diff --git a/core/java/android/net/CaptivePortal.java b/core/java/android/net/CaptivePortal.java
index c2586fa..269bbf2 100644
--- a/core/java/android/net/CaptivePortal.java
+++ b/core/java/android/net/CaptivePortal.java
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
  */
 package android.net;
 
-import android.annotation.IntDef;
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
 import android.annotation.RequiresPermission;
 import android.annotation.SystemApi;
@@ -24,8 +23,6 @@
 import android.os.Parcelable;
 import android.os.RemoteException;
 
-import com.android.internal.logging.nano.MetricsProto.MetricsEvent;
-
 /**
  * A class allowing apps handling the {@link ConnectivityManager#ACTION_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_SIGN_IN}
  * activity to indicate to the system different outcomes of captive portal sign in.  This class is
@@ -75,17 +72,6 @@
     private final IBinder mBinder;
 
     /** @hide */
-    @IntDef(value = {
-        MetricsEvent.ACTION_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_LOGIN_ACTIVITY,
-        MetricsEvent.ACTION_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_LOGIN_RESULT_DISMISSED,
-        MetricsEvent.ACTION_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_LOGIN_RESULT_UNWANTED,
-        MetricsEvent.ACTION_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_LOGIN_RESULT_WANTED_AS_IS,
-        MetricsEvent.CAPTIVE_PORTAL_LOGIN_ACTIVITY_SSL_ERROR,
-    })
-    public @interface EventId {
-    }
-
-    /** @hide */
     public CaptivePortal(@NonNull IBinder binder) {
         mBinder = binder;
     }
@@ -176,7 +162,7 @@
      * @hide
      */
     @SystemApi
-    public void logEvent(@EventId int eventId, @NonNull String packageName) {
+    public void logEvent(int eventId, @NonNull String packageName) {
         try {
             ICaptivePortal.Stub.asInterface(mBinder).logEvent(eventId, packageName);
         } catch (RemoteException e) {
diff --git a/core/java/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java b/core/java/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java
index c28a901..cf5d4e5 100644
--- a/core/java/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java
+++ b/core/java/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java
@@ -684,7 +684,7 @@
      * {@hide}
      */
     @Deprecated
-    @UnsupportedAppUsage
+    @SystemApi
     public static final int TYPE_PROXY = 16;
 
     /**
diff --git a/core/java/android/net/NetworkProvider.java b/core/java/android/net/NetworkProvider.java
index d31218d..14cb51c 100644
--- a/core/java/android/net/NetworkProvider.java
+++ b/core/java/android/net/NetworkProvider.java
@@ -51,13 +51,6 @@
     public static final int ID_NONE = -1;
 
     /**
-     * A hardcoded ID for NetworkAgents representing VPNs. These agents are not created by any
-     * provider, so they use this constant for clarity instead of NONE.
-     * @hide only used by ConnectivityService.
-     */
-    public static final int ID_VPN = -2;
-
-    /**
      * The first providerId value that will be allocated.
      * @hide only used by ConnectivityService.
      */
@@ -70,7 +63,7 @@
 
     private final Messenger mMessenger;
     private final String mName;
-    private final ConnectivityManager mCm;
+    private final Context mContext;
 
     private int mProviderId = ID_NONE;
 
@@ -85,8 +78,6 @@
      */
     @SystemApi
     public NetworkProvider(@NonNull Context context, @NonNull Looper looper, @NonNull String name) {
-        mCm = ConnectivityManager.from(context);
-
         Handler handler = new Handler(looper) {
             @Override
             public void handleMessage(Message m) {
@@ -102,6 +93,7 @@
                 }
             }
         };
+        mContext = context;
         mMessenger = new Messenger(handler);
         mName = name;
     }
@@ -165,6 +157,6 @@
     @SystemApi
     @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_FACTORY)
     public void declareNetworkRequestUnfulfillable(@NonNull NetworkRequest request) {
-        mCm.declareNetworkRequestUnfulfillable(request);
+        ConnectivityManager.from(mContext).declareNetworkRequestUnfulfillable(request);
     }
 }
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
index 00b27bf..e0a484f 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_FOREGROUND;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING;
@@ -4824,15 +4825,6 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private void updateVpnCapabilities(Vpn vpn, @Nullable NetworkCapabilities nc) {
-        ensureRunningOnConnectivityServiceThread();
-        NetworkAgentInfo vpnNai = getNetworkAgentInfoForNetId(vpn.getNetId());
-        if (vpnNai == null || nc == null) {
-            return;
-        }
-        updateCapabilities(vpnNai.getCurrentScore(), vpnNai, nc);
-    }
-
     @Override
     public boolean updateLockdownVpn() {
         if (Binder.getCallingUid() != Process.SYSTEM_UID) {
@@ -5143,7 +5135,7 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private void onUserStart(int userId) {
+    private void onUserStarted(int userId) {
         synchronized (mVpns) {
             Vpn userVpn = mVpns.get(userId);
             if (userVpn != null) {
@@ -5158,7 +5150,7 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private void onUserStop(int userId) {
+    private void onUserStopped(int userId) {
         synchronized (mVpns) {
             Vpn userVpn = mVpns.get(userId);
             if (userVpn == null) {
@@ -5172,28 +5164,22 @@
 
