket(localport, new Binder());
+            assertNotNull(udpEncapResp);
+            if (udpEncapResp.status == IpSecManager.Status.OK) {
+                break;
+            }
+
+            // Else retry to reduce possibility for port-bind failures.
+        }
+
+        assertNotNull(udpEncapResp);
+        assertEquals(IpSecManager.Status.OK, udpEncapResp.status);
+        assertEquals(localport, udpEncapResp.port);
+
+        mIpSecService.closeUdpEncapsulationSocket(udpEncapResp.resourceId);
+        udpEncapResp.fileDescriptor.close();
+
+        // Verify quota and RefcountedResource objects cleaned up
+        IpSecService.UserRecord userRecord =
+                mIpSecService.mUserResourceTracker.getUserRecord(Os.getuid());
+        assertEquals(0, userRecord.mSocketQuotaTracker.mCurrent);
+        try {
+            userRecord.mEncapSocketRecords.getRefcountedResourceOrThrow(udpEncapResp.resourceId);
+            fail("Expected IllegalArgumentException on attempt to access deleted resource");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
+
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUdpEncapsulationSocketBinderDeath() throws Exception {
+        IpSecUdpEncapResponse udpEncapResp =
+                mIpSecService.openUdpEncapsulationSocket(0, new Binder());
+
+        IpSecService.UserRecord userRecord =
+                mIpSecService.mUserResourceTracker.getUserRecord(Os.getuid());
+        IpSecService.RefcountedResource refcountedRecord =
+                userRecord.mEncapSocketRecords.getRefcountedResourceOrThrow(
+                        udpEncapResp.resourceId);
+
+        refcountedRecord.binderDied();
+
+        // Verify quota and RefcountedResource objects cleaned up
+        assertEquals(0, userRecord.mSocketQuotaTracker.mCurrent);
+        try {
+            userRecord.mEncapSocketRecords.getRefcountedResourceOrThrow(udpEncapResp.resourceId);
+            fail("Expected IllegalArgumentException on attempt to access deleted resource");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
+
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testOpenUdpEncapsulationSocketAfterClose() throws Exception {
+        IpSecUdpEncapResponse udpEncapResp =
+                mIpSecService.openUdpEncapsulationSocket(0, new Binder());
+        assertNotNull(udpEncapResp);
+        assertEquals(IpSecManager.Status.OK, udpEncapResp.status);
+        int localport = udpEncapResp.port;
+
+        mIpSecService.closeUdpEncapsulationSocket(udpEncapResp.resourceId);
+        udpEncapResp.fileDescriptor.close();
+
+        /** Check if localport is available. */
+        FileDescriptor newSocket = Os.socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDP);
+        Os.bind(newSocket, INADDR_ANY, localport);
+        Os.close(newSocket);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function checks if the IpSecService holds the reserved port. If
+     * closeUdpEncapsulationSocket is not called, the socket cleanup should not be complete.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testUdpEncapPortNotReleased() throws Exception {
+        IpSecUdpEncapResponse udpEncapResp =
+                mIpSecService.openUdpEncapsulationSocket(0, new Binder());
+        assertNotNull(udpEncapResp);
+        assertEquals(IpSecManager.Status.OK, udpEncapResp.status);
+        int localport = udpEncapResp.port;
+
+        udpEncapResp.fileDescriptor.close();
+
+        FileDescriptor newSocket = Os.socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDP);
+        try {
+            Os.bind(newSocket, INADDR_ANY, localport);
+            fail("ErrnoException not thrown");
+        } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+            assertEquals(EADDRINUSE, e.errno);
+        }
+        mIpSecService.closeUdpEncapsulationSocket(udpEncapResp.resourceId);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testOpenUdpEncapsulationSocketOnRandomPort() throws Exception {
+        IpSecUdpEncapResponse udpEncapResp =
+                mIpSecService.openUdpEncapsulationSocket(0, new Binder());
+        assertNotNull(udpEncapResp);
+        assertEquals(IpSecManager.Status.OK, udpEncapResp.status);
+        assertNotEquals(0, udpEncapResp.port);
+        mIpSecService.closeUdpEncapsulationSocket(udpEncapResp.resourceId);
+        udpEncapResp.fileDescriptor.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testOpenUdpEncapsulationSocketPortRange() throws Exception {
+        try {
+            mIpSecService.openUdpEncapsulationSocket(TEST_UDP_ENCAP_INVALID_PORT, new Binder());
+            fail("IllegalArgumentException not thrown");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+        }
+
+        try {
+            mIpSecService.openUdpEncapsulationSocket(TEST_UDP_ENCAP_PORT_OUT_RANGE, new Binder());
+            fail("IllegalArgumentException not thrown");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testOpenUdpEncapsulationSocketTwice() throws Exception {
+        IpSecUdpEncapResponse udpEncapResp =
+                mIpSecService.openUdpEncapsulationSocket(0, new Binder());
+        assertNotNull(udpEncapResp);
+        assertEquals(IpSecManager.Status.OK, udpEncapResp.status);
+        int localport = udpEncapResp.port;
+
+        IpSecUdpEncapResponse testUdpEncapResp =
+                mIpSecService.openUdpEncapsulationSocket(localport, new Binder());
+        assertEquals(IpSecManager.Status.RESOURCE_UNAVAILABLE, testUdpEncapResp.status);
+
+        mIpSecService.closeUdpEncapsulationSocket(udpEncapResp.resourceId);
+        udpEncapResp.fileDescriptor.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCloseInvalidUdpEncapsulationSocket() throws Exception {
+        try {
+            mIpSecService.closeUdpEncapsulationSocket(1);
+            fail("IllegalArgumentException not thrown");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testValidateAlgorithmsAuth() {
+        // Validate that correct algorithm type succeeds
+        IpSecConfig config = new IpSecConfig();
+        config.setAuthentication(AUTH_ALGO);
+        mIpSecService.validateAlgorithms(config);
+
+        // Validate that incorrect algorithm types fails
+        for (IpSecAlgorithm algo : new IpSecAlgorithm[] {CRYPT_ALGO, AEAD_ALGO}) {
+            try {
+                config = new IpSecConfig();
+                config.setAuthentication(algo);
+                mIpSecService.validateAlgorithms(config);
+                fail("Did not throw exception on invalid algorithm type");
+            } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testValidateAlgorithmsCrypt() {
+        // Validate that correct algorithm type succeeds
+        IpSecConfig config = new IpSecConfig();
+        config.setEncryption(CRYPT_ALGO);
+        mIpSecService.validateAlgorithms(config);
+
+        // Validate that incorrect algorithm types fails
+        for (IpSecAlgorithm algo : new IpSecAlgorithm[] {AUTH_ALGO, AEAD_ALGO}) {
+            try {
+                config = new IpSecConfig();
+                config.setEncryption(algo);
+                mIpSecService.validateAlgorithms(config);
+                fail("Did not throw exception on invalid algorithm type");
+            } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testValidateAlgorithmsAead() {
+        // Validate that correct algorithm type succeeds
+        IpSecConfig config = new IpSecConfig();
+        config.setAuthenticatedEncryption(AEAD_ALGO);
+        mIpSecService.validateAlgorithms(config);
+
+        // Validate that incorrect algorithm types fails
+        for (IpSecAlgorithm algo : new IpSecAlgorithm[] {AUTH_ALGO, CRYPT_ALGO}) {
+            try {
+                config = new IpSecConfig();
+                config.setAuthenticatedEncryption(algo);
+                mIpSecService.validateAlgorithms(config);
+                fail("Did not throw exception on invalid algorithm type");
+            } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testValidateAlgorithmsAuthCrypt() {
+        // Validate that correct algorithm type succeeds
+        IpSecConfig config = new IpSecConfig();
+        config.setAuthentication(AUTH_ALGO);
+        config.setEncryption(CRYPT_ALGO);
+        mIpSecService.validateAlgorithms(config);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testValidateAlgorithmsNoAlgorithms() {
+        IpSecConfig config = new IpSecConfig();
+        try {
+            mIpSecService.validateAlgorithms(config);
+            fail("Expected exception; no algorithms specified");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testValidateAlgorithmsAeadWithAuth() {
+        IpSecConfig config = new IpSecConfig();
+        config.setAuthenticatedEncryption(AEAD_ALGO);
+        config.setAuthentication(AUTH_ALGO);
+        try {
+            mIpSecService.validateAlgorithms(config);
+            fail("Expected exception; both AEAD and auth algorithm specified");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testValidateAlgorithmsAeadWithCrypt() {
+        IpSecConfig config = new IpSecConfig();
+        config.setAuthenticatedEncryption(AEAD_ALGO);
+        config.setEncryption(CRYPT_ALGO);
+        try {
+            mIpSecService.validateAlgorithms(config);
+            fail("Expected exception; both AEAD and crypt algorithm specified");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testValidateAlgorithmsAeadWithAuthAndCrypt() {
+        IpSecConfig config = new IpSecConfig();
+        config.setAuthenticatedEncryption(AEAD_ALGO);
+        config.setAuthentication(AUTH_ALGO);
+        config.setEncryption(CRYPT_ALGO);
+        try {
+            mIpSecService.validateAlgorithms(config);
+            fail("Expected exception; AEAD, auth and crypt algorithm specified");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDeleteInvalidTransform() throws Exception {
+        try {
+            mIpSecService.deleteTransform(1);
+            fail("IllegalArgumentException not thrown");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRemoveTransportModeTransform() throws Exception {
+        Socket socket = new Socket();
+        socket.bind(null);
+        ParcelFileDescriptor pfd = ParcelFileDescriptor.fromSocket(socket);
+        mIpSecService.removeTransportModeTransforms(pfd);
+
+        verify(mMockNetd).ipSecRemoveTransportModeTransform(pfd);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testValidateIpAddresses() throws Exception {
+        String[] invalidAddresses =
+                new String[] {"www.google.com", "::", "2001::/64", "0.0.0.0", ""};
+        for (String address : invalidAddresses) {
+            try {
+                IpSecSpiResponse spiResp =
+                        mIpSecService.allocateSecurityParameterIndex(
+                                address, DROID_SPI, new Binder());
+                fail("Invalid address was passed through IpSecService validation: " + address);
+            } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                fail(
+                        "Invalid InetAddress was not caught in validation: "
+                                + address
+                                + ", Exception: "
+                                + e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function checks if the number of encap UDP socket that one UID can reserve has a
+     * reasonable limit.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSocketResourceTrackerLimitation() throws Exception {
+        List<IpSecUdpEncapResponse> openUdpEncapSockets = new ArrayList<IpSecUdpEncapResponse>();
+        // Reserve sockets until it fails.
+        for (int i = 0; i < MAX_NUM_ENCAP_SOCKETS; i++) {
+            IpSecUdpEncapResponse newUdpEncapSocket =
+                    mIpSecService.openUdpEncapsulationSocket(0, new Binder());
+            assertNotNull(newUdpEncapSocket);
+            if (IpSecManager.Status.OK != newUdpEncapSocket.status) {
+                break;
+            }
+            openUdpEncapSockets.add(newUdpEncapSocket);
+        }
+        // Assert that the total sockets quota has a reasonable limit.
+        assertTrue("No UDP encap socket was open", !openUdpEncapSockets.isEmpty());
+        assertTrue(
+                "Number of open UDP encap sockets is out of bound",
+                openUdpEncapSockets.size() < MAX_NUM_ENCAP_SOCKETS);
+
+        // Try to reserve one more UDP encapsulation socket, and should fail.
+        IpSecUdpEncapResponse extraUdpEncapSocket =
+                mIpSecService.openUdpEncapsulationSocket(0, new Binder());
+        assertNotNull(extraUdpEncapSocket);
+        assertEquals(IpSecManager.Status.RESOURCE_UNAVAILABLE, extraUdpEncapSocket.status);
+
+        // Close one of the open UDP encapsulation sockets.
+        mIpSecService.closeUdpEncapsulationSocket(openUdpEncapSockets.get(0).resourceId);
+        openUdpEncapSockets.get(0).fileDescriptor.close();
+        openUdpEncapSockets.remove(0);
+
+        // Try to reserve one more UDP encapsulation socket, and should be successful.
+        extraUdpEncapSocket = mIpSecService.openUdpEncapsulationSocket(0, new Binder());
+        assertNotNull(extraUdpEncapSocket);
+        assertEquals(IpSecManager.Status.OK, extraUdpEncapSocket.status);
+        openUdpEncapSockets.add(extraUdpEncapSocket);
+
+        // Close open UDP sockets.
+        for (IpSecUdpEncapResponse openSocket : openUdpEncapSockets) {
+            mIpSecService.closeUdpEncapsulationSocket(openSocket.resourceId);
+            openSocket.fileDescriptor.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function checks if the number of SPI that one UID can reserve has a reasonable limit.
+     * This test does not test for both address families or duplicate SPIs because resource tracking
+     * code does not depend on them.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSpiResourceTrackerLimitation() throws Exception {
+        List<IpSecSpiResponse> reservedSpis = new ArrayList<IpSecSpiResponse>();
+        // Return the same SPI for all SPI allocation since IpSecService only
+        // tracks the resource ID.
+        when(mMockNetd.ipSecAllocateSpi(
+                        anyInt(),
+                        anyString(),
+                        eq(InetAddress.getLoopbackAddress().getHostAddress()),
+                        anyInt()))
+                .thenReturn(DROID_SPI);
+        // Reserve spis until it fails.
+        for (int i = 0; i < MAX_NUM_SPIS; i++) {
+            IpSecSpiResponse newSpi =
+                    mIpSecService.allocateSecurityParameterIndex(
+                            InetAddress.getLoopbackAddress().getHostAddress(),
+                            DROID_SPI + i,
+                            new Binder());
+            assertNotNull(newSpi);
+            if (IpSecManager.Status.OK != newSpi.status) {
+                break;
+            }
+            reservedSpis.add(newSpi);
+        }
+        // Assert that the SPI quota has a reasonable limit.
+        assertTrue(reservedSpis.size() > 0 && reservedSpis.size() < MAX_NUM_SPIS);
+
+        // Try to reserve one more SPI, and should fail.
+        IpSecSpiResponse extraSpi =
+                mIpSecService.allocateSecurityParameterIndex(
+                        InetAddress.getLoopbackAddress().getHostAddress(),
+                        DROID_SPI + MAX_NUM_SPIS,
+                        new Binder());
+        assertNotNull(extraSpi);
+        assertEquals(IpSecManager.Status.RESOURCE_UNAVAILABLE, extraSpi.status);
+
+        // Release one reserved spi.
+        mIpSecService.releaseSecurityParameterIndex(reservedSpis.get(0).resourceId);
+        reservedSpis.remove(0);
+
+        // Should successfully reserve one more spi.
+        extraSpi =
+                mIpSecService.allocateSecurityParameterIndex(
+                        InetAddress.getLoopbackAddress().getHostAddress(),
+                        DROID_SPI + MAX_NUM_SPIS,
+                        new Binder());
+        assertNotNull(extraSpi);
+        assertEquals(IpSecManager.Status.OK, extraSpi.status);
+
+        // Release reserved SPIs.
+        for (IpSecSpiResponse spiResp : reservedSpis) {
+            mIpSecService.releaseSecurityParameterIndex(spiResp.resourceId);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUidFdtagger() throws Exception {
+        SocketTagger actualSocketTagger = SocketTagger.get();
+
+        try {
+            FileDescriptor sockFd = Os.socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDP);
+
+            // Has to be done after socket creation because BlockGuardOS calls tag on new sockets
+            SocketTagger mockSocketTagger = mock(SocketTagger.class);
+            SocketTagger.set(mockSocketTagger);
+
+            mIpSecService.mUidFdTagger.tag(sockFd, Process.LAST_APPLICATION_UID);
+            verify(mockSocketTagger).tag(eq(sockFd));
+        } finally {
+            SocketTagger.set(actualSocketTagger);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if two file descriptors point to the same file.
+     *
+     * <p>According to stat.h documentation, the correct way to check for equivalent or duplicated
+     * file descriptors is to check their inode and device. These two entries uniquely identify any
+     * file.
+     */
+    private boolean fileDescriptorsEqual(FileDescriptor fd1, FileDescriptor fd2) {
+        try {
+            StructStat fd1Stat = Os.fstat(fd1);
+            StructStat fd2Stat = Os.fstat(fd2);
+
+            return fd1Stat.st_ino == fd2Stat.st_ino && fd1Stat.st_dev == fd2Stat.st_dev;
+        } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testOpenUdpEncapSocketTagsSocket() throws Exception {
+        IpSecService.UidFdTagger mockTagger = mock(IpSecService.UidFdTagger.class);
+        IpSecService testIpSecService = new IpSecService(
+                mMockContext, mMockIpSecSrvConfig, mockTagger);
+
+        IpSecUdpEncapResponse udpEncapResp =
+                testIpSecService.openUdpEncapsulationSocket(0, new Binder());
+        assertNotNull(udpEncapResp);
+        assertEquals(IpSecManager.Status.OK, udpEncapResp.status);
+
+        FileDescriptor sockFd = udpEncapResp.fileDescriptor.getFileDescriptor();
+        ArgumentMatcher<FileDescriptor> fdMatcher =
+                (argFd) -> {
+                    return fileDescriptorsEqual(sockFd, argFd);
+                };
+        verify(mockTagger).tag(argThat(fdMatcher), eq(Os.getuid()));
+
+        testIpSecService.closeUdpEncapsulationSocket(udpEncapResp.resourceId);
+        udpEncapResp.fileDescriptor.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testOpenUdpEncapsulationSocketCallsSetEncapSocketOwner() throws Exception {
+        IpSecUdpEncapResponse udpEncapResp =
+                mIpSecService.openUdpEncapsulationSocket(0, new Binder());
+
+        FileDescriptor sockFd = udpEncapResp.fileDescriptor.getFileDescriptor();
+        ArgumentMatcher<ParcelFileDescriptor> fdMatcher = (arg) -> {
+                    try {
+                        StructStat sockStat = Os.fstat(sockFd);
+                        StructStat argStat = Os.fstat(arg.getFileDescriptor());
+
+                        return sockStat.st_ino == argStat.st_ino
+                                && sockStat.st_dev == argStat.st_dev;
+                    } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                };
+
+        verify(mMockNetd).ipSecSetEncapSocketOwner(argThat(fdMatcher), eq(Os.getuid()));
+        mIpSecService.closeUdpEncapsulationSocket(udpEncapResp.resourceId);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReserveNetId() {
+        final Range<Integer> netIdRange = ConnectivityManager.getIpSecNetIdRange();
+        for (int netId = netIdRange.getLower(); netId <= netIdRange.getUpper(); netId++) {
+            assertEquals(netId, mIpSecService.reserveNetId());
+        }
+
+        // Check that resource exhaustion triggers an exception
+        try {
+            mIpSecService.reserveNetId();
+            fail("Did not throw error for all netIds reserved");
+        } catch (IllegalStateException expected) {
+        }
+
+        // Now release one and try again
+        int releasedNetId =
+                netIdRange.getLower() + (netIdRange.getUpper() - netIdRange.getLower()) / 2;
+        mIpSecService.releaseNetId(releasedNetId);
+        assertEquals(releasedNetId, mIpSecService.reserveNetId());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/LegacyTypeTrackerTest.kt b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/LegacyTypeTrackerTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5ec1119
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/LegacyTypeTrackerTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+// Don't warn about deprecated types anywhere in this test, because LegacyTypeTracker's very reason
+// for existence is to power deprecated APIs. The annotation has to apply to the whole file because
+// otherwise warnings will be generated by the imports of deprecated constants like TYPE_xxx.
+@file:Suppress("DEPRECATION")
+
+package com.android.server
+
+import android.content.Context
+import android.content.pm.PackageManager
+import android.content.pm.PackageManager.FEATURE_WIFI
+import android.content.pm.PackageManager.FEATURE_WIFI_DIRECT
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_ETHERNET
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE_CBS
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE_DUN
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE_EMERGENCY
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE_FOTA
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE_HIPRI
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE_IA
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE_IMS
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE_MMS
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE_SUPL
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_VPN
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI_P2P
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIMAX
+import android.net.EthernetManager
+import android.net.NetworkInfo.DetailedState.CONNECTED
+import android.net.NetworkInfo.DetailedState.DISCONNECTED
+import android.telephony.TelephonyManager
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4
+import com.android.server.ConnectivityService.LegacyTypeTracker
+import com.android.server.connectivity.NetworkAgentInfo
+import org.junit.Assert.assertFalse
+import org.junit.Assert.assertNull
+import org.junit.Assert.assertSame
+import org.junit.Assert.assertTrue
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+import org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any
+import org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyInt
+import org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn
+import org.mockito.Mockito.mock
+import org.mockito.Mockito.never
+import org.mockito.Mockito.reset
+import org.mockito.Mockito.verify
+
+const val UNSUPPORTED_TYPE = TYPE_WIMAX
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4::class)
+@SmallTest
+class LegacyTypeTrackerTest {
+    private val supportedTypes = arrayOf(TYPE_WIFI, TYPE_WIFI_P2P, TYPE_ETHERNET, TYPE_MOBILE,
+            TYPE_MOBILE_SUPL, TYPE_MOBILE_MMS, TYPE_MOBILE_SUPL, TYPE_MOBILE_DUN, TYPE_MOBILE_HIPRI,
+            TYPE_MOBILE_FOTA, TYPE_MOBILE_IMS, TYPE_MOBILE_CBS, TYPE_MOBILE_IA,
+            TYPE_MOBILE_EMERGENCY, TYPE_VPN)
+
+    private val mMockService = mock(ConnectivityService::class.java).apply {
+        doReturn(false).`when`(this).isDefaultNetwork(any())
+    }
+    private val mPm = mock(PackageManager::class.java)
+    private val mContext = mock(Context::class.java).apply {
+        doReturn(true).`when`(mPm).hasSystemFeature(FEATURE_WIFI)
+        doReturn(true).`when`(mPm).hasSystemFeature(FEATURE_WIFI_DIRECT)
+        doReturn(mPm).`when`(this).packageManager
+        doReturn(mock(EthernetManager::class.java)).`when`(this).getSystemService(
+                Context.ETHERNET_SERVICE)
+    }
+    private val mTm = mock(TelephonyManager::class.java).apply {
+        doReturn(true).`when`(this).isDataCapable
+    }
+
+    private fun makeTracker() = LegacyTypeTracker(mMockService).apply {
+        loadSupportedTypes(mContext, mTm)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testSupportedTypes() {
+        val tracker = makeTracker()
+        supportedTypes.forEach {
+            assertTrue(tracker.isTypeSupported(it))
+        }
+        assertFalse(tracker.isTypeSupported(UNSUPPORTED_TYPE))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testSupportedTypes_NoEthernet() {
+        doReturn(null).`when`(mContext).getSystemService(Context.ETHERNET_SERVICE)
+        assertFalse(makeTracker().isTypeSupported(TYPE_ETHERNET))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testSupportedTypes_NoTelephony() {
+        doReturn(false).`when`(mTm).isDataCapable
+        val tracker = makeTracker()
+        val nonMobileTypes = arrayOf(TYPE_WIFI, TYPE_WIFI_P2P, TYPE_ETHERNET, TYPE_VPN)
+        nonMobileTypes.forEach {
+            assertTrue(tracker.isTypeSupported(it))
+        }
+        supportedTypes.toSet().minus(nonMobileTypes).forEach {
+            assertFalse(tracker.isTypeSupported(it))
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testSupportedTypes_NoWifiDirect() {
+        doReturn(false).`when`(mPm).hasSystemFeature(FEATURE_WIFI_DIRECT)
+        val tracker = makeTracker()
+        assertFalse(tracker.isTypeSupported(TYPE_WIFI_P2P))
+        supportedTypes.toSet().minus(TYPE_WIFI_P2P).forEach {
+            assertTrue(tracker.isTypeSupported(it))
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testSupl() {
+        val tracker = makeTracker()
+        val mobileNai = mock(NetworkAgentInfo::class.java)
+        tracker.add(TYPE_MOBILE, mobileNai)
+        verify(mMockService).sendLegacyNetworkBroadcast(mobileNai, CONNECTED, TYPE_MOBILE)
+        reset(mMockService)
+        tracker.add(TYPE_MOBILE_SUPL, mobileNai)
+        verify(mMockService).sendLegacyNetworkBroadcast(mobileNai, CONNECTED, TYPE_MOBILE_SUPL)
+        reset(mMockService)
+        tracker.remove(TYPE_MOBILE_SUPL, mobileNai, false /* wasDefault */)
+        verify(mMockService).sendLegacyNetworkBroadcast(mobileNai, DISCONNECTED, TYPE_MOBILE_SUPL)
+        reset(mMockService)
+        tracker.add(TYPE_MOBILE_SUPL, mobileNai)
+        verify(mMockService).sendLegacyNetworkBroadcast(mobileNai, CONNECTED, TYPE_MOBILE_SUPL)
+        reset(mMockService)
+        tracker.remove(mobileNai, false)
+        verify(mMockService).sendLegacyNetworkBroadcast(mobileNai, DISCONNECTED, TYPE_MOBILE_SUPL)
+        verify(mMockService).sendLegacyNetworkBroadcast(mobileNai, DISCONNECTED, TYPE_MOBILE)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testAddNetwork() {
+        val tracker = makeTracker()
+        val mobileNai = mock(NetworkAgentInfo::class.java)
+        val wifiNai = mock(NetworkAgentInfo::class.java)
+        tracker.add(TYPE_MOBILE, mobileNai)
+        tracker.add(TYPE_WIFI, wifiNai)
+        assertSame(tracker.getNetworkForType(TYPE_MOBILE), mobileNai)
+        assertSame(tracker.getNetworkForType(TYPE_WIFI), wifiNai)
+        // Make sure adding a second NAI does not change the results.
+        val secondMobileNai = mock(NetworkAgentInfo::class.java)
+        tracker.add(TYPE_MOBILE, secondMobileNai)
+        assertSame(tracker.getNetworkForType(TYPE_MOBILE), mobileNai)
+        assertSame(tracker.getNetworkForType(TYPE_WIFI), wifiNai)
+        // Make sure removing a network that wasn't added for this type is a no-op.
+        tracker.remove(TYPE_MOBILE, wifiNai, false /* wasDefault */)
+        assertSame(tracker.getNetworkForType(TYPE_MOBILE), mobileNai)
+        assertSame(tracker.getNetworkForType(TYPE_WIFI), wifiNai)
+        // Remove the top network for mobile and make sure the second one becomes the network
+        // of record for this type.
+        tracker.remove(TYPE_MOBILE, mobileNai, false /* wasDefault */)
+        assertSame(tracker.getNetworkForType(TYPE_MOBILE), secondMobileNai)
+        assertSame(tracker.getNetworkForType(TYPE_WIFI), wifiNai)
+        // Make sure adding a network for an unsupported type does not register it.
+        tracker.add(UNSUPPORTED_TYPE, mobileNai)
+        assertNull(tracker.getNetworkForType(UNSUPPORTED_TYPE))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testBroadcastOnDisconnect() {
+        val tracker = makeTracker()
+        val mobileNai1 = mock(NetworkAgentInfo::class.java)
+        val mobileNai2 = mock(NetworkAgentInfo::class.java)
+        doReturn(false).`when`(mMockService).isDefaultNetwork(mobileNai1)
+        tracker.add(TYPE_MOBILE, mobileNai1)
+        verify(mMockService).sendLegacyNetworkBroadcast(mobileNai1, CONNECTED, TYPE_MOBILE)
+        reset(mMockService)
+        doReturn(false).`when`(mMockService).isDefaultNetwork(mobileNai2)
+        tracker.add(TYPE_MOBILE, mobileNai2)
+        verify(mMockService, never()).sendLegacyNetworkBroadcast(any(), any(), anyInt())
+        tracker.remove(TYPE_MOBILE, mobileNai1, false /* wasDefault */)
+        verify(mMockService).sendLegacyNetworkBroadcast(mobileNai1, DISCONNECTED, TYPE_MOBILE)
+        verify(mMockService).sendLegacyNetworkBroadcast(mobileNai2, CONNECTED, TYPE_MOBILE)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/NetIdManagerTest.kt b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/NetIdManagerTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6f5e740
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/NetIdManagerTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License
+ */
+
+package com.android.server
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4
+import com.android.server.NetIdManager.MIN_NET_ID
+import com.android.testutils.assertThrows
+import com.android.testutils.ExceptionUtils.ThrowingRunnable
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+import kotlin.test.assertEquals
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4::class)
+@SmallTest
+class NetIdManagerTest {
+    @Test
+    fun testReserveReleaseNetId() {
+        val manager = NetIdManager(MIN_NET_ID + 4)
+        assertEquals(MIN_NET_ID, manager.reserveNetId())
+        assertEquals(MIN_NET_ID + 1, manager.reserveNetId())
+        assertEquals(MIN_NET_ID + 2, manager.reserveNetId())
+        assertEquals(MIN_NET_ID + 3, manager.reserveNetId())
+
+        manager.releaseNetId(MIN_NET_ID + 1)
+        manager.releaseNetId(MIN_NET_ID + 3)
+        // IDs only loop once there is no higher ID available
+        assertEquals(MIN_NET_ID + 4, manager.reserveNetId())
+        assertEquals(MIN_NET_ID + 1, manager.reserveNetId())
+        assertEquals(MIN_NET_ID + 3, manager.reserveNetId())
+        assertThrows(IllegalStateException::class.java, ThrowingRunnable { manager.reserveNetId() })
+        manager.releaseNetId(MIN_NET_ID + 5)
+        // Still no ID available: MIN_NET_ID + 5 was not reserved
+        assertThrows(IllegalStateException::class.java, ThrowingRunnable { manager.reserveNetId() })
+        manager.releaseNetId(MIN_NET_ID + 2)
+        // Throwing an exception still leaves the manager in a working state
+        assertEquals(MIN_NET_ID + 2, manager.reserveNetId())
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/NetworkManagementServiceTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/NetworkManagementServiceTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..13516d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/NetworkManagementServiceTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2012 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server;
+
+import static android.util.DebugUtils.valueToString;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyBoolean;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doNothing;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.reset;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.timeout;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verifyNoMoreInteractions;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.net.INetd;
+import android.net.INetdUnsolicitedEventListener;
+import android.net.LinkAddress;
+import android.net.NetworkPolicyManager;
+import android.os.BatteryStats;
+import android.os.Binder;
+import android.os.IBinder;
+import android.os.Process;
+import android.os.RemoteException;
+import android.test.suitebuilder.annotation.SmallTest;
+import android.util.ArrayMap;
+
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.android.internal.app.IBatteryStats;
+import com.android.server.NetworkManagementService.Dependencies;
+import com.android.server.net.BaseNetworkObserver;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;
+import org.mockito.Captor;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
+
+import java.util.function.BiFunction;
+
+/**
+ * Tests for {@link NetworkManagementService}.
+ */
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@SmallTest
+public class NetworkManagementServiceTest {
+    private NetworkManagementService mNMService;
+    @Mock private Context mContext;
+    @Mock private IBatteryStats.Stub mBatteryStatsService;
+    @Mock private INetd.Stub mNetdService;
+
+    private static final int TEST_UID = 111;
+
+    @NonNull
+    @Captor
+    private ArgumentCaptor<INetdUnsolicitedEventListener> mUnsolListenerCaptor;
+
+    private final MockDependencies mDeps = new MockDependencies();
+
+    private final class MockDependencies extends Dependencies {
+        @Override
+        public IBinder getService(String name) {
+            switch (name) {
+                case BatteryStats.SERVICE_NAME:
+                    return mBatteryStatsService;
+                default:
+                    throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Unknown service " + name);
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void registerLocalService(NetworkManagementInternal nmi) {
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public INetd getNetd() {
+            return mNetdService;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int getCallingUid() {
+            return Process.SYSTEM_UID;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
+        MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
+        doNothing().when(mNetdService)
+                .registerUnsolicitedEventListener(mUnsolListenerCaptor.capture());
+        // Start the service and wait until it connects to our socket.
+        mNMService = NetworkManagementService.create(mContext, mDeps);
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() throws Exception {
+        mNMService.shutdown();
+    }
+
+    private static <T> T expectSoon(T mock) {
+        return verify(mock, timeout(200));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests that network observers work properly.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testNetworkObservers() throws Exception {
+        BaseNetworkObserver observer = mock(BaseNetworkObserver.class);
+        doReturn(new Binder()).when(observer).asBinder();  // Used by registerObserver.
+        mNMService.registerObserver(observer);
+
+        // Forget everything that happened to the mock so far, so we can explicitly verify
+        // everything that happens and does not happen to it from now on.
+
+        INetdUnsolicitedEventListener unsolListener = mUnsolListenerCaptor.getValue();
+        reset(observer);
+        // Now call unsolListener methods and ensure that the observer methods are
+        // called. After every method we expect a callback soon after; to ensure that
+        // invalid messages don't cause any callbacks, we call verifyNoMoreInteractions at the end.
+
+        /**
+         * Interface changes.
+         */
+        unsolListener.onInterfaceAdded("rmnet12");
+        expectSoon(observer).interfaceAdded("rmnet12");
+
+        unsolListener.onInterfaceRemoved("eth1");
+        expectSoon(observer).interfaceRemoved("eth1");
+
+        unsolListener.onInterfaceChanged("clat4", true);
+        expectSoon(observer).interfaceStatusChanged("clat4", true);
+
+        unsolListener.onInterfaceLinkStateChanged("rmnet0", false);
+        expectSoon(observer).interfaceLinkStateChanged("rmnet0", false);
+
+        /**
+         * Bandwidth control events.
+         */
+        unsolListener.onQuotaLimitReached("data", "rmnet_usb0");
+        expectSoon(observer).limitReached("data", "rmnet_usb0");
+
+        /**
+         * Interface class activity.
+         */
+        unsolListener.onInterfaceClassActivityChanged(true, 1, 1234, TEST_UID);
+        expectSoon(observer).interfaceClassDataActivityChanged(1, true, 1234, TEST_UID);
+
+        unsolListener.onInterfaceClassActivityChanged(false, 9, 5678, TEST_UID);
+        expectSoon(observer).interfaceClassDataActivityChanged(9, false, 5678, TEST_UID);
+
+        unsolListener.onInterfaceClassActivityChanged(false, 9, 4321, TEST_UID);
+        expectSoon(observer).interfaceClassDataActivityChanged(9, false, 4321, TEST_UID);
+
+        /**
+         * IP address changes.
+         */
+        unsolListener.onInterfaceAddressUpdated("fe80::1/64", "wlan0", 128, 253);
+        expectSoon(observer).addressUpdated("wlan0", new LinkAddress("fe80::1/64", 128, 253));
+
+        unsolListener.onInterfaceAddressRemoved("fe80::1/64", "wlan0", 128, 253);
+        expectSoon(observer).addressRemoved("wlan0", new LinkAddress("fe80::1/64", 128, 253));
+
+        unsolListener.onInterfaceAddressRemoved("2001:db8::1/64", "wlan0", 1, 0);
+        expectSoon(observer).addressRemoved("wlan0", new LinkAddress("2001:db8::1/64", 1, 0));
+
+        /**
+         * DNS information broadcasts.
+         */
+        unsolListener.onInterfaceDnsServerInfo("rmnet_usb0", 3600, new String[]{"2001:db8::1"});
+        expectSoon(observer).interfaceDnsServerInfo("rmnet_usb0", 3600,
+                new String[]{"2001:db8::1"});
+
+        unsolListener.onInterfaceDnsServerInfo("wlan0", 14400,
+                new String[]{"2001:db8::1", "2001:db8::2"});
+        expectSoon(observer).interfaceDnsServerInfo("wlan0", 14400,
+                new String[]{"2001:db8::1", "2001:db8::2"});
+
+        // We don't check for negative lifetimes, only for parse errors.
+        unsolListener.onInterfaceDnsServerInfo("wlan0", -3600, new String[]{"::1"});
+        expectSoon(observer).interfaceDnsServerInfo("wlan0", -3600,
+                new String[]{"::1"});
+
+        // No syntax checking on the addresses.
+        unsolListener.onInterfaceDnsServerInfo("wlan0", 600,
+                new String[]{"", "::", "", "foo", "::1"});
+        expectSoon(observer).interfaceDnsServerInfo("wlan0", 600,
+                new String[]{"", "::", "", "foo", "::1"});
+
+        // Make sure nothing else was called.
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(observer);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFirewallEnabled() {
+        mNMService.setFirewallEnabled(true);
+        assertTrue(mNMService.isFirewallEnabled());
+
+        mNMService.setFirewallEnabled(false);
+        assertFalse(mNMService.isFirewallEnabled());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNetworkRestrictedDefault() {
+        assertFalse(mNMService.isNetworkRestricted(TEST_UID));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMeteredNetworkRestrictions() throws RemoteException {
+        // Make sure the mocked netd method returns true.
+        doReturn(true).when(mNetdService).bandwidthEnableDataSaver(anyBoolean());
+
+        // Restrict usage of mobile data in background
+        mNMService.setUidOnMeteredNetworkDenylist(TEST_UID, true);
+        assertTrue("Should be true since mobile data usage is restricted",
+                mNMService.isNetworkRestricted(TEST_UID));
+
+        mNMService.setDataSaverModeEnabled(true);
+        verify(mNetdService).bandwidthEnableDataSaver(true);
+
+        mNMService.setUidOnMeteredNetworkDenylist(TEST_UID, false);
+        assertTrue("Should be true since data saver is on and the uid is not allowlisted",
+                mNMService.isNetworkRestricted(TEST_UID));
+
+        mNMService.setUidOnMeteredNetworkAllowlist(TEST_UID, true);
+        assertFalse("Should be false since data saver is on and the uid is allowlisted",
+                mNMService.isNetworkRestricted(TEST_UID));
+
+        // remove uid from allowlist and turn datasaver off again
+        mNMService.setUidOnMeteredNetworkAllowlist(TEST_UID, false);
+        mNMService.setDataSaverModeEnabled(false);
+        verify(mNetdService).bandwidthEnableDataSaver(false);
+        assertFalse("Network should not be restricted when data saver is off",
+                mNMService.isNetworkRestricted(TEST_UID));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFirewallChains() {
+        final ArrayMap<Integer, ArrayMap<Integer, Boolean>> expected = new ArrayMap<>();
+        // Dozable chain
+        final ArrayMap<Integer, Boolean> isRestrictedForDozable = new ArrayMap<>();
+        isRestrictedForDozable.put(NetworkPolicyManager.FIREWALL_RULE_DEFAULT, true);
+        isRestrictedForDozable.put(INetd.FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW, false);
+        isRestrictedForDozable.put(INetd.FIREWALL_RULE_DENY, true);
+        expected.put(INetd.FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE, isRestrictedForDozable);
+        // Powersaver chain
+        final ArrayMap<Integer, Boolean> isRestrictedForPowerSave = new ArrayMap<>();
+        isRestrictedForPowerSave.put(NetworkPolicyManager.FIREWALL_RULE_DEFAULT, true);
+        isRestrictedForPowerSave.put(INetd.FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW, false);
+        isRestrictedForPowerSave.put(INetd.FIREWALL_RULE_DENY, true);
+        expected.put(INetd.FIREWALL_CHAIN_POWERSAVE, isRestrictedForPowerSave);
+        // Standby chain
+        final ArrayMap<Integer, Boolean> isRestrictedForStandby = new ArrayMap<>();
+        isRestrictedForStandby.put(NetworkPolicyManager.FIREWALL_RULE_DEFAULT, false);
+        isRestrictedForStandby.put(INetd.FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW, false);
+        isRestrictedForStandby.put(INetd.FIREWALL_RULE_DENY, true);
+        expected.put(INetd.FIREWALL_CHAIN_STANDBY, isRestrictedForStandby);
+        // Restricted mode chain
+        final ArrayMap<Integer, Boolean> isRestrictedForRestrictedMode = new ArrayMap<>();
+        isRestrictedForRestrictedMode.put(NetworkPolicyManager.FIREWALL_RULE_DEFAULT, true);
+        isRestrictedForRestrictedMode.put(INetd.FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW, false);
+        isRestrictedForRestrictedMode.put(INetd.FIREWALL_RULE_DENY, true);
+        expected.put(INetd.FIREWALL_CHAIN_RESTRICTED, isRestrictedForRestrictedMode);
+
+        final int[] chains = {
+                INetd.FIREWALL_CHAIN_STANDBY,
+                INetd.FIREWALL_CHAIN_POWERSAVE,
+                INetd.FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE,
+                INetd.FIREWALL_CHAIN_RESTRICTED
+        };
+        final int[] states = {
+                INetd.FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW,
+                INetd.FIREWALL_RULE_DENY,
+                NetworkPolicyManager.FIREWALL_RULE_DEFAULT
+        };
+        BiFunction<Integer, Integer, String> errorMsg = (chain, state) -> {
+            return String.format("Unexpected value for chain: %s and state: %s",
+                    valueToString(INetd.class, "FIREWALL_CHAIN_", chain),
+                    valueToString(INetd.class, "FIREWALL_RULE_", state));
+        };
+        for (int chain : chains) {
+            final ArrayMap<Integer, Boolean> expectedValues = expected.get(chain);
+            mNMService.setFirewallChainEnabled(chain, true);
+            for (int state : states) {
+                mNMService.setFirewallUidRule(chain, TEST_UID, state);
+                assertEquals(errorMsg.apply(chain, state),
+                        expectedValues.get(state), mNMService.isNetworkRestricted(TEST_UID));
+            }
+            mNMService.setFirewallChainEnabled(chain, false);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/NsdServiceTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/NsdServiceTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a90fa68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/NsdServiceTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.any;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.never;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.reset;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.timeout;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+import android.content.ContentResolver;
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.net.nsd.NsdManager;
+import android.net.nsd.NsdServiceInfo;
+import android.os.Handler;
+import android.os.HandlerThread;
+import android.os.Looper;
+import android.os.Message;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.android.server.NsdService.DaemonConnection;
+import com.android.server.NsdService.DaemonConnectionSupplier;
+import com.android.server.NsdService.NativeCallbackReceiver;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
+
+// TODOs:
+//  - test client can send requests and receive replies
+//  - test NSD_ON ENABLE/DISABLED listening
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@SmallTest
+public class NsdServiceTest {
+
+    static final int PROTOCOL = NsdManager.PROTOCOL_DNS_SD;
+
+    long mTimeoutMs = 100; // non-final so that tests can adjust the value.
+
+    @Mock Context mContext;
+    @Mock ContentResolver mResolver;
+    @Mock NsdService.NsdSettings mSettings;
+    @Mock DaemonConnection mDaemon;
+    NativeCallbackReceiver mDaemonCallback;
+    HandlerThread mThread;
+    TestHandler mHandler;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
+        MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
+        mThread = new HandlerThread("mock-service-handler");
+        mThread.start();
+        mHandler = new TestHandler(mThread.getLooper());
+        when(mContext.getContentResolver()).thenReturn(mResolver);
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() throws Exception {
+        if (mThread != null) {
+            mThread.quit();
+            mThread = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClientsCanConnectAndDisconnect() {
+        when(mSettings.isEnabled()).thenReturn(true);
+
+        NsdService service = makeService();
+
+        NsdManager client1 = connectClient(service);
+        verify(mDaemon, timeout(100).times(1)).start();
+
+        NsdManager client2 = connectClient(service);
+
+        client1.disconnect();
+        client2.disconnect();
+
+        verify(mDaemon, timeout(mTimeoutMs).times(1)).stop();
+
+        client1.disconnect();
+        client2.disconnect();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClientRequestsAreGCedAtDisconnection() {
+        when(mSettings.isEnabled()).thenReturn(true);
+        when(mDaemon.execute(any())).thenReturn(true);
+
+        NsdService service = makeService();
+        NsdManager client = connectClient(service);
+
+        verify(mDaemon, timeout(100).times(1)).start();
+
+        NsdServiceInfo request = new NsdServiceInfo("a_name", "a_type");
+        request.setPort(2201);
+
+        // Client registration request
+        NsdManager.RegistrationListener listener1 = mock(NsdManager.RegistrationListener.class);
+        client.registerService(request, PROTOCOL, listener1);
+        verifyDaemonCommand("register 2 a_name a_type 2201");
+
+        // Client discovery request
+        NsdManager.DiscoveryListener listener2 = mock(NsdManager.DiscoveryListener.class);
+        client.discoverServices("a_type", PROTOCOL, listener2);
+        verifyDaemonCommand("discover 3 a_type");
+
+        // Client resolve request
+        NsdManager.ResolveListener listener3 = mock(NsdManager.ResolveListener.class);
+        client.resolveService(request, listener3);
+        verifyDaemonCommand("resolve 4 a_name a_type local.");
+
+        // Client disconnects
+        client.disconnect();
+        verify(mDaemon, timeout(mTimeoutMs).times(1)).stop();
+
+        // checks that request are cleaned
+        verifyDaemonCommands("stop-register 2", "stop-discover 3", "stop-resolve 4");
+
+        client.disconnect();
+    }
+
+    NsdService makeService() {
+        DaemonConnectionSupplier supplier = (callback) -> {
+            mDaemonCallback = callback;
+            return mDaemon;
+        };
+        NsdService service = new NsdService(mContext, mSettings, mHandler, supplier);
+        verify(mDaemon, never()).execute(any(String.class));
+        return service;
+    }
+
+    NsdManager connectClient(NsdService service) {
+        return new NsdManager(mContext, service);
+    }
+
+    void verifyDaemonCommands(String... wants) {
+        verifyDaemonCommand(String.join(" ", wants), wants.length);
+    }
+
+    void verifyDaemonCommand(String want) {
+        verifyDaemonCommand(want, 1);
+    }
+
+    void verifyDaemonCommand(String want, int n) {
+        ArgumentCaptor<Object> argumentsCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(Object.class);
+        verify(mDaemon, timeout(mTimeoutMs).times(n)).execute(argumentsCaptor.capture());
+        String got = "";
+        for (Object o : argumentsCaptor.getAllValues()) {
+            got += o + " ";
+        }
+        assertEquals(want, got.trim());
+        // rearm deamon for next command verification
+        reset(mDaemon);
+        when(mDaemon.execute(any())).thenReturn(true);
+    }
+
+    public static class TestHandler extends Handler {
+        public Message lastMessage;
+
+        TestHandler(Looper looper) {
+            super(looper);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
+            lastMessage = obtainMessage();
+            lastMessage.copyFrom(msg);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/DnsManagerTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/DnsManagerTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0ffeec9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/DnsManagerTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,433 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2018, The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity;
+
+import static android.net.ConnectivitySettingsManager.PRIVATE_DNS_DEFAULT_MODE;
+import static android.net.ConnectivitySettingsManager.PRIVATE_DNS_MODE;
+import static android.net.ConnectivitySettingsManager.PRIVATE_DNS_MODE_OFF;
+import static android.net.ConnectivitySettingsManager.PRIVATE_DNS_MODE_PROVIDER_HOSTNAME;
+import static android.net.ConnectivitySettingsManager.PRIVATE_DNS_SPECIFIER;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.MAX_TRANSPORT;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.MIN_TRANSPORT;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_VPN;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI;
+import static android.net.resolv.aidl.IDnsResolverUnsolicitedEventListener.VALIDATION_RESULT_FAILURE;
+import static android.net.resolv.aidl.IDnsResolverUnsolicitedEventListener.VALIDATION_RESULT_SUCCESS;
+
+import static com.android.testutils.MiscAsserts.assertContainsExactly;
+import static com.android.testutils.MiscAsserts.assertContainsStringsExactly;
+import static com.android.testutils.MiscAsserts.assertFieldCountEquals;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.reset;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.net.ConnectivitySettingsManager;
+import android.net.IDnsResolver;
+import android.net.IpPrefix;
+import android.net.LinkAddress;
+import android.net.LinkProperties;
+import android.net.Network;
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
+import android.net.ResolverOptionsParcel;
+import android.net.ResolverParamsParcel;
+import android.net.RouteInfo;
+import android.net.shared.PrivateDnsConfig;
+import android.provider.Settings;
+import android.test.mock.MockContentResolver;
+import android.util.SparseArray;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.android.internal.util.MessageUtils;
+import com.android.internal.util.test.FakeSettingsProvider;
+
+import libcore.net.InetAddressUtils;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
+
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+
+/**
+ * Tests for {@link DnsManager}.
+ *
+ * Build, install and run with:
+ *  runtest frameworks-net -c com.android.server.connectivity.DnsManagerTest
+ */
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@SmallTest
+public class DnsManagerTest {
+    static final String TEST_IFACENAME = "test_wlan0";
+    static final int TEST_NETID = 100;
+    static final int TEST_NETID_ALTERNATE = 101;
+    static final int TEST_NETID_UNTRACKED = 102;
+    static final int TEST_DEFAULT_SAMPLE_VALIDITY_SECONDS = 1800;
+    static final int TEST_DEFAULT_SUCCESS_THRESHOLD_PERCENT = 25;
+    static final int TEST_DEFAULT_MIN_SAMPLES = 8;
+    static final int TEST_DEFAULT_MAX_SAMPLES = 64;
+    static final int[] TEST_TRANSPORT_TYPES = {TRANSPORT_WIFI, TRANSPORT_VPN};
+
+    DnsManager mDnsManager;
+    MockContentResolver mContentResolver;
+
+    @Mock Context mCtx;
+    @Mock IDnsResolver mMockDnsResolver;
+
+    private void assertResolverOptionsEquals(
+            @NonNull ResolverOptionsParcel actual,
+            @NonNull ResolverOptionsParcel expected) {
+        assertEquals(actual.hosts, expected.hosts);
+        assertEquals(actual.tcMode, expected.tcMode);
+        assertEquals(actual.enforceDnsUid, expected.enforceDnsUid);
+        assertFieldCountEquals(3, ResolverOptionsParcel.class);
+    }
+
+    private void assertResolverParamsEquals(@NonNull ResolverParamsParcel actual,
+            @NonNull ResolverParamsParcel expected) {
+        assertEquals(actual.netId, expected.netId);
+        assertEquals(actual.sampleValiditySeconds, expected.sampleValiditySeconds);
+        assertEquals(actual.successThreshold, expected.successThreshold);
+        assertEquals(actual.minSamples, expected.minSamples);
+        assertEquals(actual.maxSamples, expected.maxSamples);
+        assertEquals(actual.baseTimeoutMsec, expected.baseTimeoutMsec);
+        assertEquals(actual.retryCount, expected.retryCount);
+        assertContainsStringsExactly(actual.servers, expected.servers);
+        assertContainsStringsExactly(actual.domains, expected.domains);
+        assertEquals(actual.tlsName, expected.tlsName);
+        assertContainsStringsExactly(actual.tlsServers, expected.tlsServers);
+        assertContainsStringsExactly(actual.tlsFingerprints, expected.tlsFingerprints);
+        assertEquals(actual.caCertificate, expected.caCertificate);
+        assertEquals(actual.tlsConnectTimeoutMs, expected.tlsConnectTimeoutMs);
+        assertResolverOptionsEquals(actual.resolverOptions, expected.resolverOptions);
+        assertContainsExactly(actual.transportTypes, expected.transportTypes);
+        assertFieldCountEquals(16, ResolverParamsParcel.class);
+    }
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
+        MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
+        mContentResolver = new MockContentResolver();
+        mContentResolver.addProvider(Settings.AUTHORITY,
+                new FakeSettingsProvider());
+        when(mCtx.getContentResolver()).thenReturn(mContentResolver);
+        mDnsManager = new DnsManager(mCtx, mMockDnsResolver);
+
+        // Clear the private DNS settings
+        Settings.Global.putString(mContentResolver, PRIVATE_DNS_DEFAULT_MODE, "");
+        Settings.Global.putString(mContentResolver, PRIVATE_DNS_MODE, "");
+        Settings.Global.putString(mContentResolver, PRIVATE_DNS_SPECIFIER, "");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTrackedValidationUpdates() throws Exception {
+        mDnsManager.updatePrivateDns(new Network(TEST_NETID),
+                mDnsManager.getPrivateDnsConfig());
+        mDnsManager.updatePrivateDns(new Network(TEST_NETID_ALTERNATE),
+                mDnsManager.getPrivateDnsConfig());
+        LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+        lp.setInterfaceName(TEST_IFACENAME);
+        lp.addDnsServer(InetAddress.getByName("3.3.3.3"));
+        lp.addDnsServer(InetAddress.getByName("4.4.4.4"));
+
+        // Send a validation event that is tracked on the alternate netId
+        mDnsManager.updateTransportsForNetwork(TEST_NETID, TEST_TRANSPORT_TYPES);
+        mDnsManager.noteDnsServersForNetwork(TEST_NETID, lp);
+        mDnsManager.flushVmDnsCache();
+        mDnsManager.updateTransportsForNetwork(TEST_NETID_ALTERNATE, TEST_TRANSPORT_TYPES);
+        mDnsManager.noteDnsServersForNetwork(TEST_NETID_ALTERNATE, lp);
+        mDnsManager.flushVmDnsCache();
+        mDnsManager.updatePrivateDnsValidation(
+                new DnsManager.PrivateDnsValidationUpdate(TEST_NETID_ALTERNATE,
+                        InetAddress.parseNumericAddress("4.4.4.4"), "",
+                        VALIDATION_RESULT_SUCCESS));
+        LinkProperties fixedLp = new LinkProperties(lp);
+        mDnsManager.updatePrivateDnsStatus(TEST_NETID, fixedLp);
+        assertFalse(fixedLp.isPrivateDnsActive());
+        assertNull(fixedLp.getPrivateDnsServerName());
+        fixedLp = new LinkProperties(lp);
+        mDnsManager.updatePrivateDnsStatus(TEST_NETID_ALTERNATE, fixedLp);
+        assertTrue(fixedLp.isPrivateDnsActive());
+        assertNull(fixedLp.getPrivateDnsServerName());
+        assertEquals(Arrays.asList(InetAddress.getByName("4.4.4.4")),
+                fixedLp.getValidatedPrivateDnsServers());
+
+        // Set up addresses for strict mode and switch to it.
+        lp.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress("192.0.2.4/24"));
+        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo((IpPrefix) null, InetAddress.getByName("192.0.2.4"),
+                TEST_IFACENAME));
+        lp.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress("2001:db8:1::1/64"));
+        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo((IpPrefix) null, InetAddress.getByName("2001:db8:1::1"),
+                TEST_IFACENAME));
+
+        ConnectivitySettingsManager.setPrivateDnsMode(mCtx, PRIVATE_DNS_MODE_PROVIDER_HOSTNAME);
+        ConnectivitySettingsManager.setPrivateDnsHostname(mCtx, "strictmode.com");
+        mDnsManager.updatePrivateDns(new Network(TEST_NETID),
+                new PrivateDnsConfig("strictmode.com", new InetAddress[] {
+                    InetAddress.parseNumericAddress("6.6.6.6"),
+                    InetAddress.parseNumericAddress("2001:db8:66:66::1")
+                    }));
+        mDnsManager.updateTransportsForNetwork(TEST_NETID, TEST_TRANSPORT_TYPES);
+        mDnsManager.noteDnsServersForNetwork(TEST_NETID, lp);
+        mDnsManager.flushVmDnsCache();
+        fixedLp = new LinkProperties(lp);
+        mDnsManager.updatePrivateDnsStatus(TEST_NETID, fixedLp);
+        assertTrue(fixedLp.isPrivateDnsActive());
+        assertEquals("strictmode.com", fixedLp.getPrivateDnsServerName());
+        // No validation events yet.
+        assertEquals(Arrays.asList(new InetAddress[0]), fixedLp.getValidatedPrivateDnsServers());
+        // Validate one.
+        mDnsManager.updatePrivateDnsValidation(
+                new DnsManager.PrivateDnsValidationUpdate(TEST_NETID,
+                        InetAddress.parseNumericAddress("6.6.6.6"), "strictmode.com",
+                        VALIDATION_RESULT_SUCCESS));
+        fixedLp = new LinkProperties(lp);
+        mDnsManager.updatePrivateDnsStatus(TEST_NETID, fixedLp);
+        assertEquals(Arrays.asList(InetAddress.parseNumericAddress("6.6.6.6")),
+                fixedLp.getValidatedPrivateDnsServers());
+        // Validate the 2nd one.
+        mDnsManager.updatePrivateDnsValidation(
+                new DnsManager.PrivateDnsValidationUpdate(TEST_NETID,
+                        InetAddress.parseNumericAddress("2001:db8:66:66::1"), "strictmode.com",
+                        VALIDATION_RESULT_SUCCESS));
+        fixedLp = new LinkProperties(lp);
+        mDnsManager.updatePrivateDnsStatus(TEST_NETID, fixedLp);
+        assertEquals(Arrays.asList(
+                        InetAddress.parseNumericAddress("2001:db8:66:66::1"),
+                        InetAddress.parseNumericAddress("6.6.6.6")),
+                fixedLp.getValidatedPrivateDnsServers());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIgnoreUntrackedValidationUpdates() throws Exception {
+        // The PrivateDnsConfig map is empty, so no validation events will
+        // be tracked.
+        LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+        lp.addDnsServer(InetAddress.getByName("3.3.3.3"));
+        mDnsManager.updateTransportsForNetwork(TEST_NETID, TEST_TRANSPORT_TYPES);
+        mDnsManager.noteDnsServersForNetwork(TEST_NETID, lp);
+        mDnsManager.flushVmDnsCache();
+        mDnsManager.updatePrivateDnsValidation(
+                new DnsManager.PrivateDnsValidationUpdate(TEST_NETID,
+                        InetAddress.parseNumericAddress("3.3.3.3"), "",
+                        VALIDATION_RESULT_SUCCESS));
+        mDnsManager.updatePrivateDnsStatus(TEST_NETID, lp);
+        assertFalse(lp.isPrivateDnsActive());
+        assertNull(lp.getPrivateDnsServerName());
+
+        // Validation event has untracked netId
+        mDnsManager.updatePrivateDns(new Network(TEST_NETID),
+                mDnsManager.getPrivateDnsConfig());
+        mDnsManager.updateTransportsForNetwork(TEST_NETID, TEST_TRANSPORT_TYPES);
+        mDnsManager.noteDnsServersForNetwork(TEST_NETID, lp);
+        mDnsManager.flushVmDnsCache();
+        mDnsManager.updatePrivateDnsValidation(
+                new DnsManager.PrivateDnsValidationUpdate(TEST_NETID_UNTRACKED,
+                        InetAddress.parseNumericAddress("3.3.3.3"), "",
+                        VALIDATION_RESULT_SUCCESS));
+        mDnsManager.updatePrivateDnsStatus(TEST_NETID, lp);
+        assertFalse(lp.isPrivateDnsActive());
+        assertNull(lp.getPrivateDnsServerName());
+
+        // Validation event has untracked ipAddress
+        mDnsManager.updatePrivateDnsValidation(
+                new DnsManager.PrivateDnsValidationUpdate(TEST_NETID,
+                        InetAddress.parseNumericAddress("4.4.4.4"), "",
+                        VALIDATION_RESULT_SUCCESS));
+        mDnsManager.updatePrivateDnsStatus(TEST_NETID, lp);
+        assertFalse(lp.isPrivateDnsActive());
+        assertNull(lp.getPrivateDnsServerName());
+
+        // Validation event has untracked hostname
+        mDnsManager.updatePrivateDnsValidation(
+                new DnsManager.PrivateDnsValidationUpdate(TEST_NETID,
+                        InetAddress.parseNumericAddress("3.3.3.3"), "hostname",
+                        VALIDATION_RESULT_SUCCESS));
+        mDnsManager.updatePrivateDnsStatus(TEST_NETID, lp);
+        assertFalse(lp.isPrivateDnsActive());
+        assertNull(lp.getPrivateDnsServerName());
+
+        // Validation event failed
+        mDnsManager.updatePrivateDnsValidation(
+                new DnsManager.PrivateDnsValidationUpdate(TEST_NETID,
+                        InetAddress.parseNumericAddress("3.3.3.3"), "",
+                        VALIDATION_RESULT_FAILURE));
+        mDnsManager.updatePrivateDnsStatus(TEST_NETID, lp);
+        assertFalse(lp.isPrivateDnsActive());
+        assertNull(lp.getPrivateDnsServerName());
+
+        // Network removed
+        mDnsManager.removeNetwork(new Network(TEST_NETID));
+        mDnsManager.updatePrivateDnsValidation(
+                new DnsManager.PrivateDnsValidationUpdate(TEST_NETID,
+                        InetAddress.parseNumericAddress("3.3.3.3"), "", VALIDATION_RESULT_SUCCESS));
+        mDnsManager.updatePrivateDnsStatus(TEST_NETID, lp);
+        assertFalse(lp.isPrivateDnsActive());
+        assertNull(lp.getPrivateDnsServerName());
+
+        // Turn private DNS mode off
+        ConnectivitySettingsManager.setPrivateDnsMode(mCtx, PRIVATE_DNS_MODE_OFF);
+        mDnsManager.updatePrivateDns(new Network(TEST_NETID),
+                mDnsManager.getPrivateDnsConfig());
+        mDnsManager.updateTransportsForNetwork(TEST_NETID, TEST_TRANSPORT_TYPES);
+        mDnsManager.noteDnsServersForNetwork(TEST_NETID, lp);
+        mDnsManager.flushVmDnsCache();
+        mDnsManager.updatePrivateDnsValidation(
+                new DnsManager.PrivateDnsValidationUpdate(TEST_NETID,
+                        InetAddress.parseNumericAddress("3.3.3.3"), "",
+                        VALIDATION_RESULT_SUCCESS));
+        mDnsManager.updatePrivateDnsStatus(TEST_NETID, lp);
+        assertFalse(lp.isPrivateDnsActive());
+        assertNull(lp.getPrivateDnsServerName());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testOverrideDefaultMode() throws Exception {
+        // Hard-coded default is opportunistic mode.
+        final PrivateDnsConfig cfgAuto = DnsManager.getPrivateDnsConfig(mCtx);
+        assertTrue(cfgAuto.useTls);
+        assertEquals("", cfgAuto.hostname);
+        assertEquals(new InetAddress[0], cfgAuto.ips);
+
+        // Pretend a gservices push sets the default to "off".
+        ConnectivitySettingsManager.setPrivateDnsDefaultMode(mCtx, PRIVATE_DNS_MODE_OFF);
+        final PrivateDnsConfig cfgOff = DnsManager.getPrivateDnsConfig(mCtx);
+        assertFalse(cfgOff.useTls);
+        assertEquals("", cfgOff.hostname);
+        assertEquals(new InetAddress[0], cfgOff.ips);
+
+        // Strict mode still works.
