diff --git a/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkTemplate.java b/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkTemplate.java
index b6bd1a5..2a5e7be 100644
--- a/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkTemplate.java
+++ b/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkTemplate.java
@@ -47,7 +47,6 @@
 import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.Parcel;
 import android.os.Parcelable;
-import android.text.TextUtils;
 import android.util.ArraySet;
 
 import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
@@ -59,7 +58,6 @@
 import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
 import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.Comparator;
-import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Objects;
 import java.util.Set;
 import java.util.SortedSet;
@@ -197,149 +195,67 @@
      * Template to match {@link ConnectivityManager#TYPE_MOBILE} networks with
      * the given IMSI.
      *
+     * @deprecated Use {@link Builder} to build a template.
      * @hide
      */
-    @UnsupportedAppUsage
-    public static NetworkTemplate buildTemplateMobileAll(String subscriberId) {
-        return new NetworkTemplate(MATCH_MOBILE, subscriberId, null);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Template to match cellular networks with the given IMSI, {@code ratType} and
-     * {@code metered}. Use {@link #NETWORK_TYPE_ALL} to include all network types when
-     * filtering. See {@code TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_*}.
-     *
-     * @hide
-     */
-    public static NetworkTemplate buildTemplateMobileWithRatType(@Nullable String subscriberId,
-            int ratType, int metered) {
-        if (TextUtils.isEmpty(subscriberId)) {
-            return new NetworkTemplate(MATCH_MOBILE_WILDCARD, null /* subscriberId */,
-                    null /* matchSubscriberIds */,
-                    new String[0] /* matchWifiNetworkKeys */, metered, ROAMING_ALL,
-                    DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, ratType, OEM_MANAGED_ALL,
-                    NetworkStatsUtils.SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_EXACT);
-        }
-        return new NetworkTemplate(MATCH_MOBILE, subscriberId, new String[] { subscriberId },
-                new String[0] /* matchWifiNetworkKeys */,
-                metered, ROAMING_ALL, DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, ratType, OEM_MANAGED_ALL,
-                NetworkStatsUtils.SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_EXACT);
+    @Deprecated
+    @UnsupportedAppUsage(maxTargetSdk = Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU,
+            publicAlternatives = "Use {@code Builder} instead.")
+    public static NetworkTemplate buildTemplateMobileAll(@NonNull String subscriberId) {
+        return new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_MOBILE).setMeteredness(METERED_YES)
+                .setSubscriberIds(Set.of(subscriberId)).build();
     }
 
     /**
      * Template to match metered {@link ConnectivityManager#TYPE_MOBILE} networks,
      * regardless of IMSI.
      *
+     * @deprecated Use {@link Builder} to build a template.
      * @hide
      */
+    @Deprecated
     @UnsupportedAppUsage(maxTargetSdk = Build.VERSION_CODES.R, trackingBug = 170729553)
     public static NetworkTemplate buildTemplateMobileWildcard() {
-        return new NetworkTemplate(MATCH_MOBILE_WILDCARD, null, null);
+        return new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_MOBILE).setMeteredness(METERED_YES).build();
     }
 
     /**
      * Template to match all metered {@link ConnectivityManager#TYPE_WIFI} networks,
      * regardless of key of the wifi network.
      *
+     * @deprecated Use {@link Builder} to build a template.
      * @hide
      */
-    @UnsupportedAppUsage
+    @Deprecated
+    @UnsupportedAppUsage(maxTargetSdk = Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU,
+            publicAlternatives = "Use {@code Builder} instead.")
     public static NetworkTemplate buildTemplateWifiWildcard() {
-        // TODO: Consider replace this with MATCH_WIFI with NETWORK_ID_ALL
-        // and SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_ALL.
-        return new NetworkTemplate(MATCH_WIFI_WILDCARD, null, null);
+        return new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_WIFI).build();
     }
 
-    /** @hide */
+    /**
+     * @deprecated Use {@link Builder} to build a template.
+     * @hide
+     */
     @Deprecated
-    @UnsupportedAppUsage
+    @UnsupportedAppUsage(maxTargetSdk = Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU,
+            publicAlternatives = "Use {@code Builder} instead.")
     public static NetworkTemplate buildTemplateWifi() {
         return buildTemplateWifiWildcard();
     }
 