     private void onUserAdded(int userId) {
         mPermissionMonitor.onUserAdded(userId);
-        Network defaultNetwork = getNetwork(getDefaultNetwork());
         synchronized (mVpns) {
             final int vpnsSize = mVpns.size();
             for (int i = 0; i < vpnsSize; i++) {
                 Vpn vpn = mVpns.valueAt(i);
                 vpn.onUserAdded(userId);
-                NetworkCapabilities nc = vpn.updateCapabilities(defaultNetwork);
-                updateVpnCapabilities(vpn, nc);
             }
         }
     }
 
     private void onUserRemoved(int userId) {
         mPermissionMonitor.onUserRemoved(userId);
-        Network defaultNetwork = getNetwork(getDefaultNetwork());
         synchronized (mVpns) {
             final int vpnsSize = mVpns.size();
             for (int i = 0; i < vpnsSize; i++) {
                 Vpn vpn = mVpns.valueAt(i);
                 vpn.onUserRemoved(userId);
-                NetworkCapabilities nc = vpn.updateCapabilities(defaultNetwork);
-                updateVpnCapabilities(vpn, nc);
             }
         }
     }
@@ -5275,9 +5261,9 @@
             if (userId == UserHandle.USER_NULL) return;
 
             if (Intent.ACTION_USER_STARTED.equals(action)) {
-                onUserStart(userId);
+                onUserStarted(userId);
             } else if (Intent.ACTION_USER_STOPPED.equals(action)) {
-                onUserStop(userId);
+                onUserStopped(userId);
             } else if (Intent.ACTION_USER_ADDED.equals(action)) {
                 onUserAdded(userId);
             } else if (Intent.ACTION_USER_REMOVED.equals(action)) {
@@ -6372,18 +6358,71 @@
         nai.declaredMetered = !nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
     }
 
-    /** Propagates to |nc| the capabilities declared by the underlying networks of |nai|. */
-    private void mixInUnderlyingCapabilities(NetworkAgentInfo nai, NetworkCapabilities nc) {
-        Network[] underlyingNetworks = nai.declaredUnderlyingNetworks;
-        Network defaultNetwork = getNetwork(getDefaultNetwork());
+    /** Modifies |caps| based on the capabilities of the specified underlying networks. */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    void applyUnderlyingCapabilities(@Nullable Network[] underlyingNetworks,
+            @NonNull NetworkCapabilities caps,  boolean declaredMetered) {
+        final Network defaultNetwork = getNetwork(getDefaultNetwork());
         if (underlyingNetworks == null && defaultNetwork != null) {
             // null underlying networks means to track the default.
             underlyingNetworks = new Network[] { defaultNetwork };
         }
+        int[] transportTypes = new int[] { NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_VPN };
+        int downKbps = NetworkCapabilities.LINK_BANDWIDTH_UNSPECIFIED;
+        int upKbps = NetworkCapabilities.LINK_BANDWIDTH_UNSPECIFIED;
+        boolean metered = declaredMetered; // metered if any underlying is metered, or agentMetered
+        boolean roaming = false; // roaming if any underlying is roaming
+        boolean congested = false; // congested if any underlying is congested
+        boolean suspended = true; // suspended if all underlying are suspended
 
-        // TODO(b/124469351): Get capabilities directly from ConnectivityService instead.
-        final ConnectivityManager cm = mContext.getSystemService(ConnectivityManager.class);
-        Vpn.applyUnderlyingCapabilities(cm, underlyingNetworks, nc, nai.declaredMetered);
+        boolean hadUnderlyingNetworks = false;
+        if (null != underlyingNetworks) {
+            for (Network underlyingNetwork : underlyingNetworks) {
+                final NetworkAgentInfo underlying =
+                        getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(underlyingNetwork);
+                if (underlying == null) continue;
+
+                final NetworkCapabilities underlyingCaps = underlying.networkCapabilities;
+                hadUnderlyingNetworks = true;
+                for (int underlyingType : underlyingCaps.getTransportTypes()) {
+                    transportTypes = ArrayUtils.appendInt(transportTypes, underlyingType);
+                }
+
+                // Merge capabilities of this underlying network. For bandwidth, assume the
+                // worst case.
+                downKbps = NetworkCapabilities.minBandwidth(downKbps,
+                        underlyingCaps.getLinkDownstreamBandwidthKbps());
+                upKbps = NetworkCapabilities.minBandwidth(upKbps,
+                        underlyingCaps.getLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps());
+                // If this underlying network is metered, the VPN is metered (it may cost money
+                // to send packets on this network).
+                metered |= !underlyingCaps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+                // If this underlying network is roaming, the VPN is roaming (the billing structure
+                // is different than the usual, local one).
+                roaming |= !underlyingCaps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING);
+                // If this underlying network is congested, the VPN is congested (the current
+                // condition of the network affects the performance of this network).
+                congested |= !underlyingCaps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED);
+                // If this network is not suspended, the VPN is not suspended (the VPN
+                // is able to transfer some data).
+                suspended &= !underlyingCaps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED);
+            }
+        }
+        if (!hadUnderlyingNetworks) {
+            // No idea what the underlying networks are; assume reasonable defaults
+            metered = true;
+            roaming = false;
+            congested = false;
+            suspended = false;
+        }
+
+        caps.setTransportTypes(transportTypes);
+        caps.setLinkDownstreamBandwidthKbps(downKbps);
+        caps.setLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps(upKbps);
+        caps.setCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED, !metered);
+        caps.setCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING, !roaming);
+        caps.setCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED, !congested);
+        caps.setCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED, !suspended);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -6440,7 +6479,7 @@
         }
 
