diff --git a/Tethering/jni/com_android_networkstack_tethering_BpfMap.cpp b/Tethering/jni/com_android_networkstack_tethering_BpfMap.cpp
index 7970a23..260dbc1 100644
--- a/Tethering/jni/com_android_networkstack_tethering_BpfMap.cpp
+++ b/Tethering/jni/com_android_networkstack_tethering_BpfMap.cpp
@@ -42,6 +42,8 @@
 
     jint fd = bpf::bpfFdGet(pathname.c_str(), static_cast<unsigned>(mode));
 
+    if (fd < 0) jniThrowErrnoException(env, "bpfFdGet", errno);
+
     return fd;
 }
 
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/integration/Android.bp b/Tethering/tests/integration/Android.bp
index b93a969..2593b1b 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/integration/Android.bp
+++ b/Tethering/tests/integration/Android.bp
@@ -41,9 +41,10 @@
         "libdexmakerjvmtiagent",
         "libstaticjvmtiagent",
     ],
-    jarjar_rules: ":NetworkStackJarJarRules",
 }
 
+// Library including tethering integration tests targeting the latest stable SDK.
+// Use with NetworkStackJarJarRules.
 android_library {
     name: "TetheringIntegrationTestsLatestSdkLib",
     target_sdk_version: "30",
@@ -56,6 +57,8 @@
     ]
 }
 
+// Library including tethering integration tests targeting current development SDK.
+// Use with NetworkStackJarJarRules.
 android_library {
     name: "TetheringIntegrationTestsLib",
     target_sdk_version: "current",
@@ -76,6 +79,7 @@
         "mts",
     ],
     compile_multilib: "both",
+    jarjar_rules: ":NetworkStackJarJarRules",
 }
 
 android_library {
@@ -88,13 +92,33 @@
         "TetheringTestsLatestSdkLib",
         "TetheringIntegrationTestsLatestSdkLib",
     ],
-    jarjar_rules: ":TetheringTestsJarJarRules",
+    // Jarjar rules should normally be applied on final artifacts and not intermediate libraries as
+    // applying different rules on intermediate libraries can cause conflicts when combining them
+    // (the resulting artifact can end up with multiple incompatible implementations of the same
+    // classes). But this library is used to combine tethering coverage tests with connectivity
+    // coverage tests into a single coverage target. The tests need to use the same jarjar rules as
+    // covered production code for coverage to be calculated properly, so jarjar is applied
+    // separately on each set of tests.
+    jarjar_rules: ":TetheringCoverageJarJarRules",
     manifest: "AndroidManifest_coverage.xml",
     visibility: [
         "//packages/modules/Connectivity/tests:__subpackages__"
     ],
 }
 
+// Combine NetworkStack and Tethering jarjar rules for coverage target. The jarjar files are
+// simply concatenated in the order specified in srcs.
+genrule {
+    name: "TetheringCoverageJarJarRules",
+    srcs: [
+        ":TetheringTestsJarJarRules",
+        ":NetworkStackJarJarRules",
+    ],
+    out: ["jarjar-rules-tethering-coverage.txt"],
+    cmd: "cat $(in) > $(out)",
+    visibility: ["//visibility:private"],
+}
+
 // Special version of the tethering tests that includes all tests necessary for code coverage
 // purposes. This is currently the union of TetheringTests, TetheringIntegrationTests and
 // NetworkStackTests.
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/jarjar-rules.txt b/Tethering/tests/jarjar-rules.txt
index 9cb143e..23d3f56 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/jarjar-rules.txt
+++ b/Tethering/tests/jarjar-rules.txt
@@ -17,3 +17,8 @@
 # TestableLooper from "testables" can be used instead of TestLooper from frameworks-base-testutils.
 zap android.os.test.TestLooperTest*
 zap com.android.test.filters.SelectTestTests*
+
+# When used in combined test suites like ConnectivityCoverageTests, these test jarjar rules are
+# combined with the jarjar-rules.txt of other included modules (like NetworkStack jarjar rules).
+# They will effectively be added after the following line break. Note that jarjar stops at the first
+# matching rule, so any rule in this file takes precedence over rules in the following ones.
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/privileged/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfMapTest.java b/Tethering/tests/privileged/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfMapTest.java
index 0deb177..f97270c 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/privileged/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfMapTest.java
+++ b/Tethering/tests/privileged/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfMapTest.java
@@ -388,4 +388,15 @@
             assertEquals(OsConstants.E2BIG, expected.errno);
         }
     }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testOpenNonexistentMap() throws Exception {
+        try {
+            final BpfMap<TetherDownstream6Key, Tether6Value> nonexistentMap = new BpfMap<>(
+                    "/sys/fs/bpf/tethering/nonexistent", BpfMap.BPF_F_RDWR,
+                    TetherDownstream6Key.class, Tether6Value.class);
+        } catch (ErrnoException expected) {
+            assertEquals(OsConstants.ENOENT, expected.errno);
+        }
+    }
 }
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringTest.java b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringTest.java
index f999dfa..f45768f 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringTest.java
+++ b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringTest.java
@@ -178,10 +178,10 @@
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
 import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
 
-import com.android.internal.util.ArrayUtils;
 import com.android.internal.util.StateMachine;
 import com.android.internal.util.test.BroadcastInterceptingContext;
 import com.android.internal.util.test.FakeSettingsProvider;
+import com.android.net.module.util.CollectionUtils;
 import com.android.networkstack.tethering.TestConnectivityManager.TestNetworkAgent;
 import com.android.testutils.MiscAsserts;
 
@@ -365,7 +365,8 @@
             final String[] ifaces = new String[] {
                     TEST_RNDIS_IFNAME, TEST_WLAN_IFNAME, TEST_WIFI_IFNAME, TEST_MOBILE_IFNAME,
                     TEST_DUN_IFNAME, TEST_P2P_IFNAME, TEST_NCM_IFNAME, TEST_ETH_IFNAME};
-            return new InterfaceParams(ifName, ArrayUtils.indexOf(ifaces, ifName) + IFINDEX_OFFSET,
+            return new InterfaceParams(ifName,
+                    CollectionUtils.indexOf(ifaces, ifName) + IFINDEX_OFFSET,
                     MacAddress.ALL_ZEROS_ADDRESS);
         }
 
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitor.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitor.java
index a49c0a6..7c0fb91 100755
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitor.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitor.java
@@ -25,6 +25,12 @@
 import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.GET_PERMISSIONS;
 import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.MATCH_ANY_USER;
 import static android.net.ConnectivitySettingsManager.UIDS_ALLOWED_ON_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS;
+import static android.net.INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET;
+import static android.net.INetd.PERMISSION_NETWORK;
+import static android.net.INetd.PERMISSION_NONE;
+import static android.net.INetd.PERMISSION_SYSTEM;
+import static android.net.INetd.PERMISSION_UNINSTALLED;
+import static android.net.INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS;
 import static android.net.NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK;
 import static android.os.Process.INVALID_UID;
 import static android.os.Process.SYSTEM_UID;
@@ -261,8 +267,8 @@
         mUsers.addAll(mUserManager.getUserHandles(true /* excludeDying */));
 