     /**
-     * Template to match {@link ConnectivityManager#TYPE_WIFI} networks with the
-     * given key of the wifi network.
-     *
-     * @param wifiNetworkKey key of the wifi network. see {@link WifiInfo#getNetworkKey()}
-     *                  to know details about the key.
-     * @hide
-     */
-    public static NetworkTemplate buildTemplateWifi(@NonNull String wifiNetworkKey) {
-        Objects.requireNonNull(wifiNetworkKey);
-        return new NetworkTemplate(MATCH_WIFI, null /* subscriberId */,
-                new String[] { null } /* matchSubscriberIds */,
-                new String[] { wifiNetworkKey }, METERED_ALL, ROAMING_ALL,
-                DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, NETWORK_TYPE_ALL, OEM_MANAGED_ALL,
-                NetworkStatsUtils.SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_ALL);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Template to match all {@link ConnectivityManager#TYPE_WIFI} networks with the given
-     * key of the wifi network and IMSI.
-     *
-     * Call with {@link #WIFI_NETWORK_KEY_ALL} for {@code wifiNetworkKey} to get result regardless
-     * of key of the wifi network.
-     *
-     * @param wifiNetworkKey key of the wifi network. see {@link WifiInfo#getNetworkKey()}
-     *                  to know details about the key.
-     * @param subscriberId the IMSI associated to this wifi network.
-     *
-     * @hide
-     */
-    public static NetworkTemplate buildTemplateWifi(@Nullable String wifiNetworkKey,
-            @Nullable String subscriberId) {
-        return new NetworkTemplate(MATCH_WIFI, subscriberId, new String[] { subscriberId },
-                wifiNetworkKey != null
-                        ? new String[] { wifiNetworkKey } : new String[0],
-                METERED_ALL, ROAMING_ALL, DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, NETWORK_TYPE_ALL, OEM_MANAGED_ALL,
-                NetworkStatsUtils.SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_EXACT);
-    }
-
-    /**
      * Template to combine all {@link ConnectivityManager#TYPE_ETHERNET} style
      * networks together.
      *
+     * @deprecated Use {@link Builder} to build a template.
      * @hide
      */
-    @UnsupportedAppUsage
+    @Deprecated
+    @UnsupportedAppUsage(maxTargetSdk = Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU,
+            publicAlternatives = "Use {@code Builder} instead.")
     public static NetworkTemplate buildTemplateEthernet() {
-        return new NetworkTemplate(MATCH_ETHERNET, null, null);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Template to combine all {@link ConnectivityManager#TYPE_BLUETOOTH} style
-     * networks together.
-     *
-     * @hide
-     */
-    public static NetworkTemplate buildTemplateBluetooth() {
-        return new NetworkTemplate(MATCH_BLUETOOTH, null, null);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Template to combine all {@link ConnectivityManager#TYPE_PROXY} style
-     * networks together.
-     *
-     * @hide
-     */
-    public static NetworkTemplate buildTemplateProxy() {
-        return new NetworkTemplate(MATCH_PROXY, null, null);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Template to match all metered carrier networks with the given IMSI.
-     *
-     * @hide
-     */
-    public static NetworkTemplate buildTemplateCarrierMetered(@NonNull String subscriberId) {
-        Objects.requireNonNull(subscriberId);
-        return new NetworkTemplate(MATCH_CARRIER, subscriberId,
-                new String[] { subscriberId },
-                new String[0] /* matchWifiNetworkKeys */,
-                METERED_YES, ROAMING_ALL,
-                DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, NETWORK_TYPE_ALL, OEM_MANAGED_ALL,
-                NetworkStatsUtils.SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_EXACT);
+        return new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_ETHERNET).build();
     }
 
     private final int mMatchRule;
@@ -387,9 +303,13 @@
         }
     }
 
-    /** @hide */
-    // TODO: Deprecate this constructor, mark it @UnsupportedAppUsage(maxTargetSdk = S)
-    @UnsupportedAppUsage
+    /**
+     * @deprecated Use {@link Builder} to build a template.
+     * @hide
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    @UnsupportedAppUsage(maxTargetSdk = Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU,
+            publicAlternatives = "Use {@code Builder} instead.")
     public NetworkTemplate(int matchRule, String subscriberId, String wifiNetworkKey) {
         this(matchRule, subscriberId, new String[] { subscriberId }, wifiNetworkKey);
     }
@@ -410,17 +330,6 @@
     }
 