         if (nai.supportsUnderlyingNetworks()) {
-            mixInUnderlyingCapabilities(nai, newNc);
+            applyUnderlyingCapabilities(nai.declaredUnderlyingNetworks, newNc, nai.declaredMetered);
         }
 
         return newNc;
@@ -8279,13 +8318,12 @@
             return false;
         }
 
-        final Network[] underlyingNetworks;
-        synchronized (mVpns) {
-            final Vpn vpn = getVpnIfOwner(callbackUid);
-            underlyingNetworks = (vpn == null) ? null : vpn.getUnderlyingNetworks();
-        }
-        if (underlyingNetworks != null) {
-            if (Arrays.asList(underlyingNetworks).contains(nai.network)) return true;
+        for (NetworkAgentInfo virtual : mNetworkAgentInfos.values()) {
+            if (virtual.supportsUnderlyingNetworks()
+                    && virtual.networkCapabilities.getOwnerUid() == callbackUid
+                    && ArrayUtils.contains(virtual.declaredUnderlyingNetworks, nai.network)) {
+                return true;
+            }
         }
 
         // Administrator UIDs also contains the Owner UID
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/TestNetworkService.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/TestNetworkService.java
index d6bd5a1..a45466d 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/TestNetworkService.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/TestNetworkService.java
@@ -29,9 +29,9 @@
 import android.net.LinkAddress;
 import android.net.LinkProperties;
 import android.net.NetworkAgent;
+import android.net.NetworkAgentConfig;
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
-import android.net.NetworkInfo;
-import android.net.NetworkInfo.DetailedState;
+import android.net.NetworkProvider;
 import android.net.RouteInfo;
 import android.net.StringNetworkSpecifier;
 import android.net.TestNetworkInterface;
@@ -62,7 +62,8 @@
 /** @hide */
 class TestNetworkService extends ITestNetworkManager.Stub {
     @NonNull private static final String TAG = TestNetworkService.class.getSimpleName();
-    @NonNull private static final String TEST_NETWORK_TYPE = "TEST_NETWORK";
+    @NonNull private static final String TEST_NETWORK_LOGTAG = "TestNetworkAgent";
+    @NonNull private static final String TEST_NETWORK_PROVIDER_NAME = TAG;
     @NonNull private static final AtomicInteger sTestTunIndex = new AtomicInteger();
 
     @NonNull private final Context mContext;
@@ -72,6 +73,9 @@
     @NonNull private final HandlerThread mHandlerThread;
     @NonNull private final Handler mHandler;
 
+    @NonNull private final ConnectivityManager mCm;
+    @NonNull private final NetworkProvider mNetworkProvider;
+
     // Native method stubs
     private static native int jniCreateTunTap(boolean isTun, @NonNull String iface);
 
@@ -85,6 +89,10 @@
         mContext = Objects.requireNonNull(context, "missing Context");
         mNMS = Objects.requireNonNull(netManager, "missing INetworkManagementService");
         mNetd = Objects.requireNonNull(NetdService.getInstance(), "could not get netd instance");
+        mCm = mContext.getSystemService(ConnectivityManager.class);
+        mNetworkProvider = new NetworkProvider(mContext, mHandler.getLooper(),
+                TEST_NETWORK_PROVIDER_NAME);
+        mCm.registerNetworkProvider(mNetworkProvider);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -150,9 +158,6 @@
         private static final int NETWORK_SCORE = 1; // Use a low, non-zero score.
 
         private final int mUid;
-        @NonNull private final NetworkInfo mNi;
-        @NonNull private final NetworkCapabilities mNc;
-        @NonNull private final LinkProperties mLp;
 
         @GuardedBy("mBinderLock")
         @NonNull
@@ -161,20 +166,18 @@
         @NonNull private final Object mBinderLock = new Object();
 
         private TestNetworkAgent(
-                @NonNull Looper looper,
                 @NonNull Context context,
-                @NonNull NetworkInfo ni,
+                @NonNull Looper looper,
+                @NonNull NetworkAgentConfig config,
                 @NonNull NetworkCapabilities nc,
                 @NonNull LinkProperties lp,
                 int uid,
-                @NonNull IBinder binder)
+                @NonNull IBinder binder,
+                @NonNull NetworkProvider np)
                 throws RemoteException {
-            super(looper, context, TEST_NETWORK_TYPE, ni, nc, lp, NETWORK_SCORE);
+            super(context, looper, TEST_NETWORK_LOGTAG, nc, lp, NETWORK_SCORE, config, np);
 
             mUid = uid;
-            mNi = ni;
-            mNc = nc;
-            mLp = lp;
 
             synchronized (mBinderLock) {
                 mBinder = binder; // Binder null-checks in create()
@@ -203,9 +206,7 @@
         }
 
         private void teardown() {
-            mNi.setDetailedState(DetailedState.DISCONNECTED, null, null);
-            mNi.setIsAvailable(false);
-            sendNetworkInfo(mNi);
+            unregister();
 