+        ConnectivitySettingsManager.setPrivateDnsMode(mCtx, PRIVATE_DNS_MODE_PROVIDER_HOSTNAME);
+        ConnectivitySettingsManager.setPrivateDnsHostname(mCtx, "strictmode.com");
+        final PrivateDnsConfig cfgStrict = DnsManager.getPrivateDnsConfig(mCtx);
+        assertTrue(cfgStrict.useTls);
+        assertEquals("strictmode.com", cfgStrict.hostname);
+        assertEquals(new InetAddress[0], cfgStrict.ips);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSendDnsConfiguration() throws Exception {
+        reset(mMockDnsResolver);
+        mDnsManager.updatePrivateDns(new Network(TEST_NETID),
+                mDnsManager.getPrivateDnsConfig());
+        final LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+        lp.setInterfaceName(TEST_IFACENAME);
+        lp.addDnsServer(InetAddress.getByName("3.3.3.3"));
+        lp.addDnsServer(InetAddress.getByName("4.4.4.4"));
+        mDnsManager.updateTransportsForNetwork(TEST_NETID, TEST_TRANSPORT_TYPES);
+        mDnsManager.noteDnsServersForNetwork(TEST_NETID, lp);
+        mDnsManager.flushVmDnsCache();
+
+        final ArgumentCaptor<ResolverParamsParcel> resolverParamsParcelCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(ResolverParamsParcel.class);
+        verify(mMockDnsResolver, times(1)).setResolverConfiguration(
+                resolverParamsParcelCaptor.capture());
+        final ResolverParamsParcel actualParams = resolverParamsParcelCaptor.getValue();
+        final ResolverParamsParcel expectedParams = new ResolverParamsParcel();
+        expectedParams.netId = TEST_NETID;
+        expectedParams.sampleValiditySeconds = TEST_DEFAULT_SAMPLE_VALIDITY_SECONDS;
+        expectedParams.successThreshold = TEST_DEFAULT_SUCCESS_THRESHOLD_PERCENT;
+        expectedParams.minSamples = TEST_DEFAULT_MIN_SAMPLES;
+        expectedParams.maxSamples = TEST_DEFAULT_MAX_SAMPLES;
+        expectedParams.servers = new String[]{"3.3.3.3", "4.4.4.4"};
+        expectedParams.domains = new String[]{};
+        expectedParams.tlsName = "";
+        expectedParams.tlsServers = new String[]{"3.3.3.3", "4.4.4.4"};
+        expectedParams.transportTypes = TEST_TRANSPORT_TYPES;
+        expectedParams.resolverOptions = new ResolverOptionsParcel();
+        assertResolverParamsEquals(actualParams, expectedParams);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTransportTypesEqual() throws Exception {
+        SparseArray<String> ncTransTypes = MessageUtils.findMessageNames(
+                new Class[] { NetworkCapabilities.class }, new String[]{ "TRANSPORT_" });
+        SparseArray<String> dnsTransTypes = MessageUtils.findMessageNames(
+                new Class[] { IDnsResolver.class }, new String[]{ "TRANSPORT_" });
+        assertEquals(0, MIN_TRANSPORT);
+        assertEquals(MAX_TRANSPORT + 1, ncTransTypes.size());
+        // TRANSPORT_UNKNOWN in IDnsResolver is defined to -1 and only for resolver.
+        assertEquals("TRANSPORT_UNKNOWN", dnsTransTypes.get(-1));
+        assertEquals(ncTransTypes.size(), dnsTransTypes.size() - 1);
+        for (int i = MIN_TRANSPORT; i < MAX_TRANSPORT; i++) {
+            String name = ncTransTypes.get(i, null);
+            assertNotNull("Could not find NetworkCapabilies.TRANSPORT_* constant equal to "
+                    + i, name);
+            assertEquals(name, dnsTransTypes.get(i));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetPrivateDnsConfigForNetwork() throws Exception {
+        final Network network = new Network(TEST_NETID);
+        final InetAddress dnsAddr = InetAddressUtils.parseNumericAddress("3.3.3.3");
+        final InetAddress[] tlsAddrs = new InetAddress[]{
+            InetAddressUtils.parseNumericAddress("6.6.6.6"),
+            InetAddressUtils.parseNumericAddress("2001:db8:66:66::1")
+        };
+        final String tlsName = "strictmode.com";
+        LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+        lp.addDnsServer(dnsAddr);
+
+        // The PrivateDnsConfig map is empty, so the default PRIVATE_DNS_OFF is returned.
+        PrivateDnsConfig privateDnsCfg = mDnsManager.getPrivateDnsConfig(network);
+        assertFalse(privateDnsCfg.useTls);
+        assertEquals("", privateDnsCfg.hostname);
+        assertEquals(new InetAddress[0], privateDnsCfg.ips);
+
+        // An entry with default PrivateDnsConfig is added to the PrivateDnsConfig map.
+        mDnsManager.updatePrivateDns(network, mDnsManager.getPrivateDnsConfig());
+        mDnsManager.noteDnsServersForNetwork(TEST_NETID, lp);
+        mDnsManager.updatePrivateDnsValidation(
+                new DnsManager.PrivateDnsValidationUpdate(TEST_NETID, dnsAddr, "",
+                        VALIDATION_RESULT_SUCCESS));
+        mDnsManager.updatePrivateDnsStatus(TEST_NETID, lp);
+        privateDnsCfg = mDnsManager.getPrivateDnsConfig(network);
+        assertTrue(privateDnsCfg.useTls);
+        assertEquals("", privateDnsCfg.hostname);
+        assertEquals(new InetAddress[0], privateDnsCfg.ips);
+
+        // The original entry is overwritten by a new PrivateDnsConfig.
+        mDnsManager.updatePrivateDns(network, new PrivateDnsConfig(tlsName, tlsAddrs));
+        mDnsManager.updatePrivateDnsStatus(TEST_NETID, lp);
+        privateDnsCfg = mDnsManager.getPrivateDnsConfig(network);
+        assertTrue(privateDnsCfg.useTls);
+        assertEquals(tlsName, privateDnsCfg.hostname);
+        assertEquals(tlsAddrs, privateDnsCfg.ips);
+
+        // The network is removed, so the PrivateDnsConfig map becomes empty again.
+        mDnsManager.removeNetwork(network);
+        privateDnsCfg = mDnsManager.getPrivateDnsConfig(network);
+        assertFalse(privateDnsCfg.useTls);
+        assertEquals("", privateDnsCfg.hostname);
+        assertEquals(new InetAddress[0], privateDnsCfg.ips);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/FullScoreTest.kt b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/FullScoreTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..45b575a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/FullScoreTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity
+
+import android.net.NetworkAgentConfig
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities
+import android.net.NetworkScore.KEEP_CONNECTED_NONE
+import android.text.TextUtils
+import android.util.ArraySet
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4
+import com.android.server.connectivity.FullScore.MAX_CS_MANAGED_POLICY
+import com.android.server.connectivity.FullScore.POLICY_ACCEPT_UNVALIDATED
+import com.android.server.connectivity.FullScore.POLICY_EVER_USER_SELECTED
+import com.android.server.connectivity.FullScore.POLICY_IS_VALIDATED
+import com.android.server.connectivity.FullScore.POLICY_IS_VPN
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+import kotlin.collections.minOfOrNull
+import kotlin.collections.maxOfOrNull
+import kotlin.reflect.full.staticProperties
+import kotlin.test.assertEquals
+import kotlin.test.assertFailsWith
+import kotlin.test.assertFalse
+import kotlin.test.assertTrue
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4::class)
+@SmallTest
+class FullScoreTest {
+    // Convenience methods
+    fun FullScore.withPolicies(
+        validated: Boolean = false,
+        vpn: Boolean = false,
+        onceChosen: Boolean = false,
+        acceptUnvalidated: Boolean = false
+    ): FullScore {
+        val nac = NetworkAgentConfig.Builder().apply {
+            setUnvalidatedConnectivityAcceptable(acceptUnvalidated)
+            setExplicitlySelected(onceChosen)
+        }.build()
+        val nc = NetworkCapabilities.Builder().apply {
+            if (vpn) addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_VPN)
+            if (validated) addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED)
+        }.build()
+        return mixInScore(nc, nac, validated, false /* yieldToBadWifi */)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testGetLegacyInt() {
+        val ns = FullScore(50, 0L /* policy */, KEEP_CONNECTED_NONE)
+        assertEquals(10, ns.legacyInt) // -40 penalty for not being validated
+        assertEquals(50, ns.legacyIntAsValidated)
+
+        val vpnNs = FullScore(101, 0L /* policy */, KEEP_CONNECTED_NONE).withPolicies(vpn = true)
+        assertEquals(101, vpnNs.legacyInt) // VPNs are not subject to unvalidation penalty
+        assertEquals(101, vpnNs.legacyIntAsValidated)
+        assertEquals(101, vpnNs.withPolicies(validated = true).legacyInt)
+        assertEquals(101, vpnNs.withPolicies(validated = true).legacyIntAsValidated)
+
+        val validatedNs = ns.withPolicies(validated = true)
+        assertEquals(50, validatedNs.legacyInt) // No penalty, this is validated
+        assertEquals(50, validatedNs.legacyIntAsValidated)
+
+        val chosenNs = ns.withPolicies(onceChosen = true)
+        assertEquals(10, chosenNs.legacyInt)
+        assertEquals(100, chosenNs.legacyIntAsValidated)
+        assertEquals(10, chosenNs.withPolicies(acceptUnvalidated = true).legacyInt)
+        assertEquals(50, chosenNs.withPolicies(acceptUnvalidated = true).legacyIntAsValidated)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testToString() {
+        val string = FullScore(10, 0L /* policy */, KEEP_CONNECTED_NONE)
+                .withPolicies(vpn = true, acceptUnvalidated = true).toString()
+        assertTrue(string.contains("Score(10"), string)
+        assertTrue(string.contains("ACCEPT_UNVALIDATED"), string)
+        assertTrue(string.contains("IS_VPN"), string)
+        assertFalse(string.contains("IS_VALIDATED"), string)
+        val foundNames = ArraySet<String>()
+        getAllPolicies().forEach {
+            val name = FullScore.policyNameOf(it.get() as Int)
+            assertFalse(TextUtils.isEmpty(name))
+            assertFalse(foundNames.contains(name))
+            foundNames.add(name)
+        }
+        assertFailsWith<IllegalArgumentException> {
+            FullScore.policyNameOf(MAX_CS_MANAGED_POLICY + 1)
+        }
+    }
+
+    fun getAllPolicies() = Regex("POLICY_.*").let { nameRegex ->
+        FullScore::class.staticProperties.filter { it.name.matches(nameRegex) }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testHasPolicy() {
+        val ns = FullScore(50, 0L /* policy */, KEEP_CONNECTED_NONE)
+        assertFalse(ns.hasPolicy(POLICY_IS_VALIDATED))
+        assertFalse(ns.hasPolicy(POLICY_IS_VPN))
+        assertFalse(ns.hasPolicy(POLICY_EVER_USER_SELECTED))
+        assertFalse(ns.hasPolicy(POLICY_ACCEPT_UNVALIDATED))
+        assertTrue(ns.withPolicies(validated = true).hasPolicy(POLICY_IS_VALIDATED))
+        assertTrue(ns.withPolicies(vpn = true).hasPolicy(POLICY_IS_VPN))
+        assertTrue(ns.withPolicies(onceChosen = true).hasPolicy(POLICY_EVER_USER_SELECTED))
+        assertTrue(ns.withPolicies(acceptUnvalidated = true).hasPolicy(POLICY_ACCEPT_UNVALIDATED))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testMinMaxPolicyConstants() {
+        val policies = getAllPolicies()
+
+        policies.forEach { policy ->
+            assertTrue(policy.get() as Int >= FullScore.MIN_CS_MANAGED_POLICY)
+            assertTrue(policy.get() as Int <= FullScore.MAX_CS_MANAGED_POLICY)
+        }
+        assertEquals(FullScore.MIN_CS_MANAGED_POLICY,
+                policies.minOfOrNull { it.get() as Int })
+        assertEquals(FullScore.MAX_CS_MANAGED_POLICY,
+                policies.maxOfOrNull { it.get() as Int })
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/IpConnectivityEventBuilderTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/IpConnectivityEventBuilderTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..70495cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/IpConnectivityEventBuilderTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,561 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity;
+
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.MetricsTestUtil.aLong;
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.MetricsTestUtil.aString;
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.MetricsTestUtil.aType;
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.MetricsTestUtil.anInt;
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.MetricsTestUtil.describeIpEvent;
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.metrics.nano.IpConnectivityLogClass.BLUETOOTH;
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.metrics.nano.IpConnectivityLogClass.CELLULAR;
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.metrics.nano.IpConnectivityLogClass.IpConnectivityLog;
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.metrics.nano.IpConnectivityLogClass.MULTIPLE;
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.metrics.nano.IpConnectivityLogClass.WIFI;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import android.net.ConnectivityMetricsEvent;
+import android.net.metrics.ApfProgramEvent;
+import android.net.metrics.ApfStats;
+import android.net.metrics.DefaultNetworkEvent;
+import android.net.metrics.DhcpClientEvent;
+import android.net.metrics.DhcpErrorEvent;
+import android.net.metrics.IpManagerEvent;
+import android.net.metrics.IpReachabilityEvent;
+import android.net.metrics.NetworkEvent;
+import android.net.metrics.RaEvent;
+import android.net.metrics.ValidationProbeEvent;
+import android.net.metrics.WakeupStats;
+import android.test.suitebuilder.annotation.SmallTest;
+
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.android.server.connectivity.metrics.nano.IpConnectivityLogClass.IpConnectivityEvent;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+
+// TODO: instead of comparing textpb to textpb, parse textpb and compare proto to proto.
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@SmallTest
+public class IpConnectivityEventBuilderTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLinkLayerInferrence() {
+        ConnectivityMetricsEvent ev = describeIpEvent(
+                aType(IpReachabilityEvent.class),
+                anInt(IpReachabilityEvent.NUD_FAILED));
+
+        String want = String.join("\n",
+                "dropped_events: 0",
+                "events <",
+                "  if_name: \"\"",
+                "  link_layer: 0",
+                "  network_id: 0",
+                "  time_ms: 1",
+                "  transports: 0",
+                "  ip_reachability_event <",
+                "    event_type: 512",
+                "    if_name: \"\"",
+                "  >",
+                ">",
+                "version: 2\n");
+        verifySerialization(want, ev);
+
+        ev.netId = 123;
+        ev.transports = 3; // transports have priority for inferrence of link layer
+        ev.ifname = "wlan0";
+        want = String.join("\n",
+                "dropped_events: 0",
+                "events <",
+                "  if_name: \"\"",
+                String.format("  link_layer: %d", MULTIPLE),
+                "  network_id: 123",
+                "  time_ms: 1",
+                "  transports: 3",
+                "  ip_reachability_event <",
+                "    event_type: 512",
+                "    if_name: \"\"",
+                "  >",
+                ">",
+                "version: 2\n");
+        verifySerialization(want, ev);
+
+        ev.transports = 1;
+        ev.ifname = null;
+        want = String.join("\n",
+                "dropped_events: 0",
+                "events <",
+                "  if_name: \"\"",
+                String.format("  link_layer: %d", CELLULAR),
+                "  network_id: 123",
+                "  time_ms: 1",
+                "  transports: 1",
+                "  ip_reachability_event <",
+                "    event_type: 512",
+                "    if_name: \"\"",
+                "  >",
+                ">",
+                "version: 2\n");
+        verifySerialization(want, ev);
+
+        ev.transports = 0;
+        ev.ifname = "not_inferred";
+        want = String.join("\n",
+                "dropped_events: 0",
+                "events <",
+                "  if_name: \"not_inferred\"",
+                "  link_layer: 0",
+                "  network_id: 123",
+                "  time_ms: 1",
+                "  transports: 0",
+                "  ip_reachability_event <",
+                "    event_type: 512",
+                "    if_name: \"\"",
+                "  >",
+                ">",
+                "version: 2\n");
+        verifySerialization(want, ev);
+
+        ev.ifname = "bt-pan";
+        want = String.join("\n",
+                "dropped_events: 0",
+                "events <",
+                "  if_name: \"\"",
+                String.format("  link_layer: %d", BLUETOOTH),
+                "  network_id: 123",
+                "  time_ms: 1",
+                "  transports: 0",
+                "  ip_reachability_event <",
+                "    event_type: 512",
+                "    if_name: \"\"",
+                "  >",
+                ">",
+                "version: 2\n");
+        verifySerialization(want, ev);
+
+        ev.ifname = "rmnet_ipa0";
+        want = String.join("\n",
+                "dropped_events: 0",
+                "events <",
+                "  if_name: \"\"",
+                String.format("  link_layer: %d", CELLULAR),
+                "  network_id: 123",
+                "  time_ms: 1",
+                "  transports: 0",
+                "  ip_reachability_event <",
+                "    event_type: 512",
+                "    if_name: \"\"",
+                "  >",
+                ">",
+                "version: 2\n");
+        verifySerialization(want, ev);
+
+        ev.ifname = "wlan0";
+        want = String.join("\n",
+                "dropped_events: 0",
+                "events <",
+                "  if_name: \"\"",
+                String.format("  link_layer: %d", WIFI),
+                "  network_id: 123",
+                "  time_ms: 1",
+                "  transports: 0",
+                "  ip_reachability_event <",
+                "    event_type: 512",
+                "    if_name: \"\"",
+                "  >",
+                ">",
+                "version: 2\n");
+        verifySerialization(want, ev);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDefaultNetworkEventSerialization() {
+        DefaultNetworkEvent ev = new DefaultNetworkEvent(1001);
+        ev.netId = 102;
+        ev.transports = 2;
+        ev.previousTransports = 4;
+        ev.ipv4 = true;
+        ev.initialScore = 20;
+        ev.finalScore = 60;
+        ev.durationMs = 54;
+        ev.validatedMs = 27;
+
+        String want = String.join("\n",
+                "dropped_events: 0",
+                "events <",
+                "  if_name: \"\"",
+                "  link_layer: 4",
+                "  network_id: 102",
+                "  time_ms: 0",
+                "  transports: 2",
+                "  default_network_event <",
+                "    default_network_duration_ms: 54",
+                "    final_score: 60",
+                "    initial_score: 20",
+                "    ip_support: 1",
+                "    no_default_network_duration_ms: 0",
+                "    previous_default_network_link_layer: 1",
+                "    previous_network_ip_support: 0",
+                "    validation_duration_ms: 27",
+                "  >",
+                ">",
+                "version: 2\n");
+
+        verifySerialization(want, IpConnectivityEventBuilder.toProto(ev));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDhcpClientEventSerialization() {
+        ConnectivityMetricsEvent ev = describeIpEvent(
+                aType(DhcpClientEvent.class),
+                aString("SomeState"),
+                anInt(192));
+
+        String want = String.join("\n",
+                "dropped_events: 0",
+                "events <",
+                "  if_name: \"\"",
+                "  link_layer: 0",
+                "  network_id: 0",
+                "  time_ms: 1",
+                "  transports: 0",
+                "  dhcp_event <",
+                "    duration_ms: 192",
+                "    if_name: \"\"",
+                "    state_transition: \"SomeState\"",
+                "  >",
+                ">",
+                "version: 2\n");
+
+        verifySerialization(want, ev);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDhcpErrorEventSerialization() {
+        ConnectivityMetricsEvent ev = describeIpEvent(
+                aType(DhcpErrorEvent.class),
+                anInt(DhcpErrorEvent.L4_NOT_UDP));
+
+        String want = String.join("\n",
+                "dropped_events: 0",
+                "events <",
+                "  if_name: \"\"",
+                "  link_layer: 0",
+                "  network_id: 0",
+                "  time_ms: 1",
+                "  transports: 0",
+                "  dhcp_event <",
+                "    duration_ms: 0",
+                "    if_name: \"\"",
+                "    error_code: 50397184",
+                "  >",
+                ">",
+                "version: 2\n");
+
+        verifySerialization(want, ev);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIpManagerEventSerialization() {
+        ConnectivityMetricsEvent ev = describeIpEvent(
+                aType(IpManagerEvent.class),
+                anInt(IpManagerEvent.PROVISIONING_OK),
+                aLong(5678));
+
+        String want = String.join("\n",
+                "dropped_events: 0",
+                "events <",
+                "  if_name: \"\"",
+                "  link_layer: 0",
+                "  network_id: 0",
+                "  time_ms: 1",
+                "  transports: 0",
+                "  ip_provisioning_event <",
+                "    event_type: 1",
+                "    if_name: \"\"",
+                "    latency_ms: 5678",
+                "  >",
+                ">",
+                "version: 2\n");
+
+        verifySerialization(want, ev);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIpReachabilityEventSerialization() {
+        ConnectivityMetricsEvent ev = describeIpEvent(
+                aType(IpReachabilityEvent.class),
+                anInt(IpReachabilityEvent.NUD_FAILED));
+
+        String want = String.join("\n",
+                "dropped_events: 0",
+                "events <",
+                "  if_name: \"\"",
+                "  link_layer: 0",
+                "  network_id: 0",
+                "  time_ms: 1",
+                "  transports: 0",
+                "  ip_reachability_event <",
+                "    event_type: 512",
+                "    if_name: \"\"",
+                "  >",
+                ">",
+                "version: 2\n");
+
+        verifySerialization(want, ev);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNetworkEventSerialization() {
+        ConnectivityMetricsEvent ev = describeIpEvent(
+                aType(NetworkEvent.class),
+                anInt(5),
+                aLong(20410));
+
+        String want = String.join("\n",
+                "dropped_events: 0",
+                "events <",
+                "  if_name: \"\"",
+                "  link_layer: 0",
+                "  network_id: 0",
+                "  time_ms: 1",
+                "  transports: 0",
+                "  network_event <",
+                "    event_type: 5",
+                "    latency_ms: 20410",
+                "  >",
+                ">",
+                "version: 2\n");
+
+        verifySerialization(want, ev);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testValidationProbeEventSerialization() {
+        ConnectivityMetricsEvent ev = describeIpEvent(
+                aType(ValidationProbeEvent.class),
+                aLong(40730),
+                anInt(ValidationProbeEvent.PROBE_HTTP),
+                anInt(204));
+
+        String want = String.join("\n",
+                "dropped_events: 0",
+                "events <",
+                "  if_name: \"\"",
+                "  link_layer: 0",
+                "  network_id: 0",
+                "  time_ms: 1",
+                "  transports: 0",
+                "  validation_probe_event <",
+                "    latency_ms: 40730",
+                "    probe_result: 204",
+                "    probe_type: 1",
+                "  >",
+                ">",
+                "version: 2\n");
+
+        verifySerialization(want, ev);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testApfProgramEventSerialization() {
+        ConnectivityMetricsEvent ev = describeIpEvent(
+                aType(ApfProgramEvent.class),
+                aLong(200),
+                aLong(18),
+                anInt(7),
+                anInt(9),
+                anInt(2048),
+                anInt(3));
+
+        String want = String.join("\n",
+                "dropped_events: 0",
+                "events <",
+                "  if_name: \"\"",
+                "  link_layer: 0",
+                "  network_id: 0",
+                "  time_ms: 1",
+                "  transports: 0",
+                "  apf_program_event <",
+                "    current_ras: 9",
+                "    drop_multicast: true",
+                "    effective_lifetime: 18",
+                "    filtered_ras: 7",
+                "    has_ipv4_addr: true",
+                "    lifetime: 200",
+                "    program_length: 2048",
+                "  >",
+                ">",
+                "version: 2\n");
+
+        verifySerialization(want, ev);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testApfStatsSerialization() {
+        ConnectivityMetricsEvent ev = describeIpEvent(
+                aType(ApfStats.class),
+                aLong(45000),
+                anInt(10),
+                anInt(2),
+                anInt(2),
+                anInt(1),
+                anInt(2),
+                anInt(4),
+                anInt(7),
+                anInt(3),
+                anInt(2048));
+
+        String want = String.join("\n",
+                "dropped_events: 0",
+                "events <",
+                "  if_name: \"\"",
+                "  link_layer: 0",
+                "  network_id: 0",
+                "  time_ms: 1",
+                "  transports: 0",
+                "  apf_statistics <",
+                "    dropped_ras: 2",
+                "    duration_ms: 45000",
+                "    matching_ras: 2",
+                "    max_program_size: 2048",
+                "    parse_errors: 2",
+                "    program_updates: 4",
+                "    program_updates_all: 7",
+                "    program_updates_allowing_multicast: 3",
+                "    received_ras: 10",
+                "    total_packet_dropped: 0",
+                "    total_packet_processed: 0",
+                "    zero_lifetime_ras: 1",
+                "  >",
+                ">",
+                "version: 2\n");
+
+        verifySerialization(want, ev);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRaEventSerialization() {
+        ConnectivityMetricsEvent ev = describeIpEvent(
+                aType(RaEvent.class),
+                aLong(2000),
+                aLong(400),
+                aLong(300),
+                aLong(-1),
+                aLong(1000),
+                aLong(-1));
+
+        String want = String.join("\n",
+                "dropped_events: 0",
+                "events <",
+                "  if_name: \"\"",
+                "  link_layer: 0",
+                "  network_id: 0",
+                "  time_ms: 1",
+                "  transports: 0",
+                "  ra_event <",
+                "    dnssl_lifetime: -1",
+                "    prefix_preferred_lifetime: 300",
+                "    prefix_valid_lifetime: 400",
+                "    rdnss_lifetime: 1000",
+                "    route_info_lifetime: -1",
+                "    router_lifetime: 2000",
+                "  >",
+                ">",
+                "version: 2\n");
+
+        verifySerialization(want, ev);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testWakeupStatsSerialization() {
+        WakeupStats stats = new WakeupStats("wlan0");
+        stats.totalWakeups = 14;
+        stats.applicationWakeups = 5;
+        stats.nonApplicationWakeups = 1;
+        stats.rootWakeups = 2;
+        stats.systemWakeups = 3;
+        stats.noUidWakeups = 3;
+        stats.l2UnicastCount = 5;
+        stats.l2MulticastCount = 1;
+        stats.l2BroadcastCount = 2;
+        stats.ethertypes.put(0x800, 3);
+        stats.ethertypes.put(0x86dd, 3);
+        stats.ipNextHeaders.put(6, 5);
+
+
+        IpConnectivityEvent got = IpConnectivityEventBuilder.toProto(stats);
+        String want = String.join("\n",
+                "dropped_events: 0",
+                "events <",
+                "  if_name: \"\"",
+                "  link_layer: 4",
+                "  network_id: 0",
+                "  time_ms: 0",
+                "  transports: 0",
+                "  wakeup_stats <",
+                "    application_wakeups: 5",
+                "    duration_sec: 0",
+                "    ethertype_counts <",
+                "      key: 2048",
+                "      value: 3",
+                "    >",
+                "    ethertype_counts <",
+                "      key: 34525",
+                "      value: 3",
+                "    >",
+                "    ip_next_header_counts <",
+                "      key: 6",
+                "      value: 5",
+                "    >",
+                "    l2_broadcast_count: 2",
+                "    l2_multicast_count: 1",
+                "    l2_unicast_count: 5",
+                "    no_uid_wakeups: 3",
+                "    non_application_wakeups: 1",
+                "    root_wakeups: 2",
+                "    system_wakeups: 3",
+                "    total_wakeups: 14",
+                "  >",
+                ">",
+                "version: 2\n");
+
+        verifySerialization(want, got);
+    }
+
+    static void verifySerialization(String want, ConnectivityMetricsEvent... input) {
+        List<IpConnectivityEvent> protoInput =
+                IpConnectivityEventBuilder.toProto(Arrays.asList(input));
+        verifySerialization(want, protoInput.toArray(new IpConnectivityEvent[0]));
+    }
+
+    static void verifySerialization(String want, IpConnectivityEvent... input) {
+        try {
+            byte[] got = IpConnectivityEventBuilder.serialize(0, Arrays.asList(input));
+            IpConnectivityLog log = IpConnectivityLog.parseFrom(got);
+            assertEquals(want, log.toString());
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            fail(e.toString());
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/IpConnectivityMetricsTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/IpConnectivityMetricsTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8b072c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/IpConnectivityMetricsTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,645 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016, The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity;
+
+import static android.net.metrics.INetdEventListener.EVENT_GETADDRINFO;
+import static android.net.metrics.INetdEventListener.EVENT_GETHOSTBYNAME;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
+import android.net.ConnectivityMetricsEvent;
+import android.net.IIpConnectivityMetrics;
+import android.net.IpPrefix;
+import android.net.LinkAddress;
+import android.net.LinkProperties;
+import android.net.Network;
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
+import android.net.RouteInfo;
+import android.net.metrics.ApfProgramEvent;
+import android.net.metrics.ApfStats;
+import android.net.metrics.DhcpClientEvent;
+import android.net.metrics.IpConnectivityLog;
+import android.net.metrics.IpManagerEvent;
+import android.net.metrics.IpReachabilityEvent;
+import android.net.metrics.RaEvent;
+import android.net.metrics.ValidationProbeEvent;
+import android.os.Parcelable;
+import android.system.OsConstants;
+import android.test.suitebuilder.annotation.SmallTest;
+import android.util.Base64;
+
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.android.internal.util.BitUtils;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.metrics.nano.IpConnectivityLogClass;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
+
+import java.io.PrintWriter;
+import java.io.StringWriter;
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@SmallTest
+public class IpConnectivityMetricsTest {
+    static final IpReachabilityEvent FAKE_EV =
+            new IpReachabilityEvent(IpReachabilityEvent.NUD_FAILED);
+
+    private static final String EXAMPLE_IPV4 = "192.0.2.1";
+    private static final String EXAMPLE_IPV6 = "2001:db8:1200::2:1";
+
+    private static final byte[] MAC_ADDR =
+            {(byte)0x84, (byte)0xc9, (byte)0xb2, (byte)0x6a, (byte)0xed, (byte)0x4b};
+
+    @Mock Context mCtx;
+    @Mock IIpConnectivityMetrics mMockService;
+    @Mock ConnectivityManager mCm;
+
+    IpConnectivityMetrics mService;
+    NetdEventListenerService mNetdListener;
+    private static final NetworkCapabilities CAPABILITIES_WIFI = new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
+            .addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+            .build();
+    private static final NetworkCapabilities CAPABILITIES_CELL = new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
+            .addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+            .build();
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() {
+        MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
+        mService = new IpConnectivityMetrics(mCtx, (ctx) -> 2000);
+        mNetdListener = new NetdEventListenerService(mCm);
+        mService.mNetdListener = mNetdListener;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBufferFlushing() {
+        String output1 = getdump("flush");
+        assertEquals("", output1);
+
+        new IpConnectivityLog(mService.impl).log(1, FAKE_EV);
+        String output2 = getdump("flush");
+        assertFalse("".equals(output2));
+
+        String output3 = getdump("flush");
+        assertEquals("", output3);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRateLimiting() {
+        final IpConnectivityLog logger = new IpConnectivityLog(mService.impl);
+        final ApfProgramEvent ev = new ApfProgramEvent.Builder().build();
+        final long fakeTimestamp = 1;
+
+        int attempt = 100; // More than burst quota, but less than buffer size.
+        for (int i = 0; i < attempt; i++) {
+            logger.log(ev);
+        }
+
+        String output1 = getdump("flush");
+        assertFalse("".equals(output1));
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < attempt; i++) {
+            assertFalse("expected event to be dropped", logger.log(fakeTimestamp, ev));
+        }
+
+        String output2 = getdump("flush");
+        assertEquals("", output2);
+    }
+
+    private void logDefaultNetworkEvent(long timeMs, NetworkAgentInfo nai,
+            NetworkAgentInfo oldNai) {
+        final Network network = (nai != null) ? nai.network() : null;
+        final int score = (nai != null) ? nai.getCurrentScore() : 0;
+        final boolean validated = (nai != null) ? nai.lastValidated : false;
+        final LinkProperties lp = (nai != null) ? nai.linkProperties : null;
+        final NetworkCapabilities nc = (nai != null) ? nai.networkCapabilities : null;
+
+        final Network prevNetwork = (oldNai != null) ? oldNai.network() : null;
+        final int prevScore = (oldNai != null) ? oldNai.getCurrentScore() : 0;
+        final LinkProperties prevLp = (oldNai != null) ? oldNai.linkProperties : null;
+        final NetworkCapabilities prevNc = (oldNai != null) ? oldNai.networkCapabilities : null;
+
+        mService.mDefaultNetworkMetrics.logDefaultNetworkEvent(timeMs, network, score, validated,
+                lp, nc, prevNetwork, prevScore, prevLp, prevNc);
+    }
+    @Test
+    public void testDefaultNetworkEvents() throws Exception {
+        final long cell = BitUtils.packBits(new int[]{NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR});
+        final long wifi = BitUtils.packBits(new int[]{NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI});
+
+        NetworkAgentInfo[][] defaultNetworks = {
+            // nothing -> cell
+            {null, makeNai(100, 10, false, true, cell)},
+            // cell -> wifi
+            {makeNai(100, 50, true, true, cell), makeNai(101, 20, true, false, wifi)},
+            // wifi -> nothing
+            {makeNai(101, 60, true, false, wifi), null},
+            // nothing -> cell
+            {null, makeNai(102, 10, true, true, cell)},
+            // cell -> wifi
+            {makeNai(102, 50, true, true, cell), makeNai(103, 20, true, false, wifi)},
+        };
+
+        long timeMs = mService.mDefaultNetworkMetrics.creationTimeMs;
+        long durationMs = 1001;
+        for (NetworkAgentInfo[] pair : defaultNetworks) {
+            timeMs += durationMs;
+            durationMs += durationMs;
+            logDefaultNetworkEvent(timeMs, pair[1], pair[0]);
+        }
+
+        String want = String.join("\n",
+                "dropped_events: 0",
+                "events <",
+                "  if_name: \"\"",
+                "  link_layer: 5",
+                "  network_id: 0",
+                "  time_ms: 0",
+                "  transports: 0",
+                "  default_network_event <",
+                "    default_network_duration_ms: 1001",
+                "    final_score: 0",
+                "    initial_score: 0",
+                "    ip_support: 0",
+                "    no_default_network_duration_ms: 0",
+                "    previous_default_network_link_layer: 0",
+                "    previous_network_ip_support: 0",
+                "    validation_duration_ms: 0",
+                "  >",
+                ">",
+                "events <",
+                "  if_name: \"\"",
+                "  link_layer: 2",
+                "  network_id: 100",
+                "  time_ms: 0",
+                "  transports: 1",
+                "  default_network_event <",
+                "    default_network_duration_ms: 2002",
+                "    final_score: 50",
+                "    initial_score: 10",
+                "    ip_support: 3",
+                "    no_default_network_duration_ms: 0",
+                "    previous_default_network_link_layer: 0",
+                "    previous_network_ip_support: 0",
+                "    validation_duration_ms: 2002",
+                "  >",
+                ">",
+                "events <",
+                "  if_name: \"\"",
+                "  link_layer: 4",
+                "  network_id: 101",
+                "  time_ms: 0",
+                "  transports: 2",
+                "  default_network_event <",
+                "    default_network_duration_ms: 4004",
+                "    final_score: 60",
+                "    initial_score: 20",
+                "    ip_support: 1",
+                "    no_default_network_duration_ms: 0",
+                "    previous_default_network_link_layer: 2",
+                "    previous_network_ip_support: 0",
+                "    validation_duration_ms: 4004",
+                "  >",
+                ">",
+                "events <",
+                "  if_name: \"\"",
+                "  link_layer: 5",
+                "  network_id: 0",
+                "  time_ms: 0",
+                "  transports: 0",
+                "  default_network_event <",
+                "    default_network_duration_ms: 8008",
+                "    final_score: 0",
+                "    initial_score: 0",
+                "    ip_support: 0",
+                "    no_default_network_duration_ms: 0",
+                "    previous_default_network_link_layer: 4",
+                "    previous_network_ip_support: 0",
+                "    validation_duration_ms: 0",
+                "  >",
+                ">",
+                "events <",
+                "  if_name: \"\"",
+                "  link_layer: 2",
+                "  network_id: 102",
+                "  time_ms: 0",
+                "  transports: 1",
+                "  default_network_event <",
+                "    default_network_duration_ms: 16016",
+                "    final_score: 50",
+                "    initial_score: 10",
+                "    ip_support: 3",
+                "    no_default_network_duration_ms: 0",
+                "    previous_default_network_link_layer: 4",
+                "    previous_network_ip_support: 0",
+                "    validation_duration_ms: 16016",
+                "  >",
+                ">",
+                "version: 2\n");
+
+        verifySerialization(want, getdump("flush"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEndToEndLogging() throws Exception {
+        // TODO: instead of comparing textpb to textpb, parse textpb and compare proto to proto.
+        IpConnectivityLog logger = new IpConnectivityLog(mService.impl);
+
+        ApfStats apfStats = new ApfStats.Builder()
+                .setDurationMs(45000)
+                .setReceivedRas(10)
+                .setMatchingRas(2)
+                .setDroppedRas(2)
+                .setParseErrors(2)
+                .setZeroLifetimeRas(1)
+                .setProgramUpdates(4)
+                .setProgramUpdatesAll(7)
+                .setProgramUpdatesAllowingMulticast(3)
+                .setMaxProgramSize(2048)
+                .build();
+
+        final ValidationProbeEvent validationEv = new ValidationProbeEvent.Builder()
+                .setDurationMs(40730)
+                .setProbeType(ValidationProbeEvent.PROBE_HTTP, true)
+                .setReturnCode(204)
+                .build();
+
+        final DhcpClientEvent event = new DhcpClientEvent.Builder()
+                .setMsg("SomeState")
+                .setDurationMs(192)
+                .build();
+        Parcelable[] events = {
+            new IpReachabilityEvent(IpReachabilityEvent.NUD_FAILED), event,
+            new IpManagerEvent(IpManagerEvent.PROVISIONING_OK, 5678),
+            validationEv,
+            apfStats,
+            new RaEvent(2000, 400, 300, -1, 1000, -1)
+        };
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < events.length; i++) {
+            ConnectivityMetricsEvent ev = new ConnectivityMetricsEvent();
+            ev.timestamp = 100 * (i + 1);
+            ev.ifname = "wlan0";
+            ev.data = events[i];
+            logger.log(ev);
+        }
+
+        // netId, errno, latency, destination
+        connectEvent(100, OsConstants.EALREADY, 0, EXAMPLE_IPV4);
+        connectEvent(100, OsConstants.EINPROGRESS, 0, EXAMPLE_IPV6);
+        connectEvent(100, 0, 110, EXAMPLE_IPV4);
+        connectEvent(101, 0, 23, EXAMPLE_IPV4);
+        connectEvent(101, 0, 45, EXAMPLE_IPV6);
+        connectEvent(100, OsConstants.EAGAIN, 0, EXAMPLE_IPV4);
+
+        // netId, type, return code, latency
+        dnsEvent(100, EVENT_GETADDRINFO, 0, 3456);
+        dnsEvent(100, EVENT_GETADDRINFO, 3, 45);
+        dnsEvent(100, EVENT_GETHOSTBYNAME, 0, 638);
+        dnsEvent(101, EVENT_GETADDRINFO, 0, 56);
+        dnsEvent(101, EVENT_GETHOSTBYNAME, 0, 34);
+
+        // iface, uid
+        final byte[] mac = {0x48, 0x7c, 0x2b, 0x6a, 0x3e, 0x4b};
+        final String srcIp = "192.168.2.1";
+        final String dstIp = "192.168.2.23";
+        final int sport = 2356;
+        final int dport = 13489;
+        final long now = 1001L;
+        final int v4 = 0x800;
+        final int tcp = 6;
+        final int udp = 17;
+        wakeupEvent("wlan0", 1000, v4, tcp, mac, srcIp, dstIp, sport, dport, 1001L);
+        wakeupEvent("wlan0", 10123, v4, tcp, mac, srcIp, dstIp, sport, dport, 1001L);
+        wakeupEvent("wlan0", 1000, v4, udp, mac, srcIp, dstIp, sport, dport, 1001L);
+        wakeupEvent("wlan0", 10008, v4, udp, mac, srcIp, dstIp, sport, dport, 1001L);
+        wakeupEvent("wlan0", -1, v4, udp, mac, srcIp, dstIp, sport, dport, 1001L);
+        wakeupEvent("wlan0", 10008, v4, tcp, mac, srcIp, dstIp, sport, dport, 1001L);
+
+        long timeMs = mService.mDefaultNetworkMetrics.creationTimeMs;
+        final long cell = BitUtils.packBits(new int[]{NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR});
+        final long wifi = BitUtils.packBits(new int[]{NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI});
+        NetworkAgentInfo cellNai = makeNai(100, 50, false, true, cell);
+        NetworkAgentInfo wifiNai = makeNai(101, 60, true, false, wifi);
+        logDefaultNetworkEvent(timeMs + 200L, cellNai, null);
+        logDefaultNetworkEvent(timeMs + 300L, wifiNai, cellNai);
+
+        String want = String.join("\n",
+                "dropped_events: 0",
+                "events <",
+                "  if_name: \"\"",
+                "  link_layer: 4",
+                "  network_id: 0",
+                "  time_ms: 100",
+                "  transports: 0",
+                "  ip_reachability_event <",
+                "    event_type: 512",
+                "    if_name: \"\"",
+                "  >",
+                ">",
+                "events <",
+                "  if_name: \"\"",
+                "  link_layer: 4",
+                "  network_id: 0",
+                "  time_ms: 200",
+                "  transports: 0",
+                "  dhcp_event <",
+                "    duration_ms: 192",
+                "    if_name: \"\"",
+                "    state_transition: \"SomeState\"",
+                "  >",
+                ">",
+                "events <",
+                "  if_name: \"\"",
+                "  link_layer: 4",
+                "  network_id: 0",
+                "  time_ms: 300",
+                "  transports: 0",
+                "  ip_provisioning_event <",
+                "    event_type: 1",
+                "    if_name: \"\"",
+                "    latency_ms: 5678",
+                "  >",
+                ">",
+                "events <",
+                "  if_name: \"\"",
+                "  link_layer: 4",
+                "  network_id: 0",
+                "  time_ms: 400",
+                "  transports: 0",
+                "  validation_probe_event <",
+                "    latency_ms: 40730",
+                "    probe_result: 204",
+                "    probe_type: 257",
+                "  >",
+                ">",
+                "events <",
+                "  if_name: \"\"",
+                "  link_layer: 4",
+                "  network_id: 0",
+                "  time_ms: 500",
+                "  transports: 0",
+                "  apf_statistics <",
+                "    dropped_ras: 2",
+                "    duration_ms: 45000",
+                "    matching_ras: 2",
+                "    max_program_size: 2048",
+                "    parse_errors: 2",
+                "    program_updates: 4",
+                "    program_updates_all: 7",
+                "    program_updates_allowing_multicast: 3",
+                "    received_ras: 10",
+                "    total_packet_dropped: 0",
+                "    total_packet_processed: 0",
+                "    zero_lifetime_ras: 1",
+                "  >",
+                ">",
+                "events <",
+                "  if_name: \"\"",
+                "  link_layer: 4",
+                "  network_id: 0",
+                "  time_ms: 600",
+                "  transports: 0",
+                "  ra_event <",
+                "    dnssl_lifetime: -1",
+                "    prefix_preferred_lifetime: 300",
+                "    prefix_valid_lifetime: 400",
+                "    rdnss_lifetime: 1000",
+                "    route_info_lifetime: -1",
+                "    router_lifetime: 2000",
+                "  >",
+                ">",
+                "events <",
+                "  if_name: \"\"",
+                "  link_layer: 5",
+                "  network_id: 0",
+                "  time_ms: 0",
+                "  transports: 0",
+                "  default_network_event <",
+                "    default_network_duration_ms: 200",
+                "    final_score: 0",
+                "    initial_score: 0",
+                "    ip_support: 0",
+                "    no_default_network_duration_ms: 0",
+                "    previous_default_network_link_layer: 0",
+                "    previous_network_ip_support: 0",
+                "    validation_duration_ms: 0",
+                "  >",
+                ">",
+                "events <",
+                "  if_name: \"\"",
+                "  link_layer: 2",
+                "  network_id: 100",
+                "  time_ms: 0",
+                "  transports: 1",
+                "  default_network_event <",
+                "    default_network_duration_ms: 100",
+                "    final_score: 50",
+                "    initial_score: 50",
+                "    ip_support: 2",
+                "    no_default_network_duration_ms: 0",
+                "    previous_default_network_link_layer: 0",
+                "    previous_network_ip_support: 0",
+                "    validation_duration_ms: 100",
+                "  >",
+                ">",
+                "events <",
+                "  if_name: \"\"",
+                "  link_layer: 4",
+                "  network_id: 100",
+                "  time_ms: 0",
+                "  transports: 2",
+                "  connect_statistics <",
+                "    connect_blocking_count: 1",
+                "    connect_count: 3",
+                "    errnos_counters <",
+                "      key: 11",
+                "      value: 1",
+                "    >",
+                "    ipv6_addr_count: 1",
+                "    latencies_ms: 110",
+                "  >",
+                ">",
+                "events <",
+                "  if_name: \"\"",
+                "  link_layer: 2",
+                "  network_id: 101",
+                "  time_ms: 0",
+                "  transports: 1",
+                "  connect_statistics <",
+                "    connect_blocking_count: 2",
+                "    connect_count: 2",
+                "    ipv6_addr_count: 1",
+                "    latencies_ms: 23",
+                "    latencies_ms: 45",
+                "  >",
+                ">",
+                "events <",
+                "  if_name: \"\"",
+                "  link_layer: 4",
+                "  network_id: 100",
+                "  time_ms: 0",
+                "  transports: 2",
+                "  dns_lookup_batch <",
+                "    event_types: 1",
+                "    event_types: 1",
+                "    event_types: 2",
+                "    getaddrinfo_error_count: 0",
+                "    getaddrinfo_query_count: 0",
+                "    gethostbyname_error_count: 0",
+                "    gethostbyname_query_count: 0",
+                "    latencies_ms: 3456",
+                "    latencies_ms: 45",
+                "    latencies_ms: 638",
+                "    return_codes: 0",
+                "    return_codes: 3",
+                "    return_codes: 0",
+                "  >",
+                ">",
+                "events <",
+                "  if_name: \"\"",
+                "  link_layer: 2",
+                "  network_id: 101",
+                "  time_ms: 0",
+                "  transports: 1",
+                "  dns_lookup_batch <",
+                "    event_types: 1",
+                "    event_types: 2",
+                "    getaddrinfo_error_count: 0",
+                "    getaddrinfo_query_count: 0",
+                "    gethostbyname_error_count: 0",
+                "    gethostbyname_query_count: 0",
+                "    latencies_ms: 56",
+                "    latencies_ms: 34",
+                "    return_codes: 0",
+                "    return_codes: 0",
+                "  >",
+                ">",
+                "events <",
+                "  if_name: \"\"",
+                "  link_layer: 4",
+                "  network_id: 0",
+                "  time_ms: 0",
+                "  transports: 0",
+                "  wakeup_stats <",
+                "    application_wakeups: 3",
+                "    duration_sec: 0",
+                "    ethertype_counts <",
+                "      key: 2048",
+                "      value: 6",
+                "    >",
+                "    ip_next_header_counts <",
+                "      key: 6",
+                "      value: 3",
+                "    >",
+                "    ip_next_header_counts <",
+                "      key: 17",
+                "      value: 3",
+                "    >",
+                "    l2_broadcast_count: 0",
+                "    l2_multicast_count: 0",
+                "    l2_unicast_count: 6",
+                "    no_uid_wakeups: 1",
+                "    non_application_wakeups: 0",
+                "    root_wakeups: 0",
+                "    system_wakeups: 2",
+                "    total_wakeups: 6",
+                "  >",
+                ">",
+                "version: 2\n");
+
+        verifySerialization(want, getdump("flush"));
+    }
+
+    String getdump(String ... command) {
+        StringWriter buffer = new StringWriter();
+        PrintWriter writer = new PrintWriter(buffer);
+        mService.impl.dump(null, writer, command);
+        return buffer.toString();
+    }
+
+    private void setCapabilities(int netId) {
+        final ArgumentCaptor<ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback> networkCallback =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback.class);
+        verify(mCm).registerNetworkCallback(any(), networkCallback.capture());
+        networkCallback.getValue().onCapabilitiesChanged(new Network(netId),
+                netId == 100 ? CAPABILITIES_WIFI : CAPABILITIES_CELL);
+    }
+
+    void connectEvent(int netId, int error, int latencyMs, String ipAddr) throws Exception {
+        setCapabilities(netId);
+        mNetdListener.onConnectEvent(netId, error, latencyMs, ipAddr, 80, 1);
+    }
+
+    void dnsEvent(int netId, int type, int result, int latency) throws Exception {
+        setCapabilities(netId);
+        mNetdListener.onDnsEvent(netId, type, result, latency, "", null, 0, 0);
+    }
+
+    void wakeupEvent(String iface, int uid, int ether, int ip, byte[] mac, String srcIp,
+            String dstIp, int sport, int dport, long now) throws Exception {
+        String prefix = NetdEventListenerService.WAKEUP_EVENT_IFACE_PREFIX + iface;
+        mNetdListener.onWakeupEvent(prefix, uid, ether, ip, mac, srcIp, dstIp, sport, dport, now);
+    }
+
+    NetworkAgentInfo makeNai(int netId, int score, boolean ipv4, boolean ipv6, long transports) {
+        NetworkAgentInfo nai = mock(NetworkAgentInfo.class);
+        when(nai.network()).thenReturn(new Network(netId));
+        when(nai.getCurrentScore()).thenReturn(score);
+        nai.linkProperties = new LinkProperties();
+        nai.networkCapabilities = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        nai.lastValidated = true;
+        for (int t : BitUtils.unpackBits(transports)) {
+            nai.networkCapabilities.addTransportType(t);
+        }
+        if (ipv4) {
+            nai.linkProperties.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress("192.0.2.12/24"));
+            nai.linkProperties.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix("0.0.0.0/0")));
+        }
+        if (ipv6) {
+            nai.linkProperties.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress("2001:db8:dead:beef:f00::a0/64"));
+            nai.linkProperties.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix("::/0")));
+        }
+        return nai;
+    }
+
+
+
+    static void verifySerialization(String want, String output) {
+        try {
+            byte[] got = Base64.decode(output, Base64.DEFAULT);
+            IpConnectivityLogClass.IpConnectivityLog log =
+                    IpConnectivityLogClass.IpConnectivityLog.parseFrom(got);
+            assertEquals(want, log.toString());
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            fail(e.toString());
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/LingerMonitorTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/LingerMonitorTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..36e229d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/LingerMonitorTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,395 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016, The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.any;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.anyBoolean;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.anyInt;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.eq;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.never;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.reset;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+import android.app.PendingIntent;
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.content.res.Resources;
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
+import android.net.ConnectivityResources;
+import android.net.IDnsResolver;
+import android.net.INetd;
+import android.net.LinkProperties;
+import android.net.Network;
+import android.net.NetworkAgentConfig;
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
+import android.net.NetworkInfo;
+import android.net.NetworkProvider;
+import android.net.NetworkScore;
+import android.os.Binder;
+import android.text.format.DateUtils;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.android.connectivity.resources.R;
+import com.android.server.ConnectivityService;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.NetworkNotificationManager.NotificationType;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@SmallTest
+public class LingerMonitorTest {
+    static final String CELLULAR = "CELLULAR";
+    static final String WIFI     = "WIFI";
+
+    static final long LOW_RATE_LIMIT = DateUtils.MINUTE_IN_MILLIS;
+    static final long HIGH_RATE_LIMIT = 0;
+
+    static final int LOW_DAILY_LIMIT = 2;
+    static final int HIGH_DAILY_LIMIT = 1000;
+
+    private static final int TEST_LINGER_DELAY_MS = 400;
+
+    LingerMonitor mMonitor;
+
+    @Mock ConnectivityService mConnService;
+    @Mock IDnsResolver mDnsResolver;
+    @Mock INetd mNetd;
+    @Mock Context mCtx;
+    @Mock NetworkNotificationManager mNotifier;
+    @Mock Resources mResources;
+    @Mock QosCallbackTracker mQosCallbackTracker;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() {
+        MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
+        when(mCtx.getResources()).thenReturn(mResources);
+        when(mCtx.getPackageName()).thenReturn("com.android.server.connectivity");
+        ConnectivityResources.setResourcesContextForTest(mCtx);
+
+        mMonitor = new TestableLingerMonitor(mCtx, mNotifier, HIGH_DAILY_LIMIT, HIGH_RATE_LIMIT);
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() {
+        ConnectivityResources.setResourcesContextForTest(null);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTransitions() {
+        setNotificationSwitch(transition(WIFI, CELLULAR));
+        NetworkAgentInfo nai1 = wifiNai(100);
+        NetworkAgentInfo nai2 = cellNai(101);
+
+        assertTrue(mMonitor.isNotificationEnabled(nai1, nai2));
+        assertFalse(mMonitor.isNotificationEnabled(nai2, nai1));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNotificationOnLinger() {
+        setNotificationSwitch(transition(WIFI, CELLULAR));
+        setNotificationType(LingerMonitor.NOTIFY_TYPE_NOTIFICATION);
+        NetworkAgentInfo from = wifiNai(100);
+        NetworkAgentInfo to = cellNai(101);
+
+        mMonitor.noteLingerDefaultNetwork(from, to);
+        verifyNotification(from, to);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testToastOnLinger() {
+        setNotificationSwitch(transition(WIFI, CELLULAR));
+        setNotificationType(LingerMonitor.NOTIFY_TYPE_TOAST);
+        NetworkAgentInfo from = wifiNai(100);
+        NetworkAgentInfo to = cellNai(101);
+
+        mMonitor.noteLingerDefaultNetwork(from, to);
+        verifyToast(from, to);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNotificationClearedAfterDisconnect() {
+        setNotificationSwitch(transition(WIFI, CELLULAR));
+        setNotificationType(LingerMonitor.NOTIFY_TYPE_NOTIFICATION);
+        NetworkAgentInfo from = wifiNai(100);
+        NetworkAgentInfo to = cellNai(101);
+
+        mMonitor.noteLingerDefaultNetwork(from, to);
+        verifyNotification(from, to);
+
+        mMonitor.noteDisconnect(to);
+        verify(mNotifier, times(1)).clearNotification(100);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNotificationClearedAfterSwitchingBack() {
+        setNotificationSwitch(transition(WIFI, CELLULAR));
+        setNotificationType(LingerMonitor.NOTIFY_TYPE_NOTIFICATION);
+        NetworkAgentInfo from = wifiNai(100);
+        NetworkAgentInfo to = cellNai(101);
+
+        mMonitor.noteLingerDefaultNetwork(from, to);
+        verifyNotification(from, to);
+
+        mMonitor.noteLingerDefaultNetwork(to, from);
+        verify(mNotifier, times(1)).clearNotification(100);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUniqueToast() {
+        setNotificationSwitch(transition(WIFI, CELLULAR));
+        setNotificationType(LingerMonitor.NOTIFY_TYPE_TOAST);
+        NetworkAgentInfo from = wifiNai(100);
+        NetworkAgentInfo to = cellNai(101);
+
+        mMonitor.noteLingerDefaultNetwork(from, to);
+        verifyToast(from, to);
+
+        mMonitor.noteLingerDefaultNetwork(to, from);
+        verify(mNotifier, times(1)).clearNotification(100);
+
+        reset(mNotifier);
+        mMonitor.noteLingerDefaultNetwork(from, to);
+        verifyNoNotifications();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultipleNotifications() {
+        setNotificationSwitch(transition(WIFI, CELLULAR));
+        setNotificationType(LingerMonitor.NOTIFY_TYPE_NOTIFICATION);
+        NetworkAgentInfo wifi1 = wifiNai(100);
+        NetworkAgentInfo wifi2 = wifiNai(101);
+        NetworkAgentInfo cell = cellNai(102);
+
+        mMonitor.noteLingerDefaultNetwork(wifi1, cell);
+        verifyNotification(wifi1, cell);
+
+        mMonitor.noteLingerDefaultNetwork(cell, wifi2);
+        verify(mNotifier, times(1)).clearNotification(100);
+
+        reset(mNotifier);
+        mMonitor.noteLingerDefaultNetwork(wifi2, cell);
+        verifyNotification(wifi2, cell);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRateLimiting() throws InterruptedException {
+        mMonitor = new TestableLingerMonitor(mCtx, mNotifier, HIGH_DAILY_LIMIT, LOW_RATE_LIMIT);
+
+        setNotificationSwitch(transition(WIFI, CELLULAR));
+        setNotificationType(LingerMonitor.NOTIFY_TYPE_NOTIFICATION);
+        NetworkAgentInfo wifi1 = wifiNai(100);
+        NetworkAgentInfo wifi2 = wifiNai(101);
+        NetworkAgentInfo wifi3 = wifiNai(102);
+        NetworkAgentInfo cell = cellNai(103);
+
+        mMonitor.noteLingerDefaultNetwork(wifi1, cell);
+        verifyNotification(wifi1, cell);
+        reset(mNotifier);
+
+        Thread.sleep(50);
+        mMonitor.noteLingerDefaultNetwork(cell, wifi2);
+        mMonitor.noteLingerDefaultNetwork(wifi2, cell);
+        verifyNoNotifications();
+
+        Thread.sleep(50);
+        mMonitor.noteLingerDefaultNetwork(cell, wifi3);
+        mMonitor.noteLingerDefaultNetwork(wifi3, cell);
+        verifyNoNotifications();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDailyLimiting() throws InterruptedException {
+        mMonitor = new TestableLingerMonitor(mCtx, mNotifier, LOW_DAILY_LIMIT, HIGH_RATE_LIMIT);
+
+        setNotificationSwitch(transition(WIFI, CELLULAR));
+        setNotificationType(LingerMonitor.NOTIFY_TYPE_NOTIFICATION);
+        NetworkAgentInfo wifi1 = wifiNai(100);
+        NetworkAgentInfo wifi2 = wifiNai(101);
+        NetworkAgentInfo wifi3 = wifiNai(102);
+        NetworkAgentInfo cell = cellNai(103);
+
+        mMonitor.noteLingerDefaultNetwork(wifi1, cell);
+        verifyNotification(wifi1, cell);
+        reset(mNotifier);
+
+        Thread.sleep(50);
+        mMonitor.noteLingerDefaultNetwork(cell, wifi2);
+        mMonitor.noteLingerDefaultNetwork(wifi2, cell);
+        verifyNotification(wifi2, cell);
+        reset(mNotifier);
+
+        Thread.sleep(50);
+        mMonitor.noteLingerDefaultNetwork(cell, wifi3);
+        mMonitor.noteLingerDefaultNetwork(wifi3, cell);
+        verifyNoNotifications();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUniqueNotification() {
+        setNotificationSwitch(transition(WIFI, CELLULAR));
+        setNotificationType(LingerMonitor.NOTIFY_TYPE_NOTIFICATION);
+        NetworkAgentInfo from = wifiNai(100);
+        NetworkAgentInfo to = cellNai(101);
+
+        mMonitor.noteLingerDefaultNetwork(from, to);
+        verifyNotification(from, to);
+
+        mMonitor.noteLingerDefaultNetwork(to, from);
+        verify(mNotifier, times(1)).clearNotification(100);
+
+        mMonitor.noteLingerDefaultNetwork(from, to);
+        verifyNotification(from, to);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIgnoreNeverValidatedNetworks() {
+        setNotificationType(LingerMonitor.NOTIFY_TYPE_TOAST);
+        setNotificationSwitch(transition(WIFI, CELLULAR));
+        NetworkAgentInfo from = wifiNai(100);
+        NetworkAgentInfo to = cellNai(101);
+        from.everValidated = false;
+
+        mMonitor.noteLingerDefaultNetwork(from, to);
+        verifyNoNotifications();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIgnoreCurrentlyValidatedNetworks() {
+        setNotificationType(LingerMonitor.NOTIFY_TYPE_TOAST);
+        setNotificationSwitch(transition(WIFI, CELLULAR));
+        NetworkAgentInfo from = wifiNai(100);
+        NetworkAgentInfo to = cellNai(101);
+        from.lastValidated = true;
+
+        mMonitor.noteLingerDefaultNetwork(from, to);
+        verifyNoNotifications();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNoNotificationType() {
+        setNotificationType(LingerMonitor.NOTIFY_TYPE_TOAST);
+        setNotificationSwitch();
+        NetworkAgentInfo from = wifiNai(100);
+        NetworkAgentInfo to = cellNai(101);
+
+        mMonitor.noteLingerDefaultNetwork(from, to);
+        verifyNoNotifications();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNoTransitionToNotify() {
+        setNotificationType(LingerMonitor.NOTIFY_TYPE_NONE);
+        setNotificationSwitch(transition(WIFI, CELLULAR));
+        NetworkAgentInfo from = wifiNai(100);
+        NetworkAgentInfo to = cellNai(101);
+
+        mMonitor.noteLingerDefaultNetwork(from, to);
+        verifyNoNotifications();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDifferentTransitionToNotify() {
+        setNotificationType(LingerMonitor.NOTIFY_TYPE_TOAST);
+        setNotificationSwitch(transition(CELLULAR, WIFI));
+        NetworkAgentInfo from = wifiNai(100);
+        NetworkAgentInfo to = cellNai(101);
+
+        mMonitor.noteLingerDefaultNetwork(from, to);
+        verifyNoNotifications();
+    }
+
+    void setNotificationSwitch(String... transitions) {
+        when(mResources.getStringArray(R.array.config_networkNotifySwitches))
+                .thenReturn(transitions);
+    }
+
+    String transition(String from, String to) {
+        return from + "-" + to;
+    }
+
+    void setNotificationType(int type) {
+        when(mResources.getInteger(R.integer.config_networkNotifySwitchType)).thenReturn(type);
+    }
+
+    void verifyNoToast() {
+        verify(mNotifier, never()).showToast(any(), any());
+    }
+
+    void verifyNoNotification() {
+        verify(mNotifier, never())
+                .showNotification(anyInt(), any(), any(), any(), any(), anyBoolean());
+    }
+
+    void verifyNoNotifications() {
+        verifyNoToast();
+        verifyNoNotification();
+    }
+
+    void verifyToast(NetworkAgentInfo from, NetworkAgentInfo to) {
+        verifyNoNotification();
+        verify(mNotifier, times(1)).showToast(from, to);
+    }
+
+    void verifyNotification(NetworkAgentInfo from, NetworkAgentInfo to) {
+        verifyNoToast();
+        verify(mNotifier, times(1)).showNotification(eq(from.network.netId),
+                eq(NotificationType.NETWORK_SWITCH), eq(from), eq(to), any(), eq(true));
+    }
+
+    NetworkAgentInfo nai(int netId, int transport, int networkType, String networkTypeName) {
+        NetworkInfo info = new NetworkInfo(networkType, 0, networkTypeName, "");
+        NetworkCapabilities caps = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        caps.addCapability(0);
+        caps.addTransportType(transport);
+        NetworkAgentInfo nai = new NetworkAgentInfo(null, new Network(netId), info,
+                new LinkProperties(), caps, new NetworkScore.Builder().setLegacyInt(50).build(),
+                mCtx, null, new NetworkAgentConfig.Builder().build(), mConnService, mNetd,
+                mDnsResolver, NetworkProvider.ID_NONE, Binder.getCallingUid(), TEST_LINGER_DELAY_MS,
+                mQosCallbackTracker, new ConnectivityService.Dependencies());
+        nai.everValidated = true;
+        return nai;
+    }
+
+    NetworkAgentInfo wifiNai(int netId) {
+        return nai(netId, NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI,
+                ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI, WIFI);
+    }
+
+    NetworkAgentInfo cellNai(int netId) {
+        return nai(netId, NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR,
+                ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE, CELLULAR);
+    }
+
+    public static class TestableLingerMonitor extends LingerMonitor {
+        public TestableLingerMonitor(Context c, NetworkNotificationManager n, int l, long r) {
+            super(c, n, l, r);
+        }
+        @Override protected PendingIntent createNotificationIntent() {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/MetricsTestUtil.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/MetricsTestUtil.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5064b9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/MetricsTestUtil.java
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity;
+
+import android.net.ConnectivityMetricsEvent;
+import android.os.Bundle;
+import android.os.Parcel;
+import android.os.Parcelable;
+
+import java.util.function.Consumer;
+
+abstract public class MetricsTestUtil {
+    private MetricsTestUtil() {
+    }
+
+    static ConnectivityMetricsEvent ev(Parcelable p) {
+        ConnectivityMetricsEvent ev = new ConnectivityMetricsEvent();
+        ev.timestamp = 1L;
+        ev.data = p;
+        return ev;
+    }
+
+    static ConnectivityMetricsEvent describeIpEvent(Consumer<Parcel>... fs) {
+        Parcel p = Parcel.obtain();
+        for (Consumer<Parcel> f : fs) {
+            f.accept(p);
+        }
+        p.setDataPosition(0);
+        return ev(p.readParcelable(ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader()));
+    }
+
+    static Consumer<Parcel> aType(Class<?> c) {
+        return aString(c.getName());
+    }
+
+    static Consumer<Parcel> aBool(boolean b) {
+        return aByte((byte) (b ? 1 : 0));
+    }
+
+    static Consumer<Parcel> aByte(byte b) {
+        return (p) -> p.writeByte(b);
+    }
+
+    static Consumer<Parcel> anInt(int i) {
+        return (p) -> p.writeInt(i);
+    }
+
+    static Consumer<Parcel> aLong(long l) {
+        return (p) -> p.writeLong(l);
+    }
+
+    static Consumer<Parcel> aString(String s) {
+        return (p) -> p.writeString(s);
+    }
+
+    static Consumer<Parcel> aByteArray(byte... ary) {
+        return (p) -> p.writeByteArray(ary);
+    }
+
+    static Consumer<Parcel> anIntArray(int... ary) {
+        return (p) -> p.writeIntArray(ary);
+    }
+
+    static byte b(int i) {
+        return (byte) i;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/MultipathPolicyTrackerTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/MultipathPolicyTrackerTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..38f6d7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/MultipathPolicyTrackerTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,381 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity;
+
+import static android.content.Intent.ACTION_CONFIGURATION_CHANGED;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR;
+import static android.net.NetworkPolicy.LIMIT_DISABLED;
+import static android.net.NetworkPolicy.SNOOZE_NEVER;
+import static android.net.NetworkPolicy.WARNING_DISABLED;
+import static android.provider.Settings.Global.NETWORK_DEFAULT_DAILY_MULTIPATH_QUOTA_BYTES;
+
+import static com.android.server.net.NetworkPolicyManagerInternal.QUOTA_TYPE_MULTIPATH;
+import static com.android.server.net.NetworkPolicyManagerService.OPPORTUNISTIC_QUOTA_UNKNOWN;
+
+import static junit.framework.TestCase.assertNotNull;
+
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyInt;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.argThat;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+import android.app.usage.NetworkStatsManager;
+import android.content.BroadcastReceiver;
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.content.Intent;
+import android.content.pm.ApplicationInfo;
+import android.content.res.Resources;
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
+import android.net.EthernetNetworkSpecifier;
+import android.net.Network;
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
+import android.net.NetworkPolicy;
+import android.net.NetworkPolicyManager;
+import android.net.NetworkTemplate;
+import android.net.TelephonyNetworkSpecifier;
+import android.os.Handler;
+import android.os.UserHandle;
+import android.provider.Settings;
+import android.telephony.TelephonyManager;
+import android.test.mock.MockContentResolver;
+import android.util.DataUnit;
+import android.util.RecurrenceRule;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.android.internal.R;
+import com.android.internal.util.test.FakeSettingsProvider;
+import com.android.server.LocalServices;
+import com.android.server.net.NetworkPolicyManagerInternal;
+import com.android.server.net.NetworkStatsManagerInternal;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+import org.mockito.Mockito;
+import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
+
+import java.time.Clock;
+import java.time.Instant;
+import java.time.Period;
+import java.time.ZoneId;
+import java.time.ZonedDateTime;
+import java.time.temporal.ChronoUnit;
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@SmallTest
+public class MultipathPolicyTrackerTest {
+    private static final Network TEST_NETWORK = new Network(123);
+    private static final int POLICY_SNOOZED = -100;
+
+    @Mock private Context mContext;
+    @Mock private Context mUserAllContext;
+    @Mock private Resources mResources;
+    @Mock private Handler mHandler;
+    @Mock private MultipathPolicyTracker.Dependencies mDeps;
+    @Mock private Clock mClock;
+    @Mock private ConnectivityManager mCM;
+    @Mock private NetworkPolicyManager mNPM;
+    @Mock private NetworkStatsManager mStatsManager;
+    @Mock private NetworkPolicyManagerInternal mNPMI;
+    @Mock private NetworkStatsManagerInternal mNetworkStatsManagerInternal;
+    @Mock private TelephonyManager mTelephonyManager;
+    private MockContentResolver mContentResolver;
+
+    private ArgumentCaptor<BroadcastReceiver> mConfigChangeReceiverCaptor;
+
+    private MultipathPolicyTracker mTracker;
+
+    private Clock mPreviousRecurrenceRuleClock;
+    private boolean mRecurrenceRuleClockMocked;
+
+    private <T> void mockService(String serviceName, Class<T> serviceClass, T service) {
+        when(mContext.getSystemServiceName(serviceClass)).thenReturn(serviceName);
+        when(mContext.getSystemService(serviceName)).thenReturn(service);
+    }
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() {
+        MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
+
+        mPreviousRecurrenceRuleClock = RecurrenceRule.sClock;
+        RecurrenceRule.sClock = mClock;
+        mRecurrenceRuleClockMocked = true;
+
+        mConfigChangeReceiverCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(BroadcastReceiver.class);
+
+        when(mContext.getResources()).thenReturn(mResources);
+        when(mContext.getApplicationInfo()).thenReturn(new ApplicationInfo());
+        // Mock user id to all users that Context#registerReceiver will register with all users too.