         final SparseArray<String> netdPermToSystemPerm = new SparseArray<>();
-        netdPermToSystemPerm.put(INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET, INTERNET);
-        netdPermToSystemPerm.put(INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS, UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS);
+        netdPermToSystemPerm.put(PERMISSION_INTERNET, INTERNET);
+        netdPermToSystemPerm.put(PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS, UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS);
         for (int i = 0; i < netdPermToSystemPerm.size(); i++) {
             final int netdPermission = netdPermToSystemPerm.keyAt(i);
             final String systemPermission = netdPermToSystemPerm.valueAt(i);
@@ -369,8 +375,8 @@
         }
         try {
             if (add) {
-                mNetd.networkSetPermissionForUser(INetd.PERMISSION_NETWORK, toIntArray(network));
-                mNetd.networkSetPermissionForUser(INetd.PERMISSION_SYSTEM, toIntArray(system));
+                mNetd.networkSetPermissionForUser(PERMISSION_NETWORK, toIntArray(network));
+                mNetd.networkSetPermissionForUser(PERMISSION_SYSTEM, toIntArray(system));
             } else {
                 mNetd.networkClearPermissionForUser(toIntArray(network));
                 mNetd.networkClearPermissionForUser(toIntArray(system));
@@ -439,7 +445,7 @@
     }
 
     private int getPermissionForUid(final int uid) {
-        int permission = INetd.PERMISSION_NONE;
+        int permission = PERMISSION_NONE;
         // Check all the packages for this UID. The UID has the permission if any of the
         // packages in it has the permission.
         final String[] packages = mPackageManager.getPackagesForUid(uid);
@@ -453,7 +459,7 @@
             }
         } else {
             // The last package of this uid is removed from device. Clean the package up.
-            permission = INetd.PERMISSION_UNINSTALLED;
+            permission = PERMISSION_UNINSTALLED;
         }
         return permission;
     }
@@ -573,11 +579,11 @@
         for (int i = 0; i < requestedPermissions.length; i++) {
             if (requestedPermissions[i].equals(INTERNET)
                     && ((requestedPermissionsFlags[i] & REQUESTED_PERMISSION_GRANTED) != 0)) {
-                permissions |= INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET;
+                permissions |= PERMISSION_INTERNET;
             }
             if (requestedPermissions[i].equals(UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS)
                     && ((requestedPermissionsFlags[i] & REQUESTED_PERMISSION_GRANTED) != 0)) {
-                permissions |= INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS;
+                permissions |= PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS;
             }
         }
         return permissions;
@@ -750,19 +756,19 @@
         for (int i = 0; i < netdPermissionsAppIds.size(); i++) {
             int permissions = netdPermissionsAppIds.valueAt(i);
             switch(permissions) {
-                case (INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET | INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS):
+                case (PERMISSION_INTERNET | PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS):
                     allPermissionAppIds.add(netdPermissionsAppIds.keyAt(i));
                     break;
-                case INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET:
+                case PERMISSION_INTERNET:
                     internetPermissionAppIds.add(netdPermissionsAppIds.keyAt(i));
                     break;
-                case INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS:
+                case PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS:
                     updateStatsPermissionAppIds.add(netdPermissionsAppIds.keyAt(i));
                     break;
-                case INetd.PERMISSION_NONE:
+                case PERMISSION_NONE:
                     noPermissionAppIds.add(netdPermissionsAppIds.keyAt(i));
                     break;
-                case INetd.PERMISSION_UNINSTALLED:
+                case PERMISSION_UNINSTALLED:
                     uninstalledAppIds.add(netdPermissionsAppIds.keyAt(i));
                     break;
                 default:
@@ -774,23 +780,22 @@
             // TODO: add a lock inside netd to protect IPC trafficSetNetPermForUids()
             if (allPermissionAppIds.size() != 0) {
                 mNetd.trafficSetNetPermForUids(
-                        INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET | INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS,
+                        PERMISSION_INTERNET | PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS,
                         toIntArray(allPermissionAppIds));
             }
             if (internetPermissionAppIds.size() != 0) {
-                mNetd.trafficSetNetPermForUids(INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET,
+                mNetd.trafficSetNetPermForUids(PERMISSION_INTERNET,
                         toIntArray(internetPermissionAppIds));
             }
             if (updateStatsPermissionAppIds.size() != 0) {
-                mNetd.trafficSetNetPermForUids(INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS,
+                mNetd.trafficSetNetPermForUids(PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS,
                         toIntArray(updateStatsPermissionAppIds));
             }
             if (noPermissionAppIds.size() != 0) {
-                mNetd.trafficSetNetPermForUids(INetd.PERMISSION_NONE,
-                        toIntArray(noPermissionAppIds));
+                mNetd.trafficSetNetPermForUids(PERMISSION_NONE, toIntArray(noPermissionAppIds));
             }
             if (uninstalledAppIds.size() != 0) {
-                mNetd.trafficSetNetPermForUids(INetd.PERMISSION_UNINSTALLED,
+                mNetd.trafficSetNetPermForUids(PERMISSION_UNINSTALLED,
                         toIntArray(uninstalledAppIds));
             }
         } catch (RemoteException e) {
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/ConnectivityManagerTest.java b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/ConnectivityManagerTest.java
index 5a71319..ee13619 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/ConnectivityManagerTest.java
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/ConnectivityManagerTest.java
@@ -1825,8 +1825,15 @@
         // Verify that networks are available as expected if wifi or cell is supported. Continue the
         // test if none of them are supported since test should still able to verify the permission
         // mechanism.
-        if (supportWifi) requestAndWaitForAvailable(makeWifiNetworkRequest(), wifiCb);
-        if (supportTelephony) requestAndWaitForAvailable(makeCellNetworkRequest(), telephonyCb);
+        if (supportWifi) {
+            mCtsNetUtils.ensureWifiConnected();
+            registerCallbackAndWaitForAvailable(makeWifiNetworkRequest(), wifiCb);
+        }
+        if (supportTelephony) {
+            // connectToCell needs to be followed by disconnectFromCell, which is called in tearDown
+            mCtsNetUtils.connectToCell();
+            registerCallbackAndWaitForAvailable(makeCellNetworkRequest(), telephonyCb);
+        }
 
         try {
             // Verify we cannot set Airplane Mode without correct permission:
@@ -1863,6 +1870,8 @@
                         + "called whilst holding the NETWORK_AIRPLANE_MODE permission.");
             }
             // Verify that turning airplane mode off takes effect as expected.
+            // connectToCell only registers a request, it cannot / does not need to be called twice
+            mCtsNetUtils.ensureWifiConnected();
             if (supportWifi) waitForAvailable(wifiCb);
             if (supportTelephony) waitForAvailable(telephonyCb);
         } finally {
@@ -1875,7 +1884,7 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private void requestAndWaitForAvailable(@NonNull final NetworkRequest request,
+    private void registerCallbackAndWaitForAvailable(@NonNull final NetworkRequest request,
             @NonNull final TestableNetworkCallback cb) {
         mCm.registerNetworkCallback(request, cb);
         waitForAvailable(cb);
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/PacProxyManagerTest.java b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/PacProxyManagerTest.java
index a20f1cc..f0c87673 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/PacProxyManagerTest.java
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/PacProxyManagerTest.java
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 package android.net.cts;
 
+import static android.Manifest.permission.INTERACT_ACROSS_USERS_FULL;
 import static android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS;
 
 import static com.android.testutils.TestPermissionUtil.runAsShell;
@@ -168,7 +169,9 @@
         mContext.registerReceiver(receiver, new IntentFilter(Proxy.PROXY_CHANGE_ACTION));
 