             // Synchronize on mBinderLock to ensure that unlinkToDeath is never called more than
             // once (otherwise it could throw an exception)
@@ -238,11 +239,6 @@
         Objects.requireNonNull(context, "missing Context");
         // iface and binder validity checked by caller
 
-        // Build network info with special testing type
-        NetworkInfo ni = new NetworkInfo(ConnectivityManager.TYPE_TEST, 0, TEST_NETWORK_TYPE, "");
-        ni.setDetailedState(DetailedState.CONNECTED, null, null);
-        ni.setIsAvailable(true);
-
         // Build narrow set of NetworkCapabilities, useful only for testing
         NetworkCapabilities nc = new NetworkCapabilities();
         nc.clearAll(); // Remove default capabilities.
@@ -290,7 +286,12 @@
             lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(Inet6Address.ANY, 0), null, iface));
         }
 
-        return new TestNetworkAgent(looper, context, ni, nc, lp, callingUid, binder);
+        final TestNetworkAgent agent = new TestNetworkAgent(context, looper,
+                new NetworkAgentConfig.Builder().build(), nc, lp, callingUid, binder,
+                mNetworkProvider);
+        agent.register();
+        agent.markConnected();
+        return agent;
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitor.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitor.java
index a75a80a..4c63eb4 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitor.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitor.java
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@
             netdPermsUids.put(uid, netdPermsUids.get(uid) | otherNetdPerms);
         }
 
-        List<UserInfo> users = mUserManager.getUsers(true);  // exclude dying users
+        List<UserInfo> users = mUserManager.getAliveUsers();
         if (users != null) {
             for (UserInfo user : users) {
                 mUsers.add(user.id);
diff --git a/tests/net/common/java/android/net/NetworkProviderTest.kt b/tests/net/common/java/android/net/NetworkProviderTest.kt
index dd3f5be..77e9f12 100644
--- a/tests/net/common/java/android/net/NetworkProviderTest.kt
+++ b/tests/net/common/java/android/net/NetworkProviderTest.kt
@@ -33,6 +33,9 @@
 import org.junit.Before
 import org.junit.Test
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+import org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn
+import org.mockito.Mockito.mock
+import org.mockito.Mockito.verifyNoMoreInteractions
 import java.util.UUID
 import kotlin.test.assertEquals
 import kotlin.test.assertNotEquals
@@ -87,8 +90,8 @@
         ) = seenEvents.poll(DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS) { it is T && predicate(it) }
     }
 
-    private fun createNetworkProvider(): TestNetworkProvider {
-        return TestNetworkProvider(context, mHandlerThread.looper)
+    private fun createNetworkProvider(ctx: Context = context): TestNetworkProvider {
+        return TestNetworkProvider(ctx, mHandlerThread.looper)
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -169,7 +172,12 @@
 
     @Test
     fun testDeclareNetworkRequestUnfulfillable() {
-        val provider = createNetworkProvider()
+        val mockContext = mock(Context::class.java)
+        val provider = createNetworkProvider(mockContext)
+        // ConnectivityManager not required at creation time
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockContext)
+        doReturn(mCm).`when`(mockContext).getSystemService(Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE)
+
         mCm.registerNetworkProvider(provider)
 
         val specifier = StringNetworkSpecifier(UUID.randomUUID().toString())
diff --git a/tests/net/common/java/android/net/OemNetworkPreferencesTest.java b/tests/net/common/java/android/net/OemNetworkPreferencesTest.java
index c9161b6..cade5ba 100644
--- a/tests/net/common/java/android/net/OemNetworkPreferencesTest.java
+++ b/tests/net/common/java/android/net/OemNetworkPreferencesTest.java
@@ -26,9 +26,9 @@
 import android.util.SparseArray;
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
 
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.Test;
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
 import java.util.List;
 
 @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
 @SmallTest
 public class OemNetworkPreferencesTest {
 
diff --git a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
index 561c6ba..7a1cb25 100644
--- a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
+++ b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
@@ -56,8 +56,10 @@
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_IMS;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_MMS;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY;
@@ -1058,7 +1060,9 @@
 
         public void setUids(Set<UidRange> uids) {
             mNetworkCapabilities.setUids(uids);
-            updateCapabilitiesInternal(null /* defaultNetwork */, true);
+            if (mAgentRegistered) {
+                mMockNetworkAgent.setNetworkCapabilities(mNetworkCapabilities, true);
+            }
         }
 
         public void setVpnType(int vpnType) {
@@ -1089,6 +1093,10 @@
             mMockNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_VPN, lp,
                     mNetworkCapabilities);
             mMockNetworkAgent.waitForIdle(TIMEOUT_MS);
+            verify(mNetworkManagementService, times(1))
+                    .addVpnUidRanges(eq(mMockVpn.getNetId()), eq(uids.toArray(new UidRange[0])));
+            verify(mNetworkManagementService, never())
+                    .removeVpnUidRanges(eq(mMockVpn.getNetId()), any());
             mAgentRegistered = true;
             mNetworkCapabilities.set(mMockNetworkAgent.getNetworkCapabilities());
             mNetworkAgent = mMockNetworkAgent.getNetworkAgent();
@@ -1143,28 +1151,6 @@
             mMockNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
         }
 