     /** @hide */
-    // TODO: Remove it after updating all of the caller.
-    public NetworkTemplate(int matchRule, String subscriberId, String[] matchSubscriberIds,
-            String wifiNetworkKey, int metered, int roaming, int defaultNetwork, int ratType,
-            int oemManaged) {
-        this(matchRule, subscriberId, matchSubscriberIds,
-                wifiNetworkKey != null ? new String[] { wifiNetworkKey } : new String[0],
-                metered, roaming, defaultNetwork, ratType, oemManaged,
-                NetworkStatsUtils.SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_EXACT);
-    }
-
-    /** @hide */
     public NetworkTemplate(int matchRule, String subscriberId, String[] matchSubscriberIds,
             String[] matchWifiNetworkKeys, int metered, int roaming,
             int defaultNetwork, int ratType, int oemManaged, int subscriberIdMatchRule) {
@@ -881,48 +790,29 @@
      * For example, given an incoming template matching B, and the currently
      * active merge set [A,B], we'd return a new template that primarily matches
      * A, but also matches B.
-     * TODO: remove and use {@link #normalize(NetworkTemplate, List)}.
      *
      * @hide
      */
-    @UnsupportedAppUsage
+    @UnsupportedAppUsage(maxTargetSdk = Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU,
+            publicAlternatives = "There is no alternative for {@code NetworkTemplate.normalize}."
+                    + "Callers should have their own logic to merge template for"
+                    + " different IMSIs and stop calling this function.")
     public static NetworkTemplate normalize(NetworkTemplate template, String[] merged) {
-        return normalize(template, Arrays.<String[]>asList(merged));
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Examine the given template and normalize it.
-     * We pick the "lowest" merged subscriber as the primary
-     * for key purposes, and expand the template to match all other merged
-     * subscribers.
-     *
-     * There can be multiple merged subscriberIds for multi-SIM devices.
-     *
-     * <p>
-     * For example, given an incoming template matching B, and the currently
-     * active merge set [A,B], we'd return a new template that primarily matches
-     * A, but also matches B.
-     *
-     * @hide
-     */
-    // TODO: @SystemApi when ready.
-    public static NetworkTemplate normalize(NetworkTemplate template, List<String[]> mergedList) {
         // Now there are several types of network which uses SubscriberId to store network
         // information. For instances:
         // The TYPE_WIFI with subscriberId means that it is a merged carrier wifi network.
         // The TYPE_CARRIER means that the network associate to specific carrier network.
-
         if (template.mSubscriberId == null) return template;
 
-        for (String[] merged : mergedList) {
-            if (CollectionUtils.contains(merged, template.mSubscriberId)) {
-                // Requested template subscriber is part of the merge group; return
-                // a template that matches all merged subscribers.
-                final String[] matchWifiNetworkKeys = template.mMatchWifiNetworkKeys;
-                return new NetworkTemplate(template.mMatchRule, merged[0], merged,
-                        CollectionUtils.isEmpty(matchWifiNetworkKeys)
-                                ? null : matchWifiNetworkKeys[0]);
-            }
+        if (CollectionUtils.contains(merged, template.mSubscriberId)) {
+            // Requested template subscriber is part of the merge group; return
+            // a template that matches all merged subscribers.
+            final String[] matchWifiNetworkKeys = template.mMatchWifiNetworkKeys;
+            // TODO: Use NetworkTemplate.Builder to build a template after NetworkTemplate
+            // could handle incompatible subscriberIds. See b/217805241.
+            return new NetworkTemplate(template.mMatchRule, merged[0], merged,
+                    CollectionUtils.isEmpty(matchWifiNetworkKeys)
+                            ? null : matchWifiNetworkKeys[0]);
         }
 