         // Call setCurrentProxyScriptUrl with the URL of the pac file.
-        runAsShell(NETWORK_SETTINGS, () -> {
+        // Note that the proxy script is global to device, and setting it from a different user
+        // should require INTERACT_ACROSS_USERS_FULL permission which the Settings app has.
+        runAsShell(NETWORK_SETTINGS, INTERACT_ACROSS_USERS_FULL, () -> {
             mPacProxyManager.setCurrentProxyScriptUrl(proxy);
         });
 
diff --git a/tests/cts/tethering/Android.bp b/tests/cts/tethering/Android.bp
index 52ce83a..e9c4e5a 100644
--- a/tests/cts/tethering/Android.bp
+++ b/tests/cts/tethering/Android.bp
@@ -71,6 +71,7 @@
 
     // Include both the 32 and 64 bit versions
     compile_multilib: "both",
+    jarjar_rules: ":NetworkStackJarJarRules",
 }
 
 // Tethering CTS tests for development and release. These tests always target the platform SDK
@@ -95,4 +96,5 @@
 
     // Include both the 32 and 64 bit versions
     compile_multilib: "both",
+    jarjar_rules: ":NetworkStackJarJarRules",
 }
diff --git a/tests/integration/src/com/android/server/net/integrationtests/TestNetworkStackService.kt b/tests/integration/src/com/android/server/net/integrationtests/TestNetworkStackService.kt
index eff6658..c7cf040 100644
--- a/tests/integration/src/com/android/server/net/integrationtests/TestNetworkStackService.kt
+++ b/tests/integration/src/com/android/server/net/integrationtests/TestNetworkStackService.kt
@@ -36,7 +36,6 @@
 import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream
 import java.net.HttpURLConnection
 import java.net.URL
-import java.net.URLConnection
 import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets
 
 private const val TEST_NETID = 42
@@ -63,6 +62,28 @@
         override fun getPrivateDnsBypassNetwork(network: Network?) = privateDnsBypassNetwork
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Mock [HttpURLConnection] to simulate reply from a server.
+     */
+    private class MockConnection(
+        url: URL,
+        private val response: HttpResponse
+    ) : HttpURLConnection(url) {
+        private val responseBytes = response.content.toByteArray(StandardCharsets.UTF_8)
+        override fun getResponseCode() = response.responseCode
+        override fun getContentLengthLong() = responseBytes.size.toLong()
+        override fun getHeaderField(field: String): String? {
+            return when (field) {
+                "location" -> response.redirectUrl
+                else -> null
+            }
+        }
+        override fun getInputStream() = ByteArrayInputStream(responseBytes)
+        override fun connect() = Unit
+        override fun disconnect() = Unit
+        override fun usingProxy() = false
+    }
+
     private inner class TestNetworkStackConnector(context: Context) : NetworkStackConnector(
             context, TestPermissionChecker(), NetworkStackService.Dependencies()) {
 
@@ -70,17 +91,8 @@
         private val privateDnsBypassNetwork = TestNetwork(TEST_NETID)
 
         private inner class TestNetwork(netId: Int) : Network(netId) {
-            override fun openConnection(url: URL): URLConnection {
-                val response = InstrumentationConnector.processRequest(url)
-                val responseBytes = response.content.toByteArray(StandardCharsets.UTF_8)
-
-                val connection = mock(HttpURLConnection::class.java)
-                doReturn(response.responseCode).`when`(connection).responseCode
-                doReturn(responseBytes.size.toLong()).`when`(connection).contentLengthLong
-                doReturn(response.redirectUrl).`when`(connection).getHeaderField("location")
-                doReturn(ByteArrayInputStream(responseBytes)).`when`(connection).inputStream
-                return connection
-            }
+            override fun openConnection(url: URL) = MockConnection(
+                    url, InstrumentationConnector.processRequest(url))
         }
 
         override fun makeNetworkMonitor(
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkNotificationManagerTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkNotificationManagerTest.java
index 07deeef..c1059b3 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkNotificationManagerTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkNotificationManagerTest.java
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@
 import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.UserHandle;
 import android.telephony.TelephonyManager;
+import android.util.DisplayMetrics;
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
 
@@ -103,6 +104,7 @@
 
     @Mock Context mCtx;
     @Mock Resources mResources;
+    @Mock DisplayMetrics mDisplayMetrics;
     @Mock PackageManager mPm;
     @Mock TelephonyManager mTelephonyManager;
     @Mock NotificationManager mNotificationManager;
@@ -124,6 +126,7 @@
         mCellNai.networkInfo = mNetworkInfo;
         mVpnNai.networkCapabilities = VPN_CAPABILITIES;
         mVpnNai.networkInfo = mNetworkInfo;
+        mDisplayMetrics.density = 2.275f;
         doReturn(true).when(mVpnNai).isVPN();
         when(mCtx.getResources()).thenReturn(mResources);
         when(mCtx.getPackageManager()).thenReturn(mPm);
@@ -136,6 +139,7 @@
         when(mNetworkInfo.getExtraInfo()).thenReturn(TEST_EXTRA_INFO);
         ConnectivityResources.setResourcesContextForTest(mCtx);
         when(mResources.getColor(anyInt(), any())).thenReturn(0xFF607D8B);
+        when(mResources.getDisplayMetrics()).thenReturn(mDisplayMetrics);
 
         // Come up with some credible-looking transport names. The actual values do not matter.
         String[] transportNames = new String[NetworkCapabilities.MAX_TRANSPORT + 1];
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitorTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitorTest.java
index 8f46508..a9749c4 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitorTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitorTest.java
@@ -31,6 +31,11 @@
 import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.GET_PERMISSIONS;
 import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.MATCH_ANY_USER;
 import static android.net.ConnectivitySettingsManager.UIDS_ALLOWED_ON_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS;
+import static android.net.INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET;
+import static android.net.INetd.PERMISSION_NONE;
+import static android.net.INetd.PERMISSION_SYSTEM;
+import static android.net.INetd.PERMISSION_UNINSTALLED;
+import static android.net.INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS;
 import static android.net.NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK;
 import static android.os.Process.SYSTEM_UID;
 
@@ -123,6 +128,8 @@
     private static final String PARTITION_VENDOR = "vendor";
     private static final int VERSION_P = Build.VERSION_CODES.P;
     private static final int VERSION_Q = Build.VERSION_CODES.Q;
+    private static final int PERMISSION_TRAFFIC_ALL =
+            PERMISSION_INTERNET | PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS;
 
     @Mock private Context mContext;
     @Mock private PackageManager mPackageManager;
@@ -132,6 +139,7 @@
     @Mock private SystemConfigManager mSystemConfigManager;
 
     private PermissionMonitor mPermissionMonitor;
+    private NetdMonitor mNetdMonitor;
 
     @Before
     public void setUp() throws Exception {
@@ -155,6 +163,7 @@
         when(mDeps.getUidsAllowedOnRestrictedNetworks(any())).thenReturn(new ArraySet<>());
 
         mPermissionMonitor = spy(new PermissionMonitor(mContext, mNetdService, mDeps));
+        mNetdMonitor = new NetdMonitor(mNetdService);
 
         when(mPackageManager.getInstalledPackages(anyInt())).thenReturn(/* empty app list */ null);
         mPermissionMonitor.startMonitoring();
@@ -460,25 +469,26 @@
     }
 
     private class NetdMonitor {
-        private final HashMap<Integer, Boolean> mApps = new HashMap<>();
+        private final HashMap<Integer, Boolean> mUidsNetworkPermission = new HashMap<>();
+        private final HashMap<Integer, Integer> mAppIdsTrafficPermission = new HashMap<>();
 