-        private NetworkCapabilities updateCapabilitiesInternal(Network defaultNetwork,
-                boolean sendToConnectivityService) {
-            if (!mAgentRegistered) return null;
-            super.updateCapabilities(defaultNetwork);
-            // Because super.updateCapabilities will update the capabilities of the agent but
-            // not the mock agent, the mock agent needs to know about them.
-            copyCapabilitiesToNetworkAgent(sendToConnectivityService);
-            return new NetworkCapabilities(mNetworkCapabilities);
-        }
-
-        private void copyCapabilitiesToNetworkAgent(boolean sendToConnectivityService) {
-            if (null != mMockNetworkAgent) {
-                mMockNetworkAgent.setNetworkCapabilities(mNetworkCapabilities,
-                        sendToConnectivityService);
-            }
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public NetworkCapabilities updateCapabilities(Network defaultNetwork) {
-            return updateCapabilitiesInternal(defaultNetwork, false);
-        }
-
         public void disconnect() {
             if (mMockNetworkAgent != null) mMockNetworkAgent.disconnect();
             mAgentRegistered = false;
@@ -1249,7 +1235,7 @@
         MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
         when(mMetricsService.defaultNetworkMetrics()).thenReturn(mDefaultNetworkMetrics);
 
-        when(mUserManager.getUsers(eq(true))).thenReturn(
+        when(mUserManager.getAliveUsers()).thenReturn(
                 Arrays.asList(new UserInfo[] {
                         new UserInfo(VPN_USER, "", 0),
                 }));
@@ -5414,6 +5400,106 @@
     }
 
     @Test
+    public void testApplyUnderlyingCapabilities() throws Exception {
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
+
+        final NetworkCapabilities cellNc = new NetworkCapabilities()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED)
+                .setLinkDownstreamBandwidthKbps(10);
+        final NetworkCapabilities wifiNc = new NetworkCapabilities()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED)
+                .setLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps(20);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.setNetworkCapabilities(cellNc, true /* sendToConnectivityService */);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setNetworkCapabilities(wifiNc, true /* sendToConnectivityService */);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        final Network mobile = mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork();
+        final Network wifi = mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork();
+
+        final NetworkCapabilities initialCaps = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        initialCaps.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET);
+        initialCaps.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN);
+
+        final NetworkCapabilities withNoUnderlying = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        withNoUnderlying.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET);
+        withNoUnderlying.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED);
+        withNoUnderlying.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING);
+        withNoUnderlying.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED);
+        withNoUnderlying.addTransportType(TRANSPORT_VPN);
+        withNoUnderlying.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN);
+
+        final NetworkCapabilities withMobileUnderlying = new NetworkCapabilities(withNoUnderlying);
+        withMobileUnderlying.addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        withMobileUnderlying.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING);
+        withMobileUnderlying.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED);
+        withMobileUnderlying.setLinkDownstreamBandwidthKbps(10);
+
+        final NetworkCapabilities withWifiUnderlying = new NetworkCapabilities(withNoUnderlying);
+        withWifiUnderlying.addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        withWifiUnderlying.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        withWifiUnderlying.setLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps(20);
+
+        final NetworkCapabilities withWifiAndMobileUnderlying =
+                new NetworkCapabilities(withNoUnderlying);
+        withWifiAndMobileUnderlying.addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        withWifiAndMobileUnderlying.addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        withWifiAndMobileUnderlying.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        withWifiAndMobileUnderlying.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING);
+        withWifiAndMobileUnderlying.setLinkDownstreamBandwidthKbps(10);
+        withWifiAndMobileUnderlying.setLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps(20);
+
+        NetworkCapabilities caps = new NetworkCapabilities(initialCaps);
+        final boolean notDeclaredMetered = false;
+        mService.applyUnderlyingCapabilities(new Network[]{}, caps, notDeclaredMetered);
+        assertEquals(withNoUnderlying, caps);
+
+        caps = new NetworkCapabilities(initialCaps);
+        mService.applyUnderlyingCapabilities(new Network[]{null}, caps, notDeclaredMetered);
+        assertEquals(withNoUnderlying, caps);
+
+        caps = new NetworkCapabilities(initialCaps);
+        mService.applyUnderlyingCapabilities(new Network[]{mobile}, caps, notDeclaredMetered);
+        assertEquals(withMobileUnderlying, caps);
+
+        mService.applyUnderlyingCapabilities(new Network[]{wifi}, caps, notDeclaredMetered);
+        assertEquals(withWifiUnderlying, caps);
+
+        final boolean isDeclaredMetered = true;
+        withWifiUnderlying.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        caps = new NetworkCapabilities(initialCaps);
+        mService.applyUnderlyingCapabilities(new Network[]{wifi}, caps, isDeclaredMetered);
+        assertEquals(withWifiUnderlying, caps);
+
+        caps = new NetworkCapabilities(initialCaps);
+        mService.applyUnderlyingCapabilities(new Network[]{mobile, wifi}, caps, isDeclaredMetered);
+        assertEquals(withWifiAndMobileUnderlying, caps);
+
+        withWifiUnderlying.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        caps = new NetworkCapabilities(initialCaps);
+        mService.applyUnderlyingCapabilities(new Network[]{null, mobile, null, wifi},
+                caps, notDeclaredMetered);
+        assertEquals(withWifiAndMobileUnderlying, caps);
+
+        caps = new NetworkCapabilities(initialCaps);
+        mService.applyUnderlyingCapabilities(new Network[]{null, mobile, null, wifi},
+                caps, notDeclaredMetered);
+        assertEquals(withWifiAndMobileUnderlying, caps);
+
+        mService.applyUnderlyingCapabilities(null, caps, notDeclaredMetered);
+        assertEquals(withWifiUnderlying, caps);
+    }
+
+    @Test
     public void testVpnConnectDisconnectUnderlyingNetwork() throws Exception {
         final TestNetworkCallback callback = new TestNetworkCallback();
         final NetworkRequest request = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
@@ -5963,17 +6049,28 @@
                 && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
                 && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
 