+        doReturn(UserHandle.ALL.getIdentifier()).when(mUserAllContext).getUserId();
+        when(mContext.createContextAsUser(eq(UserHandle.ALL), anyInt()))
+                .thenReturn(mUserAllContext);
+        when(mUserAllContext.registerReceiver(mConfigChangeReceiverCaptor.capture(),
+                argThat(f -> f.hasAction(ACTION_CONFIGURATION_CHANGED)), any(), any()))
+                .thenReturn(null);
+
+        when(mDeps.getClock()).thenReturn(mClock);
+
+        when(mTelephonyManager.createForSubscriptionId(anyInt())).thenReturn(mTelephonyManager);
+
+        mContentResolver = Mockito.spy(new MockContentResolver(mContext));
+        mContentResolver.addProvider(Settings.AUTHORITY, new FakeSettingsProvider());
+        Settings.Global.clearProviderForTest();
+        when(mContext.getContentResolver()).thenReturn(mContentResolver);
+
+        mockService(Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE, ConnectivityManager.class, mCM);
+        mockService(Context.NETWORK_POLICY_SERVICE, NetworkPolicyManager.class, mNPM);
+        mockService(Context.NETWORK_STATS_SERVICE, NetworkStatsManager.class, mStatsManager);
+        mockService(Context.TELEPHONY_SERVICE, TelephonyManager.class, mTelephonyManager);
+
+        LocalServices.removeServiceForTest(NetworkPolicyManagerInternal.class);
+        LocalServices.addService(NetworkPolicyManagerInternal.class, mNPMI);
+
+        LocalServices.removeServiceForTest(NetworkStatsManagerInternal.class);
+        LocalServices.addService(NetworkStatsManagerInternal.class, mNetworkStatsManagerInternal);
+
+        mTracker = new MultipathPolicyTracker(mContext, mHandler, mDeps);
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() {
+        // Avoid setting static clock to null (which should normally not be the case)
+        // if MockitoAnnotations.initMocks threw an exception
+        if (mRecurrenceRuleClockMocked) {
+            RecurrenceRule.sClock = mPreviousRecurrenceRuleClock;
+        }
+        mRecurrenceRuleClockMocked = false;
+    }
+
+    private void setDefaultQuotaGlobalSetting(long setting) {
+        Settings.Global.putInt(mContentResolver, NETWORK_DEFAULT_DAILY_MULTIPATH_QUOTA_BYTES,
+                (int) setting);
+    }
+
+    private void testGetMultipathPreference(
+            long usedBytesToday, long subscriptionQuota, long policyWarning, long policyLimit,
+            long defaultGlobalSetting, long defaultResSetting, boolean roaming) {
+
+        // TODO: tests should not use ZoneId.systemDefault() once code handles TZ correctly.
+        final ZonedDateTime now = ZonedDateTime.ofInstant(
+                Instant.parse("2017-04-02T10:11:12Z"), ZoneId.systemDefault());
+        final ZonedDateTime startOfDay = now.truncatedTo(ChronoUnit.DAYS);
+        when(mClock.millis()).thenReturn(now.toInstant().toEpochMilli());
+        when(mClock.instant()).thenReturn(now.toInstant());
+        when(mClock.getZone()).thenReturn(ZoneId.systemDefault());
+
+        // Setup plan quota
+        when(mNPMI.getSubscriptionOpportunisticQuota(TEST_NETWORK, QUOTA_TYPE_MULTIPATH))
+                .thenReturn(subscriptionQuota);
+
+        // Setup user policy warning / limit
+        if (policyWarning != WARNING_DISABLED || policyLimit != LIMIT_DISABLED) {
+            final Instant recurrenceStart = Instant.parse("2017-04-01T00:00:00Z");
+            final RecurrenceRule recurrenceRule = new RecurrenceRule(
+                    ZonedDateTime.ofInstant(
+                            recurrenceStart,
+                            ZoneId.systemDefault()),
+                    null /* end */,
+                    Period.ofMonths(1));
+            final boolean snoozeWarning = policyWarning == POLICY_SNOOZED;
+            final boolean snoozeLimit = policyLimit == POLICY_SNOOZED;
+            when(mNPM.getNetworkPolicies()).thenReturn(new NetworkPolicy[] {
+                    new NetworkPolicy(
+                            NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateMobileWildcard(),
+                            recurrenceRule,
+                            snoozeWarning ? 0 : policyWarning,
+                            snoozeLimit ? 0 : policyLimit,
+                            snoozeWarning ? recurrenceStart.toEpochMilli() + 1 : SNOOZE_NEVER,
+                            snoozeLimit ? recurrenceStart.toEpochMilli() + 1 : SNOOZE_NEVER,
+                            SNOOZE_NEVER,
+                            true /* metered */,
+                            false /* inferred */)
+            });
+        } else {
+            when(mNPM.getNetworkPolicies()).thenReturn(new NetworkPolicy[0]);
+        }
+
+        // Setup default quota in settings and resources
+        if (defaultGlobalSetting > 0) {
+            setDefaultQuotaGlobalSetting(defaultGlobalSetting);
+        }
+        when(mResources.getInteger(R.integer.config_networkDefaultDailyMultipathQuotaBytes))
+                .thenReturn((int) defaultResSetting);
+
+        when(mNetworkStatsManagerInternal.getNetworkTotalBytes(
+                any(),
+                eq(startOfDay.toInstant().toEpochMilli()),
+                eq(now.toInstant().toEpochMilli()))).thenReturn(usedBytesToday);
+
+        ArgumentCaptor<ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback> networkCallback =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback.class);
+        mTracker.start();
+        verify(mCM).registerNetworkCallback(any(), networkCallback.capture(), any());
+
+        // Simulate callback after capability changes
+        NetworkCapabilities capabilities = new NetworkCapabilities()
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+                .setNetworkSpecifier(new EthernetNetworkSpecifier("eth234"));
+        if (!roaming) {
+            capabilities.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING);
+        }
+        networkCallback.getValue().onCapabilitiesChanged(
+                TEST_NETWORK,
+                capabilities);
+
+        // make sure it also works with the new introduced  TelephonyNetworkSpecifier
+        capabilities = new NetworkCapabilities()
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+                .setNetworkSpecifier(new TelephonyNetworkSpecifier.Builder()
+                        .setSubscriptionId(234).build());
+        if (!roaming) {
+            capabilities.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING);
+        }
+        networkCallback.getValue().onCapabilitiesChanged(
+                TEST_NETWORK,
+                capabilities);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetMultipathPreference_SubscriptionQuota() {
+        testGetMultipathPreference(
+                DataUnit.MEGABYTES.toBytes(2) /* usedBytesToday */,
+                DataUnit.MEGABYTES.toBytes(14) /* subscriptionQuota */,
+                DataUnit.MEGABYTES.toBytes(100) /* policyWarning */,
+                LIMIT_DISABLED,
+                DataUnit.MEGABYTES.toBytes(12) /* defaultGlobalSetting */,
+                2_500_000 /* defaultResSetting */,
+                false /* roaming */);
+
+        verify(mStatsManager, times(1)).registerUsageCallback(
+                any(), anyInt(), eq(DataUnit.MEGABYTES.toBytes(12)), any(), any());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetMultipathPreference_UserWarningQuota() {
+        testGetMultipathPreference(
+                DataUnit.MEGABYTES.toBytes(7) /* usedBytesToday */,
+                OPPORTUNISTIC_QUOTA_UNKNOWN,
+                // 29 days from Apr. 2nd to May 1st
+                DataUnit.MEGABYTES.toBytes(15 * 29 * 20) /* policyWarning */,
+                LIMIT_DISABLED,
+                DataUnit.MEGABYTES.toBytes(12) /* defaultGlobalSetting */,
+                2_500_000 /* defaultResSetting */,
+                false /* roaming */);
+
+        // Daily budget should be 15MB (5% of daily quota), 7MB used today: callback set for 8MB
+        verify(mStatsManager, times(1)).registerUsageCallback(
+                any(), anyInt(), eq(DataUnit.MEGABYTES.toBytes(8)), any(), any());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetMultipathPreference_SnoozedWarningQuota() {
+        testGetMultipathPreference(
+                DataUnit.MEGABYTES.toBytes(7) /* usedBytesToday */,
+                OPPORTUNISTIC_QUOTA_UNKNOWN,
+                // 29 days from Apr. 2nd to May 1st
+                POLICY_SNOOZED /* policyWarning */,
+                DataUnit.MEGABYTES.toBytes(15 * 29 * 20) /* policyLimit */,
+                DataUnit.MEGABYTES.toBytes(12) /* defaultGlobalSetting */,
+                2_500_000 /* defaultResSetting */,
+                false /* roaming */);
+
+        // Daily budget should be 15MB (5% of daily quota), 7MB used today: callback set for 8MB
+        verify(mStatsManager, times(1)).registerUsageCallback(
+                any(), anyInt(), eq(DataUnit.MEGABYTES.toBytes(8)), any(), any());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetMultipathPreference_SnoozedBothQuota() {
+        testGetMultipathPreference(
+                DataUnit.MEGABYTES.toBytes(7) /* usedBytesToday */,
+                OPPORTUNISTIC_QUOTA_UNKNOWN,
+                // 29 days from Apr. 2nd to May 1st
+                POLICY_SNOOZED /* policyWarning */,
+                POLICY_SNOOZED /* policyLimit */,
+                DataUnit.MEGABYTES.toBytes(12) /* defaultGlobalSetting */,
+                2_500_000 /* defaultResSetting */,
+                false /* roaming */);
+
+        // Default global setting should be used: 12 - 7 = 5
+        verify(mStatsManager, times(1)).registerUsageCallback(
+                any(), anyInt(), eq(DataUnit.MEGABYTES.toBytes(5)), any(), any());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetMultipathPreference_SettingChanged() {
+        testGetMultipathPreference(
+                DataUnit.MEGABYTES.toBytes(2) /* usedBytesToday */,
+                OPPORTUNISTIC_QUOTA_UNKNOWN,
+                WARNING_DISABLED,
+                LIMIT_DISABLED,
+                -1 /* defaultGlobalSetting */,
+                DataUnit.MEGABYTES.toBytes(10) /* defaultResSetting */,
+                false /* roaming */);
+
+        verify(mStatsManager, times(1)).registerUsageCallback(
+                any(), anyInt(), eq(DataUnit.MEGABYTES.toBytes(8)), any(), any());
+
+        // Update setting
+        setDefaultQuotaGlobalSetting(DataUnit.MEGABYTES.toBytes(14));
+        mTracker.mSettingsObserver.onChange(
+                false, Settings.Global.getUriFor(NETWORK_DEFAULT_DAILY_MULTIPATH_QUOTA_BYTES));
+
+        // Callback must have been re-registered with new setting
+        verify(mStatsManager, times(1)).unregisterUsageCallback(any());
+        verify(mStatsManager, times(1)).registerUsageCallback(
+                any(), anyInt(), eq(DataUnit.MEGABYTES.toBytes(12)), any(), any());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetMultipathPreference_ResourceChanged() {
+        testGetMultipathPreference(
+                DataUnit.MEGABYTES.toBytes(2) /* usedBytesToday */,
+                OPPORTUNISTIC_QUOTA_UNKNOWN,
+                WARNING_DISABLED,
+                LIMIT_DISABLED,
+                -1 /* defaultGlobalSetting */,
+                DataUnit.MEGABYTES.toBytes(14) /* defaultResSetting */,
+                false /* roaming */);
+
+        verify(mStatsManager, times(1)).registerUsageCallback(
+                any(), anyInt(), eq(DataUnit.MEGABYTES.toBytes(12)), any(), any());
+
+        when(mResources.getInteger(R.integer.config_networkDefaultDailyMultipathQuotaBytes))
+                .thenReturn((int) DataUnit.MEGABYTES.toBytes(16));
+
+        final BroadcastReceiver configChangeReceiver = mConfigChangeReceiverCaptor.getValue();
+        assertNotNull(configChangeReceiver);
+        configChangeReceiver.onReceive(mContext, new Intent());
+
+        // Uses the new setting (16 - 2 = 14MB)
+        verify(mStatsManager, times(1)).registerUsageCallback(
+                any(), anyInt(), eq(DataUnit.MEGABYTES.toBytes(14)), any(), any());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/Nat464XlatTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/Nat464XlatTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9b2a638
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/Nat464XlatTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,555 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity;
+
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.anyString;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.eq;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.inOrder;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.never;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verifyNoMoreInteractions;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
+import android.net.IDnsResolver;
+import android.net.INetd;
+import android.net.InterfaceConfigurationParcel;
+import android.net.IpPrefix;
+import android.net.LinkAddress;
+import android.net.LinkProperties;
+import android.net.NetworkAgentConfig;
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
+import android.net.NetworkInfo;
+import android.os.Handler;
+import android.os.test.TestLooper;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.android.server.ConnectivityService;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;
+import org.mockito.InOrder;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@SmallTest
+public class Nat464XlatTest {
+
+    static final String BASE_IFACE = "test0";
+    static final String STACKED_IFACE = "v4-test0";
+    static final LinkAddress V6ADDR = new LinkAddress("2001:db8:1::f00/64");
+    static final LinkAddress ADDR = new LinkAddress("192.0.2.5/29");
+    static final String NAT64_PREFIX = "64:ff9b::/96";
+    static final String OTHER_NAT64_PREFIX = "2001:db8:0:64::/96";
+    static final int NETID = 42;
+
+    @Mock ConnectivityService mConnectivity;
+    @Mock IDnsResolver mDnsResolver;
+    @Mock INetd mNetd;
+    @Mock NetworkAgentInfo mNai;
+
+    TestLooper mLooper;
+    Handler mHandler;
+    NetworkAgentConfig mAgentConfig = new NetworkAgentConfig();
+
+    Nat464Xlat makeNat464Xlat(boolean isCellular464XlatEnabled) {
+        return new Nat464Xlat(mNai, mNetd, mDnsResolver, new ConnectivityService.Dependencies()) {
+            @Override protected int getNetId() {
+                return NETID;
+            }
+
+            @Override protected boolean isCellular464XlatEnabled() {
+                return isCellular464XlatEnabled;
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    private void markNetworkConnected() {
+        mNai.networkInfo.setDetailedState(NetworkInfo.DetailedState.CONNECTED, "", "");
+    }
+
+    private void markNetworkDisconnected() {
+        mNai.networkInfo.setDetailedState(NetworkInfo.DetailedState.DISCONNECTED, "", "");
+    }
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
+        mLooper = new TestLooper();
+        mHandler = new Handler(mLooper.getLooper());
+
+        MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
+
+        mNai.linkProperties = new LinkProperties();
+        mNai.linkProperties.setInterfaceName(BASE_IFACE);
+        mNai.networkInfo = new NetworkInfo(null);
+        mNai.networkInfo.setType(ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI);
+        mNai.networkCapabilities = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        markNetworkConnected();
+        when(mNai.connService()).thenReturn(mConnectivity);
+        when(mNai.netAgentConfig()).thenReturn(mAgentConfig);
+        when(mNai.handler()).thenReturn(mHandler);
+        final InterfaceConfigurationParcel mConfig = new InterfaceConfigurationParcel();
+        when(mNetd.interfaceGetCfg(eq(STACKED_IFACE))).thenReturn(mConfig);
+        mConfig.ipv4Addr = ADDR.getAddress().getHostAddress();
+        mConfig.prefixLength =  ADDR.getPrefixLength();
+    }
+
+    private void assertRequiresClat(boolean expected, NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
+        Nat464Xlat nat = makeNat464Xlat(true);
+        String msg = String.format("requiresClat expected %b for type=%d state=%s skip=%b "
+                + "nat64Prefix=%s addresses=%s", expected, nai.networkInfo.getType(),
+                nai.networkInfo.getDetailedState(),
+                mAgentConfig.skip464xlat, nai.linkProperties.getNat64Prefix(),
+                nai.linkProperties.getLinkAddresses());
+        assertEquals(msg, expected, nat.requiresClat(nai));
+    }
+
+    private void assertShouldStartClat(boolean expected, NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
+        Nat464Xlat nat = makeNat464Xlat(true);
+        String msg = String.format("shouldStartClat expected %b for type=%d state=%s skip=%b "
+                + "nat64Prefix=%s addresses=%s", expected, nai.networkInfo.getType(),
+                nai.networkInfo.getDetailedState(),
+                mAgentConfig.skip464xlat, nai.linkProperties.getNat64Prefix(),
+                nai.linkProperties.getLinkAddresses());
+        assertEquals(msg, expected, nat.shouldStartClat(nai));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRequiresClat() throws Exception {
+        final int[] supportedTypes = {
+            ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE,
+            ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI,
+            ConnectivityManager.TYPE_ETHERNET,
+        };
+
+        // NetworkInfo doesn't allow setting the State directly, but rather
+        // requires setting DetailedState in order set State as a side-effect.
+        final NetworkInfo.DetailedState[] supportedDetailedStates = {
+            NetworkInfo.DetailedState.CONNECTED,
+            NetworkInfo.DetailedState.SUSPENDED,
+        };
+
+        LinkProperties oldLp = new LinkProperties(mNai.linkProperties);
+        for (int type : supportedTypes) {
+            mNai.networkInfo.setType(type);
+            for (NetworkInfo.DetailedState state : supportedDetailedStates) {
+                mNai.networkInfo.setDetailedState(state, "reason", "extraInfo");
+
+                mNai.linkProperties.setNat64Prefix(new IpPrefix(OTHER_NAT64_PREFIX));
+                assertRequiresClat(false, mNai);
+                assertShouldStartClat(false, mNai);
+
+                mNai.linkProperties.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress("fc00::1/64"));
+                assertRequiresClat(false, mNai);
+                assertShouldStartClat(false, mNai);
+
+                mNai.linkProperties.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress("2001:db8::1/64"));
+                assertRequiresClat(true, mNai);
+                assertShouldStartClat(true, mNai);
+
+                mAgentConfig.skip464xlat = true;
+                assertRequiresClat(false, mNai);
+                assertShouldStartClat(false, mNai);
+
+                mAgentConfig.skip464xlat = false;
+                assertRequiresClat(true, mNai);
+                assertShouldStartClat(true, mNai);
+
+                mNai.linkProperties.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress("192.0.2.2/24"));
+                assertRequiresClat(false, mNai);
+                assertShouldStartClat(false, mNai);
+
+                mNai.linkProperties.removeLinkAddress(new LinkAddress("192.0.2.2/24"));
+                assertRequiresClat(true, mNai);
+                assertShouldStartClat(true, mNai);
+
+                mNai.linkProperties.setNat64Prefix(null);
+                assertRequiresClat(true, mNai);
+                assertShouldStartClat(false, mNai);
+
+                mNai.linkProperties = new LinkProperties(oldLp);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void makeClatUnnecessary(boolean dueToDisconnect) {
+        if (dueToDisconnect) {
+            markNetworkDisconnected();
+        } else {
+            mNai.linkProperties.addLinkAddress(ADDR);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void checkNormalStartAndStop(boolean dueToDisconnect) throws Exception {
+        Nat464Xlat nat = makeNat464Xlat(true);
+        ArgumentCaptor<LinkProperties> c = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(LinkProperties.class);
+
+        mNai.linkProperties.addLinkAddress(V6ADDR);
+
+        nat.setNat64PrefixFromDns(new IpPrefix(NAT64_PREFIX));
+
+        // Start clat.
+        nat.start();
+
+        verify(mNetd).clatdStart(eq(BASE_IFACE), eq(NAT64_PREFIX));
+
+        // Stacked interface up notification arrives.
+        nat.interfaceLinkStateChanged(STACKED_IFACE, true);
+        mLooper.dispatchNext();
+
+        verify(mNetd).interfaceGetCfg(eq(STACKED_IFACE));
+        verify(mConnectivity).handleUpdateLinkProperties(eq(mNai), c.capture());
+        assertFalse(c.getValue().getStackedLinks().isEmpty());
+        assertTrue(c.getValue().getAllInterfaceNames().contains(STACKED_IFACE));
+        assertRunning(nat);
+
+        // Stop clat (Network disconnects, IPv4 addr appears, ...).
+        makeClatUnnecessary(dueToDisconnect);
+        nat.stop();
+
+        verify(mNetd).clatdStop(eq(BASE_IFACE));
+        verify(mConnectivity, times(2)).handleUpdateLinkProperties(eq(mNai), c.capture());
+        assertTrue(c.getValue().getStackedLinks().isEmpty());
+        assertFalse(c.getValue().getAllInterfaceNames().contains(STACKED_IFACE));
+        verify(mDnsResolver).stopPrefix64Discovery(eq(NETID));
+        assertIdle(nat);
+
+        // Stacked interface removed notification arrives and is ignored.
+        nat.interfaceRemoved(STACKED_IFACE);
+        mLooper.dispatchNext();
+
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mNetd, mConnectivity);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNormalStartAndStopDueToDisconnect() throws Exception {
+        checkNormalStartAndStop(true);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNormalStartAndStopDueToIpv4Addr() throws Exception {
+        checkNormalStartAndStop(false);
+    }
+
+    private void checkStartStopStart(boolean interfaceRemovedFirst) throws Exception {
+        Nat464Xlat nat = makeNat464Xlat(true);
+        ArgumentCaptor<LinkProperties> c = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(LinkProperties.class);
+        InOrder inOrder = inOrder(mNetd, mConnectivity);
+
+        mNai.linkProperties.addLinkAddress(V6ADDR);
+
+        nat.setNat64PrefixFromDns(new IpPrefix(NAT64_PREFIX));
+
+        nat.start();
+
+        inOrder.verify(mNetd).clatdStart(eq(BASE_IFACE), eq(NAT64_PREFIX));
+
+        // Stacked interface up notification arrives.
+        nat.interfaceLinkStateChanged(STACKED_IFACE, true);
+        mLooper.dispatchNext();
+
+        inOrder.verify(mConnectivity).handleUpdateLinkProperties(eq(mNai), c.capture());
+        assertFalse(c.getValue().getStackedLinks().isEmpty());
+        assertTrue(c.getValue().getAllInterfaceNames().contains(STACKED_IFACE));
+        assertRunning(nat);
+
+        // ConnectivityService stops clat (Network disconnects, IPv4 addr appears, ...).
+        nat.stop();
+
+        inOrder.verify(mNetd).clatdStop(eq(BASE_IFACE));
+
+        inOrder.verify(mConnectivity, times(1)).handleUpdateLinkProperties(eq(mNai), c.capture());
+        assertTrue(c.getValue().getStackedLinks().isEmpty());
+        assertFalse(c.getValue().getAllInterfaceNames().contains(STACKED_IFACE));
+        assertIdle(nat);
+
+        if (interfaceRemovedFirst) {
+            // Stacked interface removed notification arrives and is ignored.
+            nat.interfaceRemoved(STACKED_IFACE);
+            mLooper.dispatchNext();
+            nat.interfaceLinkStateChanged(STACKED_IFACE, false);
+            mLooper.dispatchNext();
+        }
+
+        assertTrue(c.getValue().getStackedLinks().isEmpty());
+        assertFalse(c.getValue().getAllInterfaceNames().contains(STACKED_IFACE));
+        assertIdle(nat);
+        inOrder.verifyNoMoreInteractions();
+
+        nat.start();
+
+        inOrder.verify(mNetd).clatdStart(eq(BASE_IFACE), eq(NAT64_PREFIX));
+
+        if (!interfaceRemovedFirst) {
+            // Stacked interface removed notification arrives and is ignored.
+            nat.interfaceRemoved(STACKED_IFACE);
+            mLooper.dispatchNext();
+            nat.interfaceLinkStateChanged(STACKED_IFACE, false);
+            mLooper.dispatchNext();
+        }
+
+        // Stacked interface up notification arrives.
+        nat.interfaceLinkStateChanged(STACKED_IFACE, true);
+        mLooper.dispatchNext();
+
+        inOrder.verify(mConnectivity).handleUpdateLinkProperties(eq(mNai), c.capture());
+        assertFalse(c.getValue().getStackedLinks().isEmpty());
+        assertTrue(c.getValue().getAllInterfaceNames().contains(STACKED_IFACE));
+        assertRunning(nat);
+
+        // ConnectivityService stops clat again.
+        nat.stop();
+
+        inOrder.verify(mNetd).clatdStop(eq(BASE_IFACE));
+
+        inOrder.verify(mConnectivity, times(1)).handleUpdateLinkProperties(eq(mNai), c.capture());
+        assertTrue(c.getValue().getStackedLinks().isEmpty());
+        assertFalse(c.getValue().getAllInterfaceNames().contains(STACKED_IFACE));
+        assertIdle(nat);
+
+        inOrder.verifyNoMoreInteractions();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStartStopStart() throws Exception {
+        checkStartStopStart(true);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStartStopStartBeforeInterfaceRemoved() throws Exception {
+        checkStartStopStart(false);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClatdCrashWhileRunning() throws Exception {
+        Nat464Xlat nat = makeNat464Xlat(true);
+        ArgumentCaptor<LinkProperties> c = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(LinkProperties.class);
+
+        nat.setNat64PrefixFromDns(new IpPrefix(NAT64_PREFIX));
+
+        nat.start();
+
+        verify(mNetd).clatdStart(eq(BASE_IFACE), eq(NAT64_PREFIX));
+
+        // Stacked interface up notification arrives.
+        nat.interfaceLinkStateChanged(STACKED_IFACE, true);
+        mLooper.dispatchNext();
+
+        verify(mNetd).interfaceGetCfg(eq(STACKED_IFACE));
+        verify(mConnectivity, times(1)).handleUpdateLinkProperties(eq(mNai), c.capture());
+        assertFalse(c.getValue().getStackedLinks().isEmpty());
+        assertTrue(c.getValue().getAllInterfaceNames().contains(STACKED_IFACE));
+        assertRunning(nat);
+
+        // Stacked interface removed notification arrives (clatd crashed, ...).
+        nat.interfaceRemoved(STACKED_IFACE);
+        mLooper.dispatchNext();
+
+        verify(mNetd).clatdStop(eq(BASE_IFACE));
+        verify(mConnectivity, times(2)).handleUpdateLinkProperties(eq(mNai), c.capture());
+        verify(mDnsResolver).stopPrefix64Discovery(eq(NETID));
+        assertTrue(c.getValue().getStackedLinks().isEmpty());
+        assertFalse(c.getValue().getAllInterfaceNames().contains(STACKED_IFACE));
+        assertIdle(nat);
+
+        // ConnectivityService stops clat: no-op.
+        nat.stop();
+
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mNetd, mConnectivity);
+    }
+
+    private void checkStopBeforeClatdStarts(boolean dueToDisconnect) throws Exception {
+        Nat464Xlat nat = makeNat464Xlat(true);
+
+        mNai.linkProperties.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress("2001:db8::1/64"));
+
+        nat.setNat64PrefixFromDns(new IpPrefix(NAT64_PREFIX));
+
+        nat.start();
+
+        verify(mNetd).clatdStart(eq(BASE_IFACE), eq(NAT64_PREFIX));
+
+        // ConnectivityService immediately stops clat (Network disconnects, IPv4 addr appears, ...)
+        makeClatUnnecessary(dueToDisconnect);
+        nat.stop();
+
+        verify(mNetd).clatdStop(eq(BASE_IFACE));
+        verify(mDnsResolver).stopPrefix64Discovery(eq(NETID));
+        assertIdle(nat);
+
+        // In-flight interface up notification arrives: no-op
+        nat.interfaceLinkStateChanged(STACKED_IFACE, true);
+        mLooper.dispatchNext();
+
+        // Interface removed notification arrives after stopClatd() takes effect: no-op.
+        nat.interfaceRemoved(STACKED_IFACE);
+        mLooper.dispatchNext();
+
+        assertIdle(nat);
+
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mNetd, mConnectivity);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStopDueToDisconnectBeforeClatdStarts() throws Exception {
+        checkStopBeforeClatdStarts(true);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStopDueToIpv4AddrBeforeClatdStarts() throws Exception {
+        checkStopBeforeClatdStarts(false);
+    }
+
+    private void checkStopAndClatdNeverStarts(boolean dueToDisconnect) throws Exception {
+        Nat464Xlat nat = makeNat464Xlat(true);
+
+        mNai.linkProperties.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress("2001:db8::1/64"));
+
+        nat.setNat64PrefixFromDns(new IpPrefix(NAT64_PREFIX));
+
+        nat.start();
+
+        verify(mNetd).clatdStart(eq(BASE_IFACE), eq(NAT64_PREFIX));
+
+        // ConnectivityService immediately stops clat (Network disconnects, IPv4 addr appears, ...)
+        makeClatUnnecessary(dueToDisconnect);
+        nat.stop();
+
+        verify(mNetd).clatdStop(eq(BASE_IFACE));
+        verify(mDnsResolver).stopPrefix64Discovery(eq(NETID));
+        assertIdle(nat);
+
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mNetd, mConnectivity);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStopDueToDisconnectAndClatdNeverStarts() throws Exception {
+        checkStopAndClatdNeverStarts(true);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStopDueToIpv4AddressAndClatdNeverStarts() throws Exception {
+        checkStopAndClatdNeverStarts(false);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNat64PrefixPreference() throws Exception {
+        final IpPrefix prefixFromDns = new IpPrefix(NAT64_PREFIX);
+        final IpPrefix prefixFromRa = new IpPrefix(OTHER_NAT64_PREFIX);
+
+        Nat464Xlat nat = makeNat464Xlat(true);
+
+        final LinkProperties emptyLp = new LinkProperties();
+        LinkProperties fixedupLp;
+
+        fixedupLp = new LinkProperties();
+        nat.setNat64PrefixFromDns(prefixFromDns);
+        nat.fixupLinkProperties(emptyLp, fixedupLp);
+        assertEquals(prefixFromDns, fixedupLp.getNat64Prefix());
+
+        fixedupLp = new LinkProperties();
+        nat.setNat64PrefixFromRa(prefixFromRa);
+        nat.fixupLinkProperties(emptyLp, fixedupLp);
+        assertEquals(prefixFromRa, fixedupLp.getNat64Prefix());
+
+        fixedupLp = new LinkProperties();
+        nat.setNat64PrefixFromRa(null);
+        nat.fixupLinkProperties(emptyLp, fixedupLp);
+        assertEquals(prefixFromDns, fixedupLp.getNat64Prefix());
+
+        fixedupLp = new LinkProperties();
+        nat.setNat64PrefixFromRa(prefixFromRa);
+        nat.fixupLinkProperties(emptyLp, fixedupLp);
+        assertEquals(prefixFromRa, fixedupLp.getNat64Prefix());
+
+        fixedupLp = new LinkProperties();
+        nat.setNat64PrefixFromDns(null);
+        nat.fixupLinkProperties(emptyLp, fixedupLp);
+        assertEquals(prefixFromRa, fixedupLp.getNat64Prefix());
+
+        fixedupLp = new LinkProperties();
+        nat.setNat64PrefixFromRa(null);
+        nat.fixupLinkProperties(emptyLp, fixedupLp);
+        assertEquals(null, fixedupLp.getNat64Prefix());
+    }
+
+    private void checkClatDisabledOnCellular(boolean onCellular) throws Exception {
+        // Disable 464xlat on cellular networks.
+        Nat464Xlat nat = makeNat464Xlat(false);
+        mNai.linkProperties.addLinkAddress(V6ADDR);
+        mNai.networkCapabilities.setTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, onCellular);
+        nat.update();
+
+        final IpPrefix nat64Prefix = new IpPrefix(NAT64_PREFIX);
+        if (onCellular) {
+            // Prefix discovery is never started.
+            verify(mDnsResolver, never()).startPrefix64Discovery(eq(NETID));
+            assertIdle(nat);
+
+            // If a NAT64 prefix comes in from an RA, clat is not started either.
+            mNai.linkProperties.setNat64Prefix(nat64Prefix);
+            nat.setNat64PrefixFromRa(nat64Prefix);
+            nat.update();
+            verify(mNetd, never()).clatdStart(anyString(), anyString());
+            assertIdle(nat);
+        } else {
+            // Prefix discovery is started.
+            verify(mDnsResolver).startPrefix64Discovery(eq(NETID));
+            assertIdle(nat);
+
+            // If a NAT64 prefix comes in from an RA, clat is started.
+            mNai.linkProperties.setNat64Prefix(nat64Prefix);
+            nat.setNat64PrefixFromRa(nat64Prefix);
+            nat.update();
+            verify(mNetd).clatdStart(BASE_IFACE, NAT64_PREFIX);
+            assertStarting(nat);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClatDisabledOnCellular() throws Exception {
+        checkClatDisabledOnCellular(true);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClatDisabledOnNonCellular() throws Exception {
+        checkClatDisabledOnCellular(false);
+    }
+
+    static void assertIdle(Nat464Xlat nat) {
+        assertTrue("Nat464Xlat was not IDLE", !nat.isStarted());
+    }
+
+    static void assertStarting(Nat464Xlat nat) {
+        assertTrue("Nat464Xlat was not STARTING", nat.isStarting());
+    }
+
+    static void assertRunning(Nat464Xlat nat) {
+        assertTrue("Nat464Xlat was not RUNNING", nat.isRunning());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetdEventListenerServiceTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetdEventListenerServiceTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..50aaaee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetdEventListenerServiceTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,554 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016, The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity;
+
+import static android.net.metrics.INetdEventListener.EVENT_GETADDRINFO;
+import static android.net.metrics.INetdEventListener.EVENT_GETHOSTBYNAME;
+
+import static com.android.testutils.MiscAsserts.assertStringContains;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
+import android.net.Network;
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
+import android.system.OsConstants;
+import android.test.suitebuilder.annotation.SmallTest;
+import android.util.Base64;
+
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.android.server.connectivity.metrics.nano.IpConnectivityLogClass.IpConnectivityEvent;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.metrics.nano.IpConnectivityLogClass.IpConnectivityLog;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;
+
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.PrintWriter;
+import java.io.StringWriter;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.List;
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@SmallTest
+public class NetdEventListenerServiceTest {
+    private static final String EXAMPLE_IPV4 = "192.0.2.1";
+    private static final String EXAMPLE_IPV6 = "2001:db8:1200::2:1";
+
+    private static final byte[] MAC_ADDR =
+            {(byte)0x84, (byte)0xc9, (byte)0xb2, (byte)0x6a, (byte)0xed, (byte)0x4b};
+
+    NetdEventListenerService mService;
+    ConnectivityManager mCm;
+    private static final NetworkCapabilities CAPABILITIES_WIFI = new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
+            .addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+            .build();
+    private static final NetworkCapabilities CAPABILITIES_CELL = new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
+            .addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+            .build();
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() {
+        mCm = mock(ConnectivityManager.class);
+        mService = new NetdEventListenerService(mCm);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testWakeupEventLogging() throws Exception {
+        final int BUFFER_LENGTH = NetdEventListenerService.WAKEUP_EVENT_BUFFER_LENGTH;
+        final long now = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        final String iface = "wlan0";
+        final byte[] mac = MAC_ADDR;
+        final String srcIp = "192.168.2.1";
+        final String dstIp = "192.168.2.23";
+        final String srcIp6 = "2001:db8:4:fd00:a585:13d1:6a23:4fb4";
+        final String dstIp6 = "2001:db8:4006:807::200a";
+        final int sport = 2356;
+        final int dport = 13489;
+
+        final int v4 = 0x800;
+        final int v6 = 0x86dd;
+        final int tcp = 6;
+        final int udp = 17;
+        final int icmp6 = 58;
+
+        // Baseline without any event
+        String[] baseline = listNetdEvent();
+
+        int[] uids = {10001, 10002, 10004, 1000, 10052, 10023, 10002, 10123, 10004};
+        wakeupEvent(iface, uids[0], v4, tcp, mac, srcIp, dstIp, sport, dport, now);
+        wakeupEvent(iface, uids[1], v6, udp, mac, srcIp6, dstIp6, sport, dport, now);
+        wakeupEvent(iface, uids[2], v6, udp, mac, srcIp6, dstIp6, sport, dport, now);
+        wakeupEvent(iface, uids[3], v4, icmp6, mac, srcIp, dstIp, sport, dport, now);
+        wakeupEvent(iface, uids[4], v6, tcp, mac, srcIp6, dstIp6, sport, dport, now);
+        wakeupEvent(iface, uids[5], v4, tcp, mac, srcIp, dstIp, sport, dport, now);
+        wakeupEvent(iface, uids[6], v6, udp, mac, srcIp6, dstIp6, sport, dport, now);
+        wakeupEvent(iface, uids[7], v6, tcp, mac, srcIp6, dstIp6, sport, dport, now);
+        wakeupEvent(iface, uids[8], v6, udp, mac, srcIp6, dstIp6, sport, dport, now);
+
+        String[] events2 = remove(listNetdEvent(), baseline);
+        int expectedLength2 = uids.length + 1; // +1 for the WakeupStats line
+        assertEquals(expectedLength2, events2.length);
+        assertStringContains(events2[0], "WakeupStats");
+        assertStringContains(events2[0], "wlan0");
+        assertStringContains(events2[0], "0x800");
+        assertStringContains(events2[0], "0x86dd");
+        for (int i = 0; i < uids.length; i++) {
+            String got = events2[i+1];
+            assertStringContains(got, "WakeupEvent");
+            assertStringContains(got, "wlan0");
+            assertStringContains(got, "uid: " + uids[i]);
+        }
+
+        int uid = 20000;
+        for (int i = 0; i < BUFFER_LENGTH * 2; i++) {
+            long ts = now + 10;
+            wakeupEvent(iface, uid, 0x800, 6, mac, srcIp, dstIp, 23, 24, ts);
+        }
+
+        String[] events3 = remove(listNetdEvent(), baseline);
+        int expectedLength3 = BUFFER_LENGTH + 1; // +1 for the WakeupStats line
+        assertEquals(expectedLength3, events3.length);
+        assertStringContains(events2[0], "WakeupStats");
+        assertStringContains(events2[0], "wlan0");
+        for (int i = 1; i < expectedLength3; i++) {
+            String got = events3[i];
+            assertStringContains(got, "WakeupEvent");
+            assertStringContains(got, "wlan0");
+            assertStringContains(got, "uid: " + uid);
+        }
+
+        uid = 45678;
+        wakeupEvent(iface, uid, 0x800, 6, mac, srcIp, dstIp, 23, 24, now);
+
+        String[] events4 = remove(listNetdEvent(), baseline);
+        String lastEvent = events4[events4.length - 1];
+        assertStringContains(lastEvent, "WakeupEvent");
+        assertStringContains(lastEvent, "wlan0");
+        assertStringContains(lastEvent, "uid: " + uid);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testWakeupStatsLogging() throws Exception {
+        final byte[] mac = MAC_ADDR;
+        final String srcIp = "192.168.2.1";
+        final String dstIp = "192.168.2.23";
+        final String srcIp6 = "2401:fa00:4:fd00:a585:13d1:6a23:4fb4";
+        final String dstIp6 = "2404:6800:4006:807::200a";
+        final int sport = 2356;
+        final int dport = 13489;
+        final long now = 1001L;
+
+        final int v4 = 0x800;
+        final int v6 = 0x86dd;
+        final int tcp = 6;
+        final int udp = 17;
+        final int icmp6 = 58;
+
+        wakeupEvent("wlan0", 1000, v4, tcp, mac, srcIp, dstIp, sport, dport, now);
+        wakeupEvent("rmnet0", 10123, v4, tcp, mac, srcIp, dstIp, sport, dport, now);
+        wakeupEvent("wlan0", 1000, v4, udp, mac, srcIp, dstIp, sport, dport, now);
+        wakeupEvent("rmnet0", 10008, v4, tcp, mac, srcIp, dstIp, sport, dport, now);
+        wakeupEvent("wlan0", -1, v6, icmp6, mac, srcIp6, dstIp6, sport, dport, now);
+        wakeupEvent("wlan0", 10008, v4, tcp, mac, srcIp, dstIp, sport, dport, now);
+        wakeupEvent("rmnet0", 1000, v4, tcp, mac, srcIp, dstIp, sport, dport, now);
+        wakeupEvent("wlan0", 10004, v4, udp, mac, srcIp, dstIp, sport, dport, now);
+        wakeupEvent("wlan0", 1000, v6, tcp, mac, srcIp6, dstIp6, sport, dport, now);
+        wakeupEvent("wlan0", 0, v6, udp, mac, srcIp6, dstIp6, sport, dport, now);
+        wakeupEvent("wlan0", -1, v6, icmp6, mac, srcIp6, dstIp6, sport, dport, now);
+        wakeupEvent("rmnet0", 10052, v4, tcp, mac, srcIp, dstIp, sport, dport, now);
+        wakeupEvent("wlan0", 0, v6, udp, mac, srcIp6, dstIp6, sport, dport, now);
+        wakeupEvent("rmnet0", 1000, v6, tcp, mac, srcIp6, dstIp6, sport, dport, now);
+        wakeupEvent("wlan0", 1010, v4, udp, mac, srcIp, dstIp, sport, dport, now);
+
+        String got = flushStatistics();
+        String want = String.join("\n",
+                "dropped_events: 0",
+                "events <",
+                "  if_name: \"\"",
+                "  link_layer: 2",
+                "  network_id: 0",
+                "  time_ms: 0",
+                "  transports: 0",
+                "  wakeup_stats <",
+                "    application_wakeups: 3",
+                "    duration_sec: 0",
+                "    ethertype_counts <",
+                "      key: 2048",
+                "      value: 4",
+                "    >",
+                "    ethertype_counts <",
+                "      key: 34525",
+                "      value: 1",
+                "    >",
+                "    ip_next_header_counts <",
+                "      key: 6",
+                "      value: 5",
+                "    >",
+                "    l2_broadcast_count: 0",
+                "    l2_multicast_count: 0",
+                "    l2_unicast_count: 5",
+                "    no_uid_wakeups: 0",
+                "    non_application_wakeups: 0",
+                "    root_wakeups: 0",
+                "    system_wakeups: 2",
+                "    total_wakeups: 5",
+                "  >",
+                ">",
+                "events <",
+                "  if_name: \"\"",
+                "  link_layer: 4",
+                "  network_id: 0",
+                "  time_ms: 0",
+                "  transports: 0",
+                "  wakeup_stats <",
+                "    application_wakeups: 2",
+                "    duration_sec: 0",
+                "    ethertype_counts <",
+                "      key: 2048",
+                "      value: 5",
+                "    >",
+                "    ethertype_counts <",
+                "      key: 34525",
+                "      value: 5",
+                "    >",
+                "    ip_next_header_counts <",
+                "      key: 6",
+                "      value: 3",
+                "    >",
+                "    ip_next_header_counts <",
+                "      key: 17",
+                "      value: 5",
+                "    >",
+                "    ip_next_header_counts <",
+                "      key: 58",
+                "      value: 2",
+                "    >",
+                "    l2_broadcast_count: 0",
+                "    l2_multicast_count: 0",
+                "    l2_unicast_count: 10",
+                "    no_uid_wakeups: 2",
+                "    non_application_wakeups: 1",
+                "    root_wakeups: 2",
+                "    system_wakeups: 3",
+                "    total_wakeups: 10",
+                "  >",
+                ">",
+                "version: 2\n");
+        assertEquals(want, got);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDnsLogging() throws Exception {
+        asyncDump(100);
+
+        dnsEvent(100, EVENT_GETADDRINFO, 0, 3456);
+        dnsEvent(100, EVENT_GETADDRINFO, 0, 267);
+        dnsEvent(100, EVENT_GETHOSTBYNAME, 22, 1230);
+        dnsEvent(100, EVENT_GETADDRINFO, 3, 45);
+        dnsEvent(100, EVENT_GETADDRINFO, 1, 2111);
+        dnsEvent(100, EVENT_GETADDRINFO, 0, 450);
+        dnsEvent(100, EVENT_GETHOSTBYNAME, 200, 638);
+        dnsEvent(100, EVENT_GETHOSTBYNAME, 178, 1300);
+        dnsEvent(101, EVENT_GETADDRINFO, 0, 56);
+        dnsEvent(101, EVENT_GETADDRINFO, 0, 78);
+        dnsEvent(101, EVENT_GETADDRINFO, 0, 14);
+        dnsEvent(101, EVENT_GETHOSTBYNAME, 0, 56);
+        dnsEvent(101, EVENT_GETADDRINFO, 0, 78);
+        dnsEvent(101, EVENT_GETADDRINFO, 0, 14);
+
+        String got = flushStatistics();
+        String want = String.join("\n",
+                "dropped_events: 0",
+                "events <",
+                "  if_name: \"\"",
+                "  link_layer: 4",
+                "  network_id: 100",
+                "  time_ms: 0",
+                "  transports: 2",
+                "  dns_lookup_batch <",
+                "    event_types: 1",
+                "    event_types: 1",
+                "    event_types: 2",
+                "    event_types: 1",
+                "    event_types: 1",
+                "    event_types: 1",
+                "    event_types: 2",
+                "    event_types: 2",
+                "    getaddrinfo_error_count: 0",
+                "    getaddrinfo_query_count: 0",
+                "    gethostbyname_error_count: 0",
+                "    gethostbyname_query_count: 0",
+                "    latencies_ms: 3456",
+                "    latencies_ms: 267",
+                "    latencies_ms: 1230",
+                "    latencies_ms: 45",
+                "    latencies_ms: 2111",
+                "    latencies_ms: 450",
+                "    latencies_ms: 638",
+                "    latencies_ms: 1300",
+                "    return_codes: 0",
+                "    return_codes: 0",
+                "    return_codes: 22",
+                "    return_codes: 3",
+                "    return_codes: 1",
+                "    return_codes: 0",
+                "    return_codes: 200",
+                "    return_codes: 178",
+                "  >",
+                ">",
+                "events <",
+                "  if_name: \"\"",
+                "  link_layer: 2",
+                "  network_id: 101",
+                "  time_ms: 0",
+                "  transports: 1",
+                "  dns_lookup_batch <",
+                "    event_types: 1",
+                "    event_types: 1",
+                "    event_types: 1",
+                "    event_types: 2",
+                "    event_types: 1",
+                "    event_types: 1",
+                "    getaddrinfo_error_count: 0",
+                "    getaddrinfo_query_count: 0",
+                "    gethostbyname_error_count: 0",
+                "    gethostbyname_query_count: 0",
+                "    latencies_ms: 56",
+                "    latencies_ms: 78",
+                "    latencies_ms: 14",
+                "    latencies_ms: 56",
+                "    latencies_ms: 78",
+                "    latencies_ms: 14",
+                "    return_codes: 0",
+                "    return_codes: 0",
+                "    return_codes: 0",
+                "    return_codes: 0",
+                "    return_codes: 0",
+                "    return_codes: 0",
+                "  >",
+                ">",
+                "version: 2\n");
+        assertEquals(want, got);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConnectLogging() throws Exception {
+        asyncDump(100);
+
+        final int OK = 0;
+        Thread[] logActions = {
+            // ignored
+            connectEventAction(100, OsConstants.EALREADY, 0, EXAMPLE_IPV4),
+            connectEventAction(100, OsConstants.EALREADY, 0, EXAMPLE_IPV6),
+            connectEventAction(100, OsConstants.EINPROGRESS, 0, EXAMPLE_IPV4),
+            connectEventAction(101, OsConstants.EINPROGRESS, 0, EXAMPLE_IPV6),
+            connectEventAction(101, OsConstants.EINPROGRESS, 0, EXAMPLE_IPV6),
+            // valid latencies
+            connectEventAction(100, OK, 110, EXAMPLE_IPV4),
+            connectEventAction(100, OK, 23, EXAMPLE_IPV4),
+            connectEventAction(100, OK, 45, EXAMPLE_IPV4),
+            connectEventAction(101, OK, 56, EXAMPLE_IPV4),
+            connectEventAction(101, OK, 523, EXAMPLE_IPV6),
+            connectEventAction(101, OK, 214, EXAMPLE_IPV6),
+            connectEventAction(101, OK, 67, EXAMPLE_IPV6),
+            // errors
+            connectEventAction(100, OsConstants.EPERM, 0, EXAMPLE_IPV4),
+            connectEventAction(101, OsConstants.EPERM, 0, EXAMPLE_IPV4),
+            connectEventAction(100, OsConstants.EAGAIN, 0, EXAMPLE_IPV4),
+            connectEventAction(100, OsConstants.EACCES, 0, EXAMPLE_IPV4),
+            connectEventAction(101, OsConstants.EACCES, 0, EXAMPLE_IPV4),
+            connectEventAction(101, OsConstants.EACCES, 0, EXAMPLE_IPV6),
+            connectEventAction(100, OsConstants.EADDRINUSE, 0, EXAMPLE_IPV4),
+            connectEventAction(101, OsConstants.ETIMEDOUT, 0, EXAMPLE_IPV4),
+            connectEventAction(100, OsConstants.ETIMEDOUT, 0, EXAMPLE_IPV6),
+            connectEventAction(100, OsConstants.ETIMEDOUT, 0, EXAMPLE_IPV6),
+            connectEventAction(101, OsConstants.ECONNREFUSED, 0, EXAMPLE_IPV4),
+        };
+
+        for (Thread t : logActions) {
+            t.start();
+        }
+        for (Thread t : logActions) {
+            t.join();
+        }
+
+        String got = flushStatistics();
+        String want = String.join("\n",
+                "dropped_events: 0",
+                "events <",
+                "  if_name: \"\"",
+                "  link_layer: 4",
+                "  network_id: 100",
+                "  time_ms: 0",
+                "  transports: 2",
+                "  connect_statistics <",
+                "    connect_blocking_count: 3",
+                "    connect_count: 6",
+                "    errnos_counters <",
+                "      key: 1",
+                "      value: 1",
+                "    >",
+                "    errnos_counters <",
+                "      key: 11",
+                "      value: 1",
+                "    >",
+                "    errnos_counters <",
+                "      key: 13",
+                "      value: 1",
+                "    >",
+                "    errnos_counters <",
+                "      key: 98",
+                "      value: 1",
+                "    >",
+                "    errnos_counters <",
+                "      key: 110",
+                "      value: 2",
+                "    >",
+                "    ipv6_addr_count: 1",
+                "    latencies_ms: 23",
+                "    latencies_ms: 45",
+                "    latencies_ms: 110",
+                "  >",
+                ">",
+                "events <",
+                "  if_name: \"\"",
+                "  link_layer: 2",
+                "  network_id: 101",
+                "  time_ms: 0",
+                "  transports: 1",
+                "  connect_statistics <",
+                "    connect_blocking_count: 4",
+                "    connect_count: 6",
+                "    errnos_counters <",
+                "      key: 1",
+                "      value: 1",
+                "    >",
+                "    errnos_counters <",
+                "      key: 13",
+                "      value: 2",
+                "    >",
+                "    errnos_counters <",
+                "      key: 110",
+                "      value: 1",
+                "    >",
+                "    errnos_counters <",
+                "      key: 111",
+                "      value: 1",
+                "    >",
+                "    ipv6_addr_count: 5",
+                "    latencies_ms: 56",
+                "    latencies_ms: 67",
+                "    latencies_ms: 214",
+                "    latencies_ms: 523",
+                "  >",
+                ">",
+                "version: 2\n");
+        assertEquals(want, got);
+    }
+
+    private void setCapabilities(int netId) {
+        final ArgumentCaptor<ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback> networkCallback =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback.class);
+        verify(mCm).registerNetworkCallback(any(), networkCallback.capture());
+        networkCallback.getValue().onCapabilitiesChanged(new Network(netId),
+                netId == 100 ? CAPABILITIES_WIFI : CAPABILITIES_CELL);
+    }
+
+    Thread connectEventAction(int netId, int error, int latencyMs, String ipAddr) {
+        setCapabilities(netId);
+        return new Thread(() -> {
+            try {
+                mService.onConnectEvent(netId, error, latencyMs, ipAddr, 80, 1);
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                fail(e.toString());
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    void dnsEvent(int netId, int type, int result, int latency) throws Exception {
+        setCapabilities(netId);
+        mService.onDnsEvent(netId, type, result, latency, "", null, 0, 0);
+    }
+
+    void wakeupEvent(String iface, int uid, int ether, int ip, byte[] mac, String srcIp,
+            String dstIp, int sport, int dport, long now) throws Exception {
+        String prefix = NetdEventListenerService.WAKEUP_EVENT_IFACE_PREFIX + iface;
+        mService.onWakeupEvent(prefix, uid, ether, ip, mac, srcIp, dstIp, sport, dport, now);
+    }
+
+    void asyncDump(long durationMs) throws Exception {
+        final long stop = System.currentTimeMillis() + durationMs;
+        final PrintWriter pw = new PrintWriter(new FileOutputStream("/dev/null"));
+        new Thread(() -> {
+            while (System.currentTimeMillis() < stop) {
+                mService.list(pw);
+            }
+        }).start();
+    }
+
+    // TODO: instead of comparing textpb to textpb, parse textpb and compare proto to proto.
+    String flushStatistics() throws Exception {
+        IpConnectivityMetrics metricsService =
+                new IpConnectivityMetrics(mock(Context.class), (ctx) -> 2000);
+        metricsService.mNetdListener = mService;
+
+        StringWriter buffer = new StringWriter();
+        PrintWriter writer = new PrintWriter(buffer);
+        metricsService.impl.dump(null, writer, new String[]{"flush"});
+        byte[] bytes = Base64.decode(buffer.toString(), Base64.DEFAULT);
+        IpConnectivityLog log = IpConnectivityLog.parseFrom(bytes);
+        for (IpConnectivityEvent ev : log.events) {
+            if (ev.getConnectStatistics() == null) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            // Sort repeated fields of connect() events arriving in non-deterministic order.
+            Arrays.sort(ev.getConnectStatistics().latenciesMs);
+            Arrays.sort(ev.getConnectStatistics().errnosCounters,
+                    Comparator.comparingInt((p) -> p.key));
+        }
+        return log.toString();
+    }
+
+    String[] listNetdEvent() throws Exception {
+        StringWriter buffer = new StringWriter();
+        PrintWriter writer = new PrintWriter(buffer);
+        mService.list(writer);
+        return buffer.toString().split("\\n");
+    }
+
+    static <T> T[] remove(T[] array, T[] filtered) {
+        List<T> c = Arrays.asList(filtered);
+        int next = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
+            if (c.contains(array[i])) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            array[next++] = array[i];
+        }
+        return Arrays.copyOf(array, next);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkNotificationManagerTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkNotificationManagerTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c353cea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkNotificationManagerTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,333 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity;
+
+import static android.app.Notification.FLAG_ONGOING_EVENT;
+
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.NetworkNotificationManager.NotificationType.LOST_INTERNET;
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.NetworkNotificationManager.NotificationType.NETWORK_SWITCH;
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.NetworkNotificationManager.NotificationType.NO_INTERNET;
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.NetworkNotificationManager.NotificationType.PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY;
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.NetworkNotificationManager.NotificationType.PRIVATE_DNS_BROKEN;
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.NetworkNotificationManager.NotificationType.SIGN_IN;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.any;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.anyInt;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.clearInvocations;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.eq;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.never;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.reset;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+import android.app.Notification;
+import android.app.NotificationManager;
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.content.pm.ApplicationInfo;
+import android.content.pm.PackageManager;
+import android.content.res.Resources;
+import android.net.ConnectivityResources;
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
+import android.net.NetworkInfo;
+import android.os.UserHandle;
+import android.telephony.TelephonyManager;
+import android.util.DisplayMetrics;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.android.connectivity.resources.R;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.NetworkNotificationManager.NotificationType;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.mockito.AdditionalAnswers;
+import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@SmallTest
+public class NetworkNotificationManagerTest {
+
+    private static final String TEST_SSID = "Test SSID";
+    private static final String TEST_EXTRA_INFO = "extra";
+    static final NetworkCapabilities CELL_CAPABILITIES = new NetworkCapabilities();
+    static final NetworkCapabilities WIFI_CAPABILITIES = new NetworkCapabilities();
+    static final NetworkCapabilities VPN_CAPABILITIES = new NetworkCapabilities();
+    static {
+        CELL_CAPABILITIES.addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        CELL_CAPABILITIES.addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET);
+
+        WIFI_CAPABILITIES.addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        WIFI_CAPABILITIES.addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET);
+        WIFI_CAPABILITIES.setSSID(TEST_SSID);
+
+        // Set the underyling network to wifi.
+        VPN_CAPABILITIES.addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        VPN_CAPABILITIES.addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_VPN);
+        VPN_CAPABILITIES.addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET);
+        VPN_CAPABILITIES.removeCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN);
+    }
+
+    @Mock Context mCtx;
+    @Mock Resources mResources;
+    @Mock DisplayMetrics mDisplayMetrics;
+    @Mock PackageManager mPm;
+    @Mock TelephonyManager mTelephonyManager;
+    @Mock NotificationManager mNotificationManager;
+    @Mock NetworkAgentInfo mWifiNai;
+    @Mock NetworkAgentInfo mCellNai;
+    @Mock NetworkAgentInfo mVpnNai;
+    @Mock NetworkInfo mNetworkInfo;
+    ArgumentCaptor<Notification> mCaptor;
+
+    NetworkNotificationManager mManager;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() {
+        MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
+        mCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(Notification.class);
+        mWifiNai.networkCapabilities = WIFI_CAPABILITIES;
+        mWifiNai.networkInfo = mNetworkInfo;
+        mCellNai.networkCapabilities = CELL_CAPABILITIES;
+        mCellNai.networkInfo = mNetworkInfo;
+        mVpnNai.networkCapabilities = VPN_CAPABILITIES;
+        mVpnNai.networkInfo = mNetworkInfo;
+        mDisplayMetrics.density = 2.275f;
+        doReturn(true).when(mVpnNai).isVPN();
+        when(mCtx.getResources()).thenReturn(mResources);
+        when(mCtx.getPackageManager()).thenReturn(mPm);
+        when(mCtx.getApplicationInfo()).thenReturn(new ApplicationInfo());
+        final Context asUserCtx = mock(Context.class, AdditionalAnswers.delegatesTo(mCtx));
+        doReturn(UserHandle.ALL).when(asUserCtx).getUser();
+        when(mCtx.createContextAsUser(eq(UserHandle.ALL), anyInt())).thenReturn(asUserCtx);
+        when(mCtx.getSystemService(eq(Context.NOTIFICATION_SERVICE)))
+                .thenReturn(mNotificationManager);
+        when(mNetworkInfo.getExtraInfo()).thenReturn(TEST_EXTRA_INFO);
+        ConnectivityResources.setResourcesContextForTest(mCtx);
+        when(mResources.getColor(anyInt(), any())).thenReturn(0xFF607D8B);
+        when(mResources.getDisplayMetrics()).thenReturn(mDisplayMetrics);
+
+        // Come up with some credible-looking transport names. The actual values do not matter.