         NetdMonitor(INetd mockNetd) throws Exception {
-            // Add hook to verify and track result of setPermission.
+            // Add hook to verify and track result of networkSetPermission.
             doAnswer((InvocationOnMock invocation) -> {
                 final Object[] args = invocation.getArguments();
-                final Boolean isSystem = args[0].equals(INetd.PERMISSION_SYSTEM);
+                final Boolean isSystem = args[0].equals(PERMISSION_SYSTEM);
                 for (final int uid : (int[]) args[1]) {
                     // TODO: Currently, permission monitor will send duplicate commands for each uid
                     // corresponding to each user. Need to fix that and uncomment below test.
                     // if (mApps.containsKey(uid) && mApps.get(uid) == isSystem) {
                     //     fail("uid " + uid + " is already set to " + isSystem);
                     // }
-                    mApps.put(uid, isSystem);
+                    mUidsNetworkPermission.put(uid, isSystem);
                 }
                 return null;
             }).when(mockNetd).networkSetPermissionForUser(anyInt(), any(int[].class));
 
-            // Add hook to verify and track result of clearPermission.
+            // Add hook to verify and track result of networkClearPermission.
             doAnswer((InvocationOnMock invocation) -> {
                 final Object[] args = invocation.getArguments();
                 for (final int uid : (int[]) args[0]) {
@@ -487,42 +497,62 @@
                     // if (!mApps.containsKey(uid)) {
                     //     fail("uid " + uid + " does not exist.");
                     // }
-                    mApps.remove(uid);
+                    mUidsNetworkPermission.remove(uid);
                 }
                 return null;
             }).when(mockNetd).networkClearPermissionForUser(any(int[].class));
+
+            // Add hook to verify and track result of trafficSetNetPerm.
+            doAnswer((InvocationOnMock invocation) -> {
+                final Object[] args = invocation.getArguments();
+                final int permission = (int) args[0];
+                for (final int appId : (int[]) args[1]) {
+                    mAppIdsTrafficPermission.put(appId, permission);
+                }
+                return null;
+            }).when(mockNetd).trafficSetNetPermForUids(anyInt(), any(int[].class));
         }
 
-        public void expectPermission(Boolean permission, UserHandle[] users, int[] apps) {
+        public void expectNetworkPerm(Boolean permission, UserHandle[] users, int... appIds) {
             for (final UserHandle user : users) {
-                for (final int app : apps) {
-                    final int uid = user.getUid(app);
-                    if (!mApps.containsKey(uid)) {
+                for (final int appId : appIds) {
+                    final int uid = user.getUid(appId);
+                    if (!mUidsNetworkPermission.containsKey(uid)) {
                         fail("uid " + uid + " does not exist.");
                     }
-                    if (mApps.get(uid) != permission) {
+                    if (mUidsNetworkPermission.get(uid) != permission) {
                         fail("uid " + uid + " has wrong permission: " +  permission);
                     }
                 }
             }
         }
 
-        public void expectNoPermission(UserHandle[] users, int[] apps) {
+        public void expectNoNetworkPerm(UserHandle[] users, int... appIds) {
             for (final UserHandle user : users) {
-                for (final int app : apps) {
-                    final int uid = user.getUid(app);
-                    if (mApps.containsKey(uid)) {
+                for (final int appId : appIds) {
+                    final int uid = user.getUid(appId);
+                    if (mUidsNetworkPermission.containsKey(uid)) {
                         fail("uid " + uid + " has listed permissions, expected none.");
                     }
                 }
             }
         }
+
+        public void expectTrafficPerm(int permission, int... appIds) {
+            for (final int appId : appIds) {
+                if (!mAppIdsTrafficPermission.containsKey(appId)) {
+                    fail("appId " + appId + " does not exist.");
+                }
+                if (mAppIdsTrafficPermission.get(appId) != permission) {
+                    fail("appId " + appId + " has wrong permission: "
+                            + mAppIdsTrafficPermission.get(appId));
+                }
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testUserAndPackageAddRemove() throws Exception {
-        final NetdMonitor netdMonitor = new NetdMonitor(mNetdService);
-
         // MOCK_UID1: MOCK_PACKAGE1 only has network permission.
         // SYSTEM_UID: SYSTEM_PACKAGE1 has system permission.
         // SYSTEM_UID: SYSTEM_PACKAGE2 only has network permission.
@@ -537,15 +567,15 @@
         // Add SYSTEM_PACKAGE2, expect only have network permission.
         mPermissionMonitor.onUserAdded(MOCK_USER1);
         addPackageForUsers(new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, SYSTEM_PACKAGE2, SYSTEM_UID);
-        netdMonitor.expectPermission(NETWORK, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, new int[]{SYSTEM_UID});
+        mNetdMonitor.expectNetworkPerm(NETWORK, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, SYSTEM_UID);
 
         // Add SYSTEM_PACKAGE1, expect permission escalate.
         addPackageForUsers(new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, SYSTEM_PACKAGE1, SYSTEM_UID);
-        netdMonitor.expectPermission(SYSTEM, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, new int[]{SYSTEM_UID});
+        mNetdMonitor.expectNetworkPerm(SYSTEM, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, SYSTEM_UID);
 
         mPermissionMonitor.onUserAdded(MOCK_USER2);
-        netdMonitor.expectPermission(SYSTEM, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2},
-                new int[]{SYSTEM_UID});
+        mNetdMonitor.expectNetworkPerm(SYSTEM, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2},
+                SYSTEM_UID);
 
         // Remove SYSTEM_PACKAGE2, expect keep system permission.
         when(mPackageManager.getPackagesForUid(MOCK_USER1.getUid(SYSTEM_UID)))
@@ -554,19 +584,19 @@
                 .thenReturn(new String[]{SYSTEM_PACKAGE1});
         removePackageForUsers(new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2},
                 SYSTEM_PACKAGE2, SYSTEM_UID);
-        netdMonitor.expectPermission(SYSTEM, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2},
-                new int[]{SYSTEM_UID});
+        mNetdMonitor.expectNetworkPerm(SYSTEM, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2},
+                SYSTEM_UID);
 
         // Add SYSTEM_PACKAGE2, expect keep system permission.
         addPackageForUsers(new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2}, SYSTEM_PACKAGE2, SYSTEM_UID);
-        netdMonitor.expectPermission(SYSTEM, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2},
-                new int[]{SYSTEM_UID});
+        mNetdMonitor.expectNetworkPerm(SYSTEM, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2},
+                SYSTEM_UID);
 
         addPackageForUsers(new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2}, MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID1);
-        netdMonitor.expectPermission(SYSTEM, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2},
-                new int[]{SYSTEM_UID});
-        netdMonitor.expectPermission(NETWORK, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2},
-                new int[]{MOCK_UID1});
+        mNetdMonitor.expectNetworkPerm(SYSTEM, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2},
+                SYSTEM_UID);
+        mNetdMonitor.expectNetworkPerm(NETWORK, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2},
+                MOCK_UID1);
 
         // Remove MOCK_UID1, expect no permission left for all user.
         when(mPackageManager.getPackagesForUid(MOCK_USER1.getUid(MOCK_UID1)))
@@ -575,29 +605,28 @@
                 .thenReturn(new String[]{});
         mPermissionMonitor.onPackageRemoved(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID1);
         removePackageForUsers(new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2}, MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID1);
-        netdMonitor.expectNoPermission(new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2},
-                new int[]{MOCK_UID1});
+        mNetdMonitor.expectNoNetworkPerm(new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2}, MOCK_UID1);
 