+        // Change the VPN's capabilities somehow (specifically, disconnect wifi).
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        callback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn, (caps)
+                -> caps.getUids().size() == 2
+                && caps.getUids().contains(new UidRange(uid, uid))
+                && caps.getUids().contains(UidRange.createForUser(restrictedUserId))
+                && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
+                && !caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
+
         // Send a USER_REMOVED broadcast and expect to lose the UID range for the restricted user.
         final Intent removedIntent = new Intent(ACTION_USER_REMOVED);
         removedIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_USER_HANDLE, restrictedUserId);
         handler.post(() -> mServiceContext.sendBroadcast(removedIntent));
 
-        // Expect that the VPN gains the UID range for the restricted user.
+        // Expect that the VPN gains the UID range for the restricted user, and that the capability
+        // change made just before that (i.e., loss of TRANSPORT_WIFI) is preserved.
         callback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn, (caps)
                 -> caps.getUids().size() == 1
                 && caps.getUids().contains(new UidRange(uid, uid))
                 && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
-                && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
+                && !caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -6922,8 +7019,8 @@
         final Set<UidRange> vpnRange = Collections.singleton(UidRange.createForUser(VPN_USER));
         mMockVpn.establish(lp, VPN_UID, vpnRange);
 
-        // Connected VPN should have interface rules set up. There are two expected invocations,
-        // one during VPN uid update, one during VPN LinkProperties update
+        // A connected VPN should have interface rules set up. There are two expected invocations,
+        // one during the VPN initial connection, one during the VPN LinkProperties update.
         ArgumentCaptor<int[]> uidCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(int[].class);
         verify(mMockNetd, times(2)).firewallAddUidInterfaceRules(eq("tun0"), uidCaptor.capture());
         assertContainsExactly(uidCaptor.getAllValues().get(0), APP1_UID, APP2_UID);
@@ -7438,20 +7535,14 @@
         setupLocationPermissions(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q, true, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_FINE_LOCATION,
                 Manifest.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION);
 
-        // setUp() calls mockVpn() which adds a VPN with the Test Runner's uid. Configure it to be
-        // active
-        final VpnInfo info = new VpnInfo();
-        info.ownerUid = Process.myUid();
-        info.vpnIface = VPN_IFNAME;
-        mMockVpn.setVpnInfo(info);
-
         mMockVpn.establishForMyUid();
-        waitForIdle();
 
+        // Wait for networks to connect and broadcasts to be sent before removing permissions.
+        waitForIdle();
         mServiceContext.setPermission(android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK, PERMISSION_DENIED);
 
-
         assertTrue(mService.setUnderlyingNetworksForVpn(new Network[] {network}));
+        waitForIdle();
         assertTrue(
                 "Active VPN permission not applied",
                 mService.checkConnectivityDiagnosticsPermissions(
@@ -7459,6 +7550,7 @@
                         mContext.getOpPackageName()));
 
         assertTrue(mService.setUnderlyingNetworksForVpn(null));
+        waitForIdle();
         assertFalse(
                 "VPN shouldn't receive callback on non-underlying network",
                 mService.checkConnectivityDiagnosticsPermissions(
diff --git a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitorTest.java b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitorTest.java
index 5a29c2c..de35f91 100644
--- a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitorTest.java
+++ b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitorTest.java
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@
         MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
         when(mContext.getPackageManager()).thenReturn(mPackageManager);
         when(mContext.getSystemService(eq(Context.USER_SERVICE))).thenReturn(mUserManager);
-        when(mUserManager.getUsers(eq(true))).thenReturn(
+        when(mUserManager.getAliveUsers()).thenReturn(
                 Arrays.asList(new UserInfo[] {
                         new UserInfo(MOCK_USER1, "", 0),
                         new UserInfo(MOCK_USER2, "", 0),
diff --git a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java
index a553b58..337507a 100644
--- a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java
+++ b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java
@@ -21,15 +21,6 @@
 import static android.content.pm.UserInfo.FLAG_PRIMARY;
 import static android.content.pm.UserInfo.FLAG_RESTRICTED;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback;
-import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.LINK_BANDWIDTH_UNSPECIFIED;
-import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET;
-import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED;
-import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED;
-import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING;
-import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED;
-import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR;
-import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_VPN;
-import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
@@ -41,6 +32,7 @@
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyBoolean;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyInt;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyString;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.argThat;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.atLeastOnce;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.doAnswer;
@@ -86,10 +78,10 @@
 import android.os.Bundle;
 import android.os.ConditionVariable;
 import android.os.INetworkManagementService;
-import android.os.Looper;
 import android.os.Process;
 import android.os.UserHandle;
 import android.os.UserManager;
+import android.os.test.TestLooper;
 import android.provider.Settings;
 import android.security.Credentials;
 import android.security.KeyStore;
@@ -100,6 +92,7 @@
 import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
 