+        String[] transportNames = new String[NetworkCapabilities.MAX_TRANSPORT + 1];
+        for (int transport = 0; transport <= NetworkCapabilities.MAX_TRANSPORT; transport++) {
+            transportNames[transport] = NetworkCapabilities.transportNameOf(transport);
+        }
+        when(mResources.getStringArray(R.array.network_switch_type_name))
+            .thenReturn(transportNames);
+
+        mManager = new NetworkNotificationManager(mCtx, mTelephonyManager);
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() {
+        ConnectivityResources.setResourcesContextForTest(null);
+    }
+
+    private void verifyTitleByNetwork(final int id, final NetworkAgentInfo nai, final int title) {
+        final String tag = NetworkNotificationManager.tagFor(id);
+        mManager.showNotification(id, PRIVATE_DNS_BROKEN, nai, null, null, true);
+        verify(mNotificationManager, times(1))
+                .notify(eq(tag), eq(PRIVATE_DNS_BROKEN.eventId), any());
+        final int transportType = NetworkNotificationManager.approximateTransportType(nai);
+        if (transportType == NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI) {
+            verify(mResources, times(1)).getString(eq(title), eq(TEST_EXTRA_INFO));
+        } else {
+            verify(mResources, times(1)).getString(title);
+        }
+        verify(mResources, times(1)).getString(eq(R.string.private_dns_broken_detailed));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTitleOfPrivateDnsBroken() {
+        // Test the title of mobile data.
+        verifyTitleByNetwork(100, mCellNai, R.string.mobile_no_internet);
+        clearInvocations(mResources);
+
+        // Test the title of wifi.
+        verifyTitleByNetwork(101, mWifiNai, R.string.wifi_no_internet);
+        clearInvocations(mResources);
+
+        // Test the title of other networks.
+        verifyTitleByNetwork(102, mVpnNai, R.string.other_networks_no_internet);
+        clearInvocations(mResources);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNotificationsShownAndCleared() {
+        final int NETWORK_ID_BASE = 100;
+        List<NotificationType> types = Arrays.asList(NotificationType.values());
+        List<Integer> ids = new ArrayList<>(types.size());
+        for (int i = 0; i < types.size(); i++) {
+            ids.add(NETWORK_ID_BASE + i);
+        }
+        Collections.shuffle(ids);
+        Collections.shuffle(types);
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < ids.size(); i++) {
+            mManager.showNotification(ids.get(i), types.get(i), mWifiNai, mCellNai, null, false);
+        }
+
+        List<Integer> idsToClear = new ArrayList<>(ids);
+        Collections.shuffle(idsToClear);
+        for (int i = 0; i < ids.size(); i++) {
+            mManager.clearNotification(idsToClear.get(i));
+        }
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < ids.size(); i++) {
+            final int id = ids.get(i);
+            final int eventId = types.get(i).eventId;
+            final String tag = NetworkNotificationManager.tagFor(id);
+            verify(mNotificationManager, times(1)).notify(eq(tag), eq(eventId), any());
+            verify(mNotificationManager, times(1)).cancel(eq(tag), eq(eventId));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    // Ignored because the code under test calls Log.wtf, which crashes the tests on eng builds.
+    // TODO: re-enable after fixing this (e.g., turn Log.wtf into exceptions that this test catches)
+    public void testNoInternetNotificationsNotShownForCellular() {
+        mManager.showNotification(100, NO_INTERNET, mCellNai, mWifiNai, null, false);
+        mManager.showNotification(101, LOST_INTERNET, mCellNai, mWifiNai, null, false);
+
+        verify(mNotificationManager, never()).notify(any(), anyInt(), any());
+
+        mManager.showNotification(102, NO_INTERNET, mWifiNai, mCellNai, null, false);
+
+        final int eventId = NO_INTERNET.eventId;
+        final String tag = NetworkNotificationManager.tagFor(102);
+        verify(mNotificationManager, times(1)).notify(eq(tag), eq(eventId), any());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNotificationsNotShownIfNoInternetCapability() {
+        mWifiNai.networkCapabilities = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        mWifiNai.networkCapabilities .addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mManager.showNotification(102, NO_INTERNET, mWifiNai, mCellNai, null, false);
+        mManager.showNotification(103, LOST_INTERNET, mWifiNai, mCellNai, null, false);
+        mManager.showNotification(104, NETWORK_SWITCH, mWifiNai, mCellNai, null, false);
+
+        verify(mNotificationManager, never()).notify(any(), anyInt(), any());
+    }
+
+    private void assertNotification(NotificationType type, boolean ongoing) {
+        final int id = 101;
+        final String tag = NetworkNotificationManager.tagFor(id);
+        final ArgumentCaptor<Notification> noteCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(Notification.class);
+        mManager.showNotification(id, type, mWifiNai, mCellNai, null, false);
+        verify(mNotificationManager, times(1)).notify(eq(tag), eq(type.eventId),
+                noteCaptor.capture());
+
+        assertEquals("Notification ongoing flag should be " + (ongoing ? "set" : "unset"),
+                ongoing, (noteCaptor.getValue().flags & FLAG_ONGOING_EVENT) != 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDuplicatedNotificationsNoInternetThenSignIn() {
+        final int id = 101;
+        final String tag = NetworkNotificationManager.tagFor(id);
+
+        // Show first NO_INTERNET
+        assertNotification(NO_INTERNET, false /* ongoing */);
+
+        // Captive portal detection triggers SIGN_IN a bit later, clearing the previous NO_INTERNET
+        assertNotification(SIGN_IN, false /* ongoing */);
+        verify(mNotificationManager, times(1)).cancel(eq(tag), eq(NO_INTERNET.eventId));
+
+        // Network disconnects
+        mManager.clearNotification(id);
+        verify(mNotificationManager, times(1)).cancel(eq(tag), eq(SIGN_IN.eventId));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testOngoingSignInNotification() {
+        doReturn(true).when(mResources).getBoolean(R.bool.config_ongoingSignInNotification);
+        final int id = 101;
+        final String tag = NetworkNotificationManager.tagFor(id);
+
+        // Show first NO_INTERNET
+        assertNotification(NO_INTERNET, false /* ongoing */);
+
+        // Captive portal detection triggers SIGN_IN a bit later, clearing the previous NO_INTERNET
+        assertNotification(SIGN_IN, true /* ongoing */);
+        verify(mNotificationManager, times(1)).cancel(eq(tag), eq(NO_INTERNET.eventId));
+
+        // Network disconnects
+        mManager.clearNotification(id);
+        verify(mNotificationManager, times(1)).cancel(eq(tag), eq(SIGN_IN.eventId));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDuplicatedNotificationsSignInThenNoInternet() {
+        final int id = 101;
+        final String tag = NetworkNotificationManager.tagFor(id);
+
+        // Show first SIGN_IN
+        mManager.showNotification(id, SIGN_IN, mWifiNai, mCellNai, null, false);
+        verify(mNotificationManager, times(1)).notify(eq(tag), eq(SIGN_IN.eventId), any());
+        reset(mNotificationManager);
+
+        // NO_INTERNET arrives after, but is ignored.
+        mManager.showNotification(id, NO_INTERNET, mWifiNai, mCellNai, null, false);
+        verify(mNotificationManager, never()).cancel(any(), anyInt());
+        verify(mNotificationManager, never()).notify(any(), anyInt(), any());
+
+        // Network disconnects
+        mManager.clearNotification(id);
+        verify(mNotificationManager, times(1)).cancel(eq(tag), eq(SIGN_IN.eventId));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClearNotificationByType() {
+        final int id = 101;
+        final String tag = NetworkNotificationManager.tagFor(id);
+
+        // clearNotification(int id, NotificationType notifyType) will check if given type is equal
+        // to previous type or not. If they are equal then clear the notification; if they are not
+        // equal then return.
+        mManager.showNotification(id, NO_INTERNET, mWifiNai, mCellNai, null, false);
+        verify(mNotificationManager, times(1)).notify(eq(tag), eq(NO_INTERNET.eventId), any());
+
+        // Previous notification is NO_INTERNET and given type is NO_INTERNET too. The notification
+        // should be cleared.
+        mManager.clearNotification(id, NO_INTERNET);
+        verify(mNotificationManager, times(1)).cancel(eq(tag), eq(NO_INTERNET.eventId));
+
+        // SIGN_IN is popped-up.
+        mManager.showNotification(id, SIGN_IN, mWifiNai, mCellNai, null, false);
+        verify(mNotificationManager, times(1)).notify(eq(tag), eq(SIGN_IN.eventId), any());
+
+        // The notification type is not matching previous one, PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY won't be
+        // cleared.
+        mManager.clearNotification(id, PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY);
+        verify(mNotificationManager, never()).cancel(eq(tag), eq(PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY.eventId));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkOfferTest.kt b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkOfferTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..409f8c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkOfferTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity
+
+import android.net.INetworkOfferCallback
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities
+import android.net.NetworkRequest
+import android.net.NetworkScore.KEEP_CONNECTED_NONE
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+import org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq
+import org.mockito.Mockito.mock
+import org.mockito.Mockito.verify
+import kotlin.test.assertFalse
+import kotlin.test.assertTrue
+
+const val POLICY_NONE = 0L
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4::class)
+@SmallTest
+class NetworkOfferTest {
+    val mockCallback = mock(INetworkOfferCallback::class.java)
+
+    @Test
+    fun testOfferNeededUnneeded() {
+        val score = FullScore(50, POLICY_NONE, KEEP_CONNECTED_NONE)
+        val offer = NetworkOffer(score, NetworkCapabilities.Builder().build(), mockCallback,
+                1 /* providerId */)
+        val request1 = mock(NetworkRequest::class.java)
+        val request2 = mock(NetworkRequest::class.java)
+        offer.onNetworkNeeded(request1)
+        verify(mockCallback).onNetworkNeeded(eq(request1))
+        assertTrue(offer.neededFor(request1))
+        assertFalse(offer.neededFor(request2))
+
+        offer.onNetworkNeeded(request2)
+        verify(mockCallback).onNetworkNeeded(eq(request2))
+        assertTrue(offer.neededFor(request1))
+        assertTrue(offer.neededFor(request2))
+
+        // Note that the framework never calls onNetworkNeeded multiple times with the same
+        // request without calling onNetworkUnneeded first. It would be incorrect usage and the
+        // behavior would be undefined, so there is nothing to test.
+
+        offer.onNetworkUnneeded(request1)
+        verify(mockCallback).onNetworkUnneeded(eq(request1))
+        assertFalse(offer.neededFor(request1))
+        assertTrue(offer.neededFor(request2))
+
+        offer.onNetworkUnneeded(request2)
+        verify(mockCallback).onNetworkUnneeded(eq(request2))
+        assertFalse(offer.neededFor(request1))
+        assertFalse(offer.neededFor(request2))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkRankerTest.kt b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkRankerTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4408958
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkRankerTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity
+
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI
+import android.net.NetworkScore.KEEP_CONNECTED_NONE
+import android.net.NetworkScore.POLICY_EXITING
+import android.net.NetworkScore.POLICY_TRANSPORT_PRIMARY
+import android.net.NetworkScore.POLICY_YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI
+import android.os.Build
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest
+import com.android.server.connectivity.FullScore.POLICY_EVER_VALIDATED_NOT_AVOIDED_WHEN_BAD
+import com.android.server.connectivity.FullScore.POLICY_IS_VALIDATED
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+import kotlin.test.assertEquals
+
+private fun score(vararg policies: Int) = FullScore(0,
+        policies.fold(0L) { acc, e -> acc or (1L shl e) }, KEEP_CONNECTED_NONE)
+private fun caps(transport: Int) = NetworkCapabilities.Builder().addTransportType(transport).build()
+
+@SmallTest
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner::class)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+class NetworkRankerTest {
+    private val mRanker = NetworkRanker()
+
+    private class TestScore(private val sc: FullScore, private val nc: NetworkCapabilities)
+            : NetworkRanker.Scoreable {
+        override fun getScore() = sc
+        override fun getCapsNoCopy(): NetworkCapabilities = nc
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testYieldToBadWiFiOneCell() {
+        // Only cell, it wins
+        val winner = TestScore(score(POLICY_YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI, POLICY_IS_VALIDATED),
+                caps(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR))
+        val scores = listOf(winner)
+        assertEquals(winner, mRanker.getBestNetworkByPolicy(scores, null))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testYieldToBadWiFiOneCellOneBadWiFi() {
+        // Bad wifi wins against yielding validated cell
+        val winner = TestScore(score(POLICY_EVER_VALIDATED_NOT_AVOIDED_WHEN_BAD),
+                caps(TRANSPORT_WIFI))
+        val scores = listOf(
+                winner,
+                TestScore(score(POLICY_YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI, POLICY_IS_VALIDATED),
+                        caps(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR))
+        )
+        assertEquals(winner, mRanker.getBestNetworkByPolicy(scores, null))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testYieldToBadWiFiOneCellTwoBadWiFi() {
+        // Bad wifi wins against yielding validated cell. Prefer the one that's primary.
+        val winner = TestScore(score(POLICY_EVER_VALIDATED_NOT_AVOIDED_WHEN_BAD,
+                POLICY_TRANSPORT_PRIMARY), caps(TRANSPORT_WIFI))
+        val scores = listOf(
+                winner,
+                TestScore(score(POLICY_EVER_VALIDATED_NOT_AVOIDED_WHEN_BAD),
+                        caps(TRANSPORT_WIFI)),
+                TestScore(score(POLICY_YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI, POLICY_IS_VALIDATED),
+                        caps(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR))
+        )
+        assertEquals(winner, mRanker.getBestNetworkByPolicy(scores, null))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testYieldToBadWiFiOneCellTwoBadWiFiOneNotAvoided() {
+        // Bad wifi ever validated wins against bad wifi that never was validated (or was
+        // avoided when bad).
+        val winner = TestScore(score(POLICY_EVER_VALIDATED_NOT_AVOIDED_WHEN_BAD),
+                caps(TRANSPORT_WIFI))
+        val scores = listOf(
+                winner,
+                TestScore(score(), caps(TRANSPORT_WIFI)),
+                TestScore(score(POLICY_YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI, POLICY_IS_VALIDATED),
+                        caps(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR))
+        )
+        assertEquals(winner, mRanker.getBestNetworkByPolicy(scores, null))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testYieldToBadWiFiOneCellOneBadWiFiOneGoodWiFi() {
+        // Good wifi wins
+        val winner = TestScore(score(POLICY_EVER_VALIDATED_NOT_AVOIDED_WHEN_BAD,
+                POLICY_IS_VALIDATED), caps(TRANSPORT_WIFI))
+        val scores = listOf(
+                winner,
+                TestScore(score(POLICY_EVER_VALIDATED_NOT_AVOIDED_WHEN_BAD,
+                        POLICY_TRANSPORT_PRIMARY), caps(TRANSPORT_WIFI)),
+                TestScore(score(POLICY_YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI, POLICY_IS_VALIDATED),
+                        caps(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR))
+        )
+        assertEquals(winner, mRanker.getBestNetworkByPolicy(scores, null))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testYieldToBadWiFiTwoCellsOneBadWiFi() {
+        // Cell that doesn't yield wins over cell that yields and bad wifi
+        val winner = TestScore(score(POLICY_IS_VALIDATED), caps(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR))
+        val scores = listOf(
+                winner,
+                TestScore(score(POLICY_EVER_VALIDATED_NOT_AVOIDED_WHEN_BAD,
+                        POLICY_TRANSPORT_PRIMARY), caps(TRANSPORT_WIFI)),
+                TestScore(score(POLICY_YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI, POLICY_IS_VALIDATED),
+                        caps(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR))
+        )
+        assertEquals(winner, mRanker.getBestNetworkByPolicy(scores, null))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testYieldToBadWiFiTwoCellsOneBadWiFiOneGoodWiFi() {
+        // Good wifi wins over cell that doesn't yield and cell that yields
+        val winner = TestScore(score(POLICY_IS_VALIDATED), caps(TRANSPORT_WIFI))
+        val scores = listOf(
+                winner,
+                TestScore(score(POLICY_EVER_VALIDATED_NOT_AVOIDED_WHEN_BAD,
+                        POLICY_TRANSPORT_PRIMARY), caps(TRANSPORT_WIFI)),
+                TestScore(score(POLICY_IS_VALIDATED), caps(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)),
+                TestScore(score(POLICY_YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI, POLICY_IS_VALIDATED),
+                        caps(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR))
+        )
+        assertEquals(winner, mRanker.getBestNetworkByPolicy(scores, null))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testYieldToBadWiFiOneExitingGoodWiFi() {
+        // Yielding cell wins over good exiting wifi
+        val winner = TestScore(score(POLICY_YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI, POLICY_IS_VALIDATED),
+                caps(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR))
+        val scores = listOf(
+                winner,
+                TestScore(score(POLICY_IS_VALIDATED, POLICY_EXITING), caps(TRANSPORT_WIFI))
+        )
+        assertEquals(winner, mRanker.getBestNetworkByPolicy(scores, null))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testYieldToBadWiFiOneExitingBadWiFi() {
+        // Yielding cell wins over bad exiting wifi
+        val winner = TestScore(score(POLICY_YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI, POLICY_IS_VALIDATED),
+                caps(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR))
+        val scores = listOf(
+                winner,
+                TestScore(score(POLICY_EVER_VALIDATED_NOT_AVOIDED_WHEN_BAD,
+                        POLICY_EXITING), caps(TRANSPORT_WIFI))
+        )
+        assertEquals(winner, mRanker.getBestNetworkByPolicy(scores, null))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitorTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitorTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..02a5808
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitorTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,803 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity;
+
+import static android.Manifest.permission.CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE;
+import static android.Manifest.permission.CHANGE_WIFI_STATE;
+import static android.Manifest.permission.CONNECTIVITY_INTERNAL;
+import static android.Manifest.permission.CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS;
+import static android.Manifest.permission.INTERNET;
+import static android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK;
+import static android.Manifest.permission.UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS;
+import static android.content.pm.ApplicationInfo.PRIVATE_FLAG_OEM;
+import static android.content.pm.ApplicationInfo.PRIVATE_FLAG_PRODUCT;
+import static android.content.pm.ApplicationInfo.PRIVATE_FLAG_VENDOR;
+import static android.content.pm.PackageInfo.REQUESTED_PERMISSION_GRANTED;
+import static android.content.pm.PackageInfo.REQUESTED_PERMISSION_REQUIRED;
+import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.GET_PERMISSIONS;
+import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.MATCH_ANY_USER;
+import static android.os.Process.SYSTEM_UID;
+
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.PermissionMonitor.NETWORK;
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.PermissionMonitor.SYSTEM;
+
+import static junit.framework.Assert.fail;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.mockito.AdditionalMatchers.aryEq;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyInt;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyString;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doAnswer;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.reset;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.spy;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+import android.content.BroadcastReceiver;
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.content.Intent;
+import android.content.pm.ApplicationInfo;
+import android.content.pm.PackageInfo;
+import android.content.pm.PackageManager;
+import android.net.INetd;
+import android.net.UidRange;
+import android.net.Uri;
+import android.os.Build;
+import android.os.SystemConfigManager;
+import android.os.UserHandle;
+import android.os.UserManager;
+import android.util.SparseIntArray;
+
+import androidx.test.InstrumentationRegistry;
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.mockito.AdditionalAnswers;
+import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
+import org.mockito.invocation.InvocationOnMock;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@SmallTest
+public class PermissionMonitorTest {
+    private static final UserHandle MOCK_USER1 = UserHandle.of(0);
+    private static final UserHandle MOCK_USER2 = UserHandle.of(1);
+    private static final int MOCK_UID1 = 10001;
+    private static final int MOCK_UID2 = 10086;
+    private static final int SYSTEM_UID1 = 1000;
+    private static final int SYSTEM_UID2 = 1008;
+    private static final int VPN_UID = 10002;
+    private static final String REAL_SYSTEM_PACKAGE_NAME = "android";
+    private static final String MOCK_PACKAGE1 = "appName1";
+    private static final String MOCK_PACKAGE2 = "appName2";
+    private static final String SYSTEM_PACKAGE1 = "sysName1";
+    private static final String SYSTEM_PACKAGE2 = "sysName2";
+    private static final String PARTITION_SYSTEM = "system";
+    private static final String PARTITION_OEM = "oem";
+    private static final String PARTITION_PRODUCT = "product";
+    private static final String PARTITION_VENDOR = "vendor";
+    private static final int VERSION_P = Build.VERSION_CODES.P;
+    private static final int VERSION_Q = Build.VERSION_CODES.Q;
+
+    @Mock private Context mContext;
+    @Mock private PackageManager mPackageManager;
+    @Mock private INetd mNetdService;
+    @Mock private UserManager mUserManager;
+    @Mock private PermissionMonitor.Dependencies mDeps;
+    @Mock private SystemConfigManager mSystemConfigManager;
+
+    private PermissionMonitor mPermissionMonitor;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
+        MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
+        when(mContext.getPackageManager()).thenReturn(mPackageManager);
+        when(mContext.getSystemService(eq(Context.USER_SERVICE))).thenReturn(mUserManager);
+        when(mUserManager.getUserHandles(eq(true))).thenReturn(
+                Arrays.asList(new UserHandle[] { MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2 }));
+        when(mContext.getSystemServiceName(SystemConfigManager.class))
+                .thenReturn(Context.SYSTEM_CONFIG_SERVICE);
+        when(mContext.getSystemService(Context.SYSTEM_CONFIG_SERVICE))
+                .thenReturn(mSystemConfigManager);
+        when(mSystemConfigManager.getSystemPermissionUids(anyString())).thenReturn(new int[0]);
+        final Context asUserCtx = mock(Context.class, AdditionalAnswers.delegatesTo(mContext));
+        doReturn(UserHandle.ALL).when(asUserCtx).getUser();
+        when(mContext.createContextAsUser(eq(UserHandle.ALL), anyInt())).thenReturn(asUserCtx);
+
+        mPermissionMonitor = spy(new PermissionMonitor(mContext, mNetdService, mDeps));
+
+        when(mPackageManager.getInstalledPackages(anyInt())).thenReturn(/* empty app list */ null);
+        mPermissionMonitor.startMonitoring();
+    }
+
+    private boolean hasRestrictedNetworkPermission(String partition, int targetSdkVersion, int uid,
+            String... permissions) {
+        final PackageInfo packageInfo =
+                packageInfoWithPermissions(REQUESTED_PERMISSION_GRANTED, permissions, partition);
+        packageInfo.applicationInfo.targetSdkVersion = targetSdkVersion;
+        packageInfo.applicationInfo.uid = uid;
+        return mPermissionMonitor.hasRestrictedNetworkPermission(packageInfo);
+    }
+
+    private static PackageInfo systemPackageInfoWithPermissions(String... permissions) {
+        return packageInfoWithPermissions(
+                REQUESTED_PERMISSION_GRANTED, permissions, PARTITION_SYSTEM);
+    }
+
+    private static PackageInfo vendorPackageInfoWithPermissions(String... permissions) {
+        return packageInfoWithPermissions(
+                REQUESTED_PERMISSION_GRANTED, permissions, PARTITION_VENDOR);
+    }
+
+    private static PackageInfo packageInfoWithPermissions(int permissionsFlags,
+            String[] permissions, String partition) {
+        int[] requestedPermissionsFlags = new int[permissions.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < permissions.length; i++) {
+            requestedPermissionsFlags[i] = permissionsFlags;
+        }
+        final PackageInfo packageInfo = new PackageInfo();
+        packageInfo.requestedPermissions = permissions;
+        packageInfo.applicationInfo = new ApplicationInfo();
+        packageInfo.requestedPermissionsFlags = requestedPermissionsFlags;
+        int privateFlags = 0;
+        switch (partition) {
+            case PARTITION_OEM:
+                privateFlags = PRIVATE_FLAG_OEM;
+                break;
+            case PARTITION_PRODUCT:
+                privateFlags = PRIVATE_FLAG_PRODUCT;
+                break;
+            case PARTITION_VENDOR:
+                privateFlags = PRIVATE_FLAG_VENDOR;
+                break;
+        }
+        packageInfo.applicationInfo.privateFlags = privateFlags;
+        return packageInfo;
+    }
+
+    private static PackageInfo buildPackageInfo(boolean hasSystemPermission, int uid,
+            UserHandle user) {
+        final PackageInfo pkgInfo;
+        if (hasSystemPermission) {
+            pkgInfo = systemPackageInfoWithPermissions(
+                    CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE, NETWORK_STACK, CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS);
+        } else {
+            pkgInfo = packageInfoWithPermissions(REQUESTED_PERMISSION_GRANTED, new String[] {}, "");
+        }
+        pkgInfo.applicationInfo.uid = user.getUid(UserHandle.getAppId(uid));
+        return pkgInfo;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHasPermission() {
+        PackageInfo app = systemPackageInfoWithPermissions();
+        assertFalse(mPermissionMonitor.hasPermission(app, CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE));
+        assertFalse(mPermissionMonitor.hasPermission(app, NETWORK_STACK));
+        assertFalse(mPermissionMonitor.hasPermission(app, CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS));
+        assertFalse(mPermissionMonitor.hasPermission(app, CONNECTIVITY_INTERNAL));
+
+        app = systemPackageInfoWithPermissions(CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE, NETWORK_STACK);
+        assertTrue(mPermissionMonitor.hasPermission(app, CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE));
+        assertTrue(mPermissionMonitor.hasPermission(app, NETWORK_STACK));
+        assertFalse(mPermissionMonitor.hasPermission(app, CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS));
+        assertFalse(mPermissionMonitor.hasPermission(app, CONNECTIVITY_INTERNAL));
+
+        app = systemPackageInfoWithPermissions(
+                CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS, CONNECTIVITY_INTERNAL);
+        assertFalse(mPermissionMonitor.hasPermission(app, CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE));
+        assertFalse(mPermissionMonitor.hasPermission(app, NETWORK_STACK));
+        assertTrue(mPermissionMonitor.hasPermission(app, CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS));
+        assertTrue(mPermissionMonitor.hasPermission(app, CONNECTIVITY_INTERNAL));
+
+        app = packageInfoWithPermissions(REQUESTED_PERMISSION_REQUIRED, new String[] {
+                CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS, CONNECTIVITY_INTERNAL, NETWORK_STACK },
+                PARTITION_SYSTEM);
+        assertFalse(mPermissionMonitor.hasPermission(app, CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE));
+        assertFalse(mPermissionMonitor.hasPermission(app, NETWORK_STACK));
+        assertFalse(mPermissionMonitor.hasPermission(app, CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS));
+        assertFalse(mPermissionMonitor.hasPermission(app, CONNECTIVITY_INTERNAL));
+
+        app = systemPackageInfoWithPermissions(CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE);
+        app.requestedPermissions = null;
+        assertFalse(mPermissionMonitor.hasPermission(app, CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE));
+
+        app = systemPackageInfoWithPermissions(CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE);
+        app.requestedPermissionsFlags = null;
+        assertFalse(mPermissionMonitor.hasPermission(app, CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIsVendorApp() {
+        PackageInfo app = systemPackageInfoWithPermissions();
+        assertFalse(mPermissionMonitor.isVendorApp(app.applicationInfo));
+        app = packageInfoWithPermissions(REQUESTED_PERMISSION_GRANTED,
+                new String[] {}, PARTITION_OEM);
+        assertTrue(mPermissionMonitor.isVendorApp(app.applicationInfo));
+        app = packageInfoWithPermissions(REQUESTED_PERMISSION_GRANTED,
+                new String[] {}, PARTITION_PRODUCT);
+        assertTrue(mPermissionMonitor.isVendorApp(app.applicationInfo));
+        app = vendorPackageInfoWithPermissions();
+        assertTrue(mPermissionMonitor.isVendorApp(app.applicationInfo));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHasNetworkPermission() {
+        PackageInfo app = systemPackageInfoWithPermissions();
+        assertFalse(mPermissionMonitor.hasNetworkPermission(app));
+        app = systemPackageInfoWithPermissions(CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE);
+        assertTrue(mPermissionMonitor.hasNetworkPermission(app));
+        app = systemPackageInfoWithPermissions(NETWORK_STACK);
+        assertFalse(mPermissionMonitor.hasNetworkPermission(app));
+        app = systemPackageInfoWithPermissions(CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS);
+        assertFalse(mPermissionMonitor.hasNetworkPermission(app));
+        app = systemPackageInfoWithPermissions(CONNECTIVITY_INTERNAL);
+        assertFalse(mPermissionMonitor.hasNetworkPermission(app));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHasRestrictedNetworkPermission() {
+        assertFalse(hasRestrictedNetworkPermission(PARTITION_SYSTEM, VERSION_P, MOCK_UID1));
+        assertFalse(hasRestrictedNetworkPermission(
+                PARTITION_SYSTEM, VERSION_P, MOCK_UID1, CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE));
+        assertTrue(hasRestrictedNetworkPermission(
+                PARTITION_SYSTEM, VERSION_P, MOCK_UID1, NETWORK_STACK));
+        assertFalse(hasRestrictedNetworkPermission(
+                PARTITION_SYSTEM, VERSION_P, MOCK_UID1, CONNECTIVITY_INTERNAL));
+        assertTrue(hasRestrictedNetworkPermission(
+                PARTITION_SYSTEM, VERSION_P, MOCK_UID1, CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS));
+        assertFalse(hasRestrictedNetworkPermission(
+                PARTITION_SYSTEM, VERSION_P, MOCK_UID1, CHANGE_WIFI_STATE));
+
+        assertFalse(hasRestrictedNetworkPermission(PARTITION_SYSTEM, VERSION_Q, MOCK_UID1));
+        assertFalse(hasRestrictedNetworkPermission(
+                PARTITION_SYSTEM, VERSION_Q, MOCK_UID1, CONNECTIVITY_INTERNAL));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHasRestrictedNetworkPermissionSystemUid() {
+        doReturn(VERSION_P).when(mDeps).getDeviceFirstSdkInt();
+        assertTrue(hasRestrictedNetworkPermission(PARTITION_SYSTEM, VERSION_P, SYSTEM_UID));
+        assertTrue(hasRestrictedNetworkPermission(
+                PARTITION_SYSTEM, VERSION_P, SYSTEM_UID, CONNECTIVITY_INTERNAL));
+        assertTrue(hasRestrictedNetworkPermission(
+                PARTITION_SYSTEM, VERSION_P, SYSTEM_UID, CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS));
+
+        doReturn(VERSION_Q).when(mDeps).getDeviceFirstSdkInt();
+        assertFalse(hasRestrictedNetworkPermission(PARTITION_SYSTEM, VERSION_Q, SYSTEM_UID));
+        assertFalse(hasRestrictedNetworkPermission(
+                PARTITION_SYSTEM, VERSION_Q, SYSTEM_UID, CONNECTIVITY_INTERNAL));
+        assertTrue(hasRestrictedNetworkPermission(
+                PARTITION_SYSTEM, VERSION_Q, SYSTEM_UID, CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHasRestrictedNetworkPermissionVendorApp() {
+        assertTrue(hasRestrictedNetworkPermission(PARTITION_VENDOR, VERSION_P, MOCK_UID1));
+        assertTrue(hasRestrictedNetworkPermission(
+                PARTITION_VENDOR, VERSION_P, MOCK_UID1, CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE));
+        assertTrue(hasRestrictedNetworkPermission(
+                PARTITION_VENDOR, VERSION_P, MOCK_UID1, NETWORK_STACK));
+        assertTrue(hasRestrictedNetworkPermission(
+                PARTITION_VENDOR, VERSION_P, MOCK_UID1, CONNECTIVITY_INTERNAL));
+        assertTrue(hasRestrictedNetworkPermission(
+                PARTITION_VENDOR, VERSION_P, MOCK_UID1, CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS));
+        assertTrue(hasRestrictedNetworkPermission(
+                PARTITION_VENDOR, VERSION_P, MOCK_UID1, CHANGE_WIFI_STATE));
+
+        assertFalse(hasRestrictedNetworkPermission(PARTITION_VENDOR, VERSION_Q, MOCK_UID1));
+        assertFalse(hasRestrictedNetworkPermission(
+                PARTITION_VENDOR, VERSION_Q, MOCK_UID1, CONNECTIVITY_INTERNAL));
+        assertFalse(hasRestrictedNetworkPermission(
+                PARTITION_VENDOR, VERSION_Q, MOCK_UID1, CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE));
+    }
+
+    private void assertBackgroundPermission(boolean hasPermission, String name, int uid,
+            String... permissions) throws Exception {
+        when(mPackageManager.getPackageInfo(eq(name), anyInt()))
+                .thenReturn(packageInfoWithPermissions(
+                        REQUESTED_PERMISSION_GRANTED, permissions, PARTITION_SYSTEM));
+        mPermissionMonitor.onPackageAdded(name, uid);
+        assertEquals(hasPermission, mPermissionMonitor.hasUseBackgroundNetworksPermission(uid));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHasUseBackgroundNetworksPermission() throws Exception {
+        assertFalse(mPermissionMonitor.hasUseBackgroundNetworksPermission(SYSTEM_UID));
+        assertBackgroundPermission(false, SYSTEM_PACKAGE1, SYSTEM_UID);
+        assertBackgroundPermission(false, SYSTEM_PACKAGE1, SYSTEM_UID, CONNECTIVITY_INTERNAL);
+        assertBackgroundPermission(true, SYSTEM_PACKAGE1, SYSTEM_UID, CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE);
+        assertBackgroundPermission(true, SYSTEM_PACKAGE1, SYSTEM_UID, NETWORK_STACK);
+
+        assertFalse(mPermissionMonitor.hasUseBackgroundNetworksPermission(MOCK_UID1));
+        assertBackgroundPermission(false, MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID1);
+        assertBackgroundPermission(true, MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID1,
+                CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS);
+
+        assertFalse(mPermissionMonitor.hasUseBackgroundNetworksPermission(MOCK_UID2));
+        assertBackgroundPermission(false, MOCK_PACKAGE2, MOCK_UID2);
+        assertBackgroundPermission(false, MOCK_PACKAGE2, MOCK_UID2,
+                CONNECTIVITY_INTERNAL);
+        assertBackgroundPermission(true, MOCK_PACKAGE2, MOCK_UID2, NETWORK_STACK);
+    }
+
+    private class NetdMonitor {
+        private final HashMap<Integer, Boolean> mApps = new HashMap<>();
+
+        NetdMonitor(INetd mockNetd) throws Exception {
+            // Add hook to verify and track result of setPermission.
+            doAnswer((InvocationOnMock invocation) -> {
+                final Object[] args = invocation.getArguments();
+                final Boolean isSystem = args[0].equals(INetd.PERMISSION_SYSTEM);
+                for (final int uid : (int[]) args[1]) {
+                    // TODO: Currently, permission monitor will send duplicate commands for each uid
+                    // corresponding to each user. Need to fix that and uncomment below test.
+                    // if (mApps.containsKey(uid) && mApps.get(uid) == isSystem) {
+                    //     fail("uid " + uid + " is already set to " + isSystem);
+                    // }
+                    mApps.put(uid, isSystem);
+                }
+                return null;
+            }).when(mockNetd).networkSetPermissionForUser(anyInt(), any(int[].class));
+
+            // Add hook to verify and track result of clearPermission.
+            doAnswer((InvocationOnMock invocation) -> {
+                final Object[] args = invocation.getArguments();
+                for (final int uid : (int[]) args[0]) {
+                    // TODO: Currently, permission monitor will send duplicate commands for each uid
+                    // corresponding to each user. Need to fix that and uncomment below test.
+                    // if (!mApps.containsKey(uid)) {
+                    //     fail("uid " + uid + " does not exist.");
+                    // }
+                    mApps.remove(uid);
+                }
+                return null;
+            }).when(mockNetd).networkClearPermissionForUser(any(int[].class));
+        }
+
+        public void expectPermission(Boolean permission, UserHandle[] users, int[] apps) {
+            for (final UserHandle user : users) {
+                for (final int app : apps) {
+                    final int uid = user.getUid(app);
+                    if (!mApps.containsKey(uid)) {
+                        fail("uid " + uid + " does not exist.");
+                    }
+                    if (mApps.get(uid) != permission) {
+                        fail("uid " + uid + " has wrong permission: " +  permission);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void expectNoPermission(UserHandle[] users, int[] apps) {
+            for (final UserHandle user : users) {
+                for (final int app : apps) {
+                    final int uid = user.getUid(app);
+                    if (mApps.containsKey(uid)) {
+                        fail("uid " + uid + " has listed permissions, expected none.");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUserAndPackageAddRemove() throws Exception {
+        final NetdMonitor mNetdMonitor = new NetdMonitor(mNetdService);
+
+        // MOCK_UID1: MOCK_PACKAGE1 only has network permission.
+        // SYSTEM_UID: SYSTEM_PACKAGE1 has system permission.
+        // SYSTEM_UID: SYSTEM_PACKAGE2 only has network permission.
+        doReturn(SYSTEM).when(mPermissionMonitor).highestPermissionForUid(eq(SYSTEM), anyString());
+        doReturn(SYSTEM).when(mPermissionMonitor).highestPermissionForUid(any(),
+                eq(SYSTEM_PACKAGE1));
+        doReturn(NETWORK).when(mPermissionMonitor).highestPermissionForUid(any(),
+                eq(SYSTEM_PACKAGE2));
+        doReturn(NETWORK).when(mPermissionMonitor).highestPermissionForUid(any(),
+                eq(MOCK_PACKAGE1));
+
+        // Add SYSTEM_PACKAGE2, expect only have network permission.
+        mPermissionMonitor.onUserAdded(MOCK_USER1);
+        addPackageForUsers(new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, SYSTEM_PACKAGE2, SYSTEM_UID);
+        mNetdMonitor.expectPermission(NETWORK, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, new int[]{SYSTEM_UID});
+
+        // Add SYSTEM_PACKAGE1, expect permission escalate.
+        addPackageForUsers(new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, SYSTEM_PACKAGE1, SYSTEM_UID);
+        mNetdMonitor.expectPermission(SYSTEM, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, new int[]{SYSTEM_UID});
+
+        mPermissionMonitor.onUserAdded(MOCK_USER2);
+        mNetdMonitor.expectPermission(SYSTEM, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2},
+                new int[]{SYSTEM_UID});
+
+        addPackageForUsers(new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2}, MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID1);
+        mNetdMonitor.expectPermission(SYSTEM, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2},
+                new int[]{SYSTEM_UID});
+        mNetdMonitor.expectPermission(NETWORK, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2},
+                new int[]{MOCK_UID1});
+
+        // Remove MOCK_UID1, expect no permission left for all user.
+        mPermissionMonitor.onPackageRemoved(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID1);
+        removePackageForUsers(new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2}, MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID1);
+        mNetdMonitor.expectNoPermission(new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2},
+                new int[]{MOCK_UID1});
+
+        // Remove SYSTEM_PACKAGE1, expect permission downgrade.
+        when(mPackageManager.getPackagesForUid(anyInt())).thenReturn(new String[]{SYSTEM_PACKAGE2});
+        removePackageForUsers(new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2},
+                SYSTEM_PACKAGE1, SYSTEM_UID);
+        mNetdMonitor.expectPermission(NETWORK, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2},
+                new int[]{SYSTEM_UID});
+
+        mPermissionMonitor.onUserRemoved(MOCK_USER1);
+        mNetdMonitor.expectPermission(NETWORK, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER2}, new int[]{SYSTEM_UID});
+
+        // Remove all packages, expect no permission left.
+        when(mPackageManager.getPackagesForUid(anyInt())).thenReturn(new String[]{});
+        removePackageForUsers(new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER2}, SYSTEM_PACKAGE2, SYSTEM_UID);
+        mNetdMonitor.expectNoPermission(new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2},
+                new int[]{SYSTEM_UID, MOCK_UID1});
+
+        // Remove last user, expect no redundant clearPermission is invoked.
+        mPermissionMonitor.onUserRemoved(MOCK_USER2);
+        mNetdMonitor.expectNoPermission(new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2},
+                new int[]{SYSTEM_UID, MOCK_UID1});
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUidFilteringDuringVpnConnectDisconnectAndUidUpdates() throws Exception {
+        when(mPackageManager.getInstalledPackages(eq(GET_PERMISSIONS | MATCH_ANY_USER))).thenReturn(
+                Arrays.asList(new PackageInfo[] {
+                        buildPackageInfo(true /* hasSystemPermission */, SYSTEM_UID1, MOCK_USER1),
+                        buildPackageInfo(false /* hasSystemPermission */, MOCK_UID1, MOCK_USER1),
+                        buildPackageInfo(false /* hasSystemPermission */, MOCK_UID2, MOCK_USER1),
+                        buildPackageInfo(false /* hasSystemPermission */, VPN_UID, MOCK_USER1)
+                }));
+        when(mPackageManager.getPackageInfo(eq(MOCK_PACKAGE1),
+                eq(GET_PERMISSIONS | MATCH_ANY_USER))).thenReturn(
+                buildPackageInfo(false /* hasSystemPermission */, MOCK_UID1, MOCK_USER1));
+        mPermissionMonitor.startMonitoring();
+        // Every app on user 0 except MOCK_UID2 are under VPN.
+        final Set<UidRange> vpnRange1 = new HashSet<>(Arrays.asList(new UidRange[] {
+                new UidRange(0, MOCK_UID2 - 1),
+                new UidRange(MOCK_UID2 + 1, UserHandle.PER_USER_RANGE - 1)}));
+        final Set<UidRange> vpnRange2 = Collections.singleton(new UidRange(MOCK_UID2, MOCK_UID2));
+
+        // When VPN is connected, expect a rule to be set up for user app MOCK_UID1
+        mPermissionMonitor.onVpnUidRangesAdded("tun0", vpnRange1, VPN_UID);
+        verify(mNetdService).firewallAddUidInterfaceRules(eq("tun0"),
+                aryEq(new int[] {MOCK_UID1}));
+
+        reset(mNetdService);
+
+        // When MOCK_UID1 package is uninstalled and reinstalled, expect Netd to be updated
+        mPermissionMonitor.onPackageRemoved(
+                MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_USER1.getUid(MOCK_UID1));
+        verify(mNetdService).firewallRemoveUidInterfaceRules(aryEq(new int[] {MOCK_UID1}));
+        mPermissionMonitor.onPackageAdded(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_USER1.getUid(MOCK_UID1));
+        verify(mNetdService).firewallAddUidInterfaceRules(eq("tun0"),
+                aryEq(new int[] {MOCK_UID1}));
+
+        reset(mNetdService);
+
+        // During VPN uid update (vpnRange1 -> vpnRange2), ConnectivityService first deletes the
+        // old UID rules then adds the new ones. Expect netd to be updated
+        mPermissionMonitor.onVpnUidRangesRemoved("tun0", vpnRange1, VPN_UID);
+        verify(mNetdService).firewallRemoveUidInterfaceRules(aryEq(new int[] {MOCK_UID1}));
+        mPermissionMonitor.onVpnUidRangesAdded("tun0", vpnRange2, VPN_UID);
+        verify(mNetdService).firewallAddUidInterfaceRules(eq("tun0"),
+                aryEq(new int[] {MOCK_UID2}));
+
+        reset(mNetdService);
+
+        // When VPN is disconnected, expect rules to be torn down
+        mPermissionMonitor.onVpnUidRangesRemoved("tun0", vpnRange2, VPN_UID);
+        verify(mNetdService).firewallRemoveUidInterfaceRules(aryEq(new int[] {MOCK_UID2}));
+        assertNull(mPermissionMonitor.getVpnUidRanges("tun0"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUidFilteringDuringPackageInstallAndUninstall() throws Exception {
+        when(mPackageManager.getInstalledPackages(eq(GET_PERMISSIONS | MATCH_ANY_USER))).thenReturn(
+                Arrays.asList(new PackageInfo[] {
+                        buildPackageInfo(true /* hasSystemPermission */, SYSTEM_UID1, MOCK_USER1),
+                        buildPackageInfo(false /* hasSystemPermission */, VPN_UID, MOCK_USER1)
+                }));
+        when(mPackageManager.getPackageInfo(eq(MOCK_PACKAGE1),
+                eq(GET_PERMISSIONS | MATCH_ANY_USER))).thenReturn(
+                buildPackageInfo(false /* hasSystemPermission */, MOCK_UID1, MOCK_USER1));
+
+        mPermissionMonitor.startMonitoring();
+        final Set<UidRange> vpnRange = Collections.singleton(UidRange.createForUser(MOCK_USER1));
+        mPermissionMonitor.onVpnUidRangesAdded("tun0", vpnRange, VPN_UID);
+
+        // Newly-installed package should have uid rules added
+        mPermissionMonitor.onPackageAdded(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_USER1.getUid(MOCK_UID1));
+        verify(mNetdService).firewallAddUidInterfaceRules(eq("tun0"),
+                aryEq(new int[] {MOCK_UID1}));
+
+        // Removed package should have its uid rules removed
+        mPermissionMonitor.onPackageRemoved(
+                MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_USER1.getUid(MOCK_UID1));
+        verify(mNetdService).firewallRemoveUidInterfaceRules(aryEq(new int[] {MOCK_UID1}));
+    }
+
+
+    // Normal package add/remove operations will trigger multiple intent for uids corresponding to
+    // each user. To simulate generic package operations, the onPackageAdded/Removed will need to be
+    // called multiple times with the uid corresponding to each user.
+    private void addPackageForUsers(UserHandle[] users, String packageName, int uid) {
+        for (final UserHandle user : users) {
+            mPermissionMonitor.onPackageAdded(packageName, user.getUid(uid));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void removePackageForUsers(UserHandle[] users, String packageName, int uid) {
+        for (final UserHandle user : users) {
+            mPermissionMonitor.onPackageRemoved(packageName, user.getUid(uid));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private class NetdServiceMonitor {
+        private final HashMap<Integer, Integer> mPermissions = new HashMap<>();
+
+        NetdServiceMonitor(INetd mockNetdService) throws Exception {
+            // Add hook to verify and track result of setPermission.
+            doAnswer((InvocationOnMock invocation) -> {
+                final Object[] args = invocation.getArguments();
+                final int permission = (int) args[0];
+                for (final int uid : (int[]) args[1]) {
+                    mPermissions.put(uid, permission);
+                }
+                return null;
+            }).when(mockNetdService).trafficSetNetPermForUids(anyInt(), any(int[].class));
+        }
+
+        public void expectPermission(int permission, int[] apps) {
+            for (final int app : apps) {
+                if (!mPermissions.containsKey(app)) {
+                    fail("uid " + app + " does not exist.");
+                }
+                if (mPermissions.get(app) != permission) {
+                    fail("uid " + app + " has wrong permission: " + mPermissions.get(app));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPackagePermissionUpdate() throws Exception {
+        final NetdServiceMonitor mNetdServiceMonitor = new NetdServiceMonitor(mNetdService);
+        // MOCK_UID1: MOCK_PACKAGE1 only has internet permission.
+        // MOCK_UID2: MOCK_PACKAGE2 does not have any permission.
+        // SYSTEM_UID1: SYSTEM_PACKAGE1 has internet permission and update device stats permission.
+        // SYSTEM_UID2: SYSTEM_PACKAGE2 has only update device stats permission.
+
+        SparseIntArray netdPermissionsAppIds = new SparseIntArray();
+        netdPermissionsAppIds.put(MOCK_UID1, INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET);
+        netdPermissionsAppIds.put(MOCK_UID2, INetd.PERMISSION_NONE);
+        netdPermissionsAppIds.put(SYSTEM_UID1, INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET
+                | INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS);
+        netdPermissionsAppIds.put(SYSTEM_UID2, INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS);
+
+        // Send the permission information to netd, expect permission updated.
+        mPermissionMonitor.sendPackagePermissionsToNetd(netdPermissionsAppIds);
+
+        mNetdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET,
+                new int[]{MOCK_UID1});
+        mNetdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(INetd.PERMISSION_NONE, new int[]{MOCK_UID2});
+        mNetdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET
+                | INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS, new int[]{SYSTEM_UID1});
+        mNetdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS,
+                new int[]{SYSTEM_UID2});
+
+        // Update permission of MOCK_UID1, expect new permission show up.
+        mPermissionMonitor.sendPackagePermissionsForUid(MOCK_UID1,
+                INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET | INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS);
+        mNetdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET
+                | INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS, new int[]{MOCK_UID1});
+
+        // Change permissions of SYSTEM_UID2, expect new permission show up and old permission
+        // revoked.
+        mPermissionMonitor.sendPackagePermissionsForUid(SYSTEM_UID2,
+                INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET);
+        mNetdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET, new int[]{SYSTEM_UID2});
+
+        // Revoke permission from SYSTEM_UID1, expect no permission stored.
+        mPermissionMonitor.sendPackagePermissionsForUid(SYSTEM_UID1, INetd.PERMISSION_NONE);
+        mNetdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(INetd.PERMISSION_NONE, new int[]{SYSTEM_UID1});
+    }
+
+    private PackageInfo setPackagePermissions(String packageName, int uid, String[] permissions)
+            throws Exception {
+        PackageInfo packageInfo = packageInfoWithPermissions(
+                REQUESTED_PERMISSION_GRANTED, permissions, PARTITION_SYSTEM);
+        when(mPackageManager.getPackageInfo(eq(packageName), anyInt())).thenReturn(packageInfo);
+        when(mPackageManager.getPackagesForUid(eq(uid))).thenReturn(new String[]{packageName});
+        return packageInfo;
+    }
+
+    private PackageInfo addPackage(String packageName, int uid, String[] permissions)
+            throws Exception {
+        PackageInfo packageInfo = setPackagePermissions(packageName, uid, permissions);
+        mPermissionMonitor.onPackageAdded(packageName, uid);
+        return packageInfo;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPackageInstall() throws Exception {
+        final NetdServiceMonitor mNetdServiceMonitor = new NetdServiceMonitor(mNetdService);
+
+        addPackage(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID1, new String[] {INTERNET, UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS});
+        mNetdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET
+                | INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS, new int[]{MOCK_UID1});
+
+        addPackage(MOCK_PACKAGE2, MOCK_UID2, new String[] {INTERNET});
+        mNetdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET, new int[]{MOCK_UID2});
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPackageInstallSharedUid() throws Exception {
+        final NetdServiceMonitor mNetdServiceMonitor = new NetdServiceMonitor(mNetdService);
+
+        PackageInfo packageInfo1 = addPackage(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID1,
+                new String[] {INTERNET, UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS});
+        mNetdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET
+                | INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS, new int[]{MOCK_UID1});
+
+        // Install another package with the same uid and no permissions should not cause the UID to
+        // lose permissions.
+        PackageInfo packageInfo2 = systemPackageInfoWithPermissions();
+        when(mPackageManager.getPackageInfo(eq(MOCK_PACKAGE2), anyInt())).thenReturn(packageInfo2);
+        when(mPackageManager.getPackagesForUid(MOCK_UID1))
+              .thenReturn(new String[]{MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_PACKAGE2});
+        mPermissionMonitor.onPackageAdded(MOCK_PACKAGE2, MOCK_UID1);
+        mNetdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET
+                | INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS, new int[]{MOCK_UID1});
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPackageUninstallBasic() throws Exception {
+        final NetdServiceMonitor mNetdServiceMonitor = new NetdServiceMonitor(mNetdService);
+
+        addPackage(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID1, new String[] {INTERNET, UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS});
+        mNetdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET
+                | INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS, new int[]{MOCK_UID1});
+
+        when(mPackageManager.getPackagesForUid(MOCK_UID1)).thenReturn(new String[]{});
+        mPermissionMonitor.onPackageRemoved(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID1);
+        mNetdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(INetd.PERMISSION_UNINSTALLED, new int[]{MOCK_UID1});
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPackageRemoveThenAdd() throws Exception {
+        final NetdServiceMonitor mNetdServiceMonitor = new NetdServiceMonitor(mNetdService);
+
+        addPackage(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID1, new String[] {INTERNET, UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS});
+        mNetdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET
+                | INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS, new int[]{MOCK_UID1});
+
+        when(mPackageManager.getPackagesForUid(MOCK_UID1)).thenReturn(new String[]{});
+        mPermissionMonitor.onPackageRemoved(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID1);
+        mNetdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(INetd.PERMISSION_UNINSTALLED, new int[]{MOCK_UID1});
+
+        addPackage(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID1, new String[] {INTERNET});
+        mNetdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET, new int[]{MOCK_UID1});
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPackageUpdate() throws Exception {
+        final NetdServiceMonitor mNetdServiceMonitor = new NetdServiceMonitor(mNetdService);
+
+        addPackage(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID1, new String[] {});
+        mNetdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(INetd.PERMISSION_NONE, new int[]{MOCK_UID1});
+
+        addPackage(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID1, new String[] {INTERNET});
+        mNetdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET, new int[]{MOCK_UID1});
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPackageUninstallWithMultiplePackages() throws Exception {
+        final NetdServiceMonitor mNetdServiceMonitor = new NetdServiceMonitor(mNetdService);
+
+        addPackage(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID1, new String[] {INTERNET, UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS});
+        mNetdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET
+                | INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS, new int[]{MOCK_UID1});
+
+        // Mock another package with the same uid but different permissions.
+        PackageInfo packageInfo2 = systemPackageInfoWithPermissions(INTERNET);
+        when(mPackageManager.getPackageInfo(eq(MOCK_PACKAGE2), anyInt())).thenReturn(packageInfo2);
+        when(mPackageManager.getPackagesForUid(MOCK_UID1)).thenReturn(new String[]{
+                MOCK_PACKAGE2});
+
+        mPermissionMonitor.onPackageRemoved(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID1);
+        mNetdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET, new int[]{MOCK_UID1});
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRealSystemPermission() throws Exception {
+        // Use the real context as this test must ensure the *real* system package holds the
+        // necessary permission.
+        final Context realContext = InstrumentationRegistry.getContext();
+        final PermissionMonitor monitor = new PermissionMonitor(realContext, mNetdService);
+        final PackageManager manager = realContext.getPackageManager();
+        final PackageInfo systemInfo = manager.getPackageInfo(REAL_SYSTEM_PACKAGE_NAME,
+                GET_PERMISSIONS | MATCH_ANY_USER);
+        assertTrue(monitor.hasPermission(systemInfo, CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateUidPermissionsFromSystemConfig() throws Exception {
+        final NetdServiceMonitor mNetdServiceMonitor = new NetdServiceMonitor(mNetdService);
+        when(mPackageManager.getInstalledPackages(anyInt())).thenReturn(new ArrayList<>());
+        when(mSystemConfigManager.getSystemPermissionUids(eq(INTERNET)))
+                .thenReturn(new int[]{ MOCK_UID1, MOCK_UID2 });
+        when(mSystemConfigManager.getSystemPermissionUids(eq(UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS)))
+                .thenReturn(new int[]{ MOCK_UID2 });
+
+        mPermissionMonitor.startMonitoring();
+        mNetdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET, new int[]{ MOCK_UID1 });
+        mNetdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(
+                INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET | INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS,
+                new int[]{ MOCK_UID2 });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIntentReceiver() throws Exception {
+        final NetdServiceMonitor mNetdServiceMonitor = new NetdServiceMonitor(mNetdService);
+        final ArgumentCaptor<BroadcastReceiver> receiverCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(BroadcastReceiver.class);
+        verify(mContext, times(1)).registerReceiver(receiverCaptor.capture(), any(), any(), any());
+        final BroadcastReceiver receiver = receiverCaptor.getValue();
+
+        // Verify receiving PACKAGE_ADDED intent.
+        final Intent addedIntent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_PACKAGE_ADDED,
+                Uri.fromParts("package", MOCK_PACKAGE1, null /* fragment */));
+        addedIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_UID, MOCK_UID1);
+        setPackagePermissions(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID1,
+                new String[] { INTERNET, UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS });
+        receiver.onReceive(mContext, addedIntent);
+        mNetdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET
+                | INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS, new int[] { MOCK_UID1 });
+
+        // Verify receiving PACKAGE_REMOVED intent.
+        when(mPackageManager.getPackagesForUid(MOCK_UID1)).thenReturn(null);
+        final Intent removedIntent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_PACKAGE_REMOVED,
+                Uri.fromParts("package", MOCK_PACKAGE1, null /* fragment */));
+        removedIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_UID, MOCK_UID1);
+        receiver.onReceive(mContext, removedIntent);
+        mNetdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(INetd.PERMISSION_UNINSTALLED, new int[] { MOCK_UID1 });
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b725b82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,1283 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity;
+
+import static android.content.pm.UserInfo.FLAG_ADMIN;
+import static android.content.pm.UserInfo.FLAG_MANAGED_PROFILE;
+import static android.content.pm.UserInfo.FLAG_PRIMARY;
+import static android.content.pm.UserInfo.FLAG_RESTRICTED;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback;
+import static android.net.INetd.IF_STATE_DOWN;
+import static android.net.INetd.IF_STATE_UP;
+import static android.os.UserHandle.PER_USER_RANGE;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyBoolean;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyInt;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyString;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.argThat;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.atLeastOnce;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doAnswer;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doNothing;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.inOrder;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.never;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.timeout;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.UserIdInt;
+import android.app.AppOpsManager;
+import android.app.NotificationManager;
+import android.app.PendingIntent;
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.content.pm.ApplicationInfo;
+import android.content.pm.PackageManager;
+import android.content.pm.ResolveInfo;
+import android.content.pm.ServiceInfo;
+import android.content.pm.UserInfo;
+import android.content.res.Resources;
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
+import android.net.INetd;
+import android.net.Ikev2VpnProfile;
+import android.net.InetAddresses;
+import android.net.InterfaceConfigurationParcel;
+import android.net.IpPrefix;
+import android.net.IpSecManager;
+import android.net.IpSecTunnelInterfaceResponse;
+import android.net.LinkProperties;
+import android.net.LocalSocket;
+import android.net.Network;
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
+import android.net.NetworkInfo.DetailedState;
+import android.net.RouteInfo;
+import android.net.UidRangeParcel;
+import android.net.VpnManager;
+import android.net.VpnService;
+import android.net.VpnTransportInfo;
+import android.net.ipsec.ike.IkeSessionCallback;
+import android.net.ipsec.ike.exceptions.IkeProtocolException;
+import android.os.Build.VERSION_CODES;
+import android.os.Bundle;
+import android.os.ConditionVariable;
+import android.os.INetworkManagementService;
+import android.os.Process;
+import android.os.UserHandle;
+import android.os.UserManager;
+import android.os.test.TestLooper;
+import android.provider.Settings;
+import android.security.Credentials;
+import android.util.ArrayMap;
+import android.util.ArraySet;
+import android.util.Range;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.android.internal.R;
+import com.android.internal.net.LegacyVpnInfo;
+import com.android.internal.net.VpnConfig;
+import com.android.internal.net.VpnProfile;
+import com.android.server.IpSecService;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.mockito.AdditionalAnswers;
+import org.mockito.Answers;
+import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;
+import org.mockito.InOrder;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
+
+import java.io.BufferedWriter;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileWriter;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.Inet4Address;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.stream.Stream;
+
+/**
+ * Tests for {@link Vpn}.
+ *
+ * Build, install and run with:
+ *  runtest frameworks-net -c com.android.server.connectivity.VpnTest
+ */
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@SmallTest
+public class VpnTest {
+    private static final String TAG = "VpnTest";
+
+    // Mock users
+    static final UserInfo primaryUser = new UserInfo(27, "Primary", FLAG_ADMIN | FLAG_PRIMARY);
+    static final UserInfo secondaryUser = new UserInfo(15, "Secondary", FLAG_ADMIN);
+    static final UserInfo restrictedProfileA = new UserInfo(40, "RestrictedA", FLAG_RESTRICTED);
+    static final UserInfo restrictedProfileB = new UserInfo(42, "RestrictedB", FLAG_RESTRICTED);
+    static final UserInfo managedProfileA = new UserInfo(45, "ManagedA", FLAG_MANAGED_PROFILE);
+    static {
+        restrictedProfileA.restrictedProfileParentId = primaryUser.id;
+        restrictedProfileB.restrictedProfileParentId = secondaryUser.id;
+        managedProfileA.profileGroupId = primaryUser.id;
+    }
+
+    static final Network EGRESS_NETWORK = new Network(101);
+    static final String EGRESS_IFACE = "wlan0";
+    static final String TEST_VPN_PKG = "com.testvpn.vpn";
+    private static final String TEST_VPN_SERVER = "1.2.3.4";
+    private static final String TEST_VPN_IDENTITY = "identity";
+    private static final byte[] TEST_VPN_PSK = "psk".getBytes();
+
+    private static final Network TEST_NETWORK = new Network(Integer.MAX_VALUE);
+    private static final String TEST_IFACE_NAME = "TEST_IFACE";
+    private static final int TEST_TUNNEL_RESOURCE_ID = 0x2345;
+    private static final long TEST_TIMEOUT_MS = 500L;
+
+    /**
+     * Names and UIDs for some fake packages. Important points:
+     *  - UID is ordered increasing.
+     *  - One pair of packages have consecutive UIDs.