         // Remove SYSTEM_PACKAGE1, expect permission downgrade.
         when(mPackageManager.getPackagesForUid(anyInt())).thenReturn(new String[]{SYSTEM_PACKAGE2});
         removePackageForUsers(new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2},
                 SYSTEM_PACKAGE1, SYSTEM_UID);
-        netdMonitor.expectPermission(NETWORK, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2},
-                new int[]{SYSTEM_UID});
+        mNetdMonitor.expectNetworkPerm(NETWORK, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2},
+                SYSTEM_UID);
 
         mPermissionMonitor.onUserRemoved(MOCK_USER1);
-        netdMonitor.expectPermission(NETWORK, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER2}, new int[]{SYSTEM_UID});
+        mNetdMonitor.expectNetworkPerm(NETWORK, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER2}, SYSTEM_UID);
 
         // Remove all packages, expect no permission left.
         when(mPackageManager.getPackagesForUid(anyInt())).thenReturn(new String[]{});
         removePackageForUsers(new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER2}, SYSTEM_PACKAGE2, SYSTEM_UID);
-        netdMonitor.expectNoPermission(new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2},
-                new int[]{SYSTEM_UID, MOCK_UID1});
+        mNetdMonitor.expectNoNetworkPerm(
+                new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2}, SYSTEM_UID, MOCK_UID1);
 
         // Remove last user, expect no redundant clearPermission is invoked.
         mPermissionMonitor.onUserRemoved(MOCK_USER2);
-        netdMonitor.expectNoPermission(new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2},
-                new int[]{SYSTEM_UID, MOCK_UID1});
+        mNetdMonitor.expectNoNetworkPerm(
+                new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2}, SYSTEM_UID, MOCK_UID1);
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -688,74 +717,38 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private class NetdServiceMonitor {
-        private final HashMap<Integer, Integer> mPermissions = new HashMap<>();
-
-        NetdServiceMonitor(INetd mockNetdService) throws Exception {
-            // Add hook to verify and track result of setPermission.
-            doAnswer((InvocationOnMock invocation) -> {
-                final Object[] args = invocation.getArguments();
-                final int permission = (int) args[0];
-                for (final int uid : (int[]) args[1]) {
-                    mPermissions.put(uid, permission);
-                }
-                return null;
-            }).when(mockNetdService).trafficSetNetPermForUids(anyInt(), any(int[].class));
-        }
-
-        public void expectPermission(int permission, int[] apps) {
-            for (final int app : apps) {
-                if (!mPermissions.containsKey(app)) {
-                    fail("uid " + app + " does not exist.");
-                }
-                if (mPermissions.get(app) != permission) {
-                    fail("uid " + app + " has wrong permission: " + mPermissions.get(app));
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
     @Test
     public void testPackagePermissionUpdate() throws Exception {
-        final NetdServiceMonitor netdServiceMonitor = new NetdServiceMonitor(mNetdService);
         // MOCK_UID1: MOCK_PACKAGE1 only has internet permission.
         // MOCK_UID2: MOCK_PACKAGE2 does not have any permission.
         // SYSTEM_UID1: SYSTEM_PACKAGE1 has internet permission and update device stats permission.
         // SYSTEM_UID2: SYSTEM_PACKAGE2 has only update device stats permission.
-
         SparseIntArray netdPermissionsAppIds = new SparseIntArray();
-        netdPermissionsAppIds.put(MOCK_UID1, INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET);
-        netdPermissionsAppIds.put(MOCK_UID2, INetd.PERMISSION_NONE);
-        netdPermissionsAppIds.put(SYSTEM_UID1, INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET
-                | INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS);
-        netdPermissionsAppIds.put(SYSTEM_UID2, INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS);
+        netdPermissionsAppIds.put(MOCK_UID1, PERMISSION_INTERNET);
+        netdPermissionsAppIds.put(MOCK_UID2, PERMISSION_NONE);
+        netdPermissionsAppIds.put(SYSTEM_UID1, PERMISSION_TRAFFIC_ALL);
+        netdPermissionsAppIds.put(SYSTEM_UID2, PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS);
 
         // Send the permission information to netd, expect permission updated.
         mPermissionMonitor.sendPackagePermissionsToNetd(netdPermissionsAppIds);
 
-        netdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET,
-                new int[]{MOCK_UID1});
-        netdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(INetd.PERMISSION_NONE, new int[]{MOCK_UID2});
-        netdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET
-                | INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS, new int[]{SYSTEM_UID1});
-        netdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS,
-                new int[]{SYSTEM_UID2});
+        mNetdMonitor.expectTrafficPerm(PERMISSION_INTERNET, MOCK_UID1);
+        mNetdMonitor.expectTrafficPerm(PERMISSION_NONE, MOCK_UID2);
+        mNetdMonitor.expectTrafficPerm(PERMISSION_TRAFFIC_ALL, SYSTEM_UID1);
+        mNetdMonitor.expectTrafficPerm(PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS, SYSTEM_UID2);
 
         // Update permission of MOCK_UID1, expect new permission show up.
-        mPermissionMonitor.sendPackagePermissionsForUid(MOCK_UID1,
-                INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET | INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS);
-        netdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET
-                | INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS, new int[]{MOCK_UID1});
+        mPermissionMonitor.sendPackagePermissionsForUid(MOCK_UID1, PERMISSION_TRAFFIC_ALL);
+        mNetdMonitor.expectTrafficPerm(PERMISSION_TRAFFIC_ALL, MOCK_UID1);
 
         // Change permissions of SYSTEM_UID2, expect new permission show up and old permission
         // revoked.
-        mPermissionMonitor.sendPackagePermissionsForUid(SYSTEM_UID2,
-                INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET);
-        netdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET, new int[]{SYSTEM_UID2});
+        mPermissionMonitor.sendPackagePermissionsForUid(SYSTEM_UID2, PERMISSION_INTERNET);
+        mNetdMonitor.expectTrafficPerm(PERMISSION_INTERNET, SYSTEM_UID2);
 
         // Revoke permission from SYSTEM_UID1, expect no permission stored.
-        mPermissionMonitor.sendPackagePermissionsForUid(SYSTEM_UID1, INetd.PERMISSION_NONE);
-        netdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(INetd.PERMISSION_NONE, new int[]{SYSTEM_UID1});
+        mPermissionMonitor.sendPackagePermissionsForUid(SYSTEM_UID1, PERMISSION_NONE);
+        mNetdMonitor.expectTrafficPerm(PERMISSION_NONE, SYSTEM_UID1);
     }
 
     private PackageInfo setPackagePermissions(String packageName, int uid, String[] permissions)
@@ -776,24 +769,18 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testPackageInstall() throws Exception {
-        final NetdServiceMonitor netdServiceMonitor = new NetdServiceMonitor(mNetdService);
-
         addPackage(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID1, new String[] {INTERNET, UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS});
-        netdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET
-                | INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS, new int[]{MOCK_UID1});
+        mNetdMonitor.expectTrafficPerm(PERMISSION_TRAFFIC_ALL, MOCK_UID1);
 
         addPackage(MOCK_PACKAGE2, MOCK_UID2, new String[] {INTERNET});
-        netdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET, new int[]{MOCK_UID2});
+        mNetdMonitor.expectTrafficPerm(PERMISSION_INTERNET, MOCK_UID2);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testPackageInstallSharedUid() throws Exception {
-        final NetdServiceMonitor netdServiceMonitor = new NetdServiceMonitor(mNetdService);
-
         PackageInfo packageInfo1 = addPackage(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID1,
                 new String[] {INTERNET, UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS});
-        netdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET
-                | INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS, new int[]{MOCK_UID1});
+        mNetdMonitor.expectTrafficPerm(PERMISSION_TRAFFIC_ALL, MOCK_UID1);
 