         return template;
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkTemplateTest.kt b/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkTemplateTest.kt
index 666da53..c10ba93 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkTemplateTest.kt
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkTemplateTest.kt
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 import android.net.NetworkStats.METERED_NO
 import android.net.NetworkStats.METERED_YES
 import android.net.NetworkStats.ROAMING_ALL
+import android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_CARRIER
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_MOBILE
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_MOBILE_WILDCARD
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_TEST
@@ -41,12 +42,8 @@
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate.OEM_MANAGED_ALL
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate.OEM_MANAGED_NO
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate.OEM_MANAGED_YES
-import android.net.NetworkTemplate.WIFI_NETWORK_KEY_ALL
-import android.net.NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateCarrierMetered
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateMobileAll
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateMobileWildcard
-import android.net.NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateMobileWithRatType
-import android.net.NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateWifi
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateWifiWildcard
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate.normalize
 import android.net.wifi.WifiInfo
@@ -144,10 +141,16 @@
 
     @Test
     fun testWifiMatches() {
-        val templateWifiKey1 = buildTemplateWifi(TEST_WIFI_KEY1)
-        val templateWifiKey1ImsiNull = buildTemplateWifi(TEST_WIFI_KEY1, null)
-        val templateWifiKey1Imsi1 = buildTemplateWifi(TEST_WIFI_KEY1, TEST_IMSI1)
-        val templateWifiKeyAllImsi1 = buildTemplateWifi(WIFI_NETWORK_KEY_ALL, TEST_IMSI1)
+        val templateWifiKey1 = NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_WIFI)
+                .setWifiNetworkKeys(setOf(TEST_WIFI_KEY1)).build()
+        val templateWifiKey1ImsiNull = NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_WIFI)
+                .setSubscriberIds(setOf(null))
+                .setWifiNetworkKeys(setOf(TEST_WIFI_KEY1)).build()
+        val templateWifiKey1Imsi1 = NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_WIFI)
+                .setSubscriberIds(setOf(TEST_IMSI1))
+                .setWifiNetworkKeys(setOf(TEST_WIFI_KEY1)).build()
+        val templateWifiKeyAllImsi1 = NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_WIFI)
+                .setSubscriberIds(setOf(TEST_IMSI1)).build()
 
         val identMobile1 = buildNetworkIdentity(mockContext, buildMobileNetworkState(TEST_IMSI1),
                 false, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS)
@@ -196,8 +199,10 @@
     @Test
     fun testMobileMatches() {
         val templateMobileImsi1 = buildTemplateMobileAll(TEST_IMSI1)
-        val templateMobileImsi2WithRatType = buildTemplateMobileWithRatType(TEST_IMSI2,
-                TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS, METERED_YES)
+        val templateMobileImsi2WithRatType = NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_MOBILE)
+                .setMeteredness(METERED_YES)
+                .setSubscriberIds(setOf(TEST_IMSI2))
+                .setRatType(TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS).build()
 
         val mobileImsi1 = buildNetworkState(TYPE_MOBILE, TEST_IMSI1, null /* wifiKey */,
                 OEM_NONE, true /* metered */)
@@ -225,8 +230,8 @@
     @Test
     fun testMobileWildcardMatches() {
         val templateMobileWildcard = buildTemplateMobileWildcard()
-        val templateMobileNullImsiWithRatType = buildTemplateMobileWithRatType(null,
-                TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS, METERED_ALL)
+        val templateMobileNullImsiWithRatType = NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_MOBILE)
+                .setRatType(TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS).build()
 
         val mobileImsi1 = buildMobileNetworkState(TEST_IMSI1)
         val identMobile1 = buildNetworkIdentity(mockContext, mobileImsi1,
@@ -277,7 +282,9 @@
 
     @Test
     fun testCarrierMeteredMatches() {
-        val templateCarrierImsi1Metered = buildTemplateCarrierMetered(TEST_IMSI1)
+        val templateCarrierImsi1Metered = NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_CARRIER)
+                .setMeteredness(METERED_YES)
+                .setSubscriberIds(setOf(TEST_IMSI1)).build()
 
         val mobileImsi1 = buildMobileNetworkState(TEST_IMSI1)
         val mobileImsi1Unmetered = buildNetworkState(TYPE_MOBILE, TEST_IMSI1,
@@ -322,24 +329,25 @@
 