+     */
+    static final String[] PKGS = {"com.example", "org.example", "net.example", "web.vpn"};
+    static final int[] PKG_UIDS = {66, 77, 78, 400};
+
+    // Mock packages
+    static final Map<String, Integer> mPackages = new ArrayMap<>();
+    static {
+        for (int i = 0; i < PKGS.length; i++) {
+            mPackages.put(PKGS[i], PKG_UIDS[i]);
+        }
+    }
+    private static final Range<Integer> PRI_USER_RANGE = uidRangeForUser(primaryUser.id);
+
+    @Mock(answer = Answers.RETURNS_DEEP_STUBS) private Context mContext;
+    @Mock private UserManager mUserManager;
+    @Mock private PackageManager mPackageManager;
+    @Mock private INetworkManagementService mNetService;
+    @Mock private INetd mNetd;
+    @Mock private AppOpsManager mAppOps;
+    @Mock private NotificationManager mNotificationManager;
+    @Mock private Vpn.SystemServices mSystemServices;
+    @Mock private Vpn.Ikev2SessionCreator mIkev2SessionCreator;
+    @Mock private ConnectivityManager mConnectivityManager;
+    @Mock private IpSecService mIpSecService;
+    @Mock private VpnProfileStore mVpnProfileStore;
+    private final VpnProfile mVpnProfile;
+
+    private IpSecManager mIpSecManager;
+
+    public VpnTest() throws Exception {
+        // Build an actual VPN profile that is capable of being converted to and from an
+        // Ikev2VpnProfile
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder builder =
+                new Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder(TEST_VPN_SERVER, TEST_VPN_IDENTITY);
+        builder.setAuthPsk(TEST_VPN_PSK);
+        mVpnProfile = builder.build().toVpnProfile();
+    }
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
+        MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
+
+        mIpSecManager = new IpSecManager(mContext, mIpSecService);
+
+        when(mContext.getPackageManager()).thenReturn(mPackageManager);
+        setMockedPackages(mPackages);
+
+        when(mContext.getPackageName()).thenReturn(TEST_VPN_PKG);
+        when(mContext.getOpPackageName()).thenReturn(TEST_VPN_PKG);
+        when(mContext.getSystemServiceName(UserManager.class))
+                .thenReturn(Context.USER_SERVICE);
+        when(mContext.getSystemService(eq(Context.USER_SERVICE))).thenReturn(mUserManager);
+        when(mContext.getSystemService(eq(Context.APP_OPS_SERVICE))).thenReturn(mAppOps);
+        when(mContext.getSystemServiceName(NotificationManager.class))
+                .thenReturn(Context.NOTIFICATION_SERVICE);
+        when(mContext.getSystemService(eq(Context.NOTIFICATION_SERVICE)))
+                .thenReturn(mNotificationManager);
+        when(mContext.getSystemService(eq(Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE)))
+                .thenReturn(mConnectivityManager);
+        when(mContext.getSystemServiceName(eq(ConnectivityManager.class)))
+                .thenReturn(Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE);
+        when(mContext.getSystemService(eq(Context.IPSEC_SERVICE))).thenReturn(mIpSecManager);
+        when(mContext.getString(R.string.config_customVpnAlwaysOnDisconnectedDialogComponent))
+                .thenReturn(Resources.getSystem().getString(
+                        R.string.config_customVpnAlwaysOnDisconnectedDialogComponent));
+        when(mPackageManager.hasSystemFeature(PackageManager.FEATURE_IPSEC_TUNNELS))
+                .thenReturn(true);
+
+        // Used by {@link Notification.Builder}
+        ApplicationInfo applicationInfo = new ApplicationInfo();
+        applicationInfo.targetSdkVersion = VERSION_CODES.CUR_DEVELOPMENT;
+        when(mContext.getApplicationInfo()).thenReturn(applicationInfo);
+        when(mPackageManager.getApplicationInfoAsUser(anyString(), anyInt(), anyInt()))
+                .thenReturn(applicationInfo);
+
+        doNothing().when(mNetService).registerObserver(any());
+
+        // Deny all appops by default.
+        when(mAppOps.noteOpNoThrow(anyString(), anyInt(), anyString(), any(), any()))
+                .thenReturn(AppOpsManager.MODE_IGNORED);
+
+        // Setup IpSecService
+        final IpSecTunnelInterfaceResponse tunnelResp =
+                new IpSecTunnelInterfaceResponse(
+                        IpSecManager.Status.OK, TEST_TUNNEL_RESOURCE_ID, TEST_IFACE_NAME);
+        when(mIpSecService.createTunnelInterface(any(), any(), any(), any(), any()))
+                .thenReturn(tunnelResp);
+    }
+
+    private Set<Range<Integer>> rangeSet(Range<Integer> ... ranges) {
+        final Set<Range<Integer>> range = new ArraySet<>();
+        for (Range<Integer> r : ranges) range.add(r);
+
+        return range;
+    }
+
+    private static Range<Integer> uidRangeForUser(int userId) {
+        return new Range<Integer>(userId * PER_USER_RANGE, (userId + 1) * PER_USER_RANGE - 1);
+    }
+
+    private Range<Integer> uidRange(int start, int stop) {
+        return new Range<Integer>(start, stop);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRestrictedProfilesAreAddedToVpn() {
+        setMockedUsers(primaryUser, secondaryUser, restrictedProfileA, restrictedProfileB);
+
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
+
+        // Assume the user can have restricted profiles.
+        doReturn(true).when(mUserManager).canHaveRestrictedProfile();
+        final Set<Range<Integer>> ranges =
+                vpn.createUserAndRestrictedProfilesRanges(primaryUser.id, null, null);
+
+        assertEquals(rangeSet(PRI_USER_RANGE, uidRangeForUser(restrictedProfileA.id)), ranges);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testManagedProfilesAreNotAddedToVpn() {
+        setMockedUsers(primaryUser, managedProfileA);
+
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
+        final Set<Range<Integer>> ranges = vpn.createUserAndRestrictedProfilesRanges(primaryUser.id,
+                null, null);
+
+        assertEquals(rangeSet(PRI_USER_RANGE), ranges);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAddUserToVpnOnlyAddsOneUser() {
+        setMockedUsers(primaryUser, restrictedProfileA, managedProfileA);
+
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
+        final Set<Range<Integer>> ranges = new ArraySet<>();
+        vpn.addUserToRanges(ranges, primaryUser.id, null, null);
+
+        assertEquals(rangeSet(PRI_USER_RANGE), ranges);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUidAllowAndDenylist() throws Exception {
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
+        final Range<Integer> user = PRI_USER_RANGE;
+        final int userStart = user.getLower();
+        final int userStop = user.getUpper();
+        final String[] packages = {PKGS[0], PKGS[1], PKGS[2]};
+
+        // Allowed list
+        final Set<Range<Integer>> allow = vpn.createUserAndRestrictedProfilesRanges(primaryUser.id,
+                Arrays.asList(packages), null /* disallowedApplications */);
+        assertEquals(rangeSet(
+                uidRange(userStart + PKG_UIDS[0], userStart + PKG_UIDS[0]),
+                uidRange(userStart + PKG_UIDS[1], userStart + PKG_UIDS[2])),
+                allow);
+
+        // Denied list
+        final Set<Range<Integer>> disallow =
+                vpn.createUserAndRestrictedProfilesRanges(primaryUser.id,
+                        null /* allowedApplications */, Arrays.asList(packages));
+        assertEquals(rangeSet(
+                uidRange(userStart, userStart + PKG_UIDS[0] - 1),
+                uidRange(userStart + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1, userStart + PKG_UIDS[1] - 1),
+                /* Empty range between UIDS[1] and UIDS[2], should be excluded, */
+                uidRange(userStart + PKG_UIDS[2] + 1, userStop)),
+                disallow);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetAlwaysAndOnGetLockDown() throws Exception {
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
+
+        // Default state.
+        assertFalse(vpn.getAlwaysOn());
+        assertFalse(vpn.getLockdown());
+
+        // Set always-on without lockdown.
+        assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(PKGS[1], false, Collections.emptyList()));
+        assertTrue(vpn.getAlwaysOn());
+        assertFalse(vpn.getLockdown());
+
+        // Set always-on with lockdown.
+        assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(PKGS[1], true, Collections.emptyList()));
+        assertTrue(vpn.getAlwaysOn());
+        assertTrue(vpn.getLockdown());
+
+        // Remove always-on configuration.
+        assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(null, false, Collections.emptyList()));
+        assertFalse(vpn.getAlwaysOn());
+        assertFalse(vpn.getLockdown());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLockdownChangingPackage() throws Exception {
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
+        final Range<Integer> user = PRI_USER_RANGE;
+        final int userStart = user.getLower();
+        final int userStop = user.getUpper();
+        // Set always-on without lockdown.
+        assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(PKGS[1], false, null));
+
+        // Set always-on with lockdown.
+        assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(PKGS[1], true, null));
+        verify(mConnectivityManager).setRequireVpnForUids(true, toRanges(new UidRangeParcel[] {
+                new UidRangeParcel(userStart, userStart + PKG_UIDS[1] - 1),
+                new UidRangeParcel(userStart + PKG_UIDS[1] + 1, userStop)
+        }));
+
+        // Switch to another app.
+        assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(PKGS[3], true, null));
+        verify(mConnectivityManager).setRequireVpnForUids(false, toRanges(new UidRangeParcel[] {
+                new UidRangeParcel(userStart, userStart + PKG_UIDS[1] - 1),
+                new UidRangeParcel(userStart + PKG_UIDS[1] + 1, userStop)
+        }));
+        verify(mConnectivityManager).setRequireVpnForUids(true, toRanges(new UidRangeParcel[] {
+                new UidRangeParcel(userStart, userStart + PKG_UIDS[3] - 1),
+                new UidRangeParcel(userStart + PKG_UIDS[3] + 1, userStop)
+        }));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLockdownAllowlist() throws Exception {
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
+        final Range<Integer> user = PRI_USER_RANGE;
+        final int userStart = user.getLower();
+        final int userStop = user.getUpper();
+        // Set always-on with lockdown and allow app PKGS[2] from lockdown.
+        assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(
+                PKGS[1], true, Collections.singletonList(PKGS[2])));
+        verify(mConnectivityManager).setRequireVpnForUids(true, toRanges(new UidRangeParcel[]  {
+                new UidRangeParcel(userStart, userStart + PKG_UIDS[1] - 1),
+                new UidRangeParcel(userStart + PKG_UIDS[2] + 1, userStop)
+        }));
+        // Change allowed app list to PKGS[3].
+        assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(
+                PKGS[1], true, Collections.singletonList(PKGS[3])));
+        verify(mConnectivityManager).setRequireVpnForUids(false, toRanges(new UidRangeParcel[] {
+                new UidRangeParcel(userStart + PKG_UIDS[2] + 1, userStop)
+        }));
+        verify(mConnectivityManager).setRequireVpnForUids(true, toRanges(new UidRangeParcel[] {
+                new UidRangeParcel(userStart + PKG_UIDS[1] + 1, userStart + PKG_UIDS[3] - 1),
+                new UidRangeParcel(userStart + PKG_UIDS[3] + 1, userStop)
+        }));
+
+        // Change the VPN app.
+        assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(
+                PKGS[0], true, Collections.singletonList(PKGS[3])));
+        verify(mConnectivityManager).setRequireVpnForUids(false, toRanges(new UidRangeParcel[] {
+                new UidRangeParcel(userStart, userStart + PKG_UIDS[1] - 1),
+                new UidRangeParcel(userStart + PKG_UIDS[1] + 1, userStart + PKG_UIDS[3] - 1)
+        }));
+        verify(mConnectivityManager).setRequireVpnForUids(true, toRanges(new UidRangeParcel[] {
+                new UidRangeParcel(userStart, userStart + PKG_UIDS[0] - 1),
+                new UidRangeParcel(userStart + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1, userStart + PKG_UIDS[3] - 1)
+        }));
+
+        // Remove the list of allowed packages.
+        assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(PKGS[0], true, null));
+        verify(mConnectivityManager).setRequireVpnForUids(false, toRanges(new UidRangeParcel[] {
+                new UidRangeParcel(userStart + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1, userStart + PKG_UIDS[3] - 1),
+                new UidRangeParcel(userStart + PKG_UIDS[3] + 1, userStop)
+        }));
+        verify(mConnectivityManager).setRequireVpnForUids(true, toRanges(new UidRangeParcel[] {
+                new UidRangeParcel(userStart + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1, userStop),
+        }));
+
+        // Add the list of allowed packages.
+        assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(
+                PKGS[0], true, Collections.singletonList(PKGS[1])));
+        verify(mConnectivityManager).setRequireVpnForUids(false, toRanges(new UidRangeParcel[] {
+                new UidRangeParcel(userStart + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1, userStop)
+        }));
+        verify(mConnectivityManager).setRequireVpnForUids(true, toRanges(new UidRangeParcel[] {
+                new UidRangeParcel(userStart + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1, userStart + PKG_UIDS[1] - 1),
+                new UidRangeParcel(userStart + PKG_UIDS[1] + 1, userStop)
+        }));
+
+        // Try allowing a package with a comma, should be rejected.
+        assertFalse(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(
+                PKGS[0], true, Collections.singletonList("a.b,c.d")));
+
+        // Pass a non-existent packages in the allowlist, they (and only they) should be ignored.
+        // allowed package should change from PGKS[1] to PKGS[2].
+        assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(
+                PKGS[0], true, Arrays.asList("com.foo.app", PKGS[2], "com.bar.app")));
+        verify(mConnectivityManager).setRequireVpnForUids(false, toRanges(new UidRangeParcel[] {
+                new UidRangeParcel(userStart + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1, userStart + PKG_UIDS[1] - 1),
+                new UidRangeParcel(userStart + PKG_UIDS[1] + 1, userStop)
+        }));
+        verify(mConnectivityManager).setRequireVpnForUids(true, toRanges(new UidRangeParcel[] {
+                new UidRangeParcel(userStart + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1, userStart + PKG_UIDS[2] - 1),
+                new UidRangeParcel(userStart + PKG_UIDS[2] + 1, userStop)
+        }));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLockdownRuleRepeatability() throws Exception {
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
+        final UidRangeParcel[] primaryUserRangeParcel = new UidRangeParcel[] {
+                new UidRangeParcel(PRI_USER_RANGE.getLower(), PRI_USER_RANGE.getUpper())};
+        // Given legacy lockdown is already enabled,
+        vpn.setLockdown(true);
+        verify(mConnectivityManager, times(1)).setRequireVpnForUids(true,
+                toRanges(primaryUserRangeParcel));
+
+        // Enabling legacy lockdown twice should do nothing.
+        vpn.setLockdown(true);
+        verify(mConnectivityManager, times(1)).setRequireVpnForUids(anyBoolean(), any());
+
+        // And disabling should remove the rules exactly once.
+        vpn.setLockdown(false);
+        verify(mConnectivityManager, times(1)).setRequireVpnForUids(false,
+                toRanges(primaryUserRangeParcel));
+
+        // Removing the lockdown again should have no effect.
+        vpn.setLockdown(false);
+        verify(mConnectivityManager, times(2)).setRequireVpnForUids(anyBoolean(), any());
+    }
+
+    private ArrayList<Range<Integer>> toRanges(UidRangeParcel[] ranges) {
+        ArrayList<Range<Integer>> rangesArray = new ArrayList<>(ranges.length);
+        for (int i = 0; i < ranges.length; i++) {
+            rangesArray.add(new Range<>(ranges[i].start, ranges[i].stop));
+        }
+        return rangesArray;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLockdownRuleReversibility() throws Exception {
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
+        final UidRangeParcel[] entireUser = {
+            new UidRangeParcel(PRI_USER_RANGE.getLower(), PRI_USER_RANGE.getUpper())
+        };
+        final UidRangeParcel[] exceptPkg0 = {
+            new UidRangeParcel(entireUser[0].start, entireUser[0].start + PKG_UIDS[0] - 1),
+            new UidRangeParcel(entireUser[0].start + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1, entireUser[0].stop)
+        };
+
+        final InOrder order = inOrder(mConnectivityManager);
+
+        // Given lockdown is enabled with no package (legacy VPN),
+        vpn.setLockdown(true);
+        order.verify(mConnectivityManager).setRequireVpnForUids(true, toRanges(entireUser));
+
+        // When a new VPN package is set the rules should change to cover that package.
+        vpn.prepare(null, PKGS[0], VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_SERVICE);
+        order.verify(mConnectivityManager).setRequireVpnForUids(false, toRanges(entireUser));
+        order.verify(mConnectivityManager).setRequireVpnForUids(true, toRanges(exceptPkg0));
+
+        // When that VPN package is unset, everything should be undone again in reverse.
+        vpn.prepare(null, VpnConfig.LEGACY_VPN, VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_SERVICE);
+        order.verify(mConnectivityManager).setRequireVpnForUids(false, toRanges(exceptPkg0));
+        order.verify(mConnectivityManager).setRequireVpnForUids(true, toRanges(entireUser));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIsAlwaysOnPackageSupported() throws Exception {
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
+
+        ApplicationInfo appInfo = new ApplicationInfo();
+        when(mPackageManager.getApplicationInfoAsUser(eq(PKGS[0]), anyInt(), eq(primaryUser.id)))
+                .thenReturn(appInfo);
+
+        ServiceInfo svcInfo = new ServiceInfo();
+        ResolveInfo resInfo = new ResolveInfo();
+        resInfo.serviceInfo = svcInfo;
+        when(mPackageManager.queryIntentServicesAsUser(any(), eq(PackageManager.GET_META_DATA),
+                eq(primaryUser.id)))
+                .thenReturn(Collections.singletonList(resInfo));
+
+        // null package name should return false
+        assertFalse(vpn.isAlwaysOnPackageSupported(null));
+
+        // Pre-N apps are not supported
+        appInfo.targetSdkVersion = VERSION_CODES.M;
+        assertFalse(vpn.isAlwaysOnPackageSupported(PKGS[0]));
+
+        // N+ apps are supported by default
+        appInfo.targetSdkVersion = VERSION_CODES.N;
+        assertTrue(vpn.isAlwaysOnPackageSupported(PKGS[0]));
+
+        // Apps that opt out explicitly are not supported
+        appInfo.targetSdkVersion = VERSION_CODES.CUR_DEVELOPMENT;
+        Bundle metaData = new Bundle();
+        metaData.putBoolean(VpnService.SERVICE_META_DATA_SUPPORTS_ALWAYS_ON, false);
+        svcInfo.metaData = metaData;
+        assertFalse(vpn.isAlwaysOnPackageSupported(PKGS[0]));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNotificationShownForAlwaysOnApp() throws Exception {
+        final UserHandle userHandle = UserHandle.of(primaryUser.id);
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
+        setMockedUsers(primaryUser);
+
+        final InOrder order = inOrder(mNotificationManager);
+
+        // Don't show a notification for regular disconnected states.
+        vpn.updateState(DetailedState.DISCONNECTED, TAG);
+        order.verify(mNotificationManager, atLeastOnce()).cancel(anyString(), anyInt());
+
+        // Start showing a notification for disconnected once always-on.
+        vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(PKGS[0], false, null);
+        order.verify(mNotificationManager).notify(anyString(), anyInt(), any());
+
+        // Stop showing the notification once connected.
+        vpn.updateState(DetailedState.CONNECTED, TAG);
+        order.verify(mNotificationManager).cancel(anyString(), anyInt());
+
+        // Show the notification if we disconnect again.
+        vpn.updateState(DetailedState.DISCONNECTED, TAG);
+        order.verify(mNotificationManager).notify(anyString(), anyInt(), any());
+
+        // Notification should be cleared after unsetting always-on package.
+        vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(null, false, null);
+        order.verify(mNotificationManager).cancel(anyString(), anyInt());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The profile name should NOT change between releases for backwards compatibility
+     *
+     * <p>If this is changed between releases, the {@link Vpn#getVpnProfilePrivileged()} method MUST
+     * be updated to ensure backward compatibility.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testGetProfileNameForPackage() throws Exception {
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
+        setMockedUsers(primaryUser);
+
+        final String expected = Credentials.PLATFORM_VPN + primaryUser.id + "_" + TEST_VPN_PKG;
+        assertEquals(expected, vpn.getProfileNameForPackage(TEST_VPN_PKG));
+    }
+
+    private Vpn createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(String... grantedOps) throws Exception {
+        return createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(primaryUser, grantedOps);
+    }
+
+    private Vpn createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(UserInfo user, String... grantedOps) throws Exception {
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(user.id);
+        setMockedUsers(user);
+
+        when(mPackageManager.getPackageUidAsUser(eq(TEST_VPN_PKG), anyInt()))
+                .thenReturn(Process.myUid());
+
+        for (final String opStr : grantedOps) {
+            when(mAppOps.noteOpNoThrow(opStr, Process.myUid(), TEST_VPN_PKG,
+                    null /* attributionTag */, null /* message */))
+                    .thenReturn(AppOpsManager.MODE_ALLOWED);
+        }
+
+        return vpn;
+    }
+
+    private void checkProvisionVpnProfile(Vpn vpn, boolean expectedResult, String... checkedOps) {
+        assertEquals(expectedResult, vpn.provisionVpnProfile(TEST_VPN_PKG, mVpnProfile));
+
+        // The profile should always be stored, whether or not consent has been previously granted.
+        verify(mVpnProfileStore)
+                .put(
+                        eq(vpn.getProfileNameForPackage(TEST_VPN_PKG)),
+                        eq(mVpnProfile.encode()));
+
+        for (final String checkedOpStr : checkedOps) {
+            verify(mAppOps).noteOpNoThrow(checkedOpStr, Process.myUid(), TEST_VPN_PKG,
+                    null /* attributionTag */, null /* message */);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testProvisionVpnProfileNoIpsecTunnels() throws Exception {
+        when(mPackageManager.hasSystemFeature(PackageManager.FEATURE_IPSEC_TUNNELS))
+                .thenReturn(false);
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
+
+        try {
+            checkProvisionVpnProfile(
+                    vpn, true /* expectedResult */, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
+            fail("Expected exception due to missing feature");
+        } catch (UnsupportedOperationException expected) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testProvisionVpnProfilePreconsented() throws Exception {
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
+
+        checkProvisionVpnProfile(
+                vpn, true /* expectedResult */, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testProvisionVpnProfileNotPreconsented() throws Exception {
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks();
+
+        // Expect that both the ACTIVATE_VPN and ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN were tried, but the caller
+        // had neither.
+        checkProvisionVpnProfile(vpn, false /* expectedResult */,
+                AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_VPN);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testProvisionVpnProfileVpnServicePreconsented() throws Exception {
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_VPN);
+
+        checkProvisionVpnProfile(vpn, true /* expectedResult */, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_VPN);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testProvisionVpnProfileTooLarge() throws Exception {
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
+
+        final VpnProfile bigProfile = new VpnProfile("");
+        bigProfile.name = new String(new byte[Vpn.MAX_VPN_PROFILE_SIZE_BYTES + 1]);
+
+        try {
+            vpn.provisionVpnProfile(TEST_VPN_PKG, bigProfile);
+            fail("Expected IAE due to profile size");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testProvisionVpnProfileRestrictedUser() throws Exception {
+        final Vpn vpn =
+                createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(
+                        restrictedProfileA, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
+
+        try {
+            vpn.provisionVpnProfile(TEST_VPN_PKG, mVpnProfile);
+            fail("Expected SecurityException due to restricted user");
+        } catch (SecurityException expected) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDeleteVpnProfile() throws Exception {
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks();
+
+        vpn.deleteVpnProfile(TEST_VPN_PKG);
+
+        verify(mVpnProfileStore)
+                .remove(eq(vpn.getProfileNameForPackage(TEST_VPN_PKG)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDeleteVpnProfileRestrictedUser() throws Exception {
+        final Vpn vpn =
+                createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(
+                        restrictedProfileA, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
+
+        try {
+            vpn.deleteVpnProfile(TEST_VPN_PKG);
+            fail("Expected SecurityException due to restricted user");
+        } catch (SecurityException expected) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetVpnProfilePrivileged() throws Exception {
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks();
+
+        when(mVpnProfileStore.get(vpn.getProfileNameForPackage(TEST_VPN_PKG)))
+                .thenReturn(new VpnProfile("").encode());
+
+        vpn.getVpnProfilePrivileged(TEST_VPN_PKG);
+
+        verify(mVpnProfileStore).get(eq(vpn.getProfileNameForPackage(TEST_VPN_PKG)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStartVpnProfile() throws Exception {
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
+
+        when(mVpnProfileStore.get(vpn.getProfileNameForPackage(TEST_VPN_PKG)))
+                .thenReturn(mVpnProfile.encode());
+
+        vpn.startVpnProfile(TEST_VPN_PKG);
+
+        verify(mVpnProfileStore).get(eq(vpn.getProfileNameForPackage(TEST_VPN_PKG)));
+        verify(mAppOps)
+                .noteOpNoThrow(
+                        eq(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN),
+                        eq(Process.myUid()),
+                        eq(TEST_VPN_PKG),
+                        eq(null) /* attributionTag */,
+                        eq(null) /* message */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStartVpnProfileVpnServicePreconsented() throws Exception {
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_VPN);
+
+        when(mVpnProfileStore.get(vpn.getProfileNameForPackage(TEST_VPN_PKG)))
+                .thenReturn(mVpnProfile.encode());
+
+        vpn.startVpnProfile(TEST_VPN_PKG);
+
+        // Verify that the the ACTIVATE_VPN appop was checked, but no error was thrown.
+        verify(mAppOps).noteOpNoThrow(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_VPN, Process.myUid(),
+                TEST_VPN_PKG, null /* attributionTag */, null /* message */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStartVpnProfileNotConsented() throws Exception {
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks();
+
+        try {
+            vpn.startVpnProfile(TEST_VPN_PKG);
+            fail("Expected failure due to no user consent");
+        } catch (SecurityException expected) {
+        }
+
+        // Verify both appops were checked.
+        verify(mAppOps)
+                .noteOpNoThrow(
+                        eq(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN),
+                        eq(Process.myUid()),
+                        eq(TEST_VPN_PKG),
+                        eq(null) /* attributionTag */,
+                        eq(null) /* message */);
+        verify(mAppOps).noteOpNoThrow(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_VPN, Process.myUid(),
+                TEST_VPN_PKG, null /* attributionTag */, null /* message */);
+
+        // Keystore should never have been accessed.
+        verify(mVpnProfileStore, never()).get(any());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStartVpnProfileMissingProfile() throws Exception {
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
+
+        when(mVpnProfileStore.get(vpn.getProfileNameForPackage(TEST_VPN_PKG))).thenReturn(null);
+
+        try {
+            vpn.startVpnProfile(TEST_VPN_PKG);
+            fail("Expected failure due to missing profile");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
+        }
+
+        verify(mVpnProfileStore).get(vpn.getProfileNameForPackage(TEST_VPN_PKG));
+        verify(mAppOps)
+                .noteOpNoThrow(
+                        eq(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN),
+                        eq(Process.myUid()),
+                        eq(TEST_VPN_PKG),
+                        eq(null) /* attributionTag */,
+                        eq(null) /* message */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStartVpnProfileRestrictedUser() throws Exception {
+        final Vpn vpn =
+                createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(
+                        restrictedProfileA, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
+
+        try {
+            vpn.startVpnProfile(TEST_VPN_PKG);
+            fail("Expected SecurityException due to restricted user");
+        } catch (SecurityException expected) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStopVpnProfileRestrictedUser() throws Exception {
+        final Vpn vpn =
+                createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(
+                        restrictedProfileA, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
+
+        try {
+            vpn.stopVpnProfile(TEST_VPN_PKG);
+            fail("Expected SecurityException due to restricted user");
+        } catch (SecurityException expected) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetPackageAuthorizationVpnService() throws Exception {
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks();
+
+        assertTrue(vpn.setPackageAuthorization(TEST_VPN_PKG, VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_SERVICE));
+        verify(mAppOps)
+                .setMode(
+                        eq(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_VPN),
+                        eq(Process.myUid()),
+                        eq(TEST_VPN_PKG),
+                        eq(AppOpsManager.MODE_ALLOWED));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetPackageAuthorizationPlatformVpn() throws Exception {
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks();
+
+        assertTrue(vpn.setPackageAuthorization(TEST_VPN_PKG, VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_PLATFORM));
+        verify(mAppOps)
+                .setMode(
+                        eq(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN),
+                        eq(Process.myUid()),
+                        eq(TEST_VPN_PKG),
+                        eq(AppOpsManager.MODE_ALLOWED));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetPackageAuthorizationRevokeAuthorization() throws Exception {
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks();
+
+        assertTrue(vpn.setPackageAuthorization(TEST_VPN_PKG, VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_NONE));
+        verify(mAppOps)
+                .setMode(
+                        eq(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_VPN),
+                        eq(Process.myUid()),
+                        eq(TEST_VPN_PKG),
+                        eq(AppOpsManager.MODE_IGNORED));
+        verify(mAppOps)
+                .setMode(
+                        eq(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN),
+                        eq(Process.myUid()),
+                        eq(TEST_VPN_PKG),
+                        eq(AppOpsManager.MODE_IGNORED));
+    }
+
+    private NetworkCallback triggerOnAvailableAndGetCallback() throws Exception {
+        final ArgumentCaptor<NetworkCallback> networkCallbackCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(NetworkCallback.class);
+        verify(mConnectivityManager, timeout(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS))
+                .requestNetwork(any(), networkCallbackCaptor.capture());
+
+        // onAvailable() will trigger onDefaultNetworkChanged(), so NetdUtils#setInterfaceUp will be
+        // invoked. Set the return value of INetd#interfaceGetCfg to prevent NullPointerException.
+        final InterfaceConfigurationParcel config = new InterfaceConfigurationParcel();
+        config.flags = new String[] {IF_STATE_DOWN};
+        when(mNetd.interfaceGetCfg(anyString())).thenReturn(config);
+        final NetworkCallback cb = networkCallbackCaptor.getValue();
+        cb.onAvailable(TEST_NETWORK);
+        return cb;
+    }
+
+    private void verifyInterfaceSetCfgWithFlags(String flag) throws Exception {
+        // Add a timeout for waiting for interfaceSetCfg to be called.
+        verify(mNetd, timeout(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS)).interfaceSetCfg(argThat(
+                config -> Arrays.asList(config.flags).contains(flag)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStartPlatformVpnAuthenticationFailed() throws Exception {
+        final ArgumentCaptor<IkeSessionCallback> captor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(IkeSessionCallback.class);
+        final IkeProtocolException exception = mock(IkeProtocolException.class);
+        when(exception.getErrorType())
+                .thenReturn(IkeProtocolException.ERROR_TYPE_AUTHENTICATION_FAILED);
+
+        final Vpn vpn = startLegacyVpn(createVpn(primaryUser.id), (mVpnProfile));
+        final NetworkCallback cb = triggerOnAvailableAndGetCallback();
+
+        verifyInterfaceSetCfgWithFlags(IF_STATE_UP);
+
+        // Wait for createIkeSession() to be called before proceeding in order to ensure consistent
+        // state
+        verify(mIkev2SessionCreator, timeout(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS))
+                .createIkeSession(any(), any(), any(), any(), captor.capture(), any());
+        final IkeSessionCallback ikeCb = captor.getValue();
+        ikeCb.onClosedExceptionally(exception);
+
+        verify(mConnectivityManager, timeout(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS)).unregisterNetworkCallback(eq(cb));
+        assertEquals(LegacyVpnInfo.STATE_FAILED, vpn.getLegacyVpnInfo().state);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStartPlatformVpnIllegalArgumentExceptionInSetup() throws Exception {
+        when(mIkev2SessionCreator.createIkeSession(any(), any(), any(), any(), any(), any()))
+                .thenThrow(new IllegalArgumentException());
+        final Vpn vpn = startLegacyVpn(createVpn(primaryUser.id), mVpnProfile);
+        final NetworkCallback cb = triggerOnAvailableAndGetCallback();
+
+        verifyInterfaceSetCfgWithFlags(IF_STATE_UP);
+
+        // Wait for createIkeSession() to be called before proceeding in order to ensure consistent
+        // state
+        verify(mConnectivityManager, timeout(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS)).unregisterNetworkCallback(eq(cb));
+        assertEquals(LegacyVpnInfo.STATE_FAILED, vpn.getLegacyVpnInfo().state);
+    }
+
+    private void setAndVerifyAlwaysOnPackage(Vpn vpn, int uid, boolean lockdownEnabled) {
+        assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(TEST_VPN_PKG, lockdownEnabled, null));
+
+        verify(mVpnProfileStore).get(eq(vpn.getProfileNameForPackage(TEST_VPN_PKG)));
+        verify(mAppOps).setMode(
+                eq(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN), eq(uid), eq(TEST_VPN_PKG),
+                eq(AppOpsManager.MODE_ALLOWED));
+
+        verify(mSystemServices).settingsSecurePutStringForUser(
+                eq(Settings.Secure.ALWAYS_ON_VPN_APP), eq(TEST_VPN_PKG), eq(primaryUser.id));
+        verify(mSystemServices).settingsSecurePutIntForUser(
+                eq(Settings.Secure.ALWAYS_ON_VPN_LOCKDOWN), eq(lockdownEnabled ? 1 : 0),
+                eq(primaryUser.id));
+        verify(mSystemServices).settingsSecurePutStringForUser(
+                eq(Settings.Secure.ALWAYS_ON_VPN_LOCKDOWN_WHITELIST), eq(""), eq(primaryUser.id));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetAndStartAlwaysOnVpn() throws Exception {
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
+        setMockedUsers(primaryUser);
+
+        // UID checks must return a different UID; otherwise it'll be treated as already prepared.
+        final int uid = Process.myUid() + 1;
+        when(mPackageManager.getPackageUidAsUser(eq(TEST_VPN_PKG), anyInt()))
+                .thenReturn(uid);
+        when(mVpnProfileStore.get(vpn.getProfileNameForPackage(TEST_VPN_PKG)))
+                .thenReturn(mVpnProfile.encode());
+
+        setAndVerifyAlwaysOnPackage(vpn, uid, false);
+        assertTrue(vpn.startAlwaysOnVpn());
+
+        // TODO: Test the Ikev2VpnRunner started up properly. Relies on utility methods added in
+        // a subsequent CL.
+    }
+
+    private Vpn startLegacyVpn(final Vpn vpn, final VpnProfile vpnProfile) throws Exception {
+        setMockedUsers(primaryUser);
+
+        // Dummy egress interface
+        final LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+        lp.setInterfaceName(EGRESS_IFACE);
+
+        final RouteInfo defaultRoute = new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(Inet4Address.ANY, 0),
+                        InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("192.0.2.0"), EGRESS_IFACE);
+        lp.addRoute(defaultRoute);
+
+        vpn.startLegacyVpn(vpnProfile, EGRESS_NETWORK, lp);
+        return vpn;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStartPlatformVpn() throws Exception {
+        startLegacyVpn(createVpn(primaryUser.id), mVpnProfile);
+        // TODO: Test the Ikev2VpnRunner started up properly. Relies on utility methods added in
+        // a subsequent patch.
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStartRacoonNumericAddress() throws Exception {
+        startRacoon("1.2.3.4", "1.2.3.4");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStartRacoonHostname() throws Exception {
+        startRacoon("hostname", "5.6.7.8"); // address returned by deps.resolve
+    }
+
+    private void assertTransportInfoMatches(NetworkCapabilities nc, int type) {
+        assertNotNull(nc);
+        VpnTransportInfo ti = (VpnTransportInfo) nc.getTransportInfo();
+        assertNotNull(ti);
+        assertEquals(type, ti.getType());
+    }
+
+    public void startRacoon(final String serverAddr, final String expectedAddr)
+            throws Exception {
+        final ConditionVariable legacyRunnerReady = new ConditionVariable();
+        final VpnProfile profile = new VpnProfile("testProfile" /* key */);
+        profile.type = VpnProfile.TYPE_L2TP_IPSEC_PSK;
+        profile.name = "testProfileName";
+        profile.username = "userName";
+        profile.password = "thePassword";
+        profile.server = serverAddr;
+        profile.ipsecIdentifier = "id";
+        profile.ipsecSecret = "secret";
+        profile.l2tpSecret = "l2tpsecret";
+
+        when(mConnectivityManager.getAllNetworks())
+            .thenReturn(new Network[] { new Network(101) });
+
+        when(mConnectivityManager.registerNetworkAgent(any(), any(), any(), any(),
+                any(), any(), anyInt())).thenAnswer(invocation -> {
+                    // The runner has registered an agent and is now ready.
+                    legacyRunnerReady.open();
+                    return new Network(102);
+                });
+        final Vpn vpn = startLegacyVpn(createVpn(primaryUser.id), profile);
+        final TestDeps deps = (TestDeps) vpn.mDeps;
+        try {
+            // udppsk and 1701 are the values for TYPE_L2TP_IPSEC_PSK
+            assertArrayEquals(
+                    new String[] { EGRESS_IFACE, expectedAddr, "udppsk",
+                            profile.ipsecIdentifier, profile.ipsecSecret, "1701" },
+                    deps.racoonArgs.get(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+            // literal values are hardcoded in Vpn.java for mtpd args
+            assertArrayEquals(
+                    new String[] { EGRESS_IFACE, "l2tp", expectedAddr, "1701", profile.l2tpSecret,
+                            "name", profile.username, "password", profile.password,
+                            "linkname", "vpn", "refuse-eap", "nodefaultroute", "usepeerdns",
+                            "idle", "1800", "mtu", "1270", "mru", "1270" },
+                    deps.mtpdArgs.get(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+
+            // Now wait for the runner to be ready before testing for the route.
+            ArgumentCaptor<LinkProperties> lpCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(LinkProperties.class);
+            ArgumentCaptor<NetworkCapabilities> ncCaptor =
+                    ArgumentCaptor.forClass(NetworkCapabilities.class);
+            verify(mConnectivityManager, timeout(10_000)).registerNetworkAgent(any(), any(),
+                    lpCaptor.capture(), ncCaptor.capture(), any(), any(), anyInt());
+
+            // In this test the expected address is always v4 so /32.
+            // Note that the interface needs to be specified because RouteInfo objects stored in
+            // LinkProperties objects always acquire the LinkProperties' interface.
+            final RouteInfo expectedRoute = new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(expectedAddr + "/32"),
+                    null, EGRESS_IFACE, RouteInfo.RTN_THROW);
+            final List<RouteInfo> actualRoutes = lpCaptor.getValue().getRoutes();
+            assertTrue("Expected throw route (" + expectedRoute + ") not found in " + actualRoutes,
+                    actualRoutes.contains(expectedRoute));
+
+            assertTransportInfoMatches(ncCaptor.getValue(), VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_LEGACY);
+        } finally {
+            // Now interrupt the thread, unblock the runner and clean up.
+            vpn.mVpnRunner.exitVpnRunner();
+            deps.getStateFile().delete(); // set to delete on exit, but this deletes it earlier
+            vpn.mVpnRunner.join(10_000); // wait for up to 10s for the runner to die and cleanup
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static final class TestDeps extends Vpn.Dependencies {
+        public final CompletableFuture<String[]> racoonArgs = new CompletableFuture();
+        public final CompletableFuture<String[]> mtpdArgs = new CompletableFuture();
+        public final File mStateFile;
+
+        private final HashMap<String, Boolean> mRunningServices = new HashMap<>();
+
+        TestDeps() {
+            try {
+                mStateFile = File.createTempFile("vpnTest", ".tmp");
+                mStateFile.deleteOnExit();
+            } catch (final IOException e) {
+                throw new RuntimeException(e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean isCallerSystem() {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void startService(final String serviceName) {
+            mRunningServices.put(serviceName, true);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void stopService(final String serviceName) {
+            mRunningServices.put(serviceName, false);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean isServiceRunning(final String serviceName) {
+            return mRunningServices.getOrDefault(serviceName, false);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean isServiceStopped(final String serviceName) {
+            return !isServiceRunning(serviceName);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public File getStateFile() {
+            return mStateFile;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public PendingIntent getIntentForStatusPanel(Context context) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void sendArgumentsToDaemon(
+                final String daemon, final LocalSocket socket, final String[] arguments,
+                final Vpn.RetryScheduler interruptChecker) throws IOException {
+            if ("racoon".equals(daemon)) {
+                racoonArgs.complete(arguments);
+            } else if ("mtpd".equals(daemon)) {
+                writeStateFile(arguments);
+                mtpdArgs.complete(arguments);
+            } else {
+                throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Unsupported daemon : " + daemon);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void writeStateFile(final String[] arguments) throws IOException {
+            mStateFile.delete();
+            mStateFile.createNewFile();
+            mStateFile.deleteOnExit();
+            final BufferedWriter writer = new BufferedWriter(
+                    new FileWriter(mStateFile, false /* append */));
+            writer.write(EGRESS_IFACE);
+            writer.write("\n");
+            // addresses
+            writer.write("10.0.0.1/24\n");
+            // routes
+            writer.write("192.168.6.0/24\n");
+            // dns servers
+            writer.write("192.168.6.1\n");
+            // search domains
+            writer.write("vpn.searchdomains.com\n");
+            // endpoint - intentionally empty
+            writer.write("\n");
+            writer.flush();
+            writer.close();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        @NonNull
+        public InetAddress resolve(final String endpoint) {
+            try {
+                // If a numeric IP address, return it.
+                return InetAddress.parseNumericAddress(endpoint);
+            } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+                // Otherwise, return some token IP to test for.
+                return InetAddress.parseNumericAddress("5.6.7.8");
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean isInterfacePresent(final Vpn vpn, final String iface) {
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Mock some methods of vpn object.
+     */
+    private Vpn createVpn(@UserIdInt int userId) {
+        final Context asUserContext = mock(Context.class, AdditionalAnswers.delegatesTo(mContext));
+        doReturn(UserHandle.of(userId)).when(asUserContext).getUser();
+        when(mContext.createContextAsUser(eq(UserHandle.of(userId)), anyInt()))
+                .thenReturn(asUserContext);
+        final TestLooper testLooper = new TestLooper();
+        final Vpn vpn = new Vpn(testLooper.getLooper(), mContext, new TestDeps(), mNetService,
+                mNetd, userId, mVpnProfileStore, mSystemServices, mIkev2SessionCreator);
+        verify(mConnectivityManager, times(1)).registerNetworkProvider(argThat(
+                provider -> provider.getName().contains("VpnNetworkProvider")
+        ));
+        return vpn;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Populate {@link #mUserManager} with a list of fake users.
+     */
+    private void setMockedUsers(UserInfo... users) {
+        final Map<Integer, UserInfo> userMap = new ArrayMap<>();
+        for (UserInfo user : users) {
+            userMap.put(user.id, user);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * @see UserManagerService#getUsers(boolean)
+         */
+        doAnswer(invocation -> {
+            final ArrayList<UserInfo> result = new ArrayList<>(users.length);
+            for (UserInfo ui : users) {
+                if (ui.isEnabled() && !ui.partial) {
+                    result.add(ui);
+                }
+            }
+            return result;
+        }).when(mUserManager).getAliveUsers();
+
+        doAnswer(invocation -> {
+            final int id = (int) invocation.getArguments()[0];
+            return userMap.get(id);
+        }).when(mUserManager).getUserInfo(anyInt());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Populate {@link #mPackageManager} with a fake packageName-to-UID mapping.
+     */
+    private void setMockedPackages(final Map<String, Integer> packages) {
+        try {
+            doAnswer(invocation -> {
+                final String appName = (String) invocation.getArguments()[0];
+                final int userId = (int) invocation.getArguments()[1];
+                Integer appId = packages.get(appName);
+                if (appId == null) throw new PackageManager.NameNotFoundException(appName);
+                return UserHandle.getUid(userId, appId);
+            }).when(mPackageManager).getPackageUidAsUser(anyString(), anyInt());
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void setMockedNetworks(final Map<Network, NetworkCapabilities> networks) {
+        doAnswer(invocation -> {
+            final Network network = (Network) invocation.getArguments()[0];
+            return networks.get(network);
+        }).when(mConnectivityManager).getNetworkCapabilities(any());
+    }
+
+    // Need multiple copies of this, but Java's Stream objects can't be reused or
+    // duplicated.
+    private Stream<String> publicIpV4Routes() {
+        return Stream.of(
+                "0.0.0.0/5", "8.0.0.0/7", "11.0.0.0/8", "12.0.0.0/6", "16.0.0.0/4",
+                "32.0.0.0/3", "64.0.0.0/2", "128.0.0.0/3", "160.0.0.0/5", "168.0.0.0/6",
+                "172.0.0.0/12", "172.32.0.0/11", "172.64.0.0/10", "172.128.0.0/9",
+                "173.0.0.0/8", "174.0.0.0/7", "176.0.0.0/4", "192.0.0.0/9", "192.128.0.0/11",
+                "192.160.0.0/13", "192.169.0.0/16", "192.170.0.0/15", "192.172.0.0/14",
+                "192.176.0.0/12", "192.192.0.0/10", "193.0.0.0/8", "194.0.0.0/7",
+                "196.0.0.0/6", "200.0.0.0/5", "208.0.0.0/4");
+    }
+
+    private Stream<String> publicIpV6Routes() {
+        return Stream.of(
+                "::/1", "8000::/2", "c000::/3", "e000::/4", "f000::/5", "f800::/6",
+                "fe00::/8", "2605:ef80:e:af1d::/64");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsAccessTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsAccessTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8b730af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsAccessTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2015 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.net;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+import android.Manifest;
+import android.Manifest.permission;
+import android.app.AppOpsManager;
+import android.app.admin.DevicePolicyManagerInternal;
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.content.pm.PackageManager;
+import android.telephony.TelephonyManager;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.android.server.LocalServices;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@SmallTest
+public class NetworkStatsAccessTest {
+    private static final String TEST_PKG = "com.example.test";
+    private static final int TEST_UID = 12345;
+
+    @Mock private Context mContext;
+    @Mock private DevicePolicyManagerInternal mDpmi;
+    @Mock private TelephonyManager mTm;
+    @Mock private AppOpsManager mAppOps;
+
+    // Hold the real service so we can restore it when tearing down the test.
+    private DevicePolicyManagerInternal mSystemDpmi;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
+        MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
+
+        mSystemDpmi = LocalServices.getService(DevicePolicyManagerInternal.class);
+        LocalServices.removeServiceForTest(DevicePolicyManagerInternal.class);
+        LocalServices.addService(DevicePolicyManagerInternal.class, mDpmi);
+
+        when(mContext.getSystemService(Context.TELEPHONY_SERVICE)).thenReturn(mTm);
+        when(mContext.getSystemService(Context.APP_OPS_SERVICE)).thenReturn(mAppOps);
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() throws Exception {
+        LocalServices.removeServiceForTest(DevicePolicyManagerInternal.class);
+        LocalServices.addService(DevicePolicyManagerInternal.class, mSystemDpmi);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCheckAccessLevel_hasCarrierPrivileges() throws Exception {
+        setHasCarrierPrivileges(true);
+        setIsDeviceOwner(false);
+        setIsProfileOwner(false);
+        setHasAppOpsPermission(AppOpsManager.MODE_DEFAULT, false);
+        setHasReadHistoryPermission(false);
+        assertEquals(NetworkStatsAccess.Level.DEVICE,
+                NetworkStatsAccess.checkAccessLevel(mContext, TEST_UID, TEST_PKG));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCheckAccessLevel_isDeviceOwner() throws Exception {
+        setHasCarrierPrivileges(false);
+        setIsDeviceOwner(true);
+        setIsProfileOwner(false);
+        setHasAppOpsPermission(AppOpsManager.MODE_DEFAULT, false);
+        setHasReadHistoryPermission(false);
+        assertEquals(NetworkStatsAccess.Level.DEVICE,
+                NetworkStatsAccess.checkAccessLevel(mContext, TEST_UID, TEST_PKG));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCheckAccessLevel_isProfileOwner() throws Exception {
+        setHasCarrierPrivileges(false);
+        setIsDeviceOwner(false);
+        setIsProfileOwner(true);
+        setHasAppOpsPermission(AppOpsManager.MODE_DEFAULT, false);
+        setHasReadHistoryPermission(false);
+        assertEquals(NetworkStatsAccess.Level.USER,
+                NetworkStatsAccess.checkAccessLevel(mContext, TEST_UID, TEST_PKG));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCheckAccessLevel_hasAppOpsBitAllowed() throws Exception {
+        setHasCarrierPrivileges(false);
+        setIsDeviceOwner(false);
+        setIsProfileOwner(true);
+        setHasAppOpsPermission(AppOpsManager.MODE_ALLOWED, false);
+        setHasReadHistoryPermission(false);
+        assertEquals(NetworkStatsAccess.Level.DEVICESUMMARY,
+                NetworkStatsAccess.checkAccessLevel(mContext, TEST_UID, TEST_PKG));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCheckAccessLevel_hasAppOpsBitDefault_grantedPermission() throws Exception {
+        setHasCarrierPrivileges(false);
+        setIsDeviceOwner(false);
+        setIsProfileOwner(true);
+        setHasAppOpsPermission(AppOpsManager.MODE_DEFAULT, true);
+        setHasReadHistoryPermission(false);
+        assertEquals(NetworkStatsAccess.Level.DEVICESUMMARY,
+                NetworkStatsAccess.checkAccessLevel(mContext, TEST_UID, TEST_PKG));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCheckAccessLevel_hasReadHistoryPermission() throws Exception {
+        setHasCarrierPrivileges(false);
+        setIsDeviceOwner(false);
+        setIsProfileOwner(true);
+        setHasAppOpsPermission(AppOpsManager.MODE_DEFAULT, false);
+        setHasReadHistoryPermission(true);
+        assertEquals(NetworkStatsAccess.Level.DEVICESUMMARY,
+                NetworkStatsAccess.checkAccessLevel(mContext, TEST_UID, TEST_PKG));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCheckAccessLevel_deniedAppOpsBit() throws Exception {
+        setHasCarrierPrivileges(false);
+        setIsDeviceOwner(false);
+        setIsProfileOwner(false);
+        setHasAppOpsPermission(AppOpsManager.MODE_ERRORED, true);
+        setHasReadHistoryPermission(false);
+        assertEquals(NetworkStatsAccess.Level.DEFAULT,
+                NetworkStatsAccess.checkAccessLevel(mContext, TEST_UID, TEST_PKG));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCheckAccessLevel_deniedAppOpsBit_deniedPermission() throws Exception {
+        setHasCarrierPrivileges(false);
+        setIsDeviceOwner(false);
+        setIsProfileOwner(false);
+        setHasAppOpsPermission(AppOpsManager.MODE_DEFAULT, false);
+        setHasReadHistoryPermission(false);
+        assertEquals(NetworkStatsAccess.Level.DEFAULT,
+                NetworkStatsAccess.checkAccessLevel(mContext, TEST_UID, TEST_PKG));
+    }
+
+    private void setHasCarrierPrivileges(boolean hasPrivileges) {
+        when(mTm.checkCarrierPrivilegesForPackageAnyPhone(TEST_PKG)).thenReturn(
+                hasPrivileges ? TelephonyManager.CARRIER_PRIVILEGE_STATUS_HAS_ACCESS
+                        : TelephonyManager.CARRIER_PRIVILEGE_STATUS_NO_ACCESS);
+    }
+
+    private void setIsDeviceOwner(boolean isOwner) {
+        when(mDpmi.isActiveDeviceOwner(TEST_UID)).thenReturn(isOwner);
+    }
+
+    private void setIsProfileOwner(boolean isOwner) {
+        when(mDpmi.isActiveProfileOwner(TEST_UID)).thenReturn(isOwner);
+    }
+
+    private void setHasAppOpsPermission(int appOpsMode, boolean hasPermission) {
+        when(mAppOps.noteOp(AppOpsManager.OP_GET_USAGE_STATS, TEST_UID, TEST_PKG))
+                .thenReturn(appOpsMode);
+        when(mContext.checkCallingPermission(Manifest.permission.PACKAGE_USAGE_STATS)).thenReturn(
+                hasPermission ? PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED
+                        : PackageManager.PERMISSION_DENIED);
+    }
+
+    private void setHasReadHistoryPermission(boolean hasPermission) {
+        when(mContext.checkCallingOrSelfPermission(permission.READ_NETWORK_USAGE_HISTORY))
+                .thenReturn(hasPermission ? PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED
+                        : PackageManager.PERMISSION_DENIED);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsBaseTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsBaseTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a058a46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsBaseTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2011 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.net;
+
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.METERED_ALL;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.METERED_NO;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.METERED_YES;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.ROAMING_ALL;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.ROAMING_NO;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.ROAMING_YES;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.SET_ALL;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.SET_DEFAULT;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.SET_FOREGROUND;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.TAG_NONE;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+
+import android.net.NetworkStats;
+import android.net.UnderlyingNetworkInfo;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+
+/** Superclass with utilities for NetworkStats(Service|Factory)Test */
+abstract class NetworkStatsBaseTest {
+    static final String TEST_IFACE = "test0";
+    static final String TEST_IFACE2 = "test1";
+    static final String TUN_IFACE = "test_nss_tun0";
+    static final String TUN_IFACE2 = "test_nss_tun1";
+
+    static final int UID_RED = 1001;
+    static final int UID_BLUE = 1002;
+    static final int UID_GREEN = 1003;
+    static final int UID_VPN = 1004;
+
+    void assertValues(NetworkStats stats, String iface, int uid, long rxBytes,
+            long rxPackets, long txBytes, long txPackets) {
+        assertValues(
+                stats, iface, uid, SET_ALL, TAG_NONE, METERED_ALL, ROAMING_ALL, DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL,
+                rxBytes, rxPackets, txBytes, txPackets, 0);
+    }
+
+    void assertValues(NetworkStats stats, String iface, int uid, int set, int tag,
+            int metered, int roaming, int defaultNetwork, long rxBytes, long rxPackets,
+            long txBytes, long txPackets, long operations) {
+        final NetworkStats.Entry entry = new NetworkStats.Entry();
+        final int[] sets;
+        if (set == SET_ALL) {
+            sets = new int[] {SET_ALL, SET_DEFAULT, SET_FOREGROUND};
+        } else {
+            sets = new int[] {set};
+        }
+
+        final int[] roamings;
+        if (roaming == ROAMING_ALL) {
+            roamings = new int[] {ROAMING_ALL, ROAMING_YES, ROAMING_NO};
+        } else {
+            roamings = new int[] {roaming};
+        }
+
+        final int[] meterings;
+        if (metered == METERED_ALL) {
+            meterings = new int[] {METERED_ALL, METERED_YES, METERED_NO};
+        } else {
+            meterings = new int[] {metered};
+        }
+
+        final int[] defaultNetworks;
+        if (defaultNetwork == DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL) {
+            defaultNetworks =
+                    new int[] {DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO};
+        } else {
+            defaultNetworks = new int[] {defaultNetwork};
+        }
+
+        for (int s : sets) {
+            for (int r : roamings) {
+                for (int m : meterings) {
+                    for (int d : defaultNetworks) {
+                        final int i = stats.findIndex(iface, uid, s, tag, m, r, d);
+                        if (i != -1) {
+                            entry.add(stats.getValues(i, null));
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        assertEquals("unexpected rxBytes", rxBytes, entry.rxBytes);
+        assertEquals("unexpected rxPackets", rxPackets, entry.rxPackets);
+        assertEquals("unexpected txBytes", txBytes, entry.txBytes);
+        assertEquals("unexpected txPackets", txPackets, entry.txPackets);
+        assertEquals("unexpected operations", operations, entry.operations);
+    }
+
+    static UnderlyingNetworkInfo createVpnInfo(String[] underlyingIfaces) {
+        return createVpnInfo(TUN_IFACE, underlyingIfaces);
+    }
+
+    static UnderlyingNetworkInfo createVpnInfo(String vpnIface, String[] underlyingIfaces) {
+        return new UnderlyingNetworkInfo(UID_VPN, vpnIface, Arrays.asList(underlyingIfaces));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsCollectionTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsCollectionTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..505ff9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsCollectionTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,594 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2012 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.net;
+
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE;
+import static android.net.NetworkIdentity.OEM_NONE;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.SET_ALL;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.SET_DEFAULT;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.TAG_NONE;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.UID_ALL;
+import static android.net.NetworkStatsHistory.FIELD_ALL;
+import static android.net.NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateMobileAll;
+import static android.os.Process.myUid;
+import static android.text.format.DateUtils.HOUR_IN_MILLIS;
+import static android.text.format.DateUtils.MINUTE_IN_MILLIS;
+
+import static com.android.internal.net.NetworkUtilsInternal.multiplySafeByRational;
+import static com.android.testutils.MiscAsserts.assertThrows;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import android.content.res.Resources;
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
+import android.net.NetworkIdentity;
+import android.net.NetworkStats;
+import android.net.NetworkStatsHistory;
+import android.net.NetworkTemplate;
+import android.os.Process;
+import android.os.UserHandle;
+import android.telephony.SubscriptionPlan;
+import android.telephony.TelephonyManager;
+import android.text.format.DateUtils;
+import android.util.RecurrenceRule;
+
+import androidx.test.InstrumentationRegistry;
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.android.frameworks.tests.net.R;
+
+import libcore.io.IoUtils;
+import libcore.io.Streams;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.time.Clock;
+import java.time.Instant;
+import java.time.ZoneId;
+import java.time.ZonedDateTime;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * Tests for {@link NetworkStatsCollection}.
+ */
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@SmallTest
+public class NetworkStatsCollectionTest {
+
+    private static final String TEST_FILE = "test.bin";
+    private static final String TEST_IMSI = "310260000000000";
+
+    private static final long TIME_A = 1326088800000L; // UTC: Monday 9th January 2012 06:00:00 AM
+    private static final long TIME_B = 1326110400000L; // UTC: Monday 9th January 2012 12:00:00 PM
+    private static final long TIME_C = 1326132000000L; // UTC: Monday 9th January 2012 06:00:00 PM
+
+    private static Clock sOriginalClock;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
+        sOriginalClock = RecurrenceRule.sClock;
+        // ignore any device overlay while testing
+        NetworkTemplate.forceAllNetworkTypes();
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() throws Exception {
+        RecurrenceRule.sClock = sOriginalClock;
+        NetworkTemplate.resetForceAllNetworkTypes();
+    }
+
+    private void setClock(Instant instant) {
+        RecurrenceRule.sClock = Clock.fixed(instant, ZoneId.systemDefault());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadLegacyNetwork() throws Exception {
+        final File testFile =
+                new File(InstrumentationRegistry.getContext().getFilesDir(), TEST_FILE);
+        stageFile(R.raw.netstats_v1, testFile);
+
+        final NetworkStatsCollection collection = new NetworkStatsCollection(30 * MINUTE_IN_MILLIS);
+        collection.readLegacyNetwork(testFile);
+
+        // verify that history read correctly
+        assertSummaryTotal(collection, buildTemplateMobileAll(TEST_IMSI),
+                636016770L, 709306L, 88038768L, 518836L, NetworkStatsAccess.Level.DEVICE);
+
+        // now export into a unified format
+        final ByteArrayOutputStream bos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        collection.write(bos);
+
+        // clear structure completely
+        collection.reset();
+        assertSummaryTotal(collection, buildTemplateMobileAll(TEST_IMSI),
+                0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, NetworkStatsAccess.Level.DEVICE);
+
+        // and read back into structure, verifying that totals are same
+        collection.read(new ByteArrayInputStream(bos.toByteArray()));
+        assertSummaryTotal(collection, buildTemplateMobileAll(TEST_IMSI),
+                636016770L, 709306L, 88038768L, 518836L, NetworkStatsAccess.Level.DEVICE);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadLegacyUid() throws Exception {
+        final File testFile =
+                new File(InstrumentationRegistry.getContext().getFilesDir(), TEST_FILE);
+        stageFile(R.raw.netstats_uid_v4, testFile);
+
+        final NetworkStatsCollection collection = new NetworkStatsCollection(30 * MINUTE_IN_MILLIS);
+        collection.readLegacyUid(testFile, false);
+
+        // verify that history read correctly
+        assertSummaryTotal(collection, buildTemplateMobileAll(TEST_IMSI),
+                637076152L, 711413L, 88343717L, 521022L, NetworkStatsAccess.Level.DEVICE);
+
+        // now export into a unified format
+        final ByteArrayOutputStream bos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        collection.write(bos);
+
+        // clear structure completely
+        collection.reset();
+        assertSummaryTotal(collection, buildTemplateMobileAll(TEST_IMSI),
+                0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, NetworkStatsAccess.Level.DEVICE);
+
+        // and read back into structure, verifying that totals are same
+        collection.read(new ByteArrayInputStream(bos.toByteArray()));
+        assertSummaryTotal(collection, buildTemplateMobileAll(TEST_IMSI),
+                637076152L, 711413L, 88343717L, 521022L, NetworkStatsAccess.Level.DEVICE);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadLegacyUidTags() throws Exception {
+        final File testFile =
+                new File(InstrumentationRegistry.getContext().getFilesDir(), TEST_FILE);
+        stageFile(R.raw.netstats_uid_v4, testFile);
+
+        final NetworkStatsCollection collection = new NetworkStatsCollection(30 * MINUTE_IN_MILLIS);
+        collection.readLegacyUid(testFile, true);
+
+        // verify that history read correctly
+        assertSummaryTotalIncludingTags(collection, buildTemplateMobileAll(TEST_IMSI),
+                77017831L, 100995L, 35436758L, 92344L);
+
+        // now export into a unified format
+        final ByteArrayOutputStream bos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        collection.write(bos);
+
+        // clear structure completely
+        collection.reset();
+        assertSummaryTotalIncludingTags(collection, buildTemplateMobileAll(TEST_IMSI),
+                0L, 0L, 0L, 0L);
+
+        // and read back into structure, verifying that totals are same
+        collection.read(new ByteArrayInputStream(bos.toByteArray()));
+        assertSummaryTotalIncludingTags(collection, buildTemplateMobileAll(TEST_IMSI),
+                77017831L, 100995L, 35436758L, 92344L);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStartEndAtomicBuckets() throws Exception {
+        final NetworkStatsCollection collection = new NetworkStatsCollection(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
+
+        // record empty data straddling between buckets
+        final NetworkStats.Entry entry = new NetworkStats.Entry();
+        entry.rxBytes = 32;
+        collection.recordData(null, UID_ALL, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 30 * MINUTE_IN_MILLIS,
+                90 * MINUTE_IN_MILLIS, entry);
+
+        // assert that we report boundary in atomic buckets
+        assertEquals(0, collection.getStartMillis());
+        assertEquals(2 * HOUR_IN_MILLIS, collection.getEndMillis());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAccessLevels() throws Exception {
+        final NetworkStatsCollection collection = new NetworkStatsCollection(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
+        final NetworkStats.Entry entry = new NetworkStats.Entry();
+        final NetworkIdentitySet identSet = new NetworkIdentitySet();
+        identSet.add(new NetworkIdentity(TYPE_MOBILE, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UNKNOWN,
+                TEST_IMSI, null, false, true, true, OEM_NONE));
+
+        int myUid = Process.myUid();
+        int otherUidInSameUser = Process.myUid() + 1;
+        int uidInDifferentUser = Process.myUid() + UserHandle.PER_USER_RANGE;
+
+        // Record one entry for the current UID.
+        entry.rxBytes = 32;
+        collection.recordData(identSet, myUid, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 0, 60 * MINUTE_IN_MILLIS,
+                entry);
+
+        // Record one entry for another UID in this user.
+        entry.rxBytes = 64;
+        collection.recordData(identSet, otherUidInSameUser, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 0,
+                60 * MINUTE_IN_MILLIS, entry);
+
+        // Record one entry for the system UID.
+        entry.rxBytes = 128;
+        collection.recordData(identSet, Process.SYSTEM_UID, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 0,
+                60 * MINUTE_IN_MILLIS, entry);
+
+        // Record one entry for a UID in a different user.
+        entry.rxBytes = 256;
+        collection.recordData(identSet, uidInDifferentUser, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 0,
+                60 * MINUTE_IN_MILLIS, entry);
+
+        // Verify the set of relevant UIDs for each access level.
+        assertArrayEquals(new int[] { myUid },
+                collection.getRelevantUids(NetworkStatsAccess.Level.DEFAULT));
+        assertArrayEquals(new int[] { Process.SYSTEM_UID, myUid, otherUidInSameUser },
+                collection.getRelevantUids(NetworkStatsAccess.Level.USER));
+        assertArrayEquals(
+                new int[] { Process.SYSTEM_UID, myUid, otherUidInSameUser, uidInDifferentUser },
+                collection.getRelevantUids(NetworkStatsAccess.Level.DEVICE));
+
+        // Verify security check in getHistory.