         // Install another package with the same uid and no permissions should not cause the UID to
         // lose permissions.
@@ -802,57 +789,45 @@
         when(mPackageManager.getPackagesForUid(MOCK_UID1))
               .thenReturn(new String[]{MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_PACKAGE2});
         mPermissionMonitor.onPackageAdded(MOCK_PACKAGE2, MOCK_UID1);
-        netdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET
-                | INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS, new int[]{MOCK_UID1});
+        mNetdMonitor.expectTrafficPerm(PERMISSION_TRAFFIC_ALL, MOCK_UID1);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testPackageUninstallBasic() throws Exception {
-        final NetdServiceMonitor netdServiceMonitor = new NetdServiceMonitor(mNetdService);
-
         addPackage(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID1, new String[] {INTERNET, UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS});
-        netdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET
-                | INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS, new int[]{MOCK_UID1});
+        mNetdMonitor.expectTrafficPerm(PERMISSION_TRAFFIC_ALL, MOCK_UID1);
 
         when(mPackageManager.getPackagesForUid(MOCK_UID1)).thenReturn(new String[]{});
         mPermissionMonitor.onPackageRemoved(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID1);
-        netdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(INetd.PERMISSION_UNINSTALLED, new int[]{MOCK_UID1});
+        mNetdMonitor.expectTrafficPerm(PERMISSION_UNINSTALLED, MOCK_UID1);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testPackageRemoveThenAdd() throws Exception {
-        final NetdServiceMonitor netdServiceMonitor = new NetdServiceMonitor(mNetdService);
-
         addPackage(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID1, new String[] {INTERNET, UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS});
-        netdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET
-                | INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS, new int[]{MOCK_UID1});
+        mNetdMonitor.expectTrafficPerm(PERMISSION_TRAFFIC_ALL, MOCK_UID1);
 
         when(mPackageManager.getPackagesForUid(MOCK_UID1)).thenReturn(new String[]{});
         mPermissionMonitor.onPackageRemoved(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID1);
-        netdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(INetd.PERMISSION_UNINSTALLED, new int[]{MOCK_UID1});
+        mNetdMonitor.expectTrafficPerm(PERMISSION_UNINSTALLED, MOCK_UID1);
 
         addPackage(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID1, new String[] {INTERNET});
-        netdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET, new int[]{MOCK_UID1});
+        mNetdMonitor.expectTrafficPerm(PERMISSION_INTERNET, MOCK_UID1);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testPackageUpdate() throws Exception {
-        final NetdServiceMonitor netdServiceMonitor = new NetdServiceMonitor(mNetdService);
-
         addPackage(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID1, new String[] {});
-        netdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(INetd.PERMISSION_NONE, new int[]{MOCK_UID1});
+        mNetdMonitor.expectTrafficPerm(PERMISSION_NONE, MOCK_UID1);
 
         addPackage(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID1, new String[] {INTERNET});
-        netdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET, new int[]{MOCK_UID1});
+        mNetdMonitor.expectTrafficPerm(PERMISSION_INTERNET, MOCK_UID1);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testPackageUninstallWithMultiplePackages() throws Exception {
-        final NetdServiceMonitor netdServiceMonitor = new NetdServiceMonitor(mNetdService);
-
         addPackage(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID1, new String[] {INTERNET, UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS});
-        netdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET
-                | INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS, new int[]{MOCK_UID1});
+        mNetdMonitor.expectTrafficPerm(PERMISSION_TRAFFIC_ALL, MOCK_UID1);
 
         // Mock another package with the same uid but different permissions.
         PackageInfo packageInfo2 = systemPackageInfoWithPermissions(INTERNET);
@@ -861,7 +836,7 @@
                 MOCK_PACKAGE2});
 
         mPermissionMonitor.onPackageRemoved(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID1);
-        netdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET, new int[]{MOCK_UID1});
+        mNetdMonitor.expectTrafficPerm(PERMISSION_INTERNET, MOCK_UID1);
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -878,7 +853,6 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testUpdateUidPermissionsFromSystemConfig() throws Exception {
-        final NetdServiceMonitor netdServiceMonitor = new NetdServiceMonitor(mNetdService);
         when(mPackageManager.getInstalledPackages(anyInt())).thenReturn(new ArrayList<>());
         when(mSystemConfigManager.getSystemPermissionUids(eq(INTERNET)))
                 .thenReturn(new int[]{ MOCK_UID1, MOCK_UID2 });
@@ -886,10 +860,8 @@
                 .thenReturn(new int[]{ MOCK_UID2 });
 
         mPermissionMonitor.startMonitoring();
-        netdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET, new int[]{ MOCK_UID1 });
-        netdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(
-                INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET | INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS,
-                new int[]{ MOCK_UID2 });
+        mNetdMonitor.expectTrafficPerm(PERMISSION_INTERNET, MOCK_UID1);
+        mNetdMonitor.expectTrafficPerm(PERMISSION_TRAFFIC_ALL, MOCK_UID2);
     }
 
     private BroadcastReceiver expectBroadcastReceiver(String... actions) {
@@ -909,7 +881,6 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testIntentReceiver() throws Exception {
-        final NetdServiceMonitor netdServiceMonitor = new NetdServiceMonitor(mNetdService);
         final BroadcastReceiver receiver = expectBroadcastReceiver(
                 Intent.ACTION_PACKAGE_ADDED, Intent.ACTION_PACKAGE_REMOVED);
 
@@ -920,8 +891,7 @@
         setPackagePermissions(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID1,
                 new String[] { INTERNET, UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS });
         receiver.onReceive(mContext, addedIntent);
-        netdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET
-                | INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS, new int[] { MOCK_UID1 });
+        mNetdMonitor.expectTrafficPerm(PERMISSION_TRAFFIC_ALL, MOCK_UID1);
 
         // Verify receiving PACKAGE_REMOVED intent.
         when(mPackageManager.getPackagesForUid(MOCK_UID1)).thenReturn(null);
@@ -929,7 +899,7 @@
                 Uri.fromParts("package", MOCK_PACKAGE1, null /* fragment */));
         removedIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_UID, MOCK_UID1);
         receiver.onReceive(mContext, removedIntent);
-        netdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(INetd.PERMISSION_UNINSTALLED, new int[] { MOCK_UID1 });
+        mNetdMonitor.expectTrafficPerm(PERMISSION_UNINSTALLED, MOCK_UID1);
     }
 
     private ContentObserver expectRegisterContentObserver(Uri expectedUri) {
@@ -949,7 +919,6 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testUidsAllowedOnRestrictedNetworksChanged() throws Exception {
-        final NetdMonitor netdMonitor = new NetdMonitor(mNetdService);
         final ContentObserver contentObserver = expectRegisterContentObserver(
                 Settings.Global.getUriFor(UIDS_ALLOWED_ON_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS));
 