 import com.android.internal.R;
+import com.android.internal.net.LegacyVpnInfo;
 import com.android.internal.net.VpnConfig;
 import com.android.internal.net.VpnProfile;
 import com.android.server.IpSecService;
@@ -223,6 +216,8 @@
                 .thenReturn(mNotificationManager);
         when(mContext.getSystemService(eq(Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE)))
                 .thenReturn(mConnectivityManager);
+        when(mContext.getSystemServiceName(eq(ConnectivityManager.class)))
+                .thenReturn(Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE);
         when(mContext.getSystemService(eq(Context.IPSEC_SERVICE))).thenReturn(mIpSecManager);
         when(mContext.getString(R.string.config_customVpnAlwaysOnDisconnectedDialogComponent))
                 .thenReturn(Resources.getSystem().getString(
@@ -589,7 +584,7 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testNotificationShownForAlwaysOnApp() {
+    public void testNotificationShownForAlwaysOnApp() throws Exception {
         final UserHandle userHandle = UserHandle.of(primaryUser.id);
         final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
         setMockedUsers(primaryUser);
@@ -617,103 +612,6 @@
         order.verify(mNotificationManager).cancel(anyString(), anyInt());
     }
 
-    @Test
-    public void testCapabilities() {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
-        setMockedUsers(primaryUser);
-
-        final Network mobile = new Network(1);
-        final Network wifi = new Network(2);
-
-        final Map<Network, NetworkCapabilities> networks = new HashMap<>();
-        networks.put(
-                mobile,
-                new NetworkCapabilities()
-                        .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
-                        .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
-                        .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED)
-                        .setLinkDownstreamBandwidthKbps(10));
-        networks.put(
-                wifi,
-                new NetworkCapabilities()
-                        .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
-                        .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
-                        .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
-                        .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING)
-                        .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED)
-                        .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED)
-                        .setLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps(20));
-        setMockedNetworks(networks);
-
-        final NetworkCapabilities caps = new NetworkCapabilities();
-
-        Vpn.applyUnderlyingCapabilities(
-                mConnectivityManager, new Network[] {}, caps, false /* isAlwaysMetered */);
-        assertTrue(caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN));
-        assertFalse(caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR));
-        assertFalse(caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
-        assertEquals(LINK_BANDWIDTH_UNSPECIFIED, caps.getLinkDownstreamBandwidthKbps());
-        assertEquals(LINK_BANDWIDTH_UNSPECIFIED, caps.getLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps());
-        assertFalse(caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED));
-        assertTrue(caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING));
-        assertTrue(caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED));
-        assertTrue(caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
-
-        Vpn.applyUnderlyingCapabilities(
-                mConnectivityManager,
-                new Network[] {mobile},
-                caps,
-                false /* isAlwaysMetered */);
-        assertTrue(caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN));
-        assertTrue(caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR));
-        assertFalse(caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
-        assertEquals(10, caps.getLinkDownstreamBandwidthKbps());
-        assertEquals(LINK_BANDWIDTH_UNSPECIFIED, caps.getLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps());
-        assertFalse(caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED));
-        assertFalse(caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING));
-        assertTrue(caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED));
-        assertFalse(caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
-
-        Vpn.applyUnderlyingCapabilities(
-                mConnectivityManager, new Network[] {wifi}, caps, false /* isAlwaysMetered */);
-        assertTrue(caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN));
-        assertFalse(caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR));
-        assertTrue(caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
-        assertEquals(LINK_BANDWIDTH_UNSPECIFIED, caps.getLinkDownstreamBandwidthKbps());
-        assertEquals(20, caps.getLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps());
-        assertTrue(caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED));
-        assertTrue(caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING));
-        assertTrue(caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED));
-        assertTrue(caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
-
-        Vpn.applyUnderlyingCapabilities(
-                mConnectivityManager, new Network[] {wifi}, caps, true /* isAlwaysMetered */);
-        assertTrue(caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN));
-        assertFalse(caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR));
-        assertTrue(caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
-        assertEquals(LINK_BANDWIDTH_UNSPECIFIED, caps.getLinkDownstreamBandwidthKbps());
-        assertEquals(20, caps.getLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps());
-        assertFalse(caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED));
-        assertTrue(caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING));
-        assertTrue(caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED));
-        assertTrue(caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
-
-        Vpn.applyUnderlyingCapabilities(
-                mConnectivityManager,
-                new Network[] {mobile, wifi},
-                caps,
-                false /* isAlwaysMetered */);
-        assertTrue(caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN));
-        assertTrue(caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR));
-        assertTrue(caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
-        assertEquals(10, caps.getLinkDownstreamBandwidthKbps());
-        assertEquals(20, caps.getLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps());
-        assertFalse(caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED));
-        assertFalse(caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING));
-        assertTrue(caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED));
-        assertTrue(caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
-    }
-
     /**
      * The profile name should NOT change between releases for backwards compatibility
      *
@@ -1037,7 +935,7 @@
         when(exception.getErrorType())
                 .thenReturn(IkeProtocolException.ERROR_TYPE_AUTHENTICATION_FAILED);
 