+        assertNotNull(collection.getHistory(buildTemplateMobileAll(TEST_IMSI), null, myUid, SET_DEFAULT,
+                TAG_NONE, 0, 0L, 0L, NetworkStatsAccess.Level.DEFAULT, myUid));
+        try {
+            collection.getHistory(buildTemplateMobileAll(TEST_IMSI), null, otherUidInSameUser,
+                    SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 0, 0L, 0L, NetworkStatsAccess.Level.DEFAULT, myUid);
+            fail("Should have thrown SecurityException for accessing different UID");
+        } catch (SecurityException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+
+        // Verify appropriate aggregation in getSummary.
+        assertSummaryTotal(collection, buildTemplateMobileAll(TEST_IMSI), 32, 0, 0, 0,
+                NetworkStatsAccess.Level.DEFAULT);
+        assertSummaryTotal(collection, buildTemplateMobileAll(TEST_IMSI), 32 + 64 + 128, 0, 0, 0,
+                NetworkStatsAccess.Level.USER);
+        assertSummaryTotal(collection, buildTemplateMobileAll(TEST_IMSI), 32 + 64 + 128 + 256, 0, 0,
+                0, NetworkStatsAccess.Level.DEVICE);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAugmentPlan() throws Exception {
+        final File testFile =
+                new File(InstrumentationRegistry.getContext().getFilesDir(), TEST_FILE);
+        stageFile(R.raw.netstats_v1, testFile);
+
+        final NetworkStatsCollection emptyCollection = new NetworkStatsCollection(30 * MINUTE_IN_MILLIS);
+        final NetworkStatsCollection collection = new NetworkStatsCollection(30 * MINUTE_IN_MILLIS);
+        collection.readLegacyNetwork(testFile);
+
+        // We're in the future, but not that far off
+        setClock(Instant.parse("2012-06-01T00:00:00.00Z"));
+
+        // Test a bunch of plans that should result in no augmentation
+        final List<SubscriptionPlan> plans = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        // No plan
+        plans.add(null);
+        // No usage anchor
+        plans.add(SubscriptionPlan.Builder
+                .createRecurringMonthly(ZonedDateTime.parse("2011-01-14T00:00:00.00Z")).build());
+        // Usage anchor far in past
+        plans.add(SubscriptionPlan.Builder
+                .createRecurringMonthly(ZonedDateTime.parse("2011-01-14T00:00:00.00Z"))
+                .setDataUsage(1000L, TIME_A - DateUtils.YEAR_IN_MILLIS).build());
+        // Usage anchor far in future
+        plans.add(SubscriptionPlan.Builder
+                .createRecurringMonthly(ZonedDateTime.parse("2011-01-14T00:00:00.00Z"))
+                .setDataUsage(1000L, TIME_A + DateUtils.YEAR_IN_MILLIS).build());
+        // Usage anchor near but outside cycle
+        plans.add(SubscriptionPlan.Builder
+                .createNonrecurring(ZonedDateTime.parse("2012-01-09T09:00:00.00Z"),
+                        ZonedDateTime.parse("2012-01-09T15:00:00.00Z"))
+                .setDataUsage(1000L, TIME_C).build());
+
+        for (SubscriptionPlan plan : plans) {
+            int i;
+            NetworkStatsHistory history;
+
+            // Empty collection should be untouched
+            history = getHistory(emptyCollection, plan, TIME_A, TIME_C);
+            assertEquals(0L, history.getTotalBytes());
+
+            // Normal collection should be untouched
+            history = getHistory(collection, plan, TIME_A, TIME_C); i = 0;
+            assertEntry(100647, 197, 23649, 185, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(100647, 196, 23648, 185, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(18323, 76, 15032, 76, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(18322, 75, 15031, 75, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(527798, 761, 78570, 652, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(527797, 760, 78570, 651, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(10747, 50, 16839, 55, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(10747, 49, 16837, 54, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(89191, 151, 18021, 140, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(89190, 150, 18020, 139, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(3821, 23, 4525, 26, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(3820, 21, 4524, 26, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(91686, 159, 18576, 146, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(91685, 159, 18574, 146, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(8289, 36, 6864, 39, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(8289, 34, 6862, 37, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(113914, 174, 18364, 157, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(113913, 173, 18364, 157, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(11378, 49, 9261, 50, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(11377, 48, 9261, 48, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(201766, 328, 41808, 291, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(201764, 328, 41807, 290, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(106106, 219, 39918, 202, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(106105, 216, 39916, 200, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEquals(history.size(), i);
+
+            // Slice from middle should be untouched
+            history = getHistory(collection, plan, TIME_B - HOUR_IN_MILLIS,
+                    TIME_B + HOUR_IN_MILLIS); i = 0;
+            assertEntry(3821, 23, 4525, 26, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(3820, 21, 4524, 26, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(91686, 159, 18576, 146, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(91685, 159, 18574, 146, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEquals(history.size(), i);
+        }
+
+        // Lower anchor in the middle of plan
+        {
+            int i;
+            NetworkStatsHistory history;
+
+            final SubscriptionPlan plan = SubscriptionPlan.Builder
+                    .createNonrecurring(ZonedDateTime.parse("2012-01-09T09:00:00.00Z"),
+                            ZonedDateTime.parse("2012-01-09T15:00:00.00Z"))
+                    .setDataUsage(200000L, TIME_B).build();
+
+            // Empty collection should be augmented
+            history = getHistory(emptyCollection, plan, TIME_A, TIME_C);
+            assertEquals(200000L, history.getTotalBytes());
+
+            // Normal collection should be augmented
+            history = getHistory(collection, plan, TIME_A, TIME_C); i = 0;
+            assertEntry(100647, 197, 23649, 185, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(100647, 196, 23648, 185, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(18323, 76, 15032, 76, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(18322, 75, 15031, 75, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(527798, 761, 78570, 652, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(527797, 760, 78570, 651, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            // Cycle point; start data normalization
+            assertEntry(7507, 0, 11763, 0, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(7507, 0, 11762, 0, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(62309, 0, 12589, 0, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(62309, 0, 12588, 0, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(2669, 0, 3161, 0, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(2668, 0, 3160, 0, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            // Anchor point; end data normalization
+            assertEntry(91686, 159, 18576, 146, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(91685, 159, 18574, 146, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(8289, 36, 6864, 39, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(8289, 34, 6862, 37, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(113914, 174, 18364, 157, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(113913, 173, 18364, 157, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            // Cycle point
+            assertEntry(11378, 49, 9261, 50, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(11377, 48, 9261, 48, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(201766, 328, 41808, 291, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(201764, 328, 41807, 290, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(106106, 219, 39918, 202, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(106105, 216, 39916, 200, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEquals(history.size(), i);
+
+            // Slice from middle should be augmented
+            history = getHistory(collection, plan, TIME_B - HOUR_IN_MILLIS,
+                    TIME_B + HOUR_IN_MILLIS); i = 0;
+            assertEntry(2669, 0, 3161, 0, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(2668, 0, 3160, 0, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(91686, 159, 18576, 146, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(91685, 159, 18574, 146, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEquals(history.size(), i);
+        }
+
+        // Higher anchor in the middle of plan
+        {
+            int i;
+            NetworkStatsHistory history;
+
+            final SubscriptionPlan plan = SubscriptionPlan.Builder
+                    .createNonrecurring(ZonedDateTime.parse("2012-01-09T09:00:00.00Z"),
+                            ZonedDateTime.parse("2012-01-09T15:00:00.00Z"))
+                    .setDataUsage(400000L, TIME_B + MINUTE_IN_MILLIS).build();
+
+            // Empty collection should be augmented
+            history = getHistory(emptyCollection, plan, TIME_A, TIME_C);
+            assertEquals(400000L, history.getTotalBytes());
+
+            // Normal collection should be augmented
+            history = getHistory(collection, plan, TIME_A, TIME_C); i = 0;
+            assertEntry(100647, 197, 23649, 185, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(100647, 196, 23648, 185, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(18323, 76, 15032, 76, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(18322, 75, 15031, 75, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(527798, 761, 78570, 652, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(527797, 760, 78570, 651, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            // Cycle point; start data normalization
+            assertEntry(15015, 0, 23527, 0, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(15015, 0, 23524, 0, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(124619, 0, 25179, 0, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(124618, 0, 25177, 0, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(5338, 0, 6322, 0, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(5337, 0, 6320, 0, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            // Anchor point; end data normalization
+            assertEntry(91686, 159, 18576, 146, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(91685, 159, 18574, 146, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(8289, 36, 6864, 39, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(8289, 34, 6862, 37, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(113914, 174, 18364, 157, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(113913, 173, 18364, 157, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            // Cycle point
+            assertEntry(11378, 49, 9261, 50, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(11377, 48, 9261, 48, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(201766, 328, 41808, 291, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(201764, 328, 41807, 290, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(106106, 219, 39918, 202, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(106105, 216, 39916, 200, history.getValues(i++, null));
+
+            // Slice from middle should be augmented
+            history = getHistory(collection, plan, TIME_B - HOUR_IN_MILLIS,
+                    TIME_B + HOUR_IN_MILLIS); i = 0;
+            assertEntry(5338, 0, 6322, 0, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(5337, 0, 6320, 0, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(91686, 159, 18576, 146, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEntry(91685, 159, 18574, 146, history.getValues(i++, null));
+            assertEquals(history.size(), i);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAugmentPlanGigantic() throws Exception {
+        // We're in the future, but not that far off
+        setClock(Instant.parse("2012-06-01T00:00:00.00Z"));
+
+        // Create a simple history with a ton of measured usage
+        final NetworkStatsCollection large = new NetworkStatsCollection(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
+        final NetworkIdentitySet ident = new NetworkIdentitySet();
+        ident.add(new NetworkIdentity(ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE, -1, TEST_IMSI, null,
+                false, true, true, OEM_NONE));
+        large.recordData(ident, UID_ALL, SET_ALL, TAG_NONE, TIME_A, TIME_B,
+                new NetworkStats.Entry(12_730_893_164L, 1, 0, 0, 0));
+
+        // Verify untouched total
+        assertEquals(12_730_893_164L, getHistory(large, null, TIME_A, TIME_C).getTotalBytes());
+
+        // Verify anchor that might cause overflows
+        final SubscriptionPlan plan = SubscriptionPlan.Builder
+                .createRecurringMonthly(ZonedDateTime.parse("2012-01-09T00:00:00.00Z"))
+                .setDataUsage(4_939_212_390L, TIME_B).build();
+        assertEquals(4_939_212_386L, getHistory(large, plan, TIME_A, TIME_C).getTotalBytes());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRounding() throws Exception {
+        final NetworkStatsCollection coll = new NetworkStatsCollection(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
+
+        // Special values should remain unchanged
+        for (long time : new long[] {
+                Long.MIN_VALUE, Long.MAX_VALUE, SubscriptionPlan.TIME_UNKNOWN
+        }) {
+            assertEquals(time, coll.roundUp(time));
+            assertEquals(time, coll.roundDown(time));
+        }
+
+        assertEquals(TIME_A, coll.roundUp(TIME_A));
+        assertEquals(TIME_A, coll.roundDown(TIME_A));
+
+        assertEquals(TIME_A + HOUR_IN_MILLIS, coll.roundUp(TIME_A + 1));
+        assertEquals(TIME_A, coll.roundDown(TIME_A + 1));
+
+        assertEquals(TIME_A, coll.roundUp(TIME_A - 1));
+        assertEquals(TIME_A - HOUR_IN_MILLIS, coll.roundDown(TIME_A - 1));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultiplySafeRational() {
+        assertEquals(25, multiplySafeByRational(50, 1, 2));
+        assertEquals(100, multiplySafeByRational(50, 2, 1));
+
+        assertEquals(-10, multiplySafeByRational(30, -1, 3));
+        assertEquals(0, multiplySafeByRational(30, 0, 3));
+        assertEquals(10, multiplySafeByRational(30, 1, 3));
+        assertEquals(20, multiplySafeByRational(30, 2, 3));
+        assertEquals(30, multiplySafeByRational(30, 3, 3));
+        assertEquals(40, multiplySafeByRational(30, 4, 3));
+
+        assertEquals(100_000_000_000L,
+                multiplySafeByRational(300_000_000_000L, 10_000_000_000L, 30_000_000_000L));
+        assertEquals(100_000_000_010L,
+                multiplySafeByRational(300_000_000_000L, 10_000_000_001L, 30_000_000_000L));
+        assertEquals(823_202_048L,
+                multiplySafeByRational(4_939_212_288L, 2_121_815_528L, 12_730_893_165L));
+
+        assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, () -> multiplySafeByRational(30, 3, 0));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Copy a {@link Resources#openRawResource(int)} into {@link File} for
+     * testing purposes.
+     */
+    private void stageFile(int rawId, File file) throws Exception {
+        new File(file.getParent()).mkdirs();
+        InputStream in = null;
+        OutputStream out = null;
+        try {
+            in = InstrumentationRegistry.getContext().getResources().openRawResource(rawId);
+            out = new FileOutputStream(file);
+            Streams.copy(in, out);
+        } finally {
+            IoUtils.closeQuietly(in);
+            IoUtils.closeQuietly(out);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static NetworkStatsHistory getHistory(NetworkStatsCollection collection,
+            SubscriptionPlan augmentPlan, long start, long end) {
+        return collection.getHistory(buildTemplateMobileAll(TEST_IMSI), augmentPlan, UID_ALL,
+                SET_ALL, TAG_NONE, FIELD_ALL, start, end, NetworkStatsAccess.Level.DEVICE, myUid());
+    }
+
+    private static void assertSummaryTotal(NetworkStatsCollection collection,
+            NetworkTemplate template, long rxBytes, long rxPackets, long txBytes, long txPackets,
+            @NetworkStatsAccess.Level int accessLevel) {
+        final NetworkStats.Entry actual = collection.getSummary(
+                template, Long.MIN_VALUE, Long.MAX_VALUE, accessLevel, myUid())
+                .getTotal(null);
+        assertEntry(rxBytes, rxPackets, txBytes, txPackets, actual);
+    }
+
+    private static void assertSummaryTotalIncludingTags(NetworkStatsCollection collection,
+            NetworkTemplate template, long rxBytes, long rxPackets, long txBytes, long txPackets) {
+        final NetworkStats.Entry actual = collection.getSummary(
+                template, Long.MIN_VALUE, Long.MAX_VALUE, NetworkStatsAccess.Level.DEVICE, myUid())
+                .getTotalIncludingTags(null);
+        assertEntry(rxBytes, rxPackets, txBytes, txPackets, actual);
+    }
+
+    private static void assertEntry(long rxBytes, long rxPackets, long txBytes, long txPackets,
+            NetworkStats.Entry actual) {
+        assertEntry(new NetworkStats.Entry(rxBytes, rxPackets, txBytes, txPackets, 0L), actual);
+    }
+
+    private static void assertEntry(long rxBytes, long rxPackets, long txBytes, long txPackets,
+            NetworkStatsHistory.Entry actual) {
+        assertEntry(new NetworkStats.Entry(rxBytes, rxPackets, txBytes, txPackets, 0L), actual);
+    }
+
+    private static void assertEntry(NetworkStats.Entry expected,
+            NetworkStatsHistory.Entry actual) {
+        assertEntry(expected, new NetworkStats.Entry(actual.rxBytes, actual.rxPackets,
+                actual.txBytes, actual.txPackets, 0L));
+    }
+
+    private static void assertEntry(NetworkStats.Entry expected,
+            NetworkStats.Entry actual) {
+        assertEquals("unexpected rxBytes", expected.rxBytes, actual.rxBytes);
+        assertEquals("unexpected rxPackets", expected.rxPackets, actual.rxPackets);
+        assertEquals("unexpected txBytes", expected.txBytes, actual.txBytes);
+        assertEquals("unexpected txPackets", expected.txPackets, actual.txPackets);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsFactoryTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsFactoryTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f3ae9b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsFactoryTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,578 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2011 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.net;
+
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.METERED_ALL;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.METERED_NO;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.ROAMING_ALL;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.ROAMING_NO;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.SET_ALL;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.SET_DEFAULT;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.SET_FOREGROUND;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.TAG_NONE;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.UID_ALL;
+
+import static com.android.server.NetworkManagementSocketTagger.kernelToTag;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import android.content.res.Resources;
+import android.net.NetworkStats;
+import android.net.TrafficStats;
+import android.net.UnderlyingNetworkInfo;
+
+import androidx.test.InstrumentationRegistry;
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.android.frameworks.tests.net.R;
+
+import libcore.io.IoUtils;
+import libcore.io.Streams;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.FileWriter;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+
+/** Tests for {@link NetworkStatsFactory}. */
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@SmallTest
+public class NetworkStatsFactoryTest extends NetworkStatsBaseTest {
+    private static final String CLAT_PREFIX = "v4-";
+
+    private File mTestProc;
+    private NetworkStatsFactory mFactory;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
+        mTestProc = new File(InstrumentationRegistry.getContext().getFilesDir(), "proc");
+        if (mTestProc.exists()) {
+            IoUtils.deleteContents(mTestProc);
+        }
+
+        // The libandroid_servers which have the native method is not available to
+        // applications. So in order to have a test support native library, the native code
+        // related to networkStatsFactory is compiled to a minimal native library and loaded here.
+        System.loadLibrary("networkstatsfactorytestjni");
+        mFactory = new NetworkStatsFactory(mTestProc, false);
+        mFactory.updateUnderlyingNetworkInfos(new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0]);
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() throws Exception {
+        mFactory = null;
+
+        if (mTestProc.exists()) {
+            IoUtils.deleteContents(mTestProc);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNetworkStatsDetail() throws Exception {
+        final NetworkStats stats = parseDetailedStats(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_typical);
+
+        assertEquals(70, stats.size());
+        assertStatsEntry(stats, "wlan0", 0, SET_DEFAULT, 0x0, 18621L, 2898L);
+        assertStatsEntry(stats, "wlan0", 10011, SET_DEFAULT, 0x0, 35777L, 5718L);
+        assertStatsEntry(stats, "wlan0", 10021, SET_DEFAULT, 0x7fffff01, 562386L, 49228L);
+        assertStatsEntry(stats, "rmnet1", 10021, SET_DEFAULT, 0x30100000, 219110L, 227423L);
+        assertStatsEntry(stats, "rmnet2", 10001, SET_DEFAULT, 0x0, 1125899906842624L, 984L);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testVpnRewriteTrafficThroughItself() throws Exception {
+        UnderlyingNetworkInfo[] underlyingNetworkInfos =
+                new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[] {createVpnInfo(new String[] {TEST_IFACE})};
+        mFactory.updateUnderlyingNetworkInfos(underlyingNetworkInfos);
+
+        // create some traffic (assume 10 bytes of MTU for VPN interface and 1 byte encryption
+        // overhead per packet):
+        //
+        // 1000 bytes (100 packets) were sent, and 2000 bytes (200 packets) were received by UID_RED
+        // over VPN.
+        // 500 bytes (50 packets) were sent, and 1000 bytes (100 packets) were received by UID_BLUE
+        // over VPN.
+        //
+        // VPN UID rewrites packets read from TUN back to TUN, plus some of its own traffic
+
+        final NetworkStats tunStats = parseDetailedStats(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_vpn_rewrite_through_self);
+
+        assertValues(tunStats, TUN_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_ALL, TAG_NONE, METERED_ALL, ROAMING_ALL,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, 2000L, 200L, 1000L, 100L, 0);
+        assertValues(tunStats, TUN_IFACE, UID_BLUE, SET_ALL, TAG_NONE, METERED_ALL, ROAMING_ALL,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, 1000L, 100L, 500L, 50L, 0);
+        assertValues(tunStats, TUN_IFACE, UID_VPN, SET_ALL, TAG_NONE, METERED_ALL, ROAMING_ALL,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, 0L, 0L, 1600L, 160L, 0);
+
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, 2000L, 200L, 1000L, 100L);
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_BLUE, 1000L, 100L, 500L, 50L);
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_VPN, 300L, 0L, 260L, 26L);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testVpnWithClat() throws Exception {
+        final UnderlyingNetworkInfo[] underlyingNetworkInfos = new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[] {
+                createVpnInfo(new String[] {CLAT_PREFIX + TEST_IFACE})};
+        mFactory.updateUnderlyingNetworkInfos(underlyingNetworkInfos);
+        mFactory.noteStackedIface(CLAT_PREFIX + TEST_IFACE, TEST_IFACE);
+
+        // create some traffic (assume 10 bytes of MTU for VPN interface and 1 byte encryption
+        // overhead per packet):
+        // 1000 bytes (100 packets) were sent, and 2000 bytes (200 packets) were received by UID_RED
+        // over VPN.
+        // 500 bytes (50 packets) were sent, and 1000 bytes (100 packets) were received by UID_BLUE
+        // over VPN.
+        // VPN sent 1650 bytes (150 packets), and received 3300 (300 packets) over v4-WiFi, and clat
+        // added 20 bytes per packet of extra overhead
+        //
+        // For 1650 bytes sent over v4-WiFi, 4650 bytes were actually sent over WiFi, which is
+        // expected to be split as follows:
+        // UID_RED: 1000 bytes, 100 packets
+        // UID_BLUE: 500 bytes, 50 packets
+        // UID_VPN: 3150 bytes, 0 packets
+        //
+        // For 3300 bytes received over v4-WiFi, 9300 bytes were actually sent over WiFi, which is
+        // expected to be split as follows:
+        // UID_RED: 2000 bytes, 200 packets
+        // UID_BLUE: 1000 bytes, 100 packets
+        // UID_VPN: 6300 bytes, 0 packets
+        final NetworkStats tunStats = parseDetailedStats(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_vpn_with_clat);
+
+        assertValues(tunStats, CLAT_PREFIX + TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, 2000L, 200L, 1000, 100L);
+        assertValues(tunStats, CLAT_PREFIX + TEST_IFACE, UID_BLUE, 1000L, 100L, 500L, 50L);
+        assertValues(tunStats, CLAT_PREFIX + TEST_IFACE, UID_VPN, 6300L, 0L, 3150L, 0L);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testVpnWithOneUnderlyingIface() throws Exception {
+        final UnderlyingNetworkInfo[] underlyingNetworkInfos =
+                new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[] {createVpnInfo(new String[] {TEST_IFACE})};
+        mFactory.updateUnderlyingNetworkInfos(underlyingNetworkInfos);
+
+        // create some traffic (assume 10 bytes of MTU for VPN interface and 1 byte encryption
+        // overhead per packet):
+        // 1000 bytes (100 packets) were sent, and 2000 bytes (200 packets) were received by UID_RED
+        // over VPN.
+        // 500 bytes (50 packets) were sent, and 1000 bytes (100 packets) were received by UID_BLUE
+        // over VPN.
+        // VPN sent 1650 bytes (150 packets), and received 3300 (300 packets) over WiFi.
+        // Of 1650 bytes sent over WiFi, expect 1000 bytes attributed to UID_RED, 500 bytes
+        // attributed to UID_BLUE, and 150 bytes attributed to UID_VPN.
+        // Of 3300 bytes received over WiFi, expect 2000 bytes attributed to UID_RED, 1000 bytes
+        // attributed to UID_BLUE, and 300 bytes attributed to UID_VPN.
+        final NetworkStats tunStats = parseDetailedStats(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_vpn_one_underlying);
+
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, 2000L, 200L, 1000L, 100L);
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_BLUE, 1000L, 100L, 500L, 50L);
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_VPN, 300L, 0L, 150L, 0L);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testVpnWithOneUnderlyingIfaceAndOwnTraffic() throws Exception {
+        // WiFi network is connected and VPN is using WiFi (which has TEST_IFACE).
+        final UnderlyingNetworkInfo[] underlyingNetworkInfos =
+                new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[] {createVpnInfo(new String[] {TEST_IFACE})};
+        mFactory.updateUnderlyingNetworkInfos(underlyingNetworkInfos);
+
+        // create some traffic (assume 10 bytes of MTU for VPN interface and 1 byte encryption
+        // overhead per packet):
+        // 1000 bytes (100 packets) were sent, and 2000 bytes (200 packets) were received by UID_RED
+        // over VPN.
+        // 500 bytes (50 packets) were sent, and 1000 bytes (100 packets) were received by UID_BLUE
+        // over VPN.
+        // Additionally, the VPN sends 6000 bytes (600 packets) of its own traffic into the tun
+        // interface (passing that traffic to the VPN endpoint), and receives 5000 bytes (500
+        // packets) from it. Including overhead that is 6600/5500 bytes.
+        // VPN sent 8250 bytes (750 packets), and received 8800 (800 packets) over WiFi.
+        // Of 8250 bytes sent over WiFi, expect 1000 bytes attributed to UID_RED, 500 bytes
+        // attributed to UID_BLUE, and 6750 bytes attributed to UID_VPN.
+        // Of 8800 bytes received over WiFi, expect 2000 bytes attributed to UID_RED, 1000 bytes
+        // attributed to UID_BLUE, and 5800 bytes attributed to UID_VPN.
+        final NetworkStats tunStats =
+                parseDetailedStats(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_vpn_one_underlying_own_traffic);
+
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, 2000L, 200L, 1000L, 100L);
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_BLUE, 1000L, 100L, 500L, 50L);
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_VPN, 5800L, 500L, 6750L, 600L);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testVpnWithOneUnderlyingIface_withCompression() throws Exception {
+        // WiFi network is connected and VPN is using WiFi (which has TEST_IFACE).
+        final UnderlyingNetworkInfo[] underlyingNetworkInfos =
+                new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[] {createVpnInfo(new String[] {TEST_IFACE})};
+        mFactory.updateUnderlyingNetworkInfos(underlyingNetworkInfos);
+
+        // create some traffic (assume 10 bytes of MTU for VPN interface and 1 byte encryption
+        // overhead per packet):
+        // 1000 bytes (100 packets) were sent/received by UID_RED over VPN.
+        // 3000 bytes (300 packets) were sent/received by UID_BLUE over VPN.
+        // VPN sent/received 1000 bytes (100 packets) over WiFi.
+        // Of 1000 bytes over WiFi, expect 250 bytes attributed UID_RED and 750 bytes to UID_BLUE,
+        // with nothing attributed to UID_VPN for both rx/tx traffic.
+        final NetworkStats tunStats =
+                parseDetailedStats(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_vpn_one_underlying_compression);
+
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, 250L, 25L, 250L, 25L);
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_BLUE, 750L, 75L, 750L, 75L);
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_VPN, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testVpnWithTwoUnderlyingIfaces_packetDuplication() throws Exception {
+        // WiFi and Cell networks are connected and VPN is using WiFi (which has TEST_IFACE) and
+        // Cell (which has TEST_IFACE2) and has declared both of them in its underlying network set.
+        // Additionally, VPN is duplicating traffic across both WiFi and Cell.
+        final UnderlyingNetworkInfo[] underlyingNetworkInfos =
+                new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[] {createVpnInfo(new String[] {TEST_IFACE, TEST_IFACE2})};
+        mFactory.updateUnderlyingNetworkInfos(underlyingNetworkInfos);
+
+        // create some traffic (assume 10 bytes of MTU for VPN interface and 1 byte encryption
+        // overhead per packet):
+        // 1000 bytes (100 packets) were sent/received by UID_RED and UID_BLUE over VPN.
+        // VPN sent/received 4400 bytes (400 packets) over both WiFi and Cell (8800 bytes in total).
+        // Of 8800 bytes over WiFi/Cell, expect:
+        // - 500 bytes rx/tx each over WiFi/Cell attributed to both UID_RED and UID_BLUE.
+        // - 1200 bytes rx/tx each over WiFi/Cell for VPN_UID.
+        final NetworkStats tunStats =
+                parseDetailedStats(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_vpn_two_underlying_duplication);
+
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, 500L, 50L, 500L, 50L);
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_BLUE, 500L, 50L, 500L, 50L);
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_VPN, 1200L, 100L, 1200L, 100L);
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE2, UID_RED, 500L, 50L, 500L, 50L);
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE2, UID_BLUE, 500L, 50L, 500L, 50L);
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE2, UID_VPN, 1200L, 100L, 1200L, 100L);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConcurrentVpns() throws Exception {
+        // Assume two VPNs are connected on two different network interfaces. VPN1 is using
+        // TEST_IFACE and VPN2 is using TEST_IFACE2.
+        final UnderlyingNetworkInfo[] underlyingNetworkInfos = new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[] {
+                createVpnInfo(TUN_IFACE, new String[] {TEST_IFACE}),
+                createVpnInfo(TUN_IFACE2, new String[] {TEST_IFACE2})};
+        mFactory.updateUnderlyingNetworkInfos(underlyingNetworkInfos);
+
+        // create some traffic (assume 10 bytes of MTU for VPN interface and 1 byte encryption
+        // overhead per packet):
+        // 1000 bytes (100 packets) were sent, and 2000 bytes (200 packets) were received by UID_RED
+        // over VPN1.
+        // 700 bytes (70 packets) were sent, and 3000 bytes (300 packets) were received by UID_RED
+        // over VPN2.
+        // 500 bytes (50 packets) were sent, and 1000 bytes (100 packets) were received by UID_BLUE
+        // over VPN1.
+        // 250 bytes (25 packets) were sent, and 500 bytes (50 packets) were received by UID_BLUE
+        // over VPN2.
+        // VPN1 sent 1650 bytes (150 packets), and received 3300 (300 packets) over TEST_IFACE.
+        // Of 1650 bytes sent over WiFi, expect 1000 bytes attributed to UID_RED, 500 bytes
+        // attributed to UID_BLUE, and 150 bytes attributed to UID_VPN.
+        // Of 3300 bytes received over WiFi, expect 2000 bytes attributed to UID_RED, 1000 bytes
+        // attributed to UID_BLUE, and 300 bytes attributed to UID_VPN.
+        // VPN2 sent 1045 bytes (95 packets), and received 3850 (350 packets) over TEST_IFACE2.
+        // Of 1045 bytes sent over Cell, expect 700 bytes attributed to UID_RED, 250 bytes
+        // attributed to UID_BLUE, and 95 bytes attributed to UID_VPN.
+        // Of 3850 bytes received over Cell, expect 3000 bytes attributed to UID_RED, 500 bytes
+        // attributed to UID_BLUE, and 350 bytes attributed to UID_VPN.
+        final NetworkStats tunStats =
+                parseDetailedStats(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_vpn_one_underlying_two_vpn);
+
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, 2000L, 200L, 1000L, 100L);
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_BLUE, 1000L, 100L, 500L, 50L);
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE2, UID_RED, 3000L, 300L, 700L, 70L);
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE2, UID_BLUE, 500L, 50L, 250L, 25L);
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_VPN, 300L, 0L, 150L, 0L);
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE2, UID_VPN, 350L, 0L, 95L, 0L);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testVpnWithTwoUnderlyingIfaces_splitTraffic() throws Exception {
+        // WiFi and Cell networks are connected and VPN is using WiFi (which has TEST_IFACE) and
+        // Cell (which has TEST_IFACE2) and has declared both of them in its underlying network set.
+        // Additionally, VPN is arbitrarily splitting traffic across WiFi and Cell.
+        final UnderlyingNetworkInfo[] underlyingNetworkInfos =
+                new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[] {createVpnInfo(new String[] {TEST_IFACE, TEST_IFACE2})};
+        mFactory.updateUnderlyingNetworkInfos(underlyingNetworkInfos);
+
+        // create some traffic (assume 10 bytes of MTU for VPN interface and 1 byte encryption
+        // overhead per packet):
+        // 1000 bytes (100 packets) were sent, and 500 bytes (50 packets) received by UID_RED over
+        // VPN.
+        // VPN sent 660 bytes (60 packets) over WiFi and 440 bytes (40 packets) over Cell.
+        // And, it received 330 bytes (30 packets) over WiFi and 220 bytes (20 packets) over Cell.
+        // For UID_RED, expect 600 bytes attributed over WiFi and 400 bytes over Cell for sent (tx)
+        // traffic. For received (rx) traffic, expect 300 bytes over WiFi and 200 bytes over Cell.
+        //
+        // For UID_VPN, expect 60 bytes attributed over WiFi and 40 bytes over Cell for tx traffic.
+        // And, 30 bytes over WiFi and 20 bytes over Cell for rx traffic.
+        final NetworkStats tunStats = parseDetailedStats(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_vpn_two_underlying_split);
+
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, 300L, 30L, 600L, 60L);
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_VPN, 30L, 0L, 60L, 0L);
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE2, UID_RED, 200L, 20L, 400L, 40L);
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE2, UID_VPN, 20L, 0L, 40L, 0L);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testVpnWithTwoUnderlyingIfaces_splitTrafficWithCompression() throws Exception {
+        // WiFi and Cell networks are connected and VPN is using WiFi (which has TEST_IFACE) and
+        // Cell (which has TEST_IFACE2) and has declared both of them in its underlying network set.
+        // Additionally, VPN is arbitrarily splitting compressed traffic across WiFi and Cell.
+        final UnderlyingNetworkInfo[] underlyingNetworkInfos =
+                new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[] {createVpnInfo(new String[] {TEST_IFACE, TEST_IFACE2})};
+        mFactory.updateUnderlyingNetworkInfos(underlyingNetworkInfos);
+
+        // create some traffic (assume 10 bytes of MTU for VPN interface:
+        // 1000 bytes (100 packets) were sent/received by UID_RED over VPN.
+        // VPN sent/received 600 bytes (60 packets) over WiFi and 200 bytes (20 packets) over Cell.
+        // For UID_RED, expect 600 bytes attributed over WiFi and 200 bytes over Cell for both
+        // rx/tx.
+        // UID_VPN gets nothing attributed to it (avoiding negative stats).
+        final NetworkStats tunStats =
+                parseDetailedStats(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_vpn_two_underlying_split_compression);
+
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, 600L, 60L, 600L, 60L);
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_VPN, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L);
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE2, UID_RED, 200L, 20L, 200L, 20L);
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE2, UID_VPN, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testVpnWithIncorrectUnderlyingIface() throws Exception {
+        // WiFi and Cell networks are connected and VPN is using Cell (which has TEST_IFACE2),
+        // but has declared only WiFi (TEST_IFACE) in its underlying network set.
+        final UnderlyingNetworkInfo[] underlyingNetworkInfos =
+                new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[] {createVpnInfo(new String[] {TEST_IFACE})};
+        mFactory.updateUnderlyingNetworkInfos(underlyingNetworkInfos);
+
+        // create some traffic (assume 10 bytes of MTU for VPN interface and 1 byte encryption
+        // overhead per packet):
+        // 1000 bytes (100 packets) were sent/received by UID_RED over VPN.
+        // VPN sent/received 1100 bytes (100 packets) over Cell.
+        // Of 1100 bytes over Cell, expect all of it attributed to UID_VPN for both rx/tx traffic.
+        final NetworkStats tunStats = parseDetailedStats(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_vpn_incorrect_iface);
+
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L);
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_VPN, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L);
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE2, UID_RED, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L);
+        assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE2, UID_VPN, 1100L, 100L, 1100L, 100L);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testKernelTags() throws Exception {
+        assertEquals(0, kernelToTag("0x0000000000000000"));
+        assertEquals(0x32, kernelToTag("0x0000003200000000"));
+        assertEquals(2147483647, kernelToTag("0x7fffffff00000000"));
+        assertEquals(0, kernelToTag("0x0000000000000000"));
+        assertEquals(2147483136, kernelToTag("0x7FFFFE0000000000"));
+
+        assertEquals(0, kernelToTag("0x0"));
+        assertEquals(0, kernelToTag("0xf00d"));
+        assertEquals(1, kernelToTag("0x100000000"));
+        assertEquals(14438007, kernelToTag("0xdc4e7700000000"));
+        assertEquals(TrafficStats.TAG_SYSTEM_DOWNLOAD, kernelToTag("0xffffff0100000000"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNetworkStatsWithSet() throws Exception {
+        final NetworkStats stats = parseDetailedStats(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_typical);
+        assertEquals(70, stats.size());
+        assertStatsEntry(stats, "rmnet1", 10021, SET_DEFAULT, 0x30100000, 219110L, 578L, 227423L,
+                676L);
+        assertStatsEntry(stats, "rmnet1", 10021, SET_FOREGROUND, 0x30100000, 742L, 3L, 1265L, 3L);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNetworkStatsSingle() throws Exception {
+        stageFile(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_iface_typical, file("net/xt_qtaguid/iface_stat_all"));
+
+        final NetworkStats stats = mFactory.readNetworkStatsSummaryDev();
+        assertEquals(6, stats.size());
+        assertStatsEntry(stats, "rmnet0", UID_ALL, SET_ALL, TAG_NONE, 2112L, 24L, 700L, 10L);
+        assertStatsEntry(stats, "test1", UID_ALL, SET_ALL, TAG_NONE, 6L, 8L, 10L, 12L);
+        assertStatsEntry(stats, "test2", UID_ALL, SET_ALL, TAG_NONE, 1L, 2L, 3L, 4L);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNetworkStatsXt() throws Exception {
+        stageFile(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_iface_fmt_typical, file("net/xt_qtaguid/iface_stat_fmt"));
+
+        final NetworkStats stats = mFactory.readNetworkStatsSummaryXt();
+        assertEquals(3, stats.size());
+        assertStatsEntry(stats, "rmnet0", UID_ALL, SET_ALL, TAG_NONE, 6824L, 16L, 5692L, 10L);
+        assertStatsEntry(stats, "rmnet1", UID_ALL, SET_ALL, TAG_NONE, 11153922L, 8051L, 190226L,
+                2468L);
+        assertStatsEntry(stats, "rmnet2", UID_ALL, SET_ALL, TAG_NONE, 4968L, 35L, 3081L, 39L);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDoubleClatAccountingSimple() throws Exception {
+        mFactory.noteStackedIface("v4-wlan0", "wlan0");
+
+        // xt_qtaguid_with_clat_simple is a synthetic file that simulates
+        //  - 213 received 464xlat packets of size 200 bytes
+        //  - 41 sent 464xlat packets of size 100 bytes
+        //  - no other traffic on base interface for root uid.
+        NetworkStats stats = parseDetailedStats(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_with_clat_simple);
+        assertEquals(3, stats.size());
+
+        assertStatsEntry(stats, "v4-wlan0", 10060, SET_DEFAULT, 0x0, 46860L, 4920L);
+        assertStatsEntry(stats, "wlan0", 0, SET_DEFAULT, 0x0, 0L, 0L);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDoubleClatAccounting() throws Exception {
+        mFactory.noteStackedIface("v4-wlan0", "wlan0");
+
+        NetworkStats stats = parseDetailedStats(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_with_clat);
+        assertEquals(42, stats.size());
+
+        assertStatsEntry(stats, "v4-wlan0", 0, SET_DEFAULT, 0x0, 356L, 276L);
+        assertStatsEntry(stats, "v4-wlan0", 1000, SET_DEFAULT, 0x0, 30812L, 2310L);
+        assertStatsEntry(stats, "v4-wlan0", 10102, SET_DEFAULT, 0x0, 10022L, 3330L);
+        assertStatsEntry(stats, "v4-wlan0", 10060, SET_DEFAULT, 0x0, 9532772L, 254112L);
+        assertStatsEntry(stats, "wlan0", 0, SET_DEFAULT, 0x0, 0L, 0L);
+        assertStatsEntry(stats, "wlan0", 1000, SET_DEFAULT, 0x0, 6126L, 2013L);
+        assertStatsEntry(stats, "wlan0", 10013, SET_DEFAULT, 0x0, 0L, 144L);
+        assertStatsEntry(stats, "wlan0", 10018, SET_DEFAULT, 0x0, 5980263L, 167667L);
+        assertStatsEntry(stats, "wlan0", 10060, SET_DEFAULT, 0x0, 134356L, 8705L);
+        assertStatsEntry(stats, "wlan0", 10079, SET_DEFAULT, 0x0, 10926L, 1507L);
+        assertStatsEntry(stats, "wlan0", 10102, SET_DEFAULT, 0x0, 25038L, 8245L);
+        assertStatsEntry(stats, "wlan0", 10103, SET_DEFAULT, 0x0, 0L, 192L);
+        assertStatsEntry(stats, "dummy0", 0, SET_DEFAULT, 0x0, 0L, 168L);
+        assertStatsEntry(stats, "lo", 0, SET_DEFAULT, 0x0, 1288L, 1288L);
+
+        assertNoStatsEntry(stats, "wlan0", 1029, SET_DEFAULT, 0x0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDoubleClatAccounting100MBDownload() throws Exception {
+        // Downloading 100mb from an ipv4 only destination in a foreground activity
+
+        long appRxBytesBefore = 328684029L;
+        long appRxBytesAfter = 439237478L;
+        assertEquals("App traffic should be ~100MB", 110553449, appRxBytesAfter - appRxBytesBefore);
+
+        long rootRxBytes = 330187296L;
+
+        mFactory.noteStackedIface("v4-wlan0", "wlan0");
+        NetworkStats stats;
+
+        // Stats snapshot before the download
+        stats = parseDetailedStats(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_with_clat_100mb_download_before);
+        assertStatsEntry(stats, "v4-wlan0", 10106, SET_FOREGROUND, 0x0, appRxBytesBefore, 5199872L);
+        assertStatsEntry(stats, "wlan0", 0, SET_DEFAULT, 0x0, rootRxBytes, 0L);
+
+        // Stats snapshot after the download
+        stats = parseDetailedStats(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_with_clat_100mb_download_after);
+        assertStatsEntry(stats, "v4-wlan0", 10106, SET_FOREGROUND, 0x0, appRxBytesAfter, 7867488L);
+        assertStatsEntry(stats, "wlan0", 0, SET_DEFAULT, 0x0, rootRxBytes, 0L);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Copy a {@link Resources#openRawResource(int)} into {@link File} for
+     * testing purposes.
+     */
+    private void stageFile(int rawId, File file) throws Exception {
+        new File(file.getParent()).mkdirs();
+        InputStream in = null;
+        OutputStream out = null;
+        try {
+            in = InstrumentationRegistry.getContext().getResources().openRawResource(rawId);
+            out = new FileOutputStream(file);
+            Streams.copy(in, out);
+        } finally {
+            IoUtils.closeQuietly(in);
+            IoUtils.closeQuietly(out);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void stageLong(long value, File file) throws Exception {
+        new File(file.getParent()).mkdirs();
+        FileWriter out = null;
+        try {
+            out = new FileWriter(file);
+            out.write(Long.toString(value));
+        } finally {
+            IoUtils.closeQuietly(out);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private File file(String path) throws Exception {
+        return new File(mTestProc, path);
+    }
+
+    private NetworkStats parseDetailedStats(int resourceId) throws Exception {
+        stageFile(resourceId, file("net/xt_qtaguid/stats"));
+        return mFactory.readNetworkStatsDetail();
+    }
+
+    private static void assertStatsEntry(NetworkStats stats, String iface, int uid, int set,
+            int tag, long rxBytes, long txBytes) {
+        final int i = stats.findIndex(iface, uid, set, tag, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO);
+        if (i < 0) {
+            fail(String.format("no NetworkStats for (iface: %s, uid: %d, set: %d, tag: %d)",
+                    iface, uid, set, tag));
+        }
+        final NetworkStats.Entry entry = stats.getValues(i, null);
+        assertEquals("unexpected rxBytes", rxBytes, entry.rxBytes);
+        assertEquals("unexpected txBytes", txBytes, entry.txBytes);
+    }
+
+    private static void assertNoStatsEntry(NetworkStats stats, String iface, int uid, int set,
+            int tag) {
+        final int i = stats.findIndex(iface, uid, set, tag, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO);
+        if (i >= 0) {
+            fail("unexpected NetworkStats entry at " + i);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void assertStatsEntry(NetworkStats stats, String iface, int uid, int set,
+            int tag, long rxBytes, long rxPackets, long txBytes, long txPackets) {
+        assertStatsEntry(stats, iface, uid, set, tag, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO,
+                rxBytes, rxPackets, txBytes, txPackets);
+    }
+
+    private static void assertStatsEntry(NetworkStats stats, String iface, int uid, int set,
+            int tag, int metered, int roaming, int defaultNetwork, long rxBytes, long rxPackets,
+            long txBytes, long txPackets) {
+        final int i = stats.findIndex(iface, uid, set, tag, metered, roaming, defaultNetwork);
+
+        if (i < 0) {
+            fail(String.format("no NetworkStats for (iface: %s, uid: %d, set: %d, tag: %d, metered:"
+                    + " %d, roaming: %d, defaultNetwork: %d)",
+                    iface, uid, set, tag, metered, roaming, defaultNetwork));
+        }
+        final NetworkStats.Entry entry = stats.getValues(i, null);
+        assertEquals("unexpected rxBytes", rxBytes, entry.rxBytes);
+        assertEquals("unexpected rxPackets", rxPackets, entry.rxPackets);
+        assertEquals("unexpected txBytes", txBytes, entry.txBytes);
+        assertEquals("unexpected txPackets", txPackets, entry.txPackets);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsObserversTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsObserversTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9fa1c50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsObserversTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,447 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.net;
+
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE;
+import static android.net.NetworkIdentity.OEM_NONE;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.METERED_NO;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.ROAMING_NO;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.SET_DEFAULT;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.TAG_NONE;
+import static android.net.NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateMobileAll;
+import static android.net.NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateWifiWildcard;
+import static android.net.TrafficStats.MB_IN_BYTES;
+import static android.text.format.DateUtils.MINUTE_IN_MILLIS;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.mockito.Matchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.Matchers.anyInt;
+
+import android.app.usage.NetworkStatsManager;
+import android.net.DataUsageRequest;
+import android.net.NetworkIdentity;
+import android.net.NetworkStats;
+import android.net.NetworkTemplate;
+import android.os.ConditionVariable;
+import android.os.Handler;
+import android.os.HandlerThread;
+import android.os.IBinder;
+import android.os.Looper;
+import android.os.Messenger;
+import android.os.Process;
+import android.os.UserHandle;
+import android.telephony.TelephonyManager;
+import android.util.ArrayMap;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.android.server.net.NetworkStatsServiceTest.LatchedHandler;
+import com.android.testutils.HandlerUtils;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+import org.mockito.Mockito;
+import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
+
+import java.util.Objects;
+
+/**
+ * Tests for {@link NetworkStatsObservers}.
+ */
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@SmallTest
+public class NetworkStatsObserversTest {
+    private static final String TEST_IFACE = "test0";
+    private static final String TEST_IFACE2 = "test1";
+    private static final long TEST_START = 1194220800000L;
+
+    private static final String IMSI_1 = "310004";
+    private static final String IMSI_2 = "310260";
+    private static final String TEST_SSID = "AndroidAP";
+
+    private static NetworkTemplate sTemplateWifi = buildTemplateWifiWildcard();
+    private static NetworkTemplate sTemplateImsi1 = buildTemplateMobileAll(IMSI_1);
+    private static NetworkTemplate sTemplateImsi2 = buildTemplateMobileAll(IMSI_2);
+
+    private static final int UID_RED = UserHandle.PER_USER_RANGE + 1;
+    private static final int UID_BLUE = UserHandle.PER_USER_RANGE + 2;
+    private static final int UID_GREEN = UserHandle.PER_USER_RANGE + 3;
+    private static final int UID_ANOTHER_USER = 2 * UserHandle.PER_USER_RANGE + 4;
+
+    private static final long WAIT_TIMEOUT_MS = 500;
+    private static final long THRESHOLD_BYTES = 2 * MB_IN_BYTES;
+    private static final long BASE_BYTES = 7 * MB_IN_BYTES;
+    private static final int INVALID_TYPE = -1;
+
+    private long mElapsedRealtime;
+
+    private HandlerThread mObserverHandlerThread;
+    private Handler mObserverNoopHandler;
+
+    private LatchedHandler mHandler;
+
+    private NetworkStatsObservers mStatsObservers;
+    private Messenger mMessenger;
+    private ArrayMap<String, NetworkIdentitySet> mActiveIfaces;
+    private ArrayMap<String, NetworkIdentitySet> mActiveUidIfaces;
+
+    @Mock private IBinder mockBinder;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
+        MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
+
+        mObserverHandlerThread = new HandlerThread("HandlerThread");
+        mObserverHandlerThread.start();
+        final Looper observerLooper = mObserverHandlerThread.getLooper();
+        mStatsObservers = new NetworkStatsObservers() {
+            @Override
+            protected Looper getHandlerLooperLocked() {
+                return observerLooper;
+            }
+        };
+
+        mHandler = new LatchedHandler(Looper.getMainLooper(), new ConditionVariable());
+        mMessenger = new Messenger(mHandler);
+
+        mActiveIfaces = new ArrayMap<>();
+        mActiveUidIfaces = new ArrayMap<>();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRegister_thresholdTooLow_setsDefaultThreshold() throws Exception {
+        long thresholdTooLowBytes = 1L;
+        DataUsageRequest inputRequest = new DataUsageRequest(
+                DataUsageRequest.REQUEST_ID_UNSET, sTemplateWifi, thresholdTooLowBytes);
+
+        DataUsageRequest request = mStatsObservers.register(inputRequest, mMessenger, mockBinder,
+                Process.SYSTEM_UID, NetworkStatsAccess.Level.DEVICE);
+        assertTrue(request.requestId > 0);
+        assertTrue(Objects.equals(sTemplateWifi, request.template));
+        assertEquals(THRESHOLD_BYTES, request.thresholdInBytes);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRegister_highThreshold_accepted() throws Exception {
+        long highThresholdBytes = 2 * THRESHOLD_BYTES;
+        DataUsageRequest inputRequest = new DataUsageRequest(
+                DataUsageRequest.REQUEST_ID_UNSET, sTemplateWifi, highThresholdBytes);
+
+        DataUsageRequest request = mStatsObservers.register(inputRequest, mMessenger, mockBinder,
+                Process.SYSTEM_UID, NetworkStatsAccess.Level.DEVICE);
+        assertTrue(request.requestId > 0);
+        assertTrue(Objects.equals(sTemplateWifi, request.template));
+        assertEquals(highThresholdBytes, request.thresholdInBytes);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRegister_twoRequests_twoIds() throws Exception {
+        DataUsageRequest inputRequest = new DataUsageRequest(
+                DataUsageRequest.REQUEST_ID_UNSET, sTemplateWifi, THRESHOLD_BYTES);
+
+        DataUsageRequest request1 = mStatsObservers.register(inputRequest, mMessenger, mockBinder,
+                Process.SYSTEM_UID, NetworkStatsAccess.Level.DEVICE);
+        assertTrue(request1.requestId > 0);
+        assertTrue(Objects.equals(sTemplateWifi, request1.template));
+        assertEquals(THRESHOLD_BYTES, request1.thresholdInBytes);
+
+        DataUsageRequest request2 = mStatsObservers.register(inputRequest, mMessenger, mockBinder,
+                Process.SYSTEM_UID, NetworkStatsAccess.Level.DEVICE);
+        assertTrue(request2.requestId > request1.requestId);
+        assertTrue(Objects.equals(sTemplateWifi, request2.template));
+        assertEquals(THRESHOLD_BYTES, request2.thresholdInBytes);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUnregister_unknownRequest_noop() throws Exception {
+        DataUsageRequest unknownRequest = new DataUsageRequest(
+                123456 /* id */, sTemplateWifi, THRESHOLD_BYTES);
+
+        mStatsObservers.unregister(unknownRequest, UID_RED);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUnregister_knownRequest_releasesCaller() throws Exception {
+        DataUsageRequest inputRequest = new DataUsageRequest(
+                DataUsageRequest.REQUEST_ID_UNSET, sTemplateImsi1, THRESHOLD_BYTES);
+
+        DataUsageRequest request = mStatsObservers.register(inputRequest, mMessenger, mockBinder,
+                Process.SYSTEM_UID, NetworkStatsAccess.Level.DEVICE);
+        assertTrue(request.requestId > 0);
+        assertTrue(Objects.equals(sTemplateImsi1, request.template));
+        assertEquals(THRESHOLD_BYTES, request.thresholdInBytes);
+        Mockito.verify(mockBinder).linkToDeath(any(IBinder.DeathRecipient.class), anyInt());
+
+        mStatsObservers.unregister(request, Process.SYSTEM_UID);
+        waitForObserverToIdle();
+
+        Mockito.verify(mockBinder).unlinkToDeath(any(IBinder.DeathRecipient.class), anyInt());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUnregister_knownRequest_invalidUid_doesNotUnregister() throws Exception {
+        DataUsageRequest inputRequest = new DataUsageRequest(
+                DataUsageRequest.REQUEST_ID_UNSET, sTemplateImsi1, THRESHOLD_BYTES);
+
+        DataUsageRequest request = mStatsObservers.register(inputRequest, mMessenger, mockBinder,
+                UID_RED, NetworkStatsAccess.Level.DEVICE);
+        assertTrue(request.requestId > 0);
+        assertTrue(Objects.equals(sTemplateImsi1, request.template));
+        assertEquals(THRESHOLD_BYTES, request.thresholdInBytes);
+        Mockito.verify(mockBinder).linkToDeath(any(IBinder.DeathRecipient.class), anyInt());
+
+        mStatsObservers.unregister(request, UID_BLUE);
+        waitForObserverToIdle();
+
+        Mockito.verifyZeroInteractions(mockBinder);
+    }
+
+    private NetworkIdentitySet makeTestIdentSet() {
+        NetworkIdentitySet identSet = new NetworkIdentitySet();
+        identSet.add(new NetworkIdentity(
+                TYPE_MOBILE, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UNKNOWN,
+                IMSI_1, null /* networkId */, false /* roaming */, true /* metered */,
+                true /* defaultNetwork */, OEM_NONE));
+        return identSet;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateStats_initialSample_doesNotNotify() throws Exception {
+        DataUsageRequest inputRequest = new DataUsageRequest(
+                DataUsageRequest.REQUEST_ID_UNSET, sTemplateImsi1, THRESHOLD_BYTES);
+
+        DataUsageRequest request = mStatsObservers.register(inputRequest, mMessenger, mockBinder,
+                Process.SYSTEM_UID, NetworkStatsAccess.Level.DEVICE);
+        assertTrue(request.requestId > 0);
+        assertTrue(Objects.equals(sTemplateImsi1, request.template));
+        assertEquals(THRESHOLD_BYTES, request.thresholdInBytes);
+
+        NetworkIdentitySet identSet = makeTestIdentSet();
+        mActiveIfaces.put(TEST_IFACE, identSet);
+
+        // Baseline
+        NetworkStats xtSnapshot = new NetworkStats(TEST_START, 1 /* initialSize */)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, BASE_BYTES, 8L, BASE_BYTES, 16L);
+        NetworkStats uidSnapshot = null;
+
+        mStatsObservers.updateStats(
+                xtSnapshot, uidSnapshot, mActiveIfaces, mActiveUidIfaces, TEST_START);
+        waitForObserverToIdle();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateStats_belowThreshold_doesNotNotify() throws Exception {
+        DataUsageRequest inputRequest = new DataUsageRequest(
+                DataUsageRequest.REQUEST_ID_UNSET, sTemplateImsi1, THRESHOLD_BYTES);
+
+        DataUsageRequest request = mStatsObservers.register(inputRequest, mMessenger, mockBinder,
+                Process.SYSTEM_UID, NetworkStatsAccess.Level.DEVICE);
+        assertTrue(request.requestId > 0);
+        assertTrue(Objects.equals(sTemplateImsi1, request.template));
+        assertEquals(THRESHOLD_BYTES, request.thresholdInBytes);
+
+        NetworkIdentitySet identSet = makeTestIdentSet();
+        mActiveIfaces.put(TEST_IFACE, identSet);
+
+        // Baseline
+        NetworkStats xtSnapshot = new NetworkStats(TEST_START, 1 /* initialSize */)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, BASE_BYTES, 8L, BASE_BYTES, 16L);
+        NetworkStats uidSnapshot = null;
+        mStatsObservers.updateStats(
+                xtSnapshot, uidSnapshot, mActiveIfaces, mActiveUidIfaces, TEST_START);
+
+        // Delta
+        xtSnapshot = new NetworkStats(TEST_START, 1 /* initialSize */)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, BASE_BYTES + 1024L, 10L, BASE_BYTES + 2048L, 20L);
+        mStatsObservers.updateStats(
+                xtSnapshot, uidSnapshot, mActiveIfaces, mActiveUidIfaces, TEST_START);
+        waitForObserverToIdle();
+    }
+
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateStats_deviceAccess_notifies() throws Exception {
+        DataUsageRequest inputRequest = new DataUsageRequest(
+                DataUsageRequest.REQUEST_ID_UNSET, sTemplateImsi1, THRESHOLD_BYTES);
+
+        DataUsageRequest request = mStatsObservers.register(inputRequest, mMessenger, mockBinder,
+                Process.SYSTEM_UID, NetworkStatsAccess.Level.DEVICE);
+        assertTrue(request.requestId > 0);
+        assertTrue(Objects.equals(sTemplateImsi1, request.template));
+        assertEquals(THRESHOLD_BYTES, request.thresholdInBytes);
+
+        NetworkIdentitySet identSet = makeTestIdentSet();
+        mActiveIfaces.put(TEST_IFACE, identSet);
+
+        // Baseline
+        NetworkStats xtSnapshot = new NetworkStats(TEST_START, 1 /* initialSize */)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, BASE_BYTES, 8L, BASE_BYTES, 16L);
+        NetworkStats uidSnapshot = null;
+        mStatsObservers.updateStats(
+                xtSnapshot, uidSnapshot, mActiveIfaces, mActiveUidIfaces, TEST_START);
+
+        // Delta
+        xtSnapshot = new NetworkStats(TEST_START + MINUTE_IN_MILLIS, 1 /* initialSize */)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, BASE_BYTES + THRESHOLD_BYTES, 12L,
+                        BASE_BYTES + THRESHOLD_BYTES, 22L);
+        mStatsObservers.updateStats(
+                xtSnapshot, uidSnapshot, mActiveIfaces, mActiveUidIfaces, TEST_START);
+        waitForObserverToIdle();
+        assertEquals(NetworkStatsManager.CALLBACK_LIMIT_REACHED, mHandler.lastMessageType);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateStats_defaultAccess_notifiesSameUid() throws Exception {
+        DataUsageRequest inputRequest = new DataUsageRequest(
+                DataUsageRequest.REQUEST_ID_UNSET, sTemplateImsi1, THRESHOLD_BYTES);
+
+        DataUsageRequest request = mStatsObservers.register(inputRequest, mMessenger, mockBinder,
+                UID_RED, NetworkStatsAccess.Level.DEFAULT);
+        assertTrue(request.requestId > 0);
+        assertTrue(Objects.equals(sTemplateImsi1, request.template));
+        assertEquals(THRESHOLD_BYTES, request.thresholdInBytes);
+
+        NetworkIdentitySet identSet = makeTestIdentSet();
+        mActiveUidIfaces.put(TEST_IFACE, identSet);
+
+        // Baseline
+        NetworkStats xtSnapshot = null;
+        NetworkStats uidSnapshot = new NetworkStats(TEST_START, 2 /* initialSize */)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, BASE_BYTES, 2L, BASE_BYTES, 2L, 0L);
+        mStatsObservers.updateStats(
+                xtSnapshot, uidSnapshot, mActiveIfaces, mActiveUidIfaces, TEST_START);
+
+        // Delta
+        uidSnapshot = new NetworkStats(TEST_START + 2 * MINUTE_IN_MILLIS, 2 /* initialSize */)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, BASE_BYTES + THRESHOLD_BYTES, 2L,
+                        BASE_BYTES + THRESHOLD_BYTES, 2L, 0L);
+        mStatsObservers.updateStats(
+                xtSnapshot, uidSnapshot, mActiveIfaces, mActiveUidIfaces, TEST_START);
+        waitForObserverToIdle();
+        assertEquals(NetworkStatsManager.CALLBACK_LIMIT_REACHED, mHandler.lastMessageType);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateStats_defaultAccess_usageOtherUid_doesNotNotify() throws Exception {
+        DataUsageRequest inputRequest = new DataUsageRequest(
+                DataUsageRequest.REQUEST_ID_UNSET, sTemplateImsi1, THRESHOLD_BYTES);
+
+        DataUsageRequest request = mStatsObservers.register(inputRequest, mMessenger, mockBinder,
+                UID_BLUE, NetworkStatsAccess.Level.DEFAULT);
+        assertTrue(request.requestId > 0);
+        assertTrue(Objects.equals(sTemplateImsi1, request.template));
+        assertEquals(THRESHOLD_BYTES, request.thresholdInBytes);
+
+        NetworkIdentitySet identSet = makeTestIdentSet();
+        mActiveUidIfaces.put(TEST_IFACE, identSet);
+
+        // Baseline
+        NetworkStats xtSnapshot = null;
+        NetworkStats uidSnapshot = new NetworkStats(TEST_START, 2 /* initialSize */)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, BASE_BYTES, 2L, BASE_BYTES, 2L, 0L);
+        mStatsObservers.updateStats(
+                xtSnapshot, uidSnapshot, mActiveIfaces, mActiveUidIfaces, TEST_START);
+
+        // Delta
+        uidSnapshot = new NetworkStats(TEST_START + 2 * MINUTE_IN_MILLIS, 2 /* initialSize */)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, BASE_BYTES + THRESHOLD_BYTES, 2L,
+                        BASE_BYTES + THRESHOLD_BYTES, 2L, 0L);
+        mStatsObservers.updateStats(
+                xtSnapshot, uidSnapshot, mActiveIfaces, mActiveUidIfaces, TEST_START);
+        waitForObserverToIdle();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateStats_userAccess_usageSameUser_notifies() throws Exception {
+        DataUsageRequest inputRequest = new DataUsageRequest(
+                DataUsageRequest.REQUEST_ID_UNSET, sTemplateImsi1, THRESHOLD_BYTES);
+
+        DataUsageRequest request = mStatsObservers.register(inputRequest, mMessenger, mockBinder,
+                UID_BLUE, NetworkStatsAccess.Level.USER);
+        assertTrue(request.requestId > 0);
+        assertTrue(Objects.equals(sTemplateImsi1, request.template));
+        assertEquals(THRESHOLD_BYTES, request.thresholdInBytes);
+
+        NetworkIdentitySet identSet = makeTestIdentSet();
+        mActiveUidIfaces.put(TEST_IFACE, identSet);
+
+        // Baseline
+        NetworkStats xtSnapshot = null;
+        NetworkStats uidSnapshot = new NetworkStats(TEST_START, 2 /* initialSize */)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, BASE_BYTES, 2L, BASE_BYTES, 2L, 0L);
+        mStatsObservers.updateStats(
+                xtSnapshot, uidSnapshot, mActiveIfaces, mActiveUidIfaces, TEST_START);
+
+        // Delta
+        uidSnapshot = new NetworkStats(TEST_START + 2 * MINUTE_IN_MILLIS, 2 /* initialSize */)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, BASE_BYTES + THRESHOLD_BYTES, 2L,
+                        BASE_BYTES + THRESHOLD_BYTES, 2L, 0L);
+        mStatsObservers.updateStats(
+                xtSnapshot, uidSnapshot, mActiveIfaces, mActiveUidIfaces, TEST_START);
+        waitForObserverToIdle();
+        assertEquals(NetworkStatsManager.CALLBACK_LIMIT_REACHED, mHandler.lastMessageType);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateStats_userAccess_usageAnotherUser_doesNotNotify() throws Exception {
+        DataUsageRequest inputRequest = new DataUsageRequest(
+                DataUsageRequest.REQUEST_ID_UNSET, sTemplateImsi1, THRESHOLD_BYTES);
+
+        DataUsageRequest request = mStatsObservers.register(inputRequest, mMessenger, mockBinder,
+                UID_RED, NetworkStatsAccess.Level.USER);
+        assertTrue(request.requestId > 0);
+        assertTrue(Objects.equals(sTemplateImsi1, request.template));
+        assertEquals(THRESHOLD_BYTES, request.thresholdInBytes);
+
+        NetworkIdentitySet identSet = makeTestIdentSet();
+        mActiveUidIfaces.put(TEST_IFACE, identSet);
+
+        // Baseline
+        NetworkStats xtSnapshot = null;
+        NetworkStats uidSnapshot = new NetworkStats(TEST_START, 2 /* initialSize */)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_ANOTHER_USER, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                        ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, BASE_BYTES, 2L, BASE_BYTES, 2L, 0L);
+        mStatsObservers.updateStats(
+                xtSnapshot, uidSnapshot, mActiveIfaces, mActiveUidIfaces, TEST_START);
+
+        // Delta
+        uidSnapshot = new NetworkStats(TEST_START + 2 * MINUTE_IN_MILLIS, 2 /* initialSize */)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_ANOTHER_USER, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                        ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, BASE_BYTES + THRESHOLD_BYTES, 2L,
+                        BASE_BYTES + THRESHOLD_BYTES, 2L, 0L);
+        mStatsObservers.updateStats(
+                xtSnapshot, uidSnapshot, mActiveIfaces, mActiveUidIfaces, TEST_START);
+        waitForObserverToIdle();
+    }
+
+    private void waitForObserverToIdle() {
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mObserverHandlerThread, WAIT_TIMEOUT_MS);
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandler, WAIT_TIMEOUT_MS);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsServiceTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsServiceTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fd374bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsServiceTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,1767 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2011 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.net;
+
+import static android.content.Intent.ACTION_UID_REMOVED;
+import static android.content.Intent.EXTRA_UID;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI;
+import static android.net.NetworkIdentity.OEM_PAID;
+import static android.net.NetworkIdentity.OEM_PRIVATE;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.IFACE_ALL;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.INTERFACES_ALL;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.METERED_ALL;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.METERED_NO;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.METERED_YES;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.ROAMING_ALL;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.ROAMING_NO;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.ROAMING_YES;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.SET_ALL;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.SET_DEFAULT;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.SET_FOREGROUND;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.STATS_PER_UID;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.TAG_ALL;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.TAG_NONE;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.UID_ALL;
+import static android.net.NetworkStatsHistory.FIELD_ALL;
+import static android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_MOBILE_WILDCARD;
+import static android.net.NetworkTemplate.NETWORK_TYPE_ALL;
+import static android.net.NetworkTemplate.OEM_MANAGED_NO;
+import static android.net.NetworkTemplate.OEM_MANAGED_YES;
+import static android.net.NetworkTemplate.SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_EXACT;
+import static android.net.NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateMobileAll;
+import static android.net.NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateMobileWithRatType;
+import static android.net.NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateWifi;
+import static android.net.NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateWifiWildcard;
+import static android.net.TrafficStats.MB_IN_BYTES;
+import static android.net.TrafficStats.UID_REMOVED;
+import static android.net.TrafficStats.UID_TETHERING;
+import static android.text.format.DateUtils.DAY_IN_MILLIS;
+import static android.text.format.DateUtils.HOUR_IN_MILLIS;
+import static android.text.format.DateUtils.MINUTE_IN_MILLIS;
+import static android.text.format.DateUtils.WEEK_IN_MILLIS;
+
+import static com.android.server.net.NetworkStatsService.ACTION_NETWORK_STATS_POLL;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyInt;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyLong;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyString;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.reset;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.app.AlarmManager;
+import android.app.usage.NetworkStatsManager;
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.content.Intent;
+import android.database.ContentObserver;
+import android.net.DataUsageRequest;
+import android.net.INetworkManagementEventObserver;
+import android.net.INetworkStatsSession;
+import android.net.LinkProperties;
+import android.net.Network;
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
+import android.net.NetworkStateSnapshot;
+import android.net.NetworkStats;
+import android.net.NetworkStatsHistory;
+import android.net.NetworkTemplate;
+import android.net.TelephonyNetworkSpecifier;
+import android.net.UnderlyingNetworkInfo;
+import android.net.netstats.provider.INetworkStatsProviderCallback;
+import android.os.ConditionVariable;
+import android.os.Handler;
+import android.os.HandlerThread;
+import android.os.IBinder;
+import android.os.INetworkManagementService;
+import android.os.Looper;
+import android.os.Message;
+import android.os.Messenger;
+import android.os.PowerManager;
+import android.os.SimpleClock;
+import android.provider.Settings;
+import android.telephony.TelephonyManager;
+
+import androidx.test.InstrumentationRegistry;
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.android.internal.util.ArrayUtils;
+import com.android.internal.util.test.BroadcastInterceptingContext;
+import com.android.server.net.NetworkStatsService.NetworkStatsSettings;
+import com.android.server.net.NetworkStatsService.NetworkStatsSettings.Config;
+import com.android.testutils.HandlerUtils;
+import com.android.testutils.TestableNetworkStatsProviderBinder;
+
+import libcore.io.IoUtils;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.time.Clock;
+import java.time.ZoneOffset;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
+
+/**
+ * Tests for {@link NetworkStatsService}.