@@ -963,27 +932,25 @@
         when(mDeps.getUidsAllowedOnRestrictedNetworks(any())).thenReturn(
                 new ArraySet<>(new Integer[] { MOCK_UID1 }));
         contentObserver.onChange(true /* selfChange */);
-        netdMonitor.expectPermission(SYSTEM, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, new int[]{MOCK_UID1});
-        netdMonitor.expectNoPermission(new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, new int[]{MOCK_UID2});
+        mNetdMonitor.expectNetworkPerm(SYSTEM, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, MOCK_UID1);
+        mNetdMonitor.expectNoNetworkPerm(new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, MOCK_UID2);
 
         // MOCK_UID2 is listed in setting that allow to use restricted networks, MOCK_UID2
         // should have SYSTEM permission but MOCK_UID1 should revoke permission.
         when(mDeps.getUidsAllowedOnRestrictedNetworks(any())).thenReturn(
                 new ArraySet<>(new Integer[] { MOCK_UID2 }));
         contentObserver.onChange(true /* selfChange */);
-        netdMonitor.expectPermission(SYSTEM, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, new int[]{MOCK_UID2});
-        netdMonitor.expectNoPermission(new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, new int[]{MOCK_UID1});
+        mNetdMonitor.expectNetworkPerm(SYSTEM, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, MOCK_UID2);
+        mNetdMonitor.expectNoNetworkPerm(new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, MOCK_UID1);
 
         // No uid lists in setting, should revoke permission from all uids.
         when(mDeps.getUidsAllowedOnRestrictedNetworks(any())).thenReturn(new ArraySet<>());
         contentObserver.onChange(true /* selfChange */);
-        netdMonitor.expectNoPermission(
-                new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, new int[]{MOCK_UID1, MOCK_UID2});
+        mNetdMonitor.expectNoNetworkPerm(new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, MOCK_UID1, MOCK_UID2);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testUidsAllowedOnRestrictedNetworksChangedWithSharedUid() throws Exception {
-        final NetdMonitor netdMonitor = new NetdMonitor(mNetdService);
         final ContentObserver contentObserver = expectRegisterContentObserver(
                 Settings.Global.getUriFor(UIDS_ALLOWED_ON_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS));
 
@@ -995,29 +962,28 @@
 
         // MOCK_PACKAGE1 have CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE, MOCK_UID1 should have NETWORK permission.
         addPackageForUsers(new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID1);
-        netdMonitor.expectPermission(NETWORK, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, new int[]{MOCK_UID1});
+        mNetdMonitor.expectNetworkPerm(NETWORK, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, MOCK_UID1);
 
         // MOCK_UID1 is listed in setting that allow to use restricted networks, MOCK_UID1
         // should upgrade to SYSTEM permission.
         when(mDeps.getUidsAllowedOnRestrictedNetworks(any())).thenReturn(
                 new ArraySet<>(new Integer[] { MOCK_UID1 }));
         contentObserver.onChange(true /* selfChange */);
-        netdMonitor.expectPermission(SYSTEM, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, new int[]{MOCK_UID1});
+        mNetdMonitor.expectNetworkPerm(SYSTEM, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, MOCK_UID1);
 
         // No app lists in setting, MOCK_UID1 should downgrade to NETWORK permission.
         when(mDeps.getUidsAllowedOnRestrictedNetworks(any())).thenReturn(new ArraySet<>());
         contentObserver.onChange(true /* selfChange */);
-        netdMonitor.expectPermission(NETWORK, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, new int[]{MOCK_UID1});
+        mNetdMonitor.expectNetworkPerm(NETWORK, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, MOCK_UID1);
 
         // MOCK_PACKAGE1 removed, should revoke permission from MOCK_UID1.
         when(mPackageManager.getPackagesForUid(MOCK_UID1)).thenReturn(new String[]{MOCK_PACKAGE2});
         removePackageForUsers(new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID1);
-        netdMonitor.expectNoPermission(new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, new int[]{MOCK_UID1});
+        mNetdMonitor.expectNoNetworkPerm(new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, MOCK_UID1);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testUidsAllowedOnRestrictedNetworksChangedWithMultipleUsers() throws Exception {
-        final NetdMonitor netdMonitor = new NetdMonitor(mNetdService);
         final ContentObserver contentObserver = expectRegisterContentObserver(
                 Settings.Global.getUriFor(UIDS_ALLOWED_ON_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS));
 
@@ -1032,44 +998,37 @@
         when(mDeps.getUidsAllowedOnRestrictedNetworks(any())).thenReturn(
                 new ArraySet<>(new Integer[] { MOCK_UID1 }));
         contentObserver.onChange(true /* selfChange */);
-        netdMonitor.expectPermission(SYSTEM, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, new int[]{MOCK_UID1});
-        netdMonitor.expectNoPermission(new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, new int[]{MOCK_UID2});
+        mNetdMonitor.expectNetworkPerm(SYSTEM, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, MOCK_UID1);
+        mNetdMonitor.expectNoNetworkPerm(new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, MOCK_UID2);
 
         // Add user MOCK_USER2.
         mPermissionMonitor.onUserAdded(MOCK_USER2);
         // MOCK_UID1 in both users should all have SYSTEM permission and MOCK_UID2 has no
         // permissions in either user.
-        netdMonitor.expectPermission(
-                SYSTEM, new UserHandle[] { MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2 }, new int[]{MOCK_UID1});
-        netdMonitor.expectNoPermission(
-                new UserHandle[] { MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2 }, new int[]{MOCK_UID2});
+        mNetdMonitor.expectNetworkPerm(SYSTEM, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2}, MOCK_UID1);
+        mNetdMonitor.expectNoNetworkPerm(new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2}, MOCK_UID2);
 
         // MOCK_UID2 is listed in setting that allow to use restricted networks, MOCK_UID2
         // in both users should have SYSTEM permission and MOCK_UID1 has no permissions.
         when(mDeps.getUidsAllowedOnRestrictedNetworks(any())).thenReturn(
                 new ArraySet<>(new Integer[] { MOCK_UID2 }));
         contentObserver.onChange(true /* selfChange */);
-        netdMonitor.expectPermission(
-                SYSTEM, new UserHandle[] { MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2 }, new int[]{MOCK_UID2});
-        netdMonitor.expectNoPermission(
-                new UserHandle[] { MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2 }, new int[]{MOCK_UID1});
+        mNetdMonitor.expectNetworkPerm(SYSTEM, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2}, MOCK_UID2);
+        mNetdMonitor.expectNoNetworkPerm(new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2}, MOCK_UID1);
 
         // Remove user MOCK_USER1
         mPermissionMonitor.onUserRemoved(MOCK_USER1);
-        netdMonitor.expectPermission(SYSTEM, new UserHandle[] {MOCK_USER2}, new int[]{MOCK_UID2});
-        netdMonitor.expectNoPermission(new UserHandle[] {MOCK_USER2}, new int[]{MOCK_UID1});
+        mNetdMonitor.expectNetworkPerm(SYSTEM, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER2}, MOCK_UID2);
+        mNetdMonitor.expectNoNetworkPerm(new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER2}, MOCK_UID1);
 