-        final Vpn vpn = startLegacyVpn(mVpnProfile);
+        final Vpn vpn = startLegacyVpn(createVpn(primaryUser.id), (mVpnProfile));
         final NetworkCallback cb = triggerOnAvailableAndGetCallback();
 
         // Wait for createIkeSession() to be called before proceeding in order to ensure consistent
@@ -1048,20 +946,20 @@
         ikeCb.onClosedExceptionally(exception);
 
         verify(mConnectivityManager, timeout(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS)).unregisterNetworkCallback(eq(cb));
-        assertEquals(DetailedState.FAILED, vpn.getNetworkInfo().getDetailedState());
+        assertEquals(LegacyVpnInfo.STATE_FAILED, vpn.getLegacyVpnInfo().state);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testStartPlatformVpnIllegalArgumentExceptionInSetup() throws Exception {
         when(mIkev2SessionCreator.createIkeSession(any(), any(), any(), any(), any(), any()))
                 .thenThrow(new IllegalArgumentException());
-        final Vpn vpn = startLegacyVpn(mVpnProfile);
+        final Vpn vpn = startLegacyVpn(createVpn(primaryUser.id), mVpnProfile);
         final NetworkCallback cb = triggerOnAvailableAndGetCallback();
 
         // Wait for createIkeSession() to be called before proceeding in order to ensure consistent
         // state
         verify(mConnectivityManager, timeout(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS)).unregisterNetworkCallback(eq(cb));
-        assertEquals(DetailedState.FAILED, vpn.getNetworkInfo().getDetailedState());
+        assertEquals(LegacyVpnInfo.STATE_FAILED, vpn.getLegacyVpnInfo().state);
     }
 
     private void setAndVerifyAlwaysOnPackage(Vpn vpn, int uid, boolean lockdownEnabled) {
@@ -1100,8 +998,7 @@
         // a subsequent CL.
     }
 
-    public Vpn startLegacyVpn(final VpnProfile vpnProfile) throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
+    private Vpn startLegacyVpn(final Vpn vpn, final VpnProfile vpnProfile) throws Exception {
         setMockedUsers(primaryUser);
 
         // Dummy egress interface
@@ -1118,7 +1015,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testStartPlatformVpn() throws Exception {
-        startLegacyVpn(mVpnProfile);
+        startLegacyVpn(createVpn(primaryUser.id), mVpnProfile);
         // TODO: Test the Ikev2VpnRunner started up properly. Relies on utility methods added in
         // a subsequent patch.
     }
@@ -1153,7 +1050,7 @@
                     legacyRunnerReady.open();
                     return new Network(102);
                 });
-        final Vpn vpn = startLegacyVpn(profile);
+        final Vpn vpn = startLegacyVpn(createVpn(primaryUser.id), profile);
         final TestDeps deps = (TestDeps) vpn.mDeps;
         try {
             // udppsk and 1701 are the values for TYPE_L2TP_IPSEC_PSK
@@ -1287,8 +1184,13 @@
         doReturn(UserHandle.of(userId)).when(asUserContext).getUser();
         when(mContext.createContextAsUser(eq(UserHandle.of(userId)), anyInt()))
                 .thenReturn(asUserContext);
-        return new Vpn(Looper.myLooper(), mContext, new TestDeps(), mNetService,
+        final TestLooper testLooper = new TestLooper();
+        final Vpn vpn = new Vpn(testLooper.getLooper(), mContext, new TestDeps(), mNetService,
                 userId, mKeyStore, mSystemServices, mIkev2SessionCreator);
+        verify(mConnectivityManager, times(1)).registerNetworkProvider(argThat(
+                provider -> provider.getName().contains("VpnNetworkProvider")
+        ));
+        return vpn;
     }
 
     private static void assertBlocked(Vpn vpn, int... uids) {
@@ -1318,15 +1220,14 @@
          * @see UserManagerService#getUsers(boolean)
          */
         doAnswer(invocation -> {
-            final boolean excludeDying = (boolean) invocation.getArguments()[0];
             final ArrayList<UserInfo> result = new ArrayList<>(users.length);
             for (UserInfo ui : users) {
-                if (!excludeDying || (ui.isEnabled() && !ui.partial)) {
+                if (ui.isEnabled() && !ui.partial) {
                     result.add(ui);
                 }
             }
             return result;
-        }).when(mUserManager).getUsers(anyBoolean());
+        }).when(mUserManager).getAliveUsers();
 
         doAnswer(invocation -> {
             final int id = (int) invocation.getArguments()[0];