+ *
+ * TODO: This test used to be really brittle because it used Easymock - it uses Mockito now, but
+ * still uses the Easymock structure, which could be simplified.
+ */
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@SmallTest
+public class NetworkStatsServiceTest extends NetworkStatsBaseTest {
+    private static final String TAG = "NetworkStatsServiceTest";
+
+    private static final long TEST_START = 1194220800000L;
+
+    private static final String IMSI_1 = "310004";
+    private static final String IMSI_2 = "310260";
+    private static final String TEST_SSID = "AndroidAP";
+
+    private static NetworkTemplate sTemplateWifi = buildTemplateWifi(TEST_SSID);
+    private static NetworkTemplate sTemplateImsi1 = buildTemplateMobileAll(IMSI_1);
+    private static NetworkTemplate sTemplateImsi2 = buildTemplateMobileAll(IMSI_2);
+
+    private static final Network WIFI_NETWORK =  new Network(100);
+    private static final Network MOBILE_NETWORK =  new Network(101);
+    private static final Network VPN_NETWORK = new Network(102);
+
+    private static final Network[] NETWORKS_WIFI = new Network[]{ WIFI_NETWORK };
+    private static final Network[] NETWORKS_MOBILE = new Network[]{ MOBILE_NETWORK };
+
+    private static final long WAIT_TIMEOUT = 2 * 1000;  // 2 secs
+    private static final int INVALID_TYPE = -1;
+
+    private long mElapsedRealtime;
+
+    private File mStatsDir;
+    private MockContext mServiceContext;
+    private @Mock TelephonyManager mTelephonyManager;
+    private @Mock INetworkManagementService mNetManager;
+    private @Mock NetworkStatsFactory mStatsFactory;
+    private @Mock NetworkStatsSettings mSettings;
+    private @Mock IBinder mBinder;
+    private @Mock AlarmManager mAlarmManager;
+    @Mock
+    private NetworkStatsSubscriptionsMonitor mNetworkStatsSubscriptionsMonitor;
+    private HandlerThread mHandlerThread;
+
+    private NetworkStatsService mService;
+    private INetworkStatsSession mSession;
+    private INetworkManagementEventObserver mNetworkObserver;
+    private ContentObserver mContentObserver;
+    private Handler mHandler;
+
+    private class MockContext extends BroadcastInterceptingContext {
+        private final Context mBaseContext;
+
+        MockContext(Context base) {
+            super(base);
+            mBaseContext = base;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Object getSystemService(String name) {
+            if (Context.TELEPHONY_SERVICE.equals(name)) return mTelephonyManager;
+            return mBaseContext.getSystemService(name);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private final Clock mClock = new SimpleClock(ZoneOffset.UTC) {
+        @Override
+        public long millis() {
+            return currentTimeMillis();
+        }
+    };
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
+        MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
+        final Context context = InstrumentationRegistry.getContext();
+        mServiceContext = new MockContext(context);
+        mStatsDir = context.getFilesDir();
+        if (mStatsDir.exists()) {
+            IoUtils.deleteContents(mStatsDir);
+        }
+
+        PowerManager powerManager = (PowerManager) mServiceContext.getSystemService(
+                Context.POWER_SERVICE);
+        PowerManager.WakeLock wakeLock =
+                powerManager.newWakeLock(PowerManager.PARTIAL_WAKE_LOCK, TAG);
+
+        mHandlerThread = new HandlerThread("HandlerThread");
+        final NetworkStatsService.Dependencies deps = makeDependencies();
+        mService = new NetworkStatsService(mServiceContext, mNetManager, mAlarmManager, wakeLock,
+                mClock, mSettings, mStatsFactory, new NetworkStatsObservers(), mStatsDir,
+                getBaseDir(mStatsDir), deps);
+
+        mElapsedRealtime = 0L;
+
+        expectDefaultSettings();
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+        expectSystemReady();
+        mService.systemReady();
+        // Verify that system ready fetches realtime stats
+        verify(mStatsFactory).readNetworkStatsDetail(UID_ALL, INTERFACES_ALL, TAG_ALL);
+        // Wait for posting onChange() event to handler thread and verify that when system ready,
+        // start monitoring data usage per RAT type because the settings value is mock as false
+        // by default in expectSettings().
+        waitForIdle();
+        verify(mNetworkStatsSubscriptionsMonitor).start();
+        reset(mNetworkStatsSubscriptionsMonitor);
+
+        doReturn(TelephonyManager.CARRIER_PRIVILEGE_STATUS_HAS_ACCESS).when(mTelephonyManager)
+                .checkCarrierPrivilegesForPackageAnyPhone(anyString());
+
+        mSession = mService.openSession();
+        assertNotNull("openSession() failed", mSession);
+
+        // catch INetworkManagementEventObserver during systemReady()
+        ArgumentCaptor<INetworkManagementEventObserver> networkObserver =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(INetworkManagementEventObserver.class);
+        verify(mNetManager).registerObserver(networkObserver.capture());
+        mNetworkObserver = networkObserver.getValue();
+    }
+
+    @NonNull
+    private NetworkStatsService.Dependencies makeDependencies() {
+        return new NetworkStatsService.Dependencies() {
+            @Override
+            public HandlerThread makeHandlerThread() {
+                return mHandlerThread;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public NetworkStatsSubscriptionsMonitor makeSubscriptionsMonitor(
+                    @NonNull Context context, @NonNull Looper looper, @NonNull Executor executor,
+                    @NonNull NetworkStatsService service) {
+
+                return mNetworkStatsSubscriptionsMonitor;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public ContentObserver makeContentObserver(Handler handler,
+                    NetworkStatsSettings settings, NetworkStatsSubscriptionsMonitor monitor) {
+                mHandler = handler;
+                return mContentObserver = super.makeContentObserver(handler, settings, monitor);
+            }
+
+        };
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() throws Exception {
+        IoUtils.deleteContents(mStatsDir);
+
+        mServiceContext = null;
+        mStatsDir = null;
+
+        mNetManager = null;
+        mSettings = null;
+
+        mSession.close();
+        mService = null;
+
+        mHandlerThread.quitSafely();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNetworkStatsWifi() throws Exception {
+        // pretend that wifi network comes online; service should ask about full
+        // network state, and poll any existing interfaces before updating.
+        expectDefaultSettings();
+        NetworkStateSnapshot[] states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[] {buildWifiState()};
+        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+
+        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_WIFI, states, getActiveIface(states),
+                new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0]);
+
+        // verify service has empty history for wifi
+        assertNetworkTotal(sTemplateWifi, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0);
+
+        // modify some number on wifi, and trigger poll event
+        incrementCurrentTime(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
+        expectDefaultSettings();
+        expectNetworkStatsSummary(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 1024L, 1L, 2048L, 2L));
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+        forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
+
+        // verify service recorded history
+        assertNetworkTotal(sTemplateWifi, 1024L, 1L, 2048L, 2L, 0);
+
+
+        // and bump forward again, with counters going higher. this is
+        // important, since polling should correctly subtract last snapshot.
+        incrementCurrentTime(DAY_IN_MILLIS);
+        expectDefaultSettings();
+        expectNetworkStatsSummary(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 4096L, 4L, 8192L, 8L));
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+        forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
+
+        // verify service recorded history
+        assertNetworkTotal(sTemplateWifi, 4096L, 4L, 8192L, 8L, 0);
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStatsRebootPersist() throws Exception {
+        assertStatsFilesExist(false);
+
+        // pretend that wifi network comes online; service should ask about full
+        // network state, and poll any existing interfaces before updating.
+        expectDefaultSettings();
+        NetworkStateSnapshot[] states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[] {buildWifiState()};
+        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+
+        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_WIFI, states, getActiveIface(states),
+                new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0]);
+
+        // verify service has empty history for wifi
+        assertNetworkTotal(sTemplateWifi, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0);
+
+
+        // modify some number on wifi, and trigger poll event
+        incrementCurrentTime(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
+        expectDefaultSettings();
+        expectNetworkStatsSummary(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 1024L, 8L, 2048L, 16L));
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 2)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 512L, 4L, 256L, 2L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, 0xFAAD, 256L, 2L, 128L, 1L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_FOREGROUND, TAG_NONE, 512L, 4L, 256L, 2L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_FOREGROUND, 0xFAAD, 256L, 2L, 128L, 1L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_BLUE, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 128L, 1L, 128L, 1L, 0L));
+        mService.setUidForeground(UID_RED, false);
+        mService.incrementOperationCount(UID_RED, 0xFAAD, 4);
+        mService.setUidForeground(UID_RED, true);
+        mService.incrementOperationCount(UID_RED, 0xFAAD, 6);
+
+        forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
+
+        // verify service recorded history
+        assertNetworkTotal(sTemplateWifi, 1024L, 8L, 2048L, 16L, 0);
+        assertUidTotal(sTemplateWifi, UID_RED, 1024L, 8L, 512L, 4L, 10);
+        assertUidTotal(sTemplateWifi, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 512L, 4L, 256L, 2L, 4);
+        assertUidTotal(sTemplateWifi, UID_RED, SET_FOREGROUND, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 512L, 4L, 256L, 2L, 6);
+        assertUidTotal(sTemplateWifi, UID_BLUE, 128L, 1L, 128L, 1L, 0);
+
+
+        // graceful shutdown system, which should trigger persist of stats, and
+        // clear any values in memory.
+        expectDefaultSettings();
+        mServiceContext.sendBroadcast(new Intent(Intent.ACTION_SHUTDOWN));
+        assertStatsFilesExist(true);
+
+        // boot through serviceReady() again
+        expectDefaultSettings();
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+        expectSystemReady();
+
+        mService.systemReady();
+
+        // after systemReady(), we should have historical stats loaded again
+        assertNetworkTotal(sTemplateWifi, 1024L, 8L, 2048L, 16L, 0);
+        assertUidTotal(sTemplateWifi, UID_RED, 1024L, 8L, 512L, 4L, 10);
+        assertUidTotal(sTemplateWifi, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 512L, 4L, 256L, 2L, 4);
+        assertUidTotal(sTemplateWifi, UID_RED, SET_FOREGROUND, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 512L, 4L, 256L, 2L, 6);
+        assertUidTotal(sTemplateWifi, UID_BLUE, 128L, 1L, 128L, 1L, 0);
+
+    }
+
+    // TODO: simulate reboot to test bucket resize
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    public void testStatsBucketResize() throws Exception {
+        NetworkStatsHistory history = null;
+
+        assertStatsFilesExist(false);
+
+        // pretend that wifi network comes online; service should ask about full
+        // network state, and poll any existing interfaces before updating.
+        expectSettings(0L, HOUR_IN_MILLIS, WEEK_IN_MILLIS);
+        NetworkStateSnapshot[] states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[] {buildWifiState()};
+        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+
+        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_WIFI, states, getActiveIface(states),
+                new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0]);
+
+        // modify some number on wifi, and trigger poll event
+        incrementCurrentTime(2 * HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
+        expectSettings(0L, HOUR_IN_MILLIS, WEEK_IN_MILLIS);
+        expectNetworkStatsSummary(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 512L, 4L, 512L, 4L));
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+        forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
+
+        // verify service recorded history
+        history = mSession.getHistoryForNetwork(sTemplateWifi, FIELD_ALL);
+        assertValues(history, Long.MIN_VALUE, Long.MAX_VALUE, 512L, 4L, 512L, 4L, 0);
+        assertEquals(HOUR_IN_MILLIS, history.getBucketDuration());
+        assertEquals(2, history.size());
+
+
+        // now change bucket duration setting and trigger another poll with
+        // exact same values, which should resize existing buckets.
+        expectSettings(0L, 30 * MINUTE_IN_MILLIS, WEEK_IN_MILLIS);
+        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+        forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
+
+        // verify identical stats, but spread across 4 buckets now
+        history = mSession.getHistoryForNetwork(sTemplateWifi, FIELD_ALL);
+        assertValues(history, Long.MIN_VALUE, Long.MAX_VALUE, 512L, 4L, 512L, 4L, 0);
+        assertEquals(30 * MINUTE_IN_MILLIS, history.getBucketDuration());
+        assertEquals(4, history.size());
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUidStatsAcrossNetworks() throws Exception {
+        // pretend first mobile network comes online
+        expectDefaultSettings();
+        NetworkStateSnapshot[] states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[] {buildMobile3gState(IMSI_1)};
+        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+
+        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_MOBILE, states, getActiveIface(states),
+                new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0]);
+
+        // create some traffic on first network
+        incrementCurrentTime(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
+        expectDefaultSettings();
+        expectNetworkStatsSummary(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 2048L, 16L, 512L, 4L));
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 3)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 1536L, 12L, 512L, 4L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, 0xF00D, 512L, 4L, 512L, 4L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_BLUE, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 512L, 4L, 0L, 0L, 0L));
+        mService.incrementOperationCount(UID_RED, 0xF00D, 10);
+
+        forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
+
+        // verify service recorded history
+        assertNetworkTotal(sTemplateImsi1, 2048L, 16L, 512L, 4L, 0);
+        assertNetworkTotal(sTemplateWifi, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0);
+        assertUidTotal(sTemplateImsi1, UID_RED, 1536L, 12L, 512L, 4L, 10);
+        assertUidTotal(sTemplateImsi1, UID_BLUE, 512L, 4L, 0L, 0L, 0);
+
+
+        // now switch networks; this also tests that we're okay with interfaces
+        // disappearing, to verify we don't count backwards.
+        incrementCurrentTime(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
+        expectDefaultSettings();
+        states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[] {buildMobile3gState(IMSI_2)};
+        expectNetworkStatsSummary(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 2048L, 16L, 512L, 4L));
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 3)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 1536L, 12L, 512L, 4L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, 0xF00D, 512L, 4L, 512L, 4L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_BLUE, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 512L, 4L, 0L, 0L, 0L));
+
+        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_MOBILE, states, getActiveIface(states),
+                new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0]);
+        forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
+
+
+        // create traffic on second network
+        incrementCurrentTime(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
+        expectDefaultSettings();
+        expectNetworkStatsSummary(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 2176L, 17L, 1536L, 12L));
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 1536L, 12L, 512L, 4L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, 0xF00D, 512L, 4L, 512L, 4L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_BLUE, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 640L, 5L, 1024L, 8L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_BLUE, SET_DEFAULT, 0xFAAD, 128L, 1L, 1024L, 8L, 0L));
+        mService.incrementOperationCount(UID_BLUE, 0xFAAD, 10);
+
+        forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
+
+        // verify original history still intact
+        assertNetworkTotal(sTemplateImsi1, 2048L, 16L, 512L, 4L, 0);
+        assertUidTotal(sTemplateImsi1, UID_RED, 1536L, 12L, 512L, 4L, 10);
+        assertUidTotal(sTemplateImsi1, UID_BLUE, 512L, 4L, 0L, 0L, 0);
+
+        // and verify new history also recorded under different template, which
+        // verifies that we didn't cross the streams.
+        assertNetworkTotal(sTemplateImsi2, 128L, 1L, 1024L, 8L, 0);
+        assertNetworkTotal(sTemplateWifi, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0);
+        assertUidTotal(sTemplateImsi2, UID_BLUE, 128L, 1L, 1024L, 8L, 10);
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUidRemovedIsMoved() throws Exception {
+        // pretend that network comes online
+        expectDefaultSettings();
+        NetworkStateSnapshot[] states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[] {buildWifiState()};
+        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+
+        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_WIFI, states, getActiveIface(states),
+                new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0]);
+
+        // create some traffic
+        incrementCurrentTime(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
+        expectDefaultSettings();
+        expectNetworkStatsSummary(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 4128L, 258L, 544L, 34L));
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 16L, 1L, 16L, 1L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, 0xFAAD, 16L, 1L, 16L, 1L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_BLUE, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                        4096L, 258L, 512L, 32L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_GREEN, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 16L, 1L, 16L, 1L, 0L));
+        mService.incrementOperationCount(UID_RED, 0xFAAD, 10);
+
+        forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
+
+        // verify service recorded history
+        assertNetworkTotal(sTemplateWifi, 4128L, 258L, 544L, 34L, 0);
+        assertUidTotal(sTemplateWifi, UID_RED, 16L, 1L, 16L, 1L, 10);
+        assertUidTotal(sTemplateWifi, UID_BLUE, 4096L, 258L, 512L, 32L, 0);
+        assertUidTotal(sTemplateWifi, UID_GREEN, 16L, 1L, 16L, 1L, 0);
+
+
+        // now pretend two UIDs are uninstalled, which should migrate stats to
+        // special "removed" bucket.
+        expectDefaultSettings();
+        expectNetworkStatsSummary(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 4128L, 258L, 544L, 34L));
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 16L, 1L, 16L, 1L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, 0xFAAD, 16L, 1L, 16L, 1L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_BLUE, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                        4096L, 258L, 512L, 32L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_GREEN, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 16L, 1L, 16L, 1L, 0L));
+        final Intent intent = new Intent(ACTION_UID_REMOVED);
+        intent.putExtra(EXTRA_UID, UID_BLUE);
+        mServiceContext.sendBroadcast(intent);
+        intent.putExtra(EXTRA_UID, UID_RED);
+        mServiceContext.sendBroadcast(intent);
+
+        // existing uid and total should remain unchanged; but removed UID
+        // should be gone completely.
+        assertNetworkTotal(sTemplateWifi, 4128L, 258L, 544L, 34L, 0);
+        assertUidTotal(sTemplateWifi, UID_RED, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0);
+        assertUidTotal(sTemplateWifi, UID_BLUE, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0);
+        assertUidTotal(sTemplateWifi, UID_GREEN, 16L, 1L, 16L, 1L, 0);
+        assertUidTotal(sTemplateWifi, UID_REMOVED, 4112L, 259L, 528L, 33L, 10);
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMobileStatsByRatType() throws Exception {
+        final NetworkTemplate template3g =
+                buildTemplateMobileWithRatType(null, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS);
+        final NetworkTemplate template4g =
+                buildTemplateMobileWithRatType(null, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_LTE);
+        final NetworkTemplate template5g =
+                buildTemplateMobileWithRatType(null, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_NR);
+        final NetworkStateSnapshot[] states =
+                new NetworkStateSnapshot[]{buildMobile3gState(IMSI_1)};
+
+        // 3G network comes online.
+        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+
+        setMobileRatTypeAndWaitForIdle(TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS);
+        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_MOBILE, states, getActiveIface(states),
+                new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0]);
+
+        // Create some traffic.
+        incrementCurrentTime(MINUTE_IN_MILLIS);
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+                .addEntry(new NetworkStats.Entry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                        12L, 18L, 14L, 1L, 0L)));
+        forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
+
+        // Verify 3g templates gets stats.
+        assertUidTotal(sTemplateImsi1, UID_RED, 12L, 18L, 14L, 1L, 0);
+        assertUidTotal(template3g, UID_RED, 12L, 18L, 14L, 1L, 0);
+        assertUidTotal(template4g, UID_RED, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0);
+        assertUidTotal(template5g, UID_RED, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0);
+
+        // 4G network comes online.
+        incrementCurrentTime(MINUTE_IN_MILLIS);
+        setMobileRatTypeAndWaitForIdle(TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_LTE);
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+                // Append more traffic on existing 3g stats entry.
+                .addEntry(new NetworkStats.Entry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                        16L, 22L, 17L, 2L, 0L))
+                // Add entry that is new on 4g.
+                .addEntry(new NetworkStats.Entry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_FOREGROUND, TAG_NONE,
+                        33L, 27L, 8L, 10L, 1L)));
+        forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
+
+        // Verify ALL_MOBILE template gets all. 3g template counters do not increase.
+        assertUidTotal(sTemplateImsi1, UID_RED, 49L, 49L, 25L, 12L, 1);
+        assertUidTotal(template3g, UID_RED, 12L, 18L, 14L, 1L, 0);
+        // Verify 4g template counts appended stats on existing entry and newly created entry.
+        assertUidTotal(template4g, UID_RED, 4L + 33L, 4L + 27L, 3L + 8L, 1L + 10L, 1);
+        // Verify 5g template doesn't get anything since no traffic is generated on 5g.
+        assertUidTotal(template5g, UID_RED, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0);
+
+        // 5g network comes online.
+        incrementCurrentTime(MINUTE_IN_MILLIS);
+        setMobileRatTypeAndWaitForIdle(TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_NR);
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+                // Existing stats remains.
+                .addEntry(new NetworkStats.Entry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                        16L, 22L, 17L, 2L, 0L))
+                .addEntry(new NetworkStats.Entry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_FOREGROUND, TAG_NONE,
+                        33L, 27L, 8L, 10L, 1L))
+                // Add some traffic on 5g.
+                .addEntry(new NetworkStats.Entry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                5L, 13L, 31L, 9L, 2L)));
+        forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
+
+        // Verify ALL_MOBILE template gets all.
+        assertUidTotal(sTemplateImsi1, UID_RED, 54L, 62L, 56L, 21L, 3);
+        // 3g/4g template counters do not increase.
+        assertUidTotal(template3g, UID_RED, 12L, 18L, 14L, 1L, 0);
+        assertUidTotal(template4g, UID_RED, 4L + 33L, 4L + 27L, 3L + 8L, 1L + 10L, 1);
+        // Verify 5g template gets the 5g count.
+        assertUidTotal(template5g, UID_RED, 5L, 13L, 31L, 9L, 2);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMobileStatsOemManaged() throws Exception {
+        final NetworkTemplate templateOemPaid = new NetworkTemplate(MATCH_MOBILE_WILDCARD,
+                /*subscriberId=*/null, /*matchSubscriberIds=*/null, /*networkId=*/null,
+                METERED_ALL, ROAMING_ALL, DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, NETWORK_TYPE_ALL, OEM_PAID,
+                SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_EXACT);
+
+        final NetworkTemplate templateOemPrivate = new NetworkTemplate(MATCH_MOBILE_WILDCARD,
+                /*subscriberId=*/null, /*matchSubscriberIds=*/null, /*networkId=*/null,
+                METERED_ALL, ROAMING_ALL, DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, NETWORK_TYPE_ALL, OEM_PRIVATE,
+                SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_EXACT);
+
+        final NetworkTemplate templateOemAll = new NetworkTemplate(MATCH_MOBILE_WILDCARD,
+                /*subscriberId=*/null, /*matchSubscriberIds=*/null, /*networkId=*/null,
+                METERED_ALL, ROAMING_ALL, DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, NETWORK_TYPE_ALL,
+                OEM_PAID | OEM_PRIVATE, SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_EXACT);
+
+        final NetworkTemplate templateOemYes = new NetworkTemplate(MATCH_MOBILE_WILDCARD,
+                /*subscriberId=*/null, /*matchSubscriberIds=*/null, /*networkId=*/null,
+                METERED_ALL, ROAMING_ALL, DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, NETWORK_TYPE_ALL, OEM_MANAGED_YES,
+                SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_EXACT);
+
+        final NetworkTemplate templateOemNone = new NetworkTemplate(MATCH_MOBILE_WILDCARD,
+                /*subscriberId=*/null, /*matchSubscriberIds=*/null, /*networkId=*/null,
+                METERED_ALL, ROAMING_ALL, DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, NETWORK_TYPE_ALL, OEM_MANAGED_NO,
+                SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_EXACT);
+
+        // OEM_PAID network comes online.
+        NetworkStateSnapshot[] states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[]{
+                buildOemManagedMobileState(IMSI_1, false,
+                new int[]{NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID})};
+        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_MOBILE, states, getActiveIface(states),
+                new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0]);
+
+        // Create some traffic.
+        incrementCurrentTime(MINUTE_IN_MILLIS);
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+                .addEntry(new NetworkStats.Entry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                        36L, 41L, 24L, 96L, 0L)));
+        forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
+
+        // OEM_PRIVATE network comes online.
+        states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[]{buildOemManagedMobileState(IMSI_1, false,
+                new int[]{NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PRIVATE})};
+        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_MOBILE, states, getActiveIface(states),
+                new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0]);
+
+        // Create some traffic.
+        incrementCurrentTime(MINUTE_IN_MILLIS);
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+                .addEntry(new NetworkStats.Entry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                        49L, 71L, 72L, 48L, 0L)));
+        forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
+
+        // OEM_PAID + OEM_PRIVATE network comes online.
+        states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[]{buildOemManagedMobileState(IMSI_1, false,
+                new int[]{NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PRIVATE,
+                          NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID})};
+        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_MOBILE, states, getActiveIface(states),
+                new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0]);
+
+        // Create some traffic.
+        incrementCurrentTime(MINUTE_IN_MILLIS);
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+                .addEntry(new NetworkStats.Entry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                        57L, 86L, 83L, 93L, 0L)));
+        forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
+
+        // OEM_NONE network comes online.
+        states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[]{buildOemManagedMobileState(IMSI_1, false, new int[]{})};
+        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_MOBILE, states, getActiveIface(states),
+                new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0]);
+
+        // Create some traffic.
+        incrementCurrentTime(MINUTE_IN_MILLIS);
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+                .addEntry(new NetworkStats.Entry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                        29L, 73L, 34L, 31L, 0L)));
+        forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
+
+        // Verify OEM_PAID template gets only relevant stats.
+        assertUidTotal(templateOemPaid, UID_RED, 36L, 41L, 24L, 96L, 0);
+
+        // Verify OEM_PRIVATE template gets only relevant stats.
+        assertUidTotal(templateOemPrivate, UID_RED, 49L, 71L, 72L, 48L, 0);
+
+        // Verify OEM_PAID + OEM_PRIVATE template gets only relevant stats.
+        assertUidTotal(templateOemAll, UID_RED, 57L, 86L, 83L, 93L, 0);
+
+        // Verify OEM_NONE sees only non-OEM managed stats.
+        assertUidTotal(templateOemNone, UID_RED, 29L, 73L, 34L, 31L, 0);
+
+        // Verify OEM_MANAGED_YES sees all OEM managed stats.
+        assertUidTotal(templateOemYes, UID_RED,
+                36L + 49L + 57L,
+                41L + 71L + 86L,
+                24L + 72L + 83L,
+                96L + 48L + 93L, 0);
+
+        // Verify ALL_MOBILE template gets both OEM managed and non-OEM managed stats.
+        assertUidTotal(sTemplateImsi1, UID_RED,
+                36L + 49L + 57L + 29L,
+                41L + 71L + 86L + 73L,
+                24L + 72L + 83L + 34L,
+                96L + 48L + 93L + 31L, 0);
+    }
+
+    // TODO: support per IMSI state
+    private void setMobileRatTypeAndWaitForIdle(int ratType) {
+        when(mNetworkStatsSubscriptionsMonitor.getRatTypeForSubscriberId(anyString()))
+                .thenReturn(ratType);
+        mService.handleOnCollapsedRatTypeChanged();
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandlerThread, WAIT_TIMEOUT);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSummaryForAllUid() throws Exception {
+        // pretend that network comes online
+        expectDefaultSettings();
+        NetworkStateSnapshot[] states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[] {buildWifiState()};
+        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+
+        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_WIFI, states, getActiveIface(states),
+                new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0]);
+
+        // create some traffic for two apps
+        incrementCurrentTime(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
+        expectDefaultSettings();
+        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 50L, 5L, 50L, 5L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, 0xF00D, 10L, 1L, 10L, 1L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_BLUE, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 1024L, 8L, 512L, 4L, 0L));
+        mService.incrementOperationCount(UID_RED, 0xF00D, 1);
+
+        forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
+
+        // verify service recorded history
+        assertUidTotal(sTemplateWifi, UID_RED, 50L, 5L, 50L, 5L, 1);
+        assertUidTotal(sTemplateWifi, UID_BLUE, 1024L, 8L, 512L, 4L, 0);
+
+
+        // now create more traffic in next hour, but only for one app
+        incrementCurrentTime(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
+        expectDefaultSettings();
+        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 50L, 5L, 50L, 5L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, 0xF00D, 10L, 1L, 10L, 1L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_BLUE, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                        2048L, 16L, 1024L, 8L, 0L));
+        forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
+
+        // first verify entire history present
+        NetworkStats stats = mSession.getSummaryForAllUid(
+                sTemplateWifi, Long.MIN_VALUE, Long.MAX_VALUE, true);
+        assertEquals(3, stats.size());
+        assertValues(stats, IFACE_ALL, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 50L, 5L, 50L, 5L, 1);
+        assertValues(stats, IFACE_ALL, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, 0xF00D, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 10L, 1L, 10L, 1L, 1);
+        assertValues(stats, IFACE_ALL, UID_BLUE, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 2048L, 16L, 1024L, 8L, 0);
+
+        // now verify that recent history only contains one uid
+        final long currentTime = currentTimeMillis();
+        stats = mSession.getSummaryForAllUid(
+                sTemplateWifi, currentTime - HOUR_IN_MILLIS, currentTime, true);
+        assertEquals(1, stats.size());
+        assertValues(stats, IFACE_ALL, UID_BLUE, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 1024L, 8L, 512L, 4L, 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDetailedUidStats() throws Exception {
+        // pretend that network comes online
+        expectDefaultSettings();
+        NetworkStateSnapshot[] states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[] {buildWifiState()};
+        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+
+        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_WIFI, states, getActiveIface(states),
+                new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0]);
+
+        NetworkStats.Entry entry1 = new NetworkStats.Entry(
+                TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 50L, 5L, 50L, 5L, 0L);
+        NetworkStats.Entry entry2 = new NetworkStats.Entry(
+                TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, 0xF00D, 50L, 5L, 50L, 5L, 0L);
+        NetworkStats.Entry entry3 = new NetworkStats.Entry(
+                TEST_IFACE, UID_BLUE, SET_DEFAULT, 0xBEEF, 1024L, 8L, 512L, 4L, 0L);
+
+        incrementCurrentTime(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
+        expectDefaultSettings();
+        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 3)
+                .insertEntry(entry1)
+                .insertEntry(entry2)
+                .insertEntry(entry3));
+        mService.incrementOperationCount(UID_RED, 0xF00D, 1);
+
+        NetworkStats stats = mService.getDetailedUidStats(INTERFACES_ALL);
+
+        assertEquals(3, stats.size());
+        entry1.operations = 1;
+        assertEquals(entry1, stats.getValues(0, null));
+        entry2.operations = 1;
+        assertEquals(entry2, stats.getValues(1, null));
+        assertEquals(entry3, stats.getValues(2, null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDetailedUidStats_Filtered() throws Exception {
+        // pretend that network comes online
+        expectDefaultSettings();
+
+        final String stackedIface = "stacked-test0";
+        final LinkProperties stackedProp = new LinkProperties();
+        stackedProp.setInterfaceName(stackedIface);
+        final NetworkStateSnapshot wifiState = buildWifiState();
+        wifiState.getLinkProperties().addStackedLink(stackedProp);
+        NetworkStateSnapshot[] states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[] {wifiState};
+
+        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+
+        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_WIFI, states, getActiveIface(states),
+                new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0]);
+
+        NetworkStats.Entry uidStats = new NetworkStats.Entry(
+                TEST_IFACE, UID_BLUE, SET_DEFAULT, 0xF00D, 1024L, 8L, 512L, 4L, 0L);
+        // Stacked on matching interface
+        NetworkStats.Entry tetheredStats1 = new NetworkStats.Entry(
+                stackedIface, UID_BLUE, SET_DEFAULT, 0xF00D, 1024L, 8L, 512L, 4L, 0L);
+        // Different interface
+        NetworkStats.Entry tetheredStats2 = new NetworkStats.Entry(
+                "otherif", UID_BLUE, SET_DEFAULT, 0xF00D, 1024L, 8L, 512L, 4L, 0L);
+
+        final String[] ifaceFilter = new String[] { TEST_IFACE };
+        final String[] augmentedIfaceFilter = new String[] { stackedIface, TEST_IFACE };
+        incrementCurrentTime(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
+        expectDefaultSettings();
+        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        when(mStatsFactory.augmentWithStackedInterfaces(eq(ifaceFilter)))
+                .thenReturn(augmentedIfaceFilter);
+        when(mStatsFactory.readNetworkStatsDetail(eq(UID_ALL), any(), eq(TAG_ALL)))
+                .thenReturn(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+                        .insertEntry(uidStats));
+        when(mNetManager.getNetworkStatsTethering(STATS_PER_UID))
+                .thenReturn(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 2)
+                        .insertEntry(tetheredStats1)
+                        .insertEntry(tetheredStats2));
+
+        NetworkStats stats = mService.getDetailedUidStats(ifaceFilter);
+
+        // mStatsFactory#readNetworkStatsDetail() has the following invocations:
+        // 1) NetworkStatsService#systemReady from #setUp.
+        // 2) mService#forceUpdateIfaces in the test above.
+        //
+        // Additionally, we should have one call from the above call to mService#getDetailedUidStats
+        // with the augmented ifaceFilter.
+        verify(mStatsFactory, times(2)).readNetworkStatsDetail(UID_ALL, INTERFACES_ALL, TAG_ALL);
+        verify(mStatsFactory, times(1)).readNetworkStatsDetail(
+                eq(UID_ALL),
+                eq(augmentedIfaceFilter),
+                eq(TAG_ALL));
+        assertTrue(ArrayUtils.contains(stats.getUniqueIfaces(), TEST_IFACE));
+        assertTrue(ArrayUtils.contains(stats.getUniqueIfaces(), stackedIface));
+        assertEquals(2, stats.size());
+        assertEquals(uidStats, stats.getValues(0, null));
+        assertEquals(tetheredStats1, stats.getValues(1, null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testForegroundBackground() throws Exception {
+        // pretend that network comes online
+        expectDefaultSettings();
+        NetworkStateSnapshot[] states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[] {buildWifiState()};
+        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+
+        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_WIFI, states, getActiveIface(states),
+                new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0]);
+
+        // create some initial traffic
+        incrementCurrentTime(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
+        expectDefaultSettings();
+        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 128L, 2L, 128L, 2L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, 0xF00D, 64L, 1L, 64L, 1L, 0L));
+        mService.incrementOperationCount(UID_RED, 0xF00D, 1);
+
+        forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
+
+        // verify service recorded history
+        assertUidTotal(sTemplateWifi, UID_RED, 128L, 2L, 128L, 2L, 1);
+
+
+        // now switch to foreground
+        incrementCurrentTime(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
+        expectDefaultSettings();
+        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 128L, 2L, 128L, 2L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, 0xF00D, 64L, 1L, 64L, 1L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_FOREGROUND, TAG_NONE, 32L, 2L, 32L, 2L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_FOREGROUND, 0xFAAD, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 0L));
+        mService.setUidForeground(UID_RED, true);
+        mService.incrementOperationCount(UID_RED, 0xFAAD, 1);
+
+        forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
+
+        // test that we combined correctly
+        assertUidTotal(sTemplateWifi, UID_RED, 160L, 4L, 160L, 4L, 2);
+
+        // verify entire history present
+        final NetworkStats stats = mSession.getSummaryForAllUid(
+                sTemplateWifi, Long.MIN_VALUE, Long.MAX_VALUE, true);
+        assertEquals(4, stats.size());
+        assertValues(stats, IFACE_ALL, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 128L, 2L, 128L, 2L, 1);
+        assertValues(stats, IFACE_ALL, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, 0xF00D, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 64L, 1L, 64L, 1L, 1);
+        assertValues(stats, IFACE_ALL, UID_RED, SET_FOREGROUND, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 32L, 2L, 32L, 2L, 1);
+        assertValues(stats, IFACE_ALL, UID_RED, SET_FOREGROUND, 0xFAAD, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMetered() throws Exception {
+        // pretend that network comes online
+        expectDefaultSettings();
+        NetworkStateSnapshot[] states =
+                new NetworkStateSnapshot[] {buildWifiState(true /* isMetered */, TEST_IFACE)};
+        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+
+        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_WIFI, states, getActiveIface(states),
+                new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0]);
+
+        // create some initial traffic
+        incrementCurrentTime(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
+        expectDefaultSettings();
+        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        // Note that all traffic from NetworkManagementService is tagged as METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO
+        // and DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, because these three properties aren't tracked at that layer.
+        // We layer them on top by inspecting the iface properties.
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 128L, 2L, 128L, 2L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, 0xF00D, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 64L, 1L, 64L, 1L, 0L));
+        mService.incrementOperationCount(UID_RED, 0xF00D, 1);
+
+        forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
+
+        // verify service recorded history
+        assertUidTotal(sTemplateWifi, UID_RED, 128L, 2L, 128L, 2L, 1);
+        // verify entire history present
+        final NetworkStats stats = mSession.getSummaryForAllUid(
+                sTemplateWifi, Long.MIN_VALUE, Long.MAX_VALUE, true);
+        assertEquals(2, stats.size());
+        assertValues(stats, IFACE_ALL, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_YES, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES,  128L, 2L, 128L, 2L, 1);
+        assertValues(stats, IFACE_ALL, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, 0xF00D, METERED_YES, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 64L, 1L, 64L, 1L, 1);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRoaming() throws Exception {
+        // pretend that network comes online
+        expectDefaultSettings();
+        NetworkStateSnapshot[] states =
+            new NetworkStateSnapshot[] {buildMobile3gState(IMSI_1, true /* isRoaming */)};
+        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+
+        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_MOBILE, states, getActiveIface(states),
+                new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0]);
+
+        // Create some traffic
+        incrementCurrentTime(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
+        expectDefaultSettings();
+        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        // Note that all traffic from NetworkManagementService is tagged as METERED_NO and
+        // ROAMING_NO, because metered and roaming isn't tracked at that layer. We layer it
+        // on top by inspecting the iface properties.
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_ALL, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES,  128L, 2L, 128L, 2L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, 0xF00D, METERED_ALL, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 64L, 1L, 64L, 1L, 0L));
+        forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
+
+        // verify service recorded history
+        assertUidTotal(sTemplateImsi1, UID_RED, 128L, 2L, 128L, 2L, 0);
+
+        // verify entire history present
+        final NetworkStats stats = mSession.getSummaryForAllUid(
+                sTemplateImsi1, Long.MIN_VALUE, Long.MAX_VALUE, true);
+        assertEquals(2, stats.size());
+        assertValues(stats, IFACE_ALL, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_ALL, ROAMING_YES,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 128L, 2L, 128L, 2L, 0);
+        assertValues(stats, IFACE_ALL, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, 0xF00D, METERED_ALL, ROAMING_YES,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 64L, 1L, 64L, 1L, 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTethering() throws Exception {
+        // pretend first mobile network comes online
+        expectDefaultSettings();
+        final NetworkStateSnapshot[] states =
+                new NetworkStateSnapshot[]{buildMobile3gState(IMSI_1)};
+        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+
+        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_MOBILE, states, getActiveIface(states),
+                new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0]);
+
+        // create some tethering traffic
+        incrementCurrentTime(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
+        expectDefaultSettings();
+
+        // Register custom provider and retrieve callback.
+        final TestableNetworkStatsProviderBinder provider =
+                new TestableNetworkStatsProviderBinder();
+        final INetworkStatsProviderCallback cb =
+                mService.registerNetworkStatsProvider("TEST-TETHERING-OFFLOAD", provider);
+        assertNotNull(cb);
+        final long now = getElapsedRealtime();
+
+        // Traffic seen by kernel counters (includes software tethering).
+        final NetworkStats swIfaceStats = new NetworkStats(now, 1)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 1536L, 12L, 384L, 3L);
+        // Hardware tethering traffic, not seen by kernel counters.
+        final NetworkStats tetherHwIfaceStats = new NetworkStats(now, 1)
+                .insertEntry(new NetworkStats.Entry(TEST_IFACE, UID_ALL, SET_DEFAULT,
+                        TAG_NONE, METERED_YES, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES,
+                        512L, 4L, 128L, 1L, 0L));
+        final NetworkStats tetherHwUidStats = new NetworkStats(now, 1)
+                .insertEntry(new NetworkStats.Entry(TEST_IFACE, UID_TETHERING, SET_DEFAULT,
+                        TAG_NONE, METERED_YES, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES,
+                        512L, 4L, 128L, 1L, 0L));
+        cb.notifyStatsUpdated(0 /* unused */, tetherHwIfaceStats, tetherHwUidStats);
+
+        // Fake some traffic done by apps on the device (as opposed to tethering), and record it
+        // into UID stats (as opposed to iface stats).
+        final NetworkStats localUidStats = new NetworkStats(now, 1)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 128L, 2L, 128L, 2L, 0L);
+        // Software per-uid tethering traffic.
+        final NetworkStats tetherSwUidStats = new NetworkStats(now, 1)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_TETHERING, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 1408L, 10L, 256L, 1L,
+                        0L);
+
+        expectNetworkStatsSummary(swIfaceStats);
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(localUidStats, tetherSwUidStats);
+        forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
+
+        // verify service recorded history
+        assertNetworkTotal(sTemplateImsi1, 2048L, 16L, 512L, 4L, 0);
+        assertUidTotal(sTemplateImsi1, UID_RED, 128L, 2L, 128L, 2L, 0);
+        assertUidTotal(sTemplateImsi1, UID_TETHERING, 1920L, 14L, 384L, 2L, 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRegisterUsageCallback() throws Exception {
+        // pretend that wifi network comes online; service should ask about full
+        // network state, and poll any existing interfaces before updating.
+        expectDefaultSettings();
+        NetworkStateSnapshot[] states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[] {buildWifiState()};
+        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+
+        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_WIFI, states, getActiveIface(states),
+                new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0]);
+
+        // verify service has empty history for wifi
+        assertNetworkTotal(sTemplateWifi, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0);
+        long thresholdInBytes = 1L;  // very small; should be overriden by framework
+        DataUsageRequest inputRequest = new DataUsageRequest(
+                DataUsageRequest.REQUEST_ID_UNSET, sTemplateWifi, thresholdInBytes);
+
+        // Create a messenger that waits for callback activity
+        ConditionVariable cv = new ConditionVariable(false);
+        LatchedHandler latchedHandler = new LatchedHandler(Looper.getMainLooper(), cv);
+        Messenger messenger = new Messenger(latchedHandler);
+
+        // Force poll
+        expectDefaultSettings();
+        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+
+        // Register and verify request and that binder was called
+        DataUsageRequest request =
+                mService.registerUsageCallback(mServiceContext.getOpPackageName(), inputRequest,
+                        messenger, mBinder);
+        assertTrue(request.requestId > 0);
+        assertTrue(Objects.equals(sTemplateWifi, request.template));
+        long minThresholdInBytes = 2 * 1024 * 1024; // 2 MB
+        assertEquals(minThresholdInBytes, request.thresholdInBytes);
+
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandlerThread, WAIT_TIMEOUT);
+
+        // Make sure that the caller binder gets connected
+        verify(mBinder).linkToDeath(any(IBinder.DeathRecipient.class), anyInt());
+
+        // modify some number on wifi, and trigger poll event
+        // not enough traffic to call data usage callback
+        incrementCurrentTime(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
+        expectDefaultSettings();
+        expectNetworkStatsSummary(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 1024L, 1L, 2048L, 2L));
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+        forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
+
+        // verify service recorded history
+        assertNetworkTotal(sTemplateWifi, 1024L, 1L, 2048L, 2L, 0);
+
+        // make sure callback has not being called
+        assertEquals(INVALID_TYPE, latchedHandler.lastMessageType);
+
+        // and bump forward again, with counters going higher. this is
+        // important, since it will trigger the data usage callback
+        incrementCurrentTime(DAY_IN_MILLIS);
+        expectDefaultSettings();
+        expectNetworkStatsSummary(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 4096000L, 4L, 8192000L, 8L));
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+        forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
+
+        // verify service recorded history
+        assertNetworkTotal(sTemplateWifi, 4096000L, 4L, 8192000L, 8L, 0);
+
+
+        // Wait for the caller to ack receipt of CALLBACK_LIMIT_REACHED
+        assertTrue(cv.block(WAIT_TIMEOUT));
+        assertEquals(NetworkStatsManager.CALLBACK_LIMIT_REACHED, latchedHandler.lastMessageType);
+        cv.close();
+
+        // Allow binder to disconnect
+        when(mBinder.unlinkToDeath(any(IBinder.DeathRecipient.class), anyInt())).thenReturn(true);
+
+        // Unregister request
+        mService.unregisterUsageRequest(request);
+
+        // Wait for the caller to ack receipt of CALLBACK_RELEASED
+        assertTrue(cv.block(WAIT_TIMEOUT));
+        assertEquals(NetworkStatsManager.CALLBACK_RELEASED, latchedHandler.lastMessageType);
+
+        // Make sure that the caller binder gets disconnected
+        verify(mBinder).unlinkToDeath(any(IBinder.DeathRecipient.class), anyInt());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUnregisterUsageCallback_unknown_noop() throws Exception {
+        String callingPackage = "the.calling.package";
+        long thresholdInBytes = 10 * 1024 * 1024;  // 10 MB
+        DataUsageRequest unknownRequest = new DataUsageRequest(
+                2 /* requestId */, sTemplateImsi1, thresholdInBytes);
+
+        mService.unregisterUsageRequest(unknownRequest);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStatsProviderUpdateStats() throws Exception {
+        // Pretend that network comes online.
+        expectDefaultSettings();
+        final NetworkStateSnapshot[] states =
+                new NetworkStateSnapshot[]{buildWifiState(true /* isMetered */, TEST_IFACE)};
+        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+
+        // Register custom provider and retrieve callback.
+        final TestableNetworkStatsProviderBinder provider =
+                new TestableNetworkStatsProviderBinder();
+        final INetworkStatsProviderCallback cb =
+                mService.registerNetworkStatsProvider("TEST", provider);
+        assertNotNull(cb);
+
+        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_WIFI, states, getActiveIface(states),
+                new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0]);
+
+        // Verifies that one requestStatsUpdate will be called during iface update.
+        provider.expectOnRequestStatsUpdate(0 /* unused */);
+
+        // Create some initial traffic and report to the service.
+        incrementCurrentTime(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
+        final NetworkStats expectedStats = new NetworkStats(0L, 1)
+                .addEntry(new NetworkStats.Entry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT,
+                        TAG_NONE, METERED_YES, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES,
+                        128L, 2L, 128L, 2L, 1L))
+                .addEntry(new NetworkStats.Entry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT,
+                        0xF00D, METERED_YES, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES,
+                        64L, 1L, 64L, 1L, 1L));
+        cb.notifyStatsUpdated(0 /* unused */, expectedStats, expectedStats);
+
+        // Make another empty mutable stats object. This is necessary since the new NetworkStats
+        // object will be used to compare with the old one in NetworkStatsRecoder, two of them
+        // cannot be the same object.
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+
+        forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
+
+        // Verifies that one requestStatsUpdate and setAlert will be called during polling.
+        provider.expectOnRequestStatsUpdate(0 /* unused */);
+        provider.expectOnSetAlert(MB_IN_BYTES);
+
+        // Verifies that service recorded history, does not verify uid tag part.
+        assertUidTotal(sTemplateWifi, UID_RED, 128L, 2L, 128L, 2L, 1);
+
+        // Verifies that onStatsUpdated updates the stats accordingly.
+        final NetworkStats stats = mSession.getSummaryForAllUid(
+                sTemplateWifi, Long.MIN_VALUE, Long.MAX_VALUE, true);
+        assertEquals(2, stats.size());
+        assertValues(stats, IFACE_ALL, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_YES, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 128L, 2L, 128L, 2L, 1L);
+        assertValues(stats, IFACE_ALL, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, 0xF00D, METERED_YES, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 64L, 1L, 64L, 1L, 1L);
+
+        // Verifies that unregister the callback will remove the provider from service.
+        cb.unregister();
+        forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
+        provider.assertNoCallback();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDualVilteProviderStats() throws Exception {
+        // Pretend that network comes online.
+        expectDefaultSettings();
+        final int subId1 = 1;
+        final int subId2 = 2;
+        final NetworkStateSnapshot[] states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[]{
+                buildImsState(IMSI_1, subId1, TEST_IFACE),
+                buildImsState(IMSI_2, subId2, TEST_IFACE2)};
+        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+
+        // Register custom provider and retrieve callback.
+        final TestableNetworkStatsProviderBinder provider =
+                new TestableNetworkStatsProviderBinder();
+        final INetworkStatsProviderCallback cb =
+                mService.registerNetworkStatsProvider("TEST", provider);
+        assertNotNull(cb);
+
+        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_MOBILE, states, getActiveIface(states),
+                new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0]);
+
+        // Verifies that one requestStatsUpdate will be called during iface update.
+        provider.expectOnRequestStatsUpdate(0 /* unused */);
+
+        // Create some initial traffic and report to the service.
+        incrementCurrentTime(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
+        final String vtIface1 = NetworkStats.IFACE_VT + subId1;
+        final String vtIface2 = NetworkStats.IFACE_VT + subId2;
+        final NetworkStats expectedStats = new NetworkStats(0L, 1)
+                .addEntry(new NetworkStats.Entry(vtIface1, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT,
+                        TAG_NONE, METERED_YES, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES,
+                        128L, 2L, 128L, 2L, 1L))
+                .addEntry(new NetworkStats.Entry(vtIface2, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT,
+                        TAG_NONE, METERED_YES, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES,
+                        64L, 1L, 64L, 1L, 1L));
+        cb.notifyStatsUpdated(0 /* unused */, expectedStats, expectedStats);
+
+        // Make another empty mutable stats object. This is necessary since the new NetworkStats
+        // object will be used to compare with the old one in NetworkStatsRecoder, two of them
+        // cannot be the same object.
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+
+        forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
+
+        // Verifies that one requestStatsUpdate and setAlert will be called during polling.
+        provider.expectOnRequestStatsUpdate(0 /* unused */);
+        provider.expectOnSetAlert(MB_IN_BYTES);
+
+        // Verifies that service recorded history, does not verify uid tag part.
+        assertUidTotal(sTemplateImsi1, UID_RED, 128L, 2L, 128L, 2L, 1);
+
+        // Verifies that onStatsUpdated updates the stats accordingly.
+        NetworkStats stats = mSession.getSummaryForAllUid(
+                sTemplateImsi1, Long.MIN_VALUE, Long.MAX_VALUE, true);
+        assertEquals(1, stats.size());
+        assertValues(stats, IFACE_ALL, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_YES, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 128L, 2L, 128L, 2L, 1L);
+
+        stats = mSession.getSummaryForAllUid(
+                sTemplateImsi2, Long.MIN_VALUE, Long.MAX_VALUE, true);
+        assertEquals(1, stats.size());
+        assertValues(stats, IFACE_ALL, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_YES, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 64L, 1L, 64L, 1L, 1L);
+
+        // Verifies that unregister the callback will remove the provider from service.
+        cb.unregister();
+        forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
+        provider.assertNoCallback();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStatsProviderSetAlert() throws Exception {
+        // Pretend that network comes online.
+        expectDefaultSettings();
+        NetworkStateSnapshot[] states =
+                new NetworkStateSnapshot[]{buildWifiState(true /* isMetered */, TEST_IFACE)};
+        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_WIFI, states, getActiveIface(states),
+                new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0]);
+
+        // Register custom provider and retrieve callback.
+        final TestableNetworkStatsProviderBinder provider =
+                new TestableNetworkStatsProviderBinder();
+        final INetworkStatsProviderCallback cb =
+                mService.registerNetworkStatsProvider("TEST", provider);
+        assertNotNull(cb);
+
+        // Simulates alert quota of the provider has been reached.
+        cb.notifyAlertReached();
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandlerThread, WAIT_TIMEOUT);
+
+        // Verifies that polling is triggered by alert reached.
+        provider.expectOnRequestStatsUpdate(0 /* unused */);
+        // Verifies that global alert will be re-armed.
+        provider.expectOnSetAlert(MB_IN_BYTES);
+    }
+
+    private void setCombineSubtypeEnabled(boolean enable) {
+        when(mSettings.getCombineSubtypeEnabled()).thenReturn(enable);
+        mHandler.post(() -> mContentObserver.onChange(false, Settings.Global
+                    .getUriFor(Settings.Global.NETSTATS_COMBINE_SUBTYPE_ENABLED)));
+        waitForIdle();
+        if (enable) {
+            verify(mNetworkStatsSubscriptionsMonitor).stop();
+        } else {
+            verify(mNetworkStatsSubscriptionsMonitor).start();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDynamicWatchForNetworkRatTypeChanges() throws Exception {
+        // Build 3G template, type unknown template to get stats while network type is unknown
+        // and type all template to get the sum of all network type stats.
+        final NetworkTemplate template3g =
+                buildTemplateMobileWithRatType(null, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS);
+        final NetworkTemplate templateUnknown =
+                buildTemplateMobileWithRatType(null, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UNKNOWN);
+        final NetworkTemplate templateAll =
+                buildTemplateMobileWithRatType(null, NETWORK_TYPE_ALL);
+        final NetworkStateSnapshot[] states =
+                new NetworkStateSnapshot[]{buildMobile3gState(IMSI_1)};
+
+        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+
+        // 3G network comes online.
+        setMobileRatTypeAndWaitForIdle(TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS);
+        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_MOBILE, states, getActiveIface(states),
+                new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0]);
+
+        // Create some traffic.
+        incrementCurrentTime(MINUTE_IN_MILLIS);
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+                .addEntry(new NetworkStats.Entry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                        12L, 18L, 14L, 1L, 0L)));
+        forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
+
+        // Since CombineSubtypeEnabled is false by default in unit test, the generated traffic
+        // will be split by RAT type. Verify 3G templates gets stats, while template with unknown
+        // RAT type gets nothing, and template with NETWORK_TYPE_ALL gets all stats.
+        assertUidTotal(template3g, UID_RED, 12L, 18L, 14L, 1L, 0);
+        assertUidTotal(templateUnknown, UID_RED, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0);
+        assertUidTotal(templateAll, UID_RED, 12L, 18L, 14L, 1L, 0);
+
+        // Stop monitoring data usage per RAT type changes NetworkStatsService records data
+        // to {@link TelephonyManager#NETWORK_TYPE_UNKNOWN}.
+        setCombineSubtypeEnabled(true);
+
+        // Call handleOnCollapsedRatTypeChanged manually to simulate the callback fired
+        // when stopping monitor, this is needed by NetworkStatsService to trigger updateIfaces.
+        mService.handleOnCollapsedRatTypeChanged();
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandlerThread, WAIT_TIMEOUT);
+        // Create some traffic.
+        incrementCurrentTime(MINUTE_IN_MILLIS);
+        // Append more traffic on existing snapshot.
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+                .addEntry(new NetworkStats.Entry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                        12L + 4L, 18L + 4L, 14L + 3L, 1L + 1L, 0L))
+                .addEntry(new NetworkStats.Entry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_FOREGROUND, TAG_NONE,
+                        35L, 29L, 7L, 11L, 1L)));
+        forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
+
+        // Verify 3G counters do not increase, while template with unknown RAT type gets new
+        // traffic and template with NETWORK_TYPE_ALL gets all stats.
+        assertUidTotal(template3g, UID_RED, 12L, 18L, 14L, 1L, 0);
+        assertUidTotal(templateUnknown, UID_RED, 4L + 35L, 4L + 29L, 3L + 7L, 1L + 11L, 1);
+        assertUidTotal(templateAll, UID_RED, 16L + 35L, 22L + 29L, 17L + 7L, 2L + 11L, 1);
+
+        // Start monitoring data usage per RAT type changes and NetworkStatsService records data
+        // by a granular subtype representative of the actual subtype
+        setCombineSubtypeEnabled(false);
+
+        mService.handleOnCollapsedRatTypeChanged();
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandlerThread, WAIT_TIMEOUT);
+        // Create some traffic.
+        incrementCurrentTime(MINUTE_IN_MILLIS);
+        // Append more traffic on existing snapshot.
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+                .addEntry(new NetworkStats.Entry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                        22L, 26L, 19L, 5L, 0L))
+                .addEntry(new NetworkStats.Entry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_FOREGROUND, TAG_NONE,
+                        35L, 29L, 7L, 11L, 1L)));
+        forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
+
+        // Verify traffic is split by RAT type, no increase on template with unknown RAT type
+        // and template with NETWORK_TYPE_ALL gets all stats.
+        assertUidTotal(template3g, UID_RED, 6L + 12L , 4L + 18L, 2L + 14L, 3L + 1L, 0);
+        assertUidTotal(templateUnknown, UID_RED, 4L + 35L, 4L + 29L, 3L + 7L, 1L + 11L, 1);
+        assertUidTotal(templateAll, UID_RED, 22L + 35L, 26L + 29L, 19L + 7L, 5L + 11L, 1);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testOperationCount_nonDefault_traffic() throws Exception {
+        // Pretend mobile network comes online, but wifi is the default network.
+        expectDefaultSettings();
+        NetworkStateSnapshot[] states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[]{
+                buildWifiState(true /*isMetered*/, TEST_IFACE2), buildMobile3gState(IMSI_1)};
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+        mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_WIFI, states, getActiveIface(states),
+                new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0]);
+
+        // Create some traffic on mobile network.
+        incrementCurrentTime(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 4)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 2L, 1L, 3L, 4L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 1L, 3L, 2L, 1L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, 0xF00D, 5L, 4L, 1L, 4L, 0L));
+        // Increment operation count, which must have a specific tag.
+        mService.incrementOperationCount(UID_RED, 0xF00D, 2);
+        forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
+
+        // Verify mobile summary is not changed by the operation count.
+        final NetworkTemplate templateMobile =
+                buildTemplateMobileWithRatType(null, NETWORK_TYPE_ALL);
+        final NetworkStats statsMobile = mSession.getSummaryForAllUid(
+                templateMobile, Long.MIN_VALUE, Long.MAX_VALUE, true);
+        assertValues(statsMobile, IFACE_ALL, UID_RED, SET_ALL, TAG_NONE, METERED_ALL, ROAMING_ALL,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, 3L, 4L, 5L, 5L, 0);
+        assertValues(statsMobile, IFACE_ALL, UID_RED, SET_ALL, 0xF00D, METERED_ALL, ROAMING_ALL,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, 5L, 4L, 1L, 4L, 0);
+
+        // Verify the operation count is blamed onto the default network.