         // No uid lists in setting, should revoke permission from all uids.
         when(mDeps.getUidsAllowedOnRestrictedNetworks(any())).thenReturn(new ArraySet<>());
         contentObserver.onChange(true /* selfChange */);
-        netdMonitor.expectNoPermission(
-                new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER2}, new int[]{ MOCK_UID1, MOCK_UID2 });
+        mNetdMonitor.expectNoNetworkPerm(new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER2}, MOCK_UID1, MOCK_UID2);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testOnExternalApplicationsAvailable() throws Exception {
-        final NetdServiceMonitor netdServiceMonitor = new NetdServiceMonitor(mNetdService);
-        final NetdMonitor netdMonitor = new NetdMonitor(mNetdService);
         final BroadcastReceiver receiver = expectBroadcastReceiver(
                 Intent.ACTION_EXTERNAL_APPLICATIONS_AVAILABLE);
 
@@ -1080,10 +1039,8 @@
                 List.of(buildPackageInfo(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID1),
                         buildPackageInfo(MOCK_PACKAGE2, MOCK_UID2)));
         mPermissionMonitor.startMonitoring();
-        netdMonitor.expectNoPermission(
-                new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, new int[]{MOCK_UID1, MOCK_UID2});
-        netdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(
-                INetd.PERMISSION_NONE, new int[]{MOCK_UID1, MOCK_UID2});
+        mNetdMonitor.expectNoNetworkPerm(new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, MOCK_UID1, MOCK_UID2);
+        mNetdMonitor.expectTrafficPerm(PERMISSION_NONE, MOCK_UID1, MOCK_UID2);
 
         // Verify receiving EXTERNAL_APPLICATIONS_AVAILABLE intent and update permission to netd.
         final Intent externalIntent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_EXTERNAL_APPLICATIONS_AVAILABLE);
@@ -1094,18 +1051,15 @@
         buildAndMockPackageInfoWithPermissions(MOCK_PACKAGE2, MOCK_UID2, CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE,
                 UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS);
         receiver.onReceive(mContext, externalIntent);
-        netdMonitor.expectPermission(SYSTEM, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, new int[]{MOCK_UID1});
-        netdMonitor.expectPermission(NETWORK, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, new int[]{MOCK_UID2});
-        netdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET, new int[] { MOCK_UID1 });
-        netdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(
-                INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS, new int[]{MOCK_UID2});
+        mNetdMonitor.expectNetworkPerm(SYSTEM, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, MOCK_UID1);
+        mNetdMonitor.expectNetworkPerm(NETWORK, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, MOCK_UID2);
+        mNetdMonitor.expectTrafficPerm(PERMISSION_INTERNET, MOCK_UID1);
+        mNetdMonitor.expectTrafficPerm(PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS, MOCK_UID2);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testOnExternalApplicationsAvailable_AppsNotRegisteredOnStartMonitoring()
             throws Exception {
-        final NetdServiceMonitor netdServiceMonitor = new NetdServiceMonitor(mNetdService);
-        final NetdMonitor netdMonitor = new NetdMonitor(mNetdService);
         final BroadcastReceiver receiver = expectBroadcastReceiver(
                 Intent.ACTION_EXTERNAL_APPLICATIONS_AVAILABLE);
 
@@ -1124,18 +1078,15 @@
         externalIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_CHANGED_PACKAGE_LIST,
                 new String[] { MOCK_PACKAGE1 , MOCK_PACKAGE2});
         receiver.onReceive(mContext, externalIntent);
-        netdMonitor.expectPermission(SYSTEM, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, new int[]{MOCK_UID1});
-        netdMonitor.expectPermission(NETWORK, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, new int[]{MOCK_UID2});
-        netdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET, new int[] { MOCK_UID1 });
-        netdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(
-                INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS, new int[]{MOCK_UID2});
+        mNetdMonitor.expectNetworkPerm(SYSTEM, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, MOCK_UID1);
+        mNetdMonitor.expectNetworkPerm(NETWORK, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, MOCK_UID2);
+        mNetdMonitor.expectTrafficPerm(PERMISSION_INTERNET, MOCK_UID1);
+        mNetdMonitor.expectTrafficPerm(PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS, MOCK_UID2);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testOnExternalApplicationsAvailableWithSharedUid()
             throws Exception {
-        final NetdServiceMonitor netdServiceMonitor = new NetdServiceMonitor(mNetdService);
-        final NetdMonitor netdMonitor = new NetdMonitor(mNetdService);
         final BroadcastReceiver receiver = expectBroadcastReceiver(
                 Intent.ACTION_EXTERNAL_APPLICATIONS_AVAILABLE);
 
@@ -1146,8 +1097,8 @@
                 List.of(buildPackageInfo(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID1),
                         buildPackageInfo(MOCK_PACKAGE2, MOCK_UID1)));
         mPermissionMonitor.startMonitoring();
-        netdMonitor.expectNoPermission(new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, new int[]{MOCK_UID1});
-        netdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(INetd.PERMISSION_NONE, new int[] {MOCK_UID1});
+        mNetdMonitor.expectNoNetworkPerm(new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, MOCK_UID1);
+        mNetdMonitor.expectTrafficPerm(PERMISSION_NONE, MOCK_UID1);
 
         // Verify receiving EXTERNAL_APPLICATIONS_AVAILABLE intent and update permission to netd.
         final Intent externalIntent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_EXTERNAL_APPLICATIONS_AVAILABLE);
@@ -1157,16 +1108,13 @@
         when(mPackageManager.getPackagesForUid(MOCK_UID1))
                 .thenReturn(new String[]{MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_PACKAGE2});
         receiver.onReceive(mContext, externalIntent);
-        netdMonitor.expectPermission(NETWORK, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, new int[]{MOCK_UID1});
-        netdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(
-                INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS, new int[] {MOCK_UID1});
+        mNetdMonitor.expectNetworkPerm(NETWORK, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, MOCK_UID1);
+        mNetdMonitor.expectTrafficPerm(PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS, MOCK_UID1);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testOnExternalApplicationsAvailableWithSharedUid_DifferentStorage()
             throws Exception {
-        final NetdServiceMonitor netdServiceMonitor = new NetdServiceMonitor(mNetdService);
-        final NetdMonitor netdMonitor = new NetdMonitor(mNetdService);
         final BroadcastReceiver receiver = expectBroadcastReceiver(
                 Intent.ACTION_EXTERNAL_APPLICATIONS_AVAILABLE);
 
@@ -1179,8 +1127,8 @@
                         buildPackageInfo(MOCK_PACKAGE2, MOCK_UID1, CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE,
                                 INTERNET)));
         mPermissionMonitor.startMonitoring();
-        netdMonitor.expectPermission(NETWORK, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, new int[]{MOCK_UID1});
-        netdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET, new int[] {MOCK_UID1});
+        mNetdMonitor.expectNetworkPerm(NETWORK, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, MOCK_UID1);
+        mNetdMonitor.expectTrafficPerm(PERMISSION_INTERNET, MOCK_UID1);
 
         // Verify receiving EXTERNAL_APPLICATIONS_AVAILABLE intent and update permission to netd.
         final Intent externalIntent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_EXTERNAL_APPLICATIONS_AVAILABLE);
@@ -1192,9 +1140,7 @@
         when(mPackageManager.getPackagesForUid(MOCK_UID1))
                 .thenReturn(new String[]{MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_PACKAGE2});
         receiver.onReceive(mContext, externalIntent);
-        netdMonitor.expectPermission(SYSTEM, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, new int[]{MOCK_UID1});
-        netdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(
-                INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET | INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS,
-                new int[] {MOCK_UID1});
+        mNetdMonitor.expectNetworkPerm(SYSTEM, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, MOCK_UID1);
+        mNetdMonitor.expectTrafficPerm(PERMISSION_TRAFFIC_ALL, MOCK_UID1);
     }
 }