         // Build UMTS template that matches mobile identities with RAT in the same
         // group with any IMSI. See {@link NetworkTemplate#getCollapsedRatType}.
-        val templateUmtsMetered = buildTemplateMobileWithRatType(null,
-                TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS, METERED_YES)
+        val templateUmtsMetered = NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_MOBILE)
+                .setMeteredness(METERED_YES)
+                .setRatType(TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS).build()
         // Build normal template that matches mobile identities with any RAT and IMSI.
-        val templateAllMetered = buildTemplateMobileWithRatType(null, NETWORK_TYPE_ALL,
-                METERED_YES)
+        val templateAllMetered = NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_MOBILE)
+                .setMeteredness(METERED_YES).build()
         // Build template with UNKNOWN RAT that matches mobile identities with RAT that
         // cannot be determined.
-        val templateUnknownMetered =
-                buildTemplateMobileWithRatType(null, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UNKNOWN,
-                METERED_YES)
-
-        val templateUmtsNonMetered = buildTemplateMobileWithRatType(null,
-                TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS, METERED_NO)
-        val templateAllNonMetered = buildTemplateMobileWithRatType(null, NETWORK_TYPE_ALL,
-                METERED_NO)
-        val templateUnknownNonMetered =
-                buildTemplateMobileWithRatType(null, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UNKNOWN,
-                METERED_NO)
+        val templateUnknownMetered = NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_MOBILE)
+                .setMeteredness(METERED_YES)
+                .setRatType(TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UNKNOWN).build()
+        val templateUmtsNonMetered = NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_MOBILE)
+                .setMeteredness(METERED_NO)
+                .setRatType(TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS).build()
+        val templateAllNonMetered = NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_MOBILE)
+                .setMeteredness(METERED_NO).build()
+        val templateUnknownNonMetered = NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_MOBILE)
+                .setMeteredness(METERED_NO)
+                .setRatType(TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UNKNOWN).build()
 
         val identUmtsMetered = buildNetworkIdentity(
                 mockContext, stateMobileImsi1Metered, false, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS)
@@ -553,7 +561,7 @@
 
     @Test
     fun testNormalize() {
-        var mergedImsiList = listOf(arrayOf(TEST_IMSI1, TEST_IMSI2))
+        var mergedImsiList = arrayOf(TEST_IMSI1, TEST_IMSI2)
         val identMobileImsi1 = buildNetworkIdentity(mockContext,
                 buildMobileNetworkState(TEST_IMSI1), false /* defaultNetwork */,
                 TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS)
@@ -575,12 +583,18 @@
             it.assertMatches(identMobileImsi2)
             it.assertDoesNotMatch(identMobileImsi3)
         }
-        normalize(buildTemplateCarrierMetered(TEST_IMSI1), mergedImsiList).also {
+        val templateCarrierImsi1 = NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_CARRIER)
+                .setMeteredness(METERED_YES)
+                .setSubscriberIds(setOf(TEST_IMSI1)).build()
+        normalize(templateCarrierImsi1, mergedImsiList).also {
             it.assertMatches(identMobileImsi1)
             it.assertMatches(identMobileImsi2)
             it.assertDoesNotMatch(identMobileImsi3)
         }
-        normalize(buildTemplateWifi(TEST_WIFI_KEY1, TEST_IMSI1), mergedImsiList).also {
+        val templateWifiKey1Imsi1 = NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_WIFI)
+                .setWifiNetworkKeys(setOf(TEST_WIFI_KEY1))
+                .setSubscriberIds(setOf(TEST_IMSI1)).build()
+        normalize(templateWifiKey1Imsi1, mergedImsiList).also {
             it.assertMatches(identWifiImsi1Key1)
             it.assertMatches(identWifiImsi2Key1)
             it.assertDoesNotMatch(identWifiImsi3WifiKey1)