+        // TODO: Blame onto the default network is not very reasonable. Consider blame onto the
+        //  network that generates the traffic.
+        final NetworkTemplate templateWifi = buildTemplateWifiWildcard();
+        final NetworkStats statsWifi = mSession.getSummaryForAllUid(
+                templateWifi, Long.MIN_VALUE, Long.MAX_VALUE, true);
+        assertValues(statsWifi, IFACE_ALL, UID_RED, SET_ALL, 0xF00D, METERED_ALL, ROAMING_ALL,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 2);
+    }
+
+    private static File getBaseDir(File statsDir) {
+        File baseDir = new File(statsDir, "netstats");
+        baseDir.mkdirs();
+        return baseDir;
+    }
+
+    private void assertNetworkTotal(NetworkTemplate template, long rxBytes, long rxPackets,
+            long txBytes, long txPackets, int operations) throws Exception {
+        assertNetworkTotal(template, Long.MIN_VALUE, Long.MAX_VALUE, rxBytes, rxPackets, txBytes,
+                txPackets, operations);
+    }
+
+    private void assertNetworkTotal(NetworkTemplate template, long start, long end, long rxBytes,
+            long rxPackets, long txBytes, long txPackets, int operations) throws Exception {
+        // verify history API
+        final NetworkStatsHistory history = mSession.getHistoryForNetwork(template, FIELD_ALL);
+        assertValues(history, start, end, rxBytes, rxPackets, txBytes, txPackets, operations);
+
+        // verify summary API
+        final NetworkStats stats = mSession.getSummaryForNetwork(template, start, end);
+        assertValues(stats, IFACE_ALL, UID_ALL, SET_ALL, TAG_NONE, METERED_ALL, ROAMING_ALL,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL,  rxBytes, rxPackets, txBytes, txPackets, operations);
+    }
+
+    private void assertUidTotal(NetworkTemplate template, int uid, long rxBytes, long rxPackets,
+            long txBytes, long txPackets, int operations) throws Exception {
+        assertUidTotal(template, uid, SET_ALL, METERED_ALL, ROAMING_ALL, DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL,
+                rxBytes, rxPackets, txBytes, txPackets, operations);
+    }
+
+    private void assertUidTotal(NetworkTemplate template, int uid, int set, int metered,
+            int roaming, int defaultNetwork, long rxBytes, long rxPackets, long txBytes,
+            long txPackets, int operations) throws Exception {
+        // verify history API
+        final NetworkStatsHistory history = mSession.getHistoryForUid(
+                template, uid, set, TAG_NONE, FIELD_ALL);
+        assertValues(history, Long.MIN_VALUE, Long.MAX_VALUE, rxBytes, rxPackets, txBytes,
+                txPackets, operations);
+
+        // verify summary API
+        final NetworkStats stats = mSession.getSummaryForAllUid(
+                template, Long.MIN_VALUE, Long.MAX_VALUE, false);
+        assertValues(stats, IFACE_ALL, uid, set, TAG_NONE, metered, roaming, defaultNetwork,
+                rxBytes, rxPackets, txBytes, txPackets, operations);
+    }
+
+    private void expectSystemReady() throws Exception {
+        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+    }
+
+    private String getActiveIface(NetworkStateSnapshot... states) throws Exception {
+        if (states == null || states.length == 0 || states[0].getLinkProperties() == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        return states[0].getLinkProperties().getInterfaceName();
+    }
+
+    private void expectNetworkStatsSummary(NetworkStats summary) throws Exception {
+        expectNetworkStatsSummaryDev(summary.clone());
+        expectNetworkStatsSummaryXt(summary.clone());
+    }
+
+    private void expectNetworkStatsSummaryDev(NetworkStats summary) throws Exception {
+        when(mStatsFactory.readNetworkStatsSummaryDev()).thenReturn(summary);
+    }
+
+    private void expectNetworkStatsSummaryXt(NetworkStats summary) throws Exception {
+        when(mStatsFactory.readNetworkStatsSummaryXt()).thenReturn(summary);
+    }
+
+    private void expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(NetworkStats detail) throws Exception {
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(detail, new NetworkStats(0L, 0));
+    }
+
+    private void expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(NetworkStats detail, NetworkStats tetherStats)
+            throws Exception {
+        when(mStatsFactory.readNetworkStatsDetail(UID_ALL, INTERFACES_ALL, TAG_ALL))
+                .thenReturn(detail);
+
+        // also include tethering details, since they are folded into UID
+        when(mNetManager.getNetworkStatsTethering(STATS_PER_UID)).thenReturn(tetherStats);
+    }
+
+    private void expectDefaultSettings() throws Exception {
+        expectSettings(0L, HOUR_IN_MILLIS, WEEK_IN_MILLIS);
+    }
+
+    private void expectSettings(long persistBytes, long bucketDuration, long deleteAge)
+            throws Exception {
+        when(mSettings.getPollInterval()).thenReturn(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
+        when(mSettings.getPollDelay()).thenReturn(0L);
+        when(mSettings.getSampleEnabled()).thenReturn(true);
+        when(mSettings.getCombineSubtypeEnabled()).thenReturn(false);
+
+        final Config config = new Config(bucketDuration, deleteAge, deleteAge);
+        when(mSettings.getDevConfig()).thenReturn(config);
+        when(mSettings.getXtConfig()).thenReturn(config);
+        when(mSettings.getUidConfig()).thenReturn(config);
+        when(mSettings.getUidTagConfig()).thenReturn(config);
+
+        when(mSettings.getGlobalAlertBytes(anyLong())).thenReturn(MB_IN_BYTES);
+        when(mSettings.getDevPersistBytes(anyLong())).thenReturn(MB_IN_BYTES);
+        when(mSettings.getXtPersistBytes(anyLong())).thenReturn(MB_IN_BYTES);
+        when(mSettings.getUidPersistBytes(anyLong())).thenReturn(MB_IN_BYTES);
+        when(mSettings.getUidTagPersistBytes(anyLong())).thenReturn(MB_IN_BYTES);
+    }
+
+    private void assertStatsFilesExist(boolean exist) {
+        final File basePath = new File(mStatsDir, "netstats");
+        if (exist) {
+            assertTrue(basePath.list().length > 0);
+        } else {
+            assertTrue(basePath.list().length == 0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void assertValues(NetworkStatsHistory stats, long start, long end, long rxBytes,
+            long rxPackets, long txBytes, long txPackets, int operations) {
+        final NetworkStatsHistory.Entry entry = stats.getValues(start, end, null);
+        assertEquals("unexpected rxBytes", rxBytes, entry.rxBytes);
+        assertEquals("unexpected rxPackets", rxPackets, entry.rxPackets);
+        assertEquals("unexpected txBytes", txBytes, entry.txBytes);
+        assertEquals("unexpected txPackets", txPackets, entry.txPackets);
+        assertEquals("unexpected operations", operations, entry.operations);
+    }
+
+    private static NetworkStateSnapshot buildWifiState() {
+        return buildWifiState(false, TEST_IFACE);
+    }
+
+    private static NetworkStateSnapshot buildWifiState(boolean isMetered, @NonNull String iface) {
+        final LinkProperties prop = new LinkProperties();
+        prop.setInterfaceName(iface);
+        final NetworkCapabilities capabilities = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        capabilities.setCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED, !isMetered);
+        capabilities.setCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING, true);
+        capabilities.addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        capabilities.setSSID(TEST_SSID);
+        return new NetworkStateSnapshot(WIFI_NETWORK, capabilities, prop, null, TYPE_WIFI);
+    }
+
+    private static NetworkStateSnapshot buildMobile3gState(String subscriberId) {
+        return buildMobile3gState(subscriberId, false /* isRoaming */);
+    }
+
+    private static NetworkStateSnapshot buildMobile3gState(String subscriberId, boolean isRoaming) {
+        final LinkProperties prop = new LinkProperties();
+        prop.setInterfaceName(TEST_IFACE);
+        final NetworkCapabilities capabilities = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        capabilities.setCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED, false);
+        capabilities.setCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING, !isRoaming);
+        capabilities.addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        return new NetworkStateSnapshot(
+                MOBILE_NETWORK, capabilities, prop, subscriberId, TYPE_MOBILE);
+    }
+
+    private NetworkStats buildEmptyStats() {
+        return new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 0);
+    }
+
+    private static NetworkStateSnapshot buildOemManagedMobileState(
+            String subscriberId, boolean isRoaming, int[] oemNetCapabilities) {
+        final LinkProperties prop = new LinkProperties();
+        prop.setInterfaceName(TEST_IFACE);
+        final NetworkCapabilities capabilities = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        capabilities.setCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED, false);
+        capabilities.setCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING, !isRoaming);
+        for (int nc : oemNetCapabilities) {
+            capabilities.setCapability(nc, true);
+        }
+        capabilities.addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        return new NetworkStateSnapshot(MOBILE_NETWORK, capabilities, prop, subscriberId,
+                TYPE_MOBILE);
+    }
+
+    private static NetworkStateSnapshot buildImsState(
+            String subscriberId, int subId, String ifaceName) {
+        final LinkProperties prop = new LinkProperties();
+        prop.setInterfaceName(ifaceName);
+        final NetworkCapabilities capabilities = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        capabilities.setCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED, true);
+        capabilities.setCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING, true);
+        capabilities.setCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_IMS, true);
+        capabilities.addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        capabilities.setNetworkSpecifier(new TelephonyNetworkSpecifier(subId));
+        return new NetworkStateSnapshot(
+                MOBILE_NETWORK, capabilities, prop, subscriberId, TYPE_MOBILE);
+    }
+
+    private long getElapsedRealtime() {
+        return mElapsedRealtime;
+    }
+
+    private long startTimeMillis() {
+        return TEST_START;
+    }
+
+    private long currentTimeMillis() {
+        return startTimeMillis() + mElapsedRealtime;
+    }
+
+    private void incrementCurrentTime(long duration) {
+        mElapsedRealtime += duration;
+    }
+
+    private void forcePollAndWaitForIdle() {
+        mServiceContext.sendBroadcast(new Intent(ACTION_NETWORK_STATS_POLL));
+        waitForIdle();
+    }
+
+    private void waitForIdle() {
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandlerThread, WAIT_TIMEOUT);
+    }
+
+    static class LatchedHandler extends Handler {
+        private final ConditionVariable mCv;
+        int lastMessageType = INVALID_TYPE;
+
+        LatchedHandler(Looper looper, ConditionVariable cv) {
+            super(looper);
+            mCv = cv;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
+            lastMessageType = msg.what;
+            mCv.open();
+            super.handleMessage(msg);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsSubscriptionsMonitorTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsSubscriptionsMonitorTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6d2c7dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsSubscriptionsMonitorTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,386 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.net;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.any;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.anyInt;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.clearInvocations;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.eq;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.never;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.reset;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.net.NetworkTemplate;
+import android.os.test.TestLooper;
+import android.telephony.NetworkRegistrationInfo;
+import android.telephony.PhoneStateListener;
+import android.telephony.ServiceState;
+import android.telephony.SubscriptionManager;
+import android.telephony.TelephonyManager;
+
+import com.android.internal.util.CollectionUtils;
+import com.android.server.net.NetworkStatsSubscriptionsMonitor.RatTypeListener;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.junit.runners.JUnit4;
+import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+
+@RunWith(JUnit4.class)
+public final class NetworkStatsSubscriptionsMonitorTest {
+    private static final int TEST_SUBID1 = 3;
+    private static final int TEST_SUBID2 = 5;
+    private static final String TEST_IMSI1 = "466921234567890";
+    private static final String TEST_IMSI2 = "466920987654321";
+    private static final String TEST_IMSI3 = "466929999999999";
+
+    @Mock private Context mContext;
+    @Mock private SubscriptionManager mSubscriptionManager;
+    @Mock private TelephonyManager mTelephonyManager;
+    @Mock private NetworkStatsSubscriptionsMonitor.Delegate mDelegate;
+    private final List<Integer> mTestSubList = new ArrayList<>();
+
+    private final Executor mExecutor = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
+    private NetworkStatsSubscriptionsMonitor mMonitor;
+    private TestLooper mTestLooper = new TestLooper();
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() {
+        MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
+
+        when(mTelephonyManager.createForSubscriptionId(anyInt())).thenReturn(mTelephonyManager);
+
+        when(mContext.getSystemService(eq(Context.TELEPHONY_SUBSCRIPTION_SERVICE)))
+                .thenReturn(mSubscriptionManager);
+        when(mContext.getSystemService(eq(Context.TELEPHONY_SERVICE)))
+                .thenReturn(mTelephonyManager);
+
+        mMonitor = new NetworkStatsSubscriptionsMonitor(mContext, mTestLooper.getLooper(),
+                mExecutor, mDelegate);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStartStop() {
+        // Verify that addOnSubscriptionsChangedListener() is never called before start().
+        verify(mSubscriptionManager, never())
+                .addOnSubscriptionsChangedListener(mExecutor, mMonitor);
+        mMonitor.start();
+        verify(mSubscriptionManager).addOnSubscriptionsChangedListener(mExecutor, mMonitor);
+
+        // Verify that removeOnSubscriptionsChangedListener() is never called before stop()
+        verify(mSubscriptionManager, never()).removeOnSubscriptionsChangedListener(mMonitor);
+        mMonitor.stop();
+        verify(mSubscriptionManager).removeOnSubscriptionsChangedListener(mMonitor);
+    }
+
+    @NonNull
+    private static int[] convertArrayListToIntArray(@NonNull List<Integer> arrayList) {
+        final int[] list = new int[arrayList.size()];
+        for (int i = 0; i < arrayList.size(); i++) {
+            list[i] = arrayList.get(i);
+        }
+        return list;
+    }
+
+    private void setRatTypeForSub(List<RatTypeListener> listeners,
+            int subId, int type) {
+        final ServiceState serviceState = mock(ServiceState.class);
+        when(serviceState.getDataNetworkType()).thenReturn(type);
+        final RatTypeListener match = CollectionUtils
+                .find(listeners, it -> it.getSubId() == subId);
+        if (match == null) {
+            fail("Could not find listener with subId: " + subId);
+        }
+        match.onServiceStateChanged(serviceState);
+    }
+
+    private void addTestSub(int subId, String subscriberId) {
+        // add SubId to TestSubList.
+        if (mTestSubList.contains(subId)) fail("The subscriber list already contains this ID");
+
+        mTestSubList.add(subId);
+
+        final int[] subList = convertArrayListToIntArray(mTestSubList);
+        when(mSubscriptionManager.getCompleteActiveSubscriptionIdList()).thenReturn(subList);
+        when(mTelephonyManager.getSubscriberId(subId)).thenReturn(subscriberId);
+        mMonitor.onSubscriptionsChanged();
+    }
+
+    private void updateSubscriberIdForTestSub(int subId, @Nullable final String subscriberId) {
+        when(mTelephonyManager.getSubscriberId(subId)).thenReturn(subscriberId);
+        mMonitor.onSubscriptionsChanged();
+    }
+
+    private void removeTestSub(int subId) {
+        // Remove subId from TestSubList.
+        mTestSubList.removeIf(it -> it == subId);
+        final int[] subList = convertArrayListToIntArray(mTestSubList);
+        when(mSubscriptionManager.getCompleteActiveSubscriptionIdList()).thenReturn(subList);
+        mMonitor.onSubscriptionsChanged();
+    }
+
+    private void assertRatTypeChangedForSub(String subscriberId, int ratType) {
+        assertEquals(ratType, mMonitor.getRatTypeForSubscriberId(subscriberId));
+        final ArgumentCaptor<Integer> typeCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(Integer.class);
+        // Verify callback with the subscriberId and the RAT type should be as expected.
+        // It will fail if get a callback with an unexpected RAT type.
+        verify(mDelegate).onCollapsedRatTypeChanged(eq(subscriberId), typeCaptor.capture());
+        final int type = typeCaptor.getValue();
+        assertEquals(ratType, type);
+    }
+
+    private void assertRatTypeNotChangedForSub(String subscriberId, int ratType) {
+        assertEquals(mMonitor.getRatTypeForSubscriberId(subscriberId), ratType);
+        // Should never get callback with any RAT type.
+        verify(mDelegate, never()).onCollapsedRatTypeChanged(eq(subscriberId), anyInt());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSubChangedAndRatTypeChanged() {
+        final ArgumentCaptor<RatTypeListener> ratTypeListenerCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(RatTypeListener.class);
+
+        mMonitor.start();
+        // Insert sim1, verify RAT type is NETWORK_TYPE_UNKNOWN, and never get any callback
+        // before changing RAT type.
+        addTestSub(TEST_SUBID1, TEST_IMSI1);
+        assertRatTypeNotChangedForSub(TEST_IMSI1, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UNKNOWN);
+
+        // Insert sim2.
+        addTestSub(TEST_SUBID2, TEST_IMSI2);
+        assertRatTypeNotChangedForSub(TEST_IMSI1, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UNKNOWN);
+        verify(mTelephonyManager, times(2)).listen(ratTypeListenerCaptor.capture(),
+                eq(PhoneStateListener.LISTEN_SERVICE_STATE));
+        reset(mDelegate);
+
+        // Set RAT type of sim1 to UMTS.
+        // Verify RAT type of sim1 after subscription gets onCollapsedRatTypeChanged() callback
+        // and others remain untouched.
+        setRatTypeForSub(ratTypeListenerCaptor.getAllValues(), TEST_SUBID1,
+                TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS);
+        assertRatTypeChangedForSub(TEST_IMSI1, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS);
+        assertRatTypeNotChangedForSub(TEST_IMSI2, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UNKNOWN);
+        assertRatTypeNotChangedForSub(TEST_IMSI3, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UNKNOWN);
+        reset(mDelegate);
+
+        // Set RAT type of sim2 to LTE.
+        // Verify RAT type of sim2 after subscription gets onCollapsedRatTypeChanged() callback
+        // and others remain untouched.
+        setRatTypeForSub(ratTypeListenerCaptor.getAllValues(), TEST_SUBID2,
+                TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_LTE);
+        assertRatTypeNotChangedForSub(TEST_IMSI1, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS);
+        assertRatTypeChangedForSub(TEST_IMSI2, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_LTE);
+        assertRatTypeNotChangedForSub(TEST_IMSI3, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UNKNOWN);
+        reset(mDelegate);
+
+        // Remove sim2 and verify that callbacks are fired and RAT type is correct for sim2.
+        // while the other two remain untouched.
+        removeTestSub(TEST_SUBID2);
+        verify(mTelephonyManager).listen(any(), eq(PhoneStateListener.LISTEN_NONE));
+        assertRatTypeNotChangedForSub(TEST_IMSI1, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS);
+        assertRatTypeChangedForSub(TEST_IMSI2, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UNKNOWN);
+        assertRatTypeNotChangedForSub(TEST_IMSI3, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UNKNOWN);
+        reset(mDelegate);
+
+        // Set RAT type of sim1 to UNKNOWN. Then stop monitoring subscription changes
+        // and verify that the listener for sim1 is removed.
+        setRatTypeForSub(ratTypeListenerCaptor.getAllValues(), TEST_SUBID1,
+                TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UNKNOWN);
+        assertRatTypeChangedForSub(TEST_IMSI1, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UNKNOWN);
+        reset(mDelegate);
+
+        mMonitor.stop();
+        verify(mTelephonyManager, times(2)).listen(any(), eq(PhoneStateListener.LISTEN_NONE));
+        assertRatTypeChangedForSub(TEST_IMSI1, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UNKNOWN);
+    }
+
+
+    @Test
+    public void test5g() {
+        mMonitor.start();
+        // Insert sim1, verify RAT type is NETWORK_TYPE_UNKNOWN, and never get any callback
+        // before changing RAT type. Also capture listener for later use.
+        addTestSub(TEST_SUBID1, TEST_IMSI1);
+        assertRatTypeNotChangedForSub(TEST_IMSI1, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UNKNOWN);
+        final ArgumentCaptor<RatTypeListener> ratTypeListenerCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(RatTypeListener.class);
+        verify(mTelephonyManager, times(1)).listen(ratTypeListenerCaptor.capture(),
+                eq(PhoneStateListener.LISTEN_SERVICE_STATE));
+        final RatTypeListener listener = CollectionUtils
+                .find(ratTypeListenerCaptor.getAllValues(), it -> it.getSubId() == TEST_SUBID1);
+        assertNotNull(listener);
+
+        // Set RAT type to 5G NSA (non-standalone) mode, verify the monitor outputs
+        // NETWORK_TYPE_5G_NSA.
+        final ServiceState serviceState = mock(ServiceState.class);
+        when(serviceState.getDataNetworkType()).thenReturn(TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_LTE);
+        when(serviceState.getNrState()).thenReturn(NetworkRegistrationInfo.NR_STATE_CONNECTED);
+        listener.onServiceStateChanged(serviceState);
+        assertRatTypeChangedForSub(TEST_IMSI1, NetworkTemplate.NETWORK_TYPE_5G_NSA);
+        reset(mDelegate);
+
+        // Set RAT type to LTE without NR connected, the RAT type should be downgraded to LTE.
+        when(serviceState.getNrState()).thenReturn(NetworkRegistrationInfo.NR_STATE_NONE);
+        listener.onServiceStateChanged(serviceState);
+        assertRatTypeChangedForSub(TEST_IMSI1, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_LTE);
+        reset(mDelegate);
+
+        // Verify NR connected with other RAT type does not take effect.
+        when(serviceState.getDataNetworkType()).thenReturn(TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS);
+        when(serviceState.getNrState()).thenReturn(NetworkRegistrationInfo.NR_STATE_CONNECTED);
+        listener.onServiceStateChanged(serviceState);
+        assertRatTypeChangedForSub(TEST_IMSI1, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS);
+        reset(mDelegate);
+
+        // Set RAT type to 5G standalone mode, the RAT type should be NR.
+        setRatTypeForSub(ratTypeListenerCaptor.getAllValues(), TEST_SUBID1,
+                TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_NR);
+        assertRatTypeChangedForSub(TEST_IMSI1, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_NR);
+        reset(mDelegate);
+
+        // Set NR state to none in standalone mode does not change anything.
+        when(serviceState.getDataNetworkType()).thenReturn(TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_NR);
+        when(serviceState.getNrState()).thenReturn(NetworkRegistrationInfo.NR_STATE_NONE);
+        listener.onServiceStateChanged(serviceState);
+        assertRatTypeNotChangedForSub(TEST_IMSI1, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_NR);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSubscriberIdUnavailable() {
+        final ArgumentCaptor<RatTypeListener> ratTypeListenerCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(RatTypeListener.class);
+
+        mMonitor.start();
+        // Insert sim1, set subscriberId to null which is normal in SIM PIN locked case.
+        // Verify RAT type is NETWORK_TYPE_UNKNOWN and service will not perform listener
+        // registration.
+        addTestSub(TEST_SUBID1, null);
+        verify(mTelephonyManager, never()).listen(any(), anyInt());
+        assertRatTypeNotChangedForSub(TEST_IMSI1, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UNKNOWN);
+
+        // Set IMSI for sim1, verify the listener will be registered.
+        updateSubscriberIdForTestSub(TEST_SUBID1, TEST_IMSI1);
+        verify(mTelephonyManager, times(1)).listen(ratTypeListenerCaptor.capture(),
+                eq(PhoneStateListener.LISTEN_SERVICE_STATE));
+        reset(mTelephonyManager);
+        when(mTelephonyManager.createForSubscriptionId(anyInt())).thenReturn(mTelephonyManager);
+
+        // Set RAT type of sim1 to UMTS. Verify RAT type of sim1 is changed.
+        setRatTypeForSub(ratTypeListenerCaptor.getAllValues(), TEST_SUBID1,
+                TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS);
+        assertRatTypeChangedForSub(TEST_IMSI1, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS);
+        reset(mDelegate);
+
+        // Set IMSI to null again to simulate somehow IMSI is not available, such as
+        // modem crash. Verify service should unregister listener.
+        updateSubscriberIdForTestSub(TEST_SUBID1, null);
+        verify(mTelephonyManager, times(1)).listen(eq(ratTypeListenerCaptor.getValue()),
+                eq(PhoneStateListener.LISTEN_NONE));
+        assertRatTypeChangedForSub(TEST_IMSI1, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UNKNOWN);
+        reset(mDelegate);
+        clearInvocations(mTelephonyManager);
+
+        // Simulate somehow IMSI is back. Verify service will register with
+        // another listener and fire callback accordingly.
+        final ArgumentCaptor<RatTypeListener> ratTypeListenerCaptor2 =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(RatTypeListener.class);
+        updateSubscriberIdForTestSub(TEST_SUBID1, TEST_IMSI1);
+        verify(mTelephonyManager, times(1)).listen(ratTypeListenerCaptor2.capture(),
+                eq(PhoneStateListener.LISTEN_SERVICE_STATE));
+        assertRatTypeNotChangedForSub(TEST_IMSI1, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UNKNOWN);
+        reset(mDelegate);
+        clearInvocations(mTelephonyManager);
+
+        // Set RAT type of sim1 to LTE. Verify RAT type of sim1 still works.
+        setRatTypeForSub(ratTypeListenerCaptor2.getAllValues(), TEST_SUBID1,
+                TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_LTE);
+        assertRatTypeChangedForSub(TEST_IMSI1, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_LTE);
+        reset(mDelegate);
+
+        mMonitor.stop();
+        verify(mTelephonyManager, times(1)).listen(eq(ratTypeListenerCaptor2.getValue()),
+                eq(PhoneStateListener.LISTEN_NONE));
+        assertRatTypeChangedForSub(TEST_IMSI1, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UNKNOWN);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Verify that when IMSI suddenly changed for a given subId, the service will register a new
+     * listener and unregister the old one, and report changes on updated IMSI. This is for modem
+     * feature that may be enabled for certain carrier, which changes to use a different IMSI while
+     * roaming on certain networks for multi-IMSI SIM cards, but the subId stays the same.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSubscriberIdChanged() {
+        mMonitor.start();
+        // Insert sim1, verify RAT type is NETWORK_TYPE_UNKNOWN, and never get any callback
+        // before changing RAT type.
+        addTestSub(TEST_SUBID1, TEST_IMSI1);
+        final ArgumentCaptor<RatTypeListener> ratTypeListenerCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(RatTypeListener.class);
+        verify(mTelephonyManager, times(1)).listen(ratTypeListenerCaptor.capture(),
+                eq(PhoneStateListener.LISTEN_SERVICE_STATE));
+        assertRatTypeNotChangedForSub(TEST_IMSI1, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UNKNOWN);
+
+        // Set RAT type of sim1 to UMTS.
+        // Verify RAT type of sim1 changes accordingly.
+        setRatTypeForSub(ratTypeListenerCaptor.getAllValues(), TEST_SUBID1,
+                TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS);
+        assertRatTypeChangedForSub(TEST_IMSI1, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS);
+        reset(mDelegate);
+        clearInvocations(mTelephonyManager);
+
+        // Simulate IMSI of sim1 changed to IMSI2. Verify the service will register with
+        // another listener and remove the old one. The RAT type of new IMSI stays at
+        // NETWORK_TYPE_UNKNOWN until received initial callback from telephony.
+        final ArgumentCaptor<RatTypeListener> ratTypeListenerCaptor2 =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(RatTypeListener.class);
+        updateSubscriberIdForTestSub(TEST_SUBID1, TEST_IMSI2);
+        verify(mTelephonyManager, times(1)).listen(ratTypeListenerCaptor2.capture(),
+                eq(PhoneStateListener.LISTEN_SERVICE_STATE));
+        verify(mTelephonyManager, times(1)).listen(eq(ratTypeListenerCaptor.getValue()),
+                eq(PhoneStateListener.LISTEN_NONE));
+        assertRatTypeChangedForSub(TEST_IMSI1, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UNKNOWN);
+        assertRatTypeNotChangedForSub(TEST_IMSI2, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UNKNOWN);
+        reset(mDelegate);
+
+        // Set RAT type of sim1 to UMTS for new listener to simulate the initial callback received
+        // from telephony after registration. Verify RAT type of sim1 changes with IMSI2
+        // accordingly.
+        setRatTypeForSub(ratTypeListenerCaptor2.getAllValues(), TEST_SUBID1,
+                TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS);
+        assertRatTypeNotChangedForSub(TEST_IMSI1, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UNKNOWN);
+        assertRatTypeChangedForSub(TEST_IMSI2, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS);
+        reset(mDelegate);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/ipmemorystore/NetworkAttributesTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/ipmemorystore/NetworkAttributesTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ebbc0ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/ipmemorystore/NetworkAttributesTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.net.ipmemorystore;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+
+import android.net.ipmemorystore.NetworkAttributes;
+import android.net.networkstack.aidl.quirks.IPv6ProvisioningLossQuirk;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+import java.net.Inet4Address;
+import java.net.UnknownHostException;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+
+/** Unit tests for {@link NetworkAttributes}. */
+@SmallTest
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+public class NetworkAttributesTest {
+    private static final String WEIGHT_FIELD_NAME_PREFIX = "WEIGHT_";
+    private static final float EPSILON = 0.0001f;
+
+    // This is running two tests to make sure the total weight is the sum of all weights. To be
+    // sure this is not fireproof, but you'd kind of need to do it on purpose to pass.
+    @Test
+    public void testTotalWeight() throws IllegalAccessException, UnknownHostException {
+        // Make sure that TOTAL_WEIGHT is equal to the sum of the fields starting with WEIGHT_
+        float sum = 0f;
+        final Field[] fieldList = NetworkAttributes.class.getDeclaredFields();
+        for (final Field field : fieldList) {
+            if (!field.getName().startsWith(WEIGHT_FIELD_NAME_PREFIX)) continue;
+            field.setAccessible(true);
+            sum += (float) field.get(null);
+        }
+        assertEquals(sum, NetworkAttributes.TOTAL_WEIGHT, EPSILON);
+
+        final IPv6ProvisioningLossQuirk ipv6ProvisioningLossQuirk =
+                new IPv6ProvisioningLossQuirk(3, System.currentTimeMillis() + 7_200_000);
+        // Use directly the constructor with all attributes, and make sure that when compared
+        // to itself the score is a clean 1.0f.
+        final NetworkAttributes na =
+                new NetworkAttributes(
+                        (Inet4Address) Inet4Address.getByAddress(new byte[] {1, 2, 3, 4}),
+                        System.currentTimeMillis() + 7_200_000,
+                        "some hint",
+                        Arrays.asList(Inet4Address.getByAddress(new byte[] {5, 6, 7, 8}),
+                                Inet4Address.getByAddress(new byte[] {9, 0, 1, 2})),
+                        98, ipv6ProvisioningLossQuirk);
+        assertEquals(1.0f, na.getNetworkGroupSamenessConfidence(na), EPSILON);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/jni/Android.bp b/tests/unit/jni/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..22a04f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/jni/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+package {
+    // See: http://go/android-license-faq
+    // A large-scale-change added 'default_applicable_licenses' to import
+    // all of the 'license_kinds' from "frameworks_base_license"
+    // to get the below license kinds:
+    //   SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["frameworks_base_license"],
+}
+
+cc_library_shared {
+    name: "libnetworkstatsfactorytestjni",
+
+    cflags: [
+        "-Wall",
+        "-Werror",
+        "-Wno-unused-parameter",
+        "-Wthread-safety",
+    ],
+
+    srcs: [
+        ":lib_networkStatsFactory_native",
+        "test_onload.cpp",
+    ],
+
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libbpf_android",
+        "liblog",
+        "libnativehelper",
+        "libnetdbpf",
+        "libnetdutils",
+    ],
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/jni/test_onload.cpp b/tests/unit/jni/test_onload.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5194ddb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/jni/test_onload.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * this is a mini native libaray for NetworkStatsFactoryTest to run properly. It
+ * load all the native method related to NetworkStatsFactory when test run
+ */
+#include <nativehelper/JNIHelp.h>
+#include "jni.h"
+#include "utils/Log.h"
+#include "utils/misc.h"
+
+namespace android {
+int register_android_server_net_NetworkStatsFactory(JNIEnv* env);
+};
+
+using namespace android;
+
+extern "C" jint JNI_OnLoad(JavaVM* vm, void* /* reserved */)
+{
+    JNIEnv* env = NULL;
+    jint result = -1;
+
+    if (vm->GetEnv((void**) &env, JNI_VERSION_1_4) != JNI_OK) {
+        ALOGE("GetEnv failed!");
+        return result;
+    }
+    ALOG_ASSERT(env, "Could not retrieve the env!");
+    register_android_server_net_NetworkStatsFactory(env);
+    return JNI_VERSION_1_4;
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/res/raw/history_v1 b/tests/unit/res/raw/history_v1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..de79491
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/res/raw/history_v1
Binary files differ
diff --git a/tests/unit/res/raw/net_dev_typical b/tests/unit/res/raw/net_dev_typical
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..290bf03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/res/raw/net_dev_typical
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+Inter-|   Receive                                                |  Transmit
+ face |bytes    packets errs drop fifo frame compressed multicast|bytes    packets errs drop fifo colls carrier compressed
+    lo:    8308     116    0    0    0     0          0         0     8308     116    0    0    0     0       0          0
+rmnet0: 1507570    2205    0    0    0     0          0         0   489339    2237    0    0    0     0       0          0
+  ifb0:   52454     151    0  151    0     0          0         0        0       0    0    0    0     0       0          0
+  ifb1:   52454     151    0  151    0     0          0         0        0       0    0    0    0     0       0          0
+  sit0:       0       0    0    0    0     0          0         0        0       0  148    0    0     0       0          0
+ip6tnl0:       0       0    0    0    0     0          0         0        0       0  151  151    0     0       0          0
diff --git a/tests/unit/res/raw/netstats_uid_v4 b/tests/unit/res/raw/netstats_uid_v4
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e75fc1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/res/raw/netstats_uid_v4
Binary files differ
diff --git a/tests/unit/res/raw/netstats_v1 b/tests/unit/res/raw/netstats_v1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e80860a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/res/raw/netstats_v1
Binary files differ
diff --git a/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_iface_fmt_typical b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_iface_fmt_typical
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..656d5bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_iface_fmt_typical
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+ifname total_skb_rx_bytes total_skb_rx_packets total_skb_tx_bytes total_skb_tx_packets
+rmnet2 4968 35 3081 39
+rmnet1 11153922 8051 190226 2468
+rmnet0 6824 16 5692 10
diff --git a/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_iface_typical b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_iface_typical
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..610723a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_iface_typical
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+rmnet3 1 0 0 0 0 20822 501 1149991 815
+rmnet2 1 0 0 0 0 1594 15 1313 15
+rmnet1 1 0 0 0 0 207398 458 166918 565
+rmnet0 1 0 0 0 0 2112 24 700 10
+test1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
+test2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
diff --git a/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_typical b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_typical
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c1b0d25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_typical
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+idx iface acct_tag_hex uid_tag_int cnt_set rx_bytes rx_packets tx_bytes tx_packets rx_tcp_bytes rx_tcp_packets rx_udp_bytes rx_udp_packets rx_other_bytes rx_other_packets tx_tcp_bytes tx_tcp_packets tx_udp_bytes tx_udp_packets tx_other_bytes tx_other_packets
+2 wlan0 0x0 0 0 18621 96 2898 44 312 6 15897 58 2412 32 312 6 1010 16 1576 22
+3 wlan0 0x0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+4 wlan0 0x0 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+5 wlan0 0x0 1000 1 1949 13 1078 14 0 0 1600 10 349 3 0 0 600 10 478 4
+6 wlan0 0x0 10005 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+7 wlan0 0x0 10005 1 32081 38 5315 50 32081 38 0 0 0 0 5315 50 0 0 0 0
+8 wlan0 0x0 10011 0 35777 53 5718 57 0 0 0 0 35777 53 0 0 0 0 5718 57
+9 wlan0 0x0 10011 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+10 wlan0 0x0 10014 0 0 0 1098 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1098 13
+11 wlan0 0x0 10014 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+12 wlan0 0x0 10021 0 562386 573 49228 549 0 0 0 0 562386 573 0 0 0 0 49228 549
+13 wlan0 0x0 10021 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+14 wlan0 0x0 10031 0 3425 5 586 6 0 0 0 0 3425 5 0 0 0 0 586 6
+15 wlan0 0x0 10031 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+16 wlan0 0x7fffff0100000000 10021 0 562386 573 49228 549 0 0 0 0 562386 573 0 0 0 0 49228 549
+17 wlan0 0x7fffff0100000000 10021 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+18 wlan0 0x7fffff0100000000 10031 0 3425 5 586 6 0 0 0 0 3425 5 0 0 0 0 586 6
+19 wlan0 0x7fffff0100000000 10031 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+20 rmnet2 0x0 0 0 547 5 118 2 40 1 243 1 264 3 0 0 62 1 56 1
+21 rmnet2 0x0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+22 rmnet2 0x0 10001 0 1125899906842624 5 984 11 632 5 0 0 0 0 984 11 0 0 0 0
+23 rmnet2 0x0 10001 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+24 rmnet1 0x0 0 0 26736 174 7098 130 7210 97 18382 64 1144 13 2932 64 4054 64 112 2
+25 rmnet1 0x0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+26 rmnet1 0x0 1000 0 75774 77 18038 78 75335 72 439 5 0 0 17668 73 370 5 0 0
+27 rmnet1 0x0 1000 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+28 rmnet1 0x0 10007 0 269945 578 111632 586 269945 578 0 0 0 0 111632 586 0 0 0 0
+29 rmnet1 0x0 10007 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+30 rmnet1 0x0 10011 0 1741256 6918 769778 7019 1741256 6918 0 0 0 0 769778 7019 0 0 0 0
+31 rmnet1 0x0 10011 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+32 rmnet1 0x0 10014 0 0 0 786 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 786 12 0 0 0 0
+33 rmnet1 0x0 10014 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+34 rmnet1 0x0 10021 0 433533 1454 393420 1604 433533 1454 0 0 0 0 393420 1604 0 0 0 0
+35 rmnet1 0x0 10021 1 21215 33 10278 33 21215 33 0 0 0 0 10278 33 0 0 0 0
+36 rmnet1 0x0 10036 0 6310 25 3284 29 6310 25 0 0 0 0 3284 29 0 0 0 0
+37 rmnet1 0x0 10036 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+38 rmnet1 0x0 10047 0 34264 47 3936 34 34264 47 0 0 0 0 3936 34 0 0 0 0
+39 rmnet1 0x0 10047 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+40 rmnet1 0x4e7700000000 10011 0 9187 27 4248 33 9187 27 0 0 0 0 4248 33 0 0 0 0
+41 rmnet1 0x4e7700000000 10011 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+42 rmnet1 0x1000000000000000 10007 0 2109 4 791 4 2109 4 0 0 0 0 791 4 0 0 0 0
+43 rmnet1 0x1000000000000000 10007 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+44 rmnet1 0x1000000400000000 10007 0 9811 22 6286 22 9811 22 0 0 0 0 6286 22 0 0 0 0
+45 rmnet1 0x1000000400000000 10007 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+46 rmnet1 0x1010000000000000 10021 0 164833 426 135392 527 164833 426 0 0 0 0 135392 527 0 0 0 0
+47 rmnet1 0x1010000000000000 10021 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+48 rmnet1 0x1144000400000000 10011 0 10112 18 3334 17 10112 18 0 0 0 0 3334 17 0 0 0 0
+49 rmnet1 0x1144000400000000 10011 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+50 rmnet1 0x1244000400000000 10011 0 1300 3 848 2 1300 3 0 0 0 0 848 2 0 0 0 0
+51 rmnet1 0x1244000400000000 10011 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+52 rmnet1 0x3000000000000000 10007 0 10389 14 1521 12 10389 14 0 0 0 0 1521 12 0 0 0 0
+53 rmnet1 0x3000000000000000 10007 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+54 rmnet1 0x3000000400000000 10007 0 238070 380 93938 404 238070 380 0 0 0 0 93938 404 0 0 0 0
+55 rmnet1 0x3000000400000000 10007 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+56 rmnet1 0x3010000000000000 10021 0 219110 578 227423 676 219110 578 0 0 0 0 227423 676 0 0 0 0
+57 rmnet1 0x3010000000000000 10021 1 742 3 1265 3 742 3 0 0 0 0 1265 3 0 0 0 0
+58 rmnet1 0x3020000000000000 10021 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+59 rmnet1 0x3020000000000000 10021 1 20473 30 9013 30 20473 30 0 0 0 0 9013 30 0 0 0 0
+60 rmnet1 0x3144000400000000 10011 0 43963 92 34414 116 43963 92 0 0 0 0 34414 116 0 0 0 0
+61 rmnet1 0x3144000400000000 10011 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+62 rmnet1 0x3244000400000000 10011 0 3486 8 1520 9 3486 8 0 0 0 0 1520 9 0 0 0 0
+63 rmnet1 0x3244000400000000 10011 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+64 rmnet1 0x7fffff0100000000 10021 0 29102 56 8865 60 29102 56 0 0 0 0 8865 60 0 0 0 0
+65 rmnet1 0x7fffff0100000000 10021 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+66 rmnet1 0x7fffff0300000000 1000 0 995 13 14145 14 995 13 0 0 0 0 14145 14 0 0 0 0
+67 rmnet1 0x7fffff0300000000 1000 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+68 rmnet0 0x0 0 0 4312 49 1288 23 0 0 0 0 4312 49 0 0 0 0 1288 23
+69 rmnet0 0x0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+70 rmnet0 0x0 10080 0 22266 30 20976 30 0 0 0 0 22266 30 0 0 0 0 20976 30
+71 rmnet0 0x0 10080 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
diff --git a/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_incorrect_iface b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_incorrect_iface
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fc92715
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_incorrect_iface
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+idx iface acct_tag_hex uid_tag_int cnt_set rx_bytes rx_packets tx_bytes tx_packets rx_tcp_bytes rx_tcp_packets rx_udp_bytes rx_udp_packets rx_other_bytes rx_other_packets tx_tcp_bytes tx_tcp_packets tx_udp_bytes tx_udp_packets tx_other_bytes tx_other_packets
+2 test_nss_tun0 0x0 1001 0 1000 100 1000 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+3 test1 0x0 1004 0 1100 100 1100 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_one_underlying b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_one_underlying
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1ef1889
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_one_underlying
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+idx iface acct_tag_hex uid_tag_int cnt_set rx_bytes rx_packets tx_bytes tx_packets rx_tcp_bytes rx_tcp_packets rx_udp_bytes rx_udp_packets rx_other_bytes rx_other_packets tx_tcp_bytes tx_tcp_packets tx_udp_bytes tx_udp_packets tx_other_bytes tx_other_packets
+2 test_nss_tun0 0x0 1001 0 2000 200 1000 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+3 test_nss_tun0 0x0 1002 0 1000 100 500 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+4 test0 0x0 1004 0 3300 300 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+5 test0 0x0 1004 1 0 0 1650 150 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_one_underlying_compression b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_one_underlying_compression
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6d6bf55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_one_underlying_compression
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+idx iface acct_tag_hex uid_tag_int cnt_set rx_bytes rx_packets tx_bytes tx_packets rx_tcp_bytes rx_tcp_packets rx_udp_bytes rx_udp_packets rx_other_bytes rx_other_packets tx_tcp_bytes tx_tcp_packets tx_udp_bytes tx_udp_packets tx_other_bytes tx_other_packets
+2 test_nss_tun0 0x0 1001 0 1000 100 1000 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+3 test_nss_tun0 0x0 1002 0 3000 300 3000 300 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+4 test0 0x0 1004 0 1000 100 1000 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_one_underlying_own_traffic b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_one_underlying_own_traffic
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2c2e5d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_one_underlying_own_traffic
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+idx iface acct_tag_hex uid_tag_int cnt_set rx_bytes rx_packets tx_bytes tx_packets rx_tcp_bytes rx_tcp_packets rx_udp_bytes rx_udp_packets rx_other_bytes rx_other_packets tx_tcp_bytes tx_tcp_packets tx_udp_bytes tx_udp_packets tx_other_bytes tx_other_packets
+2 test_nss_tun0 0x0 1001 0 2000 200 1000 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+3 test_nss_tun0 0x0 1002 0 1000 100 500 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+4 test_nss_tun0 0x0 1004 0 5000 500 6000 600 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+5 test0 0x0 1004 0 8800 800 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+6 test0 0x0 1004 1 0 0 8250 750 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_one_underlying_two_vpn b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_one_underlying_two_vpn
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eb0513b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_one_underlying_two_vpn
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+idx iface acct_tag_hex uid_tag_int cnt_set rx_bytes rx_packets tx_bytes tx_packets rx_tcp_bytes rx_tcp_packets rx_udp_bytes rx_udp_packets rx_other_bytes rx_other_packets tx_tcp_bytes tx_tcp_packets tx_udp_bytes tx_udp_packets tx_other_bytes tx_other_packets
+2 test_nss_tun0 0x0 1001 0 2000 200 1000 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+3 test_nss_tun0 0x0 1002 0 1000 100 500 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+4 test_nss_tun1 0x0 1001 0 3000 300 700 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+5 test_nss_tun1 0x0 1002 0 500 50 250 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+6 test0 0x0 1004 0 3300 300 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+7 test0 0x0 1004 1 0 0 1650 150 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+8 test1 0x0 1004 0 3850 350 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+9 test1 0x0 1004 1 0 0 1045 95 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_rewrite_through_self b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_rewrite_through_self
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..afcdd71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_rewrite_through_self
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+idx iface acct_tag_hex uid_tag_int cnt_set rx_bytes rx_packets tx_bytes tx_packets rx_tcp_bytes rx_tcp_packets rx_udp_bytes rx_udp_packets rx_other_bytes rx_other_packets tx_tcp_bytes tx_tcp_packets tx_udp_bytes tx_udp_packets tx_other_bytes tx_other_packets
+2 test_nss_tun0 0x0 1001 0 2000 200 1000 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+3 test_nss_tun0 0x0 1002 0 1000 100 500 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+4 test_nss_tun0 0x0 1004 0 0 0 1600 160 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+5 test0 0x0 1004 1 0 0 1760 176 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+6 test0 0x0 1004 0 3300 300 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_two_underlying_duplication b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_two_underlying_duplication
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d7c7eb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_two_underlying_duplication
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+idx iface acct_tag_hex uid_tag_int cnt_set rx_bytes rx_packets tx_bytes tx_packets rx_tcp_bytes rx_tcp_packets rx_udp_bytes rx_udp_packets rx_other_bytes rx_other_packets tx_tcp_bytes tx_tcp_packets tx_udp_bytes tx_udp_packets tx_other_bytes tx_other_packets
+2 test_nss_tun0 0x0 1001 0 1000 100 1000 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+3 test_nss_tun0 0x0 1002 0 1000 100 1000 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+4 test0 0x0 1004 0 2200 200 2200 200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+5 test1 0x0 1004 0 2200 200 2200 200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_two_underlying_split b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_two_underlying_split
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..38a3dce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_two_underlying_split
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+idx iface acct_tag_hex uid_tag_int cnt_set rx_bytes rx_packets tx_bytes tx_packets rx_tcp_bytes rx_tcp_packets rx_udp_bytes rx_udp_packets rx_other_bytes rx_other_packets tx_tcp_bytes tx_tcp_packets tx_udp_bytes tx_udp_packets tx_other_bytes tx_other_packets
+2 test_nss_tun0 0x0 1001 0 500 50 1000 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+3 test0 0x0 1004 0 330 30 660 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+4 test1 0x0 1004 0 220 20 440 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_two_underlying_split_compression b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_two_underlying_split_compression
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d35244b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_two_underlying_split_compression
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+idx iface acct_tag_hex uid_tag_int cnt_set rx_bytes rx_packets tx_bytes tx_packets rx_tcp_bytes rx_tcp_packets rx_udp_bytes rx_udp_packets rx_other_bytes rx_other_packets tx_tcp_bytes tx_tcp_packets tx_udp_bytes tx_udp_packets tx_other_bytes tx_other_packets
+2 test_nss_tun0 0x0 1001 0 1000 100 1000 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+3 test0 0x0 1004 0 600 60 600 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+4 test1 0x0 1004 0 200 20 200 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_with_clat b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_with_clat
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0d893d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_with_clat
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+idx iface acct_tag_hex uid_tag_int cnt_set rx_bytes rx_packets tx_bytes tx_packets rx_tcp_bytes rx_tcp_packets rx_udp_bytes rx_udp_packets rx_other_bytes rx_other_packets tx_tcp_bytes tx_tcp_packets tx_udp_bytes tx_udp_packets tx_other_bytes tx_other_packets
+2 test_nss_tun0 0x0 1001 0 2000 200 1000 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+3 test_nss_tun0 0x0 1002 0 1000 100 500 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+4 v4-test0 0x0 1004 0 3300 300 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+5 v4-test0 0x0 1004 1 0 0 1650 150 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+6 test0 0x0 0 0 9300 300 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+7 test0 0x0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+8 test0 0x0 1029 0 0 0 4650 150 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_with_clat b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_with_clat
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f04b32f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_with_clat
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+idx iface acct_tag_hex uid_tag_int cnt_set rx_bytes rx_packets tx_bytes tx_packets rx_tcp_bytes rx_tcp_packets rx_udp_bytes rx_udp_packets rx_other_bytes rx_other_packets tx_tcp_bytes tx_tcp_packets tx_udp_bytes tx_udp_packets tx_other_bytes tx_other_packets
+2 v4-wlan0 0x0 0 0 256 5 196 4 256 5 0 0 0 0 196 4 0 0 0 0
+3 v4-wlan0 0x0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+4 v4-wlan0 0x0 1000 0 30312 25 1770 27 30236 24 76 1 0 0 1694 26 76 1 0 0
+5 v4-wlan0 0x0 1000 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+6 v4-wlan0 0x0 10060 0 9398432 6717 169412 4235 9398432 6717 0 0 0 0 169412 4235 0 0 0 0
+7 v4-wlan0 0x0 10060 1 1448660 1041 31192 753 1448660 1041 0 0 0 0 31192 753 0 0 0 0
+8 v4-wlan0 0x0 10102 0 9702 16 2870 23 9702 16 0 0 0 0 2870 23 0 0 0 0
+9 v4-wlan0 0x0 10102 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+10 wlan0 0x0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+11 wlan0 0x0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+12 wlan0 0x0 1000 0 6126 13 2013 16 5934 11 192 2 0 0 1821 14 192 2 0 0
+13 wlan0 0x0 1000 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+14 wlan0 0x0 10013 0 0 0 144 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 144 2 0 0 0 0
+15 wlan0 0x0 10013 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+16 wlan0 0x0 10018 0 5980263 4715 167667 1922 5972583 4709 0 0 7680 6 167667 1922 0 0 0 0
+17 wlan0 0x0 10018 1 43995 37 2766 27 43995 37 0 0 0 0 2766 27 0 0 0 0
+18 wlan0 0x0 10060 0 134356 133 8705 74 134356 133 0 0 0 0 8705 74 0 0 0 0
+19 wlan0 0x0 10060 1 294709 326 26448 256 294709 326 0 0 0 0 26448 256 0 0 0 0
+20 wlan0 0x0 10079 0 10926 13 1507 13 10926 13 0 0 0 0 1507 13 0 0 0 0
+21 wlan0 0x0 10079 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+22 wlan0 0x0 10102 0 25038 42 8245 57 25038 42 0 0 0 0 8245 57 0 0 0 0
+23 wlan0 0x0 10102 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+24 wlan0 0x0 10103 0 0 0 192 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 192 2 0 0
+25 wlan0 0x0 10103 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+26 wlan0 0x1000040700000000 10018 0 831 6 655 5 831 6 0 0 0 0 655 5 0 0 0 0
+27 wlan0 0x1000040700000000 10018 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+28 wlan0 0x1000040b00000000 10018 0 1714 8 1561 7 1714 8 0 0 0 0 1561 7 0 0 0 0
+29 wlan0 0x1000040b00000000 10018 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+30 wlan0 0x1000120300000000 10018 0 8243 11 2234 12 8243 11 0 0 0 0 2234 12 0 0 0 0
+31 wlan0 0x1000120300000000 10018 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+32 wlan0 0x1000180300000000 10018 0 56368 49 4790 39 56368 49 0 0 0 0 4790 39 0 0 0 0
+33 wlan0 0x1000180300000000 10018 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+34 wlan0 0x1000300000000000 10018 0 9488 17 18813 25 1808 11 0 0 7680 6 18813 25 0 0 0 0
+35 wlan0 0x1000300000000000 10018 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+36 wlan0 0x3000180400000000 10018 0 131262 103 7416 103 131262 103 0 0 0 0 7416 103 0 0 0 0
+37 wlan0 0x3000180400000000 10018 1 43995 37 2766 27 43995 37 0 0 0 0 2766 27 0 0 0 0
+38 wlan0 0xffffff0100000000 10018 0 5771986 4518 131190 1725 5771986 4518 0 0 0 0 131190 1725 0 0 0 0
+39 wlan0 0xffffff0100000000 10018 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+40 dummy0 0x0 0 0 0 0 168 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 168 3
+41 dummy0 0x0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+42 lo 0x0 0 0 1288 16 1288 16 0 0 532 8 756 8 0 0 532 8 756 8
+43 lo 0x0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
diff --git a/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_with_clat_100mb_download_after b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_with_clat_100mb_download_after
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..12d98ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_with_clat_100mb_download_after
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+idx iface acct_tag_hex uid_tag_int cnt_set rx_bytes rx_packets tx_bytes tx_packets rx_tcp_bytes rx_tcp_packets rx_udp_bytes rx_udp_packets rx_other_bytes rx_other_packets tx_tcp_bytes tx_tcp_packets tx_udp_bytes tx_udp_packets tx_other_bytes tx_other_packets
+2 r_rmnet_data0 0x0 0 0 0 0 392 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 392 6
+3 r_rmnet_data0 0x0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+4 v4-wlan0 0x0 0 0 58952 2072 2888 65 264 6 0 0 58688 2066 132 3 0 0 2756 62
+5 v4-wlan0 0x0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+6 v4-wlan0 0x0 10034 0 6192 11 1445 11 6192 11 0 0 0 0 1445 11 0 0 0 0
+7 v4-wlan0 0x0 10034 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+8 v4-wlan0 0x0 10057 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+9 v4-wlan0 0x0 10057 1 728 7 392 7 0 0 728 7 0 0 0 0 392 7 0 0
+10 v4-wlan0 0x0 10106 0 2232 18 2232 18 0 0 2232 18 0 0 0 0 2232 18 0 0
+11 v4-wlan0 0x0 10106 1 432952718 314238 5442288 121260 432950238 314218 2480 20 0 0 5433900 121029 8388 231 0 0
+12 wlan0 0x0 0 0 330187296 250652 0 0 329106990 236273 226202 1255 854104 13124 0 0 0 0 0 0
+13 wlan0 0x0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+14 wlan0 0x0 1000 0 77113 272 56151 575 77113 272 0 0 0 0 19191 190 36960 385 0 0
+15 wlan0 0x0 1000 1 20227 80 8356 72 18539 74 1688 6 0 0 7562 66 794 6 0 0
+16 wlan0 0x0 10006 0 80755 92 9122 99 80755 92 0 0 0 0 9122 99 0 0 0 0
+17 wlan0 0x0 10006 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+18 wlan0 0x0 10015 0 4390 7 14824 252 4390 7 0 0 0 0 14824 252 0 0 0 0
+19 wlan0 0x0 10015 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+20 wlan0 0x0 10018 0 4928 11 1741 14 4928 11 0 0 0 0 1741 14 0 0 0 0
+21 wlan0 0x0 10018 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+22 wlan0 0x0 10020 0 21163552 34395 2351650 15326 21162947 34390 605 5 0 0 2351045 15321 605 5 0 0
+23 wlan0 0x0 10020 1 13835740 12938 1548795 6365 13833754 12920 1986 18 0 0 1546809 6347 1986 18 0 0
+24 wlan0 0x0 10023 0 13405 40 5042 44 13405 40 0 0 0 0 5042 44 0 0 0 0
+25 wlan0 0x0 10023 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+26 wlan0 0x0 10034 0 436394741 342648 6237981 80442 436394741 342648 0 0 0 0 6237981 80442 0 0 0 0
+27 wlan0 0x0 10034 1 64860872 51297 1335539 15546 64860872 51297 0 0 0 0 1335539 15546 0 0 0 0
+28 wlan0 0x0 10044 0 17614444 14774 521004 5694 17329882 14432 284562 342 0 0 419974 5408 101030 286 0 0
+29 wlan0 0x0 10044 1 17701 33 3100 28 17701 33 0 0 0 0 3100 28 0 0 0 0
+30 wlan0 0x0 10057 0 12312074 9339 436098 5450 12248060 9263 64014 76 0 0 414224 5388 21874 62 0 0
+31 wlan0 0x0 10057 1 1332953195 954797 31849632 457698 1331933207 953569 1019988 1228 0 0 31702284 456899 147348 799 0 0
+32 wlan0 0x0 10060 0 32972 200 433705 380 32972 200 0 0 0 0 433705 380 0 0 0 0
+33 wlan0 0x0 10060 1 32106 66 37789 87 32106 66 0 0 0 0 37789 87 0 0 0 0
+34 wlan0 0x0 10061 0 7675 23 2509 22 7675 23 0 0 0 0 2509 22 0 0 0 0
+35 wlan0 0x0 10061 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+36 wlan0 0x0 10074 0 38355 82 10447 97 38355 82 0 0 0 0 10447 97 0 0 0 0
+37 wlan0 0x0 10074 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+38 wlan0 0x0 10078 0 49013 79 7167 69 49013 79 0 0 0 0 7167 69 0 0 0 0
+39 wlan0 0x0 10078 1 5872 8 1236 10 5872 8 0 0 0 0 1236 10 0 0 0 0
+40 wlan0 0x0 10082 0 8301 13 1981 15 8301 13 0 0 0 0 1981 15 0 0 0 0
+41 wlan0 0x0 10082 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+42 wlan0 0x0 10086 0 7001 14 1579 15 7001 14 0 0 0 0 1579 15 0 0 0 0
+43 wlan0 0x0 10086 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+44 wlan0 0x0 10090 0 24327795 20224 920502 14661 24327795 20224 0 0 0 0 920502 14661 0 0 0 0
+45 wlan0 0x0 10090 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+46 wlan0 0x0 10092 0 36849 78 12449 81 36849 78 0 0 0 0 12449 81 0 0 0 0
+47 wlan0 0x0 10092 1 60 1 103 1 60 1 0 0 0 0 103 1 0 0 0 0
+48 wlan0 0x0 10095 0 131962 223 37069 241 131962 223 0 0 0 0 37069 241 0 0 0 0
+49 wlan0 0x0 10095 1 12949 21 3930 21 12949 21 0 0 0 0 3930 21 0 0 0 0
+50 wlan0 0x0 10106 0 30899554 22679 632476 12296 30895334 22645 4220 34 0 0 628256 12262 4220 34 0 0
+51 wlan0 0x0 10106 1 88923475 64963 1606962 35612 88917201 64886 3586 29 2688 48 1602032 35535 4930 77 0 0
+52 wlan0 0x40700000000 10020 0 705732 10589 404428 5504 705732 10589 0 0 0 0 404428 5504 0 0 0 0
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diff --git a/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_with_clat_100mb_download_before b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_with_clat_100mb_download_before
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ce4bcc3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_with_clat_100mb_download_before
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+idx iface acct_tag_hex uid_tag_int cnt_set rx_bytes rx_packets tx_bytes tx_packets rx_tcp_bytes rx_tcp_packets rx_udp_bytes rx_udp_packets rx_other_bytes rx_other_packets tx_tcp_bytes tx_tcp_packets tx_udp_bytes tx_udp_packets tx_other_bytes tx_other_packets
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+139 wlan0 0x3000360000000000 10020 1 5597 19 2456 19 5597 19 0 0 0 0 2456 19 0 0 0 0
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+141 wlan0 0x3010000000000000 10090 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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+158 wlan0 0xdaddf21100000000 10034 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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+161 wlan0 0xe8d195d100000000 10020 1 5905 15 2622 15 5905 15 0 0 0 0 2622 15 0 0 0 0
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+164 wlan0 0xffffff0100000000 10006 0 80755 92 9122 99 80755 92 0 0 0 0 9122 99 0 0 0 0
+165 wlan0 0xffffff0100000000 10006 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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+167 wlan0 0xffffff0100000000 10020 1 11011258 8672 177693 2407 11011258 8672 0 0 0 0 177693 2407 0 0 0 0
+168 wlan0 0xffffff0100000000 10034 0 436062595 341880 5843990 79630 436062595 341880 0 0 0 0 5843990 79630 0 0 0 0
+169 wlan0 0xffffff0100000000 10034 1 63201220 49447 1005882 13713 63201220 49447 0 0 0 0 1005882 13713 0 0 0 0
+170 wlan0 0xffffff0100000000 10044 0 17159287 13702 356212 4778 17159287 13702 0 0 0 0 356212 4778 0 0 0 0
+171 wlan0 0xffffff0100000000 10044 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+172 wlan0 0xffffff0100000000 10078 0 10439 17 1665 15 10439 17 0 0 0 0 1665 15 0 0 0 0
+173 wlan0 0xffffff0100000000 10078 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+174 wlan0 0xffffff0100000000 10090 0 23722655 19697 881995 14231 23722655 19697 0 0 0 0 881995 14231 0 0 0 0
+175 wlan0 0xffffff0100000000 10090 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+176 wlan0 0xffffff0500000000 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+177 wlan0 0xffffff0500000000 1000 1 1592 5 314 1 0 0 1592 5 0 0 0 0 314 1 0 0
+178 wlan0 0xffffff0600000000 1000 0 0 0 36960 385 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36960 385 0 0
+179 wlan0 0xffffff0600000000 1000 1 96 1 480 5 0 0 96 1 0 0 0 0 480 5 0 0
+180 wlan0 0xffffff0700000000 1000 0 38732 229 16567 163 38732 229 0 0 0 0 16567 163 0 0 0 0
+181 wlan0 0xffffff0700000000 1000 1 18539 74 7562 66 18539 74 0 0 0 0 7562 66 0 0 0 0
+182 wlan0 0xffffff0900000000 1000 0 38381 43 2624 27 38381 43 0 0 0 0 2624 27 0 0 0 0
+183 wlan0 0xffffff0900000000 1000 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+184 dummy0 0x0 0 0 0 0 168 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 168 3
+185 dummy0 0x0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+186 wlan0 0x0 1029 0 0 0 5855801 94173 0 0 0 0 0 0 5208040 84634 103637 1256 544124 8283
+187 wlan0 0x0 1029 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
diff --git a/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_with_clat_simple b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_with_clat_simple
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a1d6d41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_with_clat_simple
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+idx iface acct_tag_hex uid_tag_int cnt_set rx_bytes rx_packets tx_bytes tx_packets rx_tcp_bytes rx_tcp_packets rx_udp_bytes rx_udp_packets rx_other_bytes rx_other_packets tx_tcp_bytes tx_tcp_packets tx_udp_bytes tx_udp_packets tx_other_bytes tx_other_packets
+2 v4-wlan0 0x0 10060 0 42600 213 4100 41 42600 213 0 0 0 0 4100 41 0 0 0 0
+3 v4-wlan0 0x0 10060 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+4 wlan0 0x